21 CFR 73.1646 - Bronze powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... electrolytic copper and zinc with small amounts of the virgin metals aluminum and tin. It contains small... part per million Aluminum (as Al), not more than 0.5 percent. Tin (as Sn), not more than 0.5 percent... percent. Maximum particle size 45µ (95 percent minimum). Aluminum, zinc, tin, and copper content shall be...

21 CFR 73.1646 - Bronze powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... electrolytic copper and zinc with small amounts of the virgin metals aluminum and tin. It contains small... part per million Aluminum (as Al), not more than 0.5 percent. Tin (as Sn), not more than 0.5 percent... percent. Maximum particle size 45µ (95 percent minimum). Aluminum, zinc, tin, and copper content shall be...

21 CFR 73.1646 - Bronze powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... electrolytic copper and zinc with small amounts of the virgin metals aluminum and tin. It contains small... part per million Aluminum (as Al), not more than 0.5 percent. Tin (as Sn), not more than 0.5 percent... percent. Maximum particle size 45µ (95 percent minimum). Aluminum, zinc, tin, and copper content shall be...

21 CFR 73.1646 - Bronze powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... electrolytic copper and zinc with small amounts of the virgin metals aluminum and tin. It contains small... part per million Aluminum (as Al), not more than 0.5 percent. Tin (as Sn), not more than 0.5 percent... percent. Maximum particle size 45µ (95 percent minimum). Aluminum, zinc, tin, and copper content shall be...

21 CFR 73.1646 - Bronze powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... electrolytic copper and zinc with small amounts of the virgin metals aluminum and tin. It contains small... part per million Aluminum (as Al), not more than 0.5 percent. Tin (as Sn), not more than 0.5 percent... percent. Maximum particle size 45µ (95 percent minimum). Aluminum, zinc, tin, and copper content shall be...

Radiation in Tobacco | RadTown USA | US EPA

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

2017-08-07

Tobacco used to make cigarettes and other tobacco products contains small amounts of radioactive materials. Stay away from secondhand smoke. Remember, smoking makes radon exposure more likely to cause cancer.

13 CFR 142.10 - What is contained in a complaint?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What is contained in a complaint? 142.10 Section 142.10 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL... simultaneously, regardless of the amount of money or the value of property or services demanded or requested. (c...

Zika Virus and Complications: Questions and Answers

MedlinePlus

... mosquito breeding sites, by emptying, cleaning or covering containers that can hold even small amounts of water, ... D community and regulators to fast-track the availability of effective diagnostic tests, vaccines and medicines that ...

Demonstrating Paramagnetism Using Liquid Nitrogen.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Simmonds, Ray; And Others

1994-01-01

Describes how liquid nitrogen is attracted to the poles of neodymium magnets. Nitrogen is not paramagnetic, so the attraction suggests that the liquid nitrogen contains a small amount of oxygen, which causes the paramagnetism. (MVL)

Development of Nanothermite Projectile for Improvised Explosive Device (IED) and Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Device (VBIED) Neutralization. National Institute of Justice Final Report

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-01

projectiles containing small amounts of a reactive material. The mechanism is that limited deflagration of the ANFO creates sufficient pressure to...resulting pressurization of the container causes the container to rupture, thus producing a render-safe solution. Several free-field shots demonstrated...the ANFO creates sufficient pressure to rupture plastic or steel containers. 1 Introduction Vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIEDs) have

PACKAGING CERTIFICATION PROGRAM METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING DOSE RATES FOR SMALL GRAM QUANTITIES IN SHIPPING PACKAGINGS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nathan, S.; Loftin, B.; Abramczyk, G.

The Small Gram Quantity (SGQ) concept is based on the understanding that small amounts of hazardous materials, in this case radioactive materials (RAM), are significantly less hazardous than large amounts of the same materials. This paper describes a methodology designed to estimate an SGQ for several neutron and gamma emitting isotopes that can be shipped in a package compliant with 10 CFR Part 71 external radiation level limits regulations. These regulations require packaging for the shipment of radioactive materials, under both normal and accident conditions, to perform the essential functions of material containment, subcriticality, and maintain external radiation levels withinmore » the specified limits. By placing the contents in a helium leak-tight containment vessel, and limiting the mass to ensure subcriticality, the first two essential functions are readily met. Some isotopes emit sufficiently strong photon radiation that small amounts of material can yield a large dose rate outside the package. Quantifying the dose rate for a proposed content is a challenging issue for the SGQ approach. It is essential to quantify external radiation levels from several common gamma and neutron sources that can be safely placed in a specific packaging, to ensure compliance with federal regulations. The Packaging Certification Program (PCP) Methodology for Determining Dose Rate for Small Gram Quantities in Shipping Packagings provides bounding shielding calculations that define mass limits compliant with 10 CFR 71.47 for a set of proposed SGQ isotopes. The approach is based on energy superposition with dose response calculated for a set of spectral groups for a baseline physical packaging configuration. The methodology includes using the MCNP radiation transport code to evaluate a family of neutron and photon spectral groups using the 9977 shipping package and its associated shielded containers as the base case. This results in a set of multipliers for 'dose per particle' for each spectral group. For a given isotope, the source spectrum is folded with the response for each group. The summed contribution from all isotopes determines the total dose from the RAM in the container.« less

Solid phase extraction membrane

DOEpatents

Carlson, Kurt C [Nashville, TN; Langer, Roger L [Hudson, WI

2002-11-05

A wet-laid, porous solid phase extraction sheet material that contains both active particles and binder and that possesses excellent wet strength is described. The binder is present in a relatively small amount while the particles are present in a relatively large amount. The sheet material is sufficiently strong and flexible so as to be pleatable so that, for example, it can be used in a cartridge device.

Preparation of small bio-compatible microspheres

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rembaum, Alan (Inventor); Yen, Shiao-Ping S. (Inventor); Dreyer, William J. (Inventor)

1979-01-01

Small, round, bio-compatible microspheres capable of covalently bonding proteins and having a uniform diameter below about 3500 A are prepared by substantially instantaneously initiating polymerization of an aqueous emulsion containing no more than 35% total monomer including an acrylic monomer substituted with a covalently bondable group such a hydroxyl, amino or carboxyl and a minor amount of a cross-linking agent.

Whole Grains Contribute Only a Small Proportion of Dietary Fiber to the U.S. Diet.

PubMed

Kranz, Sibylle; Dodd, Kevin W; Juan, Wen Yen; Johnson, LuAnn K; Jahns, Lisa

2017-02-17

Dietary fiber (DF), found in whole fruits, vegetables, and whole grains (WG), is considered a nutrient of concern in the US diet and increased consumption is recommended. The present study was designed to highlight this critical importance of the difference between WG, high-fiber WG, and sources of fiber that are not from WG. The study is based on the two-day diets reported consumed by the nationally representative sample of Americans participating in What We Eat In America, the dietary component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2003-2010. Foods consumed were classified into tertiles of DF and WG and the contribution of fiber by differing levels of WG content were examined. Foods containing high amounts of WG and DF only contributed about 7% of total fiber intake. Overall, grain-based foods contributed 54.5% of all DF consumed. Approximately 39% of DF came from grain foods that contained no WG, rather these foods contained refined grains, which contain only small amounts of DF but are consumed in large quantities. All WG-containing foods combined contributed a total of 15.3% of DF in the American diet. Thus, public health messaging needs to be changed to specifically encourage consumption of WG foods with high levels of DF to address both recommendations.

Space Experiment Module: A new low-cost capability for education payloads

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goldsmith, Theodore C.; Lewis, Ruthan

1995-01-01

The Space Experiment Module (SEM) concept is one of a number of education initiatives being pursued by the NASA Shuttle Small Payloads Project (SSPP) in an effort to increase educational access to space by means of Space Shuttle Small Payloads and associated activities. In the SEM concept, NASA will provide small containers ('modules') which can accommodate small zero-gravity experiments designed and constructed by students. A number, (nominally ten), of the modules will then be flown in an existing Get Away Special (GAS) carrier on the Shuttle for a flight of 5 to 10 days. In addition to the module container, the NASA carrier system will provide small amounts of electrical power and a computer system for controlling the operation of the experiments and recording experiment data. This paper describes the proposed SEM carrier system and program approach.

Graphite intercalation compound with iodine as the major intercalate

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hung, Ching-Cheh; Kucera, Donald

1994-01-01

Halogenated graphite CBr(x)I(y) (I less than y/x less than 10) was made by exposing graphite materials to either pure Br2 or an I2/Br2/HBr mixture to initiate the reaction, and then to iodine vapor containing a small amount of Br2/HBr/IBr to complete the intercalation reaction. Wetting of the graphite materials by the I2/Br2/HBr mixture is needed to start the reaction, and a small amount of Br2/HBr/IBr is needed to complete the charge transfer between iodine and carbon. The interplanar spacings for the graphite materials need to be in the 3.35 to 3.41 A range. The X-ray diffraction data obtained from the halogenated HOPG indicate that the distance between the two carbon layers containing intercalate is 7.25 A. Electrical resistivity of the fiber product is from 3 to 6.5 times the pristine value, The presence of a small amount of isoprene rubber in the reaction significantly increased the iodine-to-bromine ratio in the product. In this reaction, rubber is known to generate HBr and to slowly remove bromine from the vapor. The halogenation generally caused a 22 percent to 25 percent weight increase. The halogens were found uniformly distributed in the product interior. However, although the surface contains very little iodine, it has high concentrations of bromine and oxygen. It is believed that the high concentrations of bromine and oxygen in this surface cause the halogenated fiber to be more resistant to structural damage during subsequent fluorination to fabricate graphite fluoride fibers.

Processing Research on Chemically Vapor Deposited Silicon Nitride

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-12-01

forming silicon carbide to reduce free silicon content. (b) Boron and aluminum were selected as two single-valence elements with small atomic radii which...obtained in cold wall (CW-3) runs were sliced into small flexure bars (19.1x3.2xt(mm) where t = thickness) if they appeared to be of suitable quality...discussed later. Addition of borcn trichloride in small amounts (Run 8) caused Formation of a light blue translucent deposit which contained at least one

A method of isolating organic compounds present in water

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Calder, G. V.; Fritz, J.; Junk, G. A.

1972-01-01

Water sample is passed through a column containing macroreticular resin, which absorbs only nonionic organic compounds. These compounds are selectively separated using aqueous eluents of varying pH, or completely exuded with small amount of an organic eluent.

METHOD OF CHEMICAL DECONTAMINATION OF STAINLESS STEEL NUCLEAR FACILITIES

DOEpatents

Pancer, G.P.; Zegger, J.L.

1961-12-19

A chemical method is given for removing activated corrosion products on the primary system surfaces of a pressurized water reactor. The corrosion product deposits are composed chiefly of magnetite (Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/) with small amounts of nickel and chromium oxides. The corroded surfaces are first flushed with a caustic permanganate primary solution consisting of sodium hydroxide and potassium permanganate followed by a secondary rinse solution of ammonium citrate and citric acid containing the complexing agent Versene in small amounts. Demineralized water is used to clean out the primary and secondary solutions and a 60-minute drying period precedes the rinse solution. (AEC)

PCP METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING DOSE RATES FOR SMALL GRAM QUANTITIES IN SHIPPING PACKAGINGS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nathan, S.

The Small Gram Quantity (SGQ) concept is based on the understanding that small amounts of hazardous materials, in this case radioactive materials, are significantly less hazardous than large amounts of the same materials. This study describes a methodology designed to estimate an SGQ for several neutron and gamma emitting isotopes that can be shipped in a package compliant with 10 CFR Part 71 external radiation level limits regulations. These regulations require packaging for the shipment of radioactive materials perform, under both normal and accident conditions, the essential functions of material containment, subcriticality, and maintain external radiation levels within regulatory limits.more » 10 CFR 71.33(b)(1)(2)&(3) state radioactive and fissile materials must be identified and their maximum quantity, chemical and physical forms be included in an application. Furthermore, the U.S. Federal Regulations require application contain an evaluation demonstrating the package (i.e., the packaging and its contents) satisfies the external radiation standards for all packages (10 CFR 71.31(2), 71.35(a), & 71.47). By placing the contents in a He leak-tight containment vessel, and limiting the mass to ensure subcriticality, the first two essential functions are readily met. Some isotopes emit sufficiently strong photon radiation that small amounts of material can yield a large external dose rate. Quantifying of the dose rate for a proposed content is a challenging issue for the SGQ approach. It is essential to quantify external radiation levels from several common gamma and neutron sources that can be safely placed in a specific packaging, to ensure compliance with federal regulations. The Packaging Certification Program (PCP) Methodology for Determining Dose Rate for Small Gram Quantities in Shipping Packagings described in this report provides bounding mass limits for a set of proposed SGQ isotopes. Methodology calculations were performed to estimate external radiation levels for the 9977 shipping package using the MCNP radiation transport code to develop a set of response multipliers (Green's functions) for 'dose per particle' for each neutron and photon spectral group. The source spectrum for each isotope generated using the ORIGEN-S and RASTA computer codes was folded with the response multipliers to generate the dose rate per gram of each isotope in the 9977 shipping package and its associated shielded containers. The maximum amount of a single isotope that could be shipped within the regulatory limits contained in 10 CFR 71.47 for dose rate at the surface of the package is determined. If a package contains a mixture of isotopes, the acceptability for shipment can be determined by a sum of fractions approach. Furthermore, the results of this analysis can be easily extended to additional radioisotopes by simply evaluating the neutron and/or photon spectra of those isotopes and folding the spectral data with the Green's functions provided.« less

Entanglement enhances cooling in microscopic quantum refrigerators.

PubMed

Brunner, Nicolas; Huber, Marcus; Linden, Noah; Popescu, Sandu; Silva, Ralph; Skrzypczyk, Paul

2014-03-01

Small self-contained quantum thermal machines function without external source of work or control but using only incoherent interactions with thermal baths. Here we investigate the role of entanglement in a small self-contained quantum refrigerator. We first show that entanglement is detrimental as far as efficiency is concerned-fridges operating at efficiencies close to the Carnot limit do not feature any entanglement. Moving away from the Carnot regime, we show that entanglement can enhance cooling and energy transport. Hence, a truly quantum refrigerator can outperform a classical one. Furthermore, the amount of entanglement alone quantifies the enhancement in cooling.

Different Amounts of DNA in Newborn Cells of Escherichia coli Preclude a Role for the Chromosome in Size Control According to the "Adder" Model.

PubMed

Huls, Peter G; Vischer, Norbert O E; Woldringh, Conrad L

2018-01-01

According to the recently-revived adder model for cell size control, newborn cells of Escherichia coli will grow and divide after having added a constant size or length, ΔL , irrespective of their size at birth. Assuming exponential elongation, this implies that large newborns will divide earlier than small ones. The molecular basis for the constant size increment is still unknown. As DNA replication and cell growth are coordinated, the constant ΔL could be based on duplication of an equal amount of DNA, ΔG , present in newborn cells. To test this idea, we measured amounts of DNA and lengths of nucleoids in DAPI-stained cells growing in batch culture at slow and fast rates. Deeply-constricted cells were divided in two subpopulations of longer and shorter lengths than average; these were considered to represent large and small prospective daughter cells, respectively. While at slow growth, large and small prospective daughter cells contained similar amounts of DNA, fast growing cells with multiforked replicating chromosomes, showed a significantly higher amount of DNA (20%) in the larger cells. This observation precludes the hypothesis that Δ L is based on the synthesis of a constant ΔG . Growth curves were constructed for siblings generated by asymmetric division and growing according to the adder model. Under the assumption that all cells at the same growth rate exhibit the same time between initiation of DNA replication and cell division (i.e., constant C+D -period), the constructions predict that initiation occurs at different sizes ( Li ) and that, at fast growth, large newborn cells transiently contain more DNA than small newborns, in accordance with the observations. Because the state of segregation, measured as the distance between separated nucleoids, was found to be more advanced in larger deeply-constricted cells, we propose that in larger newborns nucleoid separation occurs faster and at a shorter length, allowing them to divide earlier. We propose a composite model in which both differential initiation and segregation leads to an adder-like behavior of large and small newborn cells.

Method for preparing corrosion-resistant ceramic shapes

DOEpatents

Arons, R.M.; Dusek, J.T.

1979-12-07

Ceramic shapes having impermeable tungsten coatings can be used for containing highly corrosive molten alloys and salts. The shapes are prepared by coating damp green ceramic shapes containing a small amount of yttria with a tungsten coating slip which has been adjusted to match the shrinkage rate of the green ceramic and which will fire to a theoretical density of at least 80% to provide an impermeable coating.

Method for preparing corrosion-resistant ceramic shapes

DOEpatents

Arons, Richard M.; Dusek, Joseph T.

1983-09-13

Ceramic shapes having impermeable tungsten coatings can be used for containing highly corrosive molten alloys and salts. The shapes are prepared by coating damp green ceramic shapes containing a small amount of yttria with a tungsten coating slip which has been adjusted to match the shrinkage rate of the green ceramic and which will fire to a theoretical density of at least 80% to provide a impermeable coating.

Effects of Varying Proportions of Glass on Reflectance Spectra of HED Polymict Breccias

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buchanan, P. C.; Reddy, V; LeCorre, L.; Cloutis, E. A.; Mann, P.; Le, L.

2014-01-01

Some meteorites contain significant amounts of glass, which, in most cases, probably results from impact processes on parent bodies.. Yamato 82202 is an example of one of the unequilibrated eucrites that contains significant proportions of impact glass distributed as veins throughout the meteorite. In other cases, fragments of glass are distributed throughout polymict breccias. For example, the polymict eucrite EET 87509 contains rare angular fragments of devitrified glass. Proportions of glass in most of these meteorites and in lithic clasts within these meteorites may vary locally from small amounts (less than one percent) to much larger amounts (subequal proportions of glass and mineral material). For example, some fragments within the South African polymict eucrite Macibini contain approximately 50% glass. The presence of these variable proportions of meteorite glass confirm the increased recognition that impact processes played an important role in the histories of asteroidal bodies. This study attempts to quantify the effects of a glass component on reflectance spectra by analyzing in the laboratory mixtures of varying proportions of a well-characterized HED polymict breccia and glass derived by melting a bulk sample of that breccia.

A silver ion water sterilization system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parry, E. P.

1971-01-01

Small amounts of silver are incorporated in mixture of ion exchange resins, and water passing through this mixture is thus exposed to silver ion concentration. System is useful in self-contained water systems except city water systems where residual chlorine level is stipulated.

Genetics Home Reference: succinate-CoA ligase deficiency

MedlinePlus

... use. Mitochondria each contain a small amount of DNA, known as mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA, which is essential for the normal ... producing and maintaining the building blocks of mitochondrial DNA . Mutations in either the SUCLA2 or SUCLG1 gene ...

[A new method for determining the body composition with the aid of a displacement balance and low-pressure volumetric analysis (author's transl)].

PubMed

Schmid, P; Schlick, W; Irsigler, K

1976-01-09

A new method for determination of the specific weight of the gas-free human body is presented. Volume measurement is facilitated by extremely precise scales, by means of which a well-defined amount of water which was removed from a "patient container" is weighed. After the test subject has entered the container and is standing up to the neck in water, the container is closed. The combined gas volume consisting of the subject's lung volume, his intestinal gas and the air around his head is measured by lowering the pressure by an exactly-defined amount. This is done by opening a valve at the bottom of the container, which results in the outflow of a certain amount of water, the volume of which corresponds to the volume expansion inside the container. The gas volume prior to expansion can then be calculated by application of the gas laws. The advantages of this measuring device are its relatively small size, the high precision and the fact that the procedure is not unpleasant for the subject, as the head is not submerged under water.

Influence of Polysorbate 60 on Formulation Properties and Bioavailability of Morin-Loaded Nanoemulsions with and without Low-Saponification-Degree Polyvinyl Alcohol.

PubMed

Ikeuchi-Takahashi, Yuri; Kobayashi, Ayaka; Ishihara, Chizuko; Matsubara, Takumi; Matsubara, Hiroaki; Onishi, Hiraku

2018-01-01

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of polysorbate 60 (Tween 60) on the development of morin-loaded nanoemulsions to improve the oral bioavailability of morin. Nanoemulsions were prepared using Tween 60 and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as emulsifiers, and medium chain triglycerides (MCT) as the lipid base. Low-saponification-degree PVA (LL-810) was also added to stabilize dispersed droplets. MCT-LL810 nanoemulsion containing LL-810 was prepared with a reduced amount of Tween 60. However, the area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) of MCT-LL810 (0.18) nanoemulsion containing a small amount of Tween 60 did not increase because the absorption of morin was limited by P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated efflux. MCT-LL810 (0.24) nanoemulsion containing a large amount of Tween 60 showed the highest AUC, dispersed droplets containing Tween 60 may have been transported into epithelial cells in the small intestine, and P-gp transport activity appeared to be suppressed by permeated Tween 60. Based on the plasma concentration profile, dispersed droplets in MCT-LL810 (0.24) nanoemulsion permeated more rapidly through the mucus layer and the intestinal membrane than MCT (0.24) nanoemulsion without LL-810. In conclusion, a novel feature of Tween 60 incorporated into the dispersed droplets of a nanoemulsion interacting with P-gp was demonstrated herein. Dispersed droplets in MCT-LL810 (0.24) nanoemulsion containing LL-810 permeated rapidly through the mucus layer and intestinal membrane, and Tween 60 incorporated in dispersed droplets interacted with P-gp-mediated efflux, increasing the bioavailability of morin.

NEW RATION CONCEPTS.

DTIC Science & Technology

A ration for use in the Office of Civil Defense ration program was developed. The product was formulated from whole wheat flour, casein, baking ...powder, sodium chloride, sucrose, fat, yeast , water, and small amounts of other ingredients. A daily portion contained 900 calories and 18.5% protein

40 CFR 418.51 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... STANDARDS FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Nitric Acid Subcategory § 418.51 Specialized... chemicals but which may on the occasion of corrosion, cooling system leakage or similar cooling system failures contain small amounts of process chemicals: Provided, That all reasonable measures have been taken...

40 CFR 418.51 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... STANDARDS FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Nitric Acid Subcategory § 418.51 Specialized... chemicals but which may on the occasion of corrosion, cooling system leakage or similar cooling system failures contain small amounts of process chemicals: Provided, That all reasonable measures have been taken...

40 CFR 418.51 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... STANDARDS FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Nitric Acid Subcategory § 418.51 Specialized... chemicals but which may on the occasion of corrosion, cooling system leakage or similar cooling system failures contain small amounts of process chemicals: Provided, That all reasonable measures have been taken...

40 CFR 418.51 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... STANDARDS FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Nitric Acid Subcategory § 418.51 Specialized... chemicals but which may on the occasion of corrosion, cooling system leakage or similar cooling system failures contain small amounts of process chemicals: Provided, That all reasonable measures have been taken...

40 CFR 418.51 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... AND STANDARDS FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Nitric Acid Subcategory § 418.51... chemicals but which may on the occasion of corrosion, cooling system leakage or similar cooling system failures contain small amounts of process chemicals: Provided, That all reasonable measures have been taken...

United States Coast Guard AtoN battery scientific assessment

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-12-01

The USCG maintains about 12,000 fixed lighted aids to navigation (AtoNs). Historically, many of these lights were powered by primary batteries containing small amounts of mercury. These batteries were sometimes disposed of at the AtoN sites. The asse...

Genetics Home Reference: infantile-onset spinocerebellar ataxia

MedlinePlus

... proteins are found in the mitochondria , which are structures within cells that convert the energy from food into a form that cells can use. Mitochondria each contain a small amount of DNA, known ... of these structures. The Twinkle protein is involved in the production ...

Composition and method to remove asbestos

DOEpatents

Block, Jacob

1998-05-19

A composition for transforming a chrysotile asbestos-containing material into a non-asbestos material is disclosed, wherein the composition comprises water, at least about 30% by weight of a boron tetrafluoride salt, free of or having only small amounts of an inorganic acid, an inorganic acid salt or a mixture thereof. A method of transforming the asbestos-containing material into a non-asbestos material using the present composition also is disclosed.

Composition and method to remove asbestos

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Block, J.

A composition for transforming a chrysotile asbestos-containing material into a non-asbestos material is disclosed. The composition comprises water, at least about 30% by weight of a boron tetrafluoride salt, free of or having only small amounts of an inorganic acid, an inorganic acid salt or a mixture thereof. A method of transforming the asbestos-containing material into a non-asbestos material using the present composition also is disclosed.

Composition and method to remove asbestos

DOEpatents

Block, J.

1998-05-19

A composition for transforming a chrysotile asbestos-containing material into a non-asbestos material is disclosed. The composition comprises water, at least about 30% by weight of a hexafluorosilicate salt, and free of or having only small amounts of an inorganic acid, an inorganic acid salt or a mixture thereof. A method of transforming the asbestos-containing material into a non-asbestos material using the present composition also is disclosed.

Composition and method to remove asbestos

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Block, J.

A composition for transforming a chrysotile asbestos-containing material into a non-asbestos material is disclosed. The composition comprises water, at least about 30% by weight of a hexafluorosilicate salt, and free of or having only small amounts of an inorganic acid, an inorganic acid salt or a mixture thereof. A method of transforming the asbestos-containing material into a non-asbestos material using the present composition also is disclosed.

Composition and method to remove asbestos

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Block, Jacob

A composition for transforming a chrysotile asbestos-containing material into a non-asbestos material is disclosed, wherein the composition comprises water, at least about 30% by weight of a hexafluorosilicate salt, and free of or having only small amounts of an inorganic acid, an inorganic acid salt or a mixture thereof. A method of transforming the asbestos-containing material into a non-asbestos material using the present composition also is disclosed.

Composition and method to remove asbestos

DOEpatents

Block, J.

1998-05-19

A composition for transforming a chrysotile asbestos-containing material into a non-asbestos material is disclosed. The composition comprises water, at least about 30% by weight of a boron tetrafluoride salt, free of or having only small amounts of an inorganic acid, an inorganic acid salt or a mixture thereof. A method of transforming the asbestos-containing material into a non-asbestos material using the present composition also is disclosed.

Whole Grains Contribute Only a Small Proportion of Dietary Fiber to the U.S. Diet

PubMed Central

Kranz, Sibylle; Dodd, Kevin W.; Juan, Wen Yen; Johnson, LuAnn K.; Jahns, Lisa

2017-01-01

Dietary fiber (DF), found in whole fruits, vegetables, and whole grains (WG), is considered a nutrient of concern in the US diet and increased consumption is recommended. The present study was designed to highlight this critical importance of the difference between WG, high-fiber WG, and sources of fiber that are not from WG. The study is based on the two-day diets reported consumed by the nationally representative sample of Americans participating in What We Eat In America, the dietary component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2003–2010. Foods consumed were classified into tertiles of DF and WG and the contribution of fiber by differing levels of WG content were examined. Foods containing high amounts of WG and DF only contributed about 7% of total fiber intake. Overall, grain-based foods contributed 54.5% of all DF consumed. Approximately 39% of DF came from grain foods that contained no WG, rather these foods contained refined grains, which contain only small amounts of DF but are consumed in large quantities. All WG-containing foods combined contributed a total of 15.3% of DF in the American diet. Thus, public health messaging needs to be changed to specifically encourage consumption of WG foods with high levels of DF to address both recommendations. PMID:28218657

Method of forming a relatively stable slip of silicon metal particles and yttrium containing particles

DOEpatents

Dickie, Ray A.; Mangels, John A.

1984-01-01

The method concerns forming a relatively stable slip of silicon metal particles and yttrium containing particles. In one embodiment, a casting slip of silicon metal particles is formed in water. Particles of a yttrium containing sintering aid are added to the casting slip. The yttrium containing sintering aid is a compound which has at least some solubility in water to form Y.sup.+3 ions which have a high potential for totally flocculating the silicon metal particles into a semiporous solid. A small amount of a fluoride salt is added to the casting slip which contains the yttrium containing sintering aid. The fluoride salt is one which will produce fluoride anions when dissolved in water. The small amount of the fluoride anions produced are effective to suppress the flocculation of the silicon metal particles by the Y.sup.+3 ions so that all particles remain in suspension in the casting slip and the casting slip has both an increased shelf life and can be used to cast articles having a relatively thick cross-section. The pH of the casting slip is maintained in a range from 7.5 to 9. Preferably, the fluoride salt used is one which is based on a monovalent cation such as sodium or ammonia. The steps of adding the yttrium containing sintering aid and the fluoride salt may be interchanged if desired, and the salt may be added to a solution containing the sintering aid prior to addition of the silicon metal particles.

21 CFR 73.1647 - Copper powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... good manufacturing practice. (d) Labeling. The color additive and any mixture prepared therefrom... ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Drugs § 73.1647 Copper powder. (a) Identity. (1) The color additive... contains small amounts of stearic or oleic acid as lubricants. (2) Color additive mixtures for drug use...

Going beyond the Book: Towards Critical Reading in Statistics Teaching

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gelman, Andrew

2012-01-01

We consider three examples from our own teaching in which much was learned by critically examining examples from books. Even influential and well-regarded books can have examples where more can be learned with a small amount of additional effort. (Contains 3 figures.)

Whey protein fractionation using supercritical carbon dioxide

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Sweet whey, a coproduct of the cheesemaking process, can be concentrated using ultrafiltration and ion-exchange to produce whey protein isolates (WPI). WPI contains approximately 32% alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-LA) and 61% beta-lactoglobulin (beta-LG), plus a small amount of minor whey proteins. Whil...

Molecular and Genetic Investigation of Tau in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopthy

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-10-01

Very wide blood vessels, but no gliosis, macrophages, or tangles. 6 Controls Heavy retraction around vessels and high amounts of cell shrinkage...neocortical pyramidal neuron. (B) This neuron contains a mature intracellular tangle. (C) In the white matter, scattered small granular retraction balls

Oxidation resistant filler metals for direct brazing of structural ceramics

DOEpatents

Moorhead, Arthur J.

1986-01-01

A method of joining ceramics and metals to themselves and to one another is described using essentially pure trinickel aluminide and trinickel aluminide containing small amounts of carbon. This method produces strong joints that can withstand high service temperatures and oxidizing environments.

21 CFR 73.1647 - Copper powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... good manufacturing practice. (d) Labeling. The color additive and any mixture prepared therefrom... ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Drugs § 73.1647 Copper powder. (a) Identity. (1) The color additive... contains small amounts of stearic or oleic acid as lubricants. (2) Color additive mixtures for drug use...

21 CFR 73.1647 - Copper powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... good manufacturing practice. (d) Labeling. The color additive and any mixture prepared therefrom... ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Drugs § 73.1647 Copper powder. (a) Identity. (1) The color additive... contains small amounts of stearic or oleic acid as lubricants. (2) Color additive mixtures for drug use...

21 CFR 73.1647 - Copper powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... good manufacturing practice. (d) Labeling. The color additive and any mixture prepared therefrom... ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Drugs § 73.1647 Copper powder. (a) Identity. (1) The color additive... contains small amounts of stearic or oleic acid as lubricants. (2) Color additive mixtures for drug use...

Identification of high-mannose and multiantennary complex-type N-linked glycans containing alpha-galactose epitopes from Nurse shark IgM heavy chain.

PubMed

Harvey, David J; Crispin, Max; Moffatt, Beryl E; Smith, Sylvia L; Sim, Robert B; Rudd, Pauline M; Dwek, Raymond A

2009-11-01

MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, negative ion nano-electrospray MS/MS and exoglycosidase digestion were used to identify 36 N-linked glycans from 19S IgM heavy chain derived from the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum). The major glycan was the high-mannose compound, Man(6)GlcNAc(2) accompanied by small amounts of Man(5)GlcNAc(2), Man(7)GlcNAc(2) and Man(8)GlcNAc(2). Bi- and tri-antennary (isomer with a branched 3-antenna) complex-type glycans were also abundant, most contained a bisecting GlcNAc residue (beta1-->4-linked to the central mannose) and with varying numbers of alpha-galactose residues capping the antennae. Small amounts of monosialylated glycans were also found. This appears to be the first comprehensive study of glycosylation in this species of animal. The glycosylation pattern has implications for the mechanism of activation of the complement system by nurse shark IgM.

An interface for the direct coupling of small liquid samples to AMS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ognibene, T. J.; Thomas, A. T.; Daley, P. F.

We describe the moving wire interface attached to the 1-MV AMS system at LLNL’s Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry for the analysis of nonvolatile liquid samples as either discrete drops or from the direct output of biochemical separatory instrumentation, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Discrete samples containing at least a few 10 s of nanograms of carbon and as little as 50 zmol 14C can be measured with a 3–5% precision in a few minutes. The dynamic range of our system spans approximately 3 orders in magnitude. Sample to sample memory is minimized by the use of fresh targetsmore » for each discrete sample or by minimizing the amount of carbon present in a peak generated by an HPLC containing a significant amount of 14C. As a result, liquid sample AMS provides a new technology to expand our biomedical AMS program by enabling the capability to measure low-level biochemicals in extremely small samples that would otherwise be inaccessible.« less

An interface for the direct coupling of small liquid samples to AMS

DOE PAGES

Ognibene, T. J.; Thomas, A. T.; Daley, P. F.; ...

2015-05-28

We describe the moving wire interface attached to the 1-MV AMS system at LLNL’s Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry for the analysis of nonvolatile liquid samples as either discrete drops or from the direct output of biochemical separatory instrumentation, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Discrete samples containing at least a few 10 s of nanograms of carbon and as little as 50 zmol 14C can be measured with a 3–5% precision in a few minutes. The dynamic range of our system spans approximately 3 orders in magnitude. Sample to sample memory is minimized by the use of fresh targetsmore » for each discrete sample or by minimizing the amount of carbon present in a peak generated by an HPLC containing a significant amount of 14C. As a result, liquid sample AMS provides a new technology to expand our biomedical AMS program by enabling the capability to measure low-level biochemicals in extremely small samples that would otherwise be inaccessible.« less

Selective etching of TiN over TaN and vice versa in chlorine-containing plasmas

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shin, Hyungjoo; Zhu Weiye; Liu Lei

2013-05-15

Selectivity of etching between physical vapor-deposited TiN and TaN was studied in chlorine-containing plasmas, under isotropic etching conditions. Etching rates for blanket films were measured in-situ using optical emission of the N{sub 2} (C{sup 3}{Pi}{sub u}{yields}B{sup 3}{Pi}{sub g}) bandhead at 337 nm to determine the etching time, and transmission electron microscopy to determine the starting film thickness. The etching selectivity in Cl{sub 2}/He or HCl/He plasmas was poor (<2:1). There was a window of very high selectivity of etching TiN over TaN by adding small amounts (<1%) of O{sub 2} in the Cl{sub 2}/He plasma. Reverse selectivity (10:1 of TaNmore » etching over TiN) was observed when adding small amounts of O{sub 2} to the HCl/He plasma. Results are explained on the basis of the volatility of plausible reaction products.« less

Determination of selected neurotoxic insecticides in small amounts of animal tissue utilizing a newly constructed mini-extractor.

PubMed

Seifertová, Marta; Čechová, Eliška; Llansola, Marta; Felipo, Vicente; Vykoukalová, Martina; Kočan, Anton

2017-10-01

We developed a simple analytical method for the simultaneous determination of representatives of various groups of neurotoxic insecticides (carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and α-endosulfan and β-endosulfan and their metabolite endosulfan sulfate) in limited amounts of animal tissues containing different amounts of lipids. Selected tissues (rodent fat, liver, and brain) were extracted in a special in-house-designed mini-extractor constructed on the basis of the Soxhlet and Twisselmann extractors. A dried tissue sample placed in a small cartridge was extracted, while the nascent extract was simultaneously filtered through a layer of sodium sulfate. The extraction was followed by combined clean-up, including gel permeation chromatography (in case of high lipid content), ultrasonication, and solid-phase extraction chromatography using C 18 on silica and aluminum oxide. Gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for analyte separation, detection, and quantification. Average recoveries for individual insecticides ranged from 82 to 111%. Expanded measurement uncertainties were generally lower than 35%. The developed method was successfully applied to rat tissue samples obtained from an animal model dealing with insecticide exposure during brain development. This method may also be applied to the analytical treatment of small amounts of various types of animal and human tissue samples. A significant advantage achieved using this method is high sample throughput due to the simultaneous treatment of many samples. Graphical abstract Optimized workflow for the determination of selected insecticides in small amounts of animal tissue including newly developed mini-extractor.

Strong, Ductile Rotor For Cryogenic Flowmeters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Royals, W. T.

1993-01-01

Improved magnetic flowmeter rotor resists cracking at cryogenic temperatures, yet provides adequate signal to magnetic pickup outside flowmeter housing. Consists mostly of stainless-steel alloy 347, which is ductile and strong at low temperatures. Small bead of stainless-steel alloy 410 welded in groove around circumference of round bar of stainless-steel alloy 347; then rotor machined from bar. Tips of rotor blades contain small amounts of magnetic alloy, and passage of tips detected.

Plasmids containing small subunit ribosomal RNA gene fragments from Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

BEI Resources was developed by NIAID as a centralized biological resource center for research reagents to the scientific community (http://www.beiresources.org/). They have a considerable amount of reagents and isolates for parasitologists working with Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia, Toxoplasma, and...

Optogalvanic intracavity quantitative detector and method for its use

DOEpatents

Zalewski, Edward F.; Keller, Richard A.; Apel, Charles T.

1983-01-01

The disclosure relates to an optogalvanic intracavity detector and method for its use. Measurement is made of the amount of light absorbed by atoms, small molecules and ions in a laser cavity utilizing laser-produced changes in plasmas containing the same atoms, molecules, or ions.

Optogalvanic intracavity quantitative detector and method for its use

DOEpatents

Zalewski, E.F.; Keller, R.A.; Apel, C.T.

1981-02-25

The disclosure relates to an optogalvanic intracavity detector and method for its use. Measurement is made of the amount of light absorbed by atoms, small molecules and ions in a laser cavity utilizing laser-produced changes in plasmas containing the same atoms, molecules or ions.

Electrospun ultra-fine cellulose acetate fibrous mats containing tannic acid-Fe+++ complexes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Cellulose acetate (CA) fibrous mats with improved mechanical and antioxidant properties were produced by a simple, scalable and cost-effective electrospinning method. Fibers loaded with small amounts of TA-Fe+++ complexes showed an increase in tensile strength of approximately 117% when compared to ...

Chemical characteristics and anticoagulant activities of two sulfated polysaccharides from Enteromorpha linza (Chlorophyta)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qi, Xiaohui; Mao, Wenjun; Chen, Yin; Chen, Yanli; Zhao, Chunqi; Li, Na; Wang, Chunyan

2013-03-01

Two sulfated polysaccharides, designated MP and SP, were extracted from the marine green alga Enteromorpha linza using hot water and then purified using ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. The anticoagulant activities of MP and SP were examined by determination of their activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and prothrombin time (PT) using human plasma. Results showed that MP and SP were composed of abundant rhamnose with small amounts of xylose and glucuronic acid, whereas SP also contained a small amount of galactose. Approximate molecular weights of MP and SP were 535 and 502 kDa, respectively. As compared with SP, MP had higher contents of sulfate ester (19.0%) and uronic acid (14.9%). The MP mainly consisted of (1→4)-linked rhamnose residues with partially sulfated groups at the C-3 position, and small amounts of (1→3, 4)-linked rhamnose, (1→2, 4)-linked rhamnose, (1→4)-linked glucuronic acid and (1→4)-linked xylose residues. The SP contained abundant (1→4)-linked rhamnose with minor amounts of (1→3)-linked rhamnose, (1→3, 4)-linked rhamnose, (1→2, 4)-linked rhamnose, (1→4)-linked glucuronic acid, (1→4)-linked xylose, and (1→3)-linked galactose residues. The sulfate groups were mainly located at C-3 of (1→4)-linked rhamnose residues. Both MP and SP, in particular the former, effectively prolonged APTT and TT. This work demonstrates that MP and SP have unique structural characteristics distinct from those of other sulfated polysaccharides from Enteromorpha. The MP is a potential source of anticoagulant, and the difference in anticoagulant activities of the two sulfated polysaccharides is directly linked to the discrepancy of their chemical features.

Chemical Reactions and Properties of Organosilicon Compounds Related to New Materials.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-10-31

out. The compound behaves like an olefin in some reactions, for in- stance addition of hydrogen halides or chlorine: C1 2 HCI Mes 2 SiCl-SiClMes2...polymers have been synthesized which contain some silicon atoms bonded to hydrogen . These become crosslinked when mixed with substances containing several...and highly efficient catalysts, very small amounts are required in this process. Moreover, photocatalysis using polysilanes produces polymers with

Proof of Principle: Immobilisation of Robust CuII3 TbIII -Macrocycles on Small, Suitably Pre-functionalised Gold Nanoparticles.

PubMed

Feltham, Humphrey L C; Dumas, Christophe; Mannini, Matteo; Otero, Edwige; Sainctavit, Philippe; Sessoli, Roberta; Meledandri, Carla J; Brooker, Sally

2017-02-21

In a proof-of-principle study, a soluble macrocyclic single-molecule magnet (SMM) containing a Cu II 3 Tb III magnetic core was covalently grafted onto small gold nanoparticles pre-functionalised with carboxylate-terminated tethers. A modified microemulsion method allowed production of the small and monodisperse nanoparticles (approximately 3.5 nm in diameter) for the chemisorption of a large amount of intact macrocyclic complexes in the hybrid system. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Magnetic properties of the ammonolysis product of α-Fe powder containing a small amount of aluminum

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tsugawa, Yuta; Maubuchi, Yuji; Motohashi, Teruki

2015-02-15

Magnetite was prepared containing a small amount of aluminum and its nitride was generated through low temperature ammonolysis following reduction under hydrogen. The nitrided product was determined by XRD to be a mixture of “α″-Fe{sub 16}N{sub 2}” having a slightly deformed crystal structure from α″-Fe{sub 16}N{sub 2} and the residual α-Fe. Magnetic coercivity of the mixture was decreased from the value of 150 mT obtained for the nitride product made without aluminum, due to the precipitation of nonmagnetic amorphous alumina in the low temperature nitrided bcc (Fe{sub 1−x}Al{sub x}) with x≤0.03. The aluminum-doped nitride product in which the “α″-Fe{sub 16}N{submore » 2}” fraction was 30 at% exhibited magnetization at 1.5 T of approximately 200 Am{sup 2}kg{sup −1} at room temperature and its magnetic coercivity was 20 mT. - Graphical abstract: Magnetic iron nitride particles were separated by nonmagnetic amorphous γ-alumina. Magnetic coercivity was decreased by reducing the magnetic interaction between the particles. - Highlights: • Magnetic coercivity decreased in α”-Fe{sub 16}N{sub 2} like compound as a soft magnet. • Small amount of Al addition was effective in its preparation. • Magnetic interaction decreased between the “α”-Fe{sub 16}N{sub 2}” particles.« less

Treatment of wastewater containing a large amount of suspended solids by a novel multi-staged UASB reactor.

PubMed

Uemura, S; Harada, H; Ohashi, A; Torimura, S

2005-12-01

Treatment of artificial wastewater containing a large amount of suspended solids comprised of soybean processing waste and pig fodder was studied using a novel multi-staged upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor. The reactor consisted of three compartments, each containing a gas solid separator. The wastewater had chemical oxygen demand of approximately 21600 mg l(-1), suspended solids of 12800 mg l(-1), and an ammonia concentration of 945 mg l(-1). A continuous experiment without effluent circulation showed that the multi-staged reactor was not that effective for the treatment of wastewater containing a large amount of suspended solids. However, operation of the reactor with circulation of effluent enabled the reactor to achieve organic removal of 85% and approximately 70% methane conversion at loading rates of between 4.0 to 5.4 kg-chemical oxygen demand per cubic meter per day, meaning that the reactor was more effective when effluent was circulated. Morphological investigation revealed that the crude fiber in the sludge was partially degraded and that it had many small depressions on its surface. Evolved biogas may have become caught in these depressions of the fibers and caused washout of the sludge.

Liposomes as carriers of macrolides: preferential association of erythromycin A and azithromycin with liposomes of phosphatidylglycerol containing unsaturated fatty acid(s).

PubMed

Stuhne-Sekalec, L; Stanacev, N Z; Djokic, S

1991-01-01

To assess the most favourable phospholipid composition of a liposomal carrier for antibiotics, small multilamellar liposomes were prepared from phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol of varying fatty acid composition in the presence of erythromycin A and azithromycin. Crude liposomes were subjected to Sepharose CL-4B column chromatography, and liposomes containing antibiotics were well separated from free antibiotics. These experiments established that the greatest association of antibiotics was achieved with liposomes prepared from phosphatidylglycerol rather than phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine. Furthermore, the composition of fatty acids in phosphatidylglycerol liposomes influenced the amount of antibiotics associated with liposomes; the highest amount was obtained with dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol followed by phosphatidylglycerol of fatty acid composition similar to that of egg yolk lecithin. It was established that purified liposomes, prepared from [3H]phosphatidylglycerol containing unsaturated fatty acid(s) bind about 25 per cent of originally present antibiotic. Both antibiotics, erythromycin A and azithromycin, were similar in respect to the amount of their association with liposomes. Determination of the size of phosphatidylglycerol/antibiotic liposomes established that the mean diameter of liposomes containing antibiotics was 200-350 nm, very close to that of liposomes without them.

PROCESS FOR TREATING VOLATILE METAL FLUORIDES

DOEpatents

Rudge, A.J.; Lowe, A.J.

1957-10-01

This patent relates to the purification of uranium hexafluoride, made by reacting the metal or its tetrafluoride with fluorine, from the frequently contained traces of hydrofluoric acid. According to the present process, UF/sub 6/ containing as an impurity a small amount of hydrofluoric acid, is treated to remove such impurity by contact with an anhydrous alkali metal fluoride such as sodium fluoride. In this way a non-volatile complex containing hydrofluoric acid and the alkali metal fluoride is formed, and the volatile UF /sub 6/ may then be removed by distillation.

Templated Synthesis of Aluminum Nanoparticles - A New Route to Stable Energetic Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-11-05

aluminum hydride (LiAlH4), anhydrous aluminum chloride (AlCl3), titanium (IV) isopropoxide , and 1-methylpyrrolidine were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich. The...film containing the titanium salt was immersed in a tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution of 1-methylpyrrolidine alane (0.5 or 1 M) with stirring for 12 h...and a small amount of titanium from the catalyst. However, there was only a negligible amount of oxygen in the specimen despite the fact that the EDX

The Aerobic Oxidation of Bromide to Dibromine Catalyzed by Homogeneous Oxidation Catalysts and Initiated by Nitrate in Acetic Acid

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Partenheimer, Walt; Fulton, John L.; Sorensen, Christina M.

A small amount of nitrate, ~0.002 molal, initiates the Co/Mn catalyzed aerobic oxidation of bromide compounds (HBr,NaBr,LiBr) to dibromine in acetic acid at room temperature. At temperatures 40oC or less , the reaction is autocatalytic. Co(II) and Mn(II) themselves and mixed with ionic bromide are known homogeneous oxidation catalysts. The reaction was discovered serendipitously when a Co/Br and Co/Mn/Br catalyst solution was prepared for the aerobic oxidation of methyaromatic compounds and the Co acetate contained a small amount of impurity i.e. nitrate. The reaction was characterized by IR, UV-VIS, MALDI and EXAFS spectroscopies and the coordination chemistry is described. Themore » reaction is inhibited by water and its rate changed by pH. The change in these variables, as well as others, are identical to those observed during homogeneous, aerobic oxidation of akylaromatics. A mechanism is proposed. Accidental addition of a small amount of nitrate compound into a Co/Mn/Br/acetic acid mixture in a large, commercial feedtank is potentially dangerous.« less

Reconnaissance geology of the Al Ba'ayith quadrangle, sheet 26/41 D, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

USGS Publications Warehouse

Williams, P.L.; Simonds, F.W.; Turner, J.D.

1985-01-01

Gold-bearing quartz veins occur associated with small plutons of the Idah suite in the southeastern part of the quadrangle, and have been mined in the past. Ironstones, near Murran in the center of the quadrangle contain trace amounts of silver and gold.

Chromosome engineering for alien gene introgression in wheat: Progress and prospective

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Chromosome engineering is a useful strategy for introgression of desirable genes from wild relatives into cultivated wheat. However, it has been a challenge to transfer a small amount of alien chromatin containing the gene of interest from one genome to another non-homologous genome through classic...

The impurity of radioiodinated triolein

PubMed Central

Kennedy, J. A.; Kinloch, J. D.

1964-01-01

Commercially supplied radioiodinated triolein has been shown by thin-layer chromatography and silicic acid column chromatography to contain impurities, consisting mainly of diglycerides and monoglycerides, but also a small amount of free fatty acid. The effect of these impurities on the radioiodinated triolein absorption test requires further investigation. Images PMID:14149942

Optogalvanic intracavity quantitative detector and method for its use

DOEpatents

Zalewski, E.F.; Keller, R.A.; Apel, C.T.

1983-09-06

The disclosure relates to an optogalvanic intracavity detector and method for its use. Measurement is made of the amount of light absorbed by atoms, small molecules and ions in a laser cavity utilizing laser-produced changes in plasmas containing the same atoms, molecules, or ions. 6 figs.

18 CFR 292.207 - Procedures for obtaining qualifying status.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... notice of self-certification which contains a completed Form 556. (iii) Subsequent notices of self...; such self-certifications and self-recertifications should include a form of notice suitable for... certification or recertification order was issued; (F) A decrease in the amount of fossil fuel used by a small...

Ionization monitor with improved ultra-high megohm resistor

DOEpatents

Burgess, Edward T.

1988-11-05

An ionization monitor measures extremely small currents using a resistor containing a beta emitter to generate ion-pairs which are collected as current when the device is used as a feedback resistor in an electrometer circuit. By varying the amount of beta emitter, the resistance of the resistor may be varied.

POSS-Containing Bioinspired Adhesives with Enhanced Mechanical and Optical Properties for Biomedical Applications.

PubMed

Pramudya, Irawan; Rico, Catalina G; Lee, Choogon; Chung, Hoyong

2016-12-12

A new terpolymer adhesive, poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate-co-N-methacryloyl 3,4-dihydroxyl-l-phenylalanine-co-heptaisobutyl substituted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane propyl methacrylate) (poly(MEA-co-MDOPA-co-MPOSS) was synthesized by thermally initiated radical polymerization. In this study, we investigated the effect of the POSS component on adhesion, mechanical, and optical properties of the catechol-group containing bioinspired adhesives. The terpolymer contains the catechol group which is known to improve the adhesion properties of polymers. Only a very small amount of the POSS-containing monomer, MPOSS, was included, 0.5 mol %. In the presence of POSS, the synthesized poly(MEA-co-MDOPA-co-MPOSS) demonstrated strong adhesion properties, 23.2 ± 6.2 J/m 2 with 0.05 N preloading and 300 s holding time, compared to many previously prepared catechol-containing adhesives. The mechanical properties (Young's modulus and stress at 10% strain) of the POSS-containing terpolymer showed significant increases (6-fold higher) over the control polymer, which does not contain POSS. Optical transmittance of the synthesized terpolymer was also improved significantly in the visible light range, 450-750 nm. Cell testing with human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293A) indicates that the new terpolymer is a promising candidate in biomedical adhesives without acute cytotoxicity. The synthesized poly(MEA-co-MDOPA-co-MPOSS) is the first example of POSS-containing pressure sensitive bioinspired adhesive for biomedical applications. The study of poly(MEA-co-MDOPA-co-MPOSS) demonstrated a convenient method to enhance two important properties, mechanical and optical properties, by the addition of a very small amount of POSS. Based on this study, it was found that POSS can be used to strengthen mechanical properties of bioinspired adhesive without the need for a covalent cross-linking step.

Characteristic hydrolyzing of megalosaccharide by human salivary α-amylase and small intestinal enzymes, and its bioavailability in healthy subjects.

PubMed

Nakamura, Sadako; Takami, Masayuki; Tanabe, Kenichi; Oku, Tsuneyuki

2014-09-01

The digestibility of Megalosaccharide® (newly developed carbohydrate comprising α-1,4-glucosaccharide) was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Isomaltosyl-megalosaccharide® (IMS) and nigerosyl-megalosaccharide® (NMS) contain 20% and 50% of the megalosaccharide fraction (degree of polymerization (DP) 10-35), respectively. IMS was hydrolyzed readily by α-amylase to oligosaccharides (DP ≤ 7), and a small amount of glucose was produced from oligosaccharides by small intestinal enzymes (SIEs). NMS was partially hydrolyzed by α-amylase to oligosaccharides, and a small amount of glucose produced by SIEs. When IMS and NMS were treated by SIEs after treatment with human saliva α-amylase for a few minutes, IMS and NMS were hydrolyzed readily to glucose. Plasma levels of glucose and insulin upon ingestion of 50 g of IMS or NMS were elevated the same as those for 50 g of glucose, and breath hydrogen was not excreted. These results suggest that IMS and NMS are digestible carbohydrates.

Mössbauer study of iron minerals transformations by Fuchsiella ferrireducens

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gracheva, M. A.; Chistyakova, N. I.; Antonova, A. V.; Rusakov, V. S.; Zhilina, T. N.; Zavarzina, D. G.

2017-11-01

Biogenic transformations of iron-containing minerals synthesized ferrihydrite, magnetite and hydrothermal siderite by anaerobic alkaliphilic bacterium Fuchsiella ferrireducens (strain Z-7101T) were studied by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. Mössbauer investigations of solid phase samples obtained after microbial transformation were carried out at room temperature and at 82 K. It was found that all tested minerals transformed during bacterial growth. In the presence of synthesized ferrihydrite, added as an electron acceptor, a mixture of large (more than 100 nm) and small (˜5 nm) particles of magnetically ordered phase and siderite was formed. Synthesized magnetite that contains both Fe3+ and Fe2+ forms could serve as electron acceptor as well as an electron donor for F.ferrireducens growth. As a result of its biotransformation, no siderite formation was observed while small particles of magnetite were formed. In the case of the addition of siderite as an electron donor formation of a small amount of a new phase containing Fe2+ caused by recrystallization of siderite during bacterial growth was detected.

Treatability Variance for Containerised Liquids in Mixed Debris Waste - 12101

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Alstatt, Catherine M.

2012-07-01

The TRU Waste Processing Center (TWPC) is a Department of Energy facility whose mission is to receive and process for appropriate disposal legacy Contact Handled (CH) and Remote Handled (RH) waste, including debris waste stored at various DOE Oak Ridge facilities. Acceptable Knowledge (AK) prepared for the waste characterizes the waste as mixed waste, meaning it is both radioactive and regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). The AK also indicates that a number of the debris waste packages contain small amounts of containerised liquids. The documentation indicates liquid wastes generated in routine lab operations were typically collectedmore » for potential recovery of valuable isotopes. However, during activities associated with decontamination and decommissioning (D and D), some containers with small amounts of liquids were placed into the waste containers with debris waste. Many of these containers now hold from 2.5 milliliters (ml) to 237 ml of liquid; a few contain larger volumes. At least some of these containers were likely empty at the time of generation, but documentation of this condition is lacking. Since WIPP compliant AK is developed on a waste stream basis, rather than an individual container basis, and includes every potential RCRA hazardous constituent within the waste stream, it is insufficient for the purpose of characterizing individual containers of liquid. Debris waste is defined in 40 CFR 268.2(g) as 'solid material exceeding a 60 mm particle size that is intended for disposal and that is: a manufactured object; or plant or animal matter; or natural geologic material'. The definition further states that intact containers of hazardous waste that are not ruptured and that retain at least 75% of their original volume are not debris. The prescribed treatment is removal of intact containers from the debris waste, and treatment of their contents to meet specific Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR) standards. This is true for containers with incidental amounts of liquids, even if the liquid is less than 50% of the total waste volume. Under the proposed variance, all free or containerised liquids (up to 3.8 liters(L)) found in the debris would be treated and returned in solid form to the debris waste stream from which they originated. The waste would then be macro-encapsulated. (author)« less

Testing of Compounds for Efficacy against Schistosomiasis.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-07-22

4); 2) a petri dish containing a centrally placed mud mound, blue-green aglae ( Nostoc muscorum) and water Is used for rearing young snails and...maintaining both pre-exposed and exposed snails (5); 3) a petri dish containing small amounts of blue-green algae ( Nostoc muscoru), mud and water is used...25-27 C. 4. Food. Blue-green algae ( Nostoc muscorum) grown in petri dishes with mud (5) is used exclusively as the food source. C. Breedin A

The Effect of Polymer Char on Nitridation Kinetics of Silicon

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chan, Rickmond C.; Bhatt, Ramakrishna T.

1994-01-01

Effects of polymer char on nitridation kinetics of attrition milled silicon powder have been investigated from 1200 to 1350 C. Results indicate that at and above 1250 C, the silicon compacts containing 3.5 wt percent polymer char were fully converted to Si3N4 after 24 hr exposure in nitrogen. In contrast, the silicon compacts without polymer char could not be fully converted to Si3N4 at 1350 C under similar exposure conditions. At 1250 and 1350 C, the silicon compacts with polymer char showed faster nitridation kinetics than those without the polymer char. As the polymer char content is increased, the amount of SiC in the nitrided material is also increased. By adding small amounts (approx. 2.5 wt percent) of NiO, the silicon compacts containing polymer char can be completely nitrided at 1200 C. The probable mechanism for the accelerated nitridation of silicon containing polymer char is discussed.

Polyribosome formation and poly(A)-containing RNA in embryos of the sand dollar,Dendraster excentricus.

PubMed

Spieth, John; Whiteley, Arthur H

1981-03-01

The pattern of appearance of ribosomes, newly synthesized mRNA, and poly(A)-containing mRNA in polyribosomes has been examined in sand dollar embryos. From early blastula until shortly before hatching small polyribosomes engaged in histone synthesis predominate. At the time of hatching, when the rate of cell increase is maximal, the proportion of poly(A)-containing RNA in polyribosomes is low. After hatching a new class of large polyribosomes appears and the amount of poly(A)-containing polyribosomal RNA increases. Cordycepin, an inhibitor of RNA adenylylation, prevents the appearance of the large polyribosomes after hatching as well as the increase in poly(A)-containing polyribosomal RNA.

The effect of consuming small volumes of beer on gastric motility and the involvement of gene polymorphisms.

PubMed

Shibata, Tomoyuki; Yamashita, Hiromi; Kawamura, Tomohiko; Jodai, Yasutaka; Omori, Takafumi; Sumi, Kazuya; Ichikawa, Yuichiro; Okubo, Masaaki; Ishizuka, Takamitsu; Tahara, Tomomitsu; Nagasaka, Mitsuo; Nakagawa, Yoshihito; Hirata, Ichiro; Ohmiya, Naoki; Nakao, Makoto

2016-01-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of consuming small amounts of beer or a nonalcoholic beer taste beverage (non-beer) on gastric emptying and the polymorphisms in alcohol metabolism-related enzyme-encoding genes. Twenty male healthy volunteers were questioned regarding their alcohol consumption status, and body measurement was performed. The genetic polymorphisms in ADH1B (rs1229984, Arg47His) and ALDH2 (rs671 Glu487Lys) were analyzed. The subjects consumed 150 mL of beer or non-beer once per week, followed by the ingestion of 200 kcal of the test nutrient containing 13 C-acetate 15 min later, after which the subjects' exhalations were collected up to 120 min. The concentration peak of 13 C was measured as Tmax. Diamine oxidase (DAO) activity for the marker of small intestinal function activity was also measured the day after the test. Gastric emptying was significantly slower in the group that consumed a small amount of beer, and in daily beer consumption group, and also in the ADH1B *2/*2, ALDH2 *1/*2 genotypes compared to non-beer drinking group. DAO values were not significantly changed between beer and non-beer group. The consumption of even a small amount of beer and the polymorphisms in ADH1B / ALDH2 affects gastric motility.

Fusion of Information from Optical, Thermal, Multispectral Imagery and Geologic/Topographic Products to Detect Underground Detonations

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-02-25

Two bermed artificial ponds built along the northwesternmost edge of the site scar, contained a small amount of water, rimmed with ice. A continuous...THREE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSES For the past several years, Autometric has been producing and installing their APPS-IV for military/ inteligence community

A Model for Investigating Predictive Validity at Highly Selective Institutions.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gross, Alan L.; And Others

A statistical model for investigating predictive validity at highly selective institutions is described. When the selection ratio is small, one must typically deal with a data set containing relatively large amounts of missing data on both criterion and predictor variables. Standard statistical approaches are based on the strong assumption that…

Effects of post-anthesis fertilizer on the protein composition of the gluten polymer in a US bread wheat

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Both genetic and environmental factors influence the types and amounts of wheat proteins that link together to form polymers essential for flour quality. To understand how plant growth conditions might influence gluten polymer formation, protein fractions containing small and large polymers were se...

Electrically conductive anodized aluminum coatings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alwitt, Robert S. (Inventor); Liu, Yanming (Inventor)

2001-01-01

A process for producing anodized aluminum with enhanced electrical conductivity, comprising anodic oxidation of aluminum alloy substrate, electrolytic deposition of a small amount of metal into the pores of the anodized aluminum, and electrolytic anodic deposition of an electrically conductive oxide, including manganese dioxide, into the pores containing the metal deposit; and the product produced by the process.

Electrodeless discharge lamp is easily started, has high stability

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bell, W. E.; Bloom, A. L.

1966-01-01

Electrodeless discharge borosilicate glass lamp is used in various high-resolution optical systems. It is partially charged with krypton, contains small amounts of rubidium, and is enclosed in a hermetically sealed envelope that maintains the lamp at an optimum temperature during discharge. The lamp is quickly started by its excitation coil.

Sequencing historical specimens: successful preparation of small specimens with low amounts of degraded DNA.

PubMed

Sproul, John S; Maddison, David R

2017-11-01

Despite advances that allow DNA sequencing of old museum specimens, sequencing small-bodied, historical specimens can be challenging and unreliable as many contain only small amounts of fragmented DNA. Dependable methods to sequence such specimens are especially critical if the specimens are unique. We attempt to sequence small-bodied (3-6 mm) historical specimens (including nomenclatural types) of beetles that have been housed, dried, in museums for 58-159 years, and for which few or no suitable replacement specimens exist. To better understand ideal approaches of sample preparation and produce preparation guidelines, we compared different library preparation protocols using low amounts of input DNA (1-10 ng). We also explored low-cost optimizations designed to improve library preparation efficiency and sequencing success of historical specimens with minimal DNA, such as enzymatic repair of DNA. We report successful sample preparation and sequencing for all historical specimens despite our low-input DNA approach. We provide a list of guidelines related to DNA repair, bead handling, reducing adapter dimers and library amplification. We present these guidelines to facilitate more economical use of valuable DNA and enable more consistent results in projects that aim to sequence challenging, irreplaceable historical specimens. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Flavanol binding of nuclei from tree species.

PubMed

Feucht, W; Treutter, D; Polster, J

2004-01-01

Light microscopy was used to examine the nuclei of five tree species with respect to the presence of flavanols. Flavanols develop a blue colouration in the presence of a special p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) reagent that enables those nuclei loaded with flavanols to be recognized. Staining of the nuclei was most pronounced in both Tsuga canadensis and Taxus baccata, variable in Metasequoia glyptostroboides, faint in Coffea arabica and minimal in Prunus avium. HPLC analysis showed that the five species contained substantial amounts of different flavanols such as catechin, epicatechin and proanthocyanidins. Quantitatively, total flavanols were quite different among the species. The nuclei themselves, as studied in Tsuga seed wings, were found to contain mainly catechin, much lower amounts of epicatechin and traces of proanthocyanidins. Blue-coloured nuclei located centrally in small cells were often found to maximally occupy up to 90% of a cell's radius, and the surrounding small rim of cytoplasm was visibly free of flavanols. A survey of 34 gymnosperm and angiosperm species indicated that the first group has much higher nuclear binding capacities for flavanols than the second group.

Corrosion of low alloy steel containing 0.5% chromium in supercritical CO2-saturated brine and water-saturated supercritical CO2 environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wei, Liang; Gao, Kewei; Li, Qian

2018-05-01

The corrosion behavior of P110 low-Cr alloy steel in supercritical CO2-saturated brine (aqueous phase) and water-saturated supercritical CO2 (SC CO2 phase) was investigated. The results show that P110 steel primarily suffered general corrosion in the aqueous phase, while severe localized corrosion occurred in the SC CO2 phase. The formation of corrosion product scale on P110 steel in the aqueous phase divided into three stages: formation of the initial corrosion layer containing amorphous Cr(OH)3, FeCO3 and a small amount of Fe3C; transformation of initial corrosion layer to mixed layer, which consisted of FeCO3 and a small amount of Cr(OH)3 and Fe3C; growth and dissolution of the mixed layer. Finally, only a single mixed layer covered on the steel in the aqueous phase. However, the scale formed in SC CO2 phase consisted of two layers: the inner mixed layer and the dense outer FeCO3 crystalline layer.

Graphite intercalation compound with iodine as the major intercalant

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hung, Ching-Cheh; Kucera, Donald

1992-01-01

Halogenated CBr(sub x)I(sub y) (1 less than y/x less than 10) was made by exposing graphite materials with interplanar spacing in the 3.35 to 3.41 A range to either pure Br2 or an I2-Br2 mixture, and then to iodine vapor containing a small amount of Br2. The electrical resistivity of this product is from 3 to 6.5 times the pristine value. The presence of a small amount of isoprene rubber in the reaction significantly increased the iodine to bromine ratio in the product. In this reaction, rubber is known to generate HBr and to slowly remove bromine from the vapor. The halogenation generally caused a 22 to 25 percent weight increase. The halogens were found uniformly distributed in the product interior. However, although the surface contains very little iodine, it has high concentrations of bromine and oxygen. It is believed that the high concentrations of bromine and oxygen in this surface cause the halogenated fiber to be more resistant to fluorine attack during subsequent fluorination to fabricate graphite fluoride fibers.

ALLOY COATINGS AND METHOD OF APPLYING

DOEpatents

Eubank, L.D.; Boller, E.R.

1958-08-26

A method for providing uranium articles with a pro tective coating by a single dip coating process is presented. The uranium article is dipped into a molten zinc bath containing a small percentage of aluminum. The resultant product is a uranium article covered with a thin undercoat consisting of a uranium-aluminum alloy with a small amount of zinc, and an outer layer consisting of zinc and aluminum. The article may be used as is, or aluminum sheathing may then be bonded to the aluminum zinc outer layer.

Repeated intraperitoneal injections of liposomes containing phosphatidic acid and cardiolipin reduce amyloid-β levels in APP/PS1 transgenic mice.

PubMed

Ordóñez-Gutiérrez, Lara; Re, Francesca; Bereczki, Erika; Ioja, Eniko; Gregori, Maria; Andersen, Alina J; Antón, Marta; Moghimi, S Moein; Pei, Jin-Jing; Masserini, Massimo; Wandosell, Francisco

2015-02-01

The accumulation of extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in the brain are two major neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is thought that an equilibrium exists between Aβ in the brain and in the peripheral blood and thus, it was hypothesized that shifting this equilibrium towards the blood by enhancing peripheral clearance might reduce Aβ levels in the brain: the 'sink effect'. We tested this hypothesis by intraperitoneally injecting APP/PS1 transgenic mice with small unilamellar vesicles containing either phosphatidic acid or cardiolipin over 3weeks. This treatment reduced significantly the amount of Aβ in the plasma and the brain levels of Aβ were lighter affected. Nevertheless, this dosing regimen did modulate tau phosphorylation and glycogen synthase kinase 3 activities in the brain, suggesting that the targeting of circulating Aβ may be therapeutically relevant in AD. Intraperitoneal injection of small unilamellar vesicles containing phosphatidic acid or cardiolipin significantly reduced the amount of amyloid-beta (Aß) peptide in the plasma in a rodent model. Brain levels of Aß were also affected - although to a lesser extent - suggesting that targeting of circulating Aß may be therapeutically relevant of Alzheimer's disease. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Exhaled particles as markers of small airway inflammation in subjects with asthma.

PubMed

Larsson, Per; Lärstad, Mona; Bake, Björn; Hammar, Oscar; Bredberg, Anna; Almstrand, Ann-Charlotte; Mirgorodskaya, Ekaterina; Olin, Anna-Carin

2017-09-01

Exhaled breath contains suspended particles of respiratory tract lining fluid from the small airways. The particles are formed when closed airways open during inhalation. We have developed a method called Particles in Exhaled air (PExA ® ) to measure and sample these particles in the exhaled aerosol. Here, we use the PExA ® method to study the effects of birch pollen exposure on the small airways of individuals with asthma and birch pollen allergy. We hypothesized that birch pollen-induced inflammation could change the concentrations of surfactant protein A and albumin in the respiratory tract lining fluid of the small airways and influence the amount of exhaled particles. The amount of exhaled particles was reduced after birch pollen exposure in subjects with asthma and birch pollen allergy, but no significant effect on the concentrations of surfactant protein A and albumin in exhaled particles was found. The reduction in the number of exhaled particles may be due to inflammation in the small airways, which would reduce their diameter and potentially reduce the number of small airways that open and close during inhalation and exhalation. © 2015 The Authors. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Hypolipidaemic effect of maize starch with different amylose content in ovariectomized rats depends on intake amount of resistant starch.

PubMed

Liu, Xiong; Ogawa, Hiroshi; Kishida, Taro; Ebihara, Kiyoshi

2009-02-01

The effect of amylose content on digestibility of starch in the small intestine and on the concentration of plasma lipid were studied in ileorectostomized rats and in ovariectomized rats, respectively. Seven kinds of starch with different amylose content (0, 27, 54, 62, 76, 79, 86 %) were used as test starch, which contained 0.4, 5.6, 37.1, 40.2, 45.6, 36.9 and 36.1 % resistant starch (RS), respectively. Rats were fed one of test diets containing 30 % test starch with different amylose content for 14 d in ileorectostomized and for 21 d in ovariectomized rats. Food intake was not significantly different among the groups. In ileorectostomized rats, the small intestinal starch digestibility decreased with increasing intakes of amylose and RS. In ovariectomized rats, body weight gain was lower on the higher amylose maize starch diets. The concentrations of plasma TAG and cholesterol decreased with increasing intake of RS. The concentrations of liver total lipids and TAG decreased with increasing intake of RS, but that of liver cholesterol did not. There was significant positive correlation between the level of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c mRNA and concentration of liver TAG. Total SCFA amount in the caecum increased logarithmically with increasing dry weight of caecal contents. The amount of bile acids in the small intestinal content and the excretions of bile acids and neutral steroids in faeces increased with increasing RS intake. These results show that starch rich in RS is more effective in preventing ovarian hormone deficiency-induced hyperlipidaemia.

METHOD OF SEPARATING URANIUM FROM ALLOYS

DOEpatents

Chiotti, P.; Shoemaker, H.E.

1960-06-28

Uranium can be recovered from metallic uraniumthorium mixtures containing uranium in comparatively small amounts. The method of recovery comprises adding a quantity of magnesium to a mass to obtain a content of from 48 to 85% by weight; melting and forming a magnesium-thorium alloy at a temperature of between 585 and 800 deg C; agitating the mixture, allowing the mixture to settle whereby two phases, a thorium-containing magnesium-rich liquid phase and a solid uranium-rich phase, are formed; and separating the two phases.

Structures Containing Polyphosphate in Micrococcus lysodeikticus1

PubMed Central

Friedberg, Ilan; Avigad, Gad

1968-01-01

Granular structures containing inorganic polyphosphate were found in Micrococcus lysodeikticus. These structures were isolated by fractionation of the bacterial extract obtained by lysing the organisms with lysozyme. The composition of the fraction which was enriched with these structures was found to be: protein, 24%; lipids, 30%; and polyphosphate, 27%. This fraction also contained small amounts of ribonucleic acids, carbohydrate, and polyvalent cations. The effect of different reagents and enzymes on the integrity of the granules was examined. It was noticed that they accumulate in the bacteria during the logarithmic phase of growth but disappear gradually during the stationary phase. Images PMID:5674060

EDTA-insoluble, calcium-binding proteoglycan in bovine bone

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hashimoto, Y.; Lester, G. E.; Caterson, B.; Yamauchi, M.

1995-01-01

A calcium ion precipitable, trypsin-generated proteoglycan fragment has been isolated from the demineralized, EDTA-insoluble matrices of bone. The demineralized matrix was completely digested with trypsin, increasing concentrations of CaCl2 were added to the supernatant, and the resulting precipitates were analyzed. The amount of precipitate gradually increased with higher concentrations of calcium and was reversibly solubilized by EDTA. After molecular sieve and anion exchange chromatography, a proteoglycan-containing peak was obtained. Immunochemical analysis showed that this peak contained chondroitin 4-sulfate and possibly keratan sulfate. Amino acid analysis showed that this proteoglycan contained high amounts of aspartic acid/asparagine (Asx), serine (Ser), glutamic acid/glutamine (Glx), proline (Pro), and glycine (Gly); however, it contained little leucine (Leu) which suggests that it is not a member of the leucine-rich small proteoglycan family. In addition, significant amounts of phosphoserine (P-Ser) and hydroxyproline (Hyp) were identified in hydrolysates of this fraction. A single band (M(r) 59 kDa) was obtained on SDS-PAGE that stained with Stains-all but not with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250. If bone powder was trypsinized prior to demineralization, this proteoglycan-containing fraction was not liberated. Collectively, these results indicate that a proteoglycan occurs in the demineralized matrix that is precipitated with CaCl2 and is closely associated with both mineral and collagen matrices. Such a molecule might facilitate the structural network for the induction of mineralization in bone.

Adaptive significance of color polymorphism in two species of Diaptomus (copepoda)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hairston, N.G. Jr.

In the Lower Grande Coulee, Washington, Diaptomus nevadensis in Soap Lake contains larger amounts of the carotenoid astaxanthin than in Lake Lenore. During winter, Diaptomus sicilis contains larger amounts of pigment in both lakes, but in summer individuals from Lake Lenore are much reduced in pigment while those from Soap Lake are unchanged. Seasonal variations in copepod carotenoid content did not correspond with variations in total lipid content. Algal abundance was measured by chlorophyll a and plant carotenoids correlated with copepod carotenoids only in the case of D. nevadensis in Soap Lake. The percent of D. nevadensis guts containing algaemore » was correlated with their pigment content in both lakes. Visually oriented predators, such as damselfly nymphs from both lakes and salamander larvae from Lake Lenore, selected red copepods, but few predators from Lake Lenore contained D. nevadensis. Since members of this species were rare, the probability of finding a predator that had consumed one was low. When fed identical diets, copepods from Lake Lenore were a fifth to a thirtieth as efficient at assimilating carotenoid as those from Soap Lake. This supports the hypothesis that the pigment differences are the result of natural selection. Selective predation is implicated as the explanation for the small amounts of pigment in Lake Lenore copepods.« less

A novel ultrasonic aerosol generator.

PubMed

Davies, A; Hudson, N; Pirie, L

1995-07-01

An ultrasonic aerosol generator constructed from a domestic humidifier is described which has been used to produce liquid aerosols for physiological investigations. The instrument was constructed from a Pifco domestic humidifier modified to include an energy guide to direct the oscillations of the transducer through the coupling water, which would normally be aerosolized, onto a small membrane based sample chamber containing the liquid to be aerosolized. The size distribution of the aerosol produced was found to be between 2 and 6 mm, optimum for diffuse intrapulmonary deposition. Up to 4 ml/min of aqueous liquid was used; however the sample chamber could be made small enough to contain economic amounts of expensive material to administer by inhalation. The instrument has proved to be reliable over a period of three years.

Absence of sugars in electrophoretically purified cytochrome b5 demonstrated by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

PubMed Central

1981-01-01

The problem of determining small but significant amounts of carbohydrates, in purified proteins, has been studied using the membrane protein, cytochrome b5. A newly developed method that involves direct gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of sugars obtained by hydrolysis of proteins purified by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) allows the identification and determination of small amounts of carbohydrates (e.g., 20 micrograms of glycoprotein containing a minimum of 0.1% monosaccharide), even in the presence of relatively high amounts of impurities. Application of this method to cytochrome b5 fragments obtained by tryptic digestion from rat liver microsomes and purified by combined gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography, followed by SDS PAGE, has consistently yielded values below 0.07 mol of the individual sugars and aminosugars per mole cytochrome b5. It is concluded that cytochrome b5, at least its trypsin-released major amino- terminal fragment, is not constitutively glycosylated. PMID:7251667

Cyclophilin 40 facilitates HSP90-mediated RISC assembly in plants.

PubMed

Iki, Taichiro; Yoshikawa, Manabu; Meshi, Tetsuo; Ishikawa, Masayuki

2012-01-18

Posttranscriptional gene silencing is mediated by RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs) that contain AGO proteins and single-stranded small RNAs. The assembly of plant AGO1-containing RISCs depends on the molecular chaperone HSP90. Here, we demonstrate that cyclophilin 40 (CYP40), protein phosphatase 5 (PP5), and several other proteins with the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain associates with AGO1 in an HSP90-dependent manner in extracts of evacuolated tobacco protoplasts (BYL). Intriguingly, CYP40, but not the other TPR proteins, could form a complex with small RNA duplex-bound AGO1. Moreover, CYP40 that was synthesized by in-vitro translation using BYL uniquely facilitated binding of small RNA duplexes to AGO1, and as a result, increased the amount of mature RISCs that could cleave target RNAs. CYP40 was not contained in mature RISCs, indicating that the association is transient. Addition of PP5 or cyclophilin-binding drug cyclosporine A prevented the association of endogenous CYP40 with HSP90-AGO1 complex and inhibited RISC assembly. These results suggest that a complex of AGO1, HSP90, CYP40, and a small RNA duplex is a key intermediate of RISC assembly in plants.

Adsorption behavior of natural anthocyanin dye on mesoporous silica

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kohno, Yoshiumi; Haga, Eriko; Yoda, Keiko; Shibata, Masashi; Fukuhara, Choji; Tomita, Yasumasa; Maeda, Yasuhisa; Kobayashi, Kenkichiro

2014-01-01

Because of its non-toxicity, naturally occurring anthocyanin is potentially suitable as a colorant for foods and cosmetics. To the wider use of the anthocyanin, the immobilization on the inorganic host for an easy handling as well as the improvement of the stability is required. This study is focused on the adsorption of significant amount of the natural anthocyanin dye onto mesoporous silica, and on the stability enhancement of the anthocyanin by the complexation. The anthocyanin has successfully been adsorbed on the HMS type mesoporous silica containing small amount of aluminum. The amount of the adsorbed anthocyanin has been increased by modifying the pore wall with n-propyl group to make the silica surface hydrophobic. The light fastness of the adsorbed anthocyanin has been improved by making the composite with the HMS samples containing aluminum, although the degree of the improvement is not so large. It has been proposed that incorporation of the anthocyanin molecule deep inside the mesopore is required for the further enhancement of the stability.

How "Bright" is it to Use CFLs? A Look at the Controversy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Roxanne Greitz

2008-01-01

Commonly referred to as CFLs, compact fluorescent light bulbs are rapidly replacing traditional incandescent light bulbs for residential use. However, controversy and even comic parody have arisen surrounding CFL use. CFLs contain small amounts of mercury, and several public forums and news agencies have been announcing that the breakage of a CFL…

Risk analysis and timber investments: a bibliography of theory and applications.

Treesearch

Carol A. Hyldahl; David C. Baumgartner

1991-01-01

Contains a fairly complete set of references to the small but rapidly growing amount of literature directly related to the study of risk in forestry in the United States up to 1989. Also includes representative references for the huge literature of general financial theory dealing with risk. Includes 95 annotated references and 17 additional textbook references...

East Europe Report.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-09-12

widespread introduction of waste-free technologies or technologies producing small amounts of waste, and there are still serious things to be done also...19980729 041 FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE REPRODUCED BY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE SPRINGFIELD...VA. 22161 107 NOTE JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency

Investigations into the chemistry and insecticidal activity of euonymus europaeus seed oil and methanol extract

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Euonymus europaeus seeds and seed oil were investigated for their volatiles using GC-MS-FID, Headspace-SPME/GC-MS-FID, and derivative GC-MS-FID for their volatiles and HPLC-DAD-CAD/MS for their non-volatile compounds. The seeds contain about 30% of fatty oil, mainly glyceryl trioleate, small amounts...

Protein specific polymeric immunomicrospheres

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yen, Shiao-Ping S. (Inventor); Dreyer, William J. (Inventor); Rembaum, Alan (Inventor)

1980-01-01

Small, round, bio-compatible microspheres capable of covalently bonding proteins and having a uniform diameter below about 3500 A are prepared by substantially instantaneously initiating polymerization of an aqueous emulsion containing no more than 35% total monomer including an acrylic monomer substituted with a covalently bondable group such as hydroxyl, amino or carboxyl and a minor amount of a cross-linking agent.

Cultural and chemical characterization of CDC groups EO-2, M-5, and M-6, Moraxella (Moraxella) species, Oligella urethralis, Acinetobacter species, and Psychrobacter immobilis.

PubMed

Moss, C W; Wallace, P L; Hollis, D G; Weaver, R E

1988-03-01

We determined phenotypic characteristics, cellular fatty acid composition, and isoprenoid quinone content of representative strains of CDC groups EO-2, M-5, and M-6, Moraxella (Moraxella) species, Oligella urethralis, Acinetobacter species, and Psychrobacter immobilis. All organisms contained ubiquinone with eight isoprene units as the major isoprenolog, but distinct differences were observed in fatty acid composition. Twenty-eight of the original collection of CDC group EO-2 strains were further identified as P. immobilis, EO-2, or EO-3 by distinctive cellular fatty acid profiles, cellular morphology, and pigment production. The cellular fatty acid compositions of M-5 and M-6 were similar but were clearly different from those of other organisms. The genus Acinetobacter was differentiated from other organisms in the study by small amounts of 2-hydroxydodecanoic acid (2-OH-12:0), and P. immobilis was differentiated by small amounts of decanoic acid (10:0) and a branched-chain 17-carbon acid (i-17:0). All Moraxella species were distinguished by small amounts of decanoic acid (10:0) and the absence of i-17:0. M. bovis, M. nonliquefaciens, and some strains of M. lacunata formed a single fatty acid group, while M. osloensis, M. phenylpyruvica, M. atlantae, and other strains of M. lacunata (M. lacunata II) had species-specific fatty acid profiles. O. urethralis differed from Moraxella species by the presence of large amounts (49%) of cis-vaccenic acid (18:1 omega 7c), small amounts (1%) of 3-hydroxyhexadecanoate (3-OH-16:0), and the absence of 10:0 and 3-hydroxydodecanoate (3-OH-12:0). The combined use of chemical data and a small number of conventional tests permitted rapid identification and differentiation of these organisms from each other and from related organisms.

Cultural and chemical characterization of CDC groups EO-2, M-5, and M-6, Moraxella (Moraxella) species, Oligella urethralis, Acinetobacter species, and Psychrobacter immobilis.

PubMed Central

Moss, C W; Wallace, P L; Hollis, D G; Weaver, R E

1988-01-01

We determined phenotypic characteristics, cellular fatty acid composition, and isoprenoid quinone content of representative strains of CDC groups EO-2, M-5, and M-6, Moraxella (Moraxella) species, Oligella urethralis, Acinetobacter species, and Psychrobacter immobilis. All organisms contained ubiquinone with eight isoprene units as the major isoprenolog, but distinct differences were observed in fatty acid composition. Twenty-eight of the original collection of CDC group EO-2 strains were further identified as P. immobilis, EO-2, or EO-3 by distinctive cellular fatty acid profiles, cellular morphology, and pigment production. The cellular fatty acid compositions of M-5 and M-6 were similar but were clearly different from those of other organisms. The genus Acinetobacter was differentiated from other organisms in the study by small amounts of 2-hydroxydodecanoic acid (2-OH-12:0), and P. immobilis was differentiated by small amounts of decanoic acid (10:0) and a branched-chain 17-carbon acid (i-17:0). All Moraxella species were distinguished by small amounts of decanoic acid (10:0) and the absence of i-17:0. M. bovis, M. nonliquefaciens, and some strains of M. lacunata formed a single fatty acid group, while M. osloensis, M. phenylpyruvica, M. atlantae, and other strains of M. lacunata (M. lacunata II) had species-specific fatty acid profiles. O. urethralis differed from Moraxella species by the presence of large amounts (49%) of cis-vaccenic acid (18:1 omega 7c), small amounts (1%) of 3-hydroxyhexadecanoate (3-OH-16:0), and the absence of 10:0 and 3-hydroxydodecanoate (3-OH-12:0). The combined use of chemical data and a small number of conventional tests permitted rapid identification and differentiation of these organisms from each other and from related organisms. Images PMID:3356788

The factors affecting on estimation of carbohydrate content of meals in carbohydrate counting

PubMed Central

Kawamura, Tomoyuki; Takamura, Chihiro; Hirose, Masakazu; Hashimoto, Tomomi; Higashide, Takashi; Kashihara, Yoneo; Hashimura, Kayako; Shintaku, Haruo

2015-01-01

Abstract. The objective of this study was to identify factors affecting on errors in carbohydrate (CHO) content estimation during CHO counting. Thirty-seven type 1 diabetes patients and 22 of their parents and 28 physicians/dieticians were enrolled in this study. CHO counting was counted in “Carb”, with 1 Carb defined as 10 g of CHO. To evaluate the accuracy of CHO counting, 80 real-size photographs of cooked meals were presented to the subjects for Carb estimation. Carbs tended to be overestimated for foods containing relatively small amounts of Carbs. On the other hands, Carbs tended to be underestimated for foods with higher than 6 Carbs. Accurate estimation of the Carbs in food containing a large amount of rice was particularly difficult even in the subjects having the CHO counting experience. The Carb contents of high-calorie foods such as meats, fried foods, and desserts tended to be overestimated. This error was smaller in subjects having the CHO counting experience. In conclusion, misunderstanding of high-calorie dishes containing high amounts of CHO was observed in inexperienced subjects, indicating the efficacy of the current methodology of CHO counting. On the other hand it was difficult even for experienced subjects to assess the amount of seasoned rice, suggesting the need for a new methodology for accurate estimation. PMID:26568656

The effects of temperature on the composition and physical properties of the lipids of Pseudomonas fluorescens.

PubMed

Cullen, J; Phillips, M C; Shipley, G G

1971-12-01

1. Pseudomonas fluorescens was grown at various temperatures between 5 degrees C and 33 degrees C. The extractable lipids from organisms at various stages of growth and grown at different temperatures were examined. 2. The extractable lipids contained phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and an ornithine-containing lipid. The relative amounts of these lipids did not vary significantly during growth or with the changes in growth temperature. 3. The major fatty acids were hexadecanoic, hexadecenoic and octadecenoic acids and the cyclopropane acids methylene-hexadecanoic and methylene-octadecanoic acids. The relative amount of unsaturated acids (including cyclopropane acids) did not change significantly during growth, but increased with decreasing temperature. 4. Phosphatidylethanolamines with different degrees of unsaturation and containing different amounts of cyclopropane acids were isolated from organisms grown at 5 degrees C and 22 degrees C and their surface and phase behaviour in water was investigated. Thermodynamic parameters for fusion and monolayer results for cyclopropane and other fatty acids were examined. 5. The surface pressure-area isotherms of phosphatidylethanolamines containing different amounts of unsaturated fatty acids show small differences but the individual isotherms remain essentially unchanged over the temperature range 5-22 degrees C. X-ray-diffraction methods show that the structures (lamellar+hexagonal) formed in water by phosphatidylethanolamine, isolated from organisms grown at 5 degrees C and 22 degrees C, are identical when compared at the respective growth temperatures. This points to a control mechanism of the physical state of the lipids that is sensitive to the operating temperature of the organism. 6. The molecular packing of cyclopropane acids is intermediate between that of the corresponding cis- and trans-monoenoic acids. However, substitution of a cyclopropane acid for a cis-unsaturated acid has insignificant effects on the molecular packing of phospholipids containing these acids.

Possibility of forming artificial soil based on drilling waste and sewage sludge

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kujawska, J.; Pawłowska, M.; Wasag, H.

2018-05-01

Land redevelopment is necessary due to the amount of a degraded area. Depositing waste on the small area of landfills is harmful for the environment. New methods of managing and utilizing waste are being sought in order to minimize the deposition of waste. In small amounts, many types of waste can be treated as a substrate or material improving physicochemical properties of soils, and hence can be used in reclamation of degraded lands. The study analysed the effect of different doses of sewage sludge (35%, 17.5%) with addition (2.5% and 5%) of drilling waste on the properties of degraded soils. The results show that created mixtures improve the sorption properties of soil. The mixtures contain the optimal the ratio of nutrient elements for growth of plants is N:P:K.

Carotenoids in floral parts of a narcissus, a daffodil and a tulip

PubMed Central

Valadon, L. R. G.; Mummery, Rosemary S.

1968-01-01

1. The qualitative and quantitative distribution of carotenoids of the floral parts of three monocotyledons, the narcissus Scarlet Elegance, the daffodil King Alfred and the tulip Golden Harvest, were studied. β-Carotene, lutein or epoxy-β-carotenes were usually the main pigments, depending on the floral part and on the flower. When β-carotene was the major pigment there were only small amounts of, or sometimes no, epoxycarotenes. 2. Anthers, stigmas and styles of the three flowers did not possess any specific carotenoids but in some cases contained appreciable amounts of epoxycarotenoids. The possibility that these take part in reproduction is discussed. 3. The generalization that yellow flowers contained large amounts of xanthophylls and only traces of carotenes, whereas deep-orange flowers seemed to be characterized by the presence of large amounts of one carotene, was not always the correct one. It is suggested that the floral parts are yellow or orange depending on what carotenoids are present, which is the major one and the amount of total carotenoids, and also on the presence of other non-carotenoid pigments. 4. Two new probable isomers of 5,6:5′,6′-diepoxy-β-carotene were isolated and found together in various floral parts of the tulip Golden Harvest. PMID:5637355

Effects of pressure and temperature on sintering of Cr-doped Al2O3 by pulsed electric current sintering process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dang, K. Q.; Nanko, M.

2011-03-01

The aluminium oxide crystal, Al2O3, which contains a small amount of chromium, Cr, is called ruby. Pulsed electric current sintering (PECS) was applied to sinter ruby polycrystals. Cr2O3-Al2O3 powder mixture prepared by drying an aqueous slurry containing amounts of Al2O3 and Cr(NO3)3 was consolidated by PECS process. The PECS process was performed in vacuum at sintering temperature raging from 1100 to 1300°C with heating rate of 2 K/min under applied uniaxial pressure varied from 40 to 100 MPa. This study found that highly densified and transparent Cr-doped Al2O3 can be obtained by the PECS process with the high applied pressure at sintering temperature of 1200°C.

Mineral resource assessment of the Iron River 1 degree x 2 degrees Quadrangle, Michigan and Wisconsin

USGS Publications Warehouse

Cannon, William F.

1983-01-01

The Iron River 1? x 2? quadrangle contains identified resources of copper and iron. Copper-rich shale beds in the north part of the quadrangle contain 12.2 billion pounds (5.5 billion kilograms) of copper in well-studied deposits including 9.2 billion pounds (4.2 billion kilograms) that are economically minable by 1980 standards. At least several billion pounds of copper probably exist in other parts of the same shale beds, but not enough data are available to measure the amount. A small amount, about 250 million pounds (113 million kilograms), of native copper is known to remain in one abandoned mine, and additional but unknown amounts remain in other abandoned mines. About 13.25 billion tons (12.02 billion metric tons) of banded iron-formation averaging roughly 30 percent iron are known within 500 feet (152.4 meters) of the surface in the Gogebic, Marquette, and Iron River-Crystal Falls districts. A small percentage of that might someday be minable as taconite, but none is now believed to be economic. Some higher grade iron concentrations exist in the same iron-formations. Such material was the basis of former mining of iron in the region, but a poor market for such ore and depletion of many deposits have led to the decline of iron mining in the quadrangle. Iron mines of the quadrangle were not being worked in 1980. Many parts of the quadrangle contain belts of favorable host rocks for mineral deposits. Although deposits are not known in these belts, undiscovered deposits of copper, zinc, lead, silver, uranium, phosphate, nickel, chromium, platinum, gold, and diamonds could exist.

[Studies on high temperature oxidation of noble metal alloys for dental use. (III) On high temperature oxidation resistance of noble metal alloys by adding small amounts of alloying elements. (author's transl)].

PubMed

Ohno, H

1976-11-01

The previous report pointed out the undesirable effects of high temperature oxidation on the casting. The influence of small separate additions of Zn, Mg, Si, Be and Al on the high temperature oxidation of the noble metal alloys was examined. These alloying elements were chosen because their oxide have a high electrical resistivity and they have much higher affinity for oxygen than Cu. The casting were oxidized at 700 degrees C for 1 hour in air. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The Cu oxides are not observed on the as-cast surface of noble metal alloys containing small amounts of Zn, Mg, Si, Be, and Al. The castings have gold- or silver-colored surface. 2. After heating of the unpolished and polished castings, the additions of Si, Be and Al are effective in preventing oxidation of Cu in the 18 carats gold alloys. Especially the golden surface is obtained by adding Be and Al. But there is no oxidation-resistance on the polished castings in the alloys containing Zn and Mg. 3. The zinc oxide film formed on the as-cast specimen is effective in preventing of oxidation Cu in 18 carats gold alloys. 4. It seems that the addition of Al is most available in dental application.

New exopolysaccharides produced by Aureobasidium pullulans grown on glucosamine.

PubMed

Cescutti, Paola; Pupulin, Raffaella; Delben, Franco; Abbate, Maria; Dentini, Mariella; Sparapano, Lorenzo; Rizzo, Roberto; Crescenzi, Vittorio

2002-07-16

The polysaccharides produced by Aureobasidium pullulans, grown using glucosamine as the carbon source, were investigated by means of methylation analysis, affinity chromatography and NMR spectroscopy. The results indicated that, besides a small amount of pullulan, this micro-organism was capable of producing-in low yields-mixtures of at least two different complex polysaccharides containing mainly mannose and galactose. (1)H NMR spectra of two fractions obtained by lectin affinity chromatography indicated that one polymer was constituted exclusively of mannose residues while the other contained both galactofuranosyl and mannopyranosyl residues.

Metabolism of Linoleic Acid by Barley Lipoxygenase and Hydroperoxide Isomerase 1

PubMed Central

Lulai, Edward C.; Baker, Charles W.; Zimmerman, Don C.

1981-01-01

The oxidation of linoleic acid in incubation mixtures containing extracts of barley lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide isomerase, and the production of these enzymes in quiescent and germinated barley, were investigated. The ratio of 9-hydroperoxylinoleic acid to 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid was higher for incubation mixtures containing extracts of quiescent barley than for mixtures containing extracts of germinated barley; production of 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid from germinated barley exceeded that of quiescent barley. Hydroperoxy metabolites of linoleic acid were converted to 9-hydroxy-10-oxo-cis-12-octadecenoic acid, 13-hydroxy-10-oxo-trans-11-octadecenoic acid, and small amounts of 11-hydroxy-12,13-epoxy-cis-9-octadecenoic acid and 11-hydroxy-9,10-epoxy-cis-13-octadecenoic acid whether quiescent or germinated barley was the enzyme source; a fifth product, 13-hydroxy-12-oxo-cis-9-octadecenoic acid was formed only when germinated barley was the enzyme source. Lipoxygenase was readily extracted by buffer, but hydroperoxide isomerase was bound in a catalytically active state to the insoluble barley grist and was efficiently extracted only when Triton X-100 was included in the extraction buffer. Hydroperoxide isomerase was localized in the embryo of quiescent barley, but it was present in the embryo, acrospire, and in small but concentrated amounts in the rootlet of germinating barley. The levels of both lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide isomerase increased through the thirteenth day of germination. Images PMID:16662032

Correcting quantum errors with entanglement.

PubMed

Brun, Todd; Devetak, Igor; Hsieh, Min-Hsiu

2006-10-20

We show how entanglement shared between encoder and decoder can simplify the theory of quantum error correction. The entanglement-assisted quantum codes we describe do not require the dual-containing constraint necessary for standard quantum error-correcting codes, thus allowing us to "quantize" all of classical linear coding theory. In particular, efficient modern classical codes that attain the Shannon capacity can be made into entanglement-assisted quantum codes attaining the hashing bound (closely related to the quantum capacity). For systems without large amounts of shared entanglement, these codes can also be used as catalytic codes, in which a small amount of initial entanglement enables quantum communication.

Semimicrodetermination of tantalum with selenous acid

USGS Publications Warehouse

Grimaldi, F.S.; Schnepfe, M.M.

1958-01-01

Tantalum is separated and determined gravimetrically by precipitation with selenous acid from a highly acidic solution containing oxalic and tartaric acids. The method is selective for the determination of up to 30 mg. of tantalum pentoxide, and tolerates relatively large amounts of scandium, yttrium, cerium, titanium, zirconium, thorium, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten, uranium, iron, aluminum, gallium, tin, lead, antimony, and bismuth. The separation of tantalum from niobium and titanium is not strictly quantitative, and correction is made colorimetrically for the small amounts of niobium and titanium co-precipitating with the tantalum. The method was applied to the determination of tantalum in tantaloniobate ores.

Quantitative analysis of ions in spring water in three different areas of Hyogo Prefecture in Japan by far ultraviolet spectroscopy.

PubMed

Mitsuoka, Motoki; Shinzawa, Hideyuki; Morisawa, Yusuke; Kariyama, Naomi; Higashi, Noboru; Tsuboi, Motohiro; Ozaki, Yukihiro

2011-01-01

Far-ultraviolet (FUV) spectra in the 190-300 nm region were measured for spring water in Awaji-Akashi area, Tamba area and Rokko-Arima area in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, these areas have quite different geology features. The spectra of the spring water in the Awaji-Akashi area can be divided into two groups: the spring water samples containing large amounts of NO(3)(-) and/or Cl(-), and those containing only small amounts of NO(3)(-) and Cl(-). The former shows a saturated band below 190 nm due to NO(3)(-) and/or Cl(-). These two types of spectra correspond to different lithological areas: sedimentary lithology near the sea shore containing many ions in the seawater and gravitic lithology far from the sea side, in the Awaji-Akashi area. The spring water from the Tamba area, which is far from the sea, contains relatively small amounts of NO(3)(-) and Cl(-); it does not yield a strong band in the region observed. The FUV spectra of three of four kinds of spring water samples in the Arima Hotspring show characteristic spectral patterns. They are quite different from the spectra of the spring water samples of the Rokko area. Calibration models were developed for NO(3)(-), Cl(-), SO(4)(2-), Na(+), and Mg(2+) in the nine kinds of spring water collected in the Awaji-Akashi area, Tamba, and Rokko-Arima area by using univariate analysis of the first derivative spectra and the actual values obtained by ion chromatography. NO(3)(-) yields the best results: correlation coefficient of 0.999 and standard deviation of 0.09 ppm with the wavelength of 212 nm. Cl(-) also gives good results: correlation coefficient of 0.993 and standard deviation of 0.5 ppm with the wavelength of 192 nm.

Lightweight sheet molding compound (SMC) composites containing cellulose nanocrystals

Treesearch

Amir Asadi; Mark Miller; Arjun V. Singh; Robert J. Moon; Kyriaki Kalaitzidou

2017-01-01

A scalable technique was introduced to produce high volume lightweight composites using sheet molding compound (SMC) manufacturing method by replacing 10 wt% glass fibers (GF) with a small amount of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). The incorporation of 1 and 1.5 wt% CNC by dispersing in the epoxy matrix of short GF/epoxy SMC composites with 25 wt% GF content (25GF/CNC-...

Inhibited solid propellant composition containing beryllium hydride

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thompson, W. W. (Inventor)

1978-01-01

An object of this invention is to provide a composition of beryllium hydride and carboxy-terminated polybutadiene which is stable. Another object of this invention is to provide a method for inhibiting the reactivity of beryllium hydride toward carboxy-terminated polybutadiene. It was found that a small amount of lecithin inhibits the reaction of beryllium hydride with the acid groups in carboxy terminated polybutadiene.

How Hot Can a Fire Piston Get?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scott-Brown, J. A.; Cunningham, O. A.; Goad, B. C.

2010-01-01

The fire piston is just a sealed syringe containing a small amount of tinder. When the plunger is forced downwards, the air inside is compressed and heats up, setting fire to the tinder. It has been used as a convenient and portable way of starting fires "over a wide area from northern Burma and Siam through the Malay Peninsula and the Malayan…

Endocannabinoid hydrolases in avian HD11 macrophages identified by chemoproteomics: inactivation by small molecule inhibitors and pathogen-induced downregulation of their activity.

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The endocannabinoids (eCBs) are endogenous arachidonoyl-containing lipid mediators with important roles in host defense. Macrophages are first-line defenders of the innate immune system and biosynthesize large amounts of eCBs when activated. The cellular levels of eCBs are controlled by the activiti...

Bending fatigue tests on SiC-Al tapes under alternating stress at room temperature

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Herzog, J. A.

1981-01-01

The development of a testing method for fatigue tests on SiC-Al tapes containing a small amount of SiC filaments under alternating stress is reported. The fatigue strength curves resulting for this composite are discussed. They permit an estimate of its behavior under continuous stress and in combination with various other matrices, especially metal matrices.

Evaluation of Amount of Blood in Dry Blood Spots: Ring-Disk Electrode Conductometry.

PubMed

Kadjo, Akinde F; Stamos, Brian N; Shelor, C Phillip; Berg, Jordan M; Blount, Benjamin C; Dasgupta, Purnendu K

2016-06-21

A fixed area punch in dried blood spot (DBS) analysis is assumed to contain a fixed amount of blood, but the amount actually depends on a number of factors. The presently preferred approach is to normalize the measurement with respect to the sodium level, measured by atomic spectrometry. Instead of sodium levels, we propose electrical conductivity of the extract as an equivalent nondestructive measure. A dip-type small diameter ring-disk electrode (RDE) is ideal for very small volumes. However, the conductance (G) measured by an RDE depends on the depth (D) of the liquid below the probe. There is no established way of computing the specific conductance (σ) of the solution from G. Using a COMSOL Multiphysics model, we were able to obtain excellent agreement between the measured and the model predicted conductance as a function of D. Using simulations over a large range of dimensions, we provide a spreadsheet-based calculator where the RDE dimensions are the input parameters and the procedure determines the 99% of the infinite depth conductance (G99) and the depth D99 at which this is reached. For typical small diameter probes (outer electrode diameter ∼ <2 mm), D99 is small enough for dip-type measurements in extract volumes of ∼100 μL. We demonstrate the use of such probes with DBS extracts. In a small group of 12 volunteers (age 20-66), the specific conductance of 100 μL aqueous extracts of 2 μL of spotted blood showed a variance of 17.9%. For a given subject, methanol extracts of DBS spots nominally containing 8 and 4 μL of blood differed by a factor of 1.8-1.9 in the chromatographically determined values of sulfate and chloride (a minor and major constituent, respectively). The values normalized with respect to the conductance of the extracts differed by ∼1%. For serum associated analytes, normalization of the analyte value by the extract conductance can thus greatly reduce errors from variations in the spotted blood volume/unit area.

A technique for estimating seed production of common moist soil plants

USGS Publications Warehouse

Laubhan, Murray K.

1992-01-01

Seeds of native herbaceous vegetation adapted to germination in hydric soils (i.e., moist-soil plants) provide waterfowl with nutritional resources including essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals that occur only in small amounts or are absent in other foods. These elements are essential for waterfowl to successfully complete aspects of the annual cycle such as molt and reproduction. Moist-soil vegetation also has the advantages of consistent production of foods across years with varying water availability, low management costs, high tolerance to diverse environmental conditions, and low deterioration rates of seeds after flooding. The amount of seed produced differs among plant species and varies annually depending on environmental conditions and management practices. Further, many moist-soil impoundments contain diverse vegetation, and seed production by a particular plant species usually is not uniform across an entire unit. Consequently, estimating total seed production within an impoundment is extremely difficult. The chemical composition of seeds also varies among plant species. For example, beggartick seeds contain high amounts of protein but only an intermediate amount of minerals. In contrast, barnyardgrass is a good source of minerals but is low in protein. Because of these differences, it is necessary to know the amount of seed produced by each plant species if the nutritional resources provided in an impoundment are to be estimated. The following technique for estimating seed production takes into account the variation resulting from different environmental conditions and management practices as well as differences in the amount of seed produced by various plant species. The technique was developed to provide resource managers with the ability to make quick and reliable estimates of seed production. Although on-site information must be collected, the amount of field time required is small (i.e., about 1 min per sample); sampling normally is accomplished on an area within a few days. Estimates of seed production derived with this technique are used, in combination with other available information, to determine the potential number of waterfowl use-days available and to evaluate the effects of various management strategies on a particular site.

The Pharmacological Activity of Extracts of Cotton Dust

PubMed Central

Davenport, Anne; Paton, W. D. M.

1962-01-01

Aqueous extracts prepared from dust collected in the card-rooms of several cotton mills have been prepared and found to contain activity which contracts the smooth muscle of guinea-pig ileum, guinea-pig trachea, rat stomach strip, and rat duodenum. The extracts contained an unknown contractor substance which was dialysable, resistant to boiling for one hour, and not destroyed by the action of proteolytic enzymes. They also contained a small amount of 5-hydroxytryptamine. One of the dust samples also contained histamine, but it could not be detected in the other samples, one of which was known to possess bronchoconstrictor properties in man. The particulate material, even after repeated washing, was found to have some stimulant action on guinea-pig ileum. There was no evidence for the release of histamine by the extracts in either cats or guinea-pigs, although a very small amount was released in rats. Jute dust is much less active than cotton dust, and the activity differs qualitatively. Cotton dust extracts were found to have pyrogenic activity but it is unlikely that pyrogens were responsible for the smooth-muscle contractor properties. Experiments with whole animals suggest that although smooth-muscle contracting substances were present in the extracts, it is possible that the symptoms of byssinosis are caused by the release of some other active bronchoconstrictor substance in the tissues. The mechanism of the release is not known; it may be caused by a soluble principle in the extract or due to the presence of particulate matter in the dust. Images PMID:13883719

Salt- and pH-induced desorption: Comparison between non-aggregated and aggregated mussel adhesive protein, Mefp-1, and a synthetic cationic polyelectrolyte.

PubMed

Krivosheeva, Olga; Dedinaite, Andra; Claesson, Per M

2013-10-15

Mussel adhesive proteins are of great interest in many applications due to their ability to bind strongly to many types of surfaces under water. Effective use such proteins, for instance the Mytilus edulis foot protein - Mefp-1, for surface modification requires achievement of a large adsorbed amount and formation of a layer that is resistant towards desorption under changing conditions. In this work we compare the adsorbed amount and layer properties obtained by using a sample containing small Mefp-1 aggregates with that obtained by using a non-aggregated sample. We find that the use of the sample containing small aggregates leads to higher adsorbed amount, larger layer thickness and similar water content compared to what can be achieved with a non-aggregated sample. The layer formed by the aggregated Mefp-1 was, after removal of the protein from bulk solution, exposed to aqueous solutions with high ionic strength (up to 1M NaCl) and to solutions with low pH in order to reduce the electrostatic surface affinity. It was found that the preadsorbed Mefp-1 layer under all conditions explored was significantly more resistant towards desorption than a layer built by a synthetic cationic polyelectrolyte with similar charge density. These results suggest that the non-electrostatic surface affinity for Mefp-1 is larger than for the cationic polyelectrolyte. Copyright © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Thin layer chromatography residue applicator sampler

DOEpatents

Nunes, Peter J [Danville, CA; Kelly, Fredrick R [Modesto, CA; Haas, Jeffrey S [San Ramon, CA; Andresen, Brian D [Livermore, CA

2007-07-24

A thin layer chromatograph residue applicator sampler. The residue applicator sampler provides for rapid analysis of samples containing high explosives, chemical warfare, and other analyses of interest under field conditions. This satisfied the need for a field-deployable, small, hand-held, all-in-one device for efficient sampling, sample dissolution, and sample application to an analytical technique. The residue applicator sampler includes a sampling sponge that is resistant to most chemicals and is fastened via a plastic handle in a hermetically sealed tube containing a known amount of solvent. Upon use, the wetted sponge is removed from the sealed tube and used as a swiping device across an environmental sample. The sponge is then replaced in the hermetically sealed tube where the sample remains contained and dissolved in the solvent. A small pipette tip is removably contained in the hermetically sealed tube. The sponge is removed and placed into the pipette tip where a squeezing-out of the dissolved sample from the sponge into the pipette tip results in a droplet captured in a vial for later instrumental analysis, or applied directly to a thin layer chromatography plate for immediate analysis.

Sorption Isotherm of Southern Yellow Pine-High Density Polyethylene Composites.

PubMed

Liu, Feihong; Han, Guangping; Cheng, Wanli; Wu, Qinglin

2015-01-20

Temperature and relative humidity (RH) are two major external factors, which affect equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of wood-plastic composites (WPCs). In this study, the effect of different durability treatments on sorption and desorption isotherms of southern yellow pine (SYP)-high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites was investigated. All samples were equilibriumed at 20 °C and various RHs including 16%, 33%, 45%, 66%, 75%, 85%, 93%, and100%. EMCs obtained from desorption and absorption for different WPC samples were compared with Nelson's sorption isotherm model predictions using the same temperature and humidity conditions. The results indicated that the amount of moisture absorbed increased with the increases in RH at 20 °C. All samples showed sorption hysteresis at a fixed RH. Small difference between EMC data of WPC samples containing different amount of ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers were observed. Similar results were observed among the samples containing different amount of zinc borate (ZB). The experimental data of EMCs at various RHs fit to the Nelson's sorption isotherm model well. The Nelson's model can be used to predicate EMCs of WPCs under different RH environmental conditions.

Synthesis and Compatibility of Ionic Liquid Containing Rod-Coil Polyimide Gel Electrolytes with Lithium Metal Electrodes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tigelaar, Dean M.; Palker, Allyson E.; Meador, Mary Ann B.; Bennett, William R.

2008-01-01

A highly cross-linked polyimide-polyethylene oxide copolymer has been synthesized that is capable of holding large volumes of liquid component, simultaneously maintaining good dimensional stability. An amine end capped oligomer was made that was imidized in solution, followed by reaction with a triisocyanate in the presence of desired additives at ambient temperature. Polymer films are able to hold over 4 times their weight in room temperature ionic liquid RTIL or carbonate solvent. Electrolytes were studied that contained varying amounts of RTIL, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonimide LiTFSi, and alumina nanoparticles. Electrochemical stability of these electrolytes with lithium metal electrodes was studied by galvanic cycling and impedance spectroscopy. Improved cycling stability and decreased interfacial resistance were observed when increasing amounts of RTIL and LiTFSi were added. The addition of small amounts of alumina further decreased interfacial resistance by nearly an order of magnitude. During the course of the study, cycling stability increased from less than 3 to greater than 1000 h at 60 C and 0.25 mA/cm2 current density.

Sorption Isotherm of Southern Yellow Pine—High Density Polyethylene Composites

PubMed Central

Liu, Feihong; Han, Guangping; Cheng, Wanli; Wu, Qinglin

2015-01-01

Temperature and relative humidity (RH) are two major external factors, which affect equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of wood-plastic composites (WPCs). In this study, the effect of different durability treatments on sorption and desorption isotherms of southern yellow pine (SYP)-high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites was investigated. All samples were equilibriumed at 20 °C and various RHs including 16%, 33%, 45%, 66%, 75%, 85%, 93%, and100%. EMCs obtained from desorption and absorption for different WPC samples were compared with Nelson’s sorption isotherm model predictions using the same temperature and humidity conditions. The results indicated that the amount of moisture absorbed increased with the increases in RH at 20 °C. All samples showed sorption hysteresis at a fixed RH. Small difference between EMC data of WPC samples containing different amount of ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers were observed. Similar results were observed among the samples containing different amount of zinc borate (ZB). The experimental data of EMCs at various RHs fit to the Nelson’s sorption isotherm model well. The Nelson’s model can be used to predicate EMCs of WPCs under different RH environmental conditions. PMID:28787943

Can an ammonium-based room temperature ionic liquid counteract the urea-induced denaturation of a small peptide?

PubMed

Ghosh, Soumadwip; Dey, Souvik; Patel, Mahendra; Chakrabarti, Rajarshi

2017-03-15

The folding/unfolding equilibrium of proteins in aqueous medium can be altered by adding small organic molecules generally termed as co-solvents. Denaturants such as urea are instrumental in the unfolding of proteins while protecting osmolytes favour the folded ensemble. Recently, room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) have been shown to counteract the deleterious effect of urea on proteins. In this paper, using atomistic molecular dynamics we show that a ternary mixture containing a particular ammonium-based IL, triethylammonium acetate (TEAA), and urea (in 1 : 5 molar ratio) helps a small 15-residue S-peptide analogue regain most of its native structure, whereas a binary aqueous mixture containing a large amount of urea alone completely distorts it. Our simulations show that the denaturant urea directly interacts with the peptide backbone in the binary mixture while for the ternary mixture both urea as well as the IL are preferentially excluded from the peptide surface.

Simplified method for preparation of concentrated exoproteins produced by Staphylococcus aureus grown on surface of cellophane bag containing liquid medium.

PubMed

Ikigai, H; Seki, K; Nishihara, S; Masuda, S

1988-01-01

A simplified method for preparation of concentrated exoproteins including protein A and alpha-toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus was successfully devised. The concentrated proteins were obtained by cultivating S. aureus organisms on the surface of a liquid medium-containing cellophane bag enclosed in a sterilized glass flask. With the same amount of medium, the total amount of proteins obtained by the method presented here was identical with that obtained by conventional liquid culture. The concentration of proteins obtained by the method, however, was high enough to observe their distinct bands stained on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This method was considered quite useful not only for large-scale cultivation for the purification of staphylococcal proteins but also for small-scale study using the proteins. The precise description of the method was presented and its possible usefulness was discussed.

Emission FTIR analyses of thin microscopic patches of jet fuel residue deposited on heated metal surface

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lauer, J. L.; Vogel, P.

1984-01-01

Deposits laid down in patches on metal strips in a high pressure/high temperature fuel system simulator operated with aerated fuel at varying flow rates were analyzed by emission FTIR in terms of functional groups. Significant differences were found in the spectra and amounts of deposits derived from fuels to which small concentrations of oxygen-, nitrogen-, or sulfur-containing heterocyclics or metal naphthenates were added. The spectra of deposits generated on strips by heating fuels and air in a closed container were very different from those of the flowing fluid deposits. One such closed-container dodecane deposit on silver gave a strong surface-enhanced Raman spectrum.

USASOC Injury Prevention/Performance Optimization Musculoskeletal Screening Initiative

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-11-01

beverage following physical training should contain fluid, carbohydrate, electrolytes and a small amount of protein . For example, low fat chocolate milk ...adequate calories, carbohydrate and protein in the diet. Once carbohydrate and protein needs are met, the balance of calories can be supplied by fat ...training program, carbohydrate and protein needs are determined first and then the remaining calories are designated to fat which typically ranges from

METAL COATING BATHS

DOEpatents

Robinson, J.W.

1958-08-26

A method is presented for restoring the effectiveness of bronze coating baths used for hot dip coating of uranium. Such baths, containing a high proportion of copper, lose their ability to wet uranium surfaces after a period of use. The ability of such a bath to wet uranium can be restored by adding a small amount of metallic aluminum to the bath, and skimming the resultant hard alloy from the surface.

Oxone/Fe[superscript 2+] Degradation of Food Dyes: Demonstration of Catalyst-Like Behavior and Kinetic Separation of Color

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nalliah, Ruth E.

2015-01-01

A demonstration of the degradation of food coloring dyes by oxidation via the Fenton reaction can be substituted with a simpler demonstration using the oxidant oxone with iron(II) ions as an activator. The addition of small amounts of solid oxone and iron(II) sulfate to solutions containing mixtures of food coloring results in successive…

Ejection of sodium from sodium sulfide by the sputtering of the surface of Io

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chrisey, D. B.; Johnson, R. E.; Boring, J. W.; Phipps, J. A.

1988-01-01

The mechanism by which Na is removed from the surface of Io prior to its injection into the plasma torus is investigated experimentally. Na2S films of thickness 3-8 microns were produced by spray coating an Ni substrate in a dry N2 atmosphere and subjected to sputtering by 34-keV Ar(+), Ne(+), Kr(+), or Xe(+) ions up to total doses of about 5 x 10 to the 18th ions/sq cm. The sputtering yields and mass spectra are found to be consistent with ejection of only small amounts of atomic Na and somewhat larger amounts of Na-containing molecules. It is concluded that the amount of Na ejected by magnetospheric-ion sputtering of Na2S would be insufficient to account for the amounts observed in the Io neutral cloud. A scenario involving sputtering of larger polysulfide molecules is considered.

Process and apparatus for coal hydrogenation

DOEpatents

Ruether, John A.

1988-01-01

In a coal liquefaction process an aqueous slurry of coal is prepared containing a dissolved liquefaction catalyst. A small quantity of oil is added to the slurry and then coal-oil agglomerates are prepared by agitation of the slurry at atmospheric pressure. The resulting mixture of agglomerates, excess water, dissolved catalyst, and unagglomerated solids is pumped to reaction pressure and then passed through a drainage device where all but a small amount of surface water is removed from the agglomerates. Sufficient catalyst for the reaction is contained in surface water remaining on the agglomerates. The agglomerates fall into the liquefaction reactor countercurrently to a stream of hot gas which is utilized to dry and preheat the agglomerates as well as deposit catalyst on the agglomerates before they enter the reactor where they are converted to primarily liquid products under hydrogen pressure.

Interactions between active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients affecting bioavailability: impact on bioequivalence.

PubMed

García-Arieta, Alfredo

2014-12-18

The aim of the present paper is to illustrate the impact that excipients may have on the bioavailability of drugs and to review existing US-FDA, WHO and EMA regulatory guidelines on this topic. The first examples illustrate that small amounts of sorbitol (7, 50 or 60mg) affect the bioavailability of risperidone, a class I drug, oral solution, in contrast to what is stated in the US-FDA guidance. Another example suggests, in contrast to what is stated in the US-FDA BCS biowaivers guideline, that a small amount of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) (3.64mg) affects the bioavailability of risperidone tablets, although the reference product also includes SLS in an amount within the normal range for that type of dosage form. These factors are considered sufficient to ensure that excipients do not affect bioavailability according to the WHO guideline. The alternative criterion, defined in the WHO guideline and used in the FIP BCS biowaivers monographs, that asserts that excipients present in generic products of the ICH countries do not affect bioavailability if used in normal amounts, is shown to be incorrect with an example of alendronate (a class III drug) tablets, where 4mg of SLS increases bioavailability more than 5-fold, although a generic product in the USA contains SLS. Finally, another example illustrates that a 2mg difference in SLS may affect bioavailability of a generic product of a class II drug, even if SLS is contained in the comparator product, and in all cases its amount was within the normal range. Therefore, waivers of in vivo bioequivalence studies (e.g., BCS biowaivers, waivers of certain dosage forms in solution at the time of administration and variations in the excipient composition) should be assessed more cautiously. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Gluten-Free Diet: Can Oats and Wheat Starch Be Part of It?

PubMed

Poley, J Rainer

2017-01-01

Objective and Conclusion: Uncertainty still exists about the use of oats and wheat starch as part of a gluten-free diet in patients with celiac disease (CD). This review should help to clarify the issues at hand. Whereas uncontaminated (from gluten/gliadin) oats and oats from cultivars not containing celiac-activating sequences of proline and glutamine can be used without risk of intestinal damage, wheat starch should not be used, unless it is free of gluten-that is, deglutinized-because even small amounts of gluten over time are able to induce small intestinal mucosal damage.

Hostplant suitability and defensive chemistry of the Catalpa sphinx, Ceratomia catalpae.

PubMed

Bowers, M Deane

2003-10-01

The growth and survival of the Catalpa sphinx, Ceratomia catalpae (Sphingidae), were measured on five different species of Catalpa: C. bignonioides, C. bungeii, C. fargeseii, C. ovata, and C. speciosa. Larval growth varied significantly among these host plant species; however, survival did not differ. Quantification of the iridoid glycoside content of larvae, pupae, adults, larval frass, and leaves of the larval host plant, C. bignonioides, by gas chromatography showed that leaves contained both catalpol and catalposide; larvae, pupae, and frass contained only catalpol; and the adults contained no detectable iridoid glycosides. Amounts were highest in the larvae and declined in the pupal stage. Very small amounts of catalpol were detected in adults of the parasitoid, Cotesia congregata, and in the silken cocoons. The hemolymph in which the parasitoid larvae grew contained over 50% dry weight catalpol. Larvae of C. catalpae often regurgitate when disturbed. This may serve as a defense against predators. A comparison of the growth of larvae pinched with forceps to induce regurgitation with those that were not so treated showed that larvae that were pinched, and usually regurgitated, grew significantly more slowly than those that were not.

The occurrence of chlorine in serpentine minerals

USGS Publications Warehouse

Miura, Y.; Rucklidge, J.; Nord, G.L.

1981-01-01

Partially serpentinized dunites containing small amounts of Chlorine (< 0.5%) from Dumont, Quebec, and Horoman, Hokkaido, Japan, and one containing less than 0.05% Chlorine from Higashi-Akaishi-Yama, Ehime, Japan have been examined using the electron probe microanalyzer and scanning transmission electron microscope with X-ray analytical capabilities. Chlorine was found together with Si, Mg, Ca and Fe in the serpentine minerals of the Dumont and Hokkaido dunites but not in the Ehime dunite. Chlorine is found associated only with the most finely crystalline facies of the serpentine (grain size less than 10 nm). The Ehime dunite contained no such fine grained serpentine, and was thus effectively chlorine-free, as are the coarser grained serpentines of the other samples. The finegrained chlorine-bearing serpentine also has a much higher concentration of Fe, and can contain smaller amounts of Ca, Ni and Mn than the coarse-grained variety as well as minute awaruite (FeNi3) grains. This fine-grained serpentine probably represents an early stage in the transformation of olivine to serpentine, with chlorine from hydrothermal solutions assisting the necessary chemical changes. The Cl increases the reaction rate by lowering the activation barrier to reaction by the introduction of reaction steps. ?? 1981 Springer-Verlag.

High voltage capability electrical coils insulated with materials containing SF.sub.6 gas

DOEpatents

Lanoue, Thomas J.; Zeise, Clarence L.; Wagenaar, Loren; Westervelt, Dean C.

1988-01-01

A coil is made having a plurality of layers of adjacent metal conductor windings subject to voltage stress, where the windings have insulation therebetween containing a small number of minute disposed throughout its cross-section, where the voids are voids filled with SF.sub.6 gas to substitute for air or other gaseous materials in from about 60% to about 95% of the cross-sectional void volume in the insulation, thus incorporating an amount of SF.sub.6 gas in the cross-section of the insulation effective to substantially increase corona inception voltages.

Sodium leak detection system for liquid metal cooled nuclear reactors

DOEpatents

Modarres, Dariush

1991-01-01

A light source is projected across the gap between the containment vessel and the reactor vessel. The reflected light is then analyzed with an absorption spectrometer. The presence of any sodium vapor along the optical path results in a change of the optical transmissivity of the media. Since the absorption spectrum of sodium is well known, the light source is chosen such that the sensor is responsive only to the presence of sodium molecules. The optical sensor is designed to be small and require a minimum of amount of change to the reactor containment vessel.

Health risk assessment of potable water containing small amount of tritium oxide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Momot, O. A.; Synzynys, B. I.; Oudalova, A. A.

2017-01-01

The problem of groundwater pollution with tritium in a vicinity of radiation-dangerous facilities in Obninsk is considered. The information on the specific activity of tritium in Obninsk water sources is provided. The formula for the calculation of the β-radiation absorbed dose from tritium ingestion is proposed, reflecting the biological behavior of tritium in a human body. To establish the extent of tritium effects on human, the health risk is assessed. It is shown that if the specific activity of tritium in drinking water amounts to 10 Bq/l, the risk of stochastic effects of radiation will not exceed the limit of the individual lifetime risk.

Thermal hydrocracking of coal derived liquid from mild gasification (production of phenols, BTX and naphthalenes)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sato, Yoshiki; Kodera, Yoichi; Kamo, Tohru

1997-12-31

Coal derived liquid from mild gasification contains more than 40% of alkylphenols with alkylnaphthalenes and a small amount of benzofuran, naphthol and condensed aromatic derivatives. In this study, thermal hydrocracking of the coal derived liquid, and related model compounds have been investigated using a small atmospheric flow apparatus at temperatures of 700--770 C with residence time of 3--10 sec, and hydrogen-to-reactant molar ratio of about 3--10. In the experiments using m-cresol and 2,5-dimethylphenol, dealkylation and dehydroxylation proceeded concurrently with high selectivity in the presence of excess hydrogen. The rates of hydrocracking of m-cresol and 2,5-dimethylphenol were in accordance with first-ordermore » rate law with respect to reactant. This indicates that the same kinetic equation for the demethylation of alkylbenzenes can be applied. Rates of demethylation and dehydroxylation for cresols and dimethylphenols have been measured at 700 C by using toluene as an internal reference, and discussed in terms of chemical structure. Thermal hydrocracking of the coal derived liquid produced 20--40 wt% gases and 60--80 wt% liquids. Gaseous products mainly consisted of carbon monoxide and methane with small amounts of C{sub 2} and C{sub 3} hydrocarbon gases. Liquid products, obtained at 770 C, contained 24 wt% of BTX, 40 wt% of phenol and cresols, and 12 wt% of naphthalene and methylnaphthalenes. Yield of useful chemicals, having simple aromatic structure in the liquid product increased with temperature and residence time.« less

Minor-element composition and organic carbon content of marine and nonmarine shales of Late Cretaceous age in the western interior of the United States

USGS Publications Warehouse

Tourtelot, H.A.

1964-01-01

The composition of nonmarine shales of Cretaceous age that contain less than 1 per cent organic carbon is assumed to represent the inherited minor-element composition of clayey sediments delivered to the Cretaceous sea that occupied the western interior region of North America. Differences in minor-element content between these samples and samples of 1. (a) nonmarine carbonaceous shales (1 to 17 per cent organic carbon), 2. (b) nearshore marine shales (less than 1 per cent organic carbon), and 3. (c) offshore marine shales (as much as 8 per cent organic carbon), all of the same age, reveal certain aspects of the role played by clay minerals and organic materials in affecting the minor-element composition of the rocks. The organic carbon in the nonmarine rocks occurs in disseminated coaly plant remains. The organic carbon in the marine rocks occurs predominantly in humic material derived from terrestrial plants. The close similarity in composition between the organic isolates from the marine samples and low-rank coal suggests that the amount of marine organic material in these rocks is small. The minor-element content of the two kinds of nonmarine shales is the same despite the relatively large amount of organic carbon in the carbonaceous shales. The nearshore marine shales, however, contain larger median amounts of arsenic, boron, chromium, vanadium and zinc than do the nonmarine rocks; and the offshore marine shales contain even larger amounts of these elements. Cobalt, molybdenum, lead and zirconium show insignificant differences in median content between the nonmarine and marine rocks, although as much as 25 ppm molybdenum is present in some offshore marine samples. The gallium content is lower in the marine than in the nonmarine samples. Copper and selenium contents of the two kinds of nonmarine rocks and the nearshore marine samples are the same, but those of the offshore samples are larger. In general, arsenic, chromium, copper, molybdenum, selenium, vanadium and zinc are concentrated in those offshore marine samples having the largest amounts of organic carbon, but samples with equal amounts of vanadium, for instance, may differ by a factor of 3 in their amount of organic carbon. Arsenic and molybdenum occur in some samples chiefly in syngenetic pyrite but also are present in relatively large amounts in samples that contain little pyrite. The data on nonmarine carbonaceous shales indicate that organic matter of terrestrial origin in marine shales contributes little to the minor-element content of such rocks. It is possible that marine organic matter, even though seemingly small in amount in marine shales, contributes to the minor-element composition of the shales. In addition to any such contribution, however, the great effectiveness in sorption processes of humic materials in conjunction with clay minerals suggests that such processes must have played an important role as these materials moved from the relatively dilute solutions of the nonmarine environment to the relatively concentrated solution of sea water. The volumes of sea water sufficient to supply for sorption the amounts of most minor elements in the offshore marine samples are insignificant compared to the volumes of water with which the clay and organic matter were in contact during their transportation and sedimentation. Consequently, the chemical characteristics of the environment in which the clay minerals and organic matter accumulated and underwent diagenesis probably were the most important factors in controlling the degree to which sorption processes and the formation of syngenetic minerals affected the final composition of the rocks. ?? 1969.

PRESENCE OF CITRININ IN GRAINS AND ITS POSSIBLE HEALTH EFFECTS.

PubMed

Čulig, Borna; Bevardi, Martina; Bošnir, Jasna; Serdar, Sonja; Lasić, Dario; Racz, Aleksandar; Galić, Antonija; Kuharić, Željka

2017-01-01

Citrinin is a mycotoxin produced by several species of the genera Aspergillus , Penicillium and Monascus and it occurs mainly in stored grain. Citrinin is generally formed after harvest and occurs mainly in stored grains, it also occurs in other plant products. Often, the co-occurrence with other mycotoxins is observed, especially ochratoxin A, which is usually associated with endemic nephropathy. At the European Union level, systematic monitoring of Citrinin in grains began with the aim of determining its highest permissible amount in food. Thus, far the systematic monitoring of the above mentioned mycotoxin in Croatia is yet to begin. The main goal of this study was to determine the presence of Citrinin in grains sampled in the area of Međimurje, Osijek-Baranja, Vukovar-Srijem and Brod-Posavina County. For the purpose of identification and quantification of citrinin, high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) with fluorescence was used (Calibration curve k > 0.999; Intra assay CV = 2.1%; Inter assay CV = 4.3%; LOQ < 1 μg/kg). From the area of Međimurje County, 10 samples of corn and 10 samples of wheat were analyzed. None of the samples contained Citrinin (<1 μg/kg). From the area of Osijek-Baranja and Vukovar-Srijem County, 15 samples from each County were analyzed. The mean value for the samples of Osijek-Baranja County was 19.63 μg/kg (median=15.8 μg/kg), while for Vukovar-Srijem County the mean value of citrinin was 14,6 μg/kg (median=1.23 μg/kg). From 5 analyzed samples from Brod-Posavina County, one of the samples contained citrinin in the amount of 23.8 μg/kg, while the registered amounts in the other samples were <1 μg/kg. The results show that grains from several Counties contain certain amounts of Citrinin possibly indicating a significant intake of citrinin in humans. It must be stated that grains and grain-based products are the basis of everyday diet of all age groups, especially small children, where higher intake of citrinin can occur. Consequently, we emphasize the need for systematic analysis of larger amount of samples, from both large grains and small grains, especially in the area of Brod-Posavina County, in order to obtain more realistic notion of citrinin contamination of grains and to asses the health risk in humans.

Process for the recovery of strontium from acid solutions

DOEpatents

Horwitz, E. Philip; Dietz, Mark L.

1992-01-01

The invention is a process for selectively extracting strontium and technetium values from aqueous nitric acid waste solutions containing these and other fission product values. The extractant is a macrocyclic polyether in a diluent which is insoluble in water, but which will itself dissolve a small amount of water. The process will extract strontium and technetium values from nitric acid solutions which are up to 6 molar in nitric acid.

Superalloys with improved weldability for high temperature applications

DOEpatents

Seth, Brij B.; George, Easo P.; Babu, Sudarsanum S.; Goodwin, Gene M.; David, Stanislaus A.; Moyer, Carol E.

2001-01-01

A cast nickel-base superalloy component (10) is made having a composition containing small amounts of both boron and zirconium which are effective in combination to provide increased weldability, where such alloy is adapted for welding by weld (18) to a second superalloy piece, where the two pieces are firmly bonded together and have a Sigmajig transverse stress value (16) greater than 137.9 million Newtons per square meter.

Toxin Production and Immunoassay Development. 1. Palytoxin

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-04-18

in the far more abundant species , Palythoa tuberculosa (3]. Palytoxin is not composed of repeating carbohydrate or amino acid subunits, and has...1H-NMR. 14 RISULTS PALYTOXIN PRODUCTION Palythoa Collection Palytoxin was isolated from two closely related species of soft coral, Palythoa toxica and...is quite small and contains a very limited amount of P. toxica, therefore, the more abundant species , P. tuberculosa was used as the source for the

Estimating carbon and nitrogen pools in a forest soil: Influence of soil bulk density methods and rock content

Treesearch

Martin F. Jurgensen; Deborah S. Page-Dumroese; Robert E. Brown; Joanne M. Tirocke; Chris A. Miller; James B. Pickens; Min Wang

2017-01-01

Soils with high rock content are common in many US forests, and contain large amounts of stored C. Accurate measurements of soil bulk density and rock content are critical for calculating and assessing changes in both C and nutrient pool size, but bulk density sampling methods have limitations and sources of variability. Therefore, we evaluated the use of small-...

Cellulose triacetate, thin film dielectric capacitor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yen, Shiao-Ping S. (Inventor); Jow, T. Richard (Inventor)

1995-01-01

Very thin films of cellulose triacetate are cast from a solution containing a small amount of high boiling temperature, non-solvent which evaporates last and lifts the film from the casting surface. Stretched, oriented, crystallized films have high electrical breakdown properties. Metallized films less than about 2 microns in thickness form self-healing electrodes for high energy density, pulsed power capacitors. Thicker films can be utilized as a dielectric for a capacitor.

Cellulose triacetate, thin film dielectric capacitor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yen, Shiao-Ping S. (Inventor); Jow, T. Richard (Inventor)

1993-01-01

Very thin films of cellulose triacetate are cast from a solution containing a small amount of high boiling temperature, non-solvent which evaporates last and lifts the film from the casting surface. Stretched, oriented, crystallized films have high electrical breakdown properties. Metallized films less than about 2 microns in thickness form self-healing electrodes for high energy density, pulsed power capacitors. Thicker films can be utilized as a dielectric for a capacitor.

Adhesive Properties of Cured Phenylethynyl Containing Imides

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jensen, Brian J.; Chang, Alice C.

1997-01-01

Considerable attention has been directed towards acetylene terminated oligomers over the last 20 years' and recent work has focused on phenylethynyl terminated imide (PETI) oligomers. These reactive oligomers possess several features which make them attractive candidates for use as composite matrices and adhesives. The phenylethynyl group can be readily incorporated into many different functionalized oligomers. The reactive oligomers possess relatively low melt viscosities and thermally cure without the evolution of volatile by-products. Once cured, they typically display high glass transition temperatures (Tgs), excellent solvent resistance and high mechanical properties. new modified phenylethynyl-terminated imide (LaRC MPEI) oligomers were synthesized at various molecular weights utilizing a small amount of trifunctional amine. As long as the amount of triamine is relatively small, this approach produces a mixture of linear, star-shaped and branched polymer chains that has lower melt and solution viscosity than an equivalent molecular weight linear phenylethynyl terminated imide oligomers. The work reported herein involves the synthesis and characterization of a copolymer using this approach and the preparation of blends utilizing a phenylethynyl containing reactive plasticizer of lower molecular weight called LaRC LV-121. The chemistry and properties of this new MPEI as well as some blends of MPEI with LV-121, are presented and compared to the linear version, LARC-PETI-5.

Melt Extrusion of High-Dose Co-Amorphous Drug-Drug Combinations : Theme: Formulation and Manufacturing of Solid Dosage Forms Guest Editors: Tony Zhou and Tonglei Li.

PubMed

Arnfast, Lærke; Kamruzzaman, Md; Löbmann, Korbinian; Aho, Johanna; Baldursdottir, Stefania; Rades, Thomas; Rantanen, Jukka

2017-12-01

Many future drug products will be based on innovative manufacturing solutions, which will increase the need for a thorough understanding of the interplay between drug material properties and processability. In this study, hot melt extrusion of a drug-drug mixture with minimal amount of polymeric excipient was investigated. Using indomethacin-cimetidine as a model drug-drug system, processability of physical mixtures with and without 5% (w/w) of polyethylene oxide (PEO) were studied using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Small Amplitude Oscillatory Shear (SAOS) rheometry. Extrudates containing a co-amorphous glass solution were produced and the solid-state composition of these was studied with DSC. Rheological analysis indicated that the studied systems display viscosities higher than expected for small molecule melts and addition of PEO decreased the viscosity of the melt. Extrudates of indomethacin-cimetidine alone displayed amorphous-amorphous phase separation after 4 weeks of storage, whereas no phase separation was observed during the 16 week storage of the indomethacin-cimetidine extrudates containing 5% (w/w) PEO. Melt extrusion of co-amorphous extrudates with low amounts of polymer was found to be a feasible manufacturing technique. Addition of 5% (w/w) polymer reduced melt viscosity and prevented phase separation.

The effects of temperature on the composition and physical properties of the lipids of Pseudomonas fluorescens

PubMed Central

Cullen, J.; Phillips, M. C.; Shipley, G. G.

1971-01-01

1. Pseudomonas fluorescens was grown at various temperatures between 5°C and 33°C. The extractable lipids from organisms at various stages of growth and grown at different temperatures were examined. 2. The extractable lipids contained phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and an ornithine-containing lipid. The relative amounts of these lipids did not vary significantly during growth or with the changes in growth temperature. 3. The major fatty acids were hexadecanoic, hexadecenoic and octadecenoic acids and the cyclopropane acids methylene-hexadecanoic and methylene-octadecanoic acids. The relative amount of unsaturated acids (including cyclopropane acids) did not change significantly during growth, but increased with decreasing temperature. 4. Phosphatidylethanolamines with different degrees of unsaturation and containing different amounts of cyclopropane acids were isolated from organisms grown at 5°C and 22°C and their surface and phase behaviour in water was investigated. Thermodynamic parameters for fusion and monolayer results for cyclopropane and other fatty acids were examined. 5. The surface pressure–area isotherms of phosphatidylethanolamines containing different amounts of unsaturated fatty acids show small differences but the individual isotherms remain essentially unchanged over the temperature range 5–22°C. X-ray-diffraction methods show that the structures (lamellar+hexagonal) formed in water by phosphatidylethanolamine, isolated from organisms grown at 5°C and 22°C, are identical when compared at the respective growth temperatures. This points to a control mechanism of the physical state of the lipids that is sensitive to the operating temperature of the organism. 6. The molecular packing of cyclopropane acids is intermediate between that of the corresponding cis- and trans-monoenoic acids. However, substitution of a cyclopropane acid for a cis-unsaturated acid has insignificant effects on the molecular packing of phospholipids containing these acids. PMID:5004336

The cytology of a thyroid granular cell tumor.

PubMed

Chang, Shu-Mei; Wei, Chang-Kuo; Tseng, Chih-En

2009-01-01

Granular cell tumor (GCT) of the thyroid is rare. Before this report, only four cases of thyroid GCT have been reported, none of which presented a cytopathological examination. In this paper, we report the fine needle aspiration cytology and pathological analysis of a thyroid GCT from a 12-year-old girl who presented with a painless neck mass. The tumor cells were single, in syncytial clusters, or pseudofollicles, contained small round, oval, or spindle nuclei, indistinct nucleoli, and a large amount of grayish, granular fragile cytoplasm. The background contained granular debris and naked nuclei. A differential diagnosis of thyroid GCT with more frequent thyroid lesions containing cytoplasmic granules, including Hurthle cells, macrophages, follicular cells, and cells of black thyroid syndrome, was also performed.

Development of a Simple Method for Concentrating Enteroviruses from Oysters

PubMed Central

Sobsey, Mark D.; Wallis, Craig; Melnick, Joseph L.

1975-01-01

The development of a simple method for concentrating enteroviruses from oysters is described. In this method viruses in homogenized oyster tissues are efficiently adsorbed to oyster solids at pH 5.5 and low salt concentration. After low-speed centrifugation, the supernatant is discarded and viruses are eluted from the sedimented oyster solids by resuspending them in pH 3.5 glycine-buffered saline. The solids are then removed by low-speed centrifugation, and the virus-containing supernatant is filtered through a 0.2-μm porosity filter to remove bacteria and other small particulates without removing viruses. The virus-containing filtrate is then concentrated to a volume of a few milliliters by ultrafiltration, and the concentrate obtained is inoculated directly into cell cultures for virus assay. When tested with pools of oysters experimentally contaminated with small amounts of different enteroviruses, virus recovery efficiency averaged 63%. PMID:234154

Development of a simple method for concentrating enteroviruses from oysters.

PubMed

Sobsey, M D; Wallis, C; Melnick, J L

1975-01-01

The development of a simple method for concentrating enteroviruses from oysters is described. In this method viruses in homogenized oyster tissues are efficiently absorbed to oyster solids at pH 5.5 and low salt concentration. After low-speed centrifugation, the supernatant is discarded and viruses are eluted from the sedimented oyster solids by resuspending them in pH 3.5 glycine-buffered saline. The solids are then removed by low-speed centrifugation, and the virus-containing supernatant is filtered through a 0.2-micronm porosity filter to remove bacteria and other small particulates without removing viruses. The virus-containing filtrate is then concentrated to a volume of a few milliliters by ultrafiltration, and the concentrate obtained is inoculated directly into cell cultures for virus assay. When tested with pools of oysters experimentally contaminated with small amounts of different enteroviruses, virus recovery efficiency averaged 63%.

EFFECTS of DUAL DOPING OF C AND TiC NANOPARTICLES ON SUPERCONDUCTING PROPERTIES OF Fe-SHEATHED MgB{sub 2} TAPES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fang, H.; Liang, G.

2010-04-08

Fe-sheathed MgB{sub 2} wires doped with C and TiC nanoparticles in the formula MgB{sub 2-x}C{sub x}+yTiC(x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, and y = 0, 2.5 wt.%, 5 wt.%) were investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the core materials in the wires contain small amount of Fe{sub 2}B and MgO impurity phases, and the peaks shift with the variation of doping amount. It is found that the critical temperature T{sub c} decreases with the increase of doping amount. Strong in-field current carrying capability enhancement was observed on MgB{sub 1.95}C{sub 0.05}+2.5 wt.% TiC.

Fresh from the Ornamental Garden: Hips of Selected Rose Cultivars Rich in Phytonutrients.

PubMed

Cunja, Vlasta; Mikulic-Petkovsek, Maja; Weber, Nika; Jakopic, Jerneja; Zupan, Anka; Veberic, Robert; Stampar, Franci; Schmitzer, Valentina

2016-02-01

Morphological parameters (size, weight, color), the content of sugars, organic acids, lycopene, β-carotene, and phenolics were determined in hips of Rosa canina (RCA), Rosa sweginzowii (RSW), Rosa rugosa (RUG), and selected ornamental Rosa cultivars Fru Dagmar Hastrup (FDH), Repandia (REP), Veilchenblau (RVB), Aloha (RAL), Bonica (BON), and Golden Gate (RGG). Although traditionally used RCA hips contained the highest amount of cyanidin-3-glucoside (83 μg/g DW) and were the reddest (h° = 17.5), they did not stand out in other analyzed parameters. RGG climber had the biggest hips (8.86 g), which also contained highest sugar levels (50.9 g/100 g DW). RAL stood out as the cultivar rich in organic acids (33.9 g/100 g DW), mainly because of high quinic acid content (17.6 g/100g DW). FDH and RSW hips were characterized by particularly high ascorbic acid levels (4325 mg/100 g DW and 4711 mg/100 g DW). Other ornamental cultivars contained low amounts of ascorbic acid compared to the analyzed species. The phenolic profile was species/cultivars-specific. The greatest diversity of phenolic compounds was detected in RUG and FDH hips (55 and 54 different tentatively identified compounds with HPLC/MS). Flavanols represented the main phenolic class in most of the investigated species/cultivars and RGG hips contained the highest amount of catechin and proanthocyandin derivatives (15855 μg/g DW). Altogether RAL hips contained the highest quantity of phenolics (44746 μg/g DW) mainly due to high levels of hydrolysable tannins compared to other species/cultivars. Although small, hips of BON and REP were most abundant regarding β-carotene and lycopene content, respectively. © 2016 Institute of Food Technologists®

Digestibility of new dietary fibre materials, resistant glucan and hydrogenated resistant glucan in rats and humans, and the physical effects in rats.

PubMed

Oku, Tsuneyuki; Tanabe, Kenichi; Morita, Shigeki; Hamaguchi, Norihisa; Shimura, Fumio; Nakamura, Sadako

2015-11-28

Resistant glucan (RG) and hydrogenated resistant glucan (HRG) are newly developed non-digestible carbohydrate materials that decrease lifestyle-related diseases. The bioavailability of RG and HRG was investigated by in vitro experiments using human and rat small intestinal enzymes and by in vivo experiments using rats in the present study. Oligosaccharides, which are minor components of RG and HRG, were hydrolysed slightly by small intestinal enzymes of humans and rats, and the hydrolysing activity was slightly higher in rats than in humans. The amount of glucose released from HRG was greater than that from RG. However, the high-molecular-weight carbohydrates of the main components were hardly hydrolysed. Furthermore, neither RG nor HRG inhibited disaccharidase activity. When rats were raised on a diet containing 5 % of RG, HRG, resistant maltodextrin or fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) for 4 weeks, all rats developed loose stools and did not recover during the experiment, except for the FOS group. Body weight gain was normal in all groups and was not significantly different compared with the control group. Caecal tissue and content weights were significantly increased by feeding RG or HRG, although other organ and tissue weights were not significantly different among the groups. In conclusion, RG and HRG consist of small amounts of glucose and digestible and non-digestible oligosaccharides, and large amounts of glucose polymers, which were hardly hydrolysed by α-amylase and small intestinal enzymes. RG and HRG, which were developed newly as dietary fibre materials, had no harmful effects on the growth and development of rats.

Isothermal multiple displacement amplification: a methodical approach enhancing molecular routine diagnostics of microcarcinomas and small biopsies.

PubMed

Mairinger, Fabian D; Walter, Robert Fh; Vollbrecht, Claudia; Hager, Thomas; Worm, Karl; Ting, Saskia; Wohlschläger, Jeremias; Zarogoulidis, Paul; Zarogoulidis, Konstantinos; Schmid, Kurt W

2014-01-01

Isothermal multiple displacement amplification (IMDA) can be a powerful tool in molecular routine diagnostics for homogeneous and sequence-independent whole-genome amplification of notably small tumor samples, eg, microcarcinomas and biopsies containing a small amount of tumor. Currently, this method is not well established in pathology laboratories. We designed a study to confirm the feasibility and convenience of this method for routine diagnostics with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples prepared by laser-capture microdissection. A total of 250 μg DNA (concentration 5 μg/μL) was generated by amplification over a period of 8 hours with a material input of approximately 25 cells, approximately equivalent to 175 pg of genomic DNA. In the generated DNA, a representation of all chromosomes could be shown and the presence of elected genes relevant for diagnosis in clinical samples could be proven. Mutational analysis of clinical samples could be performed without any difficulty and showed concordance with earlier diagnostic findings. We established the feasibility and convenience of IMDA for routine diagnostics. We also showed that small amounts of DNA, which were not analyzable with current molecular methods, could be sufficient for a wide field of applications in molecular routine diagnostics when they are preamplified with IMDA.

Intracellular activation of the fibrinolytic cascade in the Quebec Platelet Disorder.

PubMed

Sheth, Prameet M; Kahr, Walter H A; Haq, M Anwar; Veljkovic, Dragoslava Kika; Rivard, Georges E; Hayward, Catherine P M

2003-08-01

The Quebec Platelet Disorder (QPD) is an unusual bleeding disorder associated with increased platelet stores of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and proteolysis of platelet alpha-granule proteins. The increased u-PA and proteolyzed plasminogen in QPD platelets led us to investigate possible contributions of intracellular plasmin generation to QPD alpha-granule proteolysis. ELISA indicated there were normal amounts of plasminogen and plasmin-alpha(2)-antiplasmin (PAP) complexes in QPD plasmas. Like normal platelets, QPD platelets contained only a small proportion of the blood plasminogen, however, they contained an increased amount of PAP complexes compared to normal platelets (P < 0.005). The quantities of plasminogen stored in platelets were important to induce QPD-like proteolysis of normal alpha-granule proteins by two chain u-PA (tcu-PA) in vitro. Moreover, adding supplemental plasminogen to QPD, but not to control, platelet lysates, triggered further alpha-granule protein proteolysis to forms that comigrated with plasmin degraded proteins. These data suggest the generation of increased but limiting amounts of plasmin within platelets is involved in producing the unique phenotypic changes to alpha-granule proteins in QPD platelets. The QPD is the only known bleeding disorder associated with chronic, intracellular activation of the fibrinolytic cascade.

Polonium-210 analyses of vegetables, cured and uncured tobacco, and associated soils.

PubMed

Berger, K C; Erhardt, W H; Francis, C W

1965-12-24

Analysis of the edible portion of vegetables and samples of green leaf tobacco failed to show polonium-210. The cured samples of leaf tobacco and the soils that were analyzed all contained small quantities of the element. Muck soils contained three times as much Po(210) as did mineral soils. Solutions used commonly to extract "available" forms of many mineral elements failed to extract a detectable amount of Po(2l0). Indications are that Po(210) or its radioactive precursors are not taken up from the soil directly by plant roots but rather by sorption in dead, moist plant materials at the atmosphere-plant interface.

USASOC Injury Prevention/Performance Optimization Musculoskeletal Screening Initiative

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-01

following physical training should contain fluid, carbohydrate, electrolytes and a small amount of protein . For example, low fat chocolate milk , fruit...carbohydrate and protein in the diet. Once carbohydrate and protein needs are met, the balance of calories can be supplied by fat in the range of...carbohydrate and protein needs are determined first and then the remaining calories are designated to fat which typically ranges from 0.8-2.0 g fat /kg

Relaxation Phenomena in Optically Pumped Mercury Isotopes.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-08-31

transmitting envelope, containing a small quantity of 1991tg and 2 0 11g in approximately equal amounts. A variety of ultraviolet- transmitting glasses ...is male from a glass , Corning 9741. During the course of this project approximately 300 cells from a number of materials were made and tested in... glass and fused silica surfaces. The general pattern of the dependence of relaxation times as a function of temperature in "stable" NMR cells has

Biotransformation of Tryptamine in Fruiting Mycelia of Psilocybe cubensis.

PubMed

Gartz, J

1989-06-01

Mycelial cultures of PSILOCYBE CUBENSIS, with the ability to form psilocybin and psilocin DE-NOVO, also hydroxylated and methylated fed tryptamine to give psilocin in up to 3.3% dry mass of the obtained fruit bodies. By using HPLC and TLC, it was found that these mushrooms contain only a small amount of psilocybin (0.01-0.2% dry mass). The values of psilocin are the highest described in any mushrooms.

Process for the recovery of strontium from acid solutions

DOEpatents

Horwitz, E.P.; Dietz, M.L.

1992-03-31

The invention is a process for selectively extracting strontium and technetium values from aqueous nitric acid waste solutions containing these and other fission product values. The extractant is a macrocyclic polyether in a diluent which is insoluble in water, but which will itself dissolve a small amount of water. The process will extract strontium and technetium values from nitric acid solutions which are up to 6 molar in nitric acid. 5 figs.

EAGLE CAP WILDERNESS AND ADJACENT AREAS, OREGON.

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kilsgaard, Thor H.; Tuchek, Ernest T.

1984-01-01

On the basis of a mineral survey of the Eagle Cap Wilderness and adjacent areas a probable mineral-resources potential was identified in five areas in the eastern part of the wilderness. Mineral resources are most likely to occur in tactite deposits in sedimentary rocks at or near contacts with intrusive granitic rocks that could contain copper and small amounts of other metals; however, there is little promise for the occurrence of energy resources.

The formation conditions of the burial site of Late Cretaceous dinosaurs and plants in the Kakanaut River basin (Koryak Highlands, Northeastern Asia)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shczepetov, S. V.; Herman, A. B.

2017-07-01

The stratigraphic position of layers containing plant and animal remains in the Koryak Highlands (Northeast Asia) is under discussion. Their age is defined as late Campanian-early Maastrichtian. Plant-bearing and bone-bearing rocks represent cemented basaltic tephra. The former contain a small amount of xenogenic material and slightly rounded volcaniclastic material, which indicates its insignificant transportation. Ash particles in bone-bearing rocks are even less rounded. Among them, there are no rock fragments of other composition. Large bones and their fragments, as xenoliths, are chaotically distributed in the rock matrix as if floating in mass of ash material. This burial site was probably formed in a continental environment as a result of the gravitational and eolian transportation of the terrigenous material. The burial of small dinosaur bones and teeth occurred during the deposition of a small stream of a semiliquid water-ash mixture. This work presents a possible mechanism of the formation of burial sites, taking into consideration proposed conditions of the life and reproduction of dinosaurs in the Late Mesozoic Arctic.

Rat immunoreactive cholecystokinin (CCK): characterization using two chromatographic techniques.

PubMed

Bacarese-Hamilton, A J; Adrian, T E; Chohan, P; Bloom, S R

1985-06-01

Acid and neutral extracts of rat cerebral cortex and upper small intestine were prepared and the endogenous concentrations of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity (CCK-LI) measured by three new CCK-specific radioimmunoassays. The characterization of the immunoreactive CCK molecular forms was undertaken using gel permeation chromatography in the presence of 6 M urea to minimise problems relating to peptide adsorption or aggregation. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was also performed on the rat tissue extracts. Rat cortex contained 268 +/- 12 pmol/g CCK-LI, and over 90% resembled the sulphated CCK-8, which was preferentially extracted at neutral pH. In contrast, the rat upper small intestine (97 +/- 8 pmol/g of CCK-LI) contained less than 20% CCK-8, the majority of immunoreactive CCK being of larger molecular size and being preferentially extracted at acid pH. In the small intestine the predominant molecular form(s) was intermediate in size between CCK-33 and CCK-8. Large amounts of CCK-33 and of a molecular form larger than CCK-33 were also detected. It is concluded that post-translational cleavage of CCK differs in rat brain and gut.

A general strategy for cloning viroids and other small circular RNAs that uses minimal amounts of template and does not require prior knowledge of its sequence.

PubMed

Navarro, B; Daròs, J A; Flores, R

1996-01-01

Two PCR-based methods are described for obtaining clones of small circular RNAs of unknown sequence and for which only minute amounts are available. To avoid introducing any assumption about the RNA sequence, synthesis of the cDNAs is initiated with random primers. The cDNA population is then PCR-amplified using a primer whose sequence is present at both sides of the cDNAs, since they have been obtained with random hexamers and then a linker with the sequence of the PCR primer has been ligated to their termini, or because the cDNAs have been synthesized with an oligonucleotide that contains the sequence of the PCR primer at its 5' end and six randomized positions at its 3' end. The procedures need only approximately 50 ng of purified RNA template. The reasons for the emergence of cloning artifacts and precautions to avoid them are discussed.

Development of device producing electrolyzed water for home care

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Umimoto, K.; Nagata, S.; Yanagida, J.

2013-06-01

When water containing ionic substances is electrolyzed, electrolyzed water with strong bactericidal ability due to the available chlorine(AC) is generated on the anode side. Slightly acidic to neutral electrolyzed water (pH 6.5 to 7.5) is physiological pH and is suitable for biological applications. For producing slightly acidic to neutral electrolyzed water simply, a vertical-type electrolytic tank with an asymmetric structure was made. As a result, a small amount of strongly alkaline water was generated in the upper cathodic small chamber, and a large amount of weakly acidic water generated in the lower anodic large chamber. The pH and AC concentration in solutin mixed with both electrolyzed water were 6.3 and 39.5 ppm, respectively, This solution was slightly acidic to neutral electrolyzed water and had strong bactericidal activity. This device is useful for producing slightly acidic to neutral electrolyzed water as a disinfectant to employ at home care, when considering economic and environmental factors, since it returns to ordinary water after use.

Effects of non-starch polysaccharides enzymes on pancreatic and small intestinal digestive enzyme activities in piglet fed diets containing high amounts of barley.

PubMed

Li, Wei-Fen; Feng, Jie; Xu, Zi-Rong; Yang, Cai-Mei

2004-03-15

To investigate effects of non-starch polysaccharides(NSP) enzymes on pancreatic and small intestinal digestive enzyme activities in piglet fed diets containing high amounts of barley. Sixty crossbred piglets averaging 13.5 kg were randomly assigned to two treatment groups with three replications (pens) based on sex and mass. Each group was fed on the diet based on barley with or without added NSP enzymes (0.15%) for a 40-d period. At the end of the experiment the pigs were weighed. Three piglets of each group were chosen and slaughtered. Pancreas, digesta from the distal end of the duodenum and jejunal mucosa were collected for determination. Activities of the digestive enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase were determined in the small intestinal sections as well as in homogenates of pancreatic tissue. Maltase, sucrase, lactase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) activities were analyzed in jejunal mucosa. Supplementation with NSP enzymes improved growth performance of piglets. It showed that NSP enzymes had no effect on digestive enzyme activities in pancreas, but decreased the activities of proteolytic enzyme, trypsin, amylase and lipase in duodenal contents by 57.56%, 76.08%, 69.03% and 40.22%(P<0.05) compared with control, and increased gamma-GT activities in jejunal mucosa by 118.75%(P<0.05). Supplementation with NSP enzymes in barley based diets could improve piglets' growth performance, decrease activities of proteolytic enzyme, trypsin, amylase and lipase in duodenal contents and increase gamma-GT activities in jejunal mucosa.

Matrix and mineral in the sea urchin larval skeleton.

PubMed

Wilt, F H

1999-06-30

The endoskeletal spicules of sea urchin larvae are composed of calcite, a surrounding extracellular matrix, and small amounts of occluded matrix proteins. The spicules are formed by primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) in the blastocoel of the embryo, where they adopt stereotypical locations, thereby specifying where spicules will form. PMCs also fuse to form cytoplasmic cords connecting the cell bodies, and it is within the cords that spicules arise. The mineral phase contains 5% Mg as well as Ca, and about 0.1% of the mass is protein. The matrix and mineral form concentric plies, and the composite has different physical properties than those of pure calcite. The calcite diffracts as a single crystal and is composed of well-ordered, but not perfectly ordered, microdomains. There is evidence for adsorption of matrix proteins to specific crystal faces at domain boundaries, which may help regulate crystal growth and texture. Immature spicules contain considerable precipitated amorphous CaCO3, and PMCs also have vesicles that contain amorphous CaCO3. This suggests the hypothesis that the cellular precursor to the spicules is actually amorphous CaCO3 stabilized in the cell by protein. The spicule s enveloped by the PMC cord, but is topologically exterior to the cell. The PMC plasmalemma is tightly applied to the developing spicules, except perhaps at the elongating tip. The characteristics, localization, and possible function of the four identified matrix proteins are discussed. SM50, SM37, and PM27 all primarily enclose the mineral, though small amounts are occluded. SM30 is found in cellular vesicles and is probably the principal occluded protein of the spicule.

Over-the-Counter "Adrenal Support" Supplements Contain Thyroid and Steroid-Based Adrenal Hormones.

PubMed

Akturk, Halis Kaan; Chindris, Ana Maria; Hines, Jolaine M; Singh, Ravinder J; Bernet, Victor J

2018-03-01

To assess whether dietary supplements that are herbal and/or animal-derived products, marketed for enhancing metabolism or promoting energy, "adrenal fatigue," or "adrenal support," contain thyroid or steroid hormones. Twelve dietary adrenal support supplements were purchased. Pregnenolone, androstenedione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, cortisol, cortisone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, synthetic glucocorticoids (betamethasone, dexamethasone, fludrocortisone, megestrol acetate, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, prednisone, budesonide, and triamcinolone acetonide) levels were measured twice in samples in a blinded fashion. This study was conducted between February 1, 2016, and November 1, 2016. Among steroids, pregnenolone was the most common hormone in the samples. Budesonide, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, cortisol, and cortisone were the others in order of prevalence. All the supplements revealed a detectable amount of triiodothyronine (T3) (63-394.9 ng/tablet), 42% contained pregnenolone (66.12-205.2 ng/tablet), 25% contained budesonide (119.5-610 ng/tablet), 17% contained androstenedione (1.27-7.25 ng/tablet), 8% contained 17-OH progesterone (30.09 ng/tablet), 8% contained cortisone (79.66 ng/tablet), and 8% contained cortisol (138.5 ng/tablet). Per label recommended doses daily exposure was up to 1322 ng for T3, 1231.2 ng for pregnenolone, 1276.4 ng for budesonide, 29 ng for androstenedione, 60.18 ng for 17-OH progesterone, 277 ng for cortisol, and 159.32 ng for cortisone. All the supplements studied contained a small amount of thyroid hormone and most contained at least 1 steroid hormone. This is the first study that measured thyroid and steroid hormones in over-the-counter dietary "adrenal support" supplements in the United States. These results may highlight potential risks of hidden ingredients in unregulated supplements. Copyright © 2017 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Requirement of Phosphoinositides Containing Stearic Acid To Control Cell Polarity.

PubMed

Doignon, François; Laquel, Patricia; Testet, Eric; Tuphile, Karine; Fouillen, Laetitia; Bessoule, Jean-Jacques

2015-12-28

Phosphoinositides (PIPs) are present in very small amounts but are essential for cell signaling, morphogenesis, and polarity. By mass spectrometry, we demonstrated that some PIPs with stearic acyl chains were strongly disturbed in a psi1Δ Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain deficient in the specific incorporation of a stearoyl chain at the sn-1 position of phosphatidylinositol. The absence of PIPs containing stearic acid induced disturbances in intracellular trafficking, although the total amount of PIPs was not diminished. Changes in PIPs also induced alterations in the budding pattern and defects in actin cytoskeleton organization (cables and patches). Moreover, when the PSI1 gene was impaired, a high proportion of cells with bipolar cortical actin patches that occurred concomitantly with the bipolar localization of Cdc42p was specifically found among diploid cells. This bipolar cortical actin phenotype, never previously described, was also detected in a bud9Δ/bud9Δ strain. Very interestingly, overexpression of PSI1 reversed this phenotype. Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Development of a novel microbial sensor with baker's yeast cells for monitoring temperature control during cold food chain.

PubMed

Kogure, H; Kawasaki, S; Nakajima, K; Sakai, N; Futase, K; Inatsu, Y; Bari, M L; Isshiki, K; Kawamoto, S

2005-01-01

A novel microbial sensor containing a commercial baker's yeast with a high freeze tolerance was developed for visibly detecting inappropriate temperature control of food. When the yeast cells fermented glucose, the resulting gas production triggered the microbial sensor. The biosensor was a simple, small bag containing a solution of yeast cells, yeast extract, glucose, and glycerol sealed up with multilayer transparent film with barriers against oxygen and humidity. Fine adjustment of gas productivity in the biosensor at low temperatures was achieved by changing either or both concentrations of glucose and yeast cells. Moreover, the amount of time that food was exposed to inappropriate temperatures could be deduced by the amount of gas produced in the biosensor. The biosensor was stable without any functional loss for up to 1 week in frozen storage. The biosensor could offer a useful tool for securing food safety by maintaining low-temperature control in every stage from farm to fork, including during transportation, in the store, and at home.

Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) seed processing and potential utilization.

PubMed

Harry-O'kuru, Rogers E; Wu, Y Victor; Evangelista, Roque; Vaughn, Steven F; Rayford, Warren; Wilson, Richard F

2005-06-15

Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) is a leguminous plant that infests soybean fields in the southeastern United States. Its seeds contain a variety of toxic, highly colored compounds, mainly anthraquinones together with a small amount of fat. These compounds contaminate and lower the quality of soybean oil when inadequately cleaned soybean seed from this area is processed. The sorting of sicklepod seed from a soybean harvest is an additional economic burden on the farmer beyond the cost of proper disposal of the weed seed to avoid worsening field infestation. Fortunately, sicklepod seed also contains substantial amounts of carbohydrates and proteins. These edible components when freed from anthraquinones have a market in pet food as well as potential in human foods because of the high galactomannan ratio of the polysaccharides. Sicklepod seed was dehulled, and the ground endosperm was defatted, followed by sequential solvent extraction of the defatted seed meal to isolate the anthraquinones, carbohydrates, and protein components into their respective classes. Each class of isolate was spectroscopically identified.

The color and size of chili peppers (Capsicum annuum) influence Hep-G2 cell growth.

PubMed

Popovich, David G; Sia, Sharon Y; Zhang, Wei; Lim, Mon L

2014-11-01

Four types of chili (Capsicum annuum) extracts, categorized according to color; green and red, and size; small and large were studied in Hep-G2 cells. Red small (RS) chili had an LC50 value of 0.378 ± 0.029 compared to green big (GB) 1.034 ± 0.061 and green small (GS) 1.070 ± 0.21 mg/mL. Red big (RB) was not cytotoxic. Capsaicin content was highest in RS and produced a greater percentage sub-G1 cells (6.47 ± 1.8%) after 24 h compared to GS (2.96 ± 1.3%) and control (1.29 ± 0.8%) cells. G2/M phase was reduced by GS compared to RS and control cells. RS at the LC50 concentration contained 1.6 times the amount of pure capsaicin LC50 to achieve the same effect of capsaicin alone. GS and GB capsaicin content at the LC50 value was lower (0.2 and 0.66, respectively) compared to the amount of capsaicin to achieve a similar reduction in cell growth.

Customized data container for improved performance in optical cryptosystems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vélez Zea, Alejandro; Fredy Barrera, John; Torroba, Roberto

2016-12-01

Coherent optical encryption procedures introduce speckle noise to the output, limiting many practical applications. Until now the only method available to avoid this noise is to codify the information to be processed into a container that is encrypted instead of the original data. Although the decrypted container presents the noise due to the optical processing, their features remain recognizable enough to allow decoding, bringing the original information free of any kind of degradation. The first adopted containers were the quick response (QR) codes. However, the limitations of optical encryption procedures and the features of QR codes imply that in practice only simple codes containing small amounts of data can be processed without large experimental requirements. In order to overcome this problem, we introduce the first tailor made container to be processed in optical cryptosystems, ensuring larger noise tolerance and the ability to process more information with less experimental requirements. We present both simulations and experimental results to demonstrate the advantages of our proposal.

Identifying Ca2+-Binding Sites in Proteins by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Using Ca2+-Directed Dissociations

PubMed Central

Jamalian, Azadeh; Sneekes, Evert-Jan; Wienk, Hans; Dekker, Lennard J. M.; Ruttink, Paul J. A.; Ursem, Mario; Luider, Theo M.; Burgers, Peter C.

2014-01-01

Here we describe a new method to identify calcium-binding sites in proteins using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in concert with calcium-directed collision-induced dissociations. Our method does not require any modifications to the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry apparatus, uses standard digestion protocols, and can be applied to existing high-resolution MS data files. In contrast to NMR, our method is applicable to very small amounts of complex protein mixtures (femtomole level). Calcium-bound peptides can be identified using three criteria: (1) the calculated exact mass of the calcium containing peptide; (2) specific dissociations of the calcium-containing peptide from threonine and serine residues; and (3) the very similar retention times of the calcium-containing peptide and the free peptide. PMID:25023127

Public water supplies in western Texas

USGS Publications Warehouse

Broadhurst, W.L.; Sundstrom, R.W.; Weaver, D.E.

1951-01-01

This report gives a summarized description of the public water supplies in a region comprising 81 counties of western Texas and lying generally west of the hundredth meridian. It is the fourth and last of this series of reports concerning the public water supplies of the State. It gives the available data for each of 142 communities, as follows: The population of the community; the name of the official from whom the information was obtained; the ownership of the waterworks, whether private or municipal; the source of supply, whether ground water or surface water; the amount of water consumed; the facilities for storage; the number of customers served; the character of the chemical and sanitary treatment of the water, if any; and the chemical analyses of the water. Where ground water is used the following also are given. Records of wells, including drillers' logs; character of the pumping equipment; and yield of the wells and water-level records where they are available. Of the 142 public supplies, 133 are obtained from ground water, 5 from surface water, and 4 from a combination of both. The total amount of water . used for public supply in the region averages about 78,000,000 gallons a day. Of this about 61,000,000 gallons a day is ground water and about 17,000,000 gallons a day is surface water. The ground-water resources of the region from which public water supplies are drawn are in rocks that range in age from Permian to Quaternary. The Ogallala formation of Tertiary age (Pliocene), which covers about 35,000 square miles of the High Plains in Texas, is the most important ground-water reservoir in the region. The formation furnishes water for 78 public supplies and for irrigating about 1,000,000 acres of land. The amount of water used for irrigating amounted to about 1,000,000 acre-feet in 1948. The Trinity and Fredericksburg groups of Lower Cretaceous age supply ground water in the western part of the Edwards Plateau, which constitutes an area of more than 22,000 square miles. These formations furnish small to large supplies to 20 municipalities. Sands of the Dockum group of Triassic refurnish meager to moderate supplies of water for 10 municipalities in areas east of the southern part of the High Plains and in the northern Pecos Valley in Texas. Local alluvial, bolson, or volcanic deposits furnish ground water in small to large amounts in scattered localities in the remainder of the region. The Permian rocks are of little importance as a source of ground water for public supply, owing to the highly mineralized water in them. The results of the chemical analyses of 206 samples of water obtained from the public supplies of the region are given in this report. The analyses are reported in parts per million and in equivalents per million for those ions entering into ionic balance. Of the samples analyzed 57 percent contained silica in excess of 20 parts per million; about 9 percent contained iron in excess of 0.3 part per million; 78 percent had hardness in excess of 200 parts per million; about 18 percent contained sulfate in excess of 250 parts per million; 10 percent contained chloride in excess of 250 parts per million; 3 percent contained nitrate in excess of 20 parts per million; 37 percent contained fluoride in excess of 2 parts per million; and 12 percent contained dissolved solids in excess of 1,000 parts per million.

Fate of metals contained in waste electrical and electronic equipment in a municipal waste treatment process

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Oguchi, Masahiro, E-mail: oguchi.masahiro@nies.go.jp; Sakanakura, Hirofumi, E-mail: sakanakura@nies.go.jp; Terazono, Atsushi, E-mail: terazono@nies.go.jp

2012-01-15

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The fate of 55 metals during shredding and separation of WEEE was investigated. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Most metals were mainly distributed to the small-grain fraction. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Much of metals in WEEE being treated as municipal waste in Japan end up in landfills. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Pre-sorting of small digital products reduces metals to be landfilled at some level. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Consideration of metal recovery from other middle-sized WEEE is still important. - Abstract: In Japan, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) that is not covered by the recycling laws are treated as municipal solid waste. A part of common metals are recovered duringmore » the treatment; however, other metals are rarely recovered and their destinations are not clear. This study investigated the distribution ratios and substance flows of 55 metals contained in WEEE during municipal waste treatment using shredding and separation techniques at a Japanese municipal waste treatment plant. The results revealed that more than half of Cu and most of Al contained in WEEE end up in landfills or dissipate under the current municipal waste treatment system. Among the other metals contained in WEEE, at least 70% of the mass was distributed to the small-grain fraction through the shredding and separation and is to be landfilled. Most kinds of metals were concentrated several fold in the small-grain fraction through the process and therefore the small-grain fraction may be a next target for recovery of metals in terms of both metal content and amount. Separate collection and pre-sorting of small digital products can work as effective way for reducing precious metals and less common metals to be landfilled to some extent; however, much of the total masses of those metals would still end up in landfills and it is also important to consider how to recover and utilize metals contained in other WEEE such as audio/video equipment.« less

Radiolysis of hexavalent plutonium in solutions of uranyl nitrate containing fission product simulants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rance, Peter J. W.; Zilberman, B. Ya.; Akopov, G. A.

2000-07-01

The effect of the inherent radioactivity on the chemical state of plutonium ions in solution was recognized very shortly after the first macroscopic amounts of plutonium became available and early studies were conducted as part of the Manhattan Project. However, the behavior of plutonium ions, in nitric acid especially, has been found to be somewhat complex, so much so that a relatively modern summary paper included the comment that, "The vast amount of work carried out in nitric acid solutions can not be adequately summarized. Suffice it to say results in these solutions are plagued with irreproducibility and induction periods…" Needless to say, the presence of other ions in solution, as occurs when irradiated nuclear fuel is dissolved, further complicates matters. The purpose of the work described below was to add to the rather small amount of qualitative data available relating to the radiolytic behavior of plutonium in solutions of irradiated nuclear fuel.

Geochemical studies of clay minerals III. The determination of free silica and free alumina in montmorillonites

USGS Publications Warehouse

Foster, M.D.

1953-01-01

Determination of free silica by the method proposed made possible the derivation of logical formulas for several specimens of montmorillonites for which the formulas could not be derived from the analyses alone. Other montmorillonites, for which logical formulas could be derived from their analyses, were found to contain small amounts of free silica or free alumina. Others were found to contain neither free silica nor free alumina. The method consists of the following steps: (1) digestion of 1 g of the specimen with 0.5 N NaOH solution in a covered platinum crucible or dish on a steam bath for 4 hrs, stirring the mixture at 30-min intervals, (2) filtration of the undissolved material, followed by washing several times with 1% NaOH solution, (3) neutralization of the filtrate with HCl, addition of 5 ml HCl in excess and determination of SiO and Al2O3 in the usual way and (4) calculation of the amount of free SiO2 or free Al2O3 if any and the amount of attack of the clay structure by the treatment from the ratio of SiO2 to Al2O3 dissolved and the ratio of SiO2 to Al2O3 obtained on analysis. Tests with 5% Na2CO3 solution, the reagent formerly used for the solution of free SiO2 in rocks and minerals, showed that solution of opal by this reagent is always fractional, never complete, no matter how small the amount present or how long the period of treatment. Re-treatment of the sample results in 90-95% solution if 10 mg or less of opal is present, but for larger amounts of opal the percentage dissolved decreases as the amount present increases. On the other hand, 75 ml of 0.5 N NaOH completely dissolves as much as 400 mg of opal in 4 hrs digestion in a covered platinum crucible or dish, on a steam bath. However, a weaker solution or a shorter period of digestion does not effect complete solution. The same amount (75 ml) of 0.5 N NaOH also dissolves 90 mg of cristobalite and 57 mg of quartz having a grain size of less than 2 microns. Use of NaOH also permits determination of the amount of alumina dissolved, and estimation of the extent to which the clay structure was attacked by the treatment. ?? 1953.

Geochemical reconnaissance of the Carroll County Gold Belt and southwestern part of the Dahlonega Gold Belt, western Georgia

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lesure, Frank G.

1993-01-01

Most of the old mine areas contain small resources of gold in saprolite and probably larger amounts of lower grade material in unweathered rock. The mineralized zones are generally about 5 to 100ft wide, but may be as much as 250ft wide. Many deposits are only 100 to 800ft long, but a few mineralized zones are longer; one is as much as 0. 75 mi long.

Process Evaluation - Steam Reforming of Diesel Fuel Oil

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-02-15

Table 9. HIDROGEN CONVERSION RELATIVE TO TEMPERATURE, SPACE, VELOCITY, AND H20/C RATIO Oil Feed, Gas Product ,Run No. Temperature, *F H2,O/C Ratio igram...steam reforming diesel fuel, but with the production of naphthalene after 30 hours. Hydrogen production remained stable through the 86 hours of the test...79-C-0048. Hydrogen-rich gas was produced over a wide range of reaction conditions. This product gas contained small amounts of ethylene and !nzene

NICKEL-BASE ALLOY

DOEpatents

Inouye, H.; Manly, W.D.; Roche, T.K.

1960-01-19

A nickel-base alloy was developed which is particularly useful for the containment of molten fluoride salts in reactors. The alloy is resistant to both salt corrosion and oxidation and may be used at temperatures as high as 1800 deg F. Basically, the alloy consists of 15 to 22 wt.% molybdenum, a small amount of carbon, and 6 to 8 wt.% chromium, the balance being nickel. Up to 4 wt.% of tungsten, tantalum, vanadium, or niobium may be added to strengthen the alloy.

Progress report of southeastern monazite exploration, 1952

USGS Publications Warehouse

Overstreet, W.C.; Theobald, P.K.; White, A.M.; Cuppels, N.P.; Caldwell, D.W.; Whitlow, J.W.

1953-01-01

Reconnaissance of placer monazite during the field season of 1952 covered 6,600 square miles drained by streams in the western Piedmont of Virginia 5 North Carolina, South Carolina,, and Georgia. Emphasis during this investigation was placed on the area between the Savannah River at the border of South Carolina and Georgia and the Catawba River in North Carolina because it contains most of the placers formerly mined for monaziteo Four other areas along the strike of the monazite-bearing crystalline rocks were also studied, They center around Mt. Airy, N.C., Athens, Ga. Griffin, Ga. and LaGrange, Ga. In the Savannah River Catawba River district, studies indicate that even the highest grade stream deposits of more than 10 million cubic yards of alluvium contain less than 1 pound of monazite per cubic yard. The average grade of the better deposits is about 0 0 5 pound of monazite per cubic yard. Only trace amounts of niobium, tantalum, and tin have been detected in the placers. Tungsten is absent. Locally gold adds a few cents per cubic yard to the value of placer ground. The best deposits range in size from 1 to 5 million cubic yards and contain 1 to 2 pounds of monazite to the cubic yard. Hundreds of placers smaller than 1 million cubic yards exceed 2 pounds of monazite to the cubic yard and locally attain an average of 10 pounds Monazite deposits around Athens, Ga., are similar to the smaller deposits in the central part of the Savannah River - Catawba River district. A few small very low-grade monazite placers were found near Mt. Airy, N.C., Griffin, Ga., and LaGrange Ga., but they are of no economic value. The larger the flood plain and the farther it lies from the source of the stream, the lower is the monazite content of the sediment. Monazite cannot be profitably mined .from the crystalline rocks in the five areas. The alluvial placers are in stream sediments of post-Wisconsin age. Some pre-Wisconsin terrace gravel of small areal extent is exposed but it contains only a small amount of monazite Pre-Wisconsin to early post-Wisconsin colluvial sediments locally contain 2 pounds of monazite to the cubic yard. Mode of presentation of reports covering field work during the seasons of 1951 - 52 is given. No further reconnaissance will be undertaken, in the western monazite belt.

Characterization of the Surface Film Formed on Molten AZ91D Magnesium Alloy in Atmospheres Containing SO2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Xian-Fei; Xiong, Shou-Mei

2012-11-01

The surface film formed on molten AZ91D magnesium alloy in an atmosphere containing SO2 was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface film primarily contained MgO and MgS and had a network structure. MgS increased the Pilling-Bedworth ratio of the film and enhanced its protective capability. The films with a few pores at the surface consisted of two layers with an outer MgO layer and an inner layer of MgO and MgS. The film without pores at the surface also contained MgS and small amounts of MgSO4 in the outer layer. Increasing the SO2 content in the atmosphere promoted film growth and the formation of the protective film was prevented with the increased temperature.

Nonflammable gel electrolyte containing alkyl phosphate for rechargeable lithium batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoshimoto, Nobuko; Niida, Yoshihiro; Egashira, Minato; Morita, Masayuki

A nonflammable polymeric gel electrolyte has been developed for rechargeable lithium battery systems. The gel film consists of poly(vinylidenefluoride- co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) swollen with lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6) solution in ternary solvent containing trimethyl phosphate (TMP). High ionic conductivity of 6.2 mS cm -1 at 20 °C was obtained for the gel electrolyte consisting of 0.8 M LiPF 6/EC + DEC + TMP (55:25:20) with PVdF-HFP, which is comparable to that of the liquid electrolyte containing the same electrolytic salt. Addition of a small amount of vinylene carbonate (VC) in the gel electrolyte improved the rechargeability of a graphite electrode. The rechargeable capacity of the graphite in the gel containing VC was ca. 300 mAh g -1, which is almost the same as that in a conventional liquid electrolyte system.

Role of Cations in Accumulation and Release of Phosphate by Acinetobacter Strain 210A

PubMed Central

van Groenestijn, Johan W.; Vlekke, Gerard J. F. M.; Anink, Désirée M. E.; Deinema, Maria H.; Zehnder, Alexander J. B.

1988-01-01

Cells of the strictly aerobic Acinetobacter strain 210A, containing aerobically large amounts of polyphosphate (100 mg of phosphorus per g [dry weight] of biomass), released in the absence of oxygen 1.49 mmol of Pi, 0.77 meq of Mg2+, 0.48 meq of K+, 0.02 meq of Ca2+, and 0.14 meq of NH4+ per g (dry weight) of biomass. The drop in pH during this anaerobic phase was caused by the release of 1.8 protons per PO43− molecule. Cells of Acinetobacter strain 132, which do not accumulate polyphosphate aerobically, released only 0.33 mmol of Pi and 0.13 meq of Mg2+ per g (dry weight) of biomass but released K+ in amounts comparable to those released by strain 210A. Stationary-phase cultures of Acinetobacter strain 210A, in which polyphosphate could not be detected by Neisser staining, aerobically took up phosphate simultaneously with Mg2+, the most important counterion in polyphosphate. In the absence of dissolved phosphate in the medium, no Mg2+ was taken up. Cells containing polyphosphate granules were able to grow in a Mg-free medium, whereas cells without these granules were not. Mg2+ was not essential as a counterion because it could be replaced by Ca2+. The presence of small amounts of K+ was essential for polyphosphate formation in cells of strain 210A. During continuous cultivation under K+ limitation, cells of Acinetobacter strain 210A contained only 14 mg of phosphorus per g (dry weight) of biomass, whereas this element was accumulated in amounts of 59 mg/g under substrate limitation and 41 mg/g under Mg2+ limitation. For phosphate uptake in activated sludge, the presence of K+ seemed to be crucial. PMID:16347788

Protein adsorption onto CF(3)-terminated oligo(ethylene glycol) containing self-assembled monolayers (SAMs): the influence of ionic strength and electrostatic forces.

PubMed

Bonnet, Nelly; O'Hagan, David; Hähner, Georg

2010-05-07

Oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) containing self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold are known for their protein resistant properties. The underlying molecular mechanisms and the contributions of the interactions involved, however, are still not completely understood. It is known that electrostatic, van der Waals, hydrophobic, and hydration forces all play a role in the interaction between proteins and surfaces, but it is difficult to study their influence separately and to quantify their contributions. In the present study we investigate five different OEG containing SAMs and the influence of the ionic strength and the electrostatic component on the amount of a negatively charged protein (fibrinogen) that adsorbs onto them. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to record force-distance curves with hydrophobic probes depending on the ion concentration, and the amount of the protein that adsorbs relative to a hydrophobic surface was quantified using ellipsometry. The findings suggest that electrostatic forces can create a very low energy barrier thus only slightly decreasing the number of negatively charged proteins in solution with sufficient energy to approach the surface closely, and have a rather small influence on the amount that adsorbs. The films we investigated were not protein resistant. This supports other studies, reporting that a strong short-range repulsion as for example caused by hydration forces is required to make these films resistant to the non-specific adsorption of proteins.

Dispersion of Louisiana crude oil in salt water environment by Corexit 9500A in the presence of natural coastal materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tansel, Berrin; Lee, Mengshan; Berbakov, Jillian; Tansel, Derya Z.; Koklonis, Urpiana

2014-04-01

Effectiveness of Corexit 9500A for dispersing Louisiana crude oil was evaluated in salt water solutions containing natural materials in relation to salinity and dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR). Experimental results showed that both salinity and DOR had significant effects on dispersion of Louisiana crude oil in the presence of different natural materials. The natural materials added to the salt water solutions included sea sand (South Beach, Miami, Florida), red mangrove leaves (Rhizophora mangle), seaweed (Sargassum natans), and sea grass (Halodule wrightii). Dispersant effectiveness (amount of oil dispersed into the water) was reduced significantly with increasing salinity with the minimum effectiveness observed in the salinity range between 30 and 50 ppt in all aqueous samples containing natural materials. When significant amounts of floating oil were present, the partially submerged natural materials enhanced the transfer of oil into the water column, which improved the dispersion effectiveness. However, dispersant effectiveness was significantly reduced when the amount of floating oil was relatively small and could not be released back to the water column. Surface tension may not be an adequate parameter for monitoring the effectiveness of dispersants in salt water environment. When distilled water was used (i.e., zero salinity), surface tension was significantly reduced with increasing dispersant concentration. However, there was no clear trend in the surface tension of the salt water solutions (17-51 ppt) containing crude oil and natural materials with increasing dispersant concentration.

Determination of small quantities of fluoride in water: A modified zirconium-alizarin method

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lamar, W.L.; Seegmiller, C.G.

1941-01-01

The zirconium-alizarin method has been modified to facilitate the convenient and accurate determination of small amounts of fluoride in a large number of water samples. Sulfuric acid is used to acidify the samples to reduce the interference of sulfate. The pH is accurately controlled to give the most sensitive comparisons. Most natural waters can be analyzed by the modified procedure without resorting to correction curves. The fluoride content of waters containing less than 500 parts per million of sulfate, 500 parts per million of bicarbonate, and 1000 parts per million of chloride may be determined within a limit of about 0.1 part per million when a 100-ml. sample is used.

Oxidation of pyrite in coal to magnetite

USGS Publications Warehouse

Thorpe, A.N.; Senftle, F.E.; Alexander, C.C.; Dulong, F.T.

1984-01-01

When bituminous coal is heated in an inert atmosphere (He) containing small amounts of oxygen at 393-455 ??C, pyrite (FeS2) in coal is partially converted to magnetite (Fe304). The maximum amount of Fe304 formed during the time of heating corresponds to 5-20% of the total pyrite present, depending on the coal sample. The magnetite forms as an outer crust on the pyrite grains. The fact that the magnetic properties of the pyrite grains are substantially increased by the magnetite crust suggests that pyrite can be separated from coal by use of a low magnetic field. In a laboratory test, 75% removal is obtained by means of a 500 Oe magnet on three samples, and 60% on a fourth sample. ?? 1984.

Analysis of Cadmium in Undissolved Anode Materials of Mark-IV Electrorefiner

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tae-Sic Yoo; Guy L. Fredrickson; DeeEarl Vaden

2013-10-01

The Mark-IV electrorefiner (Mk-IV ER) contains an electrolyte/molten cadmium system for refining uranium electrochemically. Typically, the anode of the Mk-IV ER consists of the chopped sodium-bonded metallic driver fuels, which have been primarily U-10Zr binary fuels. Chemical analysis of the residual anode materials after electrorefining indicates that a small amount of cadmium is removed from the Mk-IV ER along with the undissolved anode materials. Investigation of chemical analysis data indicates that the amount of cadmium in the undissolved anode materials is strongly correlated with the anode rotation speeds and the residence time of the anode in the Mk-IV ER. Discussionsmore » are given to explain the prescribed correlation.« less

Proximate composition, fatty acid analysis and protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score of three Mediterranean cephalopods.

PubMed

Zlatanos, Spiros; Laskaridis, Kostas; Feist, Christian; Sagredos, Angelos

2006-10-01

Proximate composition, fatty acid analysis and protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) in three commercially important cephalopods of the Mediterranean sea (cuttlefish, octopus and squid) were determined. The results of the proximate analysis showed that these species had very high protein:fat ratios similar to lean beef. Docosahexaenoic, palmitic and eicosipentaenoic acid were the most abundant fatty acids among analyzed species. The amount of n-3 fatty acids was higher than that of saturated, monounsaturated and n-6 fatty acids. Despite the fact that cephalopods contain small amounts of fat they were found quite rich in n-3 fatty acids. Finally, PDCAAS indicated that these organisms had a very good protein quality.

The speed of sound in a gas–vapour bubbly liquid

PubMed Central

Prosperetti, Andrea

2015-01-01

In addition to the vapour of the liquid, bubbles in cavitating flows usually contain also a certain amount of permanent gas that diffuses out of the liquid as they grow. This paper presents a simplified linear model for the propagation of monochromatic pressure waves in a bubbly liquid with these characteristics. Phase change effects are included in detail, while the gas is assumed to follow a polytropic law. It is shown that even a small amount of permanent gas can have a major effect on the behaviour of the system. Particular attention is paid to the low-frequency range, which is of special concern in flow cavitation. Numerical results for water and liquid oxygen illustrate the implications of the model. PMID:26442146

The speed of sound in a gas-vapour bubbly liquid.

PubMed

Prosperetti, Andrea

2015-10-06

In addition to the vapour of the liquid, bubbles in cavitating flows usually contain also a certain amount of permanent gas that diffuses out of the liquid as they grow. This paper presents a simplified linear model for the propagation of monochromatic pressure waves in a bubbly liquid with these characteristics. Phase change effects are included in detail, while the gas is assumed to follow a polytropic law. It is shown that even a small amount of permanent gas can have a major effect on the behaviour of the system. Particular attention is paid to the low-frequency range, which is of special concern in flow cavitation. Numerical results for water and liquid oxygen illustrate the implications of the model.

Methodological considerations for measuring glucocorticoid metabolites in feathers

PubMed Central

Berk, Sara A.; McGettrick, Julie R.; Hansen, Warren K.; Breuner, Creagh W.

2016-01-01

In recent years, researchers have begun to use corticosteroid metabolites in feathers (fCORT) as a metric of stress physiology in birds. However, there remain substantial questions about how to measure fCORT most accurately. Notably, small samples contain artificially high amounts of fCORT per millimetre of feather (the small sample artefact). Furthermore, it appears that fCORT is correlated with circulating plasma corticosterone only when levels are artificially elevated by the use of corticosterone implants. Here, we used several approaches to address current methodological issues with the measurement of fCORT. First, we verified that the small sample artefact exists across species and feather types. Second, we attempted to correct for this effect by increasing the amount of methanol relative to the amount of feather during extraction. We consistently detected more fCORT per millimetre or per milligram of feather in small samples than in large samples even when we adjusted methanol:feather concentrations. We also used high-performance liquid chromatography to identify hormone metabolites present in feathers and measured the reactivity of these metabolites against the most commonly used antibody for measuring fCORT. We verified that our antibody is mainly identifying corticosterone (CORT) in feathers, but other metabolites have significant cross-reactivity. Lastly, we measured faecal glucocorticoid metabolites in house sparrows and correlated these measurements with corticosteroid metabolites deposited in concurrently grown feathers; we found no correlation between faecal glucocorticoid metabolites and fCORT. We suggest that researchers should be cautious in their interpretation of fCORT in wild birds and should seek alternative validation methods to examine species-specific relationships between environmental challenges and fCORT. PMID:27335650

Small RNA fragments in complex culture media cause alterations in protein profiles of three species of bacteria.

PubMed

Pavankumar, Asalapuram R; Ayyappasamy, Sudalaiyadum Perumal; Sankaran, Krishnan

2012-03-01

Efforts to delineate the basis for variations in protein profiles of different membrane fractions from various bacterial pathogens led to the finding that even the same medium [e.g., Luria Bertani (LB) broth] purchased from different commercial sources generates remarkably dissimilar protein profiles despite similar growth characteristics. Given the pervasive roles small RNAs play in regulating gene expression, we inquired if these source-specific differences due to media arise from disparities in the presence of small RNAs. Indeed, LB media components from two different commercial suppliers contained varying, yet significant, amounts of 10-80 bp small RNAs. Removal of small RNA from LB using RNaseA during media preparation resulted in significant changes in bacterial protein expression profiles. Our studies underscore the fact that seemingly identical growth media can lead to dramatic alterations in protein expression patterns, highlighting the importance of utilizing media free of small RNA during bacteriological studies. Finally, these results raise the intriguing possibility that similar pools of small RNAs in the environment can influence bacterial adaptation.

Mineral resource of the month: natural and synthetic zeolites

USGS Publications Warehouse

Virta, Robert L.

2008-01-01

Volcanic rocks containing natural zeolites — hydrated aluminosilicate minerals that contain alkaline and alkaline-earth metals — have been mined worldwide for more than 1,000 years for use as cements and building stone. For centuries, people thought natural zeolites occurred only in small amounts inside cavities of volcanic rock. But in the 1950s and early 1960s, large zeolite deposits were discovered in volcanic tuffs in the western United States and in marine tuffs in Italy and Japan. And since then, similar deposits have been found around the world, from Hungary to Cuba to New Zealand. The discovery of these larger deposits made commercial mining of natural zeolite possible.

Bright carbonate deposits as evidence of aqueous alteration on (1) Ceres

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Sanctis, M. C.; Raponi, A.; Ammannito, E.; Ciarniello, M.; Toplis, M. J.; McSween, H. Y.; Castillo-Rogez, J. C.; Ehlmann, B. L.; Carrozzo, F. G.; Marchi, S.; Tosi, F.; Zambon, F.; Capaccioni, F.; Capria, M. T.; Fonte, S.; Formisano, M.; Frigeri, A.; Giardino, M.; Longobardo, A.; Magni, G.; Palomba, E.; McFadden, L. A.; Pieters, C. M.; Jaumann, R.; Schenk, P.; Mugnuolo, R.; Raymond, C. A.; Russell, C. T.

2016-08-01

The typically dark surface of the dwarf planet Ceres is punctuated by areas of much higher albedo, most prominently in the Occator crater. These small bright areas have been tentatively interpreted as containing a large amount of hydrated magnesium sulfate, in contrast to the average surface, which is a mixture of low-albedo materials and magnesium phyllosilicates, ammoniated phyllosilicates and carbonates. Here we report high spatial and spectral resolution near-infrared observations of the bright areas in the Occator crater on Ceres. Spectra of these bright areas are consistent with a large amount of sodium carbonate, constituting the most concentrated known extraterrestrial occurrence of carbonate on kilometre-wide scales in the Solar System. The carbonates are mixed with a dark component and small amounts of phyllosilicates, as well as ammonium carbonate or ammonium chloride. Some of these compounds have also been detected in the plume of Saturn’s sixth-largest moon Enceladus. The compounds are endogenous and we propose that they are the solid residue of crystallization of brines and entrained altered solids that reached the surface from below. The heat source may have been transient (triggered by impact heating). Alternatively, internal temperatures may be above the eutectic temperature of subsurface brines, in which case fluids may exist at depth on Ceres today.

Transportation of Hazardous Evidentiary Material.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Osborn, Douglas.

2005-06-01

This document describes the specimen and transportation containers currently available for use with hazardous and infectious materials. A detailed comparison of advantages, disadvantages, and costs of the different technologies is included. Short- and long-term recommendations are also provided.3 DraftDraftDraftExecutive SummaryThe Federal Bureau of Investigation's Hazardous Materials Response Unit currently has hazardous material transport containers for shipping 1-quart paint cans and small amounts of contaminated forensic evidence, but the containers may not be able to maintain their integrity under accident conditions or for some types of hazardous materials. This report provides guidance and recommendations on the availability of packages for themore » safe and secure transport of evidence consisting of or contaminated with hazardous chemicals or infectious materials. Only non-bulk containers were considered because these are appropriate for transport on small aircraft. This report will addresses packaging and transportation concerns for Hazardous Classes 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9 materials. If the evidence is known or suspected of belonging to one of these Hazardous Classes, it must be packaged in accordance with the provisions of 49 CFR Part 173. The anthrax scare of several years ago, and less well publicized incidents involving unknown and uncharacterized substances, has required that suspicious substances be sent to appropriate analytical laboratories for analysis and characterization. Transportation of potentially hazardous or infectious material to an appropriate analytical laboratory requires transport containers that maintain both the biological and chemical integrity of the substance in question. As a rule, only relatively small quantities will be available for analysis. Appropriate transportation packaging is needed that will maintain the integrity of the substance, will not allow biological alteration, will not react chemically with the substance being shipped, and will otherwise maintain it as nearly as possible in its original condition.The recommendations provided are short-term solutions to the problems of shipping evidence, and have considered only currently commercially available containers. These containers may not be appropriate for all cases. Design, testing, and certification of new transportation containers would be necessary to provide a container appropriate for all cases.Table 1 provides a summary of the recommendations for each class of hazardous material.Table 1: Summary of RecommendationsContainerCost1-quart paint can with ArmlockTM seal ringLabelMaster(r)%242.90 eachHazard Class 3, 4, 5, 8, or 9 Small ContainersTC Hazardous Material Transport ContainerCurrently in Use4 DraftDraftDraftTable 1: Summary of Recommendations (continued)ContainerCost55-gallon open or closed-head steel drumsAll-Pak, Inc.%2458.28 - %2473.62 eachHazard Class 3, 4, 5, 8, or 9 Large Containers95-gallon poly overpack LabelMaster(r)%24194.50 each1-liter glass container with plastic coatingLabelMaster(r)%243.35 - %243.70 eachHazard Class 6 Division 6.1 Poisonous by Inhalation (PIH) Small ContainersTC Hazardous Material Transport ContainerCurrently in Use20 to 55-gallon PIH overpacksLabelMaster(r)%24142.50 - %24170.50 eachHazard Class 6 Division 6.1 Poisonous by Inhalation (PIH) Large Containers65 to 95-gallon poly overpacksLabelMaster(r)%24163.30 - %24194.50 each1-liter transparent containerCurrently in UseHazard Class 6 Division 6.2 Infectious Material Small ContainersInfectious Substance ShipperSource Packaging of NE, Inc.%24336.00 eachNone Commercially AvailableN/AHazard Class 6 Division 6.2 Infectious Material Large ContainersNone Commercially Available N/A5« less

Toxic metals in WEEE: characterization and substance flow analysis in waste treatment processes.

PubMed

Oguchi, Masahiro; Sakanakura, Hirofumi; Terazono, Atsushi

2013-10-01

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has received extensive attention as a secondary source of metals. Because WEEE also contains toxic substances such as heavy metals, appropriate management of these substances is important in the recycling and treatment of WEEE. As a basis for discussion toward better management of WEEE, this study characterizes various types of WEEE in terms of toxic metal contents. The fate of various metals contained in WEEE, including toxic metals, was also investigated in actual waste treatment processes. Cathode-ray tube televisions showed the highest concentration and the largest total amount of toxic metals such as Ba, Pb, and Sb, so appropriate recycling and disposal of these televisions would greatly contribute to better management of toxic metals in WEEE. A future challenge is the management of toxic metals in mid-sized items such as audio/visual and ICT equipment because even though the concentrations were not high in these items, the total amount of toxic metals contained in them is not negligible. In the case of Japan, such mid-sized WEEE items as well as small electronic items are subject to municipal solid waste treatment. A case study showed that a landfill was the main destination of toxic metals contained in those items in the current treatment systems. The case study also showed that changes in the flows of toxic metals will occur when treatment processes are modified to emphasize resource recovery. Because the flow changes might lead to an increase in the amount of toxic metals released to the environment, the flows of toxic metals and the materials targeted for resource recovery should be considered simultaneously. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Transformation from Multilamellar to Unilamellar Vesicles by Addition of a Cationic Lipid to PEGylated Liposomes Explored with Synchrotron Small Angle X-ray Scattering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sakuragi, Mina; Koiwai, Kazunori; Nakamura, Kouji; Masunaga, Hiroyasu; Ogawa, Hiroki; Sakurai, Kazuo

2011-01-01

PEGylated liposomes composed of a benzamidine derivative (TRX), hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine (HSPC), and N-(monomethoxy-polyethyleneglycolcarbamyl) distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE) were examined in terms of how the addition of TRX affects their structures with small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM images showed the presence of unilamella vesicles for both with and without TRX, though a small amount of multilamella vesicles were observed in absence of TRX. We analyzed SAXS profiles at contained TRX composition combined with contrast variation technique by adding PEG solution and unilamella vesicle model could be reproduced. Subsequently, we analyzed SAXS profiles at no TRX composition. The mixture model of unilamella and multilamella vesicle was reconstructed and we estimated about 10 % multilamella vesicles from a fitting parameter.

Self-contained microfluidic systems: a review.

PubMed

Boyd-Moss, Mitchell; Baratchi, Sara; Di Venere, Martina; Khoshmanesh, Khashayar

2016-08-16

Microfluidic systems enable rapid diagnosis, screening and monitoring of diseases and health conditions using small amounts of biological samples and reagents. Despite these remarkable features, conventional microfluidic systems rely on bulky expensive external equipment, which hinders their utility as powerful analysis tools outside of research laboratories. 'Self-contained' microfluidic systems, which contain all necessary components to facilitate a complete assay, have been developed to address this limitation. In this review, we provide an in-depth overview of self-contained microfluidic systems. We categorise these systems based on their operating mechanisms into three major groups: passive, hand-powered and active. Several examples are provided to discuss the structure, capabilities and shortcomings of each group. In particular, we discuss the self-contained microfluidic systems enabled by active mechanisms, due to their unique capability for running multi-step and highly controllable diagnostic assays. Integration of self-contained microfluidic systems with the image acquisition and processing capabilities of smartphones, especially those equipped with accessory optical components, enables highly sensitive and quantitative assays, which are discussed. Finally, the future trends and possible solutions to expand the versatility of self-contained, stand-alone microfluidic platforms are outlined.

Pt-free carbon-based fuel cell catalyst prepared from spherical polyimide for enhanced oxygen diffusion

PubMed Central

Nabae, Yuta; Nagata, Shinsuke; Hayakawa, Teruaki; Niwa, Hideharu; Harada, Yoshihisa; Oshima, Masaharu; Isoda, Ayano; Matsunaga, Atsushi; Tanaka, Kazuhisa; Aoki, Tsutomu

2016-01-01

The development of a non-precious metal (NPM) fuel cell catalyst is extremely important to achieve globalization of polymer electrolyte fuel cells due to the cost and scarcity of platinum. Here, we report on a NPM cathode catalyst prepared by the pyrolysis of spherical polyimide nanoparticles that contain small amounts of Fe additive. 60 nm diameter Fe-containing polyimide nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by the precipitation polymerization of pyromellitic acid dianhydride and 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene with Fe(acac)3 (acac = acetylacetonate) as an additive. The particles were subsequently carbonized by multistep pyrolysis to obtain the NPM catalyst while retaining the small particle size. The catalyst has good performance and promising durability for fuel cell applications. The fuel cell performance under a 0.2 MPa air atmosphere at 80 °C of 1.0 A cm−2 at 0.46 V is especially remarkable and better than that previously reported. PMID:26987682

Using the gini coefficient to measure the chemical diversity of small-molecule libraries.

PubMed

Weidlich, Iwona E; Filippov, Igor V

2016-08-15

Modern databases of small organic molecules contain tens of millions of structures. The size of theoretically available chemistry is even larger. However, despite the large amount of chemical information, the "big data" moment for chemistry has not yet provided the corresponding payoff of cheaper computer-predicted medicine or robust machine-learning models for the determination of efficacy and toxicity. Here, we present a study of the diversity of chemical datasets using a measure that is commonly used in socioeconomic studies. We demonstrate the use of this diversity measure on several datasets that were constructed to contain various congeneric subsets of molecules as well as randomly selected molecules. We also apply our method to a number of well-known databases that are frequently used for structure-activity relationship modeling. Our results show the poor diversity of the common sources of potential lead compounds compared to actual known drugs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The cardiac ultrastructure of Chimaera monstrosa L. (Elasmobranchii: Holocephali).

PubMed

Berge, P I

1979-09-03

The ultrastructure of the heart in Chimaera monstrosa L. is described. The endocardial and the epicardial cells are similar in the three cardiac regions. Myocardial cells show small variations. The myofibred, 4--6 microns thick, contains one or a few myofibrils. Each myosin filament is surrounded by six actin filaments. The sarcomere banding pattern includes the Z-, A-, I-, M-, N-, and H-band. End-to-end attachments between myofibres are composed of alternating desmosomes and fasciae adhaerentes. Desmosomes and nexuses occur between longitudinally oriented cell surfaces. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed but well defined. Peripheral coupling-like structures are common, T-tubules are absent. Membrane bound dense bodies occur in all regions. Areas with ribosomes and single myosin filaments are often seen. The epicardial cells have a regular hexagonal surface and are much thicker than the endocardial cells. Numerous short and few longer cytoplasmic extensions face the pericardial cavity. The flat endocardial cells contain a large nucleus and small amounts of cytoplasm.

Wire-inhomogeneity detector

DOEpatents

Gibson, G.H.; Smits, R.G.; Eberhard, P.H.

1982-08-31

A device for uncovering imperfections in electrical conducting wire, particularly superconducting wire, by detecting variations in eddy currents. Eddy currents effect the magnetic field in a gap of an inductor, contained in a modified commercial ferrite core, through which the wire being tested is passed. A small increase or decrease in the amount of conductive material, such as copper, in a fixed cross section of wire will unbalance a bridge used to measure the impedance of the inductor, tripping a detector and sounding an alarm.

High-Temperature Insulating Gap Filler

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Toombs, Gordon R.; Oyoung, Kevin K.; Stevens, Everett G.

1991-01-01

New inorganic, ceramic filler for gaps between refractory ceramic tiles offers high resistance to heat and erosion. Consists of ceramic-fiber fabric precoated with silica and further coated with silica containing small amount of silicon carbide powder to increase thermal emittance. Developed as replacement for organic filler used on thermal-protection system of Space Shuttle. Promises to serve for many missions and to reduce cost and delay of refurbishing aerospace craft. Used as sealing material in furnaces or as heat shield for sensitive components in automobiles, aircraft, and home appliances.

Locking classical correlations in quantum States.

PubMed

DiVincenzo, David P; Horodecki, Michał; Leung, Debbie W; Smolin, John A; Terhal, Barbara M

2004-02-13

We show that there exist bipartite quantum states which contain a large locked classical correlation that is unlocked by a disproportionately small amount of classical communication. In particular, there are (2n+1)-qubit states for which a one-bit message doubles the optimal classical mutual information between measurement results on the subsystems, from n/2 bits to n bits. This phenomenon is impossible classically. However, states exhibiting this behavior need not be entangled. We study the range of states exhibiting this phenomenon and bound its magnitude.

Sm-Nd Isotopic Studies of Two Nakhlites, NWA 5790 and Nakhla

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

C.-Y. Shih; Nyquist, L. E.; Reese, Y.; Jambon, A.

2010-01-01

NWA 5790 is a Martian meteorite recently found in the Mauritania part of the Saharan desert and is classified as a nakhlite, containing a small amount of interstitial plagioclase. Unlike other Martian meteorites ( e.g., shergottites), nakhlites have been only moderately shocked and their original igneous textures are still well-preserved. In this report, we present Sm-Nd isotopic data for NWA 5790 and Nakhla, a rare "fall" nakhlite, correlate their ages with those of other nakhlites and discuss their petrogenesis.

Minutes of the Explosives Safety Seminar (25th) Held in Anaheim, California on 18-20 August 1992. Volume 1

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-08-20

project. There is no doubt that we would have otherwise spent many years in proving project feasibility and trialing the specific demilitarisation...SUCH ROCKET MOTORS AS THE ONE USED IN THE BULLPUP SYSTEM WERE CONSIDERED. A. DRAINING AND NEUTRALIZING THE OXIDIZER BY CAUSTIC SODA AND THEN SIMPLE...INHIBITED RED FUMING NITRIC ACID WAS DETECTED IN SMALL AMOUNTS. 482 CONSEQUENTLY. THE "EMPTY" CASES WERE PLACED INTO A TANK CONTAINING WATER AND CAUSTIC

Carbon dioxide reduction by the Bosch process

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Manning, M. P.; Reid, R. C.

1975-01-01

Prototype units for carrying out the reduction of carbon dioxide to elementary carbon have been built and operated successfully. In some cases, however, startup difficulties have been reported. Moreover, the recycle reactor product has been reported to contain only small amounts of water and undesirably high yields of methane. This paper presents the results of the first phase of an experimental study that was carried out to define the mechanisms occurring in the reduction process. Conclusions are drawn and possible modifications to the present recycle process are suggested.

Iron-based alloys with corrosion resistance to oxygen-sulfur mixed gases

DOEpatents

Natesan, K.

1992-11-17

An iron-based alloy with improved performance with exposure to oxygen-sulfur mixed gases with the alloy containing about 9--30 wt. % Cr and a small amount of Nb and/or Zr implanted on the surface of the alloy to diffuse a depth into the surface portion, with the alloy exhibiting corrosion resistance to the corrosive gases without bulk addition of Nb and/or Zr and without heat treatment at temperatures of 1000--1100 C. 7 figs.

Iron-based alloys with corrosion resistance to oxygen-sulfur mixed gases

DOEpatents

Natesan, Krishnamurti

1992-01-01

An iron-based alloy with improved performance with exposure to oxygen-sulfur mixed gases with the alloy containing about 9-30 wt. % Cr and a small amount of Nb and/or Zr implanted on the surface of the alloy to diffuse a depth into the surface portion, with the alloy exhibiting corrosion resistance to the corrosive gases without bulk addition of Nb and/or Zr and without heat treatment at temperatures of 1000.degree.-1100.degree. C.

Water absorption and method improvement concerning electrical conductivity testing Acacia mangium (Fabaceae) seeds.

PubMed

de Oliveira, Daniel Luiz; Smiderle, Oscar Jose; Paulino, Pollyana Priscila Schuertz; Souza, Aline das Graças

2016-12-01

Acacia is an important forest species of rapid growth whose seeds have tegument dormancy. In this work it was intended to characterize water absorption pattern after seed dormancy break, and to determine the amount of water, container size and the need of breaking the tegument dormancy, as to perform electrical conductivity test in small and large seeds of Acacia mangium (Fabaceae). The seeds were collected from 10, 8 and 6 years old trees established in poor yielding-capacity soils on savannah areas of Roraima, Brazil; seeds were classified in six lots concerning to seed size and tree age. Germination tests (50 seeds and four replications per lot) were carried out on germitest® paper maintained on gerbox at 25 °C. Imbibition was verified by seed weighing at different times (0, 2, 5, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 and 120 hours). The electrical conductivity test consisted of three experiments, distinguished by the amount of water used and by the container size in which seeds were immersed. Seeds of A. mangium coming from 10 years old trees presented increased germination percent and germination speed than seeds of six-year old trees. Small seeds presented increased in electrical conductivity and water absorption until 120 hours when compared to large seeds. The immersion of seeds of A. mangium in 40 mL of distilled water into 180 mL plastic containers, after dormancy break, it is indicated for the determination of electrical conductivity test. The ratio of electrolytes by seed mass, after 24 hours of immersion in water, turns electrical conductivity test more accurate concerning A. mangium seeds.

A double medium model for diffusion in fluid-bearing rock

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, H. F.

1993-09-01

The concept of a double porosity medium to model fluid flow in fractured rock has been applied to model diffusion in rock containing a small amount of a continuous fluid phase that surrounds small volume elements of the solid matrix. The model quantifies the relative role of diffusion in the fluid and solid phases of the rock. The fluid is the fast diffusion path, but the solid contains the volumetrically significant amount of the diffusing species. The double medium model consists of two coupled differential equations. One equation is the diffusion equation for the fluid concentration; it contains a source term for change in the average concentration of the diffusing species in the solid matrix. The second equation represents the assumption that the change in average concentration in a solid element is proportional to the difference between the average concentration in the solid and the concentration in the fluid times the solid-fluid partition coefficient. The double medium model is shown to apply to laboratory data on iron diffusion in fluid-bearing dunite and to measured oxygen isotope ratios at marble-metagranite contacts. In both examples, concentration profiles are calculated for diffusion taking place at constant temperature, where a boundary value changes suddenly and is subsequently held constant. Knowledge of solid diffusivities can set a lower bound to the length of time over which diffusion occurs, but only the product of effective fluid diffusivity and time is constrained for times longer than the characteristic solid diffusion time. The double medium results approach a local, grain-scale equilibrium model for times that are large relative to the time constant for solid diffusion.

Water and carbon in rusty lunar rock 66095

USGS Publications Warehouse

Friedman, I.; Hardcastle, Kenneth G.; Gleason, J.D.

1974-01-01

Lunar rock 66095 contains a hydrated iron oxide and has an unusual amount of water for a lunar rock (140 to 750 parts per million), 90 percent of which is released below 690??C. The ??D of water released at these low temperatures varies from -75 to -140 per mil relative to standard mean ocean water (SMOW). The small amount of water released between 690?? and 1300??C has a ??D of about -175 ?? 25 per mil SMOW. These ??D values are not unusual for terrestrial water. The ??18O of water extracted from 110?? to 400??C has a value of + 5 ?? 1 per mil SMOW, similar to the value for lunar silicates from rock 66095 and different from the value of -4 to -22 per mil found for samples of terrestrial rust including samples of rusted meteoritic iron. The amount of carbon varies from 11 to 59 parts per million with a ??13C from -20 to -30 per mil relative to Pee Dee belemnite. Only very small amounts of reduced species (such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane) were found, in contrast to the analyses of other lunar rocks. Although it is possible that most of the water in the iron oxide (goethite) may be terrestrial in origin or may have exchanged with terrestrial water during sample return and handling, evidence presented herein suggests that this did not happen and that some lunar water may have a ??D that is indistinguishable from that of terrestrial water.

Lead contamination of chicken eggs and tissues from a small farm flock.

PubMed

Trampel, Darrell W; Imerman, Paula M; Carson, Thomas L; Kinker, Julie A; Ensley, Steve M

2003-09-01

Twenty mixed-breed adult laying hens from a small farm flock in Iowa were clinically normal but had been exposed to chips of lead-based paint in their environment. These chickens were brought to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ames, Iowa, where the concentration of lead in blood, eggs (yolk, albumen, and shell), and tissues (liver, kidney, muscle, and ovary) from 5 selected chickens was determined over a period of 9 days. Blood lead levels ranged from less than 50 to 760 ppb. Lead contamination of the yolks varied from less than 20 to 400 ppb, and shells were found to contain up to 450 ppb lead. Albumen contained no detectable amount. Lead content of the egg yolks strongly correlated with blood lead levels. Deposition of lead in the shells did not correlate well with blood lead levels. Mean tissue lead accumulation was highest in kidneys (1,360 ppb), with livers ranking second (500 ppb) and ovarian tissue third (320 ppb). Muscle contained the lowest level of lead (280 ppb). Lead contamination of egg yolks and edible chicken tissues represents a potential public health hazard, especially to children repeatedly consuming eggs from contaminated family-owned flocks.

Cadmium Recycling in the United States in 2000

USGS Publications Warehouse

Plachy, Jozef

2003-01-01

Recycling of cadmium is a young and growing industry that has been influenced by environmental concerns and regulatory constraints. Domestic recycling of cadmium began in 1989 as a byproduct of processing of spent nickel-cadmium batteries. In 1995, International Metals Reclamation Co. Inc. expanded its operations by building a dedicated cadmium recycling plant. In 2000, an estimated 13 percent of cadmium consumption in the United States was sourced from recycled cadmium, which is derived mainly from old scrap or, to lesser degree, new scrap. The easiest forms of old scrap to recycle are small spent nickel-cadmium batteries followed by flue dust generated during recycling of galvanized steel and small amounts of alloys that contain cadmium. Most of new scrap is generated during manufacturing processes, such as nickel-cadmium battery production. All other uses of cadmium are in low concentrations and, therefore, difficult to recycle. Consequently, much of this cadmium is dissipated and lost. The amount of cadmium in scrap that was unrecovered in 2000 was estimated to be 2,030 t, and an estimated 285 t was recovered. Recycling efficiency was estimated to be about 15 percent.

Cadmium recycling in the United States in 2000

USGS Publications Warehouse

Plachy, Jozef

2003-01-01

Recycling of cadmium is a young and growing industry that has been influenced by environmental concerns and regulatory constraints. Domestic recycling of cadmium began in 1989 as a byproduct of processing of spent nickel-cadmium batteries. In 1995, International Metals Reclamation Co. Inc. expanded its operations by building a dedicated cadmium recycling plant. In 2000, an estimated 13 percent of cadmium consumption in the United States was sourced from recycled cadmium, which is derived mainly from old scrap or, to lesser degree, new scrap. The easiest forms of old scrap to recycle are small spent nickel-cadmium batteries followed by flue dust generated during recycling of galvanized steel and small amounts of alloys that contain cadmium. Most of new scrap is generated during manufacturing processes, such as nickel-cadmium battery production. All other uses of cadmium are in low concentrations and, therefore, difficult to recycle. Consequently, much of this cadmium is dissipated and lost. The amount of cadmium in scrap that was unrecovered in 2000 was estimated to be 2,030 metric tons, and an estimated 285 tons was recovered. Recycling efficiency was estimated to be about 15 percent.

Fe(II) sorption on pyrophyllite: Effect of structural Fe(III) (impurity) in pyrophyllite on nature of layered double hydroxide (LDH) secondary mineral formation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Starcher, Autumn N.; Li, Wei; Kukkadapu, Ravi K.

Fe(II)-Al(III)-LDH (layered double hydroxide) phases have been shown to form from reactions of aqueous Fe(II) with Fe-free Al-bearing minerals (phyllosilicate/clays and Al-oxides). To our knowledge, the effect of small amounts of structural Fe(III) impurities in “neutral” clays on such reactions, however, were not studied. In this study to understand the role of structural Fe(III) impurity in clays, laboratory batch studies with pyrophyllite (10 g/L), an Al-bearing phyllosilicate, containing small amounts of structural Fe(III) impurities and 0.8 mM and 3 mM Fe(II) (both natural and enriched in 57Fe) were carried out at pH 7.5 under anaerobic conditions (4% H2 – 96%more » N2 atmosphere). Samples were taken up to 4 weeks for analysis by Fe-X-ray absorption spectroscopy and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. In addition to the precipitation of Fe(II)-Al(III)-LDH phases as observed in earlier studies with pure minerals (no Fe(III) impurities in the minerals), the analyses indicated formation of small amounts of Fe(III) containing solid(s), most probably hybrid a Fe(II)-Al(III)/Fe(III)-LDH phase. The mechanism of Fe(II) oxidation was not apparent but most likely was due to interfacial electron transfer from the sorbed Fe(II) to the structural Fe(III) and/or surface-sorption-induced electron-transfer from the sorbed Fe(II) to the clay lattice. Increase in the Fe(II)/Al ratio of the LDH with reaction time further indicated the complex nature of the samples. This research provides evidence for the formation of both Fe(II)-Al(III)-LDH and Fe(II)-Fe(III)/Al(III)-LDH-like phases during reactions of Fe(II) in systems that mimic the natural environments. Better understanding Fe phase formation in complex laboratory studies will improve models of natural redox systems.« less

Water-Rock Differentiation of Icy Bodies by Darcy law, Stokes law, and Two-Phase Flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Neumann, Wladimir; Breuer, Doris; Spohn, Tilman

2016-10-01

The early Solar system produced a variety of bodies with different properties. Among the small bodies, objects that contain notable amounts of water ice are of particular interest. Water-rock separation on such worlds is probable and has been confirmed in some cases. We couple accretion and water-rock separation in a numerical model. The model is applicable to Ceres, icy satellites, and Kuiper belt objects, and is suited to assess the thermal metamorphism of the interior and the present-day internal structures. The relative amount of ice determines the differentiation regime according to porous flow or Stokes flow. Porous flow considers differentiation in a rock matrix with a small degree of ice melting and is typically modelled either with the Darcy law or two-phase flow. We find that for small icy bodies two-phase flow differs from the Darcy law. Velocities derived from two-phase flow are at least one order of magnitude smaller than Darcy velocities. The latter do not account for the matrix resistance against the deformation and overestimate the separation velocity. In the Stokes regime that should be used for large ice fractions, differentiation is at least four orders of magnitude faster than porous flow with the parameters used here.

Chemical Characterization of an Envelope B/D Sample from Hanford Tank 241-AZ-102

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hay, M.S.

2000-08-23

A sample from Hanford waste tank 241-AZ-102 was received at the Savannah River Technology Center (SRTC) and chemically characterized. The sample containing supernate and a small amount of sludge solids was analyzed as-received. The filtered supernatant liquid, the total dried solids of the sample, and the washed insoluble solids obtained from filtration of the sample were analyzed. A mass balance calculation of the three fractions of the sample analyzed indicate the analytical results appear relatively self-consistent for major components of the sample. However, some inconsistency was observed between results were more than one method of determination was employed and formore » species present in low concentrations. The actinides isotopes, plutonium, americium, and curium, present analytical challenges due to the low concentration of these species and the potential for introduction of small amounts of contamination during sampling handling resulting in large uncertainties. A direct comparison to previous analyses of material from tank 241-AZ-102 showed good agreement with the filtered supernatant liquid. However, the comparison of solids data showed poor agreement. The poor agreement shown between the current results for the solids samples and previous analyses most likely results from the uncertainties associated with obtaining small solids samples from a large non-homogenized waste tank.« less

GHOSTS: The Stellar Populations in the Outskirts of Massive Disk Galaxies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

De Jong, Roelof; Radburn-Smith, D. J.; Seth, A. C.; GHOSTS Team

2007-12-01

In recent years we have started to appreciate that the outskirts of galaxies contain valuable information about the formation process of galaxies. In hierarchical galaxy formation the stellar halos and thick disks of galaxies are thought to be the result of accretion of minor satellites, predominantly in the earlier assembly phases. The size, metallicity, and amount of substructure in current day halos are therefore directly related to issues like the small scale properties of the primordial power spectrum of density fluctuations and the suppression of star formation in small dark matter halos. I will show highlights from our ongoing HST/ACS/WFPC2 GHOSTS survey of the resolved stellar populations of 14 nearby, massive disk galaxies. I will show that the smaller galaxies (Vrot 100 km/s) have very small halos, but that most massive disk galaxies (Vrot 200 km/s) have very extended stellar envelopes. The luminosity of these envelopes seems to correlate with Hubble type and bulge-to-disk ratio, calling into question whether these are very extended bulge populations or inner halo populations. The amount of substructure varies strongly between galaxies. Finally, I will present the stellar populations of a very low surface brightness stream around M83, showing that it is old and fairly metal rich.

Cold Trap Dismantling and Sodium Removal at a Fast Breeder Reactor - 12327

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Graf, A.; Petrick, H.; Stutz, U.

2012-07-01

The first German prototype Fast Breeder Nuclear Reactor (KNK) is currently being dismantled after being the only operating Fast Breeder-type reactor in Germany. As this reactor type used sodium as a coolant in its primary and secondary circuit, seven cold traps containing various amounts of partially activated sodium needed to be disposed of as part of the dismantling. The resulting combined difficulties of radioactive contamination and high chemical reactivity were handled by treating the cold traps differently depending on their size and the amount of sodium contained inside. Six small cold traps were processed onsite by cutting them up intomore » small parts using a band saw under a protective atmosphere. The sodium was then converted to sodium hydroxide by using water. The remaining large cold trap could not be handled in the same way due to its dimensions (2.9 m x 1.1 m) and the declared amount of sodium inside (1,700 kg). It was therefore manually dismantled inside a large box filled with a protective atmosphere, while the resulting pieces were packaged for later burning in a special facility. The experiences gained by KNK during this process may be advantageous for future dismantling projects in similar sodium-cooled reactors worldwide. The dismantling of a prototype fast breeder reactor provides the challenge not only to dismantle radioactive materials but also to handle sodium-contaminated or sodium-containing components. The treatment of sodium requires additional equipment and installations to ensure a safe handling. Since it is not permitted to bring sodium into a repository, all sodium has to be neutralized either through a controlled reaction with water or by incinerating. The resulting components can be disposed of as normal radioactive waste with no further conditions. The handling of sodium needs skilled and experienced workers to minimize the inherent risks. And the example of the disposal of the large KNK cold trap shows the interaction with others and also foreign decommissioning projects can provide solutions with were unknown before. (authors)« less

Infectivity-associated PrP(Sc) and disease duration-associated PrP(Sc) of mouse BSE prions.

PubMed

Miyazawa, Kohtaro; Okada, Hiroyuki; Masujin, Kentaro; Iwamaru, Yoshifumi; Yokoyama, Takashi

2015-01-01

Disease-related prion protein (PrP(Sc)), which is a structural isoform of the host-encoded cellular prion protein, is thought to be a causative agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. However, the specific role of PrP(Sc) in prion pathogenesis and its relationship to infectivity remain controversial. A time-course study of prion-affected mice was conducted, which showed that the prion infectivity was not simply proportional to the amount of PrP(Sc) in the brain. Centrifugation (20,000 ×g) of the brain homogenate showed that most of the PrP(Sc) was precipitated into the pellet, and the supernatant contained only a slight amount of PrP(Sc). Interestingly, mice inoculated with the obtained supernatant showed incubation periods that were approximately 15 d longer than those of mice inoculated with the crude homogenate even though both inocula contained almost the same infectivity. Our results suggest that a small population of fine PrP(Sc) may be responsible for prion infectivity and that large, aggregated PrP(Sc) may contribute to determining prion disease duration.

Infectivity-associated PrPSc and disease duration-associated PrPSc of mouse BSE prions

PubMed Central

Miyazawa, Kohtaro; Okada, Hiroyuki; Masujin, Kentaro; Iwamaru, Yoshifumi; Yokoyama, Takashi

2015-01-01

ABSTRACT Disease-related prion protein (PrPSc), which is a structural isoform of the host-encoded cellular prion protein, is thought to be a causative agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. However, the specific role of PrPSc in prion pathogenesis and its relationship to infectivity remain controversial. A time-course study of prion-affected mice was conducted, which showed that the prion infectivity was not simply proportional to the amount of PrPSc in the brain. Centrifugation (20,000 ×g) of the brain homogenate showed that most of the PrPSc was precipitated into the pellet, and the supernatant contained only a slight amount of PrPSc. Interestingly, mice inoculated with the obtained supernatant showed incubation periods that were approximately 15 d longer than those of mice inoculated with the crude homogenate even though both inocula contained almost the same infectivity. Our results suggest that a small population of fine PrPSc may be responsible for prion infectivity and that large, aggregated PrPSc may contribute to determining prion disease duration. PMID:26555211

Tribological Analysis of Copper-Coated Graphite Particle-Reinforced A359 Al/5 wt.% SiC Composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, C. B.; Wang, T. C.; Chang, Z. C.; Chu, H. Y.

2013-01-01

Copper-coated graphite particles can be mass-produced by the cementation process using simple equipment. Graphite particulates that were coated with electroless copper and 5 wt.% SiC particulates were introduced into an aluminum alloy by compocasting to make A359 Al/5 wt.% SiC(p) composite that contained 2, 4, 6, and 8 wt.% graphite particulate composite. The effects of SiC particles, quantity of graphite particles, normal loading, sliding speed and wear debris on the coefficient of friction, and the wear rate were investigated. The results thus obtained indicate that the wear properties were improved by adding small amounts of SiC and graphite particles into the A359 Al alloy. The coefficient of friction of the A359 Al/5 wt.% SiC(p) composite that contained 6.0 wt.% graphite particulates was reduced to 0.246 and the amount of graphite film that was released on the worn surface increased with the graphite particulate content. The coefficient of friction and the wear rate were insensitive to the variation in the sliding speed and normal loading.

Tuning the Functional Properties of Bitter Vetch (Vicia ervilia) Protein Films Grafted with Spermidine

PubMed Central

Roviello, Valentina; Sabbah, Mohammed

2017-01-01

Bitter vetch protein films containing positively charged spermidine, alone or with low amounts of glycerol, showed high tensile strength that progressively decreased by increasing the plasticizer concentration. Accordingly, lower film elongation at break and higher Young’s module values were detected in the presence of the polyamine without or with small amounts of glycerol. These data suggest that spermidine not only acts as a plasticizer itself by ionically interacting with proteins, but that it also facilitates glycerol-dependent reduction of the intermolecular forces along the protein chains, consequently improving the film flexibility and extensibility. Thus, spermidine may be considered not only as a primary, but also as a secondary plasticizer because of its ability to enhance glycerol plasticizing performance. Such double behavior of the polyamine was confirmed by the film permeability tests, since spermidine increased the barrier properties to gases and water vapor, while glycerol emphasized this effect at low concentrations but led to its marked reversal at high concentrations. Film microscopic images also substantiated these findings, showing more compact, cohesive, and homogeneous matrices in all spermidine-containing films. PMID:29292733

(GaIn)(NAs) growth using di-tertiary-butyl-arsano-amine (DTBAA)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sterzer, E.; Ringler, B.; Nattermann, L.; Beyer, A.; von Hänisch, C.; Stolz, W.; Volz, K.

2017-06-01

III/V semiconductors containing small amounts of Nitrogen (N) are very interesting for a variety of optoelectronic applications. Unfortunately, the conventionally used N precursor 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMHy) has an extremely low N incorporation efficiency in GaAs when grown using metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. Alloying Ga(NAs) with Indium (In) even leads to an exponential reduction of N incorporation. The huge amount of UDMHy in turn changes drastically the growth conditions. Furthermore, the application of this material is still hampered by the large carbon incorporation, most probably originating from the metal organic precursors. Hence, novel precursors for dilute nitride growth are needed. This paper will show (GaIn)(NAs) growth studies with the novel precursor di-tertiary-butyl-arsano-amine in combination with tri-ethyl-gallium and tri-methyl-indium. We show an extremely high N incorporation efficiency in the In containing (GaIn)(NAs). The (GaIn)(NAs) samples investigated in this study have been examined using high resolution X-Ray diffraction, room temperature photoluminescence and atomic force microscope measurements as well as secondary ion mass spectrometry.

GDP: A new source for shallow high-resolution seismic exploration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rashed, Mohamed A.

2009-06-01

Gas-Driven Piston (GDP) is a new source for shallow seismic exploration. This source works by igniting a small amount of gas inside a closed chamber connected to a vertical steel cylinder. The gas explosion drives a steel piston, mounted inside the cylinder, downward so that the piston's thick head hits a steel base at the end of the cylinder generating a strong shock wave into the ground. Experimental field tests conducted near Ismailia, Egypt, prove that the portable, inexpensive and environmentally benign GDP generates stronger seismic waves than the sledgehammer that is commonly used in shallow seismic exploration. Tests also show that GDP is a highly repeatable and controllable and that its seismic waves contain a good amount of high frequencies which makes the GDP an excellent source for shallow seismic exploration.

Production and Purification of a Staphylococcus epidermidis Bacteriocin

PubMed Central

Jetten, A. M.; Vogels, G. D.; de Windt, F.

1972-01-01

Liquid cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis 1580 contained rather small amounts of a bacteriocin, staphylococcin 1580, which was found both in the supernatant fluid and in the cell pellet. It could be extracted from the cells with 5% NaCl solution. The staphylococcin production could not be induced by ultraviolet irradiation or treatment with mitomycin C. Bacteria grown on semisolid medium produced a much larger amount of the compound with a high specific activity. The staphylococcin was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ultracentrifugation, and chromatography on Sephadex columns. The purified material was homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight was between 150,000 and 400,000. The bacteriocin was composed of protein, carbohydrate, and lipid and consisted of subunits exhibiting a molecular weight of about 20,000. Images PMID:5079063

Effects of various fiber additions on lipid digestion during in vitro digestion of beef patties.

PubMed

Hur, S J; Lim, B O; Park, G B; Joo, S T

2009-01-01

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of various fiber additions on lipid digestion during the in vitro digestion of beef patties. The control patties were prepared with 90.5% lean meat and 9.5% tallow. Treatments consisted of 90% lean meat with 9.5% tallow and either 0.5% cellulose, 0.5% chitosan, or 0.5% pectin. The beef patties were then passed through an in vitro digestion model that simulated the composition of the mouth, stomach, and small intestine juices. The change in structure and properties of the lipid droplets was monitored by laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy. In general, there was a decrease in lipid droplet diameter as the droplets moved from mouth to stomach to small intestine. The amount of free fatty acid dramatically increased after in vitro digestion in all beef patties. The amount of free fatty acid was, however, lower in beef patties containing chitosan and pectin than other beef patties after in vitro digestion. Beef patties containing various fibers had lower thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) values than samples with no fibers. Among the samples to which fibers were added, chitosan and pectin had lower TBARS than beef patties with cellulose. The cholesterol content decreased after in vitro digestion in all beef patties but was not different among the beef patties before and after in vitro digestion. These results enhance our understanding of the physicochemical and structural changes that occur to ground beef within the gastrointestinal tract.

A PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENT ON DENITRIFICATION OF WASTE LANDFILL LEACHATE

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wada, Nariaki; Nakamichi, Tamihiro; Yagi, Masahiro; Matsumoto, Toshihide; Kugimiya, Akikazu; Michioku, Kohji

A laboratory experiment on denitrification was carried out in order to reduce nitrogen load from municipal landfill leachate. Nitrogen was efficiently removed by feeding sludge of the leachate pond into the tanks, which could activate denitrification bacteria. Although inorganic reducing agent such as iron powder was not able to make the whole water mass anoxic, denitrification took place by supplying organic matters such as methanol, hydrogen feeding agent, etc.. It is considered that small amount of anoxic water film produced on surfaces of container and carriers might contribute to denitrification, although the bulk water is kept aerobic. It is found that organic matters contained in the leachate is so insufficient that nitrification liquid circulation does not work well for denitrification.

Chemical characterization of seven Large Area Collector particles by SXRF. [cosmic dust composition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Flynn, G. J.; Sutton, S. R.

1991-01-01

Optical microscopy and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) are used to analyze the chemical composition of seven dark-appearing cosmic-dust particles obtained in the stratosphere during NASA Johnson Large Area Collector flights. The experimental setup and procedures are outlined, and the results are presented in extensive tables. Three of the particles had abundances similar to those of chondrites (except for low Ca values in one particle); two had a metallic appearance and spectra dominated by Fe and Zn; one contained Cu and Cr plus small amounts of Fe and Zn; and one had igneous-type abundances of minor and trace elements while containing all of the elements seen in chondritic particles, suggesting it may be of extraterrestrial origin.

Compositions containing poly (.gamma.-glutamylcysteinyl)glycines

DOEpatents

Jackson, Paul J.; Delhaize, Emmanuel; Robinson, Nigel J.; Unkefer, Clifford J.; Furlong, Clement

1992-01-01

A method of removing heavy metals from aqueous solution, a composition of matter used in effecting said removal, and apparatus used in effecting said removal. One or more of the polypeptides, poly (.gamma.-glutamylcysteinyl)glycines, is immobilized on an inert material in particulate form. Upon contact with an aqueous solution containing heavy metals, the polypeptides sequester the metals, removing them from the solution. There is selectivity of poly (.gamma.-glutamylcysteinyl)glycines having a particular number of monomer repeat units for particular metals. The polypeptides are easily regenerated by contact with a small amount of an organic acid, so that they can be used again to remove heavy metals from solution. This also results in the removal of the metals from the column in a concentrated form.

[Uranium Concentration in Drinking Water from Small-scale Water Supplies in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany].

PubMed

Ostendorp, G

2015-04-01

In this study the drinking water of 212 small-scale water supplies, mainly situated in areas with intensive agriculture or fruit-growing, was analysed for uranium. The median uranium concentration amounted to 0.04 µg/lL, the 95(th) percentile was 2.5 µg/L. The maximum level was 14 µg/L. This sample exceeded the guideline value for uranium in drinking water. The uranium concentration in small-scale water supplies was found to be slightly higher than that in central water works in Schleswig-Holstein. Water containing more than 10 mg/L nitrate showed significantly higher uranium contents. The results indicate that the uranium burden in drinking water from small wells is mainly determined by geological factors. An additional anthropogenic effect of soil management cannot be excluded. Overall uranium concentrations were low and not causing health concerns. However, in specific cases higher concentrations may occur. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

A GREEN'S FUNCTION APPROACH FOR DETERMINING DOSE RATES FOR SMALL GRAM QUANTITIES IN SHIPPING PACKAGINGS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nathan, S.

The Small Gram Quantity (SGQ) concept is based on the understanding that small amounts of hazardous materials, in this case radioactive materials (RAM), are significantly less hazardous than large amounts of the same materials. This paper describes a methodology designed to estimate an SGQ for several neutron and gamma emitting isotopes that can be shipped in a package in compliance with 10 CFR Part 71 external radiation level limits regulations. The neutron and photon sources were calculated using both ORIGEN-S and RASTA. The response from a unit source in each neutron and photon group was calculated using MCNP5 with eachmore » unshielded and shielded container configuration. Effects of self-shielding on both neutron and photon response were evaluated by including either plutonium oxide or iron in the source region for the case with no shielded container. For the cases of actinides mixed with light elements, beryllium is the bounding light element. The added beryllium (10 to 90 percent of the actinide mass) in the cases studied represents between 9 and 47 percent concentration of the total mixture mass. For beryllium concentrations larger than 50 percent, the increase in the neutron source term and dose rate tend to increase at a much lower rate than at concentrations lower than 50%. The intimately mixed actinide-beryllium form used in these models is very conservative and thus the limits presented in this report are practical bounds on the mass that can be safely shipped. The calculated dose rate from one gram of each isotope was then used to determin the maximum amount of a single isotope that could be shipped in the Model 9977 Package (or packagings having the same or larger external dimensions as well as similar structural materials) and have the external radiation level within the regulatory dose limits at the surface of the package. The estimates of the mass limits presented would also serve as conservative limits for both the Models 9975 and 9978 packages. If a package contains a mixture of isotopes, the acceptability for shipment can be determined by a sum of fractions approach. It should be noted that the SGQ masses presented in this report represent limits that would comply with the external radiation limits under 10CFR Part 71. They do not necessarily bound lower limits that may be required to comply with other factors such as heat load of the package.« less

Small maritime target detection through false color fusion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Toet, Alexander; Wu, Tirui

2008-04-01

We present an algorithm that produces a fused false color representation of a combined multiband IR and visual imaging system for maritime applications. Multispectral IR imaging techniques are increasingly deployed in maritime operations, to detect floating mines or to find small dinghies and swimmers during search and rescue operations. However, maritime backgrounds usually contain a large amount of clutter that severely hampers the detection of small targets. Our new algorithm deploys the correlation between the target signatures in two different IR frequency bands (3-5 and 8-12 μm) to construct a fused IR image with a reduced amount of clutter. The fused IR image is then combined with a visual image in a false color RGB representation for display to a human operator. The algorithm works as follows. First, both individual IR bands are filtered with a morphological opening top-hat transform to extract small details. Second, a common image is extracted from the two filtered IR bands, and assigned to the red channel of an RGB image. Regions of interest that appear in both IR bands remain in this common image, while most uncorrelated noise details are filtered out. Third, the visual band is assigned to the green channel and, after multiplication with a constant (typically 1.6) also to the blue channel. Fourth, the brightness and colors of this intermediate false color image are renormalized by adjusting its first order statistics to those of a representative reference scene. The result of these four steps is a fused color image, with naturalistic colors (bluish sky and grayish water), in which small targets are clearly visible.

Preparation and characterisation of silicone-based coatings filled with carbon nanotubes and natural sepiolite and their application as marine fouling-release coatings.

PubMed

Beigbeder, Alexandre; Degee, Philippe; Conlan, Sheelagh L; Mutton, Robert J; Clare, Anthony S; Pettitt, Michala E; Callow, Maureen E; Callow, James A; Dubois, Philippe

2008-01-01

This article reports on the preparation and partial characterisation of silicone-based coatings filled with low levels of either synthetic multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) or natural sepiolite (NS). The antifouling and fouling-release properties of these coatings were explored through laboratory assays involving representative soft-fouling (Ulva) and hard-fouling (Balanus) organisms. The bulk mechanical properties of the coatings appeared unchanged by the addition of low amounts of filler, in contrast to the surface properties, which were modified on exposure to water. The release of Ulva sporelings (young plants) was improved by the addition of low amounts of both NS and MWCNTs. The most profound effect recorded was the significant reduction of adhesion strength of adult barnacles growing on a silicone elastomer containing a small amount (0.05%) of MWCNTs. All the data indicate that independent of the bulk properties, the surface properties affect settlement, and more particularly, the fouling-release behaviour, of the filled materials.

Development of new generation reduced activation ferritic-martenstic steels for advanced fusion reactors

DOE PAGES

Tan, Lizhen; Snead, Lance Lewis; Katoh, Yutai

2016-05-26

International development of reduced activation ferritic-martensitic (RAFM) steels has focused on 9 wt percentage Cr, which primarily contain M 23C 6 (M = Cr-rich) and small amounts of MX (M = Ta/V, X = C/N) precipitates, not adequate to maintain strength and creep resistance above ~500 °C. To enable applications at higher temperatures for better thermal efficiency of fusion reactors, computational alloy thermodynamics coupled with strength modeling have been employed to explore a new generation RAFM steels. The new alloys are designed to significantly increase the amount of MX nanoprecipitates, which are manufacturable through standard and scalable industrial steelmaking methods.more » Preliminary experimental results of the developed new alloys demonstrated noticeably increased amount of MX, favoring significantly improved strength, creep resistance, and Charpy impact toughness as compared to current RAFM steels. Furthermore, the strength and creep resistance were comparable or approaching to the lower bound of, but impact toughness was noticeably superior to 9–20Cr oxide dispersion-strengthened ferritic alloys.« less

Phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity in four Italian traditional maize (Zea mays L.) varieties.

PubMed

Capocchi, Antonella; Bottega, Stefania; Spanò, Carmelina; Fontanini, Debora

2017-08-01

Flours of four pigmented (from orange to red and dark red) local Italian corns, studied for their soluble, soluble conjugate, and insoluble-bound phenols and flavonoids, showed a prevalence of the insoluble-bound fraction (70-80%). Correlations were found between the flours antioxidant capacity, measured with CUPRAC, FRAP, and DPPH methods, and soluble phenols and flavonoids content. A correlation was also found between ascorbic acid content and flours antioxidant power. Anthocyanins were present in small amounts in the red/dark red seeds; however, acid-alcohol assays and spectral analyses of pericarp extracts indicated the presence of red-brick phlobaphenes in these varieties. Spectrophotometrically quantified total carotenoids were significantly higher in one of the local varieties (Nano); RP-HPLC analyses indicated that the local varieties contained significantly higher amounts of zeaxanthin and β-carotene, and lower amounts of lutein, than a commercial line. Among local varieties, Nano expressed the highest levels of zeaxanthin, β-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tan, Lizhen; Snead, Lance Lewis; Katoh, Yutai

International development of reduced activation ferritic-martensitic (RAFM) steels has focused on 9 wt percentage Cr, which primarily contain M 23C 6 (M = Cr-rich) and small amounts of MX (M = Ta/V, X = C/N) precipitates, not adequate to maintain strength and creep resistance above ~500 °C. To enable applications at higher temperatures for better thermal efficiency of fusion reactors, computational alloy thermodynamics coupled with strength modeling have been employed to explore a new generation RAFM steels. The new alloys are designed to significantly increase the amount of MX nanoprecipitates, which are manufacturable through standard and scalable industrial steelmaking methods.more » Preliminary experimental results of the developed new alloys demonstrated noticeably increased amount of MX, favoring significantly improved strength, creep resistance, and Charpy impact toughness as compared to current RAFM steels. Furthermore, the strength and creep resistance were comparable or approaching to the lower bound of, but impact toughness was noticeably superior to 9–20Cr oxide dispersion-strengthened ferritic alloys.« less

Choline and Inositol Distribution in Algae and Fungi1

PubMed Central

Ikawa, Miyoshi; Borowski, Paul T.; Chakravarti, Ashima

1968-01-01

Inositol and choline were present in varying amounts among the species of Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta, Chlorophyta, and Euglenophyta examined. However, in the two members of the order Fucales (division Phaeophyta) examined, no detectable amounts of choline were found. In contrast, the species of Cyanophyta examined contained no detectable amounts of either choline or inositol. All species of the fungal classes Phycomyceteae, Ascomyceteae, and Basidiomyceteae collected contained both inositol and choline in varying amounts. The red, brown, and blue-green algae usually contained much less inositol and choline than do plant and animals sources, but the fungi and the algae Chlorella and Euglena contained amounts comparable to those present in plant sources. PMID:5647522

Alloying effect of copper concentration on the localized corrosion of aluminum alloy for heat exchanger tube

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hong, Min-Sung; Park, In-Jun; Kim, Jung-Gu

2017-07-01

This study examined the alloying effect of Cu content on the localized corrosion properties of Al alloy in synthetic acid rain containing 200 ppm of Cl- ion. In aluminum alloy tubes, a small amount of Cu is contained as the additive to improve the mechanical strength or as the impurity. The Cu-containing intermetallic compound, Al2Cu can cause galvanic corrosion because it has more noble potential than Al matrix. Therefore aluminum tube could be penetrated by localized corrosion attack. The results were obtained from electrochemical test, scanning electron microscopy, and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) mapping. Severe localized corrosion was occurred on the Al-0.03 wt% Cu alloy. The negative effect of Cu on the pitting corrosion was attributed to the presence of the Al2Cu precipitates.

Dependence of the critical cooling rate for lithium-silicate glass on nucleating agents

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Huang, W.; Ray, C. S.; Day, D. E.

1986-01-01

The critical cooling rate, Rc, for glass formation of a glass containing 40 mol pct Li2O and 60 mol pct SiO2, doped with small amounts of Pt, Au, P2O5, and TiO2 nucleating agents, has been measured. Rc increases with increasing Pt and Au additions, but Pt has a larger effect than Au. Additions of P2O5 tend to decrease Rc, whereas TiO2 has practically no effect on Rc. The devitrified glass nucleated with Pt contains only crystalline Li2O-SiO2, but all the other devitrified glasses, including the undoped glass, contain both Li2O-SiO2 and Li2O-2SiO2. Analysis shows that Rc increases as the concentration of the Li2O-SiO2 phase in the devitrified glass increases.

Sterilization of Bacillus pumilus spores using supercritical fluid carbon dioxide containing various modifier solutions.

PubMed

Shieh, Edison; Paszczynski, Andrzej; Wai, Chien M; Lang, Qingyong; Crawford, Ronald L

2009-03-01

Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SF-CO(2)) with small amounts of chemical modifier(s) provides a very effective sterilization technique that should be useful for destroying microorganism on heat-sensitive devices such as instruments flown on planetary-bound spacecraft. Under a moderate temperature (50 degrees C) and pressure (100 atm), spores of Bacillus pumilus strains ATCC 7061 and SAFR 032 can be effectively inactivated/eliminated from metal surfaces and small electronic devices in only 45 min using optimized modifier concentrations. Modifiers explored in this study included hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), tert-butyl hydroperoxide, formic acid, and Triton X-100. During sterilization procedure the modifiers were continuously added to SF-CO(2) in either methanol or water at controlled concentrations. The lowest effective concentrations were established for each modifier. Complete elimination of both types of B. pumilus endospores occurred with an optimal modifier addition of either or 10% methanol containing 12% H(2)O(2) or 12% tert-butyl hydroperoxide in SF-CO(2), or a mixture of 6% H(2)O(2) and 6% tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Using water as the carrier of SF-CO(2) modifier, the complete elimination of spores viability of both B. pumilus strains occurred with an addition of either 3.3% water containing 3% H(2)O(2), or 3.3% water containing 10% methanol and 0.5% formic acid, or 3.3% water containing 10% methanol, 1% formic acid and 2% H(2)O(2).

Stress and structure development in polymeric coatings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vaessen, Diane Melissa

2002-09-01

The main goal of this research is to measure the stress evolution in various polymer coating systems to establish the mechanisms responsible for stress development, stress relaxation, and defect formation. Investigated systems include ultraviolet (UV)-curable coatings, dense and porous coatings from polymer solutions, and latex coatings. Coating stress was measured using a controlled environment stress apparatus based on a cantilever deflection principle. For acrylate coatings, it was found that by cycling a UV-lamp on and off, keeping the total dose constant, coating stress was lowered by 60% by decreasing the cycle period. A stress minimum was also found to exist for a given dose of radiation. The lower stress is attributed to stress relaxation and/or slower reaction during dark periods. A viscoelastic stress model of this process was formulated and predicted stress values close to those observed experimentally. During drying of cellulose acetate (CA) coatings cast in acetone, final stress increased from 10 to 45 MPa as coating thickness decreased from 60 to 10 mum. This thickness dependent coating stress for a solvent-cast polymer coating is a new finding and is attributed to (1) less shrinkage in thicker coatings due to more trapped solvent (from skinning) and (2) greater amounts of polymer stress relaxation in thicker coatings. For porous CA coatings prepared by dry-cast phase separation, final in-plane stresses ranged from 20 MPa for coatings containing small pores (˜1 mum) to 5 MPa for coatings containing small pores and macrovoids (˜200 mum). For these coatings, a small amount of stress relaxation occurs due to capillary pressure relief. A stress plateau for the macrovoid-containing coating is likely caused by stress-induced rupture of the polymer-rich phase. Measured stress in pigment-free latex coatings was much lower (˜0.3 MPa) than UV-curable and solvent-cast polymer coatings and was found to increase with increasing latex glass transition temperature. Observations from infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, camera imaging, and indentation were also studied to correlate coating properties to measured stresses. The results obtained in this thesis will lead to strategies for material selection, process optimization, and defect elimination in polymeric coatings.

78 FR 64232 - Notice of Adjustment of Disaster Grant Amounts

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-28

... maximum amount of any Small Project Grant made to State, Tribal, and local governments or to the owner or... Disaster Grant Amounts AGENCY: Federal Emergency Management Agency, DHS. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: FEMA gives notice of an increase of the maximum amount for Small Project Grants made to State, Tribal, and...

75 FR 62135 - Notice of Adjustment of Disaster Grant Amounts

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-07

... amount of any Small Project Grant made to the State, local government, or to the owner or operator of an... Disaster Grant Amounts AGENCY: Federal Emergency Management Agency, DHS. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: FEMA gives notice of an increase of the maximum amount for Small Project Grants to State and local...

A technical assessment of the porcine ejaculated spermatozoa for a sperm-specific RNA-seq analysis.

PubMed

Gòdia, Marta; Mayer, Fabiana Quoos; Nafissi, Julieta; Castelló, Anna; Rodríguez-Gil, Joan Enric; Sánchez, Armand; Clop, Alex

2018-04-26

The study of the boar sperm transcriptome by RNA-seq can provide relevant information on sperm quality and fertility and might contribute to animal breeding strategies. However, the analysis of the spermatozoa RNA is challenging as these cells harbor very low amounts of highly fragmented RNA, and the ejaculates also contain other cell types with larger amounts of non-fragmented RNA. Here, we describe a strategy for a successful boar sperm purification, RNA extraction and RNA-seq library preparation. Using these approaches our objectives were: (i) to evaluate the sperm recovery rate (SRR) after boar spermatozoa purification by density centrifugation using the non-porcine-specific commercial reagent BoviPure TM ; (ii) to assess the correlation between SRR and sperm quality characteristics; (iii) to evaluate the relationship between sperm cell RNA load and sperm quality traits and (iv) to compare different library preparation kits for both total RNA-seq (SMARTer Universal Low Input RNA and TruSeq RNA Library Prep kit) and small RNA-seq (NEBNext Small RNA and TailorMix miRNA Sample Prep v2) for high-throughput sequencing. Our results show that pig SRR (~22%) is lower than in other mammalian species and that it is not significantly dependent of the sperm quality parameters analyzed in our study. Moreover, no relationship between the RNA yield per sperm cell and sperm phenotypes was found. We compared a RNA-seq library preparation kit optimized for low amounts of fragmented RNA with a standard kit designed for high amount and quality of input RNA and found that for sperm, a protocol designed to work on low-quality RNA is essential. We also compared two small RNA-seq kits and did not find substantial differences in their performance. We propose the methodological workflow described for the RNA-seq screening of the boar spermatozoa transcriptome. FPKM: fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads; KRT1: keratin 1; miRNA: micro-RNA; miscRNA: miscellaneous RNA; Mt rRNA: mitochondrial ribosomal RNA; Mt tRNA: mitochondrial transference RNA; OAZ3: ornithine decarboxylase antizyme 3; ORT: osmotic resistance test; piRNA: Piwi-interacting RNA; PRM1: protamine 1; PTPRC: protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C; rRNA: ribosomal RNA; snoRNA: small nucleolar RNA; snRNA: small nuclear RNA; SRR: sperm recovery rate; tRNA: transfer RNA.

Engineering and Development Support of General Decon Technology for the U.S. Army’s Installation Restoration Program. Task 7. Literature Search & Evaluation of Compatibility Testing of Waste Containment Barrier Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-03-01

plyethylene PVC landfill- HypalonM PE, CPE, neoprene, EPDM ,* bentqcnite ethylene propylene rubber elasticized polvoleiin 20. A94V C? (Coit" an 0*V" aid...materials include Hyralon®, butyl rubber , EPDM , CPE, neo- prene, polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC8 and elasticized polyolefin. With all of these...and animal and vegetable fats and oils (Geswein, 1975). EPDM , or etiylene propylene rubber , is a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene and a small amount

Producing liquid oxygen in the classroom

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Williams, David; Warden, Nicole; Wharton, Barry

2016-09-01

A number of organisations have provided instructions on how to produce small quantities of liquid oxygen in the classroom using liquid nitrogen and a copper condensation coil (Lister 1995 Classic Chemistry Demonstrations (London: Royal Society of Chemistry) pp 61-2, French and Hibbert 2010 Phys. Educ. 45 221-2). The method presented below describes a process which is believed to be safer as it contains the oxygen during production and produces a controllable amount of the liquid. The method also has the advantage that it can be conducted using cheap and easily available materials.

Wire inhomogeneity detector having a core with opposing pole pieces and guide pieces adjacent the opposing pole pieces

DOEpatents

Gibson, George H.; Smits, Robert G.; Eberhard, Philippe H.

1989-01-01

A device for uncovering imperfections in electrical conducting wire, particularly superconducting wire, by detecting variations in eddy currents. Eddy currents effect the magnetic field in a gap of an inductor, contained in a modified commercial ferrite core, through which the wire being tested is passed. A small increase or decrease in the amount of conductive material, such as copper, in a fixed cross section of wire will unbalance a bridge used to measure the impedance of the inductor, tripping a detector and sounding an alarm.

Is the Universe Really That Simple?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cirkovic, Milan M.

2002-07-01

The intriguing recent suggestion of Tegmark that the universe - contrary to all our experiences and expectations - contains only a small amount of information due to an extremely high degree of internal symmetry is critically examined. It is shown that there are several physical processes, notably Hawking evaporation of black holes and non-zero decoherence time effects described by Plaga, as well as thought experiments of Deutsch and Tegmark himself, which can be construed as arguments against the low-information universe hypothesis. Some ramifications for both quantum mechanics and cosmology are briefly discussed.

Preparation and flow cytometry of uniform silica-fluorescent dye microspheres.

PubMed

Bele, Marjan; Siiman, Olavi; Matijević, Egon

2002-10-15

Uniform fluorescent silica-dye microspheres have been prepared by coating preformed monodispersed silica particles with silica layers containing rhodamine 6G or acridine orange. The resulting dispersions exhibit intense fluorescent emission between 500 and 600 nm, over a broad excitation wavelength range of 460 to 550 nm, even with exceedingly small amounts of dyes incorporated into the silica particles (10-30 ppm, expressed as weight of dye relative to weight of dry particles). The fluorescent particles can be prepared in micrometer diameters suitable for analyses using flow cytometry with 488-nm laser excitation.

Chemical Sensing Using Fiber Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy

PubMed Central

Waechter, Helen; Litman, Jessica; Cheung, Adrienne H.; Barnes, Jack A.; Loock, Hans-Peter

2010-01-01

Waveguide-based cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRD) can be used for quantitative measurements of chemical concentrations in small amounts of liquid, in gases or in films. The change in ring-down time can be correlated to analyte concentration when using fiber optic sensing elements that change their attenuation in dependence of either sample absorption or refractive index. Two types of fiber cavities, i.e., fiber loops and fiber strands containing reflective elements, are distinguished. Both types of cavities were coupled to a variety of chemical sensor elements, which are discussed and compared. PMID:22294895

Reactivity of stratospheric aerosols to small amounts of ammonia in the laboratory environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hayes, D.; Snetsinger, K.; Ferry, G.; Oberbeck, V.; Farlow, N.

1980-01-01

Trace ammonia in laboratory air reacts easily with sulfuric acid aerosol samples to form crystalline ammonium sulfate. Argon atmospheres, however, protect sampling surfaces from ammonia contamination. It is found that atmospheric aerosols treated in this way contain only sulfuric acid. After an hour exposed to laboratory air, these same samples convert to ammonium sulfate. Aerosol particles have been collected, using argon control, to determine if the absence of crystalline sulfate is common. But so far there is no evidence that aerosols are neutralized by ammonia in the stratosphere.

Photochemical processes on Titan: Irradiation of mixtures of gases that simulate Titan's atmosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tran, Buu N.; Joseph, Jeffrey C.; Force, Michael; Briggs, Robert G.; Vuitton, Veronique; Ferris, James P.

2005-09-01

Photochemical reaction pathways in Titan's atmosphere were investigated by irradiation of the individual components and the mixture containing nitrogen, methane, hydrogen, acetylene, ethylene, and cyanoacetylene. The quantum yields for the loss of the reactants and the formation of products were determined. Photolysis of ethylene yields mainly saturated compounds (ethane, propane, and butane) while photolysis of acetylene yields the same saturated compounds as well as ethylene and diacetylene. Irradiation of cyanoacetylene yields mainly hydrogen cyanide and small amounts of acetonitrile. When an amount of methane corresponding to its mixing ratio on Titan was added to these mixtures the quantum yields for the loss of reactants decreased and the quantum yields for hydrocarbon formation increased indicative of a hydrogen atom abstraction from methane by the photochemically generated radicals. GC/MS analysis of the products formed by irradiation of mixtures of all these gases generated over 120 compounds which were mainly aliphatic hydrocarbons containing double and triple bonds along with much smaller amounts of aromatic compounds like benzene, toluene and phenylacetylene. The reaction pathways were investigated by the use of 13C acetylene in these gas mixtures. No polycyclic aromatic compounds were detected. Vapor pressures of these compounds under conditions present in Titan's atmosphere were calculated. The low molecular weight compounds likely to be present in the atmosphere and aerosols of Titan as a result of photochemical processes are proposed.

Ingesting a small amount of beer reduces arterial stiffness in healthy humans.

PubMed

Nishiwaki, Masato; Kora, Naoki; Matsumoto, Naoyuki

2017-08-01

Epidemiological studies reveal a J-shaped association between alcohol consumption and arterial stiffness, with arterial stiffening lower among mild-to-moderate drinkers than heavy drinkers or nondrinkers. This study aimed to examine the effects of ingesting a small amount of beer, corresponding to the amount consumed per day by a mild drinker, on arterial stiffness. Eleven men (20-22 years) participated, in random order and on different days, in four separate trials. The participants each drank 200 or 350 mL of alcohol-free beer (AFB200 and AFB350) or beer (B200 and B350), and were monitored for 90 min postingestion. There were no significant changes in arterial stiffness among trials that ingested AF200 or AF350. However, among trials ingesting B200 and B350, breath alcohol concentrations increased significantly, while indexes of arterial stiffness decreased significantly for approximately 60 min: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (B200: -0.6 ± 0.2 m/sec; B350: -0.6 ± 0.2 m/sec); brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (B200: -53 ± 18 cm/sec; B350: -57 ± 19 cm/sec); and cardio-ankle vascular index (B200: -0.4 ± 0.1 unit; B350: -0.3 ± 0.1 unit). Furthermore, AFB showed no effect on arterial stiffness, regardless of whether or not it contained sugar, and no significant difference in antioxidant capacity was found between AFB and B. This is the first study to demonstrate that acute ingestion of relatively small amounts of beer reduces arterial stiffness (for approximately 60 min). Our data also suggest that the reduction in arterial stiffness induced by ingestion of beer is largely attributable to the effects of alcohol. © 2017 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society.

Influence of inorganic and organic selenium on number of living mycelial cells and their ultrastructure in culture of Hericium erinaceum (Bull.: Fr. Pers.).

PubMed

Slusarczyk, Joanna; Malinowska, Eliza; Krzyczkowski, W; Kuraś, M

2013-03-01

Mycelium of the white-rot fungus (Hericium erinaceum (Bull.: Fr. Pers.) produces polysaccharides showing anticancer and immunostimulating activity. In our previous works, we have shown that organic selenitetriglycerides (Selol) contribute to the increase of biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides (EPS) having antioxidative properties and containing large amounts of selenium. The present work is a study of influence of inorganic and organic form of selenium on viability of H. erinaceum mycelium and on ultrastructural changes taking place during its development in submerged culture. The mycelium was grown on media containing sodium selenite (Na2SeO3), a mixture of Na2SeO3 + Selol2% and on control medium (no selenium added). It was shown that mycelium cultured for 3 days in control conditions on standard media contained almost 100% of living cells, with over 80% after 24 days. Treatment with 100 ppm of Na2SeO3 lowered the number of viable cells to 11.8% and 9.1% after 3 and 24 days, respectively. The addition of 2% Selol caused the amounts of living cells to remain at ca 90%. Apparently, Selol helped the cells to cope with the toxic activity of inorganic selenium ions. The addition of sodium selenite induced degradative changes in cell organelles. Such changes were not observed in the case of Na2SeO3 + Selol mixture, in which case cells contained numerous ribosomes and small lipid bodies.

In vitro corrosion characteristics of commercially available orthodontic wires.

PubMed

Yonekura, Yasuyuki; Endo, Kazuhiko; Iijima, Masahiro; Ohno, Hiroki; Mizoguchi, Itaru

2004-06-01

The corrosion characteristics of orthodontic alloy wires were investigated both in as-received and grinded conditions in 0.9% NaCl solution by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and potentiodynamic polarization measurements. The amount of each metal ion released from most alloys was larger for the grinded wires than for the as-received wires (p<0.01). The fact that the beta-Ti alloy wire (Ti-Mo-Zr) does not contain allergenic metals such as Ni, Co, and Cr, and the finding that resistance to both general and localized corrosion is the highest among the six wires investigated suggest that this wire is the most biocompatible orthodontic wire. Since a small amount of Ni, Cr or Co ions were released from Ni-Ti, Co-Cr and stainless steel wires, special attention should be paid during their clinical use for patients with allergic tendencies.

Ultrafiltration for the Determination of Cu Complexed with Dissolved Organic Matters of Different Molecular Weight from a Eutrophic River, China.

PubMed

Li, Anding; Zhang, Yan; Zhou, Beihai; Xin, Kailing; Gu, Yingnan; Xu, Weijie; Tian, Jie

2018-05-21

The molecular weight of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is one of the essential factors controlling the properties of metal complexes. A continuous ultrafiltration experiment was designed to study the properties of Cu complexes with different molecular weights in a river before and after eutrophication. The results showed that the concentration of DOM increased from 26.47 to 38.20 mg/L during the eutrophication process, however, DOM was still dominated by the small molecular weight fraction before and after eutrophication. The amount of Cu-DOM complexes increased with the increasing of molecular weight, however, the amounts of DOM-Cu complexes before eutrophication were higher than those after eutrophication. This is because DOM contained more -COOH and -OH before eutrophication and these functional groups are the active sites complexed with Cu.

Filter paper solid-phase radioimmunoassay for human rotavirus surface immunoglobulins.

PubMed Central

Watanabe, H; Holmes, I H

1977-01-01

A filter paper solid-phase radioimmunoassay has been developed. Filter paper disks adsorbed a large amount of rotavirus and serum globulin and gave small mean variation of coating and low background binding. The rotavirus isolated from stools from infants with acute enteritis 1, 3, and 4 days after onset of symptoms was shown to be already covered with immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM antibodies by this radioimmunoassay, by immunoelectrophoresis, and by immune electron microscopy. The immunoglobulins covering the virus particle were partially separated during 125I labeling and eluted at the position expected for IgG during Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Rabbit antiserum prepared against purified fecal rotavirus contained not only rotavirus antibodies but also a fairly large amount of immunoglobulin antibody, reflecting the antibodies on the rotavirus particle surface. Images PMID:199613

Disposal of hypergolic propellants, phase 6 task 4. Disposal pond products

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cohenour, B. C.; Wiederhold, C. N.

1977-01-01

Waste monomethyl hydrazine scrubber liquor, consisting of aqueous solutions containing small amounts of CH4, Cl2, CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, and CHCl3 as well as large amounts of CH3OH is scheduled to be dumped in stabilization ponds along with nitrate and nitrite salt solutions obtained as waste liquors from the N2O4 scrubbers. The wastes are investigated as to the hazardous materials generated by such combinations of items as described as well as the finite lifetime of such materials in the stabilization ponds. The gas liquid chromatograph was used in the investigation. A series of experiments designed to convert nitrate and nitrite salts to the environmentally innocuous N2O and N2 using solar energy is reported. Results indicate that this solar conversion is feasible.

Recovery of 131I from alkaline solution of n-irradiated tellurium target using a tiny Dowex-1 column.

PubMed

Chattopadhyay, Sankha; Saha Das, Sujata

2010-10-01

A simple and inexpensive ion-exchange chromatography method for the separation of medically useful no-carrier-added (nca) iodine radionuclides from bulk amounts of irradiated tellurium dioxide (TeO(2)) target was developed and tested using (131)I. The radiochemical separation was performed using a very small Dowex-1x8 ion-exchange column. The overall radiochemical yield for the complete separation of (131)I was 92+/-1.8 (standard deviation) % (n=8). The separated nca (131)I was of high, approximately 99%, radionuclidic and radiochemical purity and did not contain detectable amounts of the target material. This method may be adopted for the radiochemical separation of other different iodine radionuclides produced from tellurium matrices through cyclotron as well as reactor irradiation. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

SEPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN SERUM CHYLOMICRONS

PubMed Central

Scanu, Angelo; Page, Irvine H.

1959-01-01

Chylomicrons were separated by low and high speed ultracentrifugation from lipemic sera of human subjects in the absorptive phase. The final chylomicron preparation was free from other serum components and contained a small constant amount of protein, approximately 2 per cent of the chylomicron fraction. Electrophoresis, immunochemical analysis, and absorption experiments identified the protein component as derived from a mixture of beta and alpha1 serum lipoproteins. Large aliquots of an emulsion of serum freed of chylomicrons and coconut oil were incubated at 37°C. for 2 hours and ultracentrifuged as in the preparation of chylomicrons. The fat particles now showed the presence of minute amounts of beta and alpha1 serum lipoproteins in almost the same proportion as found in chylomicrons. "Finger prints" of delipidized samples of chylomicrons and particles from serum-coconut oil emulsion gave similar, although not identical patterns. The data on "clearing factor" activity corroborated the finding that serum alpha1 lipoproteins are contained in chylomicrons and particles from serum-coconut oil emulsion. These two lipide particles, partially delipidized, were both able to activate a "clearing factor" system in vitro, a property exhibited only by intact or partially delipidized alpha1 serum lipoproteins. Clearing activity was satisfactorily determined by using an emulsion of coconut oil mixed in agar as a substrate to give an opaque gel, in which the diffusing enzyme showed its activity by areas of clearing. The results obtained by this technique were in agreement with those based on fall in optical density and non-esterified fatty acid production. Chemical analysis of serum chylomicrons showed a concentration of cholesterol and phospholipides higher than could be accounted for by the attached beta and alpha1 serum lipoproteins. On the basis of these results the assumption is made that in the blood stream small amounts of serum lipoproteins, by a process of adsorption, form a complex with the absorbed triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipides, to produce chylomicrons. PMID:13620852

Asteroid and Lava Tube In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) Prospecting Free Flyer Project

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Falker, John; Zeitlin, Nancy; Mueller, Robert; Dupuis, Michael

2015-01-01

This project seeks to develop a small free flyer that can be used to safely and effectively prospect on an Asteroid while being controlled by the crew. This will enable the characterization of the Asteroid for the In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). Lava tubes can be explored remotely from the outside Asteroids can contain vast amounts of resources such as water for propellants and metals for feed stocks. Lava Tubes on Mars and the Moon may contain frozen volatile resources. Before the resources can be used, they must be found with a prospecting method. The NASA Agency Asteroid Grand Challenge seeks new ideas for Asteroid retrieval mission technologies for exploration and utilization of asteroids in a Distant Retrograde Orbit (DRO). This project will develop a small free flying platform that can be used to safely and effectively prospect on an Asteroid with limited autonomy while being controlled by the crew. This will enable the characterization of the Asteroid for ISRU. Lava tubes can be explored remotely from the outside as well using this same technology.

On the role of grain boundary character distribution in grain growth of Al-Mg alloys

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Matsumoto, K.; Shibayanagi, T.; Umakoshi, Y.

1997-02-01

Grain growth behavior of recrystallized Al-Mg alloys containing 0.3 and 2.7 mass% Mg was investigated, focusing on the interconnection between development of the texture and grain boundary character distribution. An Al-0.3 mass% Mg alloy showed two stages in the change of microstructure during grain growth: the frequency of cube oriented grains and the {Sigma}1 boundary significantly increased at an early stage and then decreased. In the second stage a small amount of isolated large grains with the non-cube component grew and consumed the surrounding cube grains. In contrast, the frequency of cube oriented grains and the grain boundary character distributionmore » showed no significant change during grain growth of Al-2.7 mass% Mg. Small clusters composed of several cube grains containing {Sigma}1 boundaries were formed and their spatial distribution played an important role in the change of microstructure during grain growth. The effect of the spatial distribution on the grain growth behavior was discussed considering the energy balance at triple junctions of grain boundaries.« less

Preliminary results of calculations for heavy-water nuclear-power-plant reactors employing 235U, 233U, and 232Th as a fuel and meeting requirements of a nonproliferation of nuclear weapons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ioffe, B. L.; Kochurov, B. P.

2012-02-01

A physical design is developed for a gas-cooled heavy-water nuclear reactor intended for a project of a nuclear power plant. As a fuel, the reactor would employ thorium with a small admixture of enriched uranium that contains not more than 20% of 235U. It operates in the open-cycle mode involving 233U production from thorium and its subsequent burnup. The reactor meets the conditions of a nonproliferation of nuclear weapons: the content of fissionable isotopes in uranium at all stages of the process, including the final one, is below the threshold for constructing an atomic bomb, the amount of product plutonium being extremely small.

Analysis of commercial and public bioactivity databases.

PubMed

Tiikkainen, Pekka; Franke, Lutz

2012-02-27

Activity data for small molecules are invaluable in chemoinformatics. Various bioactivity databases exist containing detailed information of target proteins and quantitative binding data for small molecules extracted from journals and patents. In the current work, we have merged several public and commercial bioactivity databases into one bioactivity metabase. The molecular presentation, target information, and activity data of the vendor databases were standardized. The main motivation of the work was to create a single relational database which allows fast and simple data retrieval by in-house scientists. Second, we wanted to know the amount of overlap between databases by commercial and public vendors to see whether the former contain data complementing the latter. Third, we quantified the degree of inconsistency between data sources by comparing data points derived from the same scientific article cited by more than one vendor. We found that each data source contains unique data which is due to different scientific articles cited by the vendors. When comparing data derived from the same article we found that inconsistencies between the vendors are common. In conclusion, using databases of different vendors is still useful since the data overlap is not complete. It should be noted that this can be partially explained by the inconsistencies and errors in the source data.

Optical Mass Gauging System for Measuring Liquid Levels in a Reduced Gravity Environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sullenberger, Ryan M.; Munoz, Wesley M.; Lyon, Matt P.; Vogel, Kenny; Yalin, Azer P.; Korman, Valentin; Polzin, Kurt A.

2010-01-01

A compact and rugged fiber-coupled liquid volume sensor designed for flight on a sounding rocket platform is presented. The sensor consists of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer capable of measuring the amount of liquid contained in a tank under any gravitational conditions, including a microgravity environment, by detecting small changes in the index of refraction of the gas contained within a sensing region. By monitoring changes in the interference fringe pattern as the system undergoes a small compression provided by a piston, the ullage volume of a tank can be directly measured allowing for a determination of the liquid volume. To demonstrate the technique, data are acquired using two tanks containing different volumes of liquid, which are representative of the levels of liquid in a tank at different time periods during a mission. The two tanks are independently exposed to the measurement apparatus, allowing for a determination of the liquid level in each. In a controlled, laboratory test of the unit, the system demonstrated a capability of measuring a liquid level in an individual tank of 10.53 mL with a 2% error. The overall random uncertainty for the flight system is higher than that one test, at +/- 1.5 mL.

Using acoustic levitation in synchrotron based laser pump hard x-ray probe experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Bin; Lerch, Jason; Suthar, Kamlesh; Dichiara, Anthony

Acoustic levitation provides a platform to trap and hold a small amount of material by using standing pressure waves without a container. The technique has a potential to be used for laser pump x-ray probe experiments; x-ray scattering and laser distortion from the container can be avoided, sample consumption can be minimized, and unwanted chemistry that may occur at the container interface can be avoided. The method has been used at synchrotron sources for studying protein and pharmaceutical solutions using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). However, pump-probe experiments require homogeneously excited samples, smaller than the absorption depth of the material that must be held stably at the intersection of both the laser and x-ray beams. We discuss 1) the role of oscillations in acoustic levitation and the optimal acoustic trapping conditions for x-ray/laser experiments, 2) opportunities to automate acoustic levitation for fast sample loading and manipulation, and 3) our experimental results using SAXS to monitor laser induced thermal expansion in gold nanoparticles solution. We also performed Finite Element Analysis to optimize the trapping performance and stability of droplets ranging from 0.4 mm to 2 mm. Our early x-ray/laser demonstrated the potential of the technique for time-resolved X-ray science.

RAMSEYS DRAFT WILDERNESS STUDY AREA AND ADDITION, VIRGINIA.

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lesure, Frank G.; Mory, Peter C.

1984-01-01

Mineral-resource surveys of the Ramseys Draft Wilderness Study Area and adjoining roadless area addition in George Washington National Forest in the western valley and ridge province, Augusta and Highland Counties, Virginia, were done. The surveys outlined three small areas containing anomalous amounts of copper, lead, and zinc related to stratabound red-bed copper mineralization, but these occurrences are not large and are not considered as having mineral-resource potential. The area contains abundant sandstone suitable for construction materials and shale suitable for making brick, tile, and other low-grade ceramic products, but these commodities occur in abundance outside the wilderness study area. Structural conditions are probably favorable for the accumulation of natural gas, but exploratory drilling has not been done sufficiently near the area to evaluate the gas potential.

Compositions containing poly ([gamma]glutamylcysteinyl)glycines

DOEpatents

Jackson, P.J.; Delhaize, E.; Robinson, N.J.; Unkefer, C.J.; Furlong, C.

1992-02-18

A method of removing heavy metals from aqueous solution, a composition of matter used in effecting the removal, and the apparatus used in effecting the removal are described. One or more of the polypeptides, poly ([gamma]glutamylcysteinyl)glycines, is immobilized on an inert material in particulate form. Upon contact with an aqueous solution containing heavy metals, the polypeptides sequester the metals, removing them from the solution. There is selectivity of poly ([gamma]glutamylcysteinyl)glycines having a particular number of monomer repeat units for particular metals. The polypeptides are easily regenerated by contact with a small amount of an organic acid, so that they can be used again to remove heavy metals from solution. This also results in the removal of the metals from the column in a concentrated form. 1 figs.

Inhalation studies on the effects of tremolite and brucite dust in rats

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Davis, J.M.; Addison, J.; Bolton, R.E.

1985-05-01

Samples of commercially used asbestos, especially chrysotile, are frequently contaminated by small amounts of other fibrous minerals. Among these are tremolite and brucite although pure tremolite is also produced commercially in relatively small quantities. In order to determine how harmful commercially exploited tremolite might be in comparison with other asbestos types and to explore the possibility that small amounts of tremolite and brucite as contaminants could significantly affect the pathogenicity of industrially used chrysotile, long-term animal inhalation and injection studies using rats were undertaken with what were considered to be mineralogically pure samples of these minerals. Rats treated with tremolitemore » developed very high levels of pulmonary fibrosis as well as 16 carcinomas and two mesotheliomas in a group of 39 animals. Tremolite thus proved to be the most dangerous mineral that the authors have studied. Animals treated with brucite developed moderate levels of pulmonary fibrosis and two carcinomas. Both tremolite and brucite produced mesotheliomas in greater than 90% of animals following i.p. injection. However, it was found that the supposedly pure brucite in fact contained 10% chrysotile, a level of contamination that could well have been responsible for the pathological changes found in both inhalation and intraperitoneal injection studies. The greatest care should be exercised by industry in handling tremolite or materials contaminated with it.« less

Development of a NIR-based blend uniformity method for a drug product containing multiple structurally similar actives by using the quality by design principles.

PubMed

Lin, Yiqing; Li, Weiyong; Xu, Jin; Boulas, Pierre

2015-07-05

The aim of this study is to develop an at-line near infrared (NIR) method for the rapid and simultaneous determination of four structurally similar active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in powder blends intended for the manufacturing of tablets. Two of the four APIs in the formula are present in relatively small amounts, one at 0.95% and the other at 0.57%. Such small amounts in addition to the similarity in structures add significant complexity to the blend uniformity analysis. The NIR method is developed using spectra from six laboratory-created calibration samples augmented by a small set of spectra from a large-scale blending sample. Applying the quality by design (QbD) principles, the calibration design included concentration variations of the four APIs and a main excipient, microcrystalline cellulose. A bench-top FT-NIR instrument was used to acquire the spectra. The obtained NIR spectra were analyzed by applying principal component analysis (PCA) before calibration model development. Score patterns from the PCA were analyzed to reveal relationship between latent variables and concentration variations of the APIs. In calibration model development, both PLS-1 and PLS-2 models were created and evaluated for their effectiveness in predicting API concentrations in the blending samples. The final NIR method shows satisfactory specificity and accuracy. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins, pigment conversions, and early light-induced proteins in a chlorophyll b-less barley mutant.

PubMed Central

Król, M; Spangfort, M D; Huner, N P; Oquist, G; Gustafsson, P; Jansson, S

1995-01-01

Monospecific polyclonal antibodies have been raised against synthetic peptides derived from the primary sequences from different plant light-harvesting Chl a/b-binding (LHC) proteins. Together with other monospecific antibodies, these were used to quantify the levels of the 10 different LHC proteins in wild-type and chlorina f2 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), grown under normal and intermittent light (ImL). Chlorina f2, grown under normal light, lacked Lhcb1 (type I LHC II) and Lhcb6 (CP24) and had reduced amounts of Lhcb2, Lhcb3 (types II and III LHC II), and Lhcb4 (CP 29). Chlorina f2 grown under ImL lacked all LHC proteins, whereas wild-type ImL plants contained Lhcb5 (CP 26) and a small amount of Lhcb2. The chlorina f2 ImL thylakoids were organized in large parallel arrays, but wild-type ImL thylakoids had appressed regions, indicating a possible role for Lhcb5 in grana stacking. Chlorina f2 grown under ImL contained considerable amounts of violaxanthin (2-3/reaction center), representing a pool of phototransformable xanthophyll cycle pigments not associated with LHC proteins. Chlorina f2 and the plants grown under ImL also contained early light-induced proteins (ELIPs) as monitored by western blotting. The levels of both ELIPs and xanthophyll cycle pigments increased during a 1 h of high light treatment, without accumulation of LHC proteins. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that ELIPs are pigment-binding proteins, and we suggest that ELIPs bind photoconvertible xanthophylls and replace "normal" LHC proteins under conditions of light stress. PMID:7748263

Determination of soluble immunoglobulin G in bovine colostrum products by Protein G affinity chromatography-turbidity correction and method validation.

PubMed

Holland, Patrick T; Cargill, Anne; Selwood, Andrew I; Arnold, Kate; Krammer, Jacqueline L; Pearce, Kevin N

2011-05-25

Immunoglobulin-containing food products and nutraceuticals such as bovine colostrum are of interest to consumers as they may provide health benefits. Commercial scale colostrum products are valued for their immunoglobulin G (IgG) content and therefore require accurate analysis. One of the most commonly used methods for determining total soluble IgG in colostrum products is based on affinity chromatography using a Protein G column and UV detection. This paper documents improvements to the accuracy of the Protein G analysis of IgG in colostrum products, especially those containing aggregated forms of IgG. Capillary electrophoresis-sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS) analysis confirmed that aggregated IgG measured by Protein G does not contain significant amounts of casein or other milk proteins. Size exclusion chromatography identified the content of soluble IgG as mainly monomeric IgG and aggregated material MW > 450 kDa with small amounts of dimer and trimer. The turbidity of the eluting IgG, mainly associated with aggregated IgG, had a significant effect on the quantitative results. Practical techniques were developed to correct affinity LC data for turbidity on an accurate, consistent, and efficient basis. The method was validated in two laboratories using a variety of colostrum powders. Precision for IgG was 2-3% (RSD(r)) and 3-12% (RSD(R)). Recovery was 100.2 ± 2.4% (mean ± RSD, n = 10). Greater amounts of aggregated IgG were solubilized by a higher solution:sample ratio and extended times of mixing or sonication, especially for freeze-dried material. It is concluded that the method without acid precipitation and with turbidity correction provides accurate, precise, and robust data for total soluble IgG and is suitable for product specification and quality control of colostrum products.

Radiocarbon dating loess deposits in the Mississippi Valley using terrestrial gastropod shells (Polygyridae, Helicinidae, and Discidae)

USGS Publications Warehouse

Pigati, Jeffery S.; McGeehin, John P.; Muhs, Daniel; Grimley, David A.; Nekola, Jeffery C.

2014-01-01

Small terrestrial gastropod shells (mainly Succineidae) have been used successfully to date late Quaternary loess deposits in Alaska and the Great Plains. However, Succineidae shells are less common in loess deposits in the Mississippi Valley compared to those of the Polygyridae, Helicinidae, and Discidae families. In this study, we conducted several tests to determine whether shells of these gastropods could provide reliable ages for loess deposits in the Mississippi Valley. Our results show that most of the taxa that we investigated incorporate small amounts (1–5%) of old carbon from limestone in their shells, meaning that they should yield ages that are accurate to within a few hundred years. In contrast, shells of the genus Mesodon(Mesodon elevatus and Mesodon zaletus) contain significant and variable amounts of old carbon, yielding ages that are up to a couple thousand 14C years too old. Although terrestrial gastropod shells have tremendous potential for 14C dating loess deposits throughout North America, we acknowledge that accuracy to within a few hundred years may not be sufficient for those interested in developing high-resolution loess chronologies. Even with this limitation, however, 14C dating of terrestrial gastropod shells present in Mississippi Valley loess deposits may prove useful for researchers interested in processes that took place over multi-millennial timescales or in differentiating stratigraphic units that have significantly different ages but similar physical and geochemical properties. The results presented here may also be useful to researchers studying loess deposits outside North America that contain similar gastropod taxa..

Risk assessment related to biogenic amines occurrence in ready-to-eat baby foods.

PubMed

Czajkowska-Mysłek, Anna; Leszczyńska, Joanna

2017-07-01

Potential adverse reactions among infants and young children could appear after consumption of food containing small amounts of bioactive amines. This study presents the first assessment of biogenic amines occurrence in ready-to-eat vegetable without/with fish, meat and fruit baby products intended for the youngest consumers. The biogenic amine profiles and quantities of 6 amines were evaluated in 68 commercial baby foods produced by 10 leading manufacturers available in Poland, using HPLC-APCI-MS method. The total amine contents in analyzed products were obtained in the range of 1283-101421 ng/g. The maximum level of histamine (2375 ng/g) was found in the sample with spinach, tyramine (1667 ng/g) in fruit sample with banana, and of di- and polyamines (1263-53416 ng/g) in samples containing green peas. The results of amine analysis in baby foods indicated the presence of food ingredients which may be necessary to remove (tuna, possibly spinach) or reduce the amount added (spinach, green peas), either reduce their use by infants under 12 months of age (beef). Special attention should also be given to control the consumption of fruit baby products containing banana (higher tyramine and putrescine level). On the basis of obtained results a potential %ARfD, and the BAI were also evaluated. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Properties of KNbO3 Ceramics Containing Small Amounts of LaFeO3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kakimoto, Ken-ichi; Masuda, Izumi; Ohsato, Hitoshi

2003-09-01

Dense KNbO3 ceramics have been successfully synthesized by pressure-less sintering under optimized heat-treatment conditions using a small amount of La2O3 and Fe2O3 additives. KNbO3 forms (K1-xLax)(Nb1-xFex)O3 solid solutions and changes in the crystal system, depending on the additive content, from orthorhombic to tetragonal at x of 0.020, and from tetragonal to cubic at x of 0.200 or higher. When only 0.002 mol of La2O3 and Fe2O3 (x=0.002) was added into KNbO3, the highest value (98.8%) of the theoretical density was obtained. This specimen showed orthorhombic symmetry with a high Curie temperature of 420°C, and demonstrated a well-saturated ferroelectric hysteresis loop with large remanent polarization (Pr) of 18 μC/cm2, which is comparable to the value reported for pure KNbO3 ceramics fabricated by hot pressing. Furthermore, the x=0.002 specimen showed a planar electromechanical coupling ratio (kp) of 0.17 and piezoelectric d33 constant of 98 pC/N, regardless of the unsaturated poling state.

Monitoring of biogenic amines in cheeses manufactured at small-scale farms and in fermented dairy products in the Czech Republic.

PubMed

Buňková, Leona; Adamcová, Gabriela; Hudcová, Kateřina; Velichová, Helena; Pachlová, Vendula; Lorencová, Eva; Buňka, František

2013-11-01

The aim of the study was the monitoring of six biogenic amines (histamine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, tryptamine, putrescine, and cadaverine) and two polyamines (spermidine and spermine) in 112 samples of dairy products purchased in the Czech Republic, namely in 55 cheeses made in small-scale farms and in 57 fermented dairy products. The products were tested at the end of their shelf-life period. Neither tryptamine nor phenylethylamine was detected in the monitored samples; histamine was found only in four cheese samples containing up to 25mg/kg. The contents of spermine and spermidine were low and did not exceed the values of 35 mg/kg. Significant amounts of tyramine, putrescine, and cadaverine occurred especially in cheeses produced from ewe's milk or in long-term ripened cheeses. In about 10% of the tested cheeses, the total concentration of all the monitored biogenic amines and polyamines exceeded the level of 200mg/kg, which can be considered toxicologically significant. In fermented dairy products, the tested biogenic amines occurred in relatively low amounts (generally up to 30 mg/kg) that are regarded safe for the consumer's health. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Carbon-supported, selenium-modified ruthenium-molybdenum catalysts for oxygen reduction in acidic media.

PubMed

Guinel, Maxime J-F; Bonakdarpour, Arman; Wang, Biao; Babu, Panakkattu K; Ernst, Frank; Ramaswamy, Nagappan; Mukerjee, Sanjeev; Wieckowski, Andrzej

2009-07-20

The stability and oxygen reduction activity of two carbon-supported catalyst materials are reported. The catalysts, Se/Ru and Se/(Ru-Mo), were prepared by using a chemical reduction method. The catalyst nanoparticles were evenly dispersed onto globular amorphous carbon supports, and their average size was ca. 2.4 nm. Thermal treatment at 500 °C for 2 h in an inert argon atmosphere resulted in coarsening of the nanoparticles, and also in some decrease of their activity. A gradual reduction of activity was also observed for Se/Ru during potential-cycle experiments. However, the incorporation of small amounts of Mo into the Se/Ru catalysts considerably improved the stability of the catalyst against dissolution. The Mo-containing samples showed excellent oxygen reduction activities even after cycling the potential 1000 times between 0.7 and 0.9 V. Furthermore, they showed excellent fuel-cell behavior. The performance of the Se/Ru catalysts is greatly improved by the addition of small amounts of elemental Mo. Possible mechanisms responsible for the improvement of the activity are discussed. Copyright © 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

The viking biological investigation: preliminary results.

PubMed

Klein, H P; Horowitz, N H; Levin, G V; Oyama, V I; Lederberg, J; Rich, A; Hubbard, J S; Hobby, G L; Straat, P A; Berdahl, B J; Carle, G C; Brown, F S; Johnson, R D

1976-10-01

Three different types of biological experiments on samples of martian surface material ("soil") were conducted inside the Viking lander. In the carbon assimilation or pyrolytic release experiment, (14)CO(2) and (14)CO were exposed to soil in the presence of light. A small amount of gas was found to be converted into organic material. Heat treatment of a duplicate sample prevented such conversion. In the gas exchange experiment, soil was first humidified (exposed to water vapor) for 6 sols and then wet with a complex aqueous solution of metabolites. The gas above the soil was monitored by gas chromatography. A substantial amount of O(2) was detected in the first chromatogram taken 2.8 hours after humidification. Subsequent analyses revealed that significant increases in CO(2) and only small changes in N(2) had also occurred. In the labeled release experiment, soil was moistened with a solution containing several (14)C-labeled organic compounds. A substantial evolution of radioactive gas was registered but did not occur with a duplicate heat-treated sample. Alternative chemical and biological interpretations are possible for these preliminary data. The experiments are still in process, and these results so far do not allow a decision regarding the existence of life on the plonet Mars.

Dilute Acid and Autohydrolysis Pretreatment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Bin; Wyman, Charles E.

Exposure of cellulosic biomass to temperatures of about 120-210°C can remove most of the hemicellulose and produce cellulose-rich solids from which high glucose yields are possible with cellulase enzymes. Furthermore, the use of dilute sulfuric acid in this pretreatment operation can increase recovery of hemicellulose sugars substantially to about 85-95% of the maximum possible versus only about 65% if no acid is employed. The use of small-diameter tubes makes it possible to employ high solids concentrations similar to those preferred for commercial operations, with rapid heat-up, good temperature control, and accurate closure of material balances. Mixed reactors can be employed to pretreat larger amounts of biomass than possible in such small-diameter tubes, but solids concentrations are limited to about 15% or less to provide uniform temperatures. Pretreatment of large amounts of biomass at high solids concentrations is best carried out using direct steam injection and rapid pressure release, but closure of material balances in such “steam gun” devices is more difficult. Although flow of water alone or containing dilute acid is not practical commercially, such flow-through configurations provide valuable insight into biomass deconstruction kinetics not possible in the batch tubes, mixed reactors, or steam gun systems.

Destruction of Navy Hazardous Wastes by Supercritical Water Oxidation

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-08-01

cleaning and derusting (nitrite and citric acid solutions), electroplating ( acids and metal bearing solutions), electronics and refrigeration... acid forming chemical species or that contain a large amount of dissolved solids present a challenge to current SCWO •-chnology. Approved for public...Waste streams that contain a large amount of mineral- acid forming chemical species or that contain a large amount of dissolved solids present a challenge

Laboratory production in vivo of infectious human papillomavirus type 11.

PubMed Central

Kreider, J W; Howett, M K; Leure-Dupree, A E; Zaino, R J; Weber, J A

1987-01-01

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) induce among patients natural lesions which produce small amounts of virus. Infection of human cell cultures does not lead to the multiplication of virus, which also does not replicate in experimental animals. We have developed a unique system for the laboratory production of HPV type 11 (HPV-11). Fragments of human neonatal foreskin were infected with an extract of naturally occurring human vulvar condylomata and grafted beneath the renal capsule of athymic mice. Later (3 to 5 months), condylomatous cysts developed from those grafts. Nuclei of koilocytotic cells contained large amounts of capsid antigen and intranuclear virions. The experimentally induced condylomata were homogenized, and the virions were extracted and used to infect another generation of human foreskin grafts in athymic mice. The HPV-11 DNA content and infectivity of the natural and experimental condylomata were similar. Extracts of experimental condylomata were subjected to differential ultracentrifugation and sedimentation in CsCl density gradients. A single, opalescent band was visible at a density of 1.34 g/ml. It contained HPV virions with HPV-11 DNA. This report is the first demonstration of the laboratory production of an HPV. Images PMID:3027386

Establishment of rat pancreatic endocrine cell lines by infection with simian virus 40.

PubMed Central

Niesor, E J; Wollheim, C B; Mintz, D H; Blondel, B; Renold, A E; Weil, R

1979-01-01

The feasibility of infection and transformation by SV40 (simian virus 40) of primary cell cultures derived from newborn-rat pancreas was investigated. As judged by the presence of intranuclear SV40 T-antigen, exposure to the virus resulted specifically in infection and transformation of epithelioid (predominantly endocrine) cells. The transformed cells were subcultured (more than 64 passages) and cloned. Culture medium and acid/ethanol extracts of the cells did not contain detectable amounts of immunoreactive insulin after the third subculture. However, inoculation of such SV40-transformed pancreatic cells into immunodeficient rats results in tumours in which insulin production was partially restored through the passage in vivo, since the tumour cells contained and synthesized small amounts of immunoreactive insulin which co-migrated with an insulin marker on gel chromatography. Interestingly, the transformed cells maintained under tissue-culture conditions produced a protein immunologically related to insulin, soluble in aqueous buffer but insoluble in acid/ethanol. This 3000-dalton protein is too large to be a translation product of the rat preproinsulin 9S mRNA. SV40-transformed pancreatic cells might prove useful in the investigation of the factors controlling and maintaining insulin biosynthesis. Images Fig. 1. PMID:222255

Quantification of geopolymers production by chemical methods- A short review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Siyal, Ahmer Ali; Azizli, Khairun Azizi; Ismail, Lukman; Man, Zakaria; Khan, Muhammad Irfan

2015-07-01

Inorganic polymers are the aluminosilicate materials possessing properties superior than ordinary Portland cement. In this review paper the chemical techniques used for determining degree of reaction of fly ash or the quantity of geopolymer material produced have been discussed. These methods determine the amount of product formed in percentages. The methods include HCl method, salicylic acid method, and picric acid method. These methods are not only used for fly ash but they are being used for determining the degree of reactions of metakaolin and other pozzolanic materials. The picric acid is an explosive material and its transportation in high concentration is dangerous. During its use in laboratory there is also the risk of fire associated with it. According to the microscopic analysis results the picric acid attack dissolves small amount of fine unreacted fly ash particles also. The salicylic acid is easily available but the residue from its treatment contains unreacted fly ash particles, hydration phases, and certain parts of unreacted OPC. The residue from HCl and salicylic acid attack contains MgO particles which is the part of the hydration product. The HCl method is mostly used due to simple process and lower standard deviation.

77 FR 61423 - Notice of Adjustment of Disaster Grant Amounts

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-09

... any Small Project Grant made to the State, local government, or to the owner or operator of an... Disaster Grant Amounts AGENCY: Federal Emergency Management Agency, DHS. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: FEMA gives notice of an increase of the maximum amount for Small Project Grants to State and local...

Mercury Flow Through the Mercury-Containing Lamp Sector of the Economy of the United States

USGS Publications Warehouse

Goonan, Thomas G.

2006-01-01

Introduction: This Scientific Investigations Report examines the flow of mercury through the mercury-containing lamp sector of the U.S. economy in 2001 from lamp manufacture through disposal or recycling. Mercury-containing lamps illuminate commercial and industrial buildings, outdoor areas, and residences. Mercury is an essential component in fluorescent lamps and high-intensity discharge lamps (high-pressure sodium, mercury-vapor, and metal halide). A typical fluorescent lamp is composed of a phosphor-coated glass tube with electrodes located at either end. Only a very small amount of the mercury is in vapor form. The remainder of the mercury is in the form of either liquid mercury metal or solid mercury oxide (mercury oxidizes over the life of the lamp). When voltage is applied, the electrodes energize the mercury vapor and cause it to emit ultraviolet energy. The phosphor coating absorbs the ultraviolet energy, which causes the phosphor to fluoresce and emit visible light. Mercury-containing lamps provide more lumens per watt than incandescent lamps and, as a result, require from three to four times less energy to operate. Mercury is persistent and toxic within the environment. Mercury-containing lamps are of environmental concern because they are widely distributed throughout the environment and are easily broken in handling. The magnitude of lamp sector mercury emissions, estimated to be 2.9 metric tons per year (t/yr), is small compared with the estimated mercury losses of the U.S. coal-burning and chlor-alkali industries, which are about 70 t/yr and about 90 t/yr, respectively.

The Development of Ni-Containing Cryogenic Steels and Their Industrial Manufacturing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Meng; Xie, Zhang-long; Li, Cheng-gang; Liu, Zheng-yu

China has become one the largest energy consumer in the world due to the rapid growth of its economy, leading to the steady increase in the consumption of LPG, LEG and LNG in recent years. Therefore, urgent demands for the steels to be able to contain liquefied gases had emerged. Nickel containing cryogenic steels had been mainly used for liquefied gas tanks as ferritic cryogenic materials, but there are still many problems in regard of industrial production. In the present work, the optimized processing routes for 5Ni and 9Ni steels were developed at laboratory. The effect of Ni addition on the microstructure and cryogenic toughness of Ni containing steels was investigated. The results showed that the prior austenite grain size decreased from 19.8µm to 18.2µm and the ductile-brittle transition temperature decreased as Ni content increased from 5% to 9%. The quenched and tempered microstructures in 5Ni and 9Ni steels were consisted of tempered martensite and small amount of reversed austenite, with the microstructure of 5Ni steel only containing only 0.3%reversed austenite and a large amount of dispersive cementite was precipitated on ferritic matrix. With the increase of Ni addition up to 9%, the volume fraction of reversed austenite increased to about 5% and cementite precipitation was eliminated because the reversed austenite had absorbed carbon atoms from the matrix. It has been shown that cementite was harmful to the toughness of the steelas a hard second phase because it was easy for cracks' initiation and propagation when the cementite was precipitated at grain boundaries or lath boundaries. Fine grain size, more reversed austenite and less cementite precipitation are worked out to be the key factors to decrease the ductile-brittle transition temperature of 9Ni steel.

Formation of the giant planets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lissauer, Jack J.

2006-01-01

The observed properties of giant planets, models of their evolution and observations of protoplanetary disks provide constraints on the formation of gas giant planets. The four largest planets in our Solar System contain considerable quantities of hydrogen and helium, which could not have condensed into solid planetesimals within the protoplanetary disk. All three (transiting) extrasolar giant planets with well determined masses and radii also must contain substantial amounts of these light gases. Jupiter and Saturn are mostly hydrogen and helium, but have larger abundances of heavier elements than does the Sun. Neptune and Uranus are primarily composed of heavier elements. HD 149026 b, which is slightly more massive than is Saturn, appears to have comparable quantities of light gases and heavy elements. HD 209458 b and TrES-1 are primarily hydrogen and helium, but may contain supersolar abundances of heavy elements. Spacecraft flybys and observations of satellite orbits provide estimates of the gravitational moments of the giant planets in our Solar System, which in turn provide information on the internal distribution of matter within Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Atmospheric thermal structure and heat flow measurements constrain the interior temperatures of planets. Internal processes may cause giant planets to become more compositionally differentiated or alternatively more homogeneous; high-pressure laboratory .experiments provide data useful for modeling these processes. The preponderance of evidence supports the core nucleated gas accretion model. According to this model, giant planets begin their growth by the accumulation of small solid bodies, as do terrestrial planets. However, unlike terrestrial planets, the growing giant planet cores become massive enough that they are able to accumulate substantial amounts of gas before the protoplanetary disk dissipates. The primary questions regarding the core nucleated growth model is under what conditions planets with small cores/total heavy element abundances can accrete gaseous envelopes within the lifetimes of gaseous protoplanetary disks.

Evaluating the Small-World-Ness of a Sampled Network: Functional Connectivity of Entorhinal-Hippocampal Circuitry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

She, Qi; Chen, Guanrong; Chan, Rosa H. M.

2016-02-01

The amount of publicly accessible experimental data has gradually increased in recent years, which makes it possible to reconsider many longstanding questions in neuroscience. In this paper, an efficient framework is presented for reconstructing functional connectivity using experimental spike-train data. A modified generalized linear model (GLM) with L1-norm penalty was used to investigate 10 datasets. These datasets contain spike-train data collected from the entorhinal-hippocampal region in the brains of rats performing different tasks. The analysis shows that entorhinal-hippocampal network of well-trained rats demonstrated significant small-world features. It is found that the connectivity structure generated by distance-dependent models is responsible for the observed small-world features of the reconstructed networks. The models are utilized to simulate a subset of units recorded from a large biological neural network using multiple electrodes. Two metrics for quantifying the small-world-ness both suggest that the reconstructed network from the sampled nodes estimates a more prominent small-world-ness feature than that of the original unknown network when the number of recorded neurons is small. Finally, this study shows that it is feasible to adjust the estimated small-world-ness results based on the number of neurons recorded to provide a more accurate reference of the network property.

Comparisons of large (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) and small (Vaccinium oxycoccos L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) cranberry in British Columbia by phytochemical determination, antioxidant potential, and metabolomic profiling with chemometric analysis.

PubMed

Brown, Paula N; Turi, Christina E; Shipley, Paul R; Murch, Susan J

2012-04-01

There is a long history of use and modern commercial importance of large and small cranberries in North America. The central objective of the current research was to characterize and compare the chemical composition of 2 west coast small cranberry species traditionally used (Vaccinium oxycoccos L. and Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) with the commercially cultivated large cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) indigenous to the east coast of North America. V. oxycoccos and V. macrocarpon contained the 5 major anthocyanins known in cranberry; however, the ratio of glycosylated peonidins to cyanidins varied, and V. vitis-idaea did not contain measurable amounts of glycosylated peonidins. Extracts of all three berries were found to contain serotonin, melatonin, and ascorbic acid. Antioxidant activity was not found to correlate with indolamine levels while anthocyanin content showed a negative correlation, and vitamin C content positively correlated. From the metabolomics profiles, 4624 compounds were found conserved across V. macrocarpon, V. oxycoccoS, and V. vitis-idaea with a total of approximately 8000-10 000 phytochemicals detected in each species. From significance analysis, it was found that 2 compounds in V. macrocarpoN, 3 in V. oxycoccos, and 5 in V. vitis-idaea were key to the characterization and differentiation of these cranberry metabolomes. Through multivariate modeling, differentiation of the species was observed, and univariate statistical analysis was employed to provide a quality assessment of the models developed for the metabolomics data. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

Tissue distribution of (/sup 14/C)methyl mercury in the lobster, Homarus americanus

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Guarino, A.M.; Anderson, J.B.; Pritchard, J.B.

1976-09-01

(/sup 14/C) Methyl mercury was administered to lobsters by three different routes: intravascular (iv) injection, ingestion, and absorption from the ambient water. After iv administration (0.1 mg/kg) (/sup 14/C) methyl mercury was rapidly removed from the plasma, followed by slow loss from the hepatopancreas and a strikingly persistent increase in the amount of radioactivity in the tail muscle. Most (80 to 90 percent) of the radioactivity in the hepatopancreas was shown by TLC methods to be the parent compound, and approximately 10 percent of this persisted for 6 days after injection. The half-life in this organ was found to bemore » 21 days. One month after iv treatment with methyl mercury, the only organs that contained more than 0.1 ppM of this xenobiotic were egg masses, male gonads, heart, brain, intestine, and tail muscle. The half-lives for disappearance from sexual organs were greater than 1 month. After ingestion of (/sup 14/C) methyl mercury (0.1 mg/kg) in food the hepatopancreas contained most of the administered dose at 6 days (68 percent), while the stomach (10 percent), tail muscle (8 percent), and carcass (15 percent) contained less. A unique distribution pattern emerged 6 days after exposure to (/sup 14/C) methyl mercury-containing ambient water (0.1 ppM). The tail muscle contained most (50 percent) of the absorbed dose, whereas the hepatopancreas and carcass containing only 23 and 10 percent, respectively. In view of the small molecular size and high liqid solubility of methyl mercury and the lipophilic properties of the chitin-protein exoskeleton of the lobster, it is likely that significant uptake directly from the water as well as storage of absorbed methyl mercury occurred in the tail region. Residue analysis on untreated lobsters indicated that the egg masses contained the largest amount of methyl mercury (0.1 ppM). The hepatopancreas and carcass (muscle) levels were less than 0.05 ppM.« less

[Risk control of traditional Chinese medicines containing aristolochis acids (AAs) based on influencing factors of content of AAs].

PubMed

Tian, Jing-Zhuo; Liang, Ai-Hua; Liu, Jing; Zhang, Bo-Li

2017-12-01

Aristolochic acids (AAs) widely exist in such plants as Aristolochia and Asarum. The renal toxicity of AAs as well as its carcinogenicity to urinary system have been widely known. In 2003 and 2004, China prohibited the use of Aristolochiae Radix, Aristolochiae Manshuriensis Caulis and Aristolochiae Fangchi Radix, and required administering other AAs-containing medicines in accordance with the regulations for prescription drugs. In this paper, we retrieved literatures on the content determination of AAs in recent 10 years in China. It suggested that the AAs content is lower in Asarum herb, especially in its roots and rhizomes, and most of which do not show detectable amount of AA-I. Some of traditional Chinese medicines show fairly small amount of detectable AA-I. The AAs content in Aristolochia herb (including Fructus Aristolochiae, kaempfer dutchmanspipe root) is relatively high; however, there are fewer literatures for studying the content determination of AAs in Chinese patent medicines. There were many factors affecting AAs content, including the parts used, origins, processing methods, extraction process. It suggested that we should pay attention to the toxicity of Chinese medicines containing AAs and use these decoction pieces and traditional Chinese medicines cautiously. In addition, basic studies for the origins, processing methods and extraction process of Chinese patent medicines containing AAs, as well as supervision and detection of AAs content in traditional Chinese medicinal materials, decoction pieces and Chinese patent medicines shall be strengthened for reducing medication risk and guaranteeing clinical medication safety. Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.

Demonstrate Scale-up Procedure for Glass Composite Material (GCM) for Incorporation of Iodine Loaded AgZ.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nenoff, Tina M.; Garino, Terry J.; Croes, Kenneth James

2015-07-01

Two large size Glass Composite Material (GCM) waste forms containing AgI-MOR were fabricated. One contained methyl iodide-loaded AgI-MOR that was received from Idaho National Laboratory (INL, Test 5, Beds 1 – 3) and the other contained iodine vapor loaded AgIMOR that was received from Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL, SHB 2/9/15 ). The composition for each GCM was 20 wt% AgI-MOR and 80 wt% Ferro EG2922 low sintering temperature glass along with enough added silver flake to prevent any I2 loss during the firing process. The silver flake amounts were 1.2 wt% for the GCM with the INL AgI-MOR andmore » 3 wt% for the GCM contained the ORNL AgI-MOR. The GCMs, nominally 100 g, were first uniaxially pressed to 6.35 cm (2.5 inch) diameter disks then cold isostatically pressed, before firing in air to 550°C for 1hr. They were cooled slowly (1°C/min) from the firing temperature to avoid any cracking due to temperature gradients. The final GCMs were ~5 cm in diameter (~2 inches) and non-porous with densities of ~4.2 g/cm³. X-ray diffraction indicated that they consisted of the amorphous glass phase with small amounts of mordenite and AgI. Furthermore, the presence of the AgI was confirmed by X-ray fluorescence. Methodology for the scaled up production of GCMs to 6 inch diameter or larger is also presented.« less

Determination of molybenum in soils and rocks: A geochemical semimicro field method

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ward, F.N.

1951-01-01

Reconnaissance work in geochemical prospecting requires a simple, rapid, and moderately accurate method for the determination of small amounts of molybdenum in soils and rocks. The useful range of the suggested procedure is from 1 to 32 p.p.m. of molybdenum, but the upper limit can be extended. Duplicate determinations on eight soil samples containing less than 10 p.p.m. of molybdenum agree within 1 p.p.m., and a comparison of field results with those obtained by a conventional laboratory procedure shows that the method is sufficiently accurate for use in geochemical prospecting. The time required for analysis and the quantities of reagents needed have been decreased to provide essentially a "test tube" method for the determination of molybdenum in soils and rocks. With a minimum amount of skill, one analyst can make 30 molybdenum determinations in an 8-hour day.

In vitro studies on the stability in the proximal gastrointestinal tract and bioaccessibility in Caco-2 cells of chlorogenic acids from spent coffee grounds.

PubMed

Monente, Carmen; Ludwig, Iziar A; Stalmach, Angelique; de Peña, Maria Paz; Cid, Concepción; Crozier, Alan

2015-01-01

Spent coffee grounds are a potential commercial source of substantial amounts of chlorogenic acids (CGAs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability of spent coffee CGAs using in vitro simulated gastroduodenal digestion and to investigate their potential absorption using an in vitro Caco-2 model of human small intestinal epithelium. During in vitro digestion, lactones were partially degraded while caffeoylquinic and feruloylquinic acids were much more stable. Transport and metabolism studies showed that 1% of the total CGAs were absorbed and transported from the apical to the basolateral side of a Caco-2 cell monolayer after 1 h. Lactones and coumaroylquinic acids showed the rate of highest absorption. Caco-2 cells possessed low metabolic activity. In conclusion, spent coffee extracts contain large amounts of CGAs, which remained bioaccessible across the intestinal barrier, albeit to a relatively low degree.

Chicken eggshell as suitable calcium source at home.

PubMed

Brun, Lucas R; Lupo, Maela; Delorenzi, Damián A; Di Loreto, Verónica E; Rigalli, Alfredo

2013-09-01

Taken into consideration that the deficiency of calcium (Ca) in the diet is a common problem, the aim of this work was to study the chicken eggshell as Ca source at home. It was evaluated: (1) different mechanisms to process eggshells and find an easy way to determine the required amount of Ca at home and; (2) the flavor and the texture for eggshell fortified food. Chemical and mechanical methods of eggshell processing were evaluated. Changes in flavor and texture were evaluated in volunteers coordinated by a professional chef. A single eggshell contains 2.07 ± 0.18 g of Ca; therefore half an eggshell could provide the amount of Ca needed by adult human beings per day. The best way to use chicken eggshell as Ca dietary supplement is powdered to add to bread, pizza or spaghetti as there were small changes in texture and no changes in flavor.

Analysis of cadmium in undissolved anode materials of Mark-IV electro-refiner

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yoo, Tae-Sic; Fredrickson, G.L.; Vaden, D.

2013-07-01

The Mark-IV electro-refiner (Mk-IV ER) is a unit process in the FCF (Fuel Conditioning Facility), which is primarily assigned to treating the used driver fuels. Mk-IV ER contains an electrolyte/molten cadmium system for refining uranium electrochemically. Typically, the anode of the Mk-IV ER consists of the chopped sodium-bonded metallic driver fuels, which have been primarily U-10Zr binary fuels. Chemical analysis of the residual anode materials after electrorefining indicates that a small amount of cadmium is removed from the Mk-IV ER along with the undissolved anode materials. Investigation of chemical analysis data indicates that the amount of cadmium in the undissolvedmore » anode materials is strongly correlated with the anode rotation speeds and the residence time of the anode in the Mk-IV ER. Discussions are given to explain the prescribed correlation. (authors)« less

Development of a screening system for cystic fibrosis.

PubMed

Coury, A J; Fogt, E J; Norenberg, M S; Untereker, D F

1983-09-01

We have developed a simple method for detecting high concentrations of chloride in sweat from ambulatory subjects, a measurement useful in the detection of cystic fibrosis. The method is based on the standard approach of stimulating sweat generation through iontophoresis of pilocarpine nitrate into the skin, followed by collection and analysis of the sweat for chloride concentration. The sweat-stimulating reagents are contained in polymeric gel pads, which are used in conjunction with a small battery-powered stimulator. The chloride analysis is subsequently done on the stimulated site by use of a thin test patch that picks up a fixed amount of sweat and changes color if the chloride concentration is higher than a predetermined value. The successful completion of a test is indicated by a fill tab, which changes color when the appropriate amount of sweat has been picked up by the chloride test patch.

Expansion of chromospheric matter in the gradual phase of solar flares

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ohki, K.

1975-01-01

Interferometric observations at 17 GHz of several small X-ray flares are presented along with soft X-ray observations of preflare active regions to show that a large mass increase accompanies the formation of an X-ray hot region in the corona. The total amount of energy contained in a hot coronal region is estimated, and a model is proposed in which a significant amount of the hot matter is supplied to the corona from the chromosphere during each flare. According to this model, energy produced by some coronal instability is transported by thermal conduction to the chromosphere, where dense gas is heated and subsequently expands into the corona. It is shown that impulsive heating of the chromosphere by nonthermal electrons cannot be the energy source of this model because the total energy supplied to the hot region during the gradual phase must be much greater than that supplied during the impulsive phase.

Translocation in Polytrichum commune (Bryophyta) I. Conduction and allocation of photoassimilates

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thomas, R.J.; Schiele, E.M.; Scheirer, D.C.

1988-02-01

Leafy stems and connecting underground rhizomes of Polytrichum commune Hedw. contain leptome tissues similar in structure to phloem. Isolated stems in clonal groupings were pulse labelled with {sup 14}CO{sub 2}. Labelled sugar, mostly sucrose, glucose, and fructose, appeared in the pulse labelled stems 30 min after treatment. A small amount (3.3%) of labelled sugar was transported to neighboring stems. Silver grain deposition in microautoradiographs of interconnecting rhizomes occurred predominantly over leptome tissues. Increased amounts of translocated radioactivity appeared in starch and cell wall polysaccharide pools one week and six weeks after treatment. These results (1) indicate that transport of photoassimilatemore » occurs through the leptome of perennating rhizomes, (2) demonstrate that translocated carbon is subsequently utilized or stored, and (3) raise important questions about the significance of long distance transport in the life strategy of this complex clonal moss.« less

Annual summary of ground-water conditions in Arizona, Spring 1981 to Spring 1982

USGS Publications Warehouse

,

1982-01-01

The withdrawal of ground water was about 5.4 million acre-feet in Arizona in 1981, which is about 800,000 acre-feet more than the amount withdrawn in 1980. Most of the increase in 1981 was in the amount of ground water used for irrigation in the Basin and Range lowlands province. Through 1981, slightly more than 189 million acre-feet of ground water had been withdrawn from the ground-water reservoirs in Arizona. The report contains two small-scale maps that show ground-water pumpage by areas and the status of the ground-water inventory in the State. The main map, which is at a scale of 1:500,000, shows potential well production, depth to water in selected wells in spring 1982, and change in water level in selected wells from 1977 to 1982. A brief text summarizes the current ground-water conditions in the State. (USGS)

Large discharge capacity from carbon electrodes in sulfuric acid with oxidant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Inagaki, M.; Iwashita, N.

The discharge performance of the graphite intercalation compounds in sulfuric acid containing nitric acid (H 2SO 4-GICs) was studied by focusing on the effects of oxidant and carbon nanotexture. A large discharge capacity from H 2SO 4-GICs synthesized by using an excess amount of HNO 3, more than 150 times of the theoretical value (93 mAh/g carbon), was obtained depending on the amount of oxidant added, the discharge current, and the nanotexture of carbon electrode. The experimental results are explained in terms of competition between the de-intercalation of sulfuric acid due to galvanostatic reduction and the re-intercalation due to chemical oxidation by HN03 during discharging. However, a subsidiary reaction decreases the effective amount of HNO 3 on the discharge by a small current and also on the cycle of chemical charging and electrochemical discharging. The oxidant KMnO 4 gave only a little larger capacity for discharge than the theoretical one, because it was reduced to the manganese oxide precipitates during the oxidation of the carbon electrode.

Phenylpropanoid composition in fig (Ficus carica L.) leaves.

PubMed

Takahashi, Toru; Okiura, Aya; Kohno, Masahiro

2017-10-01

The leaves of fig (Ficus carica L.) have been used for traditional and Chinese medicine. We determined the composition of phenylpropanoids (polyphenols and furanocoumarins) as a functional agent in the leaves of 37 cultivars of fig. The most abundant polyphenol was caffeoylmalic acid (12.0-26.6 mg/g dry weight), followed by rutin (4.7-14.6 mg/g dry weight) and isoschaftoside (2.5-6.4 mg/g dry weight). Psoralen (3.8-23.0 mg/g dry weight) was dominant in the furanocoumarins. In molar amounts, psoralic acid glucoside (PAG), a precursor of psoralen, was equivalent to psoralen. Furanocoumarins and PAG were not detected in the leaves of only one cultivar, Grise de Tarascon. Fig leaves are potentially an excellent source of polyphenols such as caffeoylmalic acid and rutin. From the result of cluster analysis, some cultivars that contained large amount of polyphenols, and a small amount (e.g., Grise de Saint Jean) or no (Grise de Tarascon) furanocoumarins, were found. These cultivars are considered suitable for functional foods or medicinal products.

Ceramic component for electrodes

DOEpatents

Marchant, David D.

1979-01-01

A ceramic component suitable for preparing MHD generator electrodes consists of HfO.sub.2 and sufficient Tb.sub.4 O.sub.7 to stabilize at least 60 volume percent of the HfO.sub.2 into the cubic structure. The ceramic component may also contain a small amount of PrO.sub.2, Yb.sub.2 O.sub.3 or a mixture of both to improve stability and electronic conductivity of the electrode. The component is highly resistant to corrosion by molten potassium seed and molten coal slag in the MHD fluid and exhibits both ionic and electronic conductivity.

Direct reduction processes for titanium oxide in molten salt

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suzuki, Ryosuke O.

2007-02-01

Molten salt electrolysis using CaCl2 is employed to produce pure titanium and its alloys directly from TiO2 and a mixture of elemental oxides, respectively, as an alternate to the Kroll process. This is because CaO, which is a reduction by-product, is highly soluble in CaCl2. Good-quality titanium containing only a small amount of residual oxygen has been successfully produced and scaled to industrial levels. Thermochemical and electrochemical bases are reviewed to optimize the process conditions. Several processes using molten salt are being examined for future progress in titanium processing.

Nuclear Innovation Workshops Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jackson, John Howard; Allen, Todd Randall; Hildebrandt, Philip Clay

The Nuclear Innovation Workshops were held at six locations across the United States on March 3-5, 2015. The data collected during these workshops has been analyzed and sorted to bring out consistent themes toward enhancing innovation in nuclear energy. These themes include development of a test bed and demonstration platform, improved regulatory processes, improved communications, and increased public-private partnerships. This report contains a discussion of the workshops and resulting themes. Actionable steps are suggested at the end of the report. This revision has a small amount of the data in Appendix C removed in order to avoid potential confusion.

ToF-SIMS Investigation of the Effectiveness of Acid-Cleaning procedures for Genesis Solar Wind Collectors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goreva, Y. S.; Humanyun, M.; Burnett, D. S.; Jurewicz, A. J.; Gonzalez, C. P.

2014-01-01

ToF-SIMS images of Genesis sample surfaces contain an incredible amount of important information, but they also show that the crash-derived surface contamination has many components, presenting a challenge to cleaning. Within the variability, we have shown that there are some samples which appear to be clean to begin with, e.g. 60471, and some are more contaminated. Samples 60493 and 60500 are a part of a focused study of the effectiveness of aqua regia and/or sulfuric acid cleaning of small flight Si implanted with Li-6 using ToF-SIMS.

Process for reducing sulfur in coal char

DOEpatents

Gasior, Stanley J.; Forney, Albert J.; Haynes, William P.; Kenny, Richard F.

1976-07-20

Coal is gasified in the presence of a small but effective amount of alkaline earth oxide, hydroxide or carbonate to yield a char fraction depleted in sulfur. Gases produced during the reaction are enriched in sulfur compounds and the alkaline earth compound remains in the char fraction as an alkaline earth oxide. The char is suitable for fuel use, as in a power plant, and during combustion of the char the alkaline earth oxide reacts with at least a portion of the sulfur oxides produced from the residual sulfur contained in the char to further lower the sulfur content of the combustion gases.

On the structure of amorphous calcium carbonate--a detailed study by solid-state NMR spectroscopy.

PubMed

Nebel, Holger; Neumann, Markus; Mayer, Christian; Epple, Matthias

2008-09-01

The calcium carbonate phases calcite, aragonite, vaterite, monohydrocalcite (calcium carbonate monohydrate), and ikaite (calcium carbonate hexahydrate) were studied by solid-state NMR spectroscopy ( (1)H and (13)C). Further model compounds were sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate, and calcium hydroxide. With the help of these data, the structure of synthetically prepared additive-free amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) was analyzed. ACC contains molecular water (as H 2O), a small amount of mobile hydroxide, and no hydrogencarbonate. This supports the concept of ACC as a transient precursor in the formation of calcium carbonate biominerals.

Alkaline sorbent injection for mercury control

DOEpatents

Madden, Deborah A.; Holmes, Michael J.

2003-01-01

A mercury removal system for removing mercury from combustion flue gases is provided in which alkaline sorbents at generally extremely low stoichiometric molar ratios of alkaline earth or an alkali metal to sulfur of less than 1.0 are injected into a power plant system at one or more locations to remove at least between about 40% and 60% of the mercury content from combustion flue gases. Small amounts of alkaline sorbents are injected into the flue gas stream at a relatively low rate. A particulate filter is used to remove mercury-containing particles downstream of each injection point used in the power plant system.

Alkaline sorbent injection for mercury control

DOEpatents

Madden, Deborah A.; Holmes, Michael J.

2002-01-01

A mercury removal system for removing mercury from combustion flue gases is provided in which alkaline sorbents at generally extremely low stoichiometric molar ratios of alkaline earth or an alkali metal to sulfur of less than 1.0 are injected into a power plant system at one or more locations to remove at least between about 40% and 60% of the mercury content from combustion flue gases. Small amounts of alkaline sorbents are injected into the flue gas stream at a relatively low rate. A particulate filter is used to remove mercury-containing particles downstream of each injection point used in the power plant system.

Variables affecting resolution of lung phospholipids in one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography.

PubMed

Krahn, J

1987-01-01

Resolution of the confusion in the literature about the separation of lung phospholipids in thin-layer chromatographic systems has awaited a systematic study of the variables that potentially affect this separation. In this study I show that: incorporation of ammonium sulfate into silica gel "GHL" has a dramatic effect on separation of lung phospholipids; this effect is equally dramatic but different in activated and nonactivated gels; when it picks up moisture, ammonium sulfate-activated gel very rapidly loses its ability to resolve lecithin from phosphatidylinositol; in gel containing ammonium sulfate, small amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine are hydrolyzed to lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine.

Analysis of consumer complaints related to microbial contamination in soft drinks.

PubMed

Hara-Kudo, Yukiko; Goto, Keiichi; Onoue, Youichi; Watanabe, Maiko; Lee, Ken-ichi; Kumagai, Susumu; Sugita-Konishi, Yoshiko; Ohnishi, Takahiro

2009-12-01

Surveillance of consumer complaints related to microbial contamination in soft drinks indicated that tea drinks, and juice and juice drinks were major soft drinks involved in complaints. The frequency of complaints about juice and juice drinks is relatively high in relation to the production amount. Damage to containers during distribution and inappropriate storage of soft drinks by consumers are major causes of complaints. Molds were predominantly associated with complaints and symptoms caused by intake of contaminated soft drinks. To reduce complaints, more support for small companies, and greater education for carriers, dealers and consumers are needed.

[Dynamics of pleural liquid in hydrothorax].

PubMed

Nakamura, T; Iwaskai, Y; Gotoh, T; Hiramori, N; Fujii, T; Sakai, M; Nakagaki, Y; Arimoto, T; Mizobuchi, K; Hashikura, H

1994-12-01

The basics of pleural liquid dynamics are summarized. The normal pleural cavity contains a small amount of pleural liquid (0.1-0.3 ml/kg). Its protein concentration is about 1.0 g/dl and its pH is 7.6. The normal flow of pleural liquid is gravity dependent, and pleural liquid flows from the costal to the mediastinal region. In experimental hydrothorax, the pleural liquid was removed mainly via lymphatics. The turnover of the pleural liquid is rapid, and it depends on the area of contact between pleural liquid and pleural and on the blood flow to the pleura.

Low resistance contacts for shallow junction semiconductors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fatemi, Navid S. (Inventor); Weizer, Victor G. (Inventor)

1994-01-01

A method of enhancing the specific contact resistivity in InP semiconductor devices and improved devices produced thereby are disclosed. Low resistivity values are obtained by using gold ohmic contacts that contain small amounts of gallium or indium and by depositing a thin gold phosphide interlayer between the surface of the InP device and the ohmic contact. When both the thin interlayer and the gold-gallium or gold-indium contact metallizations are used, ultra low specific contact resistivities are achieved. Thermal stability with good contact resistivity is achieved by depositing a layer of refractory metal over the gold phosphide interlayer.

Isolation of nanoscale exosomes using viscoelastic effect

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Guoqing; Liu, Chao

2017-11-01

Exosomes, molecular cargos secreted by almost all mammalian cells, are considered as promising biomarkers to identify many diseases including cancers. However, the small size of exosomes (30-200 nm) poses serious challenges on their isolation from the complex media containing a variety of extracellular vesicles (EVs) of different sizes, especially in small sample volumes. Here we develop a viscoelasticity-based microfluidic system to directly separate exosomes from cell culture media or serum in a continuous, size-dependent, and label-free manner. Using a small amount of biocompatible polymer as the additive into the media to control the viscoelastic forces exerted on EVs, we are able to achieve a high separation purity (>90%) and recovery (>80%) of exosomes. The size cutoff in viscoelasticity-based microfluidics can be easily controlled using different PEO concentrations. Based on this size-dependent viscoelastic separation strategy, we envision the handling of diverse nanoscale objects, such as gold nanoparticles, DNA origami structures, and quantum dots. This work was supported financially by National Natural Science Foundation of China (11572334, 91543125).

Iodine imaging using spectral analysis. [radiography for visualization of small blood vessels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Macovski, A.

1978-01-01

Existing radiographic imaging systems provide images which represent an integration or averaging over the energy spectrum. In order to provide noninvasive angiography it is necessary to image the relatively small amounts of iodine which are available following an intravenous administration. This is accomplished by making use of the special spectral characteristics of iodine. Two methods will be presented. One involves a special grating for encoding the iodine information in the form of a fine line pattern. This is subsequently decoded to provide images of iodinated structures which are otherwise almost invisible. The second method utilizes a scanned X-ray beam which is rapidly switched in the high energy region. In this region, iodine experiences significant variations in the attenuation coefficient while bone and soft tissue do not. An efficient and accurate X-ray detector can be used with scanned X-ray beams. This provides a high degree of sensitivity enabling the visualization of small vessels containing relatively dilute iodine.

Ammonia Detection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ward, William Douglas (Inventor)

2014-01-01

The different advantageous embodiments provide for identifying gas leakage in a platform. A processor unit identifies a rate of the gas of the substance leaking from a container in a first compartment for a platform. The processor unit also identifies an amount of gas that has leaked from the container at a selected time based on the rate of the gas of the substance leaking from the container and a total time. The processor unit identifies an amount of the gas of the substance present in a number of compartments associated with the first compartment using the amount of gas leaked from the container in the first compartment and a pressure for each compartment in the number of compartments. The processor unit determines whether the amount of gas in at least one of the first compartment and the number of compartments is outside of a desired amount for the gas.

Fabrication and textural characterization of nanoporous carbon electrodes embedded with CuO nanoparticles for supercapacitors.

PubMed

Prasad, Kumaresa P S; Dhawale, Dattatray S; Sivakumar, Thiripuranthagan; Aldeyab, Salem S; Zaidi, Javaid S M; Ariga, Katsuhiko; Vinu, Ajayan

2011-08-01

We introduce a novel strategy of fabricating nanoporous carbons loaded with different amounts of CuO nanoparticles via a hard templating approach, using copper-containing mesoporous silica as the template and sucrose as the carbon source. The nature and dispersion of the CuO nanoparticles on the surface of the nanoporous carbons were investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). XRD results reveal that nanoporous carbons with embedded CuO nanoparticles exhibit a well-ordered mesoporous structure, whereas the nitrogen adsorption measurements indicate the presence of excellent textural characteristics such as high surface area, large pore volume and uniform pore size distribution. The amount of CuO nanoparticles in the nanochannels of the nanoporous carbon could be controlled by simply varying the Si/Cu molar ratio of the mesoporous silica template. Morphological characterization by SEM and TEM reveals that high-quality CuO nanoparticles are distributed homogeneously within the nanoporous carbon framework. The supercapacitance behavior of the CuO-loaded nanoporous carbons was investigated. The material with a small amount of CuO in the mesochannels and high surface area affords a maximum specific capacitance of 300 F g -1 at a 20 mV s -1 scan rate in an aqueous electrolyte solution. A supercapacitor containing the CuO-loaded nanoporous carbon is highly stable and exhibits a long cycle life with 91% specific capacitance retained after 1000 cycles.

Fabrication and textural characterization of nanoporous carbon electrodes embedded with CuO nanoparticles for supercapacitors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prasad, Kumaresa P. S.; Dhawale, Dattatray S.; Sivakumar, Thiripuranthagan; Aldeyab, Salem S.; Zaidi, Javaid S. M.; Ariga, Katsuhiko; Vinu, Ajayan

2011-08-01

We introduce a novel strategy of fabricating nanoporous carbons loaded with different amounts of CuO nanoparticles via a hard templating approach, using copper-containing mesoporous silica as the template and sucrose as the carbon source. The nature and dispersion of the CuO nanoparticles on the surface of the nanoporous carbons were investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). XRD results reveal that nanoporous carbons with embedded CuO nanoparticles exhibit a well-ordered mesoporous structure, whereas the nitrogen adsorption measurements indicate the presence of excellent textural characteristics such as high surface area, large pore volume and uniform pore size distribution. The amount of CuO nanoparticles in the nanochannels of the nanoporous carbon could be controlled by simply varying the Si/Cu molar ratio of the mesoporous silica template. Morphological characterization by SEM and TEM reveals that high-quality CuO nanoparticles are distributed homogeneously within the nanoporous carbon framework. The supercapacitance behavior of the CuO-loaded nanoporous carbons was investigated. The material with a small amount of CuO in the mesochannels and high surface area affords a maximum specific capacitance of 300 F g-1 at a 20 mV s-1 scan rate in an aqueous electrolyte solution. A supercapacitor containing the CuO-loaded nanoporous carbon is highly stable and exhibits a long cycle life with 91% specific capacitance retained after 1000 cycles.

Seasonal changes in minor membrane phospholipid classes, sterols and tocopherols in overwintering insect, Pyrrhocoris apterus.

PubMed

Koštál, Vladimír; Urban, Tomáš; Rimnáčová, Lucie; Berková, Petra; Simek, Petr

2013-09-01

Ectotherm animals including insects are known to undergo seasonal restructuring of the cell membranes in order to keep their functionality and/or protect their structural integrity at low body temperatures. Studies on insects so far focused either on fatty acids or on composition of molecular species in major phospholipid classes. Here we extend the scope of analysis and bring results on seasonal changes in minor phospholipid classes, lysophospholipids (LPLs), free fatty acids, phytosterols and tocopherols in heteropteran insect, Pyrrhocoris apterus. We found that muscle tissue contains unusually high amounts of LPLs. Muscle and fat body tissues also contain high amounts of β-sitosterol and campesterol, two phytosterols derived from plant food, while only small amounts of cholesterol are present. In addition, two isomers (γ and δ) of tocopherol (vitamin E) are present in quantities comparable to, or even higher than phytosterols in both tissues. Distinct seasonal patterns of sterol and tocopherol concentrations were observed showing a minimum in reproductively active bugs in summer and a maximum in diapausing, cold-acclimated bugs in winter. Possible adaptive meanings of such changes are discussed including: preventing the unregulated transition of membrane lipids from functional liquid crystalline phase to non-functional gel phase; decreasing the rates of ion/solute leakage; silencing the activities of membrane bound enzymes and receptors; and counteracting the higher risk of oxidative damage to PUFA in winter membranes. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fabrication and textural characterization of nanoporous carbon electrodes embedded with CuO nanoparticles for supercapacitors

PubMed Central

Prasad, Kumaresa P S; Dhawale, Dattatray S; Sivakumar, Thiripuranthagan; Aldeyab, Salem S; Zaidi, Javaid S M; Ariga, Katsuhiko; Vinu, Ajayan

2011-01-01

We introduce a novel strategy of fabricating nanoporous carbons loaded with different amounts of CuO nanoparticles via a hard templating approach, using copper-containing mesoporous silica as the template and sucrose as the carbon source. The nature and dispersion of the CuO nanoparticles on the surface of the nanoporous carbons were investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). XRD results reveal that nanoporous carbons with embedded CuO nanoparticles exhibit a well-ordered mesoporous structure, whereas the nitrogen adsorption measurements indicate the presence of excellent textural characteristics such as high surface area, large pore volume and uniform pore size distribution. The amount of CuO nanoparticles in the nanochannels of the nanoporous carbon could be controlled by simply varying the Si/Cu molar ratio of the mesoporous silica template. Morphological characterization by SEM and TEM reveals that high-quality CuO nanoparticles are distributed homogeneously within the nanoporous carbon framework. The supercapacitance behavior of the CuO-loaded nanoporous carbons was investigated. The material with a small amount of CuO in the mesochannels and high surface area affords a maximum specific capacitance of 300 F g-1 at a 20 mV s-1 scan rate in an aqueous electrolyte solution. A supercapacitor containing the CuO-loaded nanoporous carbon is highly stable and exhibits a long cycle life with 91% specific capacitance retained after 1000 cycles. PMID:27877410

Evaluation of Copper-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate Metal-organic Framework (Cu-MOF) as a Selective Sorbent for Lewis-base Analytes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Harvey, Scott D.; Eckberg, Alison D.; Thallapally, Praveen K.

2011-09-01

The metal-organic framework Cu-BTC was evaluated for its ability to selectively interact with Lewis-base analytes, including explosives, by examining retention on GC columns packed with Chromosorb W HP that contained 3.0% SE-30 along with various loadings of Cu-BTC. SEM images of the support material showed the characteristic Cu-BTC crystals embedded in the SE-30 coating on the diatomaceous support. Results indicated that the Cu-BTC-containing stationary phase had limited thermal stability (220°C) and strong general retention for analytes. Kováts index calculations showed selective retention (amounting to about 300 Kováts units) relative to n-alkanes for many small Lewis-base analytes on a column thatmore » contained 0.75% Cu-BTC compared to an SE-30 control. Short columns that contained lower loadings of Cu-BTC (0.10%) were necessary to elute explosives and related analytes; however, selectivity was not observed for aromatic compounds (including nitroaromatics) or nitroalkanes. Observed retention characteristics are discussed.« less

Characterization of rat calcitonin mRNA.

PubMed Central

Amara, S G; David, D N; Rosenfeld, M G; Roos, B A; Evans, R M

1980-01-01

A chimeric plasmic containing cDNA complementary to rat calcitonin mRNA has been constructed. Partial sequence analysis shows that the insert contains a nucleotide sequence encoding the complete amino acid sequence of calcitonin. Two basic amino acids precede and three basic amino acids follow the hormone sequence, suggesting that calcitonin is generated by the proteolytic cleavage of a larger precursor in a manner analogous to that of other small polypeptide hormones. The COOH-terminal proline, known to be amidated in the secreted hormone, is followed by a glycine in the precursor. The cloned calcitonin DNA was used to characterize the expression of calcitonin mRNA. Cytoplasmic mRNAs from calcitonin-producing rat medullary thyroid carcinoma lines and from normal rat thyroid glands contain a single species, 1050 nucleotides long, whch hybridizes to the cloned calcitonin cDNA. The concentration of calcitonin mRNA sequences is greater in those tumors that produce larger amounts of immunoreactive calcitonin. RNAs from other endocrine tissues, including anterior and neurointermediate lobes of rat pituitary, contain no detectable calcitonin mRNA. Images PMID:6933496

Thermoacoustic refrigeration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Garrett, Steven L.; Hofler, Thomas J.

1991-01-01

A new refrigerator which uses resonant high amplitude sound in inert gases to pump heat is described and demonstrated. The phasing of the thermoacoustic cycle is provided by thermal conduction. This 'natural' phasing allows the entire refrigerator to operate with only one moving part (the loudspeaker diaphragm). The thermoacoustic refrigerator has no sliding seals, requires no lubrication, uses only low-tolerance machine parts, and contains no expensive components. Because the compressor moving mass is typically small and the oscillation frequency is high, the small amount of vibration is very easily isolated. This low vibration and lack of sliding seals makes thermoacoustic refrigeration an excellent candidate for food refrigeration and commercial/residential air conditioning applications. The design, fabrication, and performance of the first practical, autonomous thermoacoustic refrigerator, which will be flown on the Space Shuttle (STS-42), are described, and designs for terrestrial applications are presented.

What are the potential benefits of including latent storage in common wallboard?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stovall, T.K.; Tomlinson, J.J.

1995-11-01

Previous work has shown that wallboard can be successfully manufactured to contain up to 30% phase-change material (PCM), or wax, thus enabling this common building material to serve as a thermal energy storage device. The PCM wallboard was analyzed for passive solar applications and found to save energy with a reasonable payback time period of five years. Further evaluations of the wallboard are reported in this paper. This analysis looks at potential applications of PCM wallboard as a load management device and as a comfort enhancer. Results show that the wallboard is ineffective in modifying the comfort level but canmore » provide significant load management relief. In some applications the load management strategy also serves to save a small amount of energy, in others there is a small energy penalty.« less

Acoustically levitated droplets: a contactless sampling method for fluorescence studies.

PubMed

Leiterer, Jork; Grabolle, Markus; Rurack, Knut; Resch-Genger, Ute; Ziegler, Jan; Nann, Thomas; Panne, Ulrich

2008-01-01

Acoustic levitation is used as a new tool to study concentration-dependent processes in fluorescence spectroscopy. With this technique, small amounts of liquid and solid samples can be measured without the need for sample supports or containers, which often limits signal acquisition and can even alter sample properties due to interactions with the support material. We demonstrate that, because of the small sample volume, fluorescence measurements at high concentrations of an organic dye are possible without the limitation of inner-filter effects, which hamper such experiments in conventional, cuvette-based measurements. Furthermore, we show that acoustic levitation of liquid samples provides an experimentally simple way to study distance-dependent fluorescence modulations in semiconductor nanocrystals. The evaporation of the solvent during levitation leads to a continuous increase of solute concentration and can easily be monitored by laser-induced fluorescence.

116 years of misplaced management: Portballintrae, Northern Ireland

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jackson, D. W. T.

2012-04-01

Portballintrae has had a protracted history of human interference ranging from small-scale sand removal to hard coastal engineering. A small, horse shoe embayment and a once popular seaside destination on the north coast of Northern Ireland, it has suffered from progressive sediment loss over the last 116 years. From a once sediment abundant system, with a wide sandy beach, it now contains only a limited amount of sand draped over bedrock and/or gravel substrate and a relatively narrow beach. Installation of an obtrusive pier in its western section is thought to have interrupted the natural hydrody-namics and set in motion a progressive longshore transport and re-moval of sand into deeper water. Successive hard engineering 'solutions' prompted through public pressure and engineers keen to do business, have been largely ineffectual, located within a sediment-starved beach system.

Controlling the crystalline three-dimensional order in bulk materials by single-wall carbon nanotubes.

PubMed

López-Andarias, Javier; López, Juan Luis; Atienza, Carmen; Brunetti, Fulvio G; Romero-Nieto, Carlos; Guldi, Dirk M; Martín, Nazario

2014-04-29

The construction of ordered single-wall carbon nanotube soft-materials at the nanoscale is currently an important challenge in science. Here we use single-wall carbon nanotubes as a tool to gain control over the crystalline ordering of three-dimensional bulk materials composed of suitably functionalized molecular building blocks. We prepare p-type nanofibres from tripeptide and pentapeptide-containing small molecules, which are covalently connected to both carboxylic and electron-donating 9,10-di(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-9,10-dihydroanthracene termini. Adding small amounts of single-wall carbon nanotubes to the so-prepared p-nanofibres together with the externally controlled self assembly by charge screening by means of Ca(2+) results in new and stable single-wall carbon nanotube-based supramolecular gels featuring remarkably long-range internal order.

High performance ammonium nitrate propellant

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, F. A. (Inventor)

1979-01-01

A high performance propellant having greatly reduced hydrogen chloride emission is presented. It is comprised of: (1) a minor amount of hydrocarbon binder (10-15%), (2) at least 85% solids including ammonium nitrate as the primary oxidizer (about 40% to 70%), (3) a significant amount (5-25%) powdered metal fuel, such as aluminum, (4) a small amount (5-25%) of ammonium perchlorate as a supplementary oxidizer, and (5) optionally a small amount (0-20%) of a nitramine.

Method of extracting iodine from liquid mixtures of iodine, water and hydrogen iodide

DOEpatents

Mysels, Karol J.

1979-01-01

The components of a liquid mixture consisting essentially of HI, water and at least about 50 w/o iodine are separated in a countercurrent extraction zone by treating with phosphoric acid containing at least about 90 w/o H.sub.3 PO.sub.4. The bottom stream from the extraction zone is substantially completely molten iodine, and the overhead stream contains water, HI, H.sub.3 PO.sub.4 and a small fraction of the amount of original iodine. When the water and HI are present in near-azeotropic proportions, there is particular advantage in feeding the overhead stream to an extractive distillation zone wherein it is treated with additional concentrated phosphoric acid to create an anhydrous HI vapor stream and bottoms which contain at least about 85 w/o H.sub.3 PO.sub.4. Concentration of these bottoms provides phosphoric acid infeed for both the countercurrent extraction zone and for the extractive distillation zone.

In vitro health promoting properties of antioxidant dietary fiber extracted from spent coffee (Coffee arabica L.) grounds.

PubMed

Vázquez-Sánchez, Kenia; Martinez-Saez, Nuria; Rebollo-Hernanz, Miguel; Del Castillo, Maria Dolores; Gaytán-Martínez, Marcela; Campos-Vega, Rocio

2018-09-30

Antioxidant dietary fiber extracted from spent coffee grounds (FSCG) was evaluated as a potential functional food ingredient when incorporated in a food model (biscuits), and digested in vitro under simulated human gastrointestinal conditions. FSCG added to biscuits increased its total dietary fiber, antioxidant capacity after in vitro digestion, bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds (gallic acid and catechin) and amino acids. Furthermore, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), involved in chronic diseases, decreased up to 6-folds in the biscuits containing FSCG when compared with the traditional biscuit. The digestible fraction of biscuits containing the highest amount of FSCG (5 g) displayed the higher inhibiting α-glucosidase activity, correlating with the bioaccessibility of ascorbic acid and catechin. Our study seems to indicate that anti-diabetic compounds may be released in the small intestine during FSCG digestion, where biscuits containing FSCG may be able to beneficially regulate sugar metabolism thereby helping in producing foods friendly for diabetes. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Systemic allergic reactions to gelatin included in vaccines as a stabilizer.

PubMed

Sakaguchi, M; Inouye, S

2000-10-01

Most of the children who showed systemic immediate-type reactions, including anaphylactic shock, to measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccines had IgE antibodies to gelatin; thus we suspected that the allergic symptoms are caused by gelatin antigen, which is usually included in these live-virus vaccines as a stabilizer. We hypothesized that the anti-gelatin IgE is elicited by immunization with DTaP (diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis) vaccines, which contained a small amount of gelatin as a spillover protein after purification of pertussis toxin. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a case-control study to determine whether children with anti-gelatin IgE had received gelatin-containing DTaP vaccines, and it was indeed found that all such children in the study had immunization histories that included the gelatin-containing DTaP vaccines. Based on these findings, the vaccine manufacturers had removed gelatin from all the DTaP and live-virus vaccines produced in Japan by 2000.

Chemical characterization of the oligosaccharides in Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni) and Sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis lesson) milk.

PubMed

Urashima, Tadasu; Kobayashi, Mami; Asakuma, Sadaki; Uemura, Yusuke; Arai, Ikichi; Fukuda, Kenji; Saito, Tadao; Mogoe, Toshihiro; Ishikawa, Hajime; Fukui, Yutaka

2007-02-01

Samples of milk from a Bryde's whale and a Sei whale contained 2.7 g/100 mL and 1.7 g/100 mL of hexose, respectively. Both contained lactose as the dominant saccharide along with small amounts of Neu5Ac(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc (3'-N-acetylneuraminyllactose), Neu5Ac(alpha2-6)Gal(beta1-4)Glc (6'-N-acetylneuraminyllactose) and Neu5Ac(alpha2-6)Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc (LST c). The dominance of lactose in the carbohydrate of these milks is similar to that of Minke whale milk and bottlenose dolphin colostrum, but the oligosaccharide patterns are different from those of these two species, illustrating the heterogeneity of milk oligosaccharides among the Cetacea.

Inhomogeneous models of the Venus clouds containing sulfur

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, S. M.; Pollack, J. B.; Giver, L. P.; Cuzzi, J. N.; Podolak, M.

1979-01-01

Based on the suggestion that elemental sulfur is responsible for the yellow color of Venus, calculations are compared at 3.4 microns of the reflectivity phase function of two sulfur containing inhomogeneous cloud models with that of a homogeneous model. Assuming reflectivity observations with 25% or less total error, comparison of the model calculations leads to a minimum detectable mass of sulfur equal to 7% of the mass of sulfuric acid for the inhomogeneous drop model. For the inhomogeneous cloud model the comparison leads to a minimum detectable mass of sulfur between 17% and 38% of the mass of the acid drops, depending upon the actual size of the large particles. It is concluded that moderately accurate 3.4 microns reflectivity observations are capable of detecting quite small amounts of elemental sulfur at the top of the Venus clouds.

The drug swindlers.

PubMed

Silverman, M; Lydecker, M; Lee, P R

1990-01-01

In a number of important developing nations--among them Indonesia, India, and Brazil--clinical pharmacologists and other drug experts are revealing mounting concern over the marketing of fraudulent drug products. These are shaped, colored, flavored, marked, and packaged to mimic the real product. They may contain the actual antibiotic or other drug indicated on the label, but so "cut" that the product provides only a small fraction of the labeled amount, or they may contain only useless flour or starch. At best, they are worthless. At the worst, they can kill. In most instances, it is believed that these "drugs" are produced and marketed by local or domestic fly-by-night groups and not by multinational pharmaceutical firms. Blame for these practices is placed on inadequate or unenforced laws, only trivial punishments, bribery and corruption, and the fact that generally "nobody inspects the inspectors."

Oxidation Kinetics of Chemically Vapor-Deposited Silicon Carbide in Wet Oxygen

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Opila, Elizabeth J.

1994-01-01

The oxidation kinetics of chemically vapor-deposited SiC in dry oxygen and wet oxygen (P(sub H2O) = 0.1 atm) at temperatures between 1200 C and 1400 C were monitored using thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that in a clean environment, 10% water vapor enhanced the oxidation kinetics of SiC only very slightly compared to rates found in dry oxygen. Oxidation kinetics were examined in terms of the Deal and Grove model for oxidation of silicon. It was found that in an environment containing even small amounts of impurities, such as high-purity Al2O3 reaction tubes containing 200 ppm Na, water vapor enhanced the transport of these impurities to the oxidation sample. Oxidation rates increased under these conditions presumably because of the formation of less protective sodium alumino-silicate scales.

Adoption of radio-frequency identification to establish traceability in Taiwanese eel exported to the Japanese market.

PubMed

Jeng, Shu-Ching; Wu, Chun-Lung; Yang, I-Da

2013-01-01

Eel culture and export to the Japanese market is an important industry in Taiwan; however, the average amount produced by each farm is small. Eels from different farms might be mixed before export, making it difficult to determine which farm is responsible for eels containing drug residues. Therefore, the Taiwanese government uses a two-stage procedure of inspection and accreditation for validating the use of good practice in aquaculture farming. Nevertheless, it is still difficult to trace any farm that has produced eels containing drug residues. Radio-frequency identification has the potential to establish traceability in eel products. Here we suggest that Japanese eel importers should insist on the use of radio-frequency identification by Taiwanese eel exporters to enable verification of the safety of eel products being exported to the Japanese market.

Entanglement-assisted quantum quasicyclic low-density parity-check codes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hsieh, Min-Hsiu; Brun, Todd A.; Devetak, Igor

2009-03-01

We investigate the construction of quantum low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes from classical quasicyclic (QC) LDPC codes with girth greater than or equal to 6. We have shown that the classical codes in the generalized Calderbank-Skor-Steane construction do not need to satisfy the dual-containing property as long as preshared entanglement is available to both sender and receiver. We can use this to avoid the many four cycles which typically arise in dual-containing LDPC codes. The advantage of such quantum codes comes from the use of efficient decoding algorithms such as sum-product algorithm (SPA). It is well known that in the SPA, cycles of length 4 make successive decoding iterations highly correlated and hence limit the decoding performance. We show the principle of constructing quantum QC-LDPC codes which require only small amounts of initial shared entanglement.

A new sensitive method for detecting human endogenous (leukocyte) pyrogen.

PubMed

Bodel, P; Miller, H

1978-03-01

Endogenous, or leukocyte pyrogen (EP), the mediator of fever, is currently detected by injection of pyrogen-containing supernatants into rabbits. This assay has been of little value in the study of human fever because it required injection of relatively large amounts of pyrogen. We now report that injection of medium containing human EP produces fever in mice. Supernatant from 1 c 10(5) granulocytes, stimulated by phagocytosis of staphylococci and incubated overnight, or 1 x 10(4) monocytes similarly treated, produce clear pyrogenic responses. This method for detecting EP is about 100-fold more sensitive than the rabbit assay, and it appears to be specific for EP. Preliminary studies of EP released by small samples of needle liver biopsies from febrile and afebrile patients suggests that this sensitive assay may be useful for investigations into the mechanisms of clinical fever.

The content of goals in individual educational programs for students with complex communication needs.

PubMed

Klang, Nina; Rowland, Charity; Fried-Oken, Melanie; Steiner, Sandra; Granlund, Mats; Adolfsson, Margareta

2016-01-01

The aim of the study was to explore the contents of communication-related goals in individualized education programs (IEPs) for students with complex communication needs. Goals in 43 IEPs were linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, Children and Youth version (ICF-CY). The results show that the communication-related IEP goals contain information on multiple domains of functioning in the ICF-CY. However, judging by the amount of codes linked to ICF-CY chapters, the IEPs contain a relatively small proportion of goals that focus on interaction with others, or participation in classroom and leisure activities. Special education teachers and speech-language pathologists working with students with complex communication needs may need support to formulate communication-related IEP goals with a focus on interaction and participation in school activities.

Pressure waves in liquid mercury target from pulsed heat loads and the possible way controlling their effects

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ni, L.; Skala, K.

1996-06-01

In ESS project liquid metals are selected as the main target for the pulsed spallation neutron source. Since the very high instantaneous energy is deposited on the heavy molten target in a very short period time, pressure waves are generated. They travel through the liquid and cause high stress in the container. Also, additional stress should be considered in the wall which is the result of direct heating of the target window. These dynamic processes were simulated with computational codes with the static response being analized first. The total resulting dynamic wall stress has been found to have exceeded themore » design stress for the selected container material. Adding a small amount of gas bubbles in the liquid could be a possible way to reduce the pressure waves.« less

Steroid injections - tendon, bursa, joint

MedlinePlus

... a small amount of corticosteroid and a local anesthetic into the bursa. JOINT Any joint problem, such ... A small amount of corticosteroid and a local anesthetic will be injected into the joint. TENDON A ...

Monitoring Cellular Events in Living Mast Cells Stimulated with an Extremely Small Amount of Fluid on a Microchip

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Munaka, Tatsuya; Abe, Hirohisa; Kanai, Masaki; Sakamoto, Takashi; Nakanishi, Hiroaki; Yamaoka, Tetsuji; Shoji, Shuichi; Murakami, Akira

2006-07-01

We successfully developed a measurement system for real-time analysis of cellular function using a newly designed microchip. This microchip was equipped with a micro cell incubation chamber (240 nl) and was stimulated by a very small amount of stimuli (as small as 24 nl). Using the microchip system, cultivation of mast cells was successfully carried out. Monitoring of the cellular events after stimulation with an extremely small amount of fluid on a microchip was performed. This system could be applicable for various types of cellular analysis including real-time monitoring of cellular response by stimulation.

Ca:Mg:Zn:CO3 and Ca:Mg:CO3-tri- and bi-elemental carbonate microparticles for novel injectable self-gelling hydrogel-microparticle composites for tissue regeneration.

PubMed

Douglas, Timothy E L; Sobczyk, Katarzyna; Łapa, Agata; Włodarczyk, Katarzyna; Brackman, Gilles; Vidiasheva, Irina; Reczyńska, Katarzyna; Pietryga, Krzysztof; Schaubroeck, David; Bliznuk, Vitaliy; Voort, Pascal Van Der; Declercq, Heidi A; Bulcke, Jan Van den; Samal, Sangram Keshari; Khalenkow, Dmitry; Parakhonskiy, Bogdan V; Van Acker, Joris; Coenye, Tom; Lewandowska-Szumieł, Małgorzata; Pamuła, Elżbieta; Skirtach, Andre G

2017-03-24

Injectable composites for tissue regeneration can be developed by dispersion of inorganic microparticles and cells in a hydrogel phase. In this study, multifunctional carbonate microparticles containing different amounts of calcium, magnesium and zinc were mixed with solutions of gellan gum (GG), an anionic polysaccharide, to form injectable hydrogel-microparticle composites, containing Zn, Ca and Mg. Zn and Ca were incorporated into microparticle preparations to a greater extent than Mg. Microparticle groups were heterogeneous and contained microparticles of differing shape and elemental composition. Zn-rich microparticles were 'star shaped' and appeared to consist of small crystallites, while Zn-poor, Ca- and Mg-rich microparticles were irregular in shape and appeared to contain lager crystallites. Zn-free microparticle groups exhibited the best cytocompatibility and, unexpectedly, Zn-free composites showed the highest antibacterial activity towards methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Composites containing Zn-free microparticles were cytocompatible and therefore appear most suitable for applications as an injectable biomaterial. This study proves the principle of creating bi- and tri-elemental microparticles to induce the gelation of GG to create injectable hydrogel-microparticle composites.

Interior. Distillation apparatus used for extracting small test amounts of ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Interior. Distillation apparatus used for extracting small test amounts of latex from plant fiber. - Thomas A. Edison Laboratories, Building No. 2, Main Street & Lakeside Avenue, West Orange, Essex County, NJ

A Large Scale Biorational Approach Using Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis (Strain AM65-52) for Managing Aedes aegypti Populations to Prevent Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika Transmission

PubMed Central

Pruszynski, Catherine A.; Hribar, Lawrence J.; Mickle, Robert; Leal, Andrea L.

2017-01-01

Background Aedes aegypti is a container-inhabiting mosquito and a vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. In 2009 several cases of autochthonous dengue transmission were reported in Key West, Florida, USA prompting a comprehensive response to control A. aegypti. In Key West, larvae of this mosquito develop in containers around human habitations which can be numerous and labor intensive to find and treat. Aerial applications of larvicide covering large areas in a short time can be an efficient and economical method to control A. aegypti. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) is a bacterial larvicide which is highly target specific and appropriate for wide area spraying over urban areas, but to date, there are no studies that evaluate aerial spraying of Bti to control container mosquitoes like A. aegypti. Methodology This paper examines the effectiveness of aerial larvicide applications using VectoBac® WG, a commercially available Bti formulation, for A. aegypti control in an urban setting in the USA. Droplet characteristics and spray drop deposition were evaluated in Key West, Florida, USA. The mortality of A. aegypti in containers placed under canopy in an urban environment was also evaluated. Efficacy of multiple larvicide applications on adult female A. aegypti population reduction was compared between an untreated control and treatment site. Conclusions Droplet characteristics showed that small droplets can penetrate through dense canopy to reach small containers. VectoBac WG droplets reached small containers under heavy canopy in sufficient amounts to cause > 55% mortality on all application days and >90% mortality on 3 of 5 application days while controls had <5% mortality. Aerial applications of VectoBac WG caused significant decrease in adult female populations throughout the summer and during the 38th week (last application) the difference in adult female numbers between untreated and treated sites was >50%. Aerial larvicide applications using VectoBac WG can cover wide areas in a short period of time and can be effective in controlling A. aegypti and reducing A. aegypti-borne transmission in urban areas similar to Key West, Florida, USA. PMID:28199323

Detection of tiny amounts of fissile materials in large-sized containers with radioactive waste

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Batyaev, V. F.; Skliarov, S. V.

2018-01-01

The paper is devoted to non-destructive control of tiny amounts of fissile materials in large-sized containers filled with radioactive waste (RAW). The aim of this work is to model an active neutron interrogation facility for detection of fissile ma-terials inside NZK type containers with RAW and determine the minimal detectable mass of U-235 as a function of various param-eters: matrix type, nonuniformity of container filling, neutron gen-erator parameters (flux, pulse frequency, pulse duration), meas-urement time. As a result the dependence of minimal detectable mass on fissile materials location inside container is shown. Nonu-niformity of the thermal neutron flux inside a container is the main reason of the space-heterogeneity of minimal detectable mass in-side a large-sized container. Our experiments with tiny amounts of uranium-235 (<1 g) confirm the detection of fissile materials in NZK containers by using active neutron interrogation technique.

Diagnostic imaging of small amounts of pleural fluid: pleural effusion vs. physiologic pleural fluid.

PubMed

Kocijancic, Igor

2007-12-01

The aim of this article is to present an overview of our 10 years clinical research work and early clinical experience with small pleural effusions. Small amounts of pleural fluid are severely difficult to identify with imaging methods (chest x-rays and ultrasound). Nevertheless, it may be an important finding, sometimes leading to a definitive diagnosis of pleural carcinomatosis, infection or other pathologic condition. Chest x-rays were used for many years for the diagnosis of small pleural effusions. Lateral decubitus chest radiographs represented a gold standard for imaging of small amounts of plural fluid for more than 80 years. In the last two decades, ultrasonography of pleural space became a leading real-time method for demonstrating small pleural effusions. Furthermore, the advent of sonographic technology actually enables detection of physiologic pleural fluid in some otherwise healthy individuals. In conclusion, new definitions of the key terms in the field of diagnostic imaging of small amounts of pleural fluid seem to be justified. We suggest that the term pleural fluid should determine physiologic pleural space condition while the term pleural effusion should only be used in the cases of pleural involvement or pleural illness.

Design and characterization of microporous zeolitic hydroceramic waste forms for the solidification and stabilization of sodium bearing wastes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bao, Yun

During the production of nuclear weapon by the DOE, large amounts of liquid waste were generated and stored in millions of gallons of tanks at Savannah River, Hanford and INEEL sites. Typically, the waste contains large amounts of soluble NaOH, NaNO2 and NaNO3 and small amounts of soluble fission products, cladding materials and cleaning solution. Due to its high sodium content it has been called sodium bearing waste (SBW). We have formulated, tested and evaluated a new type of hydroceramic waste form specifically designed to solidify SBW. Hydroceramics can be made from an alumosilicate source such as metakaolin and NaOH solutions or the SBW itself. Under mild hydrothermal conditions, the mixture is transformed into a solid consisting of zeolites. This process leads to the incorporation of radionuclides into lattice sites and the cage structures of the zeolites. Hydroceramics have high strength and inherent stability in realistic geologic settings. The process of making hydroceramics from a series of SBWs was optimized. The results are reported in this thesis. Some SBWs containing relatively small amounts of NaNO3 and NaNO2 (SigmaNOx/Sigma Na<25 mol%) can be directly solidified with metakaolin. The remaining SBW having high concentrations of nitrate and nitrite (SigmaNOx/Sigma Na>25 mol%) require pretreatment since a zeolitic matrix such as cancrinite is unable to host more than 25 mol% nitrate/nitrite. Two procedures to denitrate/denitrite followed by solidification were developed. One is based on calcination in which a reducing agent such as sucrose and metakaolin have been chosen as a way of reducing nitrate and nitrite to an acceptable level. The resulting calcine can be solidified using additional metakaolin and NaOH to form a hydroceramic. As an alternate, a chemical denitration/denitrition process using Si and Al powders as the reducing agents, followed by adding metakaolin to the solution prepare a hydroceramic was also investigated. Si and Al not only are the reducing agents, but they also provide Si and Al species to make zeolites during the reducing process. Performance of the hydroceramics was documented using SEM microstructure and X-ray diffraction phase analysis, mechanical property and leaching tests (Product Consistency Test and ANSI/ANS-16.1 leaching test).

Guaifenesin- and ephedrine-induced stones.

PubMed

Assimos, D G; Langenstroer, P; Leinbach, R F; Mandel, N S; Stern, J M; Holmes, R P

1999-11-01

We report a new type of drug-induced stone that is caused by overconsumption of preparations containing guaifenesin and ephedrine. Clinical and stone analysis data from the Molecular Structure Laboratory at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, were reviewed. Stone analysis was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution X-ray crystallographic powder diffraction, or both. The urine and stone material from one of the subjects were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography. Stone analysis from seven patients demonstrated metabolites of guaifenesin. High-performance liquid chromatography revealed that the stone and urine from one subject had a high content of guaifenesin metabolites and a small amount of ephedrine. Demographic data were available on five patients. Three had a history of alcohol or drug dependency. All were consuming over-the-counter preparations containing ephedrine and guaifenesin. Four admitted to taking excessive quantities of these agents, mainly as a stimulant. Hypocitraturia was identified in two individuals subjected to urinary metabolic testing. These stones are radiolucent on standard X-ray imaging but can be demonstrated on unenhanced CT. Shockwave lithotripsy was performed in two patients, and the calculi fragmented easily. Individuals consuming large quantities of preparations containing ephedrine and guaifenesin may be at risk to develop stones derived mainly from metabolites of guaifenesin and small quantities of ephedrine. These patients may be prone to drug or alcohol dependency.

Application of a new Raman microprobe spectrometer to nondestructive analysis of sulfate and other ions in individual phases in fluid inclusions in minerals

USGS Publications Warehouse

Rosasco, G.J.; Roedder, E.

1979-01-01

Rosasco et al. (1975), reported the first successful application of laser-excited Raman spectroscopy for the identification and nondestructive partial analysis of individual solid, liquid, and gaseous phases in selected fluid inclusions. We report here the results of the application of a new instrument, based on back-scattering, that eliminates many of the previous stringent sample limitations and hence greatly expands the range of applicability of Raman spectroscopy to fluid inclusions. Fluid inclusions in many porphyry copper deposits contain 5-10 ??m 'daughter' crystals thought to be anhydrite but too small for identification by the previous Raman technique. Using the new instrument, we have verified that such daughter crystals in quartz from Bingham, Utah, are anhydrite. They may form by leakage of hydrogen causing internal autooxidation of sulfide ion. Daughter crystals were also examined in apatite (Durango, Mexico) and emerald (Muzo, Colombia). Valid analyses of sulfur species in solution in small fluid inclusions from ore deposits would be valuable, but are generally impossible by conventional methods. We present a calibration procedure for analyses for SO42- in such inclusions from Bingham, Utah (12,000 ?? 4000 ppm) and Creede, Colo. (probably < 500 ppm). A fetid Brazilian quartz, originally thought to contain liquid H2S, is shown to contain only HS- in major amounts. ?? 1979.

Studies on the Low-Temp Oxidation of Coal Containing Organic Sulfur and the Corresponding Model Compounds.

PubMed

Zhang, Lanjun; Li, Zenghua; Li, Jinhu; Zhou, Yinbo; Yang, Yongliang; Tang, Yibo

2015-12-11

This paper selects two typical compounds containing organic sulfur as model compounds. Then, by analyzing the chromatograms of gaseous low-temp oxidation products and GC/MS of the extractable matter of the oxidation residue, we summarizing the mechanism of low-temp sulfur model compound oxidation. The results show that between 30°C to 80°C, the interaction between diphenyl sulfide and oxygen is mainly one of physical adsorption. After 80°C, chemical adsorption and chemical reactions begin. The main reaction mechanism in the low-temp oxidation of the model compound diphenyl sulfide is diphenyl sulfide generates diphenyl sulfoxide, and then this sulfoxide is further oxidized to diphenyl sulphone. A small amount of free radicals is generated in the process. The model compound cysteine behaves differently from diphenyl sulfide. The main reaction low-temp oxidation mechanism involves the thiol being oxidized into a disulphide and finally evolving to sulfonic acid, along with SO₂ being released at 130°C and also a small amount of free radicals. We also conducted an experiment on coal from Xingcheng using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the major forms of organic sulfur in the original coal sample are thiophene and sulfone. Therefore, it can be inferred that there is none or little mercaptan and thiophenol in the original coal. After low-temp oxidation, the form of organic sulfur changes. The sulfide sulfur is oxidized to the sulfoxide, and then the sulfoxide is further oxidized to a sulfone, and these steps can be easily carried out under experimental conditions. What's more, the results illustrate that oxidation promotes sulfur element enrichment on the surface of coal.

Small Amounts of Gluten in Subjects With Suspected Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Trial.

PubMed

Di Sabatino, Antonio; Volta, Umberto; Salvatore, Chiara; Biancheri, Paolo; Caio, Giacomo; De Giorgio, Roberto; Di Stefano, Michele; Corazza, Gino R

2015-09-01

There is debate over the existence of nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms in response to ingestion of gluten-containing foods by people without celiac disease or wheat allergy. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial to determine the effects of administration of low doses of gluten to subjects with suspected NCGS. We enrolled 61 adults without celiac disease or a wheat allergy who believed ingestion of gluten-containing food to be the cause of their intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms. Participants were assigned randomly to groups given either 4.375 g/day gluten or rice starch (placebo) for 1 week, each via gastrosoluble capsules. After a 1-week gluten-free diet, participants crossed over to the other group. The primary outcome was the change in overall (intestinal and extraintestinal) symptoms, determined by established scoring systems, between gluten and placebo intake. A secondary outcome was the change in individual symptom scores between gluten vs placebo. According to the per-protocol analysis of data from the 59 patients who completed the trial, intake of gluten significantly increased overall symptoms compared with placebo (P = .034). Abdominal bloating (P = .040) and pain (P = .047), among the intestinal symptoms, and foggy mind (P = .019), depression (P = .020), and aphthous stomatitis (P = .025), among the extraintestinal symptoms, were significantly more severe when subjects received gluten than placebo. In a cross-over trial of subjects with suspected NCGS, the severity of overall symptoms increased significantly during 1 week of intake of small amounts of gluten, compared with placebo. Clinical trial no: ISRCTN72857280. Copyright © 2015 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Interpretation of third phase formation in the Th(IV)-HNO{sub3}, TBP-n-octane system with baxter's sticky spheres model.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chiarizia, R.; Jensen, M. P.; Borkowski, M.

2004-01-01

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) data for the tri-n-butylphosphate (TBP)-n-octane, HNO{sub 3}-Th(NO{sub 3}){sub 4} solvent extraction system, obtained under a variety of experimental conditions, have been interpreted using two different models. The particle growth model led to unrealistic results. The Baxter model for hard-spheres with surface adhesion, on the other hand, was more successful. According to this model, the increase in scattering intensity in the low Q range observed when increasing amounts of Th(NO{sub 3}){sub 4} are extracted into the organic phase, has been interpreted as arising from interactions between small reverse micelles containing three TBP molecules. Upon extraction of Th(NO{submore » 3}){sub 4}, the micelles interact through attractive forces between their polar cores with a potential energy of up to about 2 k{sub B}T. The intermicellar attraction, under suitable conditions, leads to third phase formation. Upon phase splitting, most of the solutes of the original organic phase separate in a continuous phase containing interspersed layers of n-octane.« less

Canyons and Mesas of Aureum Chaos

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

(Released 17 June 2002) This image contains a portion of Aureum Chaos located just south of the Martian equator. This fractured landscape contains canyons and mesas with two large impact craters in the upper left. The largest crater is older than the one above it. This is readily evident because a landslide deposit created by the smaller crater's impact is seen on the larger crater's floor. The overall scene has a rather muted appearance due to mantling by dust. Some small dark streaks can also be seen in this scene. These small dark streaks suggest that the materials covering this area occasionally become unstable and slide. Ridges of resistant material also can be observed in the walls of the canyons. The wall rock seen in the upper part of the cliffs appears to be layered. Classic spur and gully topography created by differing amounts of erosion and possibly different rock types is also visible here. One important observation to be made in this region is that there are no gullies apparent on the slopes such as those seen in Gorgonum Chaos (June 11th daily image). Latitude appears to play a major role in gully occurrence and distribution, with the gullies being predominately found pole ward of 30o.

Chemical Conversion of Anhydrous Hydrogen Fluoride for Safe Disposal

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Blake, Thomas A.; Brauer, Carolyn S.; Bachmann, William J.

A procedure for the safe conversion of a small (~ 1 gram) quantity of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride to calcium fluoride is described. The purpose of the conversion is to put the toxic, corrosive, gaseous compound into a chemical form that is a less toxic solid (calcium fluoride) and easier to dispose of. The hydrogen fluoride, which was contained in a 50 cc metal sample cylinder, was drawn by a small mechanical vacuum pump through an all-metal gas manifold and into a metal trap containing alternating layers of calcium oxide powder and Teflon turnings. The anhydrous hydrogen fluoride reacts with themore » calcium oxide to produce calcium fluoride and water vapor. Because some of the calcium oxide powder was drawn out of the trap and into the vacuum tubing, it was not possible to quantify the amount of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride converted to calcium fluoride. However, it was noted that there was a temperature rise in the trap when the gas was flowing through it, and no HF gas was detected at the vacuum pump exhaust at this time using a colorimetric Dräger tube. The trap was sealed and disposed of as solid chemical waste.« less

Interfacial Studies of Chemical Vapor Infiltrated (CVI) Ceramic Matrix Composites

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-10-01

carbon layer exists at the fiber/matrix interface. From Fig. 6, it can also be seen that a small amount of Cl exists at the interface and in the CVD SiC...matrix interface, most of which stayed on the fiber surface upon fracture. A small amount of oxygen (3-5 at*/) was found to be present in the CVI SiC. The... small amount of oxygen (1-2%). The results of MTS precursor coatings applied to Nextel 440 and Nicalon fibers preceded by an argon flush of the reactor

Quantitation of fatty acids, sterols, and tocopherols in turpentine (Pistacia terebinthus Chia) growing wild in Turkey.

PubMed

Matthäus, Bertrand; Ozcan, Mehmet Musa

2006-10-04

The chemical composition (fatty acids, tocopherols, and sterols) of the oil from 14 samples of turpentine (Pistacia terebinthus L.) fruits is presented in this study. The oil content of the samples varied in a relatively small range between 38.4 g/100 g and 45.1 g/100 g. The dominating fatty acid of the oil is oleic acid, which accounted for 43.0 to 51.3% of the total fatty acids. The total content of vitamin E active compounds in the oils ranged between 396.8 and 517.7 mg/kg. The predominant isomers were alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, with approximate equal amounts between about 110 and 150 mg/kg. The seed oil of P. terebinthus also contained different tocotrienols, with gamma-tocotrienol as the dominate compound of this group, which amounted to between 79 and 114 mg/kg. The total content of sterols of the oils was determined to be between 1341.3 and 1802.5 mg/kg, with beta-sitosterol as the predominent sterol that accounted for more than 80% of the total amount of sterols. Other sterols in noteworthy amounts were campesterol, Delta5-avenasterol, and stigmasterol, which came to about 3-5% of the total sterols.

Oil recovery by alkaline waterflooding

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cooke, C.E. Jr.; Williams, R.E.; Kolodzie, P.A.

1974-01-01

Flooding of oil containing organic acids with alkaline water under favorable conditions can result in recovery of around 50% of the residual oil left in a watered-out model. A high recovery efficiency results from the formation of a bank of viscous water-in-oil emulsion as surface active agents (soaps) are created by reactions of base in the water with the organic acids in the oil. The type and amount of organic acids in the oil, the pH and salt content of the water, and the amount of fines in the porous medium are the primary factors which determine the amount ofmore » additional oil recovered by this method. Interaction of alkaline water with reservoir rock largely determines the amount of chemical needed to flood a reservoir. Laboratory investigations using synthetic oils and crude oils show the importance of oil-water and liquid-solid interfacial properties to the results of an alkaline waterflood. A small field test demonstrated that emulsion banks can be formed in the reservoir and that chemical costs can be reasonable in selected reservoirs. Although studies have provided many qualitative guide lines for evaluating the feasibility of alkaline waterflooding, the economic attractiveness of the process must be considered on an individual reservoir.« less

Occurrence of silver minerals in a silver-rich pocket in the massive sulfide zinc-lead ores in the Edwards mine, New York

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Serviss, C.R.; Grout, C.M.; Hagni, R.D.

1985-01-01

Ore microscopic examination of uncommon silver-rich ores from the Edwards mine has detected three silver minerals, native silver, freibergite, and argentite, that were previously unreported in the literature from the Balmat-Edwards district. The zinc-lead ore deposits of the Balmat-Edwards District in northern New York are composed of very coarse-grained massive sulfides, principally sphalerite, galena, and pyrite. The typical ores contain small amounts of silver in solid solution galena. Galena concentrates produced from those ores have contained an average of 15 ounces of silver per ton of 60% lead concentrates. In contrast to the typical ore a silver-rich pocket, that measuredmore » three feet by three feet on the vertical mine face and was the subject of this study, contained nearly 1% silver in a zinc ore. Ore microscopic study shows that this ore is especially characterized by abundant, relatively fine-grained chalcopyrite with anhedral pyrite inclusions. Fine-grained sphalerite, native silver, argentite, freibergite and arsenopyrite occur in association with the chalcopyrite and as fracture-fillings in gangue minerals. Geochemically anomalous amounts of tin, barium, chromium, and nickel also are present in the silver-rich pocket. The silver-rich pocket may mark the locus of an early feeder vent or alternatively it may record a hydrothermal event that was superimposed upon the event responsible for the metamorphic ore textures.« less

7 CFR 201.42 - Small containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Small containers. 201.42 Section 201.42 Agriculture... REGULATIONS Sampling in the Administration of the Act § 201.42 Small containers. In sampling seed in small containers that it is not practical to sample as required in § 201.41, a portion of one unopened container or...

Archaeal homologs of eukaryotic methylation guide small nucleolar RNAs: lessons from the Pyrococcus genomes.

PubMed

Gaspin, C; Cavaillé, J; Erauso, G; Bachellerie, J P

2000-04-07

Ribose methylation is a prevalent type of nucleotide modification in rRNA. Eukaryotic rRNAs display a complex pattern of ribose methylations, amounting to 55 in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and about 100 in vertebrates. Ribose methylations of eukaryotic rRNAs are each guided by a cognate small RNA, belonging to the family of box C/D antisense snoRNAs, through transient formation of a specific base-pairing at the rRNA modification site. In prokaryotes, the pattern of rRNA ribose methylations has been fully characterized in a single species so far, Escherichia coli, which contains only four ribose methylated rRNA nucleotides. However, the hyperthermophile archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus contains, like eukaryotes, a large number of (yet unmapped) rRNA ribose methylations and homologs of eukaryotic box C/D small nucleolar ribonuclear proteins have been identified in archaeal genomes. We have therefore searched archaeal genomes for potential homologs of eukaryotic methylation guide small nucleolar RNAs, by combining searches for structured motifs with homology searches. We have identified a family of 46 small RNAs, conserved in the genomes of three hyperthermophile Pyrococcus species, which we have experimentally characterized in Pyrococcus abyssi. The Pyrococcus small RNAs, the first reported homologs of methylation guide small nucleolar RNAs in organisms devoid of a nucleus, appear as a paradigm of minimalist box C/D antisense RNAs. They differ from their eukaryotic homologs by their outstanding structural homogeneity, extended consensus box motifs and the quasi-systematic presence of two (instead of one) rRNA antisense elements. Remarkably, for each small RNA the two antisense elements always match rRNA sequences close to each other in rRNA structure, suggesting an important role in rRNA folding. Only a few of the predicted P. abyssi rRNA ribose methylations have been detected so far. Further analysis of these archaeal small RNAs could provide new insights into the origin and functions of methylation guide small nucleolar RNAs and illuminate the still elusive role of rRNA ribose methylations. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

Multidimensional and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography of dichloromethane soluble products from a high sulfur Jordanian oil shale.

PubMed

Amer, Mohammad W; Mitrevski, Blagoj; Jackson, W Roy; Chaffee, Alan L; Marriott, Philip J

2014-03-01

A high sulfur Jordanian oil shale was converted into liquid hydrocarbons by reaction at 390 °C under N2, and the dichloromethane soluble fraction of the products was isolated then analyzed by using gas chromatography (GC). Comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC×GC) and multidimensional GC (MDGC) were applied for component separation on a polar - non-polar column set. Flame-ionization detection (FID) was used with GC×GC for general sample profiling, and mass spectrometry (MS) for component identification in MDGC. Multidimensional GC revealed a range of thiophenes (th), benzothiophenes (bth) and small amounts of dibenzothiophenes (dbth) and benzonaphthothiophenes (bnth). In addition, a range of aliphatic alkanes and cycloalkanes, ethers, polar single ring aromatic compounds and small amounts of polycyclic aromatics were also identified. Some of these compound classes were not uniquely observable by conventional 1D GC, and certainly this is true for many of their minor constituent members. The total number of distinct compounds was very large (ca.>1000). GC×GC was shown to be appropriate for general sample profiling, and MDGC-MS proved to be a powerful technique for the separation and identification of sulfur-containing components and other polar compounds. © 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Sources of Hydrogen as Food for Deep Microbial Communities

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Freund, Friedemann; Fonda, Mark (Technical Monitor)

1998-01-01

To survive in deep subsurface environments autolithotrophic microbial communities require a sustainable food supply. One possible source is H2 which forms when H2O reacts with ferrous iron at rock surfaces or mineral grain boundaries to produce H2 plus ferric iron. The amount of H2 that can be supplied in this way, however, is relatively small and may not last for more than a few hundred or thousand years. A much larger reservoir of H2 exists in the rocks, inside mineral grains, arising from an as yet little-known redox conversion that affects OH- in nominally anhydrous minerals. These OH- represent small amounts of "water" that become incorporated during crystallization in H2O-laden environments. A corollary of the H2 formation from OH- is the formation of peroxy, an oxidized form of oxygen. While the peroxy become part of the mineral structure, the H2 molecules are diffusively mobile and can escape from within the mineral grains, entering the intergranular space. Assuming cautiously realistic number densities of OH- undergoing the in situ redox conversion to H2 plus peroxy, a 10 km deep rock column is expected to contain enough H2 to allow for a constant degassing rate of 50-100 nmole H2 per day per sq cm over 30 million years.

A nonlethal sampling method to obtain, generate and assemble whole blood transcriptomes from small, wild mammals.

PubMed

Huang, Zixia; Gallot, Aurore; Lao, Nga T; Puechmaille, Sébastien J; Foley, Nicole M; Jebb, David; Bekaert, Michaël; Teeling, Emma C

2016-01-01

The acquisition of tissue samples from wild populations is a constant challenge in conservation biology, especially for endangered species and protected species where nonlethal sampling is the only option. Whole blood has been suggested as a nonlethal sample type that contains a high percentage of bodywide and genomewide transcripts and therefore can be used to assess the transcriptional status of an individual, and to infer a high percentage of the genome. However, only limited quantities of blood can be nonlethally sampled from small species and it is not known if enough genetic material is contained in only a few drops of blood, which represents the upper limit of sample collection for some small species. In this study, we developed a nonlethal sampling method, the laboratory protocols and a bioinformatic pipeline to sequence and assemble the whole blood transcriptome, using Illumina RNA-Seq, from wild greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis). For optimal results, both ribosomal and globin RNAs must be removed before library construction. Treatment of DNase is recommended but not required enabling the use of smaller amounts of starting RNA. A large proportion of protein-coding genes (61%) in the genome were expressed in the blood transcriptome, comparable to brain (65%), kidney (63%) and liver (58%) transcriptomes, and up to 99% of the mitogenome (excluding D-loop) was recovered in the RNA-Seq data. In conclusion, this nonlethal blood sampling method provides an opportunity for a genomewide transcriptomic study of small, endangered or critically protected species, without sacrificing any individuals. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Isolation of Cytoplasmic Pituitary Granules with Gonadotropic Activity

PubMed Central

Hartley, Marshall W.; McShan, W. H.; Ris, Hans

1960-01-01

A fraction isolated from the anterior pituitary glands of rats castrate for 8 weeks contained essentially a single cytoplasmic constituent with which the major portion of the gonadotropic hormone activity was associated. The glands were homogenized in an 0.25 M sucrose + 7.3 per cent polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution and fractionated by differential centrifugation to give a heterogeneous small granule fraction which contained almost all the gonadotropic hormone activity. The active supernatant containing this small granule fraction was separated into layers by isopycnic gradient centrifugation on a continuous 6 to 45 per cent sucrose + 17.5 per cent "diodrast" + 5 x 10-4 M "versene" gradient at 100,000 g for 2 hours. Three layers were obtained and the pellet from the active bottom layer was sectioned, examined with the electron microscope, and found to contain 200 mµ granules, mitochondria, ergastoplasm, and other cellular debris. This layer was fractionated further by isopycnic and differential centrifugation to obtain a pellet which contained the major portion of the gonadotropic hormone activity. Because of the heterogeneity of this fraction, due to the contamination of the 200 mµ granules with mitochondria and other cellular debris, the active layer and the resuspended active pellet, obtained by centrifuging this layer first at 17,000 g then diluting the supernatant and centrifuging at 30,000 g for 1 hour, were filtered through Millipore HA paper with a pore size of 0.45 µ. The cytoplasmic material containing the gonadotropic hormone activity passed through the filter paper and this activity was recovered in the pellets obtained by centrifuging at 100,000 g for 1 hour. These active pellets consisted almost entirely of 200 mµ granules with a minimum amount of contamination, and they contained the major portion of the gonadotropic hormone activity with practically none remaining in the supernatant fraction. These results are discussed in view of their importance to the cytology of the pituitary gland. PMID:14400127

Evaluation of nutraceutical and antinutritional properties in barnyard and finger millet varieties grown in Himalayan region.

PubMed

Panwar, Priyankar; Dubey, Ashutosh; Verma, A K

2016-06-01

Five elite varieties of barnyard (Echinochloa frumentacea) and finger (Eleusine coracana) growing at northwestern Himalaya were investigated for nutraceutical and antinutritional properties. Barnyard millet contained higher amount of crude fiber, total dietary fiber, tryptophan content, total carotenoids, α-tocopherol compared to the finger millet whereas the finger millet contains higher amount of methionine and ascorbic acid as compared to the barnyard millet. The secondary metabolites of biological functions were analyzed and found that barnyard millet contained the higher amount of polyphenols, tannins and ortho-dihydroxy phenol content compared to finger millet. Among antinutitional compounds barnyard millet contained lower phytic acid content compare to finger millet whereas no significant difference in trypsin inhibition activity of barnyard millet and finger millet varieties were found. Barnyard millet contained higher acid phosphatase, α-galactosidase and α-amylase inhibitor activity compared to finger millet. Finger millet seeds contained about 10-13 folds higher calcium content and double amount of manganese content in comparison to barnyard millet seeds. Present study suggests that barnyard millet varieties studied under present investigation were found nutritionally superior compared to finger millet varieties.

Analytical method for measuring cosmogenic 35S in natural waters

DOE PAGES

Uriostegui, Stephanie H.; Bibby, Richard K.; Esser, Bradley K.; ...

2015-05-18

Here, cosmogenic sulfur-35 in water as dissolved sulfate ( 35SO 4) has successfully been used as an intrinsic hydrologic tracer in low-SO 4, high-elevation basins. Its application in environmental waters containing high SO 4 concentrations has been limited because only small amounts of SO 4 can be analyzed using current liquid scintillation counting (LSC) techniques. We present a new analytical method for analyzing large amounts of BaSO 4 for 35S. We quantify efficiency gains when suspending BaSO 4 precipitate in Inta-Gel Plus cocktail, purify BaSO 4 precipitate to remove dissolved organic matter, mitigate interference of radium-226 and its daughter productsmore » by selection of high purity barium chloride, and optimize LSC counting parameters for 35S determination in larger masses of BaSO 4. Using this improved procedure, we achieved counting efficiencies that are comparable to published LSC techniques despite a 10-fold increase in the SO 4 sample load. 35SO 4 was successfully measured in high SO 4 surface waters and groundwaters containing low ratios of 35S activity to SO 4 mass demonstrating that this new analytical method expands the analytical range of 35SO 4 and broadens the utility of 35SO 4 as an intrinsic tracer in hydrologic settings.« less

Formation of toxic 2-nonyl-p-benzoquinones from α-tertiary 4-nonylphenol isomers during microbial metabolism of technical nonylphenol.

PubMed

Gabriel, Frédéric L P; Mora, Mauricio Arrieta; Kolvenbach, Boris A; Corvini, Philippe F X; Kohler, Hans-Peter E

2012-06-05

In many environmental compartments, microbial degradation of α-quaternary nonylphenols proceeds along an ipso-substitution pathway. It has been reported that technical nonylphenol contains, besides α-quaternary nonylphenols, minor amounts of various α-H, α-methyl substituted tertiary isomers. Here, we show that potentially toxic metabolites of such minor components are formed during ipso-degradation of technical nonylphenol by Sphingobium xenophagum Bayram, a strain isolated from activated sewage sludge. Small but significant amounts of nonylphenols were converted to the corresponding nonylhydroquinones, which in the presence of air oxygen oxidized to the corresponding nonyl-p-benzoquinones-yielding a complex mixture of potentially toxic metabolites. Through reduction with ascorbic acid and subsequent analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we were able to characterize this unique metabolic fingerprint and to show that its components originated for the most part from α-tertiary nonylphenol isomers. Furthermore, our results indicate that the metabolites mixture also contained several α, β-dehydrogenated derivatives of nonyl-p-benzoquinones that originated by hydroxylation induced rearrangement, and subsequent ring and side chain oxidation from α-tertiary nonylphenol isomers. We predict that in nonylphenol polluted natural systems, in which microbial ipso-degradation is prominent, 2-alkylquinone metabolites will be produced and will contribute to the overall toxicity of the remaining material.

Insulin Recruits GLUT4 from Specialized VAMP2-carrying Vesicles as well as from the Dynamic Endosomal/Trans-Golgi Network in Rat Adipocytes.

PubMed Central

Ramm, Georg; Slot, Jan Willem; James, David E.; Stoorvogel, Willem

2000-01-01

Insulin treatment of fat cells results in the translocation of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter type 4, GLUT4, from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane. However, the precise nature of these intracellular GLUT4-carrying compartments is debated. To resolve the nature of these compartments, we have performed an extensive morphological analysis of GLUT4-containing compartments, using a novel immunocytochemical technique enabling high labeling efficiency and 3-d resolution of cytoplasmic rims isolated from rat epididymal adipocytes. In basal cells, GLUT4 was localized to three morphologically distinct intracellular structures: small vesicles, tubules, and vacuoles. In response to insulin the increase of GLUT4 at the cell surface was compensated by a decrease in small vesicles, whereas the amount in tubules and vacuoles was unchanged. Under basal conditions, many small GLUT4 positive vesicles also contained IRAP (88%) and the v-SNARE, VAMP2 (57%) but not markers of sorting endosomes (EEA1), late endosomes, or lysosomes (lgp120). A largely distinct population of GLUT4 vesicles (56%) contained the cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CD-MPR), a marker protein that shuttles between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network (TGN). In response to insulin, GLUT4 was recruited both from VAMP2 and CD-MPR positive vesicles. However, while the concentration of GLUT4 in the remaining VAMP2-positive vesicles was unchanged, the concentration of GLUT4 in CD-MPR-positive vesicles decreased. Taken together, we provide morphological evidence indicating that, in response to insulin, GLUT4 is recruited to the plasma membrane by fusion of preexisting VAMP2-carrying vesicles as well as by sorting from the dynamic endosomal-TGN system. PMID:11102509

Barley malt increases hindgut and portal butyric acid, modulates gene expression of gut tight junction proteins and Toll-like receptors in rats fed high-fat diets, but high advanced glycation end-products partially attenuate the effects.

PubMed

Zhong, Yadong; Teixeira, Cristina; Marungruang, Nittaya; Sae-Lim, Watina; Tareke, Eden; Andersson, Roger; Fåk, Frida; Nyman, Margareta

2015-09-01

Barley malt, a product of controlled germination, has been shown to produce high levels of butyric acid in the cecum and portal serum of rats and may therefore have anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the study was to investigate how four barley malts, caramelized and colored malts, 50-malt and 350-malt, differing in functional characteristics concerning beta-glucan content and color, affect short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), barrier function and inflammation in the hindgut of rats fed high-fat diets. Male Wistar rats were given malt-supplemented high-fat diets for four weeks. Low and high-fat diets containing microcrystalline cellulose were incorporated as controls. All diets contained 70 g kg(-1) dietary fiber. The malt-fed groups were found to have had induced higher amounts of butyric and propionic acids in the hindgut and portal serum compared with controls, while cecal succinic acid only increased to a small extent. Fat increased the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins and Toll-like receptors (TLR) in the small intestine and distal colon of the rats, as well as the concentration of some amino acids in the portal plasma, but malt seemed to counteract these adverse effects to some extent. However, the high content of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) in caramelized malt tended to prohibit the positive effects on occludin in the small intestine and plasma amino acids seen with the other malt products. In conclusion, malting seems to be an interesting process for producing foods with positive health effects, but part of these effects may be destroyed if the malt contains a high content of AGE.

Use of LEU in the aqueous homogeneous medical isotope production reactor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ball, R.M.

1997-08-01

The Medical Isotope Production Reactor (MIPR) is an aqueous solution of uranyl nitrate in water, contained in an aluminum cylinder immersed in a large pool of water which can provide both shielding and a medium for heat exchange. The control rods are inserted at the top through re-entrant thimbles. Provision is made to remove radiolytic gases and recombine emitted hydrogen and oxygen. Small quantities of the solution can be continuously extracted and replaced after passing through selective ion exchange columns, which are used to extract the desired products (fission products), e.g. molybdenum-99. This reactor type is known for its largemore » negative temperature coefficient, the small amount of fuel required for criticality, and the ease of control. Calculation using TWODANT show that a 20% U-235 enriched system, water reflected can be critical with 73 liters of solution.« less

Chitosan and silver nanoparticles as pudding with raisins with antimicrobial properties.

PubMed

Rodríguez-Argüelles, M Carmen; Sieiro, Carmen; Cao, Roberto; Nasi, Lucia

2011-12-01

Chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NP) containing small silver nanoparticles are reported (Ag@CS-NP). CS-NP was synthesized using tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a polyanionic template. TPP also served to electrostatically attract Ag(+) inside CS-NP, where it was reduced by the terminal glucosamine units of the biopolymer. This procedure is environmental friendly, inexpensive, and permits the synthesis of very small AgNP (0.93-1.7 nm), with only a discrete dependence from the amount of silver nitrate used (5-200mg). The obtained hybrid nanocomposites Ag@CS-NP were characterized by DLS, HRTEM, and HAADF-STEM presenting a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 78 nm. The antimicrobial activity of Ag@CS-NP against Candida glabrata, Sacharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus corresponded to MIC values lower than for AgNO(3). Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Modeling of erosion and deposition patterns on C-W and W-Ta twin limiters exposed to the TEXTOR edge plasmas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ohya, K.; Tanabe, T.; Rubel, M.; Wada, M.; Ohgo, T.; Hirai, T.; Philipps, V.; Kirschner, A.; Pospieszczyk, A.; Huber, A.; Sergienko, G.; Brezinsek, S.; Noda, N.

2004-08-01

The erosion and deposition patterns on tungsten and tantalum test limiters exposed to the TEXTOR deuterium plasma containing a small amount of C impurity are simulated with the modified EDDY code. At the very top of the W and Ta limiters, there occurs neither erosion nor deposition, but the erosion proceeds slowly along the surface. When approaching the edge, the surface is covered by a thick C layer, which shows a very sharp boundary similar to the observation in surface measurements. In the erosion zone, the re-deposited carbon forms a W (Ta)-C mixed layer with small C concentration. Assumptions for chemical erosion yields of ˜0.01 for W and <0.005 for Ta fit the calculated widths of the deposition zone to the experimentally determined values. Possible reasons for the difference between W and Ta are discussed.

Celiac disease treatment: gluten-free diet and beyond.

PubMed

Mäki, Markku

2014-07-01

The basis for celiac disease (CD) treatment is a strict lifelong gluten-free diet. On the diet, the small intestinal mucosal injury heals and gluten-induced symptoms and signs disappear. The mucosal healing is a prerequisite for sustaining health and is also obtained with a diet containing oats and trace amounts of gluten, industrially purified wheat starch-based gluten-free products. The small intestinal mucosa does not heal in noncompliant people, nor when a patient is inadvertently ingesting gluten. Development of adjunctive or alternative therapies is on its way. There are several novel treatment pipelines within academy and industry. Examples are the ideas of using glutenases as a drug to degrade the ingested gluten, polymers to bind and sequester the gluten to the feces, and also vaccine development for an immunotherapy to induce tolerance towards gluten. Clinical drug trials are to be foreseen in CD, soon also in children.

Exosomal microRNA Biomarkers: Emerging Frontiers in Colorectal and Other Human Cancers

PubMed Central

Goel, Ajay; Tovar-Camargo, Oscar A; Toden, Shusuke

2016-01-01

Diagnostic strategies, particularly non-invasive blood-based screening approaches, are gaining increased attention for the early detection and attenuation of mortality associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the majority of current screening approaches are inadequate at replacing the conventional CRC diagnostic procedures. Yet, due to technological advances and a better understanding of molecular events underlying human cancer, a new category of biomarkers are on the horizon. Recent evidence indicates that cells release a distinct class of small vesicles called ‘exosomes’, which contain nucleic acids and proteins that reflect and typify host-cell molecular architecture. Intriguingly, exosomes released from cancer cells have a distinct genetic and epigenetic makeup, which allows them to undertake their tumorigenic function. From a clinical standpoint, these unique cancer-specific fingerprints present in exosomes appear to be detectable in a small amount of blood, making them very attractive substrates for developing cancer biomarkers, particularly noninvasive diagnostic approaches. PMID:26892862

Using digital images to measure and discriminate small particles in cotton

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taylor, Robert A.; Godbey, Luther C.

1991-02-01

Inages from conventional video systems are being digitized in coraputers for the analysis of small trash particles in cotton. The method has been developed to automate particle counting and area measurements for bales of cotton prepared for market. Because the video output is linearly proportional to the amount of light reflected the best spectral band for optimum particle discrimination should be centered at the wavelength of maximum difference between particles and their surroundings. However due to the spectral distribution of the illumination energy and the detector sensitivity peak image performance bands were altered. Reflectance from seven mechanically cleaned cotton lint samples and trash removed were examined for spectral contrast in the wavelength range of camera sensitivity. Pixel intensity histograms from the video systent are reported for simulated trashmeter area reference samples (painted dots on panels) and for cotton containing trash to demonstrate the particle discrimination mechanism. 2.

Study on Dezincification and De-Lead of Blast Furnace Dust by Fluidized Reduction Experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Shufeng; Liu, Chengsong; Gao, Xiaojie; Li, Jingshe

In the blast furnace process, the dust entrained in the blast furnace gas enters into the down-comer, flows through the gravity dust separator (to eliminate coarse particles) and then is collected in a bag-house. The powder collected by the baghouse is called bag dust, while both fractions are called blast furnace dust whose main components are C and Fe. The dust also contains small amounts of nonferrous metals such as Zn and Pb, which have some value. Also, due to the small particle size and low density the dust is easily suspended in air and so can endanger human health. Therefore it is necessary to develop a process to both treat the dust to recover the metal values and to dispose of the residue — preferably by recycling to the blast furnace itself via the sinter strand. These objectives will result in good economic, environmental and social benefits [1].

78 FR 11795 - Minimum Technical Standards for Class II Gaming Systems and Equipment

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-20

... threshold amount. The Commission increased that amount in the MICS from $1,000,000 to $3,000,000. The... considered to be small entities for the purposes of the Regulatory Flexibility Act. Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act The proposed rule is not a major rule under 5 U.S.C. 804(2), the Small Business...

Plasma levels of selenium-containing proteins in Inuit adults from Nunavik.

PubMed

Achouba, Adel; Dumas, Pierre; Ouellet, Nathalie; Lemire, Mélanie; Ayotte, Pierre

2016-11-01

Selenium (Se) is highly abundant in marine foods traditionally consumed by Inuit of Nunavik (Northern Quebec, Canada) and accordingly, their Se intake is among the highest in the world. However, little is known regarding the biological implications of this high Se status in this Arctic indigenous population. We used a method combining affinity chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with quantification by post-column isotope dilution to determine total Se levels and concentrations of Se-containing proteins in archived plasma samples of Inuit adults who participated to the 2004 Nunavik Inuit Health Survey (N = 852). Amounts of mercury (Hg) associated with Se-containing proteins were also quantified. Results show that glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3), selenoprotein P (SelP) and selenoalbumin (SeAlb) represented respectively 25%, 52% and 23% of total plasma Se concentrations. In addition, small amounts of Hg co-eluted with each Se-containing protein and up to 50% of plasma Hg was associated to SelP. Total plasma Se concentrations (median = 139 μg L− 1; interquartile range (IQR) = 22.7 μg L− 1) were markedly lower and less variable than whole blood Se concentration (median = 261 μg L− 1, IQR = 166 μg L− 1). A non linear relation was observed between whole blood Se and plasma Se levels, with plasma Se concentrations leveling off at approximately 200 μg L− 1, whereas 16% and 3% of individuals exhibited whole blood concentrations higher than 500 μg L− 1 and 1000 μg L− 1, respectively. In contrast, a linear relationship was previously reported in communities consuming Brazil nuts which are rich Se, mainly present as selenomethionine. This suggests that a different selenocompound, possibly selenoneine, is present in the Arctic marine food chain and accumulates in the blood cellular fraction of Inuit.

The search for asbestos within the Peter Mitchell Taconite iron ore mine, near Babbitt, Minnesota.

PubMed

Ross, Malcolm; Nolan, Robert P; Nord, Gordon L

2008-10-01

Asbestos crystallizes within rock formations undergoing intense deformation characterized by folding, faulting, shearing, and dilation. Some of these conditions have prevailed during formation of the taconite iron ore deposits in the eastern Mesabi Iron Range of Minnesota. This range includes the Peter Mitchell Taconite Mine at Babbitt, Minnesota. The mine pit is over 8 miles long, up to 1 mile wide. Fifty three samples were collected from 30 sites within areas of the pit where faulting, shearing and folding occur and where fibrous minerals might occur. Eight samples from seven collecting sites contain significant amounts of ferroactinolite amphibole that is partially to completely altered to fibrous ferroactinolite. Two samples from two other sites contain ferroactinolite degraded to ropy masses of fibers consisting mostly of ferrian sepiolite as defined by X-ray diffraction and TEM and SEM X-ray spectral analysis. Samples from five other sites contain unaltered amphiboles, however some of these samples also contain a very small number of fiber bundles composed of mixtures of grunerite, ferroactinolite, and ferrian sepiolite. It is proposed that the alteration of the amphiboles was caused by reaction with water-rich acidic fluids that moved through the mine faults and shear zones. The fibrous amphiboles and ferrian sepiolite collected at the Peter Mitchell Mine composes a tiny fraction of one percent of the total rock mass of this taconite deposit; an even a smaller amount of these mineral fragments enter the ambient air during mining and milling. These fibrous minerals thus do not present a significant health hazard to the miners nor to those non-occupationally exposed. No asbestos of any type was found in the mine pit.

Sleep bruxism frequency and platelet serotonin transporter activities in young adult subjects.

PubMed

Minakuchi, Hajime; Sogawa, Chiharu; Miki, Haruna; Hara, Emilio S; Maekawa, Kenji; Sogawa, Norio; Kitayama, Shigeo; Matsuka, Yoshizo; Clark, Glenn Thomas; Kuboki, Takuo

2016-03-01

To evaluate correlations between serotonin transporter (SERT) uptake ability in human peripheral platelets and sleep bruxism (SB) frequency. Subjects were consecutively recruited from sixth-year students at Okayama University Dental School. Subjects were excluded if they (1) were receiving orthodontic treatment, (2) had a dermatological disease, (3) had taken an antidepressant within 6 months, or (4) had used an oral appliance within 6 months. SB frequency was determined as the summary score of three consecutive night assessments using a self-contained electromyography detector/analyzer in their home. Fasting peripheral venous blood samples were collected in the morning following the final SB assessment. SERT amount and platelet number were quantified via an ELISA assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Functional SERT characterization, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake, maximum velocity (V max), and an affinity constant (K m ) were assessed with a [(3)H] 5-HT uptake assay. The correlations between these variables and SB level were evaluated. Among 50 eligible subjects (26 males, mean age 25.4 ± 2.41 years), 7 were excluded because of venipuncture failure, smoking, and alcohol intake during the experimental period. A small but significant negative correlation between SB level and [(3)H] 5-HT uptake was observed (Spearman's correlation R (2) = 0.063, p = 0.04). However, there were no significant correlations between SB level and total platelet amount, SERT, V max, and K m values (p = 0.08, 0.12, 0.71, and 0.68, respectively). Platelet serotonin uptake is significantly associated with SB frequency, yet only explains a small amount of SB variability.

Methylmercury: Reproductive and behavioral effects on three generations of mallard ducks

USGS Publications Warehouse

Heinz, G.H.

1979-01-01

Three generations of mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) were fed either a control diet or a diet containing 0.5 ppm mercury in the form of methylmercury. The levels of mercury in adult tissues and eggs remained about the same over 3 generations. The methylmercury diet had no effect on adult weights or weight changes during the reproductive season. Females fed a diet containing 0.5 ppm mercury laid a greater percentage of their eggs outside their nestboxes than did controls, and also laid fewer eggs and produced fewer ducklings. Methylmercury in the diet appeared to result in a small amount of eggshell thinning. Ducklings from parents fed methylmercury were less responsive than, controls to tape-recorded maternal calls, but were hyper-responsive to a frightening stimulus in avoidance tests; there were no significant differences in locomotor activity in an open-field test.

Recommendations for cowbird management in recovery efforts for the southwestern willow flycatcher

USGS Publications Warehouse

Rothstein, S.I.; Kus, B.E.; Whitfield, M.J.; Sferra, S.J.

2003-01-01

Three generations of mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) were fed either a control diet or a diet containing 0.5 ppm mercury in the form of methylmercury. The levels of mercury in adult tissues and eggs remained about the same over 3 generations. The methylmercury diet had no effect on adult weights or weight changes during the reproductive season. Females fed a diet containing 0.5 ppm mercury laid a greater percentage of their eggs outside their nestboxes than did controls, and also laid fewer eggs and produced fewer ducklings. Methylmercury in the diet appeared to result in a small amount of eggshell thinning. Ducklings from parents fed methylmercury were less responsive than, controls to tape-recorded maternal calls, but were hyper-responsive to a frightening stimulus in avoidance tests; there were no significant differences in locomotor activity in an open-field test.

Decrease in the acrylamide content in canned coffee by heat treatment with the addition of cysteine.

PubMed

Narita, Yusaku; Inouye, Kuniyo

2014-12-17

Acrylamide (AA) is classified as a Group 2A carcinogen according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Although coffee contains a small amount of AA, it is a popular beverage worldwide. Approximately 10 billion canned coffees are consumed each year in Japan. In this study, we investigated how to decrease AA contained in canned coffee by modifying the heat treatment used for sterilization during the manufacturing process. The AA content of both types of canned coffee (black and milk) was decreased by approximately 95% by heat treatment with adding cysteine at 121 °C for 6 min. The content was also decreased by heat treatment with dithiothreitol, although that with cystine had no effect. Therefore, it is shown that thiol groups in cysteine and dithiothreitol might play an important role in decreasing the AA content.

Space Toxicology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

James, John T.

2011-01-01

Safe breathing air for space faring crews is essential whether they are inside an Extravehicular Mobility Suit (EMU), a small capsule such as Soyuz, or the expansive International Space Station (ISS). Sources of air pollution can include entry of propellants, excess offgassing from polymeric materials, leakage of systems compounds, escape of payload compounds, over-use of utility compounds, microbial metabolism, and human metabolism. The toxicological risk posed by a compound is comprised of the probability of escaping to cause air pollution and the magnitude of adverse effects on human health if escape occurs. The risk from highly toxic compounds is controlled by requiring multiple levels of containment to greatly reduce the probability of escape; whereas compounds that are virtually non-toxic may require little or no containment. The potential for toxicity is determined by the inherent toxicity of the compound and the amount that could potentially escape into the breathing air.

Petrologic variations in Apollo 16 surface soils

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Houck, K. J.

1982-01-01

Source rock, maturation history and intrasite variation data are derived for the Apollo 16 regolith by comparing modal analyses of 15 surface soils with rake and rock sample data. Triangular source rock component plots show that Apollo 16 soils have similar source rocks that are well homogenized throughout the site. The site can be divided into three soil petrographic provinces. Central site soils are mature, well homogenized, and enriched in glass. They are probably the most typical Cayley Plains materials present. North Ray soils are immature to submature, containing North Ray ejecta. South Ray soils are mature, but contain small amounts of fresh impact melts and plagioclase, due perhaps to the breakdown of blocky South Ray ejecta. The different compositions and physical properties of North and South Ray ejecta support the hypothesis that the latter event excavated Cayley material, while the former excavated Descartes materials.

Phosphatidylglycerol Synthesis in Spinach Chloroplasts: Characterization of the Newly Synthesized Molecule

PubMed Central

Sparace, Salvatore A.; Mudd, J. Brian

1982-01-01

Intact chloroplasts from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L., hybrid 424) readily incorporate [14C]glycerol-3-phosphate and [14C]acetate into diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, diacylglycrol, free fatty acids (only when acetate is the precursor), phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and most notably phosphatidylglycerol. The fraction of phosphatidylglycerol synthesized is greatly increased by the presence of manganese chloride in the reaction mixture. Glycerol-3-phosphate-labeled phosphatidylglycerol is equally labeled in the two glycerol moieties of the molecule. Acetate-labeled phosphatidylglycerol is equally labeled in both acyl groups. Position one contains primarily oleate, linoleate and small amounts of palmitate. Position two contains primarily palmitate. No radioactive trans-Δ3-hexadecenoate was detected. The labeling patterns indicate that the radioactive phosphatidylglycerol is the product of de novo chloroplast lipid biosynthesis and furthermore, phosphatidylglycerol may be a substrate for fatty acid desaturation. Images Fig. 1 PMID:16662664

Effects of surface poisons on the oxidation of binary alloys

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hagan, P.S.; Polizzotti, R.S.; Luckman, G.

1985-10-01

A system of reaction-diffusion equations describing the oxidation of binary alloys in environments containing small amounts of surface poisons is analyzed. These poisons reduce the oxygen flux into the alloy, which causes the alloy to oxidize in two stages.During the initial stage, the oxidation reaction occurs in a stationary boundary layer at the alloy surface. Consequently, a thin zone containing a very high concentration of the metal oxide is created at the alloy surface. During the second stage, the oxidation reaction occurs in a moving boundary layer. This leads to a Stefan problem, which is analyzed by using asymptotic andmore » numerical techniques. By comparing the solutions to those of alloys in unpoisoned environments, it is concluded that surface poisons can lead to the formation of protective external oxide scales in alloys which would not normally form such scales. 11 references.« less

Reactor and method for hydrocracking carbonaceous material

DOEpatents

Duncan, Dennis A.; Beeson, Justin L.; Oberle, R. Donald; Dirksen, Henry A.

1980-01-01

Solid, carbonaceous material is cracked in the presence of hydrogen or other reducing gas to provide aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons of lower molecular weight for gaseous and liquid fuels. The carbonaceous material, such as coal, is entrained as finely divided particles in a flow of reducing gas and preheated to near the decomposition temperature of the high molecular weight polymers. Within the reactor, small quantities of oxygen containing gas are injected at a plurality of discrete points to burn corresponding amounts of the hydrogen or other fuel and elevate the mixture to high temperatures sufficient to decompose the high molecular weight, carbonaceous solids. Turbulent mixing at each injection point rapidly quenches the material to a more moderate bulk temperature. Additional quenching after the final injection point can be performed by direct contact with quench gas or oil. The reactions are carried out in the presence of a hydrogen-containing reducing gas at moderate to high pressure which stabilizes the products.

Starch granule initiation is controlled by a heteromultimeric isoamylase in potato tubers

PubMed Central

Bustos, Regla; Fahy, Brendan; Hylton, Christopher M.; Seale, Robert; Nebane, N. Miranda; Edwards, Anne; Martin, Cathie; Smith, Alison M.

2004-01-01

Starch granule initiation is not understood, but recent evidence implicates a starch debranching enzyme, isoamylase, in the control of this process. Potato tubers contain isoamylase activity attributable to a heteromultimeric protein containing Stisa1 and Stisa2, the products of two of the three isoamylase genes of potato. To discover whether this enzyme is involved in starch granule initiation, activity was reduced by expression of antisense RNA for Stisa1 or Stisa2. Transgenic tubers accumulated a small amount of a soluble glucan, similar in structure to the phytoglycogen of cereal, Arabidopsis, and Chlamydomonas mutants lacking isoamylase. The major effect, however, was on the number of starch granules. Transgenic tubers accumulated large numbers of tiny granules not seen in normal tubers. These data indicate that the heteromultimeric isoamylase functions during starch synthesis to suppress the initiation of glucan molecules in the plastid stroma that would otherwise crystallize to nucleate new starch granules. PMID:14766984

Effect of nanostructured titanium on anodization growth of self-organized TiO2 nanotubes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Lan; Han, Yong

2010-02-01

To understand the effect of substrate microstructure on the formation of TiO2 nanotubes, anodic oxidizations of commercially pure titanium subjected to surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMATed-Ti) and unSMATed-Ti in a glycol solution containing NH4F and small amounts of water were investigated. The SMATed-Ti exhibit a nanocrystallized surface layer containing a high density of grain boundaries compared with unSMATed-Ti. The anodization results show that the formed TiO2 nanotube layer on the SMATed-Ti is much thicker than that on the unSMATed-Ti. It is indicated that nanocrystallized Ti is propitious to the growth of TiO2 nanotubes; grain boundaries and dislocations play the leading role in accelerating the reaction rate and ion diffusion coefficient during anodization. In addition, nanocrystallization of Ti does not change surface morphologies and phase components of the TiO2 nanotubes.

The recycling of heavy-metalcontaining wastes: Mass balances and economical estimations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Antrekowitsch, J.; Steinlechner, S.

2011-01-01

As environmental legislation has become stricter in recent decades, efforts for treating residues have also increased. The existing pyrometallurgical reprocessing methods for metal-containing wastes recover mainly only one valuable metal or produce low-grade byproducts. The aim of developing an economic process has to be the simultaneous recovery of more than one valuable metal and increased product quality. In the case of zinccontaining residues the goal has to be a high-quality zinc product. Moreover, the target is a nearly zero waste process and, accordingly, small amounts of generated residues. In this paper four possible secondary raw materials are compared regarding their mass and energy balance for a treatment in a carbon-containing metal bath. Furthermore, an evaluation of the economy is given for a neutral leaching residue, Waelz kiln slag, dust from secondary copper industry as well as an electro arc furnace dust from carbon steel production.

Cesium separation from contaminated milk using magnetic particles containing crystalline silicotitantes.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nunez, L.; Kaminski, M.; Chemical Engineering

2000-11-01

The Chernobyl nuclear reactor disaster in 1986 contaminated vast regions of prime grazing land. Subsequently, milk produced in the region has been contaminated with small amounts of the long-lived fission product cesium-137, and the Ukraine is seeking to deploy a simple separation process that will remove the Cs and preserve the nutritional value of the milk. Tiny magnetic particles containing crystalline silicotitanates (CST) have been manufactured and tested to this end. The results show that partitioning efficiency is optimized with low ratios of particle mass to volume. To achieve 90% Cs decontamination in a single-stage process, <3 g of magneticmore » CST per l milk is sufficient with a 30-min mixing time. A two-stage process would utilize <0.4 g/l per stage. The modeling of the magnetic CST system described herein can be achieved rather simply which is important for deployment in the affected Ukraine region.« less

Development of tissue culture techniques and hardware to study mineralization under microgravity conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van Loon, J. J. W. A.; Veldhuijzen, J. P.; Windgassen, E. J.; Brouwer, T.; Wattel, K.; van Vilsteren, M.; Maas, P.

1994-08-01

To study the effects of weightlessness on mouse fetal long bone rudiment growth and mineralization we have developed a tissue culture system for the Biorack facility of Spacelab. The technique uses standard liquid tissue culture medium, supplemented with Na-β-glycerophosphate, confined in gas permeable polyethylene bags mounted inside ESA Biorack Type I experiment containers. The containers can be flushed with an air/5% CO2 gas mixture necessary for the physiological bicarbonate buffer used. Small amounts of fluid can be introduced at the beginning (e.g. radioactive labels for incorporation studies) or at the end of the experiment (fixatives). A certain form of mechanical stimulation (continuous compression) can be used to counteract the, possibly, adverse effect of μ-gravity. Using 16 day old metatarsals the in vitro calcification process under μ-gravity conditions can be studied for a 4 day period.

Method for pretreating lignocellulosic biomass

DOEpatents

Kuzhiyil, Najeeb M.; Brown, Robert C.; Dalluge, Dustin Lee

2015-08-18

The present invention relates to a method for pretreating lignocellulosic biomass containing alkali and/or alkaline earth metal (AAEM). The method comprises providing a lignocellulosic biomass containing AAEM; determining the amount of the AAEM present in the lignocellulosic biomass; identifying, based on said determining, the amount of a mineral acid sufficient to completely convert the AAEM in the lignocellulosic biomass to thermally-stable, catalytically-inert salts; and treating the lignocellulosic biomass with the identified amount of the mineral acid, wherein the treated lignocellulosic biomass contains thermally-stable, catalytically inert AAEM salts.

Detonation performance measurements of cyclotol 80/20

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuiper, T. A.; Anderson, E. K.; Short, M.; Jackson, S. I.

2017-01-01

Cyclotol is a melt-castable high explosive composed of RDX and TNT, and typically a small amount of HMX. The term Cyclotol may apply to other mixtures of these components, but for the present work, experiments were conducted using Cyclotol containing 80 wt% RDX and HMX and 20 wt% TNT (we will refer to mixtures of RDX and TNT using the notation RDX%/TNT%). In the current effort, we report detonation velocity measurements at several diameters for unconfined rate sticks. The results are compared to prior diameter-effect data for Cyclotol 77/23, and a density-corrected Eyring-form fit for all available rate-stick data is reported.

Effect of Pt Doping on Nucleation and Crystallization in Li2O.2SiO2 Glass: Experimental Measurements and Computer Modeling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Narayan, K. Lakshmi; Kelton, K. F.; Ray, C. S.

1996-01-01

Heterogeneous nucleation and its effects on the crystallization of lithium disilicate glass containing small amounts of Pt are investigated. Measurements of the nucleation frequencies and induction times with and without Pt are shown to be consistent with predictions based on the classical nucleation theory. A realistic computer model for the transformation is presented. Computed differential thermal analysis data (such as crystallization rates as a function of time and temperature) are shown to be in good agreement with experimental results. This modeling provides a new, more quantitative method for analyzing calorimetric data.

Enterprise Implementation of Digital Pathology: Feasibility, Challenges, and Opportunities.

PubMed

Hartman, D J; Pantanowitz, L; McHugh, J S; Piccoli, A L; OLeary, M J; Lauro, G R

2017-10-01

Digital pathology is becoming technically possible to implement for routine pathology work. At our institution, we have been using digital pathology for second opinion intraoperative consultations for over 10 years. Herein, we describe our experience in converting to a digital pathology platform for primary pathology diagnosis. We implemented an incremental rollout for digital pathology on subspecialty benches, beginning with cases that contained small amounts of tissue (biopsy specimens). We successfully scanned over 40,000 slides through our digital pathology system. Several lessons (both challenges and opportunities) were learned through this implementation. A successful conversion to digital pathology requires pre-imaging adjustments, integrated software and post-imaging evaluations.

Synthesis of hybrid interfacial silica-based nanospheres composite as a support for ultra-small palladium nanoparticle and application of PdNPs/HSN in Mizoroki-Heck reaction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rostamnia, Sadegh; Kholdi, Saba

2017-12-01

The silica based hollow nanosphere (silica-HNS) containing polymer of polyaniline was synthesized and chosen as a promising support for PdNPs. Then it was applied as a green catalyst in the reaction of Heck coupling with high yield. TEM and SEM-EDX/mapping images were used to study the structure and morphology. FT-IR spectroscopy, Thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA), and BET were used to characterize and investigate the catalyst. Also, the amounts of Pd loading were characterized by ICP-AES technique. Catalyst recyclability showed 5 successful runs for the reaction.

Effect of Hf-Rich Particles on the Creep Life of a High-strength Nial Single Crystal Alloy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Garg, A.; Raj, S. V.; Darolia, R.

1995-01-01

Additions of small amounts of Hf and Si to NiAl single crystals significantly improve their high-temperature strength and creep properties. However, if large Hf-rich dendritic particles formed during casting of the alloyed single crystals are not dissolved completely during homogenization heat treatment, a large variation in creep rupture life can occur. This behavior, observed in five samples of a Hf containing NiAl single crystal alloy tested at 1144 K under an initial stress of 241.4 MPa, is described in detail highlighting the role of interdendritic Hf-rich particles in limiting creep rupture life.

Catalytic process for formaldehyde oxidation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kielin, Erik J. (Inventor); Brown, Kenneth G. (Inventor); D'Ambrosia, Christine M. (Inventor)

1996-01-01

Disclosed is a process for oxidizing formaldehyde to carbon dioxide and water without the addition of energy. A mixture of formaldehyde and an oxidizing agent (e.g., ambient air containing formaldehyde) is exposed to a catalyst which includes a noble metal dispersed on a metal oxide which possesses more than one oxidation state. Especially good results are obtained when the noble metal is platinum, and the metal oxide which possesses more than one oxidation state is tin oxide. A promoter (i.e., a small amount of an oxide of a transition series metal) may be used in association with the tin oxide to provide very beneficial results.

Enhanced Incorporation of 3-Hydroxy-4-Methylvalerate Unit into Biosynthetic Polyhydroxyalkanoate Using Leucine as a Precursor

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Ralstonia eutropha PHB-4 expressing Pseudomonas sp. 61-3 polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase 1 (PhaC1Ps) synthesizes PHA copolymer containing 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and a small amount (0.5 mol%) of 3-hydroxy-4-methylvalerate (3H4MV) from fructose as a carbon source. In this study, enhanced incorporation of 3H4MV into PHA was investigated using branched amino acid leucine as a precursor of 3H4MV. Leucine has the same carbon backbone as 3H4MV and is expected to be a natural and self-producible precursor. We found that the incorporation of 3H4MV was enhanced by the supplementation of excess amount (10 g/L) of leucine in the culture medium. This finding indicates that 3H4MV can be derived from leucine. To increase metabolic flux to leucine biosynthesis in the host strain by eliminating the feedback inhibition, the cells were subjected to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) mutagenesis and leucine analog resistant mutants were generated. The mutants showed statistically higher 3H4MV fraction than the parent strain without supplementing leucine. Additionally, by supplying excess amount of leucine, the mutants synthesized 3HB-based PHA copolymer containing 3.1 mol% 3H4MV and 1.2 mol% 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) as minor constituents, which significantly affected the thermal properties of the copolymer. This study demonstrates that it is possible to enhance the monomer supply of 3H4MV into PHA by manipulating leucine metabolism. PMID:21906338

Distribution of uranium in the Bisbee district, Cochise County, Arizona

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wallace, Stewart R.

1956-01-01

The Bisbee district has been an important source of copper for many years, and substantial amounts of lead and zinc ore and minor amounts of manganese ore have been mined during certain periods. The copper deposits occur both as low-grade disseminated ore in the Sacramento Hill stock and as massive sulfide (and secondary oxide and carbonate) replacement bodies in Paleozoic limestones that are intruded by the stock and related igneous bodies. The lead-zinc production has come almost entirely from limestone replacement bodies. The disseminated ore exhibits no anomalous radioactivity, and samples from the Lavender pit contain from 0.002 to less than 0.001 percent equivalent uranium. The limestone replacement ores are distinctly radioactive and stoping areas can be readily distinguished from from unmineralized ground on the basis of radioactivity alone. The equivalent uranium content of the copper replacement ores ranges from 0.002 to 0.014 percent and averages about 0.005 percent; the lead-zinc replacement ores average more than 0.007 percent equivalent uranium. Most of the uranium in the copper ores of the district is retained in the smelter slag of a residual concentrate; the slag contains about 0.009 percent equivalent uranium. Uranium carried off each day by acid mine drainage is roughly equal to 1 percent of that being added to the slag dump. Although the total amount of uranium in the district is large, no minable concentrations of ore-grade material are known; samples of relatively high-grade material represent only small fractions of tons at any one locality.

What's in your Douglas-fir bark?

Treesearch

M. Gabriela Buamscha; James E. Altland

2008-01-01

Douglas-fir bark is a common waste product of forest industry, and has potential use as a substrate in container nurseries. Douglas-fir bark (DFB) is strongly acidic and contains amounts of phosphorus, potassium, iron, copper and manganese within or above the levels recommended for growing container crops. As the pH of DFB decreases, electrical conductivity and amounts...

The Western North American Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary interval and its content of shock-metamorphosed minerals: Implications concerning the K-T boundary impact-extinction theory

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Izett, G. A.

1988-01-01

At 20 sites in the Raton Basin of Colorado and New Mexico, and at several other sites in Wyoming, Montana, and Canada, a pair of claystone units, an Ir abundance anomaly, and a concentration of shock-metamorphosed minerals mark the palynological K-T boundary. The K-T boundary claystone, which is composed of kaolinite and small amounts of illite/smectite mixed-layer clay, is similar in most respects to kaolinite tonstein layers in coal beds. At some, but not all, K-T boundary localities, the boundary claystone contains solid kaolinite and hollow and solid goyazite spherules, 0.05 to 1.2 mm in diameter. The upper unit, the K-T boundary impact layer, consists chiefly of kaolinite and various amounts of illite/smectite mixed-layer clay. The impact layer and boundary claystone are similar chemically, except that the former has slightly more Fe, K, Ba, Cr, Cu, Li, V, and Zn than the latter. The facts that the boundary claystone and impact layer contain anomalous amounts of Ir, comprise a stratigraphic couplet at Western North American sites, and form thin, discrete layers, similar to air-fall units (volcanic or impact), suggest that the claystone units are of impact origin. Significantly, the impact layer contains as much as 2 percent clastic mineral grains, about 30 percent of which contain multiple sets of shock lamellae. Only one such concentration of shocked minerals has been found near the K-T boundary. The type of K-T boundary shock-metamorphosed materials (quartzite and metaquartzite) in the impact layer and the lack of shock lamellae in quartz and feldspar of pumice lapilli and granitic xenoliths in air-fall pumice units of silicic tuffs, such as the Bishop Tuff, eliminate the possibility that the shock-metamorphosed minerals in the K-T impact layer are of volcanic origin. The global size distribution and abundance of shock-metamorphosed mineral grains suggest that the K-T impact occurred in North America.

Method for determining asphaltene stability of a hydrocarbon-containing material

DOEpatents

Schabron, John F; Rovani, Jr., Joseph F

2013-02-05

A method for determining asphaltene stability in a hydrocarbon-containing material having solvated asphaltenes therein is disclosed. In at least one embodiment, it involves the steps of: (a) precipitating an amount of the asphaltenes from a liquid sample of the hydrocarbon-containing material with an alkane mobile phase solvent in a column; (b) dissolving a first amount and a second amount of the precipitated asphaltenes by changing the alkane mobile phase solvent to a final mobile phase solvent having a solubility parameter that is higher than the alkane mobile phase solvent; (c) monitoring the concentration of eluted fractions from the column; (d) creating a solubility profile of the dissolved asphaltenes in the hydrocarbon-containing material; and (e) determining one or more asphaltene stability parameters of the hydrocarbon-containing material.

Quality of the ground water in basalt of the Columbia River group, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho

USGS Publications Warehouse

Newcomb, Reuben Clair

1972-01-01

The ground water within the 50,000-square-mile area of the layered basalt of the Columbia River Group is a generally uniform bicarbonate water having calcium and sodium in nearly equal amounts as the principal cations. water contains a relatively large amount of silica. The 525 chemical analyses indicate that the prevalent ground water is of two related kinds--a calcium and a sodium water. The sodium water is more common beneath the floors of the main synclinal valleys; the calcium water, elsewhere. In addition to the prevalent type, five special types form a small part of the ground water; four of these are natural and one is artificial. The four natural special types are: (1) calcium sodium chloride waters that rise from underlying sedimentary rocks west of the Cascade Range, (2) mineralized water at or near warm or hot springs, (3) water having unusual ion concentrations, especially of chloride, near sedimentary rocks intercalated at the edges of the basalt, and (4) more mineralized water near one locality of excess carbon dioxide. The one artificial kind of special ground water has resulted from unintentional artificial recharge incidental to irrigation in parts of central Washington. The solids dissolved in the ground water have been picked up on the surface, within the overburden, and from minerals and glasses within the basalt. Evidence for the removal of ions from solution is confined to calcium and magnesium, only small amounts of which are present in some of the sodium-rich water. Minor constituents, such as the heavy metals, alkali metals, and alkali earths, occur in the ground water in trace, or small, amounts. The natural radioactivity of the ground waters is very low. Except for a few of the saline calcium sodium chloride waters and a few occurrences of excessive nitrate, the ground water generally meets the common standards of water good for most ordinary uses, but some of it can be improved by treatment. The water is clear and colorless and has a temperature slightly higher than would be indicated by the accepted 'normal' earth gradient. A small amount of iron is present in some of the water and a slight amount of hydrogen sulfide gas is present in water from most wells. Carbon-14 determinations indicate that the water has been underground for periods ranging from modern times to several tens of thousands of years. Generally, an increase in the age of the water corresponds to depth and with location in the central parts of the main structural basins. The evidence of correlations between chemical characteristics and the age of the water is limited to the excessive nitrate which occurs in young, shallow ground water and to the apparent base-exchange removal of calcium and magnesium that has occurred where the ground water is old.

Dielectric and electric properties as a tool to investigate the coagulation mechanism during sludge treatment.

PubMed

Mortadi, A; Chahid, El G; Nasrellah, H; Cherkaoui, O; El Moznine, R

2017-09-28

The analysis of the complex permittivity, electrical complex modulus and the hopping conductivity have been employed in order to investigate the impacts of calcium oxide during sludge treatment in textile such as coagulation process. In this context, impedance measurement was performed on five samples, including raw sludge and four compositions containing different amounts of calcium oxide: 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% (w/w). The dielectric spectra of each composition were described by the summation of a power law and a Cole-Cole relaxation model. The relaxation time and the magnitude of the dielectric relaxation obtained from the analysis of dielectric properties showed an increase up to 3% of these parameters with the addition of calcium oxide. Above this critical value, both parameters showed a very small change, suggesting that the aggregation became more stable. In addition, the evolution of the hopping conductivity reached a minimum value at this critical amount (3%). This evolution was well described by a double power law, which allowed us to estimate the optimal amount of the calcium oxide to achieve coagulation process. The analysis of the dielectric properties was found useful in monitoring aggregation processes that occur during the coagulation mechanism in textile sludge.

Thermally induced degradation of sulfur-containing aliphatic glucosinolates in broccoli sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. italica) and model systems.

PubMed

Hanschen, Franziska S; Platz, Stefanie; Mewis, Inga; Schreiner, Monika; Rohn, Sascha; Kroh, Lothar W

2012-03-07

Processing reduces the glucosinolate (GSL) content of plant food, among other aspects due to thermally induced degradation. Since there is little information about the thermal stability of GSL and formation of corresponding breakdown products, the thermally induced degradation of sulfur-containing aliphatic GSL was studied in broccoli sprouts and with isolated GSL in dry medium at different temperatures as well as in aqueous medium at different pH values. Desulfo-GSL have been analyzed with HPLC-DAD, while breakdown products were estimated using GC-FID. Whereas in the broccoli sprouts structural differences of the GSL with regard to thermal stability exist, the various isolated sulfur-containing aliphatic GSL degraded nearly equally and were in general more stable. In broccoli sprouts, methylsulfanylalkyl GSL were more susceptible to degradation at high temperatures, whereas methylsulfinylalkyl GSL were revealed to be more affected in aqueous medium under alkaline conditions. Besides small amounts of isothiocyanates, the main thermally induced breakdown products of sulfur-containing aliphatic GSL were nitriles. Although they were most rapidly formed at comparatively high temperatures under dry heat conditions, their highest concentrations were found after cooking in acidic medium, conditions being typical for domestic processing.

Annual summary of ground-water conditions in Arizona, spring 1978 to spring 1979

USGS Publications Warehouse

,

1980-01-01

In 1978 the withdrawal of ground water was about 4.2 million acre-feet in Arizona, and slightly more than 3.4 million acre-feet of ground water was used for the irrigation of crops. The amount of ground water withdrawn in 1978 decreased more than 1.2 million acre-feet from the amount withdrawn in 1977 and is the smallest amount withdrawn since the mid-1950 's except in 1966. Nearly all the decrease was in the amount of ground water used for irrigation in the Basin and Range lowlands province. Possible causes for the decrease include above-average precipitation, greater availability of surface water, and some comparatively new conservation practices. The Salt River Valley and the lower Santa Cruz area are the largest agricultural areas in the State; the amount of ground water withdrawn for agricultural use in the Salt River Valley and the lower Santa Cruz area decreased nearly 613,000 and 291,000 acre-feet, respectively, between 1977 and 1978. The report contains two small-scale maps of Arizona that show (1) pumpage of ground water by areas and (2) the status of the ground-water inventory in the State. The main map, which is at a scale of 1:500,000, shows potential well production, depth to water in selected wells in spring 1979, and change in water level in selected wells from 1974 to 1979. The brief text that accompanies the maps summarizes the current ground-water conditions in the State. (USGS)

Unusual neutral oligosaccharides in mature Sindbis virus glycoproteins are synthesized from truncated precursor oligosaccharides in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

PubMed

Davidson, S K; Hunt, L A

1983-03-01

We have previously demonstrated the presence of unusual small asparaginyl-oligosaccharides [(Man)3GlcNAc2-ASN] in the mature glycoproteins of Sindbis virus released from both wild-type and lectin-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells, but the mechanism of synthesis of these structures was not determined. Gel filtration and endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase analyses of Pronase-digested glycopeptides from [3H]mannose-labelled Sindbis virus released at different times after infection of a phytohaemagglutinin-resistant line of Chinese hamster ovary cells demonstrated that these small asparaginyl-oligosaccharides were present in similar relative amounts in virus released throughout the virus infection, rather than arising primarily at late times when cytopathic effects were maximal. Similar analyses of pulse-labelled, cell-associated viral glycopeptides suggested that these small oligosaccharides on mature virus glycoprotein resulted from the normal alpha 1,2-mannosidase processing of truncated precursor oligosaccharides (containing five rather than nine mannoses), rather than from aberrant processing or degradation of the full-size precursor oligosaccharides or normal intermediates.

Measuring the Coefficient of Friction of a Small Floating Liquid Marble

PubMed Central

Ooi, Chin Hong; Nguyen, Anh Van; Evans, Geoffrey M.; Dao, Dzung Viet; Nguyen, Nam-Trung

2016-01-01

This paper investigates the friction coefficient of a moving liquid marble, a small liquid droplet coated with hydrophobic powder and floating on another liquid surface. A floating marble can easily move across water surface due to the low friction, allowing for the transport of aqueous solutions with minimal energy input. However, the motion of a floating marble has yet to be systematically characterised due to the lack of insight into key parameters such as the coefficient of friction between the floating marble and the carrier liquid. We measured the coefficient of friction of a small floating marble using a novel experimental setup that exploits the non-wetting properties of a liquid marble. A floating liquid marble pair containing a minute amount magnetite particles were immobilised and then released in a controlled manner using permanent magnets. The capillarity-driven motion was analysed to determine the coefficient of friction of the liquid marbles. The “capillary charge” model was used to fit the experimental results. We varied the marble content and carrier liquid to establish a relationship between the friction correction factor and the meniscus angle. PMID:27910916

Glucose transporters and enzymes related to glucose synthesis in small intestinal mucosa of mid-lactation dairy cows fed 2 levels of starch.

PubMed

Lohrenz, A-K; Duske, K; Schönhusen, U; Losand, B; Seyfert, H M; Metges, C C; Hammon, H M

2011-09-01

Diets containing corn starch may improve glucose supply by providing significant amounts of intestinal starch and increasing intestinal glucose absorption in dairy cows. Glucose absorption in the small intestine requires specific glucose transporters; that is, sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter-1 (SGLT1) and facilitated glucose transporter (GLUT2), which are usually downregulated in the small intestine of functional ruminants but are upregulated when luminal glucose is available. We tested the hypothesis that mRNA and protein expression of intestinal glucose transporters and mRNA expression of enzymes related to gluconeogenesis are affected by variable starch supply. Dairy cows (n=9/group) were fed for 4 wk total mixed rations (TMR) containing either high (HS) or low (LS) starch levels in the diet. Feed intake and milk yield were measured daily. After slaughter, tissue samples of the small intestinal mucosa (mid-duodenum and mid-jejunum) were taken for determination of mRNA concentrations of SGLT1 and GLUT2 as well as pyruvate carboxylase, cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase by real-time reverse transcription PCR relative to a housekeeping gene. Protein expression of GLUT2 in crude mucosal membranes and of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in brush-border membrane vesicles was quantified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE and immunoblot. A mixed model was used to examine feeding and time-related changes on feed intake and milk yield and to test feeding and gut site effects on gene or protein expression of glucose transporters and enzymes in the intestinal mucosa. Dry matter intake, but not energy intake, was higher in cows fed HS compared with LS. Abundance of SGLT1 mRNA tended to be higher in duodenal than in jejunal mucosa, and mRNA abundances of pyruvate carboxylase tended to be higher in jejunal than in duodenal mucosa. In brush-border membrane vesicles, SGLT1 and GLUT2 protein expression could be demonstrated. No diet-dependent differences were found concerning mRNA and protein contents of glucose transporter or mRNA level of gluconeogenic enzymes. In conclusion, our investigations on glucose transporters and gluconeogenic enzymes in the small intestinal mucosa of dairy cows did not show significant diet regulation when TMR with different amounts of intestinal starch were fed. Therefore, predicted intestinal glucose absorption after enhanced starch feeding is probably not supported by changes of intestinal glucose transporters in dairy cows. Copyright © 2011 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Proteoglycans synthesized by smooth muscle cells derived from monkey (Macaca nemestrina) aorta.

PubMed

Chang, Y; Yanagishita, M; Hascall, V C; Wight, T N

1983-05-10

Smooth muscle cells derived from monkey aorta were cultured in medium with [35S]sulfate and [3H]glucosamine as labeling precursors. Proteoglycans in the medium and in 4 M guanidine HCl extracts of the cell layer were purified by DEAE-Sephacel and molecular sieve chromatography. Both preparations contained a predominant, large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (Kav = 0.30 on Sepharose CL-2B) with glycosaminoglycan chains of Mr approximately 43,000 average containing a ratio of 6-sulfate to 4-sulfate of approximately 2. Approximately 7 and 27% of the 3H label in this proteoglycan were present in N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides, respectively. Reaggregation experiments indicated that a large proportion of these proteoglycans can form link protein-stabilized aggregates. The medium fraction also contained a smaller dermatan sulfate proteoglycan (Kav = 0.67 on Sepharose CL-2B) with glycosaminoglycan chains of Mr approximately 43,000 containing a ratio of 6-sulfate to 4-sulfate of about 0.5. This proteoglycan contained approximately the same percentage of N-linked oligosaccharides as the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, but few or no O-linked oligosaccharides. A smaller dermatan sulfate proteoglycan with a single chain was present only in the cell layer. Additionally, small amounts of heparan sulfate proteoglycans were synthesized by the cells.

Applicability of low-melting-point microcrystalline wax to develop temperature-sensitive formulations.

PubMed

Matsumoto, Kohei; Kimura, Shin-Ichiro; Iwao, Yasunori; Itai, Shigeru

2017-10-30

Low-melting-point substances are widely used to develop temperature-sensitive formulations. In this study, we focused on microcrystalline wax (MCW) as a low-melting-point substance. We evaluated the drug release behavior of wax matrix (WM) particles using various MCW under various temperature conditions. WM particles containing acetaminophen were prepared using a spray congealing technique. In the dissolution test at 37°C, WM particles containing low-melting-point MCWs whose melting was starting at approx. 40°C (Hi-Mic-1045 or 1070) released the drug initially followed by the release of only a small amount. On the other hand, in the dissolution test at 20 and 25°C for WM particles containing Hi-Mic-1045 and at 20, 25, and 30°C for that containing Hi-Mic-1070, both WM particles showed faster drug release than at 37°C. The characteristic drug release suppression of WM particles containing low-melting-point MCWs at 37°C was thought attributable to MCW melting, as evidenced by differential scanning calorimetry analysis and powder X-ray diffraction analysis. Taken together, low-melting-point MCWs may be applicable to develop implantable temperature-sensitive formulations that drug release is accelerated by cooling at administered site. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

75 FR 50791 - Bureau of Political-Military Affairs: Directorate of Defense Trade Controls; Notifications to the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-17

... services in the amount of $50,000,000 or more. The transaction contained in the attached certification... technical data, and defense services in the amount of $50,000,000 or more. The transaction contained in the... $100,000,000 or more. The transaction contained in the attached certification involves the export of...

Collision recognition and direction changes for small scale fish robots by acceleration sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Na, Seung Y.; Shin, Daejung; Kim, Jin Y.; Lee, Bae-Ho

2005-05-01

Typical obstacles are walls, rocks, water plants and other nearby robots for a group of small scale fish robots and submersibles that have been constructed in our lab. Sonar sensors are not employed to make the robot structure simple enough. All of circuits, sensors and processor cards are contained in a box of 9 x 7 x 4 cm dimension except motors, fins and external covers. Therefore, image processing results are applied to avoid collisions. However, it is useful only when the obstacles are located far enough to give images processing time for detecting them. Otherwise, acceleration sensors are used to detect collision immediately after it happens. Two of 2-axes acceleration sensors are employed to measure the three components of collision angles, collision magnitudes, and the angles of robot propulsion. These data are integrated to calculate the amount of propulsion direction change. The angle of a collision incident upon an obstacle is the fundamental value to obtain a direction change needed to design a following path. But there is a significant amount of noise due to a caudal fin motor. Because caudal fin provides the main propulsion for a fish robot, there is a periodic swinging noise at the head of a robot. This noise provides a random acceleration effect on the measured acceleration data at the collision. We propose an algorithm which shows that the MEMS-type accelerometers are very effective to provide information for direction changes in spite of the intrinsic noise after the small scale fish robots have made obstacle collision.

Solution speciation of plutonium and Americium at an Australian legacy radioactive waste disposal site.

PubMed

Ikeda-Ohno, Atsushi; Harrison, Jennifer J; Thiruvoth, Sangeeth; Wilsher, Kerry; Wong, Henri K Y; Johansen, Mathew P; Waite, T David; Payne, Timothy E

2014-09-02

During the 1960s, radioactive waste containing small amounts of plutonium (Pu) and americium (Am) was disposed in shallow trenches at the Little Forest Burial Ground (LFBG), located near the southern suburbs of Sydney, Australia. Because of periodic saturation and overflowing of the former disposal trenches, Pu and Am have been transferred from the buried wastes into the surrounding surface soils. The presence of readily detected amounts of Pu and Am in the trench waters provides a unique opportunity to study their aqueous speciation under environmentally relevant conditions. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the chemical speciation of Pu and Am in the trench water by combining fluoride coprecipitation, solvent extraction, particle size fractionation, and thermochemical modeling. The predominant oxidation states of dissolved Pu and Am species were found to be Pu(IV) and Am(III), and large proportions of both actinides (Pu, 97.7%; Am, 86.8%) were associated with mobile colloids in the submicron size range. On the basis of this information, possible management options are assessed.

Simulated food effects on drug release from ethylcellulose: PVA-PEG graft copolymer-coated pellets.

PubMed

Muschert, Susanne; Siepmann, Florence; Leclercq, Bruno; Carlin, Brian; Siepmann, Juergen

2010-02-01

Food effects might substantially alter drug release from oral controlled release dosage forms in vivo. The robustness of a novel type of controlled release film coating was investigated using various types of release media and two types of release apparatii. Importantly, none of the investigated conditions had a noteworthy impact on the release of freely water-soluble diltiazem HCl or slightly water-soluble theophylline from pellets coated with ethylcellulose containing small amounts of PVA-PEG graft copolymer. In particular, the presence of significant amounts of fats, carbohydrates, surfactants, bile salts, and calcium ions in the release medium did not alter drug release. Furthermore, changes in the pH and differences in the mechanical stress the dosage forms were exposed to did not affect drug release from the pellets. The investigated film coatings allowing for oral controlled drug delivery are highly robust in vitro and likely to be poorly sensitive to classical food effects in vivo.

Conformal ALON® and spinel windows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goldman, Lee M.; Smith, Mark; Ramisetty, Mohan; Jha, Santosh; Sastri, Suri

2017-05-01

The requirements for modern aircraft based reconnaissance systems are driving the need for conformal windows for future sensor systems. However, limitations on optical systems and the ability to produce windows in complex geometries currently limit the geometry of existing windows and window assemblies to faceted assemblies of flat windows. ALON consists primarily of aluminum and oxygen, similar to that of alumina, with a small amount of nitrogen added to help stabilize the cubic gamma-AlON phase. ALON's chemical similarity to alumina, translates into a robust manufacturing process. This ease of processing has allowed Surmet to produce ALON windows and domes in a wide variety of geometries and sizes. Spinel (MgAl2O4) contains equal molar amounts of MgO and Al2O3, and is a cubic material, that transmits further into the Infrared than ALON. Spinel is produced via powder processing techniques similar to those used to produce ALON. Surmet is now applying the lessons learned with ALON to produce conformal spinel windows and domes as well.

Determination of the D and L isomers of some protein amino acids present in soils

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pollock, G. E.; Cheng, C.-N.; Cronin, S. E.

1977-01-01

The D and L isomers of some protein amino acids present in soils were measured by using a gas chromatographic technique. The results of two processing procedures were compared to determine the better method. Results of the comparison indicated that the determination of D and L percentages requires amino acid purification if one is to obtain accurate data. It was found that very significant amounts of D-alanine, D-aspartic acid, and D-glutamic acid were present in the contemporary soils studied. Valine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, and phenylalanine generally contained only a trace to very small amounts of the D isomer. It is probable that the D-amino acids from the alanine, aspartic, and glutamic acids are contributed to the soil primarily via microorganisms. The finding of very significant quantities of some D-amino acids (about 5-16%) in present-day soils may alert some investigators of geological sediments to a possible problem in using amino acid racemization as an age-dating technique.

Exposure and health assessment during application of lambda-cyhalothrin for malaria vector control in Pakistan.

PubMed

Chester, G; Sabapathy, N N; Woollen, B H

1992-01-01

Icon 10 WP insecticide, a wettable powder formulation containing 10% lambda-cyhalothrin, was evaluated for possible adverse effects on the health of spraymen and villagers during treatment of dwellings for malaria vector control. Skin sensory effects and occasional coughing and sneezing in confined spaces were the only symptoms noted by the workers resulting from the handling and spraying of the insecticide. Absorption of lambda-cyhalothrin was estimated by determining its metabolites in urine and serum. The average amount of lambda-cyhalothrin absorbed by the workers per day (54 micrograms) represents less than 0.0001% (< 1 micrograms.kg-1.day-1) of the average daily amount of the substance handled. Only a small proportion of villagers showed detectable levels of lambda-cyhalothrin metabolites in their urine. Absorption of lambda-cyhalothrin from the formulation tested was therefore very low and, apart from the nuisance of skin sensory effects, there should be no risk to the health of workers or to the villagers whose dwellings are treated.

Solubility and diffusivity of nitrous oxide in ternary mixtures of water, monoethanolamine, and N-methyldiethanolamine and solution densities and viscosities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hagewiesche, D.P.; Ashour, S.S.; Sandall, O.C.

1995-05-01

Recently, several researchers have suggested using aqueous mixtures of small amounts of monoethanolamine and much larger amounts of N-methyldiethanolamine for the absorption of CO{sub 2} and for the selective removal of H{sub 2}S from gas streams of mixtures of CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}S. The densities and viscosities of aqueous N-methyldiethanolamine/monoethanolamine (MDEA/MEA) blends containing 30 and 40 mass % total amine with MEA concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 mass % of the total amine concentration were measured at temperatures of 303, 313, and 323 K. The diffusion coefficients and Henry`s law constants of N{sub 2}O in these solutions weremore » also measured and were used to estimate the diffusion coefficients and Henry`s law constants of CO{sub 2} in these solutions according to the N{sub 2}O/CO{sub 2} analogy technique.« less

Exposure and health assessment during application of lambda-cyhalothrin for malaria vector control in Pakistan.

PubMed Central

Chester, G.; Sabapathy, N. N.; Woollen, B. H.

1992-01-01

Icon 10 WP insecticide, a wettable powder formulation containing 10% lambda-cyhalothrin, was evaluated for possible adverse effects on the health of spraymen and villagers during treatment of dwellings for malaria vector control. Skin sensory effects and occasional coughing and sneezing in confined spaces were the only symptoms noted by the workers resulting from the handling and spraying of the insecticide. Absorption of lambda-cyhalothrin was estimated by determining its metabolites in urine and serum. The average amount of lambda-cyhalothrin absorbed by the workers per day (54 micrograms) represents less than 0.0001% (< 1 micrograms.kg-1.day-1) of the average daily amount of the substance handled. Only a small proportion of villagers showed detectable levels of lambda-cyhalothrin metabolites in their urine. Absorption of lambda-cyhalothrin from the formulation tested was therefore very low and, apart from the nuisance of skin sensory effects, there should be no risk to the health of workers or to the villagers whose dwellings are treated. PMID:1464147

Pseudoelastic intramedullary nailing for tibio-talo-calcaneal arthrodesis.

PubMed

Yakacki, Christopher M; Gall, Ken; Dirschl, Douglas R; Pacaccio, Douglas J

2011-03-01

Tibio-talo-calcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis is a procedure to treat severe ankle arthropathy by providing a pain-free and stable fusion. Intramedullary (IM) nails offer a method of internal fixation for TTC arthrodesis by providing compressive stability, as well as shear and torsional rigidity. IM nails have been developed to apply compression to the TTC complex during installation; however, current designs are highly susceptible to a loss of compression when exposed to small amounts of bone resorption and cyclic loading. Nickel titanium (NiTi) is a shape-memory alloy capable of recovering large amounts of deformation via shape-memory or pseudoelasticity. Currently, the next generation of IM nails is being developed to utilize the adaptive, pseudoelastic properties of NiTi and provide a fusion nail that is resistant to loss of compression or loosening. Specifically, the pseudoelastic IM nail contains an internal NiTi compression element that applies sustained compression during the course of fusion, analogous to external fixators. © 2011 Expert Reviews Ltd

Slow pyrolysis enhances the recovery and reuse of phosphorus and reduces metal leaching from biosolids.

PubMed

Roberts, David A; Cole, Andrew J; Whelan, Anna; de Nys, Rocky; Paul, Nicholas A

2017-06-01

In this study, biochar is produced from biosolids with and without alum at a range of temperatures and simulated oxidative aging of the biochars is conducted to quantify the long-term leaching of P and metals. While biosolids containing alum had negligible amounts of plant-available P, after pyrolysis >90% of the P became immediately available for plant growth. When biosolids with no alum were converted into biochar there was a small increase in the availability of P but a larger pool was available after oxidation. Both of the biosolids leached significant amounts of metals after oxidation. In contrast, the biochars had a very low available metal content and this did not increase with oxidation, demonstrating a stable metal content. Pyrolysis is an effective waste management strategy for biosolids that can simultaneously reduce the leaching of metals and increase the efficiency of recycling of P for beneficial re-use. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contrasting role of antimony and bismuth dopants on the thermoelectric performance of lead selenide

DOE PAGES

Lee, Yeseul; Lo, Shih -Han; Chen, Changqiang; ...

2014-05-02

Increasing the conversion efficiency of thermoelectric materials is a key scientific driver behind a worldwide effort to enable heat to electricity power generation at competitive cost. Here we report an increased performance for antimony-doped lead selenide with a thermoelectric figure of merit of ~1.5 at 800 K. This is in sharp contrast to bismuth doped lead selenide, which reaches a figure of merit of <1. Substituting antimony or bismuth for lead achieves maximum power factors between ~23–27μW cm –1 K –2 at temperatures above 400 K. The addition of small amounts (~0.25 mol%) of antimony generates extensive nanoscale precipitates, whereasmore » comparable amounts of bismuth results in very few or no precipitates. The antimony-rich precipitates are endotaxial in lead selenide, and appear remarkably effective in reducing the lattice thermal conductivity. As a result, the corresponding bismuth-containing samples exhibit smaller reduction in lattice thermal conductivity.« less

Arsenic accumulation in three species of sea turtles.

PubMed

Saeki, K; Sakakibara, H; Sakai, H; Kunito, T; Tanabe, S

2000-09-01

Arsenic in the liver, kidney and muscle of three species of sea turtles, e.g., green turtles (Chelonia mydas), loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) and hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata), were determined using HG-AAS, followed by arsenic speciation analysis using HPLC-ICP-MS. The order of arsenic concentration in tissues was muscle > kidney > liver. Unexpectedly, the arsenic concentrations in the hawksbill turtles feeding mainly on sponges were higher than the two other turtles primarily eating algae and mollusk which accumulate a large amount of arsenic. Especially, the muscles of the hawksbill turtles contained remarkably high arsenic concentrations averaging 153 mg kg(-1) dry weight with the range of 23.1-205 mg kg(-1) (n = 4), even in comparison with the data from other organisms. The arsenic concentrations in the tissues of the green turtles were significantly decreased with standard carapace length as an indicator of growth. In arsenic compounds, arsenobetaine was mostly detected in the tissues of all the turtles. Besides arsenobetaine, a small amount of dimethylarsinic acid was also observed in the hawksbill turtles.

Reuse of EAF Slag as Reinforcing Filler for Polypropylene Matrix Composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cornacchia, G.; Agnelli, S.; Gelfi, M.; Ramorino, G.; Roberti, R.

2015-06-01

Electric-arc furnace (EAF) slag, the by-product of steel fabricated at the EAF, is in most cases still sent to dumps, with serious environmental consequences. This work shows an innovative, economically convenient application for EAF slag: its use as reinforcing filler for polypropylene. Composites based on polypropylene containing 10-40 wt.% of EAF slag particles were prepared by melt compounding followed by injection molding. A physical-chemical analysis of the EAF slag was performed to determine microstructural features and main component phases. Leaching tests demonstrated that, although EAF slag can release small amounts of toxic elements, such as heavy metals, incorporating such material into the polymeric matrix immobilizes the heavy metals inside that matrix. The mechanical characterization of the polymer-based composites was performed. Incorporating EAF slag particles raises the Young's modulus and the tensile strength at yield, whereas elongation at break and the impact strength of the polymer-based composite are significantly reduced only when large amounts of filler are added, i.e., 30% or more.

Annual summary of ground-water conditions in Arizona, spring 1982 to spring 1983

USGS Publications Warehouse

,

1984-01-01

The withdrawal of ground water was slightly less than 4.2 million acre-feet in Arizona in 1982, which is about 1.2 million acre-feet less than the amount withdrawn in 1981. Most of the decrease in 1982 was in the amount of ground water used for irrigation in the Basin and Range lowlands province. Through 1982, slightly more than 193 million acre-feet of ground water had been withdrawn from the ground-water reservoirs in Arizona. The report contains three small-scale maps that show ground-water pumpage by areas, the status of the ground-water inventory and observation-well program, and the ground-water quality sampling program. The main map, which is at a scale of 1:500,000, shows potential well production, depth to water in selected wells in spring 1983, and change in water level in selected wells from 1978 to 1983. A brief text summarizes the current ground-water conditions in the State. (USGS)

Preliminary report on the Comet area, Jefferson County, Montana

USGS Publications Warehouse

Becraft, George Earle

1953-01-01

Several radioactivity anomalies and a few specimens of sooty pitchblende and other uranium minerals have been found on the mine dumps of formerly productive base- and precious-metal mines along the Comet-Gray Eagle shear zone in the Comet area in southwestern Montana. The shear zone is from 50 to 200 feet wide and has been traced for at least 5? miles. It trends N. 80 ? W. across the northern part of the area and cuts the quartz monzonitic rocks of the Boulder batholith and younger silicic intrusive rocks, as well as prebatholithic volcanic rocks, and is in turn cut by dacite and andesite dikes. The youngest period of mineralization is represented by chalcedonic vein zones comprising one or more discontinuous stringers and veins of cryptocrystalline silica in silicified quartz monzonite and in alaskite that has not been appreciably silicified. In some places these zones contain no distinct chalcedonic veins but are represented only by silicified quartz monzonite. These zones locally contain uranium in association with very small amounts of pyrite, galena, ruby silver, arqentite, native silver, molybdenite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, and barite. At the Free Enterprise mine, uranium has been produced from a narrow chalcedonic vein that contains disseminated secondary uranium minerals and local small pods of pitchblende and also from disseminated secondary uranium ,minerals in the adjacent quartz monzonite. Undiscovered deposits of uranium ore may occur spatially associated with the base- and precious-metal deposits along the Comet-Gray Eagle shear zone and with chalcedonic vein zones similar to the Free Enterprise.

Aspergillus oryzae GB-107 fermentation improves nutritional quality of food soybeans and feed soybean meals.

PubMed

Hong, Kee-Jong; Lee, Chan-Ho; Kim, Sung Woo

2004-01-01

This study evaluated the effect of fermentation on the nutritional quality of food-grade soybeans and feed-grade soybean meals. Soybeans and soybean meals were fermented by Aspergillus oryzae GB-107 in a bed-packed solid fermentor for 48 hours. After fermentation, their nutrient contents as well as trypsin inhibitor were measured and compared with those of raw soybeans and soybean meals. Proteins were extracted from fermented and non-fermented soybeans and soybean meals, and the peptide characteristics were evaluated after electrophoresis. Fermented soybeans and fermented soybean meals contained 10% more (P < .05) crude protein than raw soybeans and soybean meals. The essential amino acid profile was unchanged after fermentation. Fermentation eliminated (P < .05) most of the trypsin inhibitor from both soybeans and soybean meals. Fermentation increased the amount of small-size peptides (<20 kDa) (P < .05) compared with raw soybeans, while significantly decreasing large-size peptides (>60 kDa) (P < .05). Fermented soybean meal contained more (P < .01) small-size peptides (<20 kDa) than soybean meal. Fermented soybean meal did not contain large-size peptides (>60 kDa), whereas 22.1% of peptides in soybean meal were large-size (>60 kDa). Collectively, fermentation increased protein content, eliminated trypsin inhibitors, and reduced peptide size in soybeans and soybean meals. These effects of fermentation might make soy foods more useful in human diets as a functional food and benefit livestock as a novel feed ingredient.

An Experimental Test of Factors Attracting Deer Mice into Buildings.

PubMed

Kuenzi, Amy J; Douglass, Richard

2009-09-01

Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) are the principal reservoir host of Sin Nombre virus (SNV). Deer mice use a wide variety of habitats including peridomestic settings in and around human dwellings, their presence in and around homes has been implicated as a risk factor for acquiring Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome. Deer mice are believed to enter buildings in order to gain access to a variety of resources including food, bedding material, and better thermal microclimates. However, no one has experimentally tested which factors influence mice use of buildings. We conducted experiments using small simulated buildings to determine the effects of two factors, i.e., food and bedding material, on mouse activity in these buildings. We also examined if these effects varied with time of year. We found that deer mice entered our buildings regardless of the presence or absence of food or bedding. However, the amount of activity in buildings was affected by what they contained. We found significantly higher indices of activity in buildings containing food compared to both empty buildings (control) and buildings containing bedding material. Time of year did not affect activity in buildings.

Development of methods to measure virus inactivation in fresh waters.

PubMed Central

Ward, R L; Winston, P E

1985-01-01

This study concerns the identification and correction of deficiencies in methods used to measure inactivation rates of enteric viruses seeded into environmental waters. It was found that viable microorganisms in an environmental water sample increased greatly after addition of small amounts of nutrients normally present in the unpurified seed virus preparation. This burst of microbial growth was not observed after seeding the water with purified virus. The use of radioactively labeled poliovirus revealed that high percentages of virus particles, sometimes greater than 99%, were lost through adherence to containers, especially in less turbid waters. This effect was partially overcome by the use of polypropylene containers and by the absence of movement during incubation. Adherence to containers clearly demonstrated the need for labeled viruses to monitor losses in this type of study. Loss of viral infectivity in samples found to occur during freezing was avoided by addition of broth. Finally, microbial contamination of the cell cultures during infectivity assays was overcome by the use of gentamicin and increased concentrations of penicillin, streptomycin, and amphotericin B. PMID:3004328

Diluents for stabilization of tuberculin

PubMed Central

Magnusson, Mogens; Guld, Johannes; Magnus, Knut; Waaler, Hans

1958-01-01

Tuberculin is known to be adsorbed to containers and syringes. In the present paper, the adsorption which takes place in the ampoules has been studied in relation to the diluent for the tuberculin. Adsorption was most evident in dilutions prepared with saline or with phosphate buffer containing dextran. The inclusion in phosphate buffer diluent of small amounts of proteins or synthetic surface-active agents decreased or prevented adsorption. A boric-acid sodium-borate diluent containing gum arabic, previously recommended for the preparation of stabilized tuberculin dilutions, was found to be ineffective. The most suitable diluent for the preparation of stable tuberculin dilutions was a 0.05‰ solution of Tween 80 in phosphate-buffered saline; this diluent appeared to prevent adsorption under a variety of experimental conditions. The inclusion of Tween 80 in the diluent had little or no effect on the general storage stability of purified tuberculin. Sensitization experiments in guinea-pigs, rabbits and humans showed that no sensitization against Tween 80 need be feared when a 0.05‰ solution of Tween 80 in phosphate buffered saline is used in the preparation of tuberculin dilutions. PMID:13618720

Formation of apatitic calcium phosphates in a Na-K-phosphate solution of pH 7.4.

PubMed

Tas, A C; Aldinger, F

2005-02-01

Poorly crystalline, apatitic calcium phosphate powders have been synthesized by slowly adding a Na- and K-containing reference phosphate solution with a pH value of 7.4 to an aqueous calcium nitrate solution at 37 degrees C. Nano-particulated apatitic powders obtained were shown to contain small amounts of Na and K, which render them more similar in chemical composition to that of the bone mineral. Precipitated and dried powders were found to exhibit self-hardening cement properties when kneaded in a mortar with a sodium citrate- and sodium phosphate-containing starter solution. The same phosphate solution used in powder synthesis was found to be able to partially convert natural, white and translucent marble pieces of calcite (CaCO3) into calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite upon aging the samples in that solution for 3 days at 60 degrees C. Sample characterization was performed by using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, and simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis.

Novel procedure for the extraction and concentration of carotenoid-containing chromoplasts from selected plant systems.

PubMed

Fish, Wayne W

2007-02-21

Natural sources of carotenoids for nutraceutical use are desired by the food industry as a result of the increased production of convenience and other highly processed foods. As new physiological roles are discovered for some of the minor carotenoids that are found in only small amounts in present sources, the need for discovery of new sources will amplify. Thus, a method is needed that will effectively and gently concentrate carotenoids from potential new sources for subsequent identification and analysis. A procedure is presented by which carotenoid-containing tissue chromoplasts can be extracted and subsequently concentrated by precipitation, all in an aqueous milieu. The chromoplasts are extracted and solubilized with 0.3% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in water. The addition of a nominally equal volume of acetonitrile to the chromoplasts in SDS immediately precipitates the chromoplasts out of solution with generally >90% recovery. Carotenoids contained in the concentrated, still-intact chromoplasts can then be solubilized by organic solvent extraction for subsequent analysis. This methodology offers a means to effectively and gently concentrate carotenoids from fruit tissues where yields are often low (e.g., yellow watermelon).

Nanoengineered Carbon-Based Materials For Reactive Adsorption of Toxic Industrial Compounds

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-13

in phenolic, sulfonic, thioethers and pyrrolic groups. 29. Addition of small amount of sulfanilic acid (grafting with acid) to silica-carbons...thioethers and pyrrolic groups. 29. Addition of small amount of sulfanilic acid (grafting with acid) to silica-carbons composites increases NO2

Lipid composition and chemotaxonomy of Pseudomonas putrefaciens (Alteromonas putrefaciens).

PubMed

Wilkinson, S G; Caudwell, P F

1980-06-01

The major polar lipids in cells of Pseudomonas putrefaciens NCIB 10472 grown on nutrient agar were phosphatidylethanolamine, phoisphatidylglycerol, a glucosyldiacylglycerol, a glucuronosyldiacylglycerol and an ornithine amide lipid. An additional phospholipid, tentatively identified as acyl phosphatidylglycerol or bis-phosphatidic acid, was a trace component of the wall lipids from broth cultures, which lacked the glycolipids and the ornithine amide lipid. The wall lipids from broth cultures of three further strains of P. putrefaciens (NCIB 10471, NCIB 11156 and NCTC 10737) contained all of the above lipids, and in two cases (strains NCIB 10471 and NCIB 11156) had an unusually high content of free fatty acid. Fatty acid compositions of the extractable lipids were qualitatively similar for all four strains: the major components were iso-pentadecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, a cis-heptadecenoic acid and a cis-hexadecenoic acid. Anteiso fatty acids were minor components in strain NCIB 10472. Lipid mixtures in which the ornithine amide lipid was present also contained small amounts of beta-hydroxy fatty acids: in strain NCIB 10472 the major ones were the straight-chain and iso-branched C16 acids. Lipopolysaccharides from all four strains had similar, complex fatty acid compositions. The major non-hydroxy acids were the straight-chain and iso-branched C13 acids. beta-Hydroxy acids common to all strains included the straight-chain C11, C12, C13, C14 and C15 acids, together with branched-chain C13 and C15 acids probably belonging to the iso series. The lipopolysaccharide from strains NCIB 10472 also contained C12 and C14 hydroxy acids of the same series, and small amounts of C13 and C15 beta-hydroxy acids probably belonging to the anteiso series. The close resemblance in both polar lipid and fatty acid compositions between strains of P. putrefaciens and Pseudomonas rubescens is further evidence that these species are synonymous. Significant differences between the lipids and fatty acids of P. putrefaciens and those reported for a strain of Alteromonas haloplanktis do not harmonize with a proposal to transfer the former organism to the genus Alteromonas.

[Features of organization of nutrition for young athletes].

PubMed

Korosteleva, M M; Nikitiuk, D B; Volkova, L Iu

2013-01-01

Organization of nutrition for young athletes implied a regime, which includes the distribution of meals throughout the day, the multiplicity of power an nutrients that must be strictly consistent with the mode of the training process. Athletes' requirements in energy and nutrients vary considerably depending on the sport discipline and the amount of intense of physical activity. In the Institute of Nutrition of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences the recommended average daily sets of products, which are based on daily energy expenditure of young athletes, depending on the duration and intensity of physical activity in diverse kinds sports has been developed, these kits provide young athletes the necessary nutrients and micronutrients. In precompetitive period athletes must be given high physical activity and the diet should be mainly protein and fat-containing, with a high level of fiber. The training process should be intense for three days, then the athlete is advised to transfer to the carbohydrate-rich diet that is combined with a significant reduction in the intensity of trainings--glycogen super compensation. During competition period meal should be well digestible and low-volume. It must contain proteins of high biological values and carbohydrates in the required quantity. During this period the inclusion of new dishes and products in the menu for athletes is not desirable. During marathon the main aim is to recover the energy, water, mineral resources, and to maintain normal blood glucose concentrations. This is achieved in the following ways: carbohydrate intake with a relatively small amount of liquid, high product content of vitamins and minerals that helps to maintain the water-salt metabolism at the appropriate level, taking food in liquid form, in small portions. In the recovery period adequate nutrition should achieve the following objectives: to restore the acid-base and fluid and electrolyte balance, eliminate the effect of metabolic products (urea, lactic acid, ammonia, etc) associated with high physical activity; restore carbohydrate stores, provide plastic exchange, synthesis processes. The article also contains the basic sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the catering departments, selection of products and sports doctors.

Study of leaching mechanisms of caesium ions incorporated in Ordinary Portland Cement.

PubMed

Papadokostaki, Kyriaki G; Savidou, Anastasia

2009-11-15

In this work, a study of the leaching kinetics of Cs(+) ions from cement paste solids, containing inactive Cs(2)SO(4), is presented, involving (i) the parallel performance of leaching experiments at two temperatures (30 degrees C and 70 degrees C); (ii) the performance of leaching tests with intermediate changes in temperature between 30 degrees C and 70 degrees C; (iii) the use of specimens of two different thicknesses and (iv) the determination of the distribution of Cs(+) in the cement specimen at various stages of the leaching test. The results of leaching studies at 30 degrees C with cement solids simulating the composition of real radioactive wastes, containing NaNO(3), small amounts of inactive CsNO(3) and traces of (137)Cs(+) are also reported. Concentration profiles of Cs(+) in inactive specimens showed that part of the Cs(+) (20-30%) tends to be immobilized in the matrix, while elution of the readily leachable portion follows Fick's law reasonably well. No immobilized Cs(+) was detected in the samples containing considerable amounts of NaNO(3). Long-term leaching experiments (up to 8 years) revealed acceleration of the elution process (not detectable in short-term tests), attributable to increase in porosity caused by erosion of the cement matrix. Sorption experiments of Cs(+) ions by cement granules indicated that adsorption on cement pore surfaces is not significant. On the other hand, the leaching tests at two different temperatures or with intermediate changes in temperature between 30 degrees C and 70 degrees C, yielded activation energies that indicated a more complicated kinetic behavior.

14 CFR 1274.103 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

.... Subcontracting dollar threshold. The dollar amount of the cooperative agreement subject to the small business subcontracting policies (includes small business, veteran-owned small business, service-disabled veteran-owned small business, historically underutilized small business, small disadvantaged business, women-owned...

Absorption and distribution of lycopene in rat colon.

PubMed

Oshima, S; Inakuma, T; Narisawa, T

1999-01-01

Colonic absorption and distribution of lycopene, which inhibited rat colon carcinogenesis in our previous studies, were investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. Three groups of six rats each with or without a single-barreled colostomy at the mid colon were given a single intragastric or intracolonic dose of 0.2 mL of corn oil containing 12 mg of lycopene. Twenty-four hours later, all rats were sacrificed and the blood and some tissues were collected. The contents of lycopene in the samples were assayed by HPLC. Lycopene was detected in an appreciable amount in the liver, but only in trace amount in the serum of all rats treated with an intracolonic dose of lycopene and in rats with an intragastric dose. After an intragastric lycopene treatment, lycopene was detected in the mucosa of the proximal colon and of the distal colon of the colostomized rats, whose distal colon had been excluded from the fecal stream. A large amount of lycopene was recovered in the feces. None was detected in any sample from the control rats treated with an intragastric or intracolonic dose of plain corn oil. The results suggest that lycopene is absorbed from the colon and also from the small intestine. It might be concluded that both ways of absorption contribute to a comparative amount of lycopene accumulation in the colon mucosa after ingestion of this carotenoid.

Hydrology of the Upper Capibaribe Basin, Pernambuco, Brazil - A reconnaissance in an Area of Crystalline Rocks

USGS Publications Warehouse

Chada Filho, Luiz Goncalves; Dias Pessoa, Mario; Sinclair, William C.

1966-01-01

The upper Capibaribe basin is the western three-fourths, approximately, of the valley of the river that empties into the Atlantic Ocean at Recife, the capital of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. It is the part of the drainage basin that is within the Drought Polygon of northeast Brazil, and it totals about 5,400 square kilometers. It receives relatively abundant precipitation in terms of the annual average, yet is regarded as hot subhumid to semiarid because the precipitation is uneven from year to year and place to place. The dependable water supply, therefore, is small. The basin has water, which could be put to better use than at present, but the opportunities for augmenting the usable supply are not great. The streams are intermittent and therefore cannot be expected to fill surface reservoirs and to keep them filled. The ground-water reservoirs have small capacity--quickly filled and quickly drained. A rough estimate based on the records for 1964 suggests that, of 4,700 million cubic meters of precipitation in the upper Capibaribe basin, 2,700 million cubic meters (57 percent) left the basin as runoff and 2,000 million cubic meters {43 percent) went into underground storage or was evaporated or transpired. The bedrock of the upper Capibaribe basin is composed of granite, gneiss, schist, and other varieties of crystalline rocks, which have only insignificant primary permeability. They are permeable mainly where fractured. The principal fracture zones, fortunately, are in the valleys, where water accumulates and can feed into them, but the volume of fractured rock is small in relation to the basin as a whole. A well in a large water-filled fracture zone may yield up to 20,000 liters per hour, but the average well yields less than one-fourth this amount, and some wells yield none. The saprolite, or weathered rock, is many meters thick at some places especially in the eastern half of the upper Capibaribe basin. It contains water locally, but ordinarily will yield only small quantities to wells. The alluvium probably is the most productive aquifer in the basin, but is limited to narrow bands along the rivers that generally are no more than a few hundred meters wide and 5 meters thick. The alluvium contains variable amounts of silty sand capable of yielding small to moderate quantities of water to wells. Wells driven or dug into the alluvium could solve many small water problems. The chemical quality of the water in the upper Capibaribe basin ranges from good to bad and generally presents a major problem that cannot be solved solely by applying geological criteria. Mineralized water is widespread in the area, both in streams and underground, and .the choice of aquifers is small. All known aquifers contain, at one place or another, water that is mineralized, leaving no alternative for a natural supply of good-quality water. Although much of the available water is unsatisfactory for human consumption, it is generally acceptable for animals and therefore meets one of the principal water needs. Some of the ground water could be made potable by diluting it with rainwater, which could be collected during rainy seasons and temporarily stored in cisterns or reservoirs.

Determination of small amounts of molybdenum in tungsten and molybdenum ores

USGS Publications Warehouse

Grimaldi, F.S.; Wells, R.C.

1943-01-01

A rapid method has been developed for the determination of small amounts of molybdenum in tungsten and molybdenum ores. After removing iron and other major constituents the molybdenum thiocyanate color is developed in water-acetone solutions, using ammonium citrate to eliminate the interference of tungsten. Comparison is made by titrating a blank with a standard molybdenum solution. Aliquots are adjusted to deal with amounts of molybdenum ranging from 0.01 to 1.30 mg.

Recent volcanism in the Siqueiros transform fault: Picritic basalts and implications for MORB magma genesis

USGS Publications Warehouse

Perfit, M.R.; Fornari, D.J.; Ridley, W.I.; Kirk, P.D.; Casey, J.; Kastens, K.A.; Reynolds, J.R.; Edwards, M.; Desonie, D.; Shuster, R.; Paradis, S.

1996-01-01

Small constructional volcanic landforms and very fresh-looking lava flows are present along one of the inferred active strike-slip faults that connect two small spreading centers (A and B) in the western portion of the Siqueiros transform domain. The most primitive lavas (picritic and olivine-phyric basalts), exclusively recovered from the young-looking flows within the A-B strike-slip fault, contain millimeter-sized olivine phenocrysts (up to 20 modal%) that have a limited compositional range (Fo91.5-Fo89.5) and complexly zoned Cr-Al spinels. High-MgO (9.5-10.6 wt%) glasses sampled from the young lava flows contain 1-7% olivine phenocrysts (Fo90.5-Fo89) that could have formed by equilibrium crystallization from basaltic melts with Mg# values between 71 and 74. These high MgO (and high Al2O3) glasses may be near-primary melts from incompatible-element depleted oceanic mantle and little modified by crustal mixing and/or fractionation processes. Phase chemistry and major element systematics indicate that the picritic basalts are not primary liquids and formed by the accumulation of olivine and minor spinel from high-MgO melts (10% < MgO < 14%). Compared to typical N-MORB from the East Pacific Rise, the Siqueiros lavas are more primitive and depleted in incompatible elements. Phase equilibria calculations and comparisons with experimental data and trace element modeling support this hypothesis. They indicate such primary mid-ocean ridge basalt magmas formed by 10-18% accumulative decompression melting in the spinel peridotite field (but small amounts of melting in the garnet peridotite field are not precluded). The compositional variations of the primitive magmas may result from the accumulation of different small batch melt fractions from a polybaric melting column.

Economics of End-of-Life Materials Recovery: A Study of Small Appliances and Computer Devices in Portugal.

PubMed

Ford, Patrick; Santos, Eduardo; Ferrão, Paulo; Margarido, Fernanda; Van Vliet, Krystyn J; Olivetti, Elsa

2016-05-03

The challenges brought on by the increasing complexity of electronic products, and the criticality of the materials these devices contain, present an opportunity for maximizing the economic and societal benefits derived from recovery and recycling. Small appliances and computer devices (SACD), including mobile phones, contain significant amounts of precious metals including gold and platinum, the present value of which should serve as a key economic driver for many recycling decisions. However, a detailed analysis is required to estimate the economic value that is unrealized by incomplete recovery of these and other materials, and to ascertain how such value could be reinvested to improve recovery processes. We present a dynamic product flow analysis for SACD throughout Portugal, a European Union member, including annual data detailing product sales and industrial-scale preprocessing data for recovery of specific materials from devices. We employ preprocessing facility and metals pricing data to identify losses, and develop an economic framework around the value of recycling including uncertainty. We show that significant economic losses occur during preprocessing (over $70 M USD unrecovered in computers and mobile phones, 2006-2014) due to operations that fail to target high value materials, and characterize preprocessing operations according to material recovery and total costs.

[MORPHO-FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE THYROID GLAND AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES].

PubMed

Polyakova, V S; Sizova, Ye A; Miroshnikov, S A; Notova, S V; Zavaleyeva, S M

2015-01-01

The study was conducted on 15 male Wistar rats, which were injected intramuscularly with copper nanoparticle lyosols at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg body weight once a week for 3 months. Thyroid gland was removed 7 days after the last injection and was studied using histological, morphometric and immunohistochemical methods (demonstration of Ki-67 and caspase-3). Animals of the control group (n = 15) were administered distilled water at the same time intervals. It was found that after 1, 2, 3 and 4 injections of copper nanoparticles, the thyroid gland contained an increased number of large cyst-like follicles, while the average thyrocyte height of and the volume of their nuclei were reduced, which indicate a decline in hormone production. After 12 injections of copper nanoparticles, the hyperplastic thyroid gland demonstrated small follicles lined with columnar epithelium, which contained no or small amount of the colloid. The number of mitotically dividing thyrocytes was increased. Parafollicular cells demonstrated an apoptotic dominant. Morphological data suggest goitrogenic effect of multiple doses of copper nanopartides. The data received indicating the readiness of the thyroid cells to the programmed death and its possible depression (absence of signs of thyrocyte apoptosis) at different stages of the experiment confirm the modulating effect of copper on apoptosis.

Sachem: a chemical cartridge for high-performance substructure search.

PubMed

Kratochvíl, Miroslav; Vondrášek, Jiří; Galgonek, Jakub

2018-05-23

Structure search is one of the valuable capabilities of small-molecule databases. Fingerprint-based screening methods are usually employed to enhance the search performance by reducing the number of calls to the verification procedure. In substructure search, fingerprints are designed to capture important structural aspects of the molecule to aid the decision about whether the molecule contains a given substructure. Currently available cartridges typically provide acceptable search performance for processing user queries, but do not scale satisfactorily with dataset size. We present Sachem, a new open-source chemical cartridge that implements two substructure search methods: The first is a performance-oriented reimplementation of substructure indexing based on the OrChem fingerprint, and the second is a novel method that employs newly designed fingerprints stored in inverted indices. We assessed the performance of both methods on small, medium, and large datasets containing 1, 10, and 94 million compounds, respectively. Comparison of Sachem with other freely available cartridges revealed improvements in overall performance, scaling potential and screen-out efficiency. The Sachem cartridge allows efficient substructure searches in databases of all sizes. The sublinear performance scaling of the second method and the ability to efficiently query large amounts of pre-extracted information may together open the door to new applications for substructure searches.

Statistical Analysis Techniques for Small Sample Sizes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Navard, S. E.

1984-01-01

The small sample sizes problem which is encountered when dealing with analysis of space-flight data is examined. Because of such a amount of data available, careful analyses are essential to extract the maximum amount of information with acceptable accuracy. Statistical analysis of small samples is described. The background material necessary for understanding statistical hypothesis testing is outlined and the various tests which can be done on small samples are explained. Emphasis is on the underlying assumptions of each test and on considerations needed to choose the most appropriate test for a given type of analysis.

Beta3 subunits promote expression and nicotine-induced up-regulation of human nicotinic alpha6* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in transfected cell lines.

PubMed

Tumkosit, Prem; Kuryatov, Alexander; Luo, Jie; Lindstrom, Jon

2006-10-01

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) containing alpha6 subunits are typically found at aminergic nerve endings where they play important roles in nicotine addiction and Parkinson's disease. alpha6* AChRs usually contain beta3 subunits. beta3 subunits are presumed to assemble only in the accessory subunit position within AChRs where they do not participate in forming acetylcholine binding sites. Assembly of subunits in the accessory position may be a critical final step in assembly of mature AChRs. Human alpha6 AChRs subtypes were permanently transfected into human tsA201 human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell lines. alpha6beta2beta3 and alpha6beta4beta3 cell lines were found to express much larger amounts of AChRs and were more sensitive to nicotine-induced increase in the amount of AChRs than were alpha6beta2 or alpha6beta4 cell lines. The increased sensitivity to nicotine-induced up-regulation was due not to a beta3-induced increase in affinity for nicotine but probably to a direct effect on assembly of AChR subunits. HEK cells express only a small amount of mature alpha6beta2 AChRs, but many of these subunits are on the cell surface. This contrasts with Xenopus laevis oocytes, which express a large amount of incorrectly assembled alpha6beta2 subunits that bind cholinergic ligands but form large amorphous intracellular aggregates. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were made to the alpha6 and beta3 subunits to aid in the characterization of these AChRs. The alpha6 mAbs bind to epitopes C-terminal of the extracellular domain. These data demonstrate that both cell type and the accessory subunit beta3 can play important roles in alpha6* AChR expression, stability, and up-regulation by nicotine.

Strengthening Mechanisms and Their Relative Contributions to the Yield Strength of Microalloyed Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, Junfang; Omotoso, Oladipo; Wiskel, J. Barry; Ivey, Douglas G.; Henein, Hani

2012-09-01

Microalloyed steels are used widely in oil and gas pipelines. They are a class of high-strength, low-carbon steels that contain small additions (in amounts less than 0.1 wt pct) of Nb, Ti, and/or V. The steels may contain other alloying elements, such as Mo, in amounts exceeding 0.1 wt pct. Precipitation in these steels can be controlled through thermomechanical-controlled processing, leading to precipitates with sizes that range from several microns to a few nanometers. Microalloyed steels have good strength, good toughness, and excellent weldability, which are attributed in part to the presence of the nanosized carbide and carbonitride precipitates. Because of their fine sizes, wide particle size distribution, and low volume fractions, conventional microscopic methods are not satisfactory for quantifying these precipitates. Matrix dissolution is a promising alternative to extract the precipitates for quantification. Relatively large volumes of material can be analyzed so that statistically significant quantities of precipitates of different sizes are collected. In this article, the microstructure features of a series of microalloyed steels (X70, X80, and X100) as well as a Grade 100 steel are characterized using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A chemical dissolution technique is used to extract the precipitates from the steels. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are combined to analyze the chemical composition of these precipitates. Rietveld refinement of the XRD patterns is used to quantify fully the relative amounts of these precipitates. The size distribution of the nanosized precipitates is quantified using dark-field imaging (DF) in the TEM. The effects of microalloying content, finish rolling temperature (FRT), and coiling temperature (CT)/interrupted cooling temperature (ICT) on the grain size and the amount of nanoprecipitation are discussed. Individual strengthening contributions from grain size effects, solid-solution strengthening, and precipitation strengthening are quantified to understand fully the strengthening mechanisms for these steels.

Evaluation of spatial, radiometric and spectral thematic mapper performance for coastal studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Klemas, V.

1983-01-01

Radiative transfer theory was used to model upwelling radiance for an orbiting sensor viewing an estuarine environment. Radiance was calculated in Tm bands 3,4, and 5 and MSS bands 4 and 5 for an optically shallow estuary of either clear or turbid water, and of three bottom types: vegetation, sand, or mud. A portion of a TM image of Chesapeake Bay was enhanced to obtain a quick look at what submerged features could be detected. The enhancements were compared with low altitude color aerial photography. The TM bands 1,2, and 3 were found to contain water and submerged features information. Band 1 contained a significant amount of noise and low contrast. Band 2 appeared to contain the most amount of bottom information. Band 3, while having the least amount of noise and best constrast, contained a lesser amount of bottom information because of increase water absorption. Several water signatures were identified which correlated with submerged vegetation shown in the aerial photography.

Passive inhalation of cocaine.

PubMed

Cone, E J; Yousefnejad, D; Hillsgrove, M J; Holicky, B; Darwin, W D

1995-10-01

Six healthy male volunteers were exposed to the vapor of 100 and 200 mg freebase cocaine heated to a temperature of 200 degrees C in an unventilated room (12,600-L volume) for a period of 1 h. No pharmacological effects were detected as a result of the exposure. Blood specimens collected immediately following exposure were negative for cocaine and metabolites. Urine specimens analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry contained peak concentrations of benzoylecgonine that ranged from 22 to 123 ng/mL. The peak excretion time for benzoylecgonine following passive exposure was approximately 5 h. The amount of cocaine inhaled by the subjects during passive exposure was estimated from room air measurements of cocaine to be approximately 0.25 mg. The total amount of cocaine (cocaine plus metabolites) excreted in urine by the six subjects ranged from 0.04 to 0.21 mg. For comparison, the six subjects also received an intravenous injection of 1 mg cocaine hydrochloride. Four of six subjects screened positive (300-ng/mL cutoff concentration) following the injection, indicating that the minimum amount of cocaine in these subjects necessary to produce positive results was approximately 1 mg. A second passive inhalation study was undertaken in which specimens were collected from research staff who assisted in a series of experimental studies with "crack" (freebase cocaine) smokers. The research staff remained in close vicinity while the crack smokers smoked three doses of freebase cocaine (12.5, 25, and 50 mg) over a period of 4 h. As a result, staff members were passively exposed to sidestream smoke from crack pipes and to breath exhalation from the crack smokers. Urine specimens from the staff members contained a maximum of 6 ng/mL benzoylecgonine. Only traces (less than 1 ng/mL) of cocaine were detected in any specimen. Overall, these studies demonstrated that individuals exposed to cocaine smoke under naturalistic or artificial conditions absorbed small amounts of cocaine that were insufficient to produce positive urine specimens at standard Department of Health and Human Services cutoffs. However, passive exposure conditions that would result in absorption of cocaine in amounts exceeding 1 mg could result in the production of cocaine-positive urine specimens.

A comparison of shoreline seines with fyke nets for sampling littoral fish communities in floodplain lakes

USGS Publications Warehouse

Clark, S.J.; Jackson, J.R.; Lochmann, S.E.

2007-01-01

We compared shoreline seines with fyke nets in terms of their ability to sample fish species in the littoral zone of 22 floodplain lakes of the White River, Arkansas. Lakes ranged in size from less than 0.5 to 51.0 ha. Most contained large amounts of coarse woody debris within the littoral zone, thus making seining in shallow areas difficult. We sampled large lakes (>2 ha) using three fyke nets; small lakes (<2 ha) were sampled using two fyke nets. Fyke nets were set for 24 h. Large lakes were sampled with an average of 11 seine hauls/ lake and small lakes were sampled with an average of 3 seine hauls/lake, but exact shoreline seining effort varied among lakes depending on the amount of open shoreline. Fyke nets collected more fish and produced greater species richness and diversity measures than did seining. Species evenness was similar for the two gear types. Two species were unique to seine samples, whereas 13 species and 3 families were unique to fyke-net samples. Although fyke nets collected more fish and more species than did shoreline seines, neither gear collected all the species present in the littoral zone of floodplain lakes. These results confirm the need for a multiple-gear approach to fully characterize the littoral fish assemblages in floodplain lakes. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2007.