On the stereochemical course of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of allylic silanolate salts with aromatic bromides.

PubMed

Denmark, Scott E; Werner, Nathan S

2010-03-17

The stereochemical course of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of an enantioenriched, alpha-substituted, allylic silanolate salt with aromatic bromides has been investigated. The allylic silanolate salt was prepared in high geometrical (Z/E, 94:6) and high enantiomeric (94:6 er) purity by a copper-catalyzed S(N)2' reaction of a resolved allylic carbamate. Eight different aromatic bromides underwent cross-coupling with excellent constitutional site-selectivity and excellent stereospecificity. Stereochemical correlation established that the transmetalation event proceeds through a syn S(E)' mechanism which is interpreted in terms of an intramolecular delivery of the arylpalladium electrophile through a key intermediate that contains a discrete Si-O-Pd linkage.

Classifying the Basic Parameters of Ultraviolet Copper Bromide Laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gocheva-Ilieva, S. G.; Iliev, I. P.; Temelkov, K. A.; Vuchkov, N. K.; Sabotinov, N. V.

2009-10-01

The performance of deep ultraviolet copper bromide lasers is of great importance because of their applications in medicine, microbiology, high-precision processing of new materials, high-resolution laser lithography in microelectronics, high-density optical recording of information, laser-induced fluorescence in plasma and wide-gap semiconductors and more. In this paper we present a statistical study on the classification of 12 basic lasing parameters, by using different agglomerative methods of cluster analysis. The results are based on a big amount of experimental data for UV Cu+ Ne-CuBr laser with wavelengths 248.6 nm, 252.9 nm, 260.0 nm and 270.3 nm, obtained in Georgi Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The relevant influence of parameters on laser generation is also evaluated. The results are applicable in computer modeling and planning the experiments and further laser development with improved output characteristics.

Copper-catalyzed radical carbooxygenation: alkylation and alkoxylation of styrenes.

PubMed

Liao, Zhixiong; Yi, Hong; Li, Zheng; Fan, Chao; Zhang, Xu; Liu, Jie; Deng, Zixin; Lei, Aiwen

2015-01-01

A simple copper-catalyzed direct radical carbooxygenation of styrenes is developed utilizing alkyl bromides as radical resources. This catalytic radical difunctionalization accomplishes both alkylation and alkoxylation of styrenes in one pot. A broad range of styrenes and alcohols are well tolerated in this transformation. The EPR experiment shows that alkyl halides could oxidize Cu(I) to Cu(II) in this transformation. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Antimicrobial Properties of Copper Nanoparticles and Amino Acid Chelated Copper Nanoparticles Produced by Using a Soya Extract.

PubMed

DeAlba-Montero, I; Guajardo-Pacheco, Jesús; Morales-Sánchez, Elpidio; Araujo-Martínez, Rene; Loredo-Becerra, G M; Martínez-Castañón, Gabriel-Alejandro; Ruiz, Facundo; Compeán Jasso, M E

2017-01-01

This paper reports a comparison of the antibacterial properties of copper-amino acids chelates and copper nanoparticles against Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , and Enterococcus faecalis . These copper-amino acids chelates were synthesized by using a soybean aqueous extract and copper nanoparticles were produced using as a starting material the copper-amino acids chelates species. The antibacterial activity of the samples was evaluated by using the standard microdilution method (CLSI M100-S25 January 2015). In the antibacterial activity assays copper ions and copper-EDTA chelates were included as references, so that copper-amino acids chelates can be particularly suitable for acting as an antibacterial agent, so they are excellent candidates for specific applications. Additionally, to confirm the antimicrobial mechanism on bacterial cells, MTT assay (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was carried out. A significant enhanced antimicrobial activity and a specific strain were found for copper chelates over E. faecalis . Its results would eventually lead to better utilization of copper-amino acids chelate for specific application where copper nanoparticles can be not used.

Antimicrobial Properties of Copper Nanoparticles and Amino Acid Chelated Copper Nanoparticles Produced by Using a Soya Extract

PubMed Central

DeAlba-Montero, I.; Morales-Sánchez, Elpidio; Araujo-Martínez, Rene

2017-01-01

This paper reports a comparison of the antibacterial properties of copper-amino acids chelates and copper nanoparticles against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. These copper-amino acids chelates were synthesized by using a soybean aqueous extract and copper nanoparticles were produced using as a starting material the copper-amino acids chelates species. The antibacterial activity of the samples was evaluated by using the standard microdilution method (CLSI M100-S25 January 2015). In the antibacterial activity assays copper ions and copper-EDTA chelates were included as references, so that copper-amino acids chelates can be particularly suitable for acting as an antibacterial agent, so they are excellent candidates for specific applications. Additionally, to confirm the antimicrobial mechanism on bacterial cells, MTT assay (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was carried out. A significant enhanced antimicrobial activity and a specific strain were found for copper chelates over E. faecalis. Its results would eventually lead to better utilization of copper-amino acids chelate for specific application where copper nanoparticles can be not used. PMID:28286459

Neutral Red versus MTT assay of cell viability in the presence of copper compounds.

PubMed

Gomez Perez, Mariela; Fourcade, Lyvia; Mateescu, Mircea Alexandru; Paquin, Joanne

2017-10-15

Copper is essential for numerous physiological functions, and copper compounds may display therapeutic as well as cytotoxic effects. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) assay is a standard test largely used in cytotoxicity studies. This report shows that low micromolar levels of copper compounds such as Cu(II)Urea 2 , Cu(II)Ser 2 and CuCl 2 can interfere with the MTT assay making improper the detection of formazan product of MTT reduction. Comparatively, the Neutral Red assay appears to be sensitive and showing no interference with these compounds. The lactate dehydrogenase alternative assay cannot be used because of inhibitory effect of these copper compounds on the enzyme activity. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Ternary copper(II) complexes with amino acid chains and heterocyclic bases: DNA binding, cytotoxic and cell apoptosis induction properties.

PubMed

Ma, Tieliang; Xu, Jun; Wang, Yuan; Yu, Hao; Yang, Yong; Liu, Yang; Ding, Weiliang; Zhu, Wenjiao; Chen, Ruhua; Ge, Zhijun; Tan, Yongfei; Jia, Lei; Zhu, Taofeng

2015-03-01

Nowadays, chemotherapy is a common means of oncology. However, it is difficult to find excellent chemotherapy drugs. Here we reported three new ternary copper(II) complexes which have potential chemotherapy characteristics with reduced Schiff base ligand and heterocyclic bases (TBHP), [Cu(phen)(TBHP)]H2O (1), [Cu(dpz)(TBHP)]H2O (2) and [Cu(dppz)(TBHP)]H2O (3) (phen=1,10-phenanthroline, dpz=dipyrido [3,2:2',3'-f]quinoxaline, dppz=dipyrido [3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, H2TBHP=2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzylamino)-2-benzyl-acetic acid). The DNA-binding properties of the complexes were investigated by spectrometric titrations, ethidium bromide displacement experiments and viscosity measurements. The results indicated that the three complexes, especially the complex 13, can strongly bind to calf-thymus DNA (CT-DNA). The intrinsic binding constants Kb of the ternary copper(II) complexes with CT-DNA were 1.37×10(5), 1.81×10(5) and 3.21×10(5) for 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Comparative cytotoxic activities of the copper(II) complexes were also determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results showed that the ternary copper(II) complexes had significant cytotoxic activity against the human lung cancer (A549), human esophageal cancer (Eca109) and human gastric cancer (SGC7901) cell lines. Cell apoptosis were detected by AnnexinV/PI flow cytometry and by Western blotting with the protein expression of p53, Bax and Bcl-2. All the three copper complexes can effectively induce apoptosis of the three human tumor cells. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copper-Mediated Fluorination of Arylboronate Esters. Identification of a Copper(III) Fluoride Complex

PubMed Central

Fier, Patrick S.; Luo, Jingwei; Hartwig, John F.

2013-01-01

A method for the direct conversion of arylboronate esters to aryl fluorides under mild conditions with readily available reagents is reported. Tandem reactions have also been developed for the fluorination of arenes and aryl bromides through aryl-boronate ester intermediates. Mechanistic studies suggest that this fluorination reaction occurs through facile oxidation of Cu(I) to Cu(III) followed by rate-limiting transmetallation of a bound arylboronate to Cu(III). Fast C-F reductive elimination is proposed to occur from an aryl-copper(III)-fluoride complex. Cu(III) intermediates have been generated independently and identified by NMR spectroscopy and ESI-MS. PMID:23384209

Growth of single crystals from solutions using semi-permeable membranes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Varkey, A. J.; Okeke, C. E.

1983-05-01

A technique suitable for growth of single crystals from solutions using semi-preamble membranes is described. Using this technique single crystals of copper sulphate, potassium bromide and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate have been successfully grown. Advantages of this technique over other methods are discussed.

How copper corrosion can be retarded--New ways investigating a chronic problem for cellulose in paper.

PubMed

Ahn, Kyujin; Hofmann, Christa; Horsky, Monika; Potthast, Antje

2015-12-10

To better assess the stabilization effects of chemical treatments on Cu(II)-catalyzed cellulose degradation, we developed Cu(II)-containing model rag paper with typical copper corrosion characteristics using e-beam radiation. The paper can be prepared homogeneously and quickly compared to tedious pre-aging methods. Using the Cu(II)-containing model rag paper, the stabilization effects of various chemicals on Cu(II)-catalyzed degradation of cellulose were tested. Benzotriazol was highly effective in retarding the degradation of the Cu(II)-containing model rag paper under hot and humid aging condition, as well as under photo-oxidative stress. Tetrabutylammonium bromide reduced Cu(II)-catalyzed degradation of cellulose, but its efficacy was dependent on the accelerated aging conditions. The results with the alkaline treatments and gelatin treatment suggested that their roles in the degradation mechanisms of cellulose in the presence of Cu(II) differ from those of benzotriazol and tetrabutylammonium bromide. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The behavior of gain and saturation characteristics versus temperature in a copper bromide laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohammadpour Lima, S.; Behrouzinia, S.; Salem, M. K.; Elahei, M.; Khorasani, K.; Dorranian, D.

2017-05-01

A pair of copper bromide lasers in an oscillator-amplifier configuration was used to investigate the temperature dependence of the small-signal gain, saturation intensity, and output power of the laser. The observations were explained in terms of the electron temperature and energy levels of transition. An optimum electrical input power of 1.6 kW and a corresponding operational temperature of 510 °C were determined for the maximum values of these parameters. The balance between the microscopic parameters, such as stimulated emission cross-section, laser upper-level lifetime, and population inversion, which determine the behavior of the amplifying parameters and laser output power with respect to the operational temperature, has been investigated. We used the steady-state rate equation from the Hargrove model to determine the amplifying parameters, instead of the Frantz-Nodvik formula. The power extracted from the amplifier exceeds that achieved with the same device as the oscillator by more than 60%.

Synthesis of copper quantum dots by chemical reduction method and tailoring of its band gap

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Prabhash, P. G.; Nair, Swapna S., E-mail: swapna.s.nair@gmail.com

Metallic copper nano particles are synthesized with citric acid and CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) as surfactant and chlorides as precursors. The particle size and surface morphology are analyzed by High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy. The average size of the nano particle is found to be 3 - 10 nm. The optical absorption characteristics are done by UV-Visible spectrophotometer. From the Tauc plots, the energy band gaps are calculated and because of their smaller size the particles have much higher band gap than the bulk material. The energy band gap is changed from 3.67 eV to 4.27 eV in citric acid coatedmore » copper quantum dots and 4.17 eV to 4.52 eV in CTAB coated copper quantum dots.« less

Crystal structures of copper(II) chloride, copper(II) bromide, and copper(II) nitrate complexes with pyridine-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chumakov, Yu. M.; Tsapkov, V. I.; Jeanneau, E.; Bairac, N. N.; Bocelli, G.; Poirier, D.; Roy, J.; Gulea, A. P.

2008-09-01

The crystal structures of chloro-(2-formylpyridinethiosemicarbazono)copper dimethyl sulfoxide solvate ( I), bromo-(2-formylpyridinethiosemicarbazono)copper ( II), and (2-formylpyridinethiosemicarbazono)copper(II) nitrate dimethyl sulfoxide solvate ( III) are determined using X-ray diffraction. In the crystals, complexes I and II form centrosymmetric dimers in which the thiosemicarbazone sulfur atom serves as a bridge and occupies the fifth coordination site of the copper atom of the neighboring complex related to the initial complex through the center of symmetry. In both cases, the coordination polyhedron of the complexing ion is a distorted tetragonal bipyramid. Complex III in the crystal structure forms polymer chains in which the copper atom of one complex forms the coordination bond with the thicarbamide nitrogen atom of the neighboring complex. In this structure, the coordination polyhedron of the central atom is an elongated tetragonal bipyramid. It is established that complexes I III at a concentration of 10-5 mol/l selectively inhibit the growth of 60 to 90 percent of the cancer tumor cells of the human myeloid leukemia (HL-60).

First application of an efficient and versatile ligand for copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of vinyl halides with N-heterocycles and phenols.

PubMed

Kabir, M Shahjahan; Lorenz, Michael; Namjoshi, Ojas A; Cook, James M

2010-02-05

2-Pyridin-2-yl-1H-benzoimidazole L3 is presented as a new, efficient, and versatile bidentate N-donor ligand suitable for the copper-catalyzed formation of vinyl C-N and C-O bonds. This inexpensive and easily prepared ligand facilitates copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of alkenyl bromides and iodides with N-heterocycles and phenols to afford the desired cross-coupled products in good to excellent yields with full retention of stereochemistry. This method is particularly noteworthy given its efficiency, that is, mild reaction conditions, low catalyst loading, simplicity, versatility, and exceptional level of functional group tolerance.

First Application of An Efficient and Versatile Ligand for Copper-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of Vinyl Halides with N-Heterocycles and Phenols

PubMed Central

Kabir, M. Shahjahan; Lorenz, Michael; Namjoshi, Ojas A.; Cook, James M.

2010-01-01

2-Pyridin-2-yl-1H-benzoimidazole L3 is presented as a new, efficient, and versatile bidentate N-donor ligand suitable for the copper-catalyzed formation of vinyl C-N and C-O bonds. This inexpensive and easily prepared ligand facilitates copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of alkenyl bromides and iodides with N-heterocycles and phenols to afford the desired cross-coupled products in good to excellent yields with full retention of stereochemistry. This method is particularly noteworthy given its efficiency i.e., mild reaction conditions, low catalyst loading, simplicity, versatility, and exceptional level of functional group tolerance. PMID:20039699

Failure analysis of fuze power supply

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Menke, J.T.

1996-10-01

Batteries in storage which were used in electronic fuzes were found to be leaking after 5 years. The leaking battery ampules were made of copper and contained mixture of fluoboric acid and methylene bromide. The corrosion mechanism is described along with the testing/analysis required to simulate the field failures.

Copper(II)-catalyzed hydroxylation of aryl halides using glycolic acid as a ligand.

PubMed

Xiao, Yan; Xu, Yongnan; Cheon, Hwan-Sung; Chae, Junghyun

2013-06-07

Copper(II)-catalyzed hydroxylation of aryl halides has been developed to afford functionalized phenols. The protocol utilizes the reagent combination of Cu(OH)2, glycolic acid, and NaOH in aqueous DMSO, all of which are cheap, readily available, and easily removable after the reaction. A broad range of aryl iodides and activated aryl bromides were transformed into the corresponding phenols in excellent yields. Moreover, it has been shown that C-O(alkyl)-coupled product, instead of phenol, can be predominantly formed under similar reaction conditions.

An efficient copper-catalyzed synthesis of anilines by employing aqueous ammonia.

PubMed

Zeng, Xin; Huang, Wenming; Qiu, Yatao; Jiang, Sheng

2011-12-21

Under the catalysis of CuI/2-carboxylic acid-quinoline-N-oxide, the cross coupling reactions between aryl iodides or bromides and aqueous ammonia proceed very well to afford N-unprotected aniline derivatives in excellent yields. This inexpensive catalytic system shows great functional group tolerance and excellent reaction selectivity.

The electronic spectra and the structures of the individual copper(II) chloride and bromide complexes in acetonitrile according to steady-state absorption spectroscopy and DFT/TD-DFT calculations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Olshin, Pavel K.; Myasnikova, Olesya S.; Kashina, Maria V.; Gorbunov, Artem O.; Bogachev, Nikita A.; Kompanets, Viktor O.; Chekalin, Sergey V.; Pulkin, Sergey A.; Kochemirovsky, Vladimir A.; Skripkin, Mikhail Yu.; Mereshchenko, Andrey S.

2018-03-01

The results of spectrophotometric study and quantum chemical calculations for copper(II) chloro- and bromocomplexes in acetonitrile are reported. Electronic spectra of the individual copper(II) halide complexes were obtained in a wide spectral range 200-2200 nm. Stability constants of the individual copper(II) halide complexes in acetonitrile were calculated: log β1 = 8.5, log β2 = 15.6, log β3 = 22.5, log β4 = 25.7 for [CuCln]2-n and log β1 = 17.0, log β2 = 24.6, log β3 = 28.1, log β4 = 30.4 for [CuBrn]2-n. Structures of the studied complexes were optimized and electronic spectra were simulated using DFT and TD-DFT methodologies, respectively. According to the calculations, the more is the number of halide ligands the less is coordination number of copper ion.

Polynuclear complexes of copper(I) halides: coordination chemistry and catalytic transformations of alkynes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mykhalichko, B. M.; Temkin, Oleg N.; Mys'kiv, M. G.

2000-11-01

Characteristic features of the coordination chemistry of Cu(I) and mechanisms of catalytic conversions of alkynes in the CuCl-MCl-H2O-HC≡CR system (MCl is alkali metal or ammonium chloride or amine hydrochloride; R=H, CH2OH, CH=CH2, etc.) are analysed based on studies of the compositions and structures of copper(I) chloride (bromide) complexes, alkyne π-complexes and ethynyl organometallic polynuclear compounds formed in this system in solutions and in the crystalline state. The role of polynuclear complexes in various reactions of alkynes is discussed. The bibliography includes 149 references.

Nano Copper Induces Apoptosis in PK-15 Cells via a Mitochondria-Mediated Pathway.

PubMed

Zhang, Hui; Chang, Zhenyu; Mehmood, Khalid; Abbas, Rao Zahid; Nabi, Fazul; Rehman, Mujeeb Ur; Wu, Xiaoxing; Tian, Xinxin; Yuan, Xiaodan; Li, Zhaoyang; Zhou, Donghai

2018-01-01

Nano-sized copper particles are widely used in various chemical, physical, and biological fields. However, earlier studies have shown that nano copper particles (40-100 μg/mL) can induce cell toxicity and apoptosis. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the role of nano copper in mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis in PK-15 cells. The cells were treated with different doses of nano copper (20, 40, 60, and 80 μg/mL) to determine the effects of apoptosis using acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) fluorescence staining and a flow cytometry assay. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the PK-15 cells were examined using commercially available kits. Moreover, the mRNA levels of the Bax, Bid, Caspase-3, and CYCS genes were assessed by real-time PCR. The results revealed that nano copper exposure induced apoptosis and changed the mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, nano copper significantly altered the levels of the Bax, Bid, Caspase-3, and CYCS genes at a concentration of 40 μg/mL. To summarize, nano copper significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the level of SOD and increased the level of MDA in PK-15 cells. Altogether, these results suggest that nano copper can play an important role in inducing the apoptotic pathway in PK-15 cells, which may be the mechanism by which nano copper induces nephrotoxicity.

Bromidotetra-kis-(1H-2-ethyl-5-methyl-imidazole-κN)copper(II) bromide.

PubMed

Godlewska, Sylwia; Baranowska, Katarzyna; Socha, Joanna; Dołęga, Anna

2011-12-01

The Cu(II) ion in the title compound, [CuBr(C(6)H(10)N(2))(4)]Br, is coordinated in a square-based-pyramidal geometry by the N atoms of four imidazole ligands and a bromide anion in the apical site. Both the Cu(II) and Br(-) atoms lie on a crystallographic fourfold axis. In the crystal, the [CuBr(C(6)H(10)N(2))(4)](+) complex cations are linked to the uncoordinated Br(-) anions (site symmetry [Formula: see text]) by N-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds, generating a three-dimensional network. The ethyl group of the imidazole ligand was modelled as disordered over two orientations with occupancies of 0.620 (8) and 0.380 (8).

Effect of CTAB on structural and optical properties of CuO nanoparticles prepared by coprecipitation route

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Varghese, Donna; Tom, Catherine; Krishna Chandar, N.

2017-11-01

CuO (Copper Oxide) nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple coprecipitation route by using copper acetate, sodium hydroxide as precursors and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as surfactant. For the purpose of the study, the surfactant-CTAB treated and non-treated samples were synthesized separately. Both the synthesized samples were studied to understand their structural and optical properties. The formation of CuO and its crystallinity was confirmed by XRD. Further, the optical studies showed a defined blue shift in CTAB treated sample which is clear evidence that the particles undergo confinement when they are nano-regime.

Interaction of polyethyleneimine-anchored copper(II) complexes with tRNA studied by spectroscopy methods and biological activities.

PubMed

Lakshmipraba, Jagadeesan; Arunachalam, Sankaralingam; Gandi, Devadas A; Thirunalasundari, Thyagarajan; Vignesh, Sivanandham; James, Rathinam A

2017-05-01

Ultraviolet-visible, emission and circular dichroism spectroscopic methods were used in transfer RNA (tRNA) interaction studies performed for polyethyleneimine-copper(II) complexes [Cu(phen)(l-Tyr)BPEI]ClO 4 (where phen =1,10-phenanthroline, l-Tyr = l-tyrosine and BPEI = branched polyethyleneimine) with various degrees of coordination (x = 0.059, 0.149, 0.182) in the polymer chain. The results indicated that polyethyleneimine-copper(II) complexes bind with tRNA mostly through surface binding, although other binding modes, such as hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions, might also be present. Dye-exclusion, sulforhodamine B and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays of a polyethyleneimine-copper(II) complex with a higher degree of coordination against different cancer cell lines proved that the complex exhibited cytotoxic specificity and a significant cancer cell inhibition rate. Antimicrobial screening showed activity against some human pathogens. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Screening of ligands for the Ullmann synthesis of electron-rich diaryl ethers.

PubMed

Otto, Nicola; Opatz, Till

2012-01-01

In the search for new ligands for the Ullmann diaryl ether synthesis, permitting the coupling of electron-rich aryl bromides at relatively low temperatures, 56 structurally diverse multidentate ligands were screened in a model system that uses copper iodide in acetonitrile with potassium phosphate as the base. The ligands differed largely in their performance, but no privileged structural class could be identified.

Dual C-H functionalization of N-aryl amines: synthesis of polycyclic amines via an oxidative Povarov approach.

PubMed

Min, Chang; Sanchawala, Abbas; Seidel, Daniel

2014-05-16

Iminium ions generated in situ via copper(I) bromide catalyzed oxidation of N-aryl amines readily undergo [4 + 2] cycloadditions with a range of dienophiles. This method involves the functionalization of both a C(sp(3))-H and a C(sp(2))-H bond and enables the rapid construction of polycyclic amines under relatively mild conditions.

Bromidotetra­kis­(1H-2-ethyl-5-methyl­imidazole-κN 3)copper(II) bromide

PubMed Central

Godlewska, Sylwia; Baranowska, Katarzyna; Socha, Joanna; Dołęga, Anna

2011-01-01

The CuII ion in the title compound, [CuBr(C6H10N2)4]Br, is coordinated in a square-based-pyramidal geometry by the N atoms of four imidazole ligands and a bromide anion in the apical site. Both the CuII and Br− atoms lie on a crystallographic fourfold axis. In the crystal, the [CuBr(C6H10N2)4]+ complex cations are linked to the uncoordinated Br− anions (site symmetry ) by N—H⋯Br hydrogen bonds, generating a three-dimensional network. The ethyl group of the imidazole ligand was modelled as disordered over two orientations with occupancies of 0.620 (8) and 0.380 (8). PMID:22199662

Chlorination of bromide-containing waters: enhanced bromate formation in the presence of synthetic metal oxides and deposits formed in drinking water distribution systems.

PubMed

Liu, Chao; von Gunten, Urs; Croué, Jean-Philippe

2013-09-15

Bromate formation from the reaction between chlorine and bromide in homogeneous solution is a slow process. The present study investigated metal oxides enhanced bromate formation during chlorination of bromide-containing waters. Selected metal oxides enhanced the decay of hypobromous acid (HOBr), a requisite intermediate during the oxidation of bromide to bromate, via (i) disproportionation to bromate in the presence of nickel oxide (NiO) and cupric oxide (CuO), (ii) oxidation of a metal to a higher valence state in the presence of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) and (iii) oxygen formation by NiO and CuO. Goethite (α-FeOOH) did not enhance either of these pathways. Non-charged species of metal oxides seem to be responsible for the catalytic disproportionation which shows its highest rate in the pH range near the pKa of HOBr. Due to the ability to catalyze HOBr disproportionation, bromate was formed during chlorination of bromide-containing waters in the presence of CuO and NiO, whereas no bromate was detected in the presence of Cu2O and α-FeOOH for analogous conditions. The inhibition ability of coexisting anions on bromate formation at pH 8.6 follows the sequence of phosphate > sulfate > bicarbonate/carbonate. A black deposit in a water pipe harvested from a drinking water distribution system exerted significant residual oxidant decay and bromate formation during chlorination of bromide-containing waters. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses showed that the black deposit contained copper (14%, atomic percentage) and nickel (1.8%, atomic percentage). Cupric oxide was further confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). These results indicate that bromate formation may be of concern during chlorination of bromide-containing waters in distribution systems containing CuO and/or NiO. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of Ammonia with Aryl Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides and Sulfonates: A General Method for the Preparation of Primary Arylamines

PubMed Central

Vo, Giang D.

2010-01-01

We report that the complex generated from Pd[P(o-tol)3]2 and the alkylbisphosphine CyPF-t-Bu is a highly active and selective catalyst for the coupling of ammonia with aryl chlorides, bromides, iodides, and sulfonates. The couplings of ammonia with this catalyst conducted with a solution of ammonia in dioxane form primary arylamines from a variety of aryl electrophiles in high yields. Catalyst loadings as low as 0.1 mol % were sufficient for reactions of many aryl chlorides and bromides. In the presence of this catalyst, aryl sulfonates also coupled with ammonia for the first time in high yields. A comparison of reactions in the presence of this catalyst versus those in the presence of existing copper and palladium systems revealed a complementary, if not broader substrate scope. The utility of this method to generate amides, imides and carbamates is illustrated by a one-pot synthesis of a small library of these carbonyl compounds from aryl bromides and chlorides. Mechanistic studies show that Pd[P(o-tol)3]2 and CyPF-t-Bu generate a more active and general catalyst than that generated from CyPF-t-Bu and palladiun(II) precursors because of the low concentration of active catalyst that is generated from the combination of palladium(II), ammonia and base. PMID:19591470

New cross-coupling reaction of arylbromide with arylboric acid catalyzed by nano metals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

An, Zhong W.; Chen, Xin B.

2002-06-01

Synthetic method of compounds 4,4'-bis-(trans-4- alkylcyclohexyl) biphenyl by cross-coupling reaction of arylboric acid and arylbromide in the presence of cetrimonium bromide over nano Ni or Cu catalyst is presented. The reaction is carried out under reflux temperature in THF/H2O for 15 h with yield 60% to approximately 65% for nano nickel and 25% to approximately 30% for nano copper.

Palladium-catalyzed coupling of ammonia with aryl chlorides, bromides, iodides, and sulfonates: a general method for the preparation of primary arylamines.

PubMed

Vo, Giang D; Hartwig, John F

2009-08-12

We report that the complex generated from Pd[P(o-tol)(3)](2) and the alkylbisphosphine CyPF-t-Bu is a highly active and selective catalyst for the coupling of ammonia with aryl chlorides, bromides, iodides, and sulfonates. The couplings of ammonia with this catalyst conducted with a solution of ammonia in dioxane form primary arylamines from a variety of aryl electrophiles in high yields. Catalyst loadings as low as 0.1 mol % were sufficient for reactions of many aryl chlorides and bromides. In the presence of this catalyst, aryl sulfonates also coupled with ammonia for the first time in high yields. A comparison of reactions in the presence of this catalyst versus those in the presence of existing copper and palladium systems revealed a complementary, if not broader, substrate scope. The utility of this method to generate amides, imides, and carbamates is illustrated by a one-pot synthesis of a small library of these carbonyl compounds from aryl bromides and chlorides, ammonia, and acid chlorides or anhydrides. Mechanistic studies show that reactions conducted with the combination of Pd[P(o-tol)(3)](2) and CyPF-t-Bu as catalyst occur with faster rates and higher yields than those conducted with CyPF-t-Bu and palladiun(II) as catalyst precursors because of the low concentration of active catalyst that is generated from the combination of palladium(II), ammonia, and base.

Reusable copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of aryl halides with organotins in inexpensive ionic liquids.

PubMed

Li, Jin-Heng; Tang, Bo-Xiao; Tao, Li-Ming; Xie, Ye-Xiang; Liang, Yun; Zhang, Man-Bo

2006-09-15

A combination of Cu2O nanoparticles with P(o-tol)3 shows highly catalytic activity for the Stille cross-coupling reaction. A series of copper catalysts and ligands were evaluated, and Cu2O nanoparticles combined with P(o-tol)3 provided the best results. In the presence of Cu2O nanoparticles and P(o-tol)3, a variety of aryl halides including aryl chlorides underwent the Stille reaction with organotins smoothly in moderate to excellent yields using inexpensive TBAB (n-Bu4NBr) as the medium. It is noteworthy that the Cu2O/P(o-tol)3/TBAB system can be recovered and reused at least three times without any loss of catalytic activity among the reactions of aryl iodides and activated aryl bromides.

Crystal structures and vibrational spectroscopy of copper(I) thiourea complexes.

PubMed

Bowmaker, Graham A; Hanna, John V; Pakawatchai, Chaveng; Skelton, Brian W; Thanyasirikul, Yupa; White, Allan H

2009-01-05

Several synthetic strategies using copper(I) starting materials or copper(II) compounds and an in situ sulfite reductant have been used to systematically explore the chemistry of copper(I) complexes with thiourea and substituted thiourea ligands. This has resulted in the discovery of several new complexes and methods for the bulk synthesis of some previously reported complexes that had been prepared adventitiously in small quantity. The new complexes are (tu = thiourea, dmtu = N,N'-dimethylthiourea, etu = ethylenethiourea): [I(4)Cu(4)(tu)(6)].H(2)O, [Cu(4)(tu)(10)](NO(3)).tu.3H(2)O, [BrCu(dmtu)(3)], [ICu(dmtu)(3)](2), [BrCu(etu)(2)](2), [ICu(etu)(2)], [ICu(etu)(2)](3). [I(4)Cu(4)(tu)(6)].H(2)O has an adamantanoid structure, with four terminal iodide ligands and six doubly bridging tu ligands. In contrast to this, [Cu(4)(tu)(10)](NO(3)).tu.3H(2)O contains a tetranuclear cluster in which four of the tu ligands are terminal and the other six are doubly bridging. [BrCu(dmtu)(3)] is a mononuclear complex with tetrahedral coordination of copper by one bromide and three dmtu ligands, whereas [Cu(dmtu)(3)](2)I(2) has a centrosymmetric dimeric cation with two uncoordinated iodides, four terminal dmtu and two doubly bridging dmtu ligands, [(dmtu)(2)Cu(mu-S-dmtu)(2)Cu(dmtu)(2)]I(2). A reversal of this monomer to dimer trend from bromide to iodide is seen for the etu counterparts: [BrCu(etu)(2)](2) is a centrosymmetric dimer with two doubly bridging etu ligands, [(etu)BrCu(mu-S-etu)(2)CuBr(etu)], whereas [ICu(etu)(2)] is a trigonal planar monomer, although the novel [I(3)Cu(3)(etu)(6)] is also defined. Infrared and Raman spectra of the synthesized complexes were recorded and the metal-ligand vibrational frequencies have been assigned in many cases. The results confirm previously observed correlations between the vibrational frequencies and the corresponding bond lengths for complexes of the unsubstituted tu ligand. A mechanochemical/infrared method was used to synthesize [I(3)Cu(3)(etu)(6)] from CuI and etu, and to demonstrate the polymorphic transition from [ICu(etu)(2)] to [I(3)Cu(3)(etu)(6)].

Design of a Photoredox Catalyst that Enables the Direct Synthesis of Carbamate-Protected Primary Amines via Photoinduced, Copper-Catalyzed N-Alkylation Reactions of Unactivated Secondary Halides.

PubMed

Ahn, Jun Myun; Peters, Jonas C; Fu, Gregory C

2017-12-13

Despite the long history of S N 2 reactions between nitrogen nucleophiles and alkyl electrophiles, many such substitution reactions remain out of reach. In recent years, efforts to develop transition-metal catalysts to address this deficiency have begun to emerge. In this report, we address the challenge of coupling a carbamate nucleophile with an unactivated secondary alkyl electrophile to generate a substituted carbamate, a process that has not been achieved effectively in the absence of a catalyst; the product carbamates can serve as useful intermediates in organic synthesis as well as bioactive compounds in their own right. Through the design and synthesis of a new copper-based photoredox catalyst, bearing a tridentate carbazolide/bisphosphine ligand, that can be activated upon irradiation by blue-LED lamps, we can achieve the coupling of a range of primary carbamates with unactivated secondary alkyl bromides at room temperature. Our mechanistic observations are consistent with the new copper complex serving its intended role as a photoredox catalyst, working in conjunction with a second copper complex that mediates C-N bond formation in an out-of-cage process.

Baseline groundwater quality from 34 wells in Wayne County, Pennsylvania, 2011 and 2013

USGS Publications Warehouse

Sloto, Ronald A.

2014-01-01

Differences in groundwater chemistry were related to pH. Water with a pH greater than 7.6 generally had low dissolved oxygen concentrations, indicating reducing conditions in the aquifer. These high pH waters also had relatively elevated concentrations of methane, arsenic, boron, bromide, fluoride, lithium, and sodium but low concentrations of copper, nickel, and zinc. Water samples with a pH greater than 7.8 had methane concentrations equal to or greater than 0.04 mg/L.

Copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylthiolation of aryl halides with diverse directing groups.

PubMed

Xu, Jiabin; Mu, Xin; Chen, Pinhong; Ye, Jinxing; Liu, Guosheng

2014-08-01

The expansion of cross-coupling components in Cu-catalyzed C-X bond forming reactions have received much attention recently. A novel Cu-catalyzed trifluoromethylthiolation of aryl bromides and iodides with the assistance of versatile directing groups such as pyridyl, methyl ester, amide, imine and oxime was reported. CuBr was used as the catalyst, and 1,10-phenanthroline as the ligand. By changing the solvent from acetonitrile to DMF, the coupling process could even take place at room temperature.

Copper and dyes enhance laccase production in gamma-proteobacterium JB.

PubMed

Malhotra, Kanam; Sharma, Prince; Capalash, Neena

2004-07-01

Laccase production in gamma-proteobacterium JB was enhanced 13-fold by adding 0.1 mM CuSO(4) 24 h after the onset of growth. Ethidium bromide (2.5 microM), Malachite Green, Phenol Red and Thymol Blue (10 microM each) enhanced laccase production 17-, 19-, 4- and 2-fold, respectively. Among the fourteen aromatic/organic compounds tried, p-aminobenzoic acid and an industrial effluent, from where the organism was isolated, showed 1.2- and 1.26-fold increases in production.

Application of cotton as a solid phase extraction sorbent for on-line preconcentration of copper in water samples prior to inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry determination.

PubMed

Faraji, Mohammad; Yamini, Yadollah; Shariati, Shahab

2009-07-30

Copper, as a heavy metal, is toxic for many biological systems. Thus, the determination of trace amounts of copper in environmental samples is of great importance. In the present work, a new method was developed for the determination of trace amounts of copper in water samples. The method is based on the formation of ternary Cu(II)-CAS-CTAB ion-pair and adsorption of it into a mini-column packed with cotton prior applying inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The experimental parameters that affected the extraction efficiency of the method such as pH, flow rate and volume of the sample solution, concentration of chromazurol S (CAS) and cethyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as well as type and concentration of eluent were investigated and optimized. The ion-pair (Cu(II)-CAS-CTAB) was quantitatively retained on the cotton under the optimum conditions, then eluted completely using a solution of 25% (v/v) 1-propanol in 0.5 mol L(-1) HNO(3) and directly introduced into the nebulizer of the ICP-OES. The detection limit (DL) of the method for copper was 40 ng L(-1) (V(sample)=100mL) and the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) for the determination of copper at 10 microg L(-1) level was found to be 1.3%. The method was successfully applied to determine the trace amounts of copper in tap water, deep well water, seawater and two different mineral waters, and suitable recoveries were obtained (92-106%).

Virgin olive oil blended polyurethane micro/nanofibers ornamented with copper oxide nanocrystals for biomedical applications.

PubMed

Amna, Touseef; Hassan, M Shamshi; Yang, Jieun; Khil, Myung-Seob; Song, Ki-Duk; Oh, Jae-Don; Hwang, Inho

2014-01-01

Recently, substantial interest has been generated in using electrospun biomimetic nanofibers of hybrids, particularly organic/inorganic, to engineer different tissues. The present work, for the first time, introduced a unique natural and synthetic hybrid micronanofiber wound dressing, composed of virgin olive oil/copper oxide nanocrystals and polyurethane (PU), developed via facile electrospinning. The as-spun organic/inorganic hybrid micronanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, electron probe microanalysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The interaction of cells with scaffold was studied by culturing NIH 3T3 fibroblasts on an as-spun hybrid micronanofibrous mat, and viability, proliferation, and growth were assessed. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay results and SEM observation showed that the hybrid micronanofibrous scaffold was noncytotoxic to fibroblast cell culture and was found to benefit cell attachment and proliferation. Hence our results suggest the potential utilization of as-spun micronanoscaffolds for tissue engineering. Copper oxide-olive oil/PU wound dressing may exert its positive beneficial effects at every stage during wound-healing progression, and these micronanofibers may serve diverse biomedical applications, such as tissue regeneration, damaged skin treatment, wound healing applications, etc. Conclusively, the fabricated olive oil-copper oxide/PU micronanofibers combine the benefits of virgin olive oil and copper oxide, and therefore hold great promise for biomedical applications in the near future.

Mesoporous TiO2 and copper-modified TiO2 nanoparticles: A case study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ajay Kumar, R.; Vasavi Dutt, V. G.; Rajesh, Ch.

2018-02-01

In this paper we report the synthesis of mesoporous titanium dioxide (M-TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) and copper (Cu)-modified M-TiO2 NPs by the hydrothermal method at relatively low temperatures using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a template. In order to get ordered spherical particles and better interaction between cationic and anionic precursor, we have used titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) as titanium source and CTAB as surfactant. The process of modification by copper to M-TiO2 follows the impregnation method. The change in structural and optical properties of NPs were estimated using different characterization techniques like X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Brunner-Emmett-Teller curve and UV-Vis absorption analysis. M-TiO2 and Cu-modified M-TiO2 exhibit pure anatase crystalline phase and shows no evidence of CuO formation. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption hysteresis reveals that the material is mesoporous. Several samples synthesized at different process temperature were further studied in order to make them suitable for a wide range of applications.

Photoinduced, copper-catalyzed alkylation of amides with unactivated secondary alkyl halides at room temperature.

PubMed

Do, Hien-Quang; Bachman, Shoshana; Bissember, Alex C; Peters, Jonas C; Fu, Gregory C

2014-02-05

The development of a mild and general method for the alkylation of amides with relatively unreactive alkyl halides (i.e., poor substrates for SN2 reactions) is an ongoing challenge in organic synthesis. We describe herein a versatile transition-metal-catalyzed approach: in particular, a photoinduced, copper-catalyzed monoalkylation of primary amides. A broad array of alkyl and aryl amides (as well as a lactam and a 2-oxazolidinone) couple with unactivated secondary (and hindered primary) alkyl bromides and iodides using a single set of comparatively simple and mild conditions: inexpensive CuI as the catalyst, no separate added ligand, and C-N bond formation at room temperature. The method is compatible with a variety of functional groups, such as an olefin, a carbamate, a thiophene, and a pyridine, and it has been applied to the synthesis of an opioid receptor antagonist. A range of mechanistic observations, including reactivity and stereochemical studies, are consistent with a coupling pathway that includes photoexcitation of a copper-amidate complex, followed by electron transfer to form an alkyl radical.

Vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles mimic vanadium haloperoxidases and thwart biofilm formation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Natalio, Filipe; André, Rute; Hartog, Aloysius F.; Stoll, Brigitte; Jochum, Klaus Peter; Wever, Ron; Tremel, Wolfgang

2012-08-01

Marine biofouling--the colonization of small marine microorganisms on surfaces that are directly exposed to seawater, such as ships' hulls--is an expensive problem that is currently without an environmentally compatible solution. Biofouling leads to increased hydrodynamic drag, which, in turn, causes increased fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Tributyltin-free antifouling coatings and paints based on metal complexes or biocides have been shown to efficiently prevent marine biofouling. However, these materials can damage the environment through metal leaching (for example, of copper and zinc) and bacteria resistance. Here, we show that vanadium pentoxide nanowires act like naturally occurring vanadium haloperoxidases to prevent marine biofouling. In the presence of bromide ions and hydrogen peroxide, the nanowires catalyse the oxidation of bromide ions to hypobromous acid (HOBr). Singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) is formed and this exerts strong antibacterial activity, which prevents marine biofouling without being toxic to marine biota. Vanadium pentoxide nanowires have the potential to be an alternative approach to conventional anti-biofouling agents.

Data on snow chemistry of the Cascade-Sierra Nevada Mountains

USGS Publications Warehouse

Laird, L.B.; Taylor, Howard E.; Lombard, R.E.

1986-01-01

Snow chemistry data were measured for solutes found in snow core samples collected from the Cascade-Sierra Nevada Mountains from late February to mid-March 1983. The data are part of a study to assess geographic variations in atmospheric deposition in Washington, Oregon, and California. The constituents and properties include pH and concentrations of hydrogen ion, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, fluoride, phosphate, ammonium, iron, aluminum, manganese, copper, cadmium, lead, and dissolved organic carbon. Concentrations of arsenic and bromide were below the detection limit. (USGS)

Amino acid sequence of tyrosinase from Neurospora crassa.

PubMed Central

Lerch, K

1978-01-01

The amino-acid sequence of tyrosinase from Neurospora crassa (monophenol,dihydroxyphenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1) is reported. This copper-containing oxidase consists of a single polypeptide chain of 407 amino acids. The primary structure was determined by automated and manual sequence analysis on fragments produced by cleavage with cyanogen bromide and on peptides obtained by digestion with trypsin, pepsin, thermolysin, or chymotrypsin. The amino terminus of the protein is acetylated and the single cysteinyl residue 96 is covalently linked via a thioether bridge to histidyl residue 94. The formation and the possible role of this unusual structure in Neurospora tyrosinase is discussed. Dye-sensitized photooxidation of apotyrosinase and active-site-directed inactivation of the native enzyme indicate the possible involvement of histidyl residues 188, 192, 289, and 305 or 306 as ligands to the active-site copper as well as in the catalytic mechanism of this monooxygenase. PMID:151279

Virgin olive oil blended polyurethane micro/nanofibers ornamented with copper oxide nanocrystals for biomedical applications

PubMed Central

Amna, Touseef; Hassan, M Shamshi; Yang, Jieun; Khil, Myung-Seob; Song, Ki-Duk; Oh, Jae-Don; Hwang, Inho

2014-01-01

Recently, substantial interest has been generated in using electrospun biomimetic nanofibers of hybrids, particularly organic/inorganic, to engineer different tissues. The present work, for the first time, introduced a unique natural and synthetic hybrid micronanofiber wound dressing, composed of virgin olive oil/copper oxide nanocrystals and polyurethane (PU), developed via facile electrospinning. The as-spun organic/inorganic hybrid micronanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, electron probe microanalysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The interaction of cells with scaffold was studied by culturing NIH 3T3 fibroblasts on an as-spun hybrid micronanofibrous mat, and viability, proliferation, and growth were assessed. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay results and SEM observation showed that the hybrid micronanofibrous scaffold was noncytotoxic to fibroblast cell culture and was found to benefit cell attachment and proliferation. Hence our results suggest the potential utilization of as-spun micronanoscaffolds for tissue engineering. Copper oxide–olive oil/PU wound dressing may exert its positive beneficial effects at every stage during wound-healing progression, and these micronanofibers may serve diverse biomedical applications, such as tissue regeneration, damaged skin treatment, wound healing applications, etc. Conclusively, the fabricated olive oil–copper oxide/PU micronanofibers combine the benefits of virgin olive oil and copper oxide, and therefore hold great promise for biomedical applications in the near future. PMID:24611006

Heavy metal removal from waste waters by ion flotation.

PubMed

Polat, H; Erdogan, D

2007-09-05

Flotation studies were carried out to investigate the removal of heavy metals such as copper (II), zinc (II), chromium (III) and silver (I) from waste waters. Various parameters such as pH, collector and frother concentrations and airflow rate were tested to determine the optimum flotation conditions. Sodium dodecyl sulfate and hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide were used as collectors. Ethanol and methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) were used as frothers. Metal removal reached about 74% under optimum conditions at low pH. At basic pH it became as high as 90%, probably due to the contribution from the flotation of metal precipitates.

Benzylation of Nitroalkanes Using Copper-Catalyzed Thermal Redox Catalysis: Toward the Facile C-Alkylation of Nitroalkanes

PubMed Central

Gildner, Peter G.; Gietter, Amber A. S.; Cui, Di; Watson, Donald A.

2012-01-01

The C-alkylation of nitroalkanes under mild conditions has been a significant challenge in organic synthesis for more than a century. Herein, we report a simple Cu(I) catalyst, generated in situ, that is highly effective for C-benzylation of nitroalkanes using abundant benzyl bromides and related heteroaromatic compounds. This process, which we believe proceeds via a thermal redox mechanism, allows access to a variety of complex nitroalkanes under mild reaction conditions and represents the first step towards developing a general catalytic system for the alkylation of nitroalkanes. PMID:22691127

Community air monitoring for pesticides. Part 3: using health-based screening levels to evaluate results collected for a year.

PubMed

Wofford, Pamela; Segawa, Randy; Schreider, Jay; Federighi, Veda; Neal, Rosemary; Brattesani, Madeline

2014-03-01

The CA Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) and the CA Air Resources Board monitored 40 pesticides, including five degradation products, in Parlier, CA, to determine if its residents were exposed to any of these pesticides and, if so, in what amounts. They included 1,3-dichloropropene, acrolein, arsenic, azinphos-methyl, carbon disulfide, chlorpyrifos and its degradation product, chlorthalonil, copper, cypermethrin, diazinon and its degradation product, dichlorvos, dicofol, dimethoate and its degradation product, diuron, endosulfan and its degradation product, S-ethyl dipropylcarbamothioate (EPTC), formaldehyde, malathion and its degradation product, methyl isothiocyanate (MITC), methyl bromide, metolachlor, molinate, norflurazon, oryzalin, oxyfluorfen, permethrin, phosmet, propanil, propargite, simazine, SSS-tributylphosphorotrithioate, sulfur, thiobencarb, trifluralin, and xylene. Monitoring was conducted 3 days per week for a year. Twenty-three pesticides and degradation products were detected. Acrolein, arsenic, carbon disulfide, chlorpyrifos, copper, formaldehyde, methyl bromide, MITC, and sulfur were detected in more than half the samples. Since no regulatory ambient air standards exist for these pesticides, CDPR developed advisory, health-based non-cancer screening levels (SLs) to assess acute, subchronic, and chronic exposures. For carcinogenic pesticides, CDPR assessed risk using cancer potency values. Amongst non-carcinogenic agricultural use pesticides, only diazinon exceeded its SL. For carcinogens, 1,3-dichloropropene concentrations exceeded its cancer potency value. Based on these findings, CDPR has undertaken a more comprehensive evaluation of 1,3-dichloropropene, diazinon, and the closely related chlorpyrifos that was frequently detected. Four chemicals-acrolein, arsenic, carbon disulfide, and formaldehyde-sometimes used as pesticides were detected, although no pesticidal use was reported in the area during this study. Their presence was most likely due to vehicular or industrial emissions.

Distribution of copper, silver and gold during thermal treatment with brominated flame retardants

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Oleszek, Sylwia, E-mail: sylwia_oleszek@yahoo.com; Institute of Environmental Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Sklodowska-Curie St., 41-819 Zabrze; Grabda, Mariusz, E-mail: mariusz@mail.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

2013-09-15

Highlights: • Copper, silver and gold during thermal treatment with brominated flame retardants. • Distribution of copper, silver and gold during thermal processing. • Thermodynamic considerations of the bromination reactions. - Abstract: The growing consumption of electric and electronic equipment results in creating an increasing amount of electronic waste. The most economically and environmentally advantageous methods for the treatment and recycling of waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) are the thermal techniques such as direct combustion, co-combustion with plastic wastes, pyrolysis and gasification. Nowadays, this kind of waste is mainly thermally treated in incinerators (e.g. rotary kilns) to decompose themore » plastics present, and to concentrate metals in bottom ash. The concentrated metals (e.g. copper, precious metals) can be supplied as a secondary raw material to metal smelters, while the pyrolysis of plastics allows the recovery of fuel gases, volatilising agents and, eventually, energy. Indeed, WEEE, such as a printed circuit boards (PCBs) usually contains brominated flame retardants (BFRs). From these materials, hydrobromic acid (HBr) is formed as a product of their thermal decomposition. In the present work, the bromination was studied of copper, silver and gold by HBr, originating from BFRs, such as Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and Tetrabromobisphenol A-Tetrabromobisophenol A diglycidyl ether (TTDE) polymer; possible volatilization of the bromides formed was monitored using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) and a laboratory-scale furnace for treating samples of metals and BFRs under an inert atmosphere and at a wide range of temperatures. The results obtained indicate that up to about 50% of copper and silver can evolve from sample residues in the form of volatile CuBr and AgBr above 600 and 1000 °C, respectively. The reactions occur in the molten resin phase simultaneously with the decomposition of the brominated resin. Gold is resistant to HBr and remains unchanged in the residue.« less

Distribution of copper, silver and gold during thermal treatment with brominated flame retardants.

PubMed

Oleszek, Sylwia; Grabda, Mariusz; Shibata, Etsuro; Nakamura, Takashi

2013-09-01

The growing consumption of electric and electronic equipment results in creating an increasing amount of electronic waste. The most economically and environmentally advantageous methods for the treatment and recycling of waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) are the thermal techniques such as direct combustion, co-combustion with plastic wastes, pyrolysis and gasification. Nowadays, this kind of waste is mainly thermally treated in incinerators (e.g. rotary kilns) to decompose the plastics present, and to concentrate metals in bottom ash. The concentrated metals (e.g. copper, precious metals) can be supplied as a secondary raw material to metal smelters, while the pyrolysis of plastics allows the recovery of fuel gases, volatilising agents and, eventually, energy. Indeed, WEEE, such as a printed circuit boards (PCBs) usually contains brominated flame retardants (BFRs). From these materials, hydrobromic acid (HBr) is formed as a product of their thermal decomposition. In the present work, the bromination was studied of copper, silver and gold by HBr, originating from BFRs, such as Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and Tetrabromobisphenol A-Tetrabromobisophenol A diglycidyl ether (TTDE) polymer; possible volatilization of the bromides formed was monitored using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) and a laboratory-scale furnace for treating samples of metals and BFRs under an inert atmosphere and at a wide range of temperatures. The results obtained indicate that up to about 50% of copper and silver can evolve from sample residues in the form of volatile CuBr and AgBr above 600 and 1000°C, respectively. The reactions occur in the molten resin phase simultaneously with the decomposition of the brominated resin. Gold is resistant to HBr and remains unchanged in the residue. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Study of Copper and Purine-Copper Complexes on Modified Carbon Electrodes by Cyclic and Elimination Voltammetry

PubMed Central

Trnkova, Libuse; Zerzankova, Lenka; Dycka, Filip; Mikelova, Radka; Jelen, Frantisek

2008-01-01

Using a paraffin impregnated graphite electrode (PIGE) and mercury-modified pyrolytic graphite electrode with basal orientation (Hg-PGEb) copper(II) and Cu(II)-DNA purine base solutions have been studied by cyclic (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) in connection with elimination voltammetry with linear scan (EVLS). In chloride and bromide solutions (pH 6), the redox process of Cu(II) proceeded on PIGE with two cathodic and two anodic potentially separated signals. According to the elimination function E4, the first cathodic peak corresponds to the reduction Cu(II) + e- → Cu(I) with the possibility of fast disproportionation 2Cu(I) → Cu(II)+ Cu(0). The E4 of the second cathodic peak signalized an electrode process controlled by a surface reaction. The electrode system of Cu(II) on Hg-PGEb in borate buffer (pH 9.2) was characterized by one cathodic and one anodic peak. Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) on PIGE and cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) on Hg-PGEb were carried out at potentials where the reduction of copper ions took place and Cu(I)-purine complexes were formed. By using ASV and CSV in combination with EVLS, the sensitivity of Cu(I)-purine complex detection was enhanced relative to either ASV or CSV alone, resulting in higher peak currents of more than one order of magnitude. The statistical treatment of CE data was used to determine the reproducibility of measurements. Our results show that EVLS in connection with the stripping procedure is useful for both qualitative and quantitative microanalysis of purine derivatives and can also reveal details of studied electrode processes. PMID:27879715

Fabrication of mesoporous iron (Fe) doped copper sulfide (CuS) nanocomposite in the presence of a cationic surfactant via mild hydrothermal method for supercapacitors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brown, J. William; Ramesh, P. S.; Geetha, D.

2018-02-01

We report fabrication of mesoporous Fe doped CuS nanocomposites with uniform mesoporous spherical structures via a mild hydrothermal method employing copper nitrate trihydrate (Cu (NO3).3H2O), Thiourea (Tu,Sc(NH2)2 and Iron tri nitrate (Fe(No3)3) as initial materials with cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylamoniame bromide (CTAB) as stabilizer/size controller and Ethylene glycol as solvent at 130 °C temperature. The products were characterized by XRD, SEM/EDX, TEM, FTIR and UV analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra confirmed the Fe doped CuS nanocomposites which are crystalline in nature. EDX and XRD pattern confirmed that the product is hexagonal CuS phase. Fe doped spherical structure of CuS with grain size of 21 nm was confirmed by XRD pattern. Fe doping was identified by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results revealed the occurrence of active functional groups required for the reduction of copper ions. Studies showed that after a definite time relining on the chosen copper source, the obtained Fe-CuS nanocomposite shows a tendency towards self-assembly and creating mesoporous like nano and submicro structures by TEM/SAED. The achievable mechanism of producing this nanocomposite was primarily discussed. The electrochemical study confirms the pseudocapacitive nature of the CuS and Fe-CuS electrodes. The CuS and Fe-CuS electrode shows a specific capacitance of about 328.26 and 516.39 Fg-1 at a scan rate of 5 mVs-1. As the electrode in a supercapacitor, the mesoporous nanostructured Fe-CuS shows excellent capacitance characteristics.

Copper-free asymmetric allylic alkylation with a Grignard reagent: design of the ligand and mechanistic studies.

PubMed

Grassi, David; Dolka, Chrysanthi; Jackowski, Olivier; Alexakis, Alexandre

2013-01-21

The Cu-free asymmetric allylic alkylation, catalysed by NHC, with Grignard reagents is reported on allyl bromide derivatives with good results. The enantioselectivity was quite homogeneous (around 85% ee) on large and various substrates, regardless of the nature of the Grignard reagent. The formation of stereogenic quaternary centres was highly regioselective for both aliphatic and aromatic derivatives with good enantiomeric excess (up to 92% ee). The methodology developed was found to be complementary with the Cu-catalysed version. Several new NHCs were tested with improved efficiency. In addition, mechanistic studies, using NMR spectroscopy, led to the discovery of the catalytically active species. Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Copper-promoted methylene C-H oxidation to a ketone derivative by O2.

PubMed

Deville, Claire; McKee, Vickie; McKenzie, Christine J

2017-01-17

The methylene group of the ligand 1,2-di(pyridin-2-yl)-ethanone oxime (dpeo) is slowly oxygenated by the O 2 in air under ambient conditions when [Cu(dpeo) 2 ](ClO 4 ) 2 is dissolved in ethanol or acetonitrile. An initial transient ketone product, 2-(hydroxyimino)-1,2-di(pyridine-2-yl)ethanone, (hidpe) was characterized in the heteroleptic copper(ii) complex [Cu(bpca)(hidpe)](ClO 4 ). The co-ligand in this complex, N-(2'-pyridylcarbonyl)pyridine-2-carboximidate (bpca - ), is derived from a copper-promoted Beckmann rearrangement of hidpe. In the presence of bromide only [Cu(bpca)Br] is isolated. When significant water is present in reaction mixtures copper complexes of dpeo, hidpe and bpca - are not recovered and [Cu(pic) 2 H 2 O] is isolated. This occurs since two equivalents of picolinate are ultimately generated from one equivalent of oxidized and hydrolysed dpeo. The copper-dependent O 2 activation and consequent stoichiometric dpeo C-H oxidation is reminiscent of the previously observed catalysis of dpeo oxidation by Mn(ii) [C. Deville, S. K. Padamati, J. Sundberg, V. McKee, W. R. Browne, C. J. McKenzie, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2016, 55, 545-549]. By contrast dpeo oxidation is not observed during complexation reactions with other late transition metal(ii) ions (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Zn) under aerobic conditions. In these cases bis and tris complexes of bidentate dpeo are isolated in good yields. It is interesting to note that dpeo is not oxidised by H 2 O 2 in the absence of Cu or Mn, suggesting that metal-based oxidants capable of C-H activation are produced from the dpeo-Cu/Mn systems and specifically O 2 . The metastable copper complexes [Cu(dpeo) 2 ](ClO 4 ) 2 and [Cu(bpca)(hidpe)](ClO 4 ), along with [NiX 2 (dpeo) 2 ] (X = Cl, Br), [Ni(dpeo) 3 ](ClO 4 ) 2 , [Co(dpeo) 3 ](ClO 4 ) 3 and the mixed valence complex [Fe III Fe(dpeo-H) 3 (dpeo) 3 ](PF 6 ) 4 , have been structurally characterized.

Synthesis, spectral, thermal and antimicrobial studies on cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II) and palladium(II) complexes containing thiosemicarbazone ligand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

El-Sawaf, Ayman K.; El-Essawy, Farag; Nassar, Amal A.; El-Samanody, El-Sayed A.

2018-04-01

The coordination characteristic of new N4-morpholinyl isatin-3-thiosemicarbazone (HL) towards Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Pd(II) has been studies. The structures of the complexes were described by elemental analyses, molar conductivity, magnetic, thermal and spectral (IR, UV-Vis, 1H and 13C NMR and ESR) studies. On the basis of analytical and spectral studies the ligand behaves as monobasic tridentate ONS donor forming two five membered rings towards cobalt, copper and palladium and afforded complexes of the kind [M(L)X], (Mdbnd Co, Cu or Pd; Xdbnd Cl, Br or OAc). Whereas the ligand bound to NiCl2 as neutral tridentate ONS donor and with ZnCl2 as neutral bidentate NS donor. The newly synthesized thiosemicarbazone ligand and some of its complexes were examined for antimicrobial activity against 2 gram negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli Pseudomonas and aeruginosa), 2 gram positive bacterial strains (Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus)} and two Pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans). All metal complexes possess higher antimicrobial activity comparing with the free thiosemicarbazone ligand. The high potent activities of the complexes may arise from the coordination and chelation, which tends to make metal complexes act as more controlling and potent antimicrobial agents, thus hindering the growing of the microorganisms. The antimicrobial results also show that copper bromide complex is better antimicrobial agent as compared to the Schiff base and its metal complexes.

Flower-Like CuO/ZnO Hybrid Hierarchical Nanostructures Grown on Copper Substrate: Glycothermal Synthesis, Characterization, Hydrophobic and Anticorrosion Properties

PubMed Central

Beshkar, Farshad; Khojasteh, Hossein; Salavati-Niasari, Masoud

2017-01-01

In this work we have demonstrated a facile formation of CuO nanostructures on copper substrates by the oxidation of copper foil in ethylene glycol (EG) at 80 °C. On immersing a prepared CuO film into a solution containing 0.1 g Zn(acac)2 in 20 mL EG for 8 h, ZnO flower-like microstructures composed of hierarchical three-dimensional (3D) aggregated nanoparticles and spherical architectures were spontaneously formed at 100 °C. The as-synthesized thin films and 3D microstructures were characterized using XRD, SEM, and EDS techniques. The effects of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 as surfactants and stabilizers on the morphology of the CuO and ZnO structures were discussed. Possible growth mechanisms for the controlled organization of primary building units into CuO nanostructures and 3D flower-like ZnO architectures were proposed. The hydrophobic property of the products was characterized by means of water contact angle measurement. After simple surface modification with stearic acid and PDMS, the resulting films showed hydrophobic and even superhydrophobic characteristics due to their special surface energy and nano-microstructure morphology. Importantly, stable superhydrophobicity with a contact angle of 153.5° was successfully observed for CuO-ZnO microflowers after modification with PDMS. The electrochemical impedance measurements proved that the anticorrosion efficiency for the CuO/ZnO/PDMS sample was about 99%. PMID:28773056

Flower-Like CuO/ZnO Hybrid Hierarchical Nanostructures Grown on Copper Substrate: Glycothermal Synthesis, Characterization, Hydrophobic and Anticorrosion Properties.

PubMed

Beshkar, Farshad; Khojasteh, Hossein; Salavati-Niasari, Masoud

2017-06-25

In this work we have demonstrated a facile formation of CuO nanostructures on copper substrates by the oxidation of copper foil in ethylene glycol (EG) at 80 °C. On immersing a prepared CuO film into a solution containing 0.1 g Zn(acac)₂ in 20 mL EG for 8 h, ZnO flower-like microstructures composed of hierarchical three-dimensional (3D) aggregated nanoparticles and spherical architectures were spontaneously formed at 100 °C. The as-synthesized thin films and 3D microstructures were characterized using XRD, SEM, and EDS techniques. The effects of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 as surfactants and stabilizers on the morphology of the CuO and ZnO structures were discussed. Possible growth mechanisms for the controlled organization of primary building units into CuO nanostructures and 3D flower-like ZnO architectures were proposed. The hydrophobic property of the products was characterized by means of water contact angle measurement. After simple surface modification with stearic acid and PDMS, the resulting films showed hydrophobic and even superhydrophobic characteristics due to their special surface energy and nano-microstructure morphology. Importantly, stable superhydrophobicity with a contact angle of 153.5° was successfully observed for CuO-ZnO microflowers after modification with PDMS. The electrochemical impedance measurements proved that the anticorrosion efficiency for the CuO/ZnO/PDMS sample was about 99%.

Residues after fumigation with methyl bromide: bromide ion and methyl bromide in middlings and final cereal foodstuffs.

PubMed

Cova, D; Molinari, G P; Rossini, L

1986-01-01

Methyl bromide and bromide ion concentrations were estimated in pasta manufactured before and after fumigation with methyl bromide. The first trial estimated the bromide ion concentrations in fumigated and unfumigated flours and in pastas obtained from these. The concentration of bromide ions in fumigated flours was not significantly different from unfumigated flours. Only some pastas, manufactured from fumigated flours, showed a higher bromide ion concentration than those manufactured from unfumigated flours. The second trial evaluated the bromide ion concentrations of rices, white flours, flours, pastas made only from flours, pastas with eggs and pastas with eggs and spinach, before and after exposure to methyl bromide in their retail packagings. The bromide ion concentrations in fumigated pastas with eggs, pastas with eggs and spinach and rice were higher than in those unfumigated. In the pastas with eggs the bromide ion concentration after fumigation increased ten times (from about 4 to 40 mg/kg). Results showed that the bromide ion and methyl bromide levels estimated in all the foodstuffs examined were lower than the maximum limits fixed by several different national regulations.

49 CFR 173.193 - Bromoacetone, methyl bromide, chloropicrin and methyl bromide or methyl chloride mixtures, etc.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... methyl bromide or methyl chloride mixtures, etc. 173.193 Section 173.193 Transportation Other Regulations... bromide, chloropicrin and methyl bromide or methyl chloride mixtures, etc. (a) Bromoacetone must be...) Bromoacetone, methyl bromide, chloropicrin and methyl bromide mixtures, chloropicrin and methyl chloride...

Magnesium Electrorefining in Non-Aqueous Electrolyte at Room Temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kwon, Kyungjung; Park, Jesik; Kusumah, Priyandi; Dilasari, Bonita; Kim, Hansu; Lee, Churl Kyoung

Magnesium, of which application is often limited by its poor corrosion resistance, is more vulnerable to corrosion with existence of metal impurities such as Fe. Therefore, for the refining and recycling of magnesium, high temperature electrolysis using molten salts has been frequently adopted. In this report, the purification of magnesium scrap by electrolysis at room temperature is investigated with non-aqueous electrolytes. An aprotic solvent of tetrahydrofuran (THF) was used as a solvent of the electrolyte. Magnesium scrap was used as anode materials and ethyl magnesium bromide (EtMgBr) was dissolved in THF for magnesium source. The purified magnesium can be uniformly electrodeposited on copper electrode under potentiostatic conditions. The deposits were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis.

Fly ash-TiO2 nanocomposite material for multi-pollutants wastewater treatment.

PubMed

Visa, Maria; Andronic, Luminita; Duta, Anca

2015-03-01

This paper reports on the synthesis, characterization and adsorption properties of a novel nano-composite obtained using the hydrothermal method applied to a fly ash-TiO2 slurry and hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide, as surface controlling agent. The new adsorbent was investigated in terms of crystallinity (XRD), surface properties (AFM, SEM, and porosity and BET surface) and surface chemistry (EDX, FTIR). The nanocomposite's properties were sequentially tested in adsorption and photocatalysis processes applied to multi-pollutant synthetic wastewaters loaded with copper cations and two industrial dyes: the acid dye Bemacid Blau and the reactive dye Bemacid Rot; the nano-composite substrate allowed reaching high removal efficiencies, above 90%, both in adsorption and in photodegradation experiments, in optimised conditions. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

A dual pH/thermal responsive nanocarrier for combined chemo-thermotherapy based on a copper-doxorubicin complex and gold nanorods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lei, Mingzhu; Ma, Man; Pang, Xiaojuan; Tan, Fengping; Li, Nan

2015-09-01

The development of treatment protocols that results in a complete response to chemotherapy has been hampered by low efficacy and systemic toxicity. Here, we created a pH sensitive copper-doxorubicin complex within the core of temperature-sensitive liposomes to maintain the stability during blood circulation and trigger Dox release in the tumor site. Synergistically, we also rationally applied gold nanorods (AuNRs) coupled with near-infrared (NIR) field strength to produce a precise and localized temperature, which not only remotely controlled the drug release but also directly destroyed the tumor, to enhance the therapeutic efficacy. As expected, the in vitro release studies showed that the drug release from CuDox-TSLs (Copper ion mediated Doxorubicin loading-Temperature Sensitive Liposomes) was both pH-dependent and temperature-dependent. Furthermore, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide) assays showed that CuDox-TSLs combined with AuNRs exhibited a closer antiproliferative activity to free Dox in MCF-7 cells. The efficient intracellular Dox release from CuDox-TSLs toward the tumor cells further confirmed the anti-tumor effect. Moreover, the in vivo imaging and biodistribution studies revealed that CuDox-TSLs combined with AuNRs could actively target the tumor site. In addition, the therapeutic studies in MCF-7 nude mice exhibited CuDox-TSLs plus AuNRs in combination with NIR irradiation inhibited tumor growth to a great extent and possessed much lower side effects, which were further confirmed by systemic histological analyses. All detailed evidence suggested a considerable potential of CuDox-TSLs combined with AuNRs for treatment of metastatic cancer.The development of treatment protocols that results in a complete response to chemotherapy has been hampered by low efficacy and systemic toxicity. Here, we created a pH sensitive copper-doxorubicin complex within the core of temperature-sensitive liposomes to maintain the stability during blood circulation and trigger Dox release in the tumor site. Synergistically, we also rationally applied gold nanorods (AuNRs) coupled with near-infrared (NIR) field strength to produce a precise and localized temperature, which not only remotely controlled the drug release but also directly destroyed the tumor, to enhance the therapeutic efficacy. As expected, the in vitro release studies showed that the drug release from CuDox-TSLs (Copper ion mediated Doxorubicin loading-Temperature Sensitive Liposomes) was both pH-dependent and temperature-dependent. Furthermore, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide) assays showed that CuDox-TSLs combined with AuNRs exhibited a closer antiproliferative activity to free Dox in MCF-7 cells. The efficient intracellular Dox release from CuDox-TSLs toward the tumor cells further confirmed the anti-tumor effect. Moreover, the in vivo imaging and biodistribution studies revealed that CuDox-TSLs combined with AuNRs could actively target the tumor site. In addition, the therapeutic studies in MCF-7 nude mice exhibited CuDox-TSLs plus AuNRs in combination with NIR irradiation inhibited tumor growth to a great extent and possessed much lower side effects, which were further confirmed by systemic histological analyses. All detailed evidence suggested a considerable potential of CuDox-TSLs combined with AuNRs for treatment of metastatic cancer. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04353k

Characterization and structure prediction of partial length protein sequences of pcoA, pcoR and chrB genes from heavy metal resistant bacteria from the Klip River, South Africa.

PubMed

Chihomvu, Patience; Stegmann, Peter; Pillay, Michael

2015-04-01

The Klip River has suffered from severe anthropogenic effects from industrial activities such as mining. Long-term exposure to heavy metal pollution has led to the development of heavy metal resistant strains of Pseudomonas sp. KR23, Lysinibacillus sp. KR25, and E. coli KR29. The objectives of this study were to characterize the genetics of copper and chromate resistance of the isolates. Copper and chromate resistance determinants were cloned and sequenced. Open reading frames (ORFs) related to the genes CopA and CopR were identified in E. coli KR29, PcoA in Lysinibacillus sp. KR25 and none related to chromate resistance were detected. The 3D-models predicted by I-TASSER disclose that the PcoA proteins consist of β-sheets, which form a part of the cupredoxin domain of the CopA copper resistance family of genes. The model for PcoR_29 revealed the presence of a helix turn helix; this forms part of a DNA binding protein, which is part of a heavy metal transcriptional regulator. The bacterial strains were cured using ethidium bromide. The genes encoding for heavy metal resistance and antibiotic resistance were found to be located on the chromosome for both Pseudomonas sp. (KR23) and E. coli (KR29). For Lysinibacillus (KR25) the heavy metal resistance determinants are suspected to be located on a mobile genetic element, which was not detected using gel electrophoresis.

Characterization and Structure Prediction of Partial Length Protein Sequences of pcoA, pcoR and chrB Genes from Heavy Metal Resistant Bacteria from the Klip River, South Africa

PubMed Central

Chihomvu, Patience; Stegmann, Peter; Pillay, Michael

2015-01-01

The Klip River has suffered from severe anthropogenic effects from industrial activities such as mining. Long-term exposure to heavy metal pollution has led to the development of heavy metal resistant strains of Pseudomonas sp. KR23, Lysinibacillus sp. KR25, and E. coli KR29. The objectives of this study were to characterize the genetics of copper and chromate resistance of the isolates. Copper and chromate resistance determinants were cloned and sequenced. Open reading frames (ORFs) related to the genes CopA and CopR were identified in E. coli KR29, PcoA in Lysinibacillus sp. KR25 and none related to chromate resistance were detected. The 3D-models predicted by I-TASSER disclose that the PcoA proteins consist of β-sheets, which form a part of the cupredoxin domain of the CopA copper resistance family of genes. The model for PcoR_29 revealed the presence of a helix turn helix; this forms part of a DNA binding protein, which is part of a heavy metal transcriptional regulator. The bacterial strains were cured using ethidium bromide. The genes encoding for heavy metal resistance and antibiotic resistance were found to be located on the chromosome for both Pseudomonas sp. (KR23) and E. coli (KR29). For Lysinibacillus (KR25) the heavy metal resistance determinants are suspected to be located on a mobile genetic element, which was not detected using gel electrophoresis. PMID:25837632

77 FR 20752 - Methyl Bromide; Proposed Pesticide Tolerance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-06

... fumigated with methyl bromide requires a tolerance. Without a tolerance or exemption, food or feed... livestock feeding items resulting from fumigation of cottonseed with methyl bromide are covered by existing... produced from cottonseed fumigated with methyl bromide would not contain residues of methyl bromide...

Synthesis of a biofuel target through conventional organic chemistry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Page, Jordan P.; Robinson, Joshua W.; Albrecht, Karl O.

In this work, the biofuel target compound 2-ethyl-5,5-dimethylcyclopenta-1,3-diene (1) and its exo isomers (9a and 9b), were successfully synthesized via two different pathways from the common intermediate 4,4-dimethylcyclopent-2-ene-1-one (2). The first pathway produced the endocyclic product as a pure isomer via a triflate intermediate obtained from the ketone 2 in 60% yield, followed by copper catalyzed coupling with ethyl magnesium bromide in 63% yield. The second pathway employed a Grignard reaction with ketone 2, which generated an alcohol that was immediately subjected to mild acid catalyzed elimination upon workup of the previous step to yield a primarily a mixture ofmore » exo diastereomers 9a and 9b in 77% yield. These targets had their fuel properties characterized in a separate study.« less

40 CFR 180.123 - Inorganic bromide residues resulting from fumigation with methyl bromide; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... from fumigation with methyl bromide; tolerances for residues. 180.123 Section 180.123 Protection of... fumigation with methyl bromide; tolerances for residues. (a) General. (1) Tolerances are established for... on dog food, resulting from fumigation with methyl bromide. (ii) 125 parts per million for residues...

40 CFR 180.123 - Inorganic bromide residues resulting from fumigation with methyl bromide; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... from fumigation with methyl bromide; tolerances for residues. 180.123 Section 180.123 Protection of... fumigation with methyl bromide; tolerances for residues. (a) General. (1) Tolerances are established for... result of fumigation of the processed food with methyl bromide or from such fumigation in addition to the...

Anchoring Energy Measurements at the Aqueous Phase/Liquid Crystal Interface with Cationic Surfactants Using Magnetic Fréedericksz Transition.

PubMed

Yesil, Fatma; Suwa, Masayori; Tsukahara, Satoshi

2018-01-09

We constructed the apparatus to observe the Fréedericksz transition of liquid crystal in contact with water. The Fréedericksz transition is a distortion of nematic liquid crystals (LCs) induced by external fields. In the present system, sweeping homogeneous magnetic field was applied to the sample, and the distortion of the LC was visualized with a polarized light microscope with the crossed Nichols configuration. The anchoring energy (W AQ/LC ) at the aqueous phase/LC interface was measured in the presence of surfactant from the threshold magnetic field of the Fréedericksz transition. We studied two cationic surfactants: dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide and tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide. A nematic LC, 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB), was examined, which was confined in a copper grid on an octadecyltrichlorosilane-treated microscope glass plate. Measured W AQ/LC were reproducible and showed consistence with the reported region for the water/LC interface. Interfacial excess of surfactants was also measured by the pendant drop method, and the relationship between the obtained W AQ/LC and the interfacial excess was investigated. Experiments showed that an increase in the anchoring energy depends on the surfactant and its interfacial excess. The region of the interfacial coverage, at which W AQ/LC increases, varied with the chain length of the surfactant. The measurement of the anchoring energy will provide new fundamental information on aqueous phase/LC interface.

Rocuronium Bromide Inhibits Inflammation and Pain by Suppressing Nitric Oxide Production and Enhancing Prostaglandin E2 Synthesis in Endothelial Cells.

PubMed

Baek, Sang Bin; Shin, Mal Soon; Han, Jin Hee; Moon, Sang Woong; Chang, Boksoon; Jeon, Jung Won; Yi, Jae Woo; Chung, Jun Young

2016-12-01

Rocuronium bromide is a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug and has been used as an adjunct for relaxation or paralysis of the skeletal muscles, facilitation of endotracheal intubation, and improving surgical conditions during general anesthesia. However, intravenous injection of rocuronium bromide induces injection pain or withdrawal movement. The exact mechanism of rocuronium bromide-induced injection pain or withdrawal movement is not yet understood. We investigated whether rocuronium bromide treatment is involved in the induction of inflammation and pain in vascular endothelial cells. For this study, calf pulmonary artery endothelial (CPAE) cells were used, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, Western blot, nitric oxide detection, and prostaglandin E 2 immunoassay were conducted. Rocuronium bromide treatment inhibited endothelial nitric oxide synthase and suppressed nitric oxide production in CPAE cells. Rocuronium bromide activated cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase and increased prostaglandin E 2 synthesis in CPAE cells. Rocuronium bromide induced inflammation and pain in CPAE cells. Suppressing nitric oxide production and enhancing prostaglandin E 2 synthesis might be associated with rocuronium bromide-induced injection pain or withdrawal movement.

Power Plant Bromide Discharges and Downstream Drinking Water Systems in Pennsylvania.

PubMed

Good, Kelly D; VanBriesen, Jeanne M

2017-10-17

Coal-fired power plants equipped with wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems have been implicated in increasing bromide levels and subsequent increases in disinfection byproducts at downstream drinking water plants. Bromide was not included as a regulated constituent in the recent steam electric effluent limitations guidelines and standards (ELGs) since the U.S. EPA analysis suggested few drinking water facilities would be affected by bromide discharges from power plants. The present analysis uses a watershed approach to identify Pennsylvania drinking water intakes downstream of wet FGD discharges and to assess the potential for bromide discharge effects. Twenty-two (22) public drinking water systems serving 2.5 million people were identified as being downstream of at least one wet FGD discharge. During mean August conditions (generally low-flow, minimal dilution) in receiving rivers, the median predicted bromide concentrations contributed by wet FGD at Pennsylvania intake locations ranged from 5.2 to 62 μg/L for the Base scenario (including only natural bromide in coal) and from 16 to 190 μg/L for the Bromide Addition scenario (natural plus added bromide for mercury control); ranges depend on bromide loads and receiving stream dilution capacity.

The distribution of bromide in water in the Floridan aquifer system, Duval County, northeastern Florida

USGS Publications Warehouse

German, E.R.; Taylor, G.F.

1995-01-01

Although Duval County, Florida, has ample ground-water resources for public supply, the potential exists for a problem with excessive disinfectant by-products. These disinfectant by-products result from the treatment of raw water containing low concentrations of bromide and naturally occurring organic compounds. Because of this potential problem, the relation of bromide concentrations to aquifer tapped, well location and depth, and chemical characteristics of water in the Floridan aquifer system underlying Duval County were studied to determine if these relations could be applied to delineate water with low-bromide concentrations for future supplies. In 1992, water samples from 106 wells that tap the Floridan aquifer system were analyzed for bromide and major dissolved constituents. A comparison of bromide concentrations from the 1992 sampling with data from earlier studies (1979-80) indicates that higher bromide concentrations were detected during the earlier studies. The difference between the old and new data is probably because of a change in analytical methodology in the analysis of samples. Bromide concentrations exceeded the detection limit (0.10 milligrams per liter) in water from 28 of the 106 wells (26 percent) sampled in 1992. The maximum concentration was 0.56 milligrams per liter. There were no relations between bromide and major dissolved constituents, well depth, or aquifer tapped that would be useful for determining bromide concentrations. Areal patterns of bromide occurrence are not clearly defined, but areas with relatively high bromide concentrations tend to be located in a triangular area near the community of Sunbeam, Florida, and along the St. Johns River throughout Duval County.

Validation of an automated fluorescein method for determining bromide in water

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fishman, M. J.; Schroder, L.J.; Friedman, L.C.

1985-01-01

Surface, atmospheric precipitation and deionized water samples were spiked with ??g l-1 concentrations of bromide, and the solutions stored in polyethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene bottles. Bromide was determined periodically for 30 days. Automated fluorescein and ion chromatography methods were used to determine bromide in these prepared samples. Analysis of the data by the paired t-test indicates that the two methods are not significantly different at a probability of 95% for samples containing from 0.015 to 0.5 mg l-1 of bromide. The correlation coefficient for the same sets of paired data is 0.9987. Recovery data, except for the surface water samples to which 0.005 mg l-1 of bromide was added, range from 89 to 112%. There appears to be no loss of bromide from solution in either type of container.Surface, atmospheric precipitation and deionized water samples were spiked with mu g l** minus **1 concentrations of bromide, and the solutions stored in polyethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene bottles. Bromide was determined periodically for 30 days. Automated fluorescein and ion chromatography methods were used to determine bromide in these prepared samples. Analysis of the data by the paired t-test indicates that the two methods are not significantly different at a probability of 95% for samples containing from 0. 015 to 0. 5 mg l** minus **1 of bromide. The correlation coefficient for the same sets of paired data is 0. 9987. Recovery data, except for the surface water samples to which 0. 005 mg l** minus **1 of bromide was added, range from 89 to 112%. Refs.

Synthesis of a biofuel target through conventional organic chemistry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Page, Jordan P.; Robinson, Joshua W.; Albrecht, Karl O.

Here in this work, the biofuel target compound 2-ethyl-5,5-dimethylcyclopenta-1,3-diene (1) and its exo isomers (9a and 9b), were successfully synthesized via two different pathways from the common intermediate 4,4-dimethylcyclopent-2-ene-1-one (2). The first pathway produced the endocyclic product as a pure isomer via a triflate intermediate obtained from ketone 2 in 60% yield, followed by copper-catalyzed coupling with ethyl magnesium bromide in 63% yield. The second pathway employed a Grignard reaction with ketone 2, which generated an alcohol that was immediately subjected to mild acid-catalyzed elimination to yield primarily a mixture of exo isomers 9a and 9b in 46% yield. Themore » preparation method developed by this work allowed for the production of a sufficient quantity of these targets to evaluate their fuel properties, which will be reported in a separate study.« less

Synthesis of a biofuel target through conventional organic chemistry

DOE PAGES

Page, Jordan P.; Robinson, Joshua W.; Albrecht, Karl O.; ...

2018-02-28

Here in this work, the biofuel target compound 2-ethyl-5,5-dimethylcyclopenta-1,3-diene (1) and its exo isomers (9a and 9b), were successfully synthesized via two different pathways from the common intermediate 4,4-dimethylcyclopent-2-ene-1-one (2). The first pathway produced the endocyclic product as a pure isomer via a triflate intermediate obtained from ketone 2 in 60% yield, followed by copper-catalyzed coupling with ethyl magnesium bromide in 63% yield. The second pathway employed a Grignard reaction with ketone 2, which generated an alcohol that was immediately subjected to mild acid-catalyzed elimination to yield primarily a mixture of exo isomers 9a and 9b in 46% yield. Themore » preparation method developed by this work allowed for the production of a sufficient quantity of these targets to evaluate their fuel properties, which will be reported in a separate study.« less

Synthesis of carbon nanotube (CNT)-entangled CuO nanotube networks via CNT-catalytic growth and in situ thermal oxidation as additive-free anodes for lithium ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cui, Xia; Song, Bo; Cheng, Shisu; Xie, Yun; Shao, Yijiang; Sun, Yueming

2018-01-01

We demonstrated the utility of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a catalyst and conductive agent to synthesize CNT-entangled copper nanowire (CuNW-CNT) networks within a melted mixture of hexadecylamine and cetyltrimethy ammounium bromide. The CuNW-CNT networks were further in situ thermally oxidized into CuO nanotube-CNT (CuONT-CNT) with the high retention of network structure. The binder- and conducting-additive-free anodes constructed using the CuONT-CNT networks exhibited high performance, such as high capability (557.7 mAh g-1 at 0.2 °C after 200 cycles), high Coulombic efficiency (near 100%), good rate performance (385.5 mAh g-1 at 5 °C and 310.3 mAh g-1 at 10 °C), and long cycling life.

Comparison of Heat and Bromide as Ground Water Tracers Near Streams

USGS Publications Warehouse

Constantz, J.; Cox, M.H.; Su, G.W.

2003-01-01

Heat and bromide were compared as tracers for examining stream/ground water exchanges along the middle reaches of the Santa Clara River, California, during a 10-hour surface water sodium bromide injection test. Three cross sections that comprise six shallow (<1 m) piezometers were installed at the upper, middle, and lower sections of a 17 km long study reach, to monitor temperatures and bromide concentrations in the shallow ground water beneath the stream. A heat and ground water transport simulation model and a closely related solute and ground water transport simulation model were matched up for comparison of simulated and observed temperatures and bromide concentrations in the streambed. Vertical, one-dimensional simulations of sediment temperature were fitted to observed temperature results, to yield apparent streambed hydraulic conductivities in each cross section. The temperature-based hydraulic conductivities were assigned to a solute and ground water transport model to predict sediment bromide concentrations, during the sodium bromide injection test. Vertical, one-dimensional simulations of bromide concentrations in the sediments yielded a good match to the observed bromide concentrations, without adjustment of any model parameters except solute dispersivities. This indicates that, for the spatial and temporal scales examined on the Santa Clara River, the use of heat and bromide as tracers provide comparable information with respect to apparent hydraulic conductivities and fluxes for sediments near streams. In other settings, caution should be used due to differences in the nature of conservative (bromide) versus nonconservative (heat) tracers, particularly when preferential flowpaths are present.

Production and mechanical properties of Ti-5Al-2.5Fe-xCu alloys for biomedical applications.

PubMed

Yamanoglu, Ridvan; Efendi, Erdinc; Kolayli, Fetiye; Uzuner, Huseyin; Daoud, Ismail

2018-01-30

In this study, the mechanical, antibacterial properties and cell toxicity response of Ti-5Al2.5Fe alloy with different copper contents were investigated. The alloys were prepared by high-energy ball milling using elemental Ti, Al, Fe, and Cu powders and consolidated by a uniaxial vacuum hot press. Staphylococcus aureus strain ATCC 29213 and Escherichia coli strain ATCC 25922 were used to determine the antibacterial properties of the sintered alloys. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the samples was evaluated with HeLa (ATTC, CCL-2) cells using thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide. The mechanical behavior of the samples was determined as a function of hardness and bending tests and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, optical microscopy and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the Cu content significantly improved the antibacterial properties. Cu addition prevented the formation of E. coli and S. aureus colonies on the surface of the samples. All samples exhibited very good cell biocompatibility. The alloys with different copper contents showed different mechanical properties, and the results were correlated by microstructural and XRD analyses in detail. Our results showed that Cu has a great effect on the Ti5Al2.5Fe alloy and the alloy is suitable for biomedical applications with enhanced antibacterial activity.

PMMA microreactor for chemiluminescence detection of Cu (II) based on 1,10-Phenanthroline-hydrogen peroxide reaction.

PubMed

Chen, Xueye; Shen, Jienan; Li, Tiechuan

2016-01-01

A microreactor for the chemiluminescence detection of copper (II) in water samples, based on the measurement of light emitted from the copper (II) catalysed oxidation of 1,10-phenanthroline by hydrogen peroxide in basic aqueous solution, is presented. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was chose as material for fabricating the microreactor with mill and hot bonding method. Optimized reagents conditions were found to be 6.3 × 10(-5)mol/L 1,10-phenanthroline, 1.5 × 10(-3)mol/L hydrogen peroxide, 7.0 × 10(-2)mol/L sodium hydroxide and 2.4 × 10(-5)mol/L Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium Bromide (CTMAB). In the continuous flow injection mode the system can perform fully automated detection with a reagent consumption of only 3.5 μL each time. The linear range of the Cu (II) ions concentration was 1.5 × 10(-8) mol/L to 1.0 × 10(-4) mol/L, and the detection limit was 9.4 × 10(-9)mol/L with the S/N ratio of 4. The relative standard deviation was 3.0 % for 2.0 × 10(-6) mol/L Cu (II) ions (n = 10). The most obvious features of the detection method are simplicity, rapidity and easy fabrication of the microreactor.

21 CFR 522.275 - N-Butylscopolammonium bromide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false N-Butylscopolammonium bromide. 522.275 Section 522....275 N-Butylscopolammonium bromide. (a) Specifications. Each milliliter of solution contains 20 milligrams (mg) N-butylscopolammonium bromide. (b) Sponsor. See No. 000010 in § 510.600(c) of this chapter...

21 CFR 522.275 - N-Butylscopolammonium bromide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false N-Butylscopolammonium bromide. 522.275 Section 522....275 N-Butylscopolammonium bromide. (a) Specifications. Each milliliter of solution contains 20 milligrams (mg) N-butylscopolammonium bromide. (b) Sponsor. See No. 000010 in § 510.600(c) of this chapter...

Palladium-Catalyzed Borylation of Primary Alkyl Bromides

PubMed Central

Joshi-Pangu, Amruta; Ma, Xinghua; Diane, Mohamed; Iqbal, Sidra; Kribs, Robert J.; Huang, Richard; Wang, Chao-Yuan

2012-01-01

A mild Pd-catalyzed process for the borylation of alkyl bromides has been developed using bis(pinacolato)diboron as a boron source. This process accommodates the use of a wide range of functional groups on the alkyl bromide substrate. Primary bromides react with complete selectivity in the presence of a secondary bromide. The generality of this approach is demonstrated by its extension to the use of alkyl iodides and alkyl tosylates, as well as borylation reactions employing bis(neopentyl glycolato)diboron as the boron source. PMID:22774861

Indirect spectrophotometric determination of traces of bromide in water

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fishman, M. J.; Skougstad, M.W.

1963-01-01

A rapid, accurate, and sensitive indirect spectrophotometric method for the determination of bromide in natural waters is based on the catalytic effect of bromide on the oxidation of iodine to iodate by potassium permanganate in sulfuric acid solution. The method is applicable to concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 ??g. of bromide per liter, but may be modified to extend the concentration range. Most ions commonly occurring in water do not interfere. The standard deviation is 2.9 at bromide concentrations of 100 ??g. per liter and less at lower concentrations. The determination of bromide in samples containing known added amounts gave values ranging from 99 to 105% of the concentration calculated to be present.

40 CFR 180.519 - Bromide ion and residual bromine; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 23 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Bromide ion and residual bromine... Tolerances § 180.519 Bromide ion and residual bromine; tolerances for residues. (a) General. The food additives, bromide ion and residual bromine, may be present in water, potable in accordance with the...

40 CFR 180.519 - Bromide ion and residual bromine; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 24 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Bromide ion and residual bromine... Tolerances § 180.519 Bromide ion and residual bromine; tolerances for residues. (a) General. The food additives, bromide ion and residual bromine, may be present in water, potable in accordance with the...

EFFECT OF BROMIDE ION IN WATER TREATMENT. 2. A LITERATURE REVIEW OF OZONE AND BROMIDE ION INTERACTIONS AND THE FORMATION OF ORGANIC BROMINE COMPOUNDS

EPA Science Inventory

Where bromide ion is found in water used as a source of drinking water, and chlorination is used for disinfection, bromide ion is oxidized to bromine and can result in the formation of organic bromine compounds. There are presently no treatment techniques available for economic r...

Automated determination of bromide in waters by ion chromatography with an amperometric detector

USGS Publications Warehouse

Pyen, G.S.; Erdmann, D.E.

1983-01-01

An automated ion chromatograph, including a program controller, an automatic sampler, an integrator, and an amperometric detector, was used to develop a procedure for the determination of bromide in rain water and many ground waters. Approximately 10 min is required to obtain a chromatogram. The detection limit for bromide is 0.01 mg l-1 and the relative standard deivation is <5% for bromide concentrations between 0.05 and 0.5 mg l-1. Chloride interferes if the chloride-to-bromide ratio is greater than 1 000:1 for a range of 0.01-0.1 mg l-1 bromide; similarly, chloride interferes in the 0.1-1.0 mg l-1 range if the ratio is greater than 5 000:1. In the latter case, a maximum of 2 000 mg l-1 of chloride can be tolerated. Recoveries of known concentrations of bromide added to several samples, ranged from 97 to 110%. ?? 1983.

Bromism caused by mix-formulated analgesic injectables.

PubMed

Hsieh, P F; Tsan, Y T; Hung, D Z; Hsu, C L; Lee, Y C; Chang, M H

2007-12-01

Bromism, chronic bromide intoxication, can be caused by a variety of medicines, but bromism due to pain-relieving injectable medications has not been reported. In this study, the methods used were internet searching on bromide-containing injectables available in Taiwan and the first case report of bromism due to mixed-formulated injectable medication. Many analgesic/antipyretic and antihistamine injections containing bromides are still being used in Taiwan. They contain sodium bromide up to 1000 mg/ampoule or calcium bromide up to 800 mg/amp. A 25-year-old female suffered from forgetfulness and unstable gait after long-term frequent injections of a preparation to relieve head and neck pain. Blood tests showed hyperchloremia (171 mEq/L) and a negative anion gap (-48.7 mEq/L). Serum bromide measured 2150 mg/L. She recovered completely in 3 days with saline treatment. Many bromide-containing injections are still being used in Taiwan. Clinicians should keep alert on this issue to avoid iatrogenic bromism or making misdiagnoses.

Bromide's effect on DBP formation, speciation, and control; Part 1: Ozonation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shukairy, H.M.; Summers, R.S.; Miltner, R.J.

1994-06-01

The effect of variable ozone dosage and bromide concentration on the formation of organic disinfection by-products (DBPs) and bromate were evaluated. Low ozone dosages resulted in oxidation of organic precursors, yielding decreases in the formation potential for total trihalomethanes (THMs), six haloacetic acids (HAAs), and total organic halide (TOX). Increasing the ozone dosage oxidized bromide to bromate, decreasing the bromide for incorporation into DBPs. Bromate concentrations were linearly correlated with ozone residuals. Changes in the bromine incorporation factors n and n[prime] reflected differences in the resulting speciation of THMs and HAAs, respectively. Because TOX measurements based on chloride equivalence maymore » underestimate the halogenated DBP yield for high-bromide waters, a procedure is described whereby bromide and bromate concentrations were used to correct the TOX measurement.« less

Ipratropium bromide in patients with nocturnal asthma.

PubMed Central

Cox, I. D.; Hughes, D. T.; McDonnell, K. A.

1984-01-01

Fourteen patients with nocturnal asthma were recruited to a two period crossover trial which compared a run-in period on nightly salbutamol (200 micrograms) with a period on nightly ipratropium bromide (160 micrograms) and a period on nightly salbutamol plus ipratropium at night. Morning dipping, as assessed by the fall in peak flow overnight, was significantly reduced in the periods when ipratropium bromide was taken. Peak flow in the morning and also at night was improved when taking ipratropium bromide. Ipratropium bromide in adequate dosage appears to be effective in reducing morning dipping in asthma. PMID:6236436

Alternatives to Methyl Bromide (1993)

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The report examines the alternatives that have been discussed as substitutes for current methyl bromide uses if methyl bromide should no longer be available and discusses the economic implications of such a phaseout.

Prostate cancer and toxicity from critical use exemptions of methyl bromide: Environmental protection helps protect against human health risks

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Although ozone-depleting methyl bromide was destined for phase-out by 2005, it is still widely applied as a consequence of various critical-use-exemptions and mandatory international regulations aiming to restrict the spread of pests and alien species (e.g. in globalized transport and storage). The withdrawal of methyl bromide because of its environmental risk could fortuitously help in the containment of its human toxicity. Methods We performed a systematic review of the literature, including in vitro toxicological and epidemiological studies of occupational and community exposure to the halogenated hydrocarbon pesticide methyl bromide. We focused on toxic (especially chronic) or carcinogenic effects from the use of methyl bromide, on biomonitoring data and reference values. Eligible epidemiological studies were subjected to meta-analysis. Results Out of the 542 peer reviewed publications between 1990-2011, we found only 91 referring to toxicity of methyl bromide and 29 using the term "carcinogenic", "neoplastic" or "mutagenic". Several studies provide new additional data pertaining to the mechanistic aspects of methyl bromide toxicity. Few studies have performed a detailed exposure assessment including biomonitoring. Three evaluated epidemiological studies assessed a possible association between cancer and methyl bromide. Overall, exposure to methyl bromide is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer OR, 1.21; 95% CI (0,98-1.49), P = 0.076. Two epidemiological studies have analyzed environmental, non-occupational exposure to methyl bromide providing evidence for its health risk to the general public. None of the epidemiological studies addressed its use as a fumigant in freight containers, although recent field and case reports do refer to its toxic effects associated with its use in shipping and storage. Conclusions Both the epidemiological evidence and toxicological data suggest a possible link between methyl bromide exposure and serious health problems, including prostate cancer risk from occupational and community exposure. The environmental risks of methyl bromide are not in doubt, but also its health risks, especially for genetically predisposed subjects, should not be underestimated. PMID:22284215

Comparison of phenobarbital with bromide as a first-choice antiepileptic drug for treatment of epilepsy in dogs.

PubMed

Boothe, Dawn Merton; Dewey, Curtis; Carpenter, David Mark

2012-05-01

To compare efficacy and safety of treatment with phenobarbital or bromide as the first-choice antiepileptic drug (AED) in dogs. Double-blinded, randomized, parallel, clinical trial. 46 AED-naïve dogs with naturally occurring epilepsy. Study inclusion was based on age, history, findings on physical and neurologic examinations, and clinicopathologic test results. For either phenobarbital treatment (21 dogs) or bromide treatment (25), a 7-day loading dose period was initiated along with a maintenance dose, which was adjusted on the basis of monthly monitoring. Efficacy and safety outcomes were compared between times (baseline and study end [generally 6 months]) and between drugs. Phenobarbital treatment resulted in eradication of seizures (17/20 [85%]) significantly more often than did bromide (12/23 [52%]); phenobarbital treatment also resulted in a greater percentage decrease in seizure duration (88 ± 34%), compared with bromide (49 ± 75%). Seizure activity worsened in 3 bromide-treated dogs only. In dogs with seizure eradication, mean ± SD serum phenobarbital concentration was 25 ± 6 μg/mL (phenobarbital dosage, 4.1 ± 1.1 mg/kg [1.9 ± 0.5 mg/lb], p.o., q 12 h) and mean serum bromide concentration was 1.8 ± 0.6 mg/mL (bromide dosage, 31 ± 11 mg/kg [14 ± 5 mg/lb], p.o., q 12 h). Ataxia, lethargy, and polydipsia were greater at 1 month for phenobarbital-treated dogs; vomiting was greater for bromide-treated dogs at 1 month and study end. Both phenobarbital and bromide were reasonable first-choice AEDs for dogs, but phenobarbital was more effective and better tolerated during the first 6 months of treatment.

METHOD OF SEPARATING URANIUM, PLUTONIUM AND FISSION PRODUCTS BY BROMINATION AND DISTILLATION

DOEpatents

Jaffey, A.H.; Seaborg, G.T.

1958-12-23

The method for separation of plutonium from uranium and radioactive fission products obtained by neutron irradiation of uranlum consists of reacting the lrradiated material with either bromine, hydrogen bromide, alumlnum bromide, or sulfur and bromine at an elevated temperature to form the bromides of all the elements, then recovering substantlally pure plutonium bromide by dlstillatlon in combinatlon with selective condensatlon at prescribed temperature and pressure.

Subsurface drip application of alternative fumigants to methyl bromide for controlling nematodes in replanted grapevines.

PubMed

Cabrera, J Alfonso; Wang, Dong; Schneider, Sally M; Hanson, Bradley D

2012-05-01

Many California grape growers use preplant fumigation to ensure uniform and healthy grapevine establishment in replant situations. A field study was conducted to evaluate the performance of subsurface drip-applied chemical alternatives to methyl bromide on plant-parasitic nematodes, plant vigor and fruit yield during the 6 year period following replanting. Subsurface drip fumigation with 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin and with iodomethane plus chloropicrin had generally similar nematicide activity as methyl bromide in three grape types, while sodium azide was less effective. The combination of 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin enhanced vine vigor similarly to methyl bromide. However, all plots treated with alternative fumigants produced less fruit yield than methyl bromide over the 4 years of evaluation. Subsurface drip fumigation with alternative chemicals to methyl bromide generally provided adequate management of plant-parasitic nematodes during the vine establishment period. However, further research is required to increase the performance of alternative chemicals against other components of the replant problem, as grape yield in vines grown in the alternative treatments was lower than in methyl bromide. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry.

Synthesis of new β-amidodehydroaminobutyric acid derivatives and of new tyrosine derivatives using copper catalyzed C-N and C-O coupling reactions.

PubMed

Pereira, G; Vilaça, H; Ferreira, P M T

2013-02-01

Several β-amidodehydroaminobutyric acid derivatives were prepared from N,C-diprotected β-bromodehydroaminobutyric acids and amides by a copper catalyzed C-N coupling reaction. The best reaction conditions include the use of a catalytic amount of CuI, N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine as ligand and K(2)CO(3) as base in toluene at 110 °C. The stereochemistry of the products was determined using NOE difference experiments and the results obtained are in agreement with an E-stereochemistry. Thus, the stereochemistry is maintained in the case of the E-isomers of β-bromodehydroaminobutyric acid derivatives, but when the Z-isomers were used as substrates the reaction proceeds with inversion of configuration. The use of β-bromodehydrodipeptides as substrates was also tested. It was found that the reaction outcome depend on the stereochemistry of the β-bromodehydrodipeptide and on the nature of the first amino acid residue. The products isolated were the β-amidodehydrodipeptide derivatives and/or the corresponding dihydropyrazines. The same catalytic system (CuI/N,N'-dimethylethylene diamine) was used in the C-O coupling reactions between a tyrosine derivative and aryl bromides. The new O-aryltyrosine derivatives were isolated in moderate to good yields. The photophysical properties of two of these compounds were studied in four solvents of different polarity. The results show that these compounds after deprotection can be used as fluorescence markers.

A novel cetyltrimethyl ammonium silver bromide complex and silver bromide nanoparticles obtained by the surfactant counterion.

PubMed

Liu, Xian-Hao; Luo, Xiao-Hong; Lu, Shu-Xia; Zhang, Jing-Chang; Cao, Wei-Liang

2007-03-01

A novel cetyltrimethyl ammonium silver bromide (CTASB) complex has been prepared simply through the reaction of silver nitrate with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) in aqueous solution at room temperature by controlling the concentration of CTAB and the molar ratio of CTAB to silver nitrate in the reaction solution, in which halogen in CTAB is used as surfactant counterion. The structure and thermal behavior of cetyltrimethyl ammonium silver bromide have been investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV/vis spectroscopy, thermal analysis (TG-DTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the complex possesses a metastable layered structure. Upon heating the CTASB aqueous dispersion to above 80 degrees C, the structure change of the complex took place and CTAB-capped nanosized silver bromide particles further formed.

Physicochemical and in vitro deposition properties of salbutamol sulphate/ipratropium bromide and salbutamol sulphate/excipient spray dried mixtures for use in dry powder inhalers.

PubMed

Corrigan, Deirdre O; Corrigan, Owen I; Healy, Anne Marie

2006-09-28

The physicochemical and aerodynamic properties of spray dried powders of the drug/drug mixture salbutamol sulphate/ipratropium bromide were investigated. The in vitro deposition properties of spray dried salbutamol sulphate and the spray dried drug/excipient mixtures salbutamol sulphate/lactose and salbutamol sulphate/PEG were also determined. Spray drying ipratropium bromide monohydrate resulted in a crystalline material from both aqueous and ethanolic solution. The product spray dried from aqueous solution consisted mainly of ipratropium bromide anhydrous. There was evidence of the presence of another polymorphic form of ipratropium bromide. When spray dried from ethanolic solution the physicochemical characterisation suggested the presence of an ipratropium bromide solvate with some anhydrous ipratropium bromide. Co-spray drying salbutamol sulphate with ipratropium bromide resulted in amorphous composites, regardless of solvent used. Particles were spherical and of a size suitable for inhalation. Twin impinger studies showed an increase in the fine particle fraction (FPF) of spray dried salbutamol sulphate compared to micronised salbutamol sulphate. Co-spray dried salbutamol sulphate:ipratropium bromide 10:1 and 5:1 systems also showed an increase in FPF compared to micronised salbutamol sulphate. Most co-spray dried salbutamol sulphate/excipient systems investigated demonstrated FPFs greater than that of micronised drug alone. The exceptions to this were systems containing PEG 4000 20% or PEG 20,000 40% both of which had FPFs not significantly different from micronised salbutamol sulphate. These two systems were crystalline unlike most of the other spray dried composites examined which were amorphous in nature.

Sympathetic influence on the pupillary light response in three red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans).

PubMed

Dearworth, James R; Cooper, Lori J

2008-01-01

We investigated the effects of phenylephrine and its combination with vecuronium bromide on the iris of turtles to determine if the pupillary light response is affected by sympathetic innervation. Three red-eared slider turtles, Trachemys scripta elegans. Diameters of light-adapted pupils were tracked before and after topical application of drugs to eyes. Phenylephrine was applied independently; in a second group of trials, vecuronium bromide was applied with phenylephrine. Rates of pupil dilation in response to drugs were quantified by fitting data with time constant (tau) equations. Phenylephrine dilated the pupil 24%, tau = 29 min. Combination of phenylephrine with vecuronium bromide increased the pupil size 35%, and dilation was more rapid, tau = 14 min. We also were able to predict these time constants by performing different mathematical operations with an equation developed from a prior study using only vecuronium bromide. When this equation was subtracted from the equation for eyes treated with both vecuronium bromide and phenylephrine, the difference gave the observed tau for phenylephrine; when added to phenylephrine, the sum closely matched the tau for eyes treated with vecuronium bromide and phenylephrine. Further, the tau for vecuronium bromide treated eyes was predicted by subtracting the equation for phenylephrine from that of eyes treated with both vecuronium bromide and phenylephrine. Our results suggest that sympathetic innervation interacts with the parasympathetic pathway to control the pupillary light response in turtles.

Orthogonal Discrimination among Functional Groups in Ullmann-Type C-O and C-N Couplings.

PubMed

Rovira, Mireia; Soler, Marta; Güell, Imma; Wang, Ming-Zheng; Gómez, Laura; Ribas, Xavi

2016-09-02

The copper-catalyzed arylation of nucleophiles has been established as an efficient methodology for the formation of C-C and C-heteroatom bonds. Considering the advances during the last two decades, the ligand choice plays a key role in such transformations and can strongly influence the catalytic efficiency. The applicability of these Ullmann-type coupling reactions regarding the orthogonal selectivity of different functional groups constitutes a challenging subject for current synthetic strategies. Herein, we report a useful toolkit of Cu-based catalysts for the chemoselective arylation of a wide-range of nucleophiles in competitive reactions using aryl iodides and bromides. We show in this work that the arylation of all kinds of amides can be orthogonal to that of amines (aliphatic or aromatic) and phenol derivatives. This high chemoselectivity can be governed by the use of different ligands, yielding the desired coupling products under mild conditions. The selectivity trends are maintained for electronically biased iodobenzene and bromobenzene electrophiles. Radical clock experiments discard the occurrence of radical-based mechanisms.

Metal concentrations, sperm motility, and RNA/DNA ratio in two echinoderm species from a highly contaminated fjord (the Sørfjord, Norway).

PubMed

Catarino, Ana I; Cabral, Henrique N; Peeters, Kris; Pernet, Philippe; Punjabi, Usha; Dubois, Philippe

2008-07-01

The present study evaluated the effects of field metal contamination on sperm motility and the RNA/DNA ratio in echinoderms. Populations of Asterias rubens and Echinus acutus that occur naturally along a contamination gradient of sediments by cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in a Norwegian fjord (the Sørfjord) were studied. Sperm motility, a measure of sperm quality, was quantified using a computer-assisted sperm analysis system. The RNA/DNA ratio, a measure of protein synthesis, was assessed by a one-dye (ethidium bromide)/one-enzyme (RNase), 96-well microplate fluorometric assay. Although both species accumulate metals at high concentrations, neither sperm motility parameters in A. rubens nor the RNA/DNA ratio in both species were affected. The Sørfjord is still one of the most metal-contaminated marine sites in Europe, but even so, populations of A. rubens and E. acutus are able to endure under these conditions.

Rapid and facile CuCl assistant synthesis of PtCu3 nanoframes as efficient catalysts for electroxidation of methanol

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bai, Lei; Bai, Yuwei

2018-02-01

Hollow-structured nanomaterials generally showed enhanced catalytic abilities due to their high utilization. In this work, a general method for the synthesis of PtCu3 nanoframes was reported with the employment of hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), copper(I) chloride, and various kinds of platinum precursors such as K2PtCl6, H2PtCl6, and Pt(acac)2. It was revealed that the presence of CTAC was crucial for the formation of frame structures. On the one hand, CTAC could act as a structure director, and on the other hand, the galvanic replacement and etching effect of the chloride ions together with oxygen was also responsible for the formation of the frame structure. A similar effect was also evidenced in the case of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. Finally, the as-obtained PtCu3 nanoframes demonstrated high catalytic abilities in the oxidation of methanol as a model reaction. [Figure not available: see fulltext.

Practical large-scale production of dihydrocapsiate, a nonpungent capsaicinoid-like substance.

PubMed

Kurosawa, Wataru; Nakano, Takashi; Amino, Yusuke

2017-02-01

Capsinoids represent a novel group of capsaicinoid-like substances found in a nonpungent cultivar, Capsicum annuum "CH-19 Sweet." They have capsaicinoid-like physiological and biological properties while lacking the harmful stimuli of capsaicinoids. A large-scale synthesis of dihydrocapsiate (DCT) is established in this work. 8-Methynonanoic acid (MNA) was synthesized by copper-catalyzed cross-coupling of ethyl 6-bromohexanoate with isobutylmagnesium bromide and subsequent hydrolysis. Lipase-catalyzed chemoselective esterification of vanillyl alcohol and MNA was performed at 50 °C under reduced pressure to remove water without solvents or drying agents. A slightly larger stoichiometric amount of MNA was used and the purification in the final stage was simplified to leave a small amount of MNA in the product, because we found that the presence of a small amount of MNA is necessary to stabilize DCT. DCT was synthesized according to the production, and stabilization methods described here has been filed as a new dietary ingredient.

Enhancing anti-microbial properties of wood-plastic composites produced from timber and plastic wastes.

PubMed

Wang, Lei; Chen, Season S; Tsang, Daniel C W; Poon, Chi Sun; Ok, Yong Sik

2017-05-01

Considering the resource waste and environmental burden for timber and plastic materials ending up at landfills, this study proposed upcycling wood and plastic waste into value-added wood-plastic composites (WPCs), complying with the standard requirements of flexural strength, thickness swelling, water absorption and thermal insulation. Biological deterioration is a major concern of WPCs. Bacterial survival, fungal attack and algal growth of bactericide-treated WPCs were holistically analysed. Melamine resin was adopted for impregnating anti-microbial agents on the surface. All the agents showed excellent bactericidal rate (Escherichia coli), yet poly-diallyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride (PolyDADMAC) and silver had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations. In terms of weight loss and strength reduction due to fungal decay (Coriolus versicolor), PolyDADMAC, silver and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) imparted the highest resistance on the WPCs. Moreover, PolyDADMAC and copper provided the most protection against algal growth (Chlorella vulgaris), and the former presented durable inhibitory effect. This study presents a value-added solution to wood/plastic waste recycling.

Detection of increased 64Cu uptake by human copper transporter 1 gene overexpression using PET with 64CuCl2 in human breast cancer xenograft model.

PubMed

Kim, Kwang Il; Jang, Su Jin; Park, Ju Hui; Lee, Yong Jin; Lee, Tae Sup; Woo, Kwang Sun; Park, Hyun; Choe, Jae Gol; An, Gwang Il; Kang, Joo Hyun

2014-10-01

Copper is an essential cofactor for a variety of biochemical processes including oxidative phosphorylation, cellular antioxidant activity, and elimination of free radicals. The copper transporter 1 is known to be involved in cellular uptake of copper ions. In this study, we evaluated the utility of human copper transporter 1 (hCTR1) gene as a new reporter gene for (64)Cu PET imaging. Human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) were infected with a lentiviral vector constitutively expressing the hCTR1 gene under super cytomegalovirus promoter, and positive clones (MDA-MB-231-hCTR1) were selected. The expression of hCTR1 gene in MDA-MB-231-hCTR1 cells was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and (64)Cu uptake assay. To evaluate the cytotoxic effects induced by hCTR1 expression, the dose-dependent cell survival rate after treatment with cisplatin (Cis-diaminedichloroplatinum (II) [CDDP]) was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and trypan blue dye exclusion. Small-animal PET images were acquired in tumor-bearing mice from 2 to 48 h after an intravenous injection of (64)Cu. The hCTR1 gene expression in MDA-MB-231-hCTR1 cells was confirmed at the RNA and protein expression and the cellular (64)Cu uptake level. MTT assay and trypan blue dye exclusion showed that the cell viability of MDA-MB-231-hCTR1 cells decreased more rapidly than that of MDA-MB-231 cells after treatment with CDDP for 96 or 72 h, respectively. Small-animal PET imaging revealed a higher accumulation of (64)Cu in MDA-MB-231-hCTR1 tumors than in MDA-MB-231 tumors. With respect to the biodistribution data, the percentage injected dose per gram of (64)Cu in the MDA-MB-231 tumors and MDA-MB-231-hCTR1 tumors at 48 h after (64)Cu injection was 2.581 ± 0.254 and 5.373 ± 1.098, respectively. An increase in (64)Cu uptake induced by the expression of hCTR1 gene was demonstrated in vivo and in vitro, suggesting the potential use of hCTR1 gene as a new imaging reporter gene for PET with (64)CuCl2. © 2014 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Inc.

BROMIDE-OXIDANT INTERACTIONS AND THM (TRIHALOMETHANE) FORMATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW

EPA Science Inventory

The review focuses on the interactions, not only of bromide and chlorine, but also of bromide and two common oxidation alternatives to chlorine--chlorine dioxide and monochloramine. The data evaluations include discussions of reaction products, potentials for trihalomethane (THM)...

78 FR 32646 - Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Request for Methyl Bromide Critical Use Exemption Applications...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-31

... being treated/produced. List how many mills have been fumigated with methyl bromide over the last three... facilities. Dried Cured Pork Applicants must list how many facilities have been fumigated with methyl bromide...

76 FR 34700 - Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Request for Methyl Bromide Critical Use Exemption Applications...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-14

... pest control methods. List how many mills have been fumigated with methyl bromide over the last three... been fumigated with methyl bromide over the last three years, rate, volume and target CT of methyl...

Advanced hydrogen electrode for hydrogen-bromide battery

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kosek, Jack A.; Laconti, Anthony B.

1987-01-01

Binary platinum alloys are being developed as hydrogen electrocatalysts for use in a hydrogen bromide battery system. These alloys were varied in terms of alloy component mole ratio and heat treatment temperature. Electrocatalyst evaluation, performed in the absence and presence of bromide ion, includes floating half cell polarization studies, electrochemical surface area measurements, X ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy analysis and corrosion measurements. Results obtained to date indicate a platinum rich alloy has the best tolerance to bromide ion poisoning.

Pyridostigmine in the treatment of orthostatic intolerance.

PubMed

Gales, Barry J; Gales, Mark A

2007-02-01

To review the efficacy of pyridostigmine bromide for the treatment of orthostatic intolerance. MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts were searched (1966-December 2006) using the terms pyridostigmine, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, orthostatic intolerance, orthostatic hypotension, neurogenic orthostatic hypotension, postural tachycardia syndrome, tachycardia, and orthostatic tachycardia. Pertinent English-language human clinical trials, case reports, and background material were evaluated for safety and efficacy data. The references of reviewed articles were reviewed and used to identify additional sources. Pyridostigmine bromide has been associated with improved baroreceptor sensitivity and presents a novel approach to treatment of orthostatic intolerance. Four single-dose trials and a follow-up survey encompassing a total of 106 patients were identified. One open-label and one placebo-controlled single-dose trial in patients with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (NOH) found statistically significant improvement in standing diastolic blood pressures (DBP). Absolute improvements in standing DBP were 3.7 and 6.4 mm Hg in the open-label and controlled trials, respectively. Long-term data consist of a single survey of patients receiving open-label pyridostigmine bromide. Twenty-nine percent of patients who initiated maintenance pyridostigmine bromide discontinued therapy. Concomitant NOH medications were taken by 75% of patients, and 85% of patients reported receiving benefit from pyridostigmine bromide. When evaluated for postural tachycardia syndrome, pyridostigmine bromide significantly reduced standing heart rate (10%). Pyridostigmine bromide significantly reduced symptom scores when compared with baseline but not placebo. The majority of patients included in these trials did not have supine hypertension. Single doses of pyridostigmine bromide produced modest but statistically significant improvements in hemodynamic measurements. At this time, long-term data are insufficient to support recommending the routine use of pyridostigmine bromide for treatment of orthostatic intolerance.

METHYL BROMIDE ALTERNATIVES FOR VINEYARD REPLANT

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Soil fumigation with methyl bromide is needed by grape growers in central California to control soilborne pests. However, use of methyl bromide is banned and soil fumigation with other chemicals subjects to strict regulations to protect human health and air quality. The objective was to determine,...

Methyl bromide: effective pest management tool and environmental threat.

PubMed

Thomas, W B

1996-12-01

Methyl bromide is used extensively on a global basis as a pesticide against nematodes, weeds, insects, fungi, bacteria, and rodents. As a soil fumigant, it is used in significant quantities in the production of strawberry and tomato, as well as other agriculture commodities. Grain, fresh fruit, forestry products, and other materials are fumigated with methyl bromide to control pest infestations during transport and storage. Structures also are treated with this chemical to control wood-destroying insects and rodents. However, methyl bromide has been identified as a significant ozone-depleting substance, resulting in regulatory actions being taken by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the United Nations Environment Program (Montreal Protocol). The science linking methyl bromide to ozone depletion is strong and was reinforced by the 1994 UNEP Montreal Protocol Science Assessment on Ozone Depletion, which states, "Methyl bromide continues to be viewed as a significant ozone-depleting compound." Identifying efficacious and viable alternatives in the near term is critical.

Formation of NDMA and halogenated DBPs by chloramination of tertiary amines: the influence of bromide ion.

PubMed

Le Roux, Julien; Gallard, Hervé; Croué, Jean-Philippe

2012-02-07

The formation of NDMA and other DBPs (including THMs, HANs, and HKs) has been investigated by chloramination of several tertiary amines in the absence and presence of bromide ion. NDMA formation from the most reactive tertiary amines (e.g., dimethylaminomethylfurfuryl alcohol or DMP30) was enhanced in the presence of bromide due to the formation of brominated oxidant species such as bromochloramine (NHBrCl) and the hypothetical UDMH-Br as an intermediate. The formation of NDMA by chloramination of less reactive model compounds was inhibited in the presence of bromide. This can be explained by competitive reactions leading to the production of brominated DBPs (i.e., THMs). In the presence of bromide, the formation of brominated THMs during chloramination can be attributed to the presence of small amounts of HOBr produced by the decomposition of chloramines and bromamines. The results are of particular interest to understand NDMA formation mechanisms, especially during chloramination of wastewaters impacted by anthropogenic tertiary amines and containing bromide ion.

Effect of Bromide-Hypochlorite Bactericides on Microorganisms1

PubMed Central

Shere, Lewis; Kelley, Maurice J.; Richardson, J. Harold

1962-01-01

A new principle in compounding stable, granular bactericidal products led to unique combinations of a water-soluble inorganic bromide salt with a hypochlorite-type disinfectant of either inorganic or organic type. Microbiological results are shown for an inorganic bactericide composed of chlorinated trisodium phosphate containing 3.1% “available chlorine” and 2% potassium bromide, and for an organic bactericide formulated from sodium dichloroisocyanurate so as to contain 13.4% “available chlorine” and 8% potassium bromide. Comparison of these products with their nonbromide counterparts are reported for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus lactis, Aerobacter aerogenes, and Proteus vulgaris. Test methods employed were the Chambers test, the A.O.A.C. Germicidal and Detergent Sanitizer-Official test, and the Available Chlorine Germicidal Equivalent Concentration test. The minimal killing concentrations for the bromide-hypochlorite bactericides against this variety of organisms were reduced by a factor 2 to 24 times those required for similar hypochlorite-type disinfectants not containing the bromide. PMID:13977149

Selective oxidation of bromide in wastewater brines from hydraulic fracturing.

PubMed

Sun, Mei; Lowry, Gregory V; Gregory, Kelvin B

2013-07-01

Brines generated from oil and natural gas production, including flowback water and produced water from hydraulic fracturing of shale gas, may contain elevated concentrations of bromide (~1 g/L). Bromide is a broad concern due to the potential for forming brominated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during drinking water treatment. Conventional treatment processes for bromide removal is costly and not specific. Selective bromide removal is technically challenging due to the presence of other ions in the brine, especially chloride as high as 30-200 g/L. This study evaluates the ability of solid graphite electrodes to selectively oxidize bromide to bromine in flowback water and produced water from a shale gas operation in Southwestern PA. The bromine can then be outgassed from the solution and recovered, as a process well understood in the bromine industry. This study revealed that bromide may be selectively and rapidly removed from oil and gas brines (~10 h(-1) m(-2) for produced water and ~60 h(-1) m(-2) for flowback water). The electrolysis occurs with a current efficiency between 60 and 90%, and the estimated energy cost is ~6 kJ/g Br. These data are similar to those for the chlor-alkali process that is commonly used for chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide production. The results demonstrate that bromide may be selectively removed from oil and gas brines to create an opportunity for environmental protection and resource recovery. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Stability and Microtox Response of Butenyltin Compounds

DTIC Science & Technology

compound was as stable as tributyltin bromide. Stability in seawater, in the absence of ultraviolet (UV) light, was less for both tri-1-butenyltin...bromides necessary to produce a toxic responses were three to six times greater than for tributyltin bromide. Keywords: Marine fouling; Environmental impact statement; Antifouling coatings; Organotin; Reprints.

76 FR 14320 - Importation of Figs and Pomegranates From Chile Under a Systems Approach

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-16

... pomegranates from Chile using mitigation measures other than fumigation with methyl bromide. DATES: We will... with methyl bromide. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) also received a request... mitigation measures other than fumigation with methyl bromide. Implementation of this rule will require...

The physicochemical properties of the low-temperature ionic liquid silver bromide-1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grishina, E. P.; Ramenskaya, L. M.; Pimenova, A. M.

2009-11-01

The physicochemical properties of the low-temperature ionic liquid based on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (BMImBr) and silver bromide were studied. Differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, densimetry, viscometry, and conductometry measurements were performed to determine the dependences of the parameters under study on the concentration of AgBr. It was shown that the temperature and concentration behavior of the physicochemical properties of BMImBr-AgBr melts characterized the interaction between the system components with the formation of complex particles.

Emission of methyl bromide from biomass burning

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Manoe, S.; Andreae, M.O.

1994-03-04

Bromine is, per atom, far more efficient than chlorine in destroying stratospheric ozone, and methyl bromide is the single largest source of stratospheric bromine. The two main previously known sources of this compound are emissions from the ocean and from the compound's use as an agricultural pesticide. Laboratory biomass combustion experiments showed that methyl bromide was emitted in the smoke from various fuels tested. Methyl bromide was also found in smoke plumes from wildfires in savannas, chaparral, and boreal forest. Global emissions of methyl bromide from biomass burning are estimated to be in the range of 10 to 50 gigagramsmore » per year, which is comparable to the amount produced by ocean emission and pesticide use and represents a major contribution ([approximately]30 percent) to the stratospheric bromine budget.« less

The effects of pyridostigmine bromide and permethrin, alone or in combination, on response acquisition in male and female rats.

PubMed

Van Haaren, F; Cody, B; Hoy, J B; Karlix, J L; Schmidt, C J; Tebbett, I R; Wielbo, D

2000-08-01

It has been hypothesized that concurrent exposure to pyridostigmine bromide and permethrin may have contributed to the development of neurocognitive symptoms in Gulf War veterans. The present experiment was designed to investigate the effects of pyridostigmine bromide and permethrin alone, or in combination, on the acquisition of a novel response, one measure of normal cognitive functioning. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with pyridostigmine bromide (1.5 mg/kg/day, by gavage in a volume of 5 ml/kg) or its vehicle for 7 consecutive days. They then also received an intraperitoneal injection of permethrin (0, 15, or 60 mg/kg) before they were exposed to an experimental session during which they could earn food by pressing a lever in an operant chamber. Serum permethrin levels increased as a function of its dose, and were higher in rats treated with pyridostigmine bromide. Sex differences were observed as permethrin levels were higher in female rats than in male rats following the highest dose. Pyridostigmine bromide delayed response acquisition in male and female rats, and resulted in higher response rates on the inactive lever in female rats than in male rats. Although permethrin levels were higher in subjects treated with pyridostigmine bromide than in those treated with vehicle, there were no differences in the behavioral effects of permethrin. Whether or not these behavioral effects of pyridostigmine bromide are of central or peripheral origin will need to be determined in future studies, as its effects on motor activity and/or gastro-intestinal motility may have affected response acquisition.

Destruction of methyl bromide sorbed to activated carbon by thiosulfate and electrolysis

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Methyl bromide is widely used as a fumigant for post-harvest and quarantine uses at port facilities due to the low treatment times required, but it is vented to the atmosphere after its use. Due to the potential contributions of methyl bromide to stratospheric ozone depletion, technologies for the c...

Solid phase microextraction for active or passive sampling of methyl bromide during fumigations

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The high diffusivity and volatility of methyl bromide make it an ideal compound for Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME)-based sampling of air prior to gas-chromatographic quantifications. SPME fibers can be used as active methyl bromide samplers, with high capacities and an equilibrium time of 1-2 m...

77 FR 59709 - Citrus Greening and Asian Citrus Psyllid; Quarantine and Interstate Movement Regulations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-01

... area quarantined only for ACP, if, among other conditions, the article was treated with methyl bromide... application, followed by an APHIS-approved foliar spray; with methyl bromide; or with irradiation. We intended... fumigated with methyl bromide, it did not authorize nursery stock to be treated with irradiation. We are...

76 FR 15225 - Importation of Fresh Baby Kiwi From Chile Under a Systems Approach

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-21

... fumigation with methyl bromide. DATES: We will consider all comments that we receive on or before May 20... fumigated with methyl bromide. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) also received a.... The systems approach would provide an alternative to fumigation with methyl bromide of baby kiwi...

77 FR 12437 - Importation of Wooden Handicrafts From China

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-01

... Regarding Treatment With Methyl Bromide In proposed Sec. 319.40-5(o)(1)(ii), we stated that wooden handicrafts that are less than 6 inches in diameter may be treated with methyl bromide fumigation in... caused by methyl bromide emissions. However, paragraph 5 of Article 2H of the Montreal Protocol does...

76 FR 65933 - Importation of Fresh Baby Kiwi From Chile Under a Systems Approach

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-25

... other than fumigation with methyl bromide. DATES: Effective Date: November 25, 2011. FOR FURTHER... allowed only if the fruit was fumigated with methyl bromide. On March 21, 2011, however, we published in... alternative to fumigation with methyl bromide of baby kiwi imported from Chile into the continental United...

An Ill Wind: Methyl Bromide Use Near California Schools, 1998.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ross, Zev; Walker, Bill

A California study investigates the use of the toxic pesticide methyl bromide near the state's public schools, explains why proposed safety rules have failed to protect children and others from exposure, and examines regions at particular exposure risk. Study results show an increasing exposure to methyl bromide near schools already at risk while…

Comparison of the efficacy of preservative free ipratropium bromide and Atrovent nebuliser solution.

PubMed Central

Rafferty, P; Beasley, R; Holgate, S T

1988-01-01

The paradoxical bronchoconstriction observed with commercially available isotonic ipratropium bromide nebuliser solution (Atrovent) in patients with asthma results from an adverse reaction to the preservatives, benzalkonium chloride and ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA). The airway response to inhaled Atrovent and preservative free ipratropium bromide nebuliser solutions has been examined in a double blind study. On separate occasions 30 asthmatic subjects inhaled 2 ml of the solutions and airway calibre was measured in terms of FEV1 for 45 minutes. Atrovent nebuliser solution provoked a greater than 20% fall in FEV1 in five of the 30 subjects, whereas this did not occur after preservative free ipratropium bromide. Inhalation of the preservative free solution resulted in more rapid and greater overall bronchodilatation than Atrovent, with mean maximum increases in FEV1 of 29.2% and 18.5% respectively. It is concluded that the risk of paradoxical bronchoconstriction with ipratropium bromide is considerably reduced by removal of benzalkonium chloride and EDTA and that preservative free ipratropium bromide is a more potent bronchodilator than the currently available Atrovent solution. PMID:2971274

Detection of water contamination from hydraulic fracturing wastewater: a μPAD for bromide analysis in natural waters.

PubMed

Loh, Leslie J; Bandara, Gayan C; Weber, Genevieve L; Remcho, Vincent T

2015-08-21

Due to the rapid expansion in hydraulic fracturing (fracking), there is a need for robust, portable and specific water analysis techniques. Early detection of contamination is crucial for the prevention of lasting environmental damage. Bromide can potentially function as an early indicator of water contamination by fracking waste, because there is a high concentration of bromide ions in fracking wastewaters. To facilitate this, a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) has been developed and optimized for the quantitative colorimetric detection of bromide in water using a smartphone. A paper microfluidic platform offers the advantages of inexpensive fabrication, elimination of unstable wet reagents, portability and high adaptability for widespread distribution. These features make this assay an attractive option for a new field test for on-site determination of bromide.

Pyridostigmine bromide versus fludrocortisone in the treatment of orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson's disease - a randomized controlled trial.

PubMed

Schreglmann, S R; Büchele, F; Sommerauer, M; Epprecht, L; Kägi, G; Hägele-Link, S; Götze, O; Zimmerli, L; Waldvogel, D; Baumann, C R

2017-04-01

Evidence for effective treatment options for orthostatic hypotension (OH) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is scarce. Elevation of cholinergic tone with pyridostigmine bromide has been reported as a way to improve blood pressure (bp) regulation in neurogenic hypotension without causing supine hypertension. This was a double-centre, double-blind, randomized, active-control, crossover, phase II non-inferiority trial of pyridostigmine bromide for OH in PD (clinicaltrials.gov NCT01993680). Patients with confirmed OH were randomized to 14 days 3 × 60 mg/day pyridostigmine bromide or 1 × 0.2 mg/day fludrocortisone before crossover. Outcome was measured by peripheral and central bp monitoring during the Schellong manoeuvre and questionnaires. Thirteen participants were enrolled between April 2013 and April 2015 with nine participants completing each trial arm. Repeated measures comparison showed a significant 37% improvement with fludrocortisone for the primary outcome diastolic bp drop on orthostatic challenge (baseline 22.9 ± 13.6 vs. pyridostigmine bromide 22.1 ± 17.0 vs. fludrocortisone 14.0 ± 12.6 mmHg; P = 0.04), whilst pyridostigmine bromide had no effect. Fludrocortisone caused an 11% peripheral systolic supine bp rise (baseline 128.4 ± 12.8 vs. pyridostigmine bromide 130.4 ± 18.3 vs. fludrocortisone 143.2 ± 10.1 mmHg; P = 0.01) but no central mean arterial supine bp rise (baseline 107.2 ± 7.8 vs. pyridostigmine bromide 97.0 ± 12.0 vs. fludrocortisone 107.3 ± 6.3 mmHg; P = 0.047). Subjective OH severity, motor score and quality of life remained unchanged by both study interventions. Pyridostigmine bromide is inferior to fludrocortisone in the treatment of OH in PD. This trial provides first objective evidence of the efficacy of 0.2 mg/day fludrocortisone for OH in PD, causing minor peripheral but no central supine hypertension. In addition to peripheral bp, future trials should include central bp measurements, known to correlate more closely with cardiovascular risk. © 2017 EAN.

Effect of perfluorocarbon (perfluorooctyl bromide) vapor on tidal volume measurement during partial liquid ventilation.

PubMed

Davies, Mark W; Dunster, Kimble R

2002-05-01

To compare measured tidal volumes with and without perfluorocarbon (perfluorooctyl bromide) vapor, by using tidal volumes in the range suitable for neonates ventilated with partial liquid ventilation. We also aimed to determine the correction factor needed to calculate tidal volumes measured in the presence of perfluorooctyl bromide vapor. Prospective, experimental study. Neonatal research laboratory. Reproducible tidal volumes from 5 to 30 mL were produced with a rodent ventilator and drawn from humidifier chambers immersed in a water bath at 37 degrees C. Control tidal volumes were drawn from a chamber containing oxygen and water vapor, and the perfluorocarbon tidal volumes were drawn from a chamber containing oxygen, water vapor, and perfluorooctyl bromide vapor. Tidal volumes were measured by a VenTrak respiratory mechanics monitor with a neonatal flow sensor and a Dräger pneumotachometer attached to a Dräger neonatal ventilator. All tidal volumes measured with perfluorooctyl bromide vapor were increased compared with control. The VenTrak-measured tidal volumes increased by 1.8% to 3.5% (an overall increase of 2.2%). The increase was greater with the Dräger hot-wire anemometer: from 2.4% to 6.1% (an overall increase of 5.9%). Regression equations for mean control tidal volumes (response, Y) vs. mean perfluorooctyl bromide tidal volumes (predictor, X) are as follows: for the VenTrak, Y = -0.026 + (0.978 x X), r =.9999, p <.0001; and for the Dräger, Y = 0.251 + (0.944 x X), r =.9996, p <.0001. The presence of perfluorooctyl bromide vapor in the gas flowing through pneumotachometers gives falsely high tidal volume measurements. An estimate of the true tidal volume allowing for the presence of perfluorooctyl bromide vapor can be made from regression equations. Any calculation of lung mechanics must take into account the effect of perfluorooctyl bromide vapor on the measurement of tidal volume.

Field results of antifouling techniques for optical instruments

USGS Publications Warehouse

Strahle, W.J.; Hotchkiss, F.S.; Martini, Marinna A.

1998-01-01

An anti-fouling technique is developed for the protection of optical instruments from biofouling which leaches a bromide compound into a sample chamber and pumps new water into the chamber prior to measurement. The primary advantage of using bromide is that it is less toxic than the metal-based antifoulants. The drawback of the bromide technique is also discussed.

Ease of intubation: A randomized, double-blind study to compare two doses of rocuronium bromide for endotracheal intubation.

PubMed

Shukla, Aparna; Misra, Shilpi

2016-01-01

Clinical need for a nondepolarizing agent with a rapid onset time and a brief duration of action has led to the development of rocuronium bromide. The aim of this study was to evaluate optimal dose of rocuronium bromide for intubation and to compare the onset time, duration of action, intubating conditions, and hemodynamic effects of two doses of rocuronium bromide. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. All the patients were divided in a randomized, double-blind fashion into two groups of twenty patients each. Group I patients received rocuronium bromide 0.6 mg/kg intravenously and intubated at 60 s, Group II patients received rocuronium bromide 0.9 mg/kg and intubated at 60 s. The neuromuscular block was assessed using single twitch stimulation of 0.1 Hz at adductor pollicis muscle of hand at every 10 s. The results were compiled and analyzed statistically using Chi-square test for qualitative data and Student's t -test for quantitative data. Time of onset was significantly shorter ( P < 0.01) and duration of action was prolonged ( P < 0.001) for Group II as compared to Group I. The intubating conditions were (excellent + good) in 100% patients of Group II and (excellent + good) in 80% of Group I. There was no significant change in pulse rate and mean arterial pressure from the baseline value after the administration of muscle relaxants in either of the two groups. Rocuronium bromide 0.9 mg/kg is a safer alternative to rocuronium bromide 0.6 mg/kg for endotracheal intubation with shorter time of onset and better intubating conditions.

Examining the interrelationship between DOC, bromide and chlorine dose on DBP formation in drinking water--a case study.

PubMed

Bond, Tom; Huang, Jin; Graham, Nigel J D; Templeton, Michael R

2014-02-01

During drinking water treatment aqueous chlorine and bromine compete to react with natural organic matter (NOM). Among the products of these reactions are potentially harmful halogenated disinfection by-products, notably four trihalomethanes (THM4) and nine haloacetic acids (HAAs). Previous research has concentrated on the role of bromide in chlorination reactions under conditions of a given NOM type and/or concentration. In this study different concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from U.K. lowland water were reacted with varying amounts of bromide and chlorine in order to examine the interrelationship between the three reactants in the formation of THM4, dihaloacetic acids (DHAAs) and trihaloacetic acids (THAAs). Results showed that, in general, molar yields of THM4 increased with DOC, bromide and chlorine concentrations, although yields did fluctuate versus chlorine dose. In contrast both DHAA and THAA yields were mainly independent of changes in bromide and chlorine dose at low DOC (1 mg·L(-1)), but increased with chlorine dose at higher DOC concentrations (4 mg·L(-1)). Bromine substitution factors reached maxima of 0.80, 0.67 and 0.65 for the THM4, DHAAs and THAAs, respectively, at the highest bromide/chlorine ratio studied. These results suggest that THM4 formation kinetics depend on both oxidation and halogenation steps, whereas for DHAAs and THAAs oxidation steps are more important. Furthermore, they indicate that high bromide waters may prove more problematic for water utilities with respect to THM4 formation than for THAAs or DHAAs. While mass concentrations of all three groups increased in response to increased bromide incorporation, only the THMs also showed an increase in molar yield. Overall, the formation behaviour of DHAA and THAA was more similar than that of THM4 and THAA. © 2013.

Residential proximity to methyl bromide use and birth outcomes in an agricultural population in California.

PubMed

Gemmill, Alison; Gunier, Robert B; Bradman, Asa; Eskenazi, Brenda; Harley, Kim G

2013-06-01

Methyl bromide, a fungicide often used in strawberry cultivation, is of concern for residents who live near agricultural applications because of its toxicity and potential for drift. Little is known about the effects of methyl bromide exposure during pregnancy. We investigated the relationship between residential proximity to methyl bromide use and birth outcomes. Participants were from the CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas) study (n = 442), a longitudinal cohort study examining the health effects of environmental exposures on pregnant women and their children in an agricultural community in northern California. Using data from the California Pesticide Use Reporting system, we employed a geographic information system to estimate the amount of methyl bromide applied within 5 km of a woman's residence during pregnancy. Multiple linear regression models were used to estimate associations between trimester-specific proximity to use and birth weight, length, head circumference, and gestational age. High methyl bromide use (vs. no use) within 5 km of the home during the second trimester was negatively associated with birth weight (β = -113.1 g; CI: -218.1, -8.1), birth length (β = -0.85 cm; CI: -1.44, -0.27), and head circumference (β = -0.33 cm; CI: -0.67, 0.01). These outcomes were also associated with moderate methyl bromide use during the second trimester. Negative associations with fetal growth parameters were stronger when larger (5 km and 8 km) versus smaller (1 km and 3 km) buffer zones were used to estimate exposure. Residential proximity to methyl bromide use during the second trimester was associated with markers of restricted fetal growth in our study.

A laboratory study of colloid and solute transport in surface runoff on saturated soil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Congrong; Gao, Bin; Muñoz-Carpena, Rafael; Tian, Yuan; Wu, Lei; Perez-Ovilla, Oscar

2011-05-01

SummaryColloids in surface runoff may pose risks to the ecosystems not only because some of them (e.g., pathogens) are toxic, but also because they may facilitate the transport of other contaminants. Although many studies have been conducted to explore colloid fate and transport in the environment, current understanding of colloids in surface runoff is still limited. In this study, we conducted a range of laboratory experiments to examine the transport behavior of colloids in a surface runoff system, made of a soil box packed with quartz sand with four soil drainage outlets and one surface flow outlet. A natural clay colloid (kaolinite) and a conservative chemical tracer (bromide) were applied to the system under a simulated rainfall event (64 mm/h). Effluent soil drainage and surface flow samples were collected to determine the breakthrough concentrations of bromide and kaolinite. Under the experimental conditions tested, our results showed that surface runoff dominated the transport processes. As a result, kaolinite and bromide were found more in surface flow than in soil drainage. Comparisons between the breakthrough concentrations of bromide and kaolinite showed that kaolinite had lower mobility than bromide in the subsurface flow (i.e., soil drainage), but behaved almost identical to bromide in the surface runoff. Student's t-test confirmed the difference between kaolinite and bromide in subsurface flow ( p = 0.02). Spearman's test and linear regression analysis, however, showed a strong 1:1 correlation between kaolinite and bromide in surface runoff ( p < 0.0001). Our result indicate that colloids and chemical solutes may behave similarly in overland flow on bare soils with limited drainage when surface runoff dominates the transport processes.

Methyl bromide as a microbicidal fumigant for tree nuts.

PubMed Central

Schade, J E; King, A D

1977-01-01

Methyl bromide (MeBr) has broad microbicidal activity, but its use as a disinfectant for food is limited by the resulting bromide residues. Increasing the MeBr concentration, exposure temperature, or exposure period of a treatment tended to increase both the microbicidal efficacy of MeBr and the bromide residues. Its sporicidal activity was less at high than at low relative humidity within the range of 20 to 99%. Both the efficacy and the resulting residues of a MeBr treatment varied inversely with the load of product in a fumigation chamber due to sorption of the fumigant. Fumigation tests with almond kernels inoculated with Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium indicated that MeBr can be used to disinfect whole nut kernels without resulting in excessive bromide residues, although the MeBr level necessary is higher than that normally used for insect control. PMID:406844

40 CFR 180.123a - Inorganic bromide residues in peanut hay and peanut hulls; statement of policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 24 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Inorganic bromide residues in peanut hay and peanut hulls; statement of policy. 180.123a Section 180.123a Protection of Environment... RESIDUES IN FOOD Specific Tolerances § 180.123a Inorganic bromide residues in peanut hay and peanut hulls...

Pyridostigmine bromide protection against acetylcholinesterase inhibition by pesticides.

PubMed

Henderson, John D; Glucksman, Gabriela; Leong, Bryan; Tigyi, Andras; Ankirskaia, Anna; Siddique, Imteaz; Lam, Helen; DePeters, Ed; Wilson, Barry W

2012-01-01

Pyridostigmine bromide (PB) has been used to protect soldiers from the toxic effects of soman, a chemical warfare agent. Recent research shows that pyridostigmine bromide protects a significant percentage of acetylcholinesterase in isolated human intercostal muscle. Findings presented here indicate that red blood cell acetylcholinesterase is similarly protected by pyridostigmine bromide from the action of diisopropyl fluorophosphate and several organophosphate pesticides including chlorpyrifos-oxon, diazinon-oxon, and paraoxon, but not malaoxon, using the bovine red blood cell as a subject. These findings suggest that pretreatment with PB may protect growers, farmworkers, first responders, and the public, in general, from the effects of selected pesticides. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Mepenzolate bromide promotes diabetic wound healing by modulating inflammation and oxidative stress

PubMed Central

Zheng, Yongjun; Wang, Xingtong; Ji, Shizhao; Tian, Song; Wu, Haibin; Luo, Pengfei; Fang, He; Wang, Li; Wu, Guosheng; Xiao, Shichu; Xia, Zhaofan

2016-01-01

Diabetic wounds are characterized by persistent inflammation and the excessive production of reactive oxygen species, thus resulting in impaired wound healing. Mepenzolate bromide, which was originally used to treat gastrointestinal disorders in clinical settings, has recently been shown to display beneficial effects in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary fibrosis of a mouse model by inhibiting inflammatory responses and reducing oxidative stress. However,the role of mepenzolate bromide in diabetic wound healing is still unclear. In this study, full-thickness excisional skin wounds were created on the backs of db/db mice, and mepenzolate bromide was topically applied to the wound bed. We found that mepenzolate bromide significantly promoted diabetic wound healing by measuring wound closure rate and histomorphometric analyses. Further studies showed that inflammation was inhibited by assessing the number of macrophages and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-healing cytokines in the wounds. Furthermore, oxidative stress was reduced by monitoring the levels of MDA and H2O2 and the activities of glutathione peroxidase and catalase in the wounds. These results demonstrated the potential application of mepenzolate bromide for treating diabetic ulcers and other chronic wounds in clinics. PMID:27398156

Stabilized thallium bromide radiation detectors and methods of making the same

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Leao, Cedric Rocha; Lordi, Vincenzo

According to one embodiment, a crystal includes thallium bromide (TlBr), one or more positively charged dopants, and one or more negatively charged dopants. According to another embodiment, a system includes a monolithic crystal including thallium bromide (TlBr), one or more positively charged dopants, and one or more negatively charged dopants; and a detector configured to detect a signal response of the crystal.

49 CFR 173.193 - Bromoacetone, methyl bromide, chloropicrin and methyl bromide or methyl chloride mixtures, etc.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... packaged as follows in wooden boxes (4C1, 4C2, 4D or 4F) with inner glass receptacles or tubes in... material. Total amount of liquid in the outer box must not exceed 11 kg (24 pounds). Packagings must... bromide mixtures containing up to 2% chloropicrin must be packaged in 4G fiberboard boxes with inside...

49 CFR 173.193 - Bromoacetone, methyl bromide, chloropicrin and methyl bromide or methyl chloride mixtures, etc.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... packaged as follows in wooden boxes (4C1, 4C2, 4D or 4F) with inner glass receptacles or tubes in... material. Total amount of liquid in the outer box must not exceed 11 kg (24 pounds). Packagings must... bromide mixtures containing up to 2% chloropicrin must be packaged in 4G fiberboard boxes with inside...

Assessing the occurrence of the dibromide radical (Br₂⁻•) in natural waters: measures of triplet-sensitised formation, reactivity, and modelling.

PubMed

De Laurentiis, Elisa; Minella, Marco; Maurino, Valter; Minero, Claudio; Mailhot, Gilles; Sarakha, Mohamed; Brigante, Marcello; Vione, Davide

2012-11-15

The triplet state of anthraquinone-2-sulphonate (AQ2S) is able to oxidise bromide to Br(•)/Br(2)(-•), with rate constant (2-4)⋅10(9)M(-1)s(-1) that depends on the pH. Similar processes are expected to take place between bromide and the triplet states of naturally occurring chromophoric dissolved organic matter ((3)CDOM*). The brominating agent Br(2)(-•) could thus be formed in natural waters upon oxidation of bromide by both (•)OH and (3)CDOM*. Br(2)(-•) would be consumed by disproportionation into bromide and bromine, as well as upon reaction with nitrite and most notably with dissolved organic matter (DOM). By using the laser flash photolysis technique, and phenol as model organic molecule, a second-order reaction rate constant of ~3⋅10(2)L(mg C)(-1)s(-1) was measured between Br(2)(-•) and DOM. It was thus possible to model the formation and reactivity of Br(2)(-•) in natural waters, assessing the steady-state [Br(2)(-•)]≈10(-13)-10(-12)M. It is concluded that bromide oxidation by (3)CDOM* would be significant compared to oxidation by (•)OH. The (3)CDOM*-mediated process would prevail in DOM-rich and bromide-rich environments, the latter because elevated bromide would completely scavenge (•)OH. Under such conditions, (•)OH-assisted formation of Br(2)(-•) would be limited by the formation rate of the hydroxyl radical. In contrast, the formation rate of (3)CDOM* is much higher compared to that of (•)OH in most surface waters and would provide a large (3)CDOM* reservoir for bromide to react with. A further issue is that nitrite oxidation by Br(2)(-•) could be an important source of the nitrating agent (•)NO(2) in bromide-rich, nitrite-rich and DOM-poor environments. Such a process could possibly account for significant aromatic photonitration observed in irradiated seawater and in sunlit brackish lagoons. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Removal of brominated flame retardant from electrical and electronic waste plastic by solvothermal technique.

PubMed

Zhang, Cong-Cong; Zhang, Fu-Shen

2012-06-30

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in electrical and electronic (E&E) waste plastic are toxic, bioaccumulative and recalcitrant. In the present study, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) contained in this type of plastic was tentatively subjected to solvothermal treatment so as to obtain bromine-free plastic. Methanol, ethanol and isopropanol were examined as solvents for solvothermal treatment and it was found that methanol was the optimal solvent for TBBPA removal. The optimum temperature, time and liquid to solid ratio for solvothermal treatment to remove TBBPA were 90°C, 2h and 15:1, respectively. After the treatment with various alcohol solvents, it was found that TBBPA was finally transferred into the solvents and bromine in the extract was debrominated catalyzed by metallic copper. Bisphenol A and cuprous bromide were the main products after debromination. The morphology and FTIR properties of the plastic were generally unchanged after the solvothermal treatment indicating that the structure of the plastic maintained after the process. This work provides a clean and applicable process for BFRs-containing plastic disposal. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Thermal treatment of electronic waste in a fluidised bed and chemical digestion of solid products.

PubMed

Woynarowska, Amelia; Żukowski, Witold; Żelazny, Sylwester

2016-07-01

The article presents the results of e-waste thermal treatment in a fluidised bed reactor and solid products digestion under acidic conditions. During the processes, measurements of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, phenol, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, hydrogen fluoride and phosgene were carried out. Several digestion tests of the solid residue in sulphuric acid (VI) at 25 °C-65 °C, for 55 min-24 h were conducted. In each case, the dilution method was used, i.e. preliminary digestion in concentrated sulphuric acid (VI) (95%) for 40 min, and then dilution to expected concentrations (30%-50%). Most preferred results were obtained using sulphuric acid (VI) with a target concentration of 40% at 65 °C, where the leaching degrees were 76.56% for copper, 71.67% for iron, 91.89% for zinc and 97.40% for tin. The time necessary to effectively carry out the digestion process was 220 min. © The Author(s) 2016.

Water chemistry of surface waters affected by the Fourmile Canyon wildfire, Colorado, 2010-2011

USGS Publications Warehouse

McCleskey, R. Blaine; Writer, Jeffrey H.; Murphy, Sheila F.

2012-01-01

In September 2010, the Fourmile Canyon fire burned about 23 percent of the Fourmile Creek watershed in Boulder County, Colo. Water-quality sampling of Fourmile Creek began within a month after the wildfire to assess its effects on surface-water chemistry. Water samples were collected from five sites along Fourmile Creek (above, within, and below the burned area) monthly during base flow, twice weekly during snowmelt runoff, and at higher frequencies during storm events. Stream discharge was also monitored. Water-quality samples were collected less frequently from an additional 6 sites on Fourmile Creek, from 11 tributaries or other inputs, and from 3 sites along Boulder Creek. The pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, specific ultraviolet absorbance, total suspended solids, and concentrations (dissolved and total) of major cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium), anions (chloride, sulfate, alkalinity, fluoride, and bromide), nutrients (nitrate, ammonium, and phosphorus), trace metals (aluminum, arsenic, boron, barium, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, rubidium, antimony, selenium, strontium, vanadium, and zinc), and dissolved organic carbon are here reported for 436 samples collected during 2010 and 2011.

Synthesis of protected 2-pyrrolylalanine for peptide chemistry and examination of its influence on prolyl amide isomer equilibrium.

PubMed

Dörr, Aurélie A; Lubell, William D

2012-08-03

Protected enantiopure 2-pyrrolylalanine was synthesized for application in peptide science as an electron-rich arylalanine (histidine) analog with π-donor capability. (2S)-N-(Boc)-N'-(Phenylsulfonyl)-, (2S)-N,N'-bis-(phenylsulfonyl)-, and (2S)-N,N'-bis-(Boc)-3-(2-pyrrolyl)alanines (10, 3, and 14, respectively) were made in 13-17% overall yields and six to seven steps from oxazolidine β-methyl ester 4. Homoallylic ketone 5 was prepared by a copper-catalyzed cascade addition of vinylmagnesium bromide to ester 4 and converted to pyrrolyl amino alcohol 7 by olefin oxidation and Paal-Knorr condensation. Protecting group shuffle and oxidation of the primary alcohol enabled the synthesis of pyrrolylalanines. The bis-Boc analog 14 proved useful in peptide chemistry and was employed to make N-acetyl-pyrrolylalaninyl-proline N''-methylamide 25. A study of the influence of the pyrrole moiety on the prolyl amide isomer equilibrium of 25 using (1)H NMR spectroscopy in chloroform, DMSO, and water demonstrated that the pyrrolylalanine peptide exhibited behavior and conformations different from those of other arylalanine analogs.

A novel CuO-N-doped graphene nanocomposite-based hybrid electrode for the electrochemical detection of glucose

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Felix, Sathiyanathan; Kollu, Pratap; Jeong, Soon Kwan; Grace, Andrews Nirmala

2017-10-01

We report a catalyst of N-doped graphene CuO nanocomposite, for the non-enzymatic electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose. The hybrid nanocomposite was synthesized by copper sulfate, cetyl ammonium bromide and graphite as starting materials. The synthesized composites were characterized with the techniques like X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope to study the crystalline phase and morphological structure. Based on this composite, a non-enzymatic glucose sensor was constructed. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry methods were done to investigate the electrocatalytic properties of glucose in alkaline medium. For glucose detection, the fabricated sensor showed a linear response over a wide range of concentration from 3 to 1000 µM, with sensitivity of 2365.7 µA mM-1 cm-2 and a fast response time of 5 s. The designed sensor exhibited negligible current response to the normal concentration of common interferents in the presence of glucose. All these favorable advantages of the fabricated glucose sensor suggest that it may have good potential application in biological samples, food and other related areas.

Applying Genomic and Genetic Tools to Understand and Mitigate Damage from Exposure to Toxins

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-10-01

Unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT Use of the pyridostigmine bromide during the 1991 Gulf War has been implicated as a contributing...2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Treatment of soldiers of the 1991 Gulf War with the drug pyridostigmine bromide for pretreatment against nerve agents has...organism for the characterization of the effects of pyridostigmine bromide (PB) on gene expression using unbiased, high-throughput techniques, specifically

Circadian Rhythms of Heart Rate and Locomotion After Treatment With Low-Dose Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-01-01

with pyridostigmine bromide (PB), a carbamate AChE by air conditioned vans and air-freight to the Laboratory inhibitor that does not cross the blood ...15. SUBJECT TERMS Nerve agents, sarin, pyridostigmine bromide, cerebral glucose utilization, cerebrovascular circulation, low dose cholinesterase ...March 2006" Accepted 12 May 2006 ABSTRACT: This study tested the hypothesis that repeated exposure to low levels of sarin, pyridostigmine bromide (PB

Dual role of allylsamarium bromide as a Grignard reagent and a single electron transfer reagent in the one-pot synthesis of terminal olefins.

PubMed

Li, Ying; Hu, Yuan-Yuan; Zhang, Song-Lin

2013-11-21

The utility of allylsamarium bromide, both as a nucleophilic reagent and a single-electron transfer reagent, in the reaction of carbonyl compounds with allylsamarium bromide in the presence of diethyl phosphate is reported in this communication. From a synthetic point of view, a simple one-pot method for the preparation of terminal olefins is developed.

Contaminant Mass Transfer During Boiling in Fractured Geologic Media

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-01

on GC-ECD. Bromide was measured on a Dionex AS50 ion chromatography system equipped with a CD25 conductivity detector and a Dionex guard column...EDB Dibromethane EPICS Equilibrium Partitioning In Closed Systems FID Flame Ionized Detector GC Gas Chromatography IC Ion Chromatography ...International). Bromide was measured from filtered samples with a Dionex ion chromatograph (IC) with an AS11/AG11 column. The eluant for bromide

Synthesis and Mass Spectra of Butenyltin Compounds

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-03-01

activities or operations. One instance of this concern has focused on the Navy’s use of tributyltin compounds as antifoulants on ships’ hulls. Such...butene, and 1-chloro- 2-butene were obtained from Pfaltz & Bauer (Waterbury, CT). Resublimed magne- sium chips, tetrabutyltin and tributyltin bromide...preferential elimination of R minus R to form RSn ’from R3Sn + The fragmentation patterns of tributyltin bromide and tributenyltin bromides are dominated

Determination of bromide in aqueous solutions via the TlBr molecule using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cacho, Frantisek; Machynak, Lubomir; Nemecek, Martin; Beinrohr, Ernest

2018-06-01

The paper describes the determination of bromide by evaluating the molecular absorption of thallium mono-bromide (TlBr) at the rotational line at 342.9815 nm by making use a high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. The effects of variables such as the wavelength, graphite furnace program, amount of Tl and the use of a modifier were investigated and optimized. Various chemical modifiers have been studied, such as Pd, Mg, Ag and a mixture of Pd/Mg. It was found that best results were obtained by using Ag which prevents losses of bromide during pyrolysis step through precipitation of bromide as AgBr. In this way, a maximum pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C could be used. The optimum molecule forming temperature was found to be 900 °C. Bromide concentrations in various water samples (CRM, bottled drinking water and tap water) were determined. The quantification was made by both linear calibration and standard addition techniques. The results were matched well those of the reference method. The calibration curve was linear in the range between 1 and 1000 ng Br with a correlation coefficient R = 0.999. The limit of detection and characteristic mass of the method were 0.3 ng and 4.4 ng of Br.

Determination of methyl bromide in air samples by headspace gas chromatography

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Woodrow, J.E.; McChesney, M.M.; Seiber, J.N.

1988-03-01

Methyl bromide is extensively used in agriculture (4 x 10/sup 6/ kg for 1985 in California alone as a fumigant to control nematodes, weeds, and fungi in soil and insect pests in harvested grains and nuts. Given its low boiling point (3.8/sup 0/C) and high vapor pressure (approx. 1400 Torr at 20/sup 0/C), methyl bromide will readily diffuse if not rigorously contained. Methods for determining methyl bromide and other halocarbons in air vary widely. A common practice is to trap the material from air on an adsorbent, such as polymeric resins, followed by thermal desorption either directly into the analyticalmore » instrumentation or after intermediary cryofocusing. While in some cases analytical detection limits were reasonable (parts per million range), many of the published methods were labor intensive and required special handling techniques that precluded high sample throughput. They describe here a method for the sampling and analysis of airborne methyl bromide that was designed to handle large numbers of samples through automating some critical steps of the analysis. The result was a method that allowed around-the-clock operation with a minimum of operator attention. Furthermore, the method was not specific to methyl bromide and could be used to determine other halocarbons in air.« less

The oxidation of reduced nicotinamide nucleotides by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of lactoperoxidase and thiocyanate, iodide or bromide

PubMed Central

McC. Hogg, D.; Jago, G. R.

1970-01-01

Lactoperoxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) catalysed the oxidation of NADH by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of either thiocyanate, iodide or bromide. In the presence of thiocyanate, net oxidation of thiocyanate occurred simultaneously with the oxidation of NADH, but in the presence of iodide or bromide, only the oxidation of NADH occurred to a significant extent. In the presence of thiocyanate or bromide, NADH was oxidized to NAD+ but in the presence of iodide, an oxidation product with spectral and chemical properties distinct from NAD+ was formed. Thiocyanate, iodide and bromide appeared to function in the oxidation of NADH by themselves being oxidized to products which in turn oxidized NADH, rather than by activating the enzyme. Iodine, which oxidized NADH non-enzymically, appeared to be an intermediate in the oxidation of NADH in the presence of iodide. NADPH was oxidized similarly under the same conditions. An assessment was made of the rates of these oxidation reactions, together with the rates of other lactoperoxidase-catalysed reactions, at physiological concentrations of thiocyanate, iodide and bromide. The results indicated that in milk and saliva the oxidation of thiocyanate to a bacterial inhibitor was likely to predominate over the oxidation of NADH. PMID:4317722

Water and Solute Mass Transport in Soils Developed on glacial Drift: A Br Tracer Investigation Using Instrumented Soil Monoliths at an Agricultural Long Term Ecological Research Site (Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, Southern Michigan)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jin, L.; Hamilton, S. K.; Walter, L. M.

2004-12-01

Hydrologic processes control the residence time of water in the soil column. This is of central importance in understanding mineral weathering rates in terms of reaction kinetics and solute transport. In order to better quantify the coupling between water and solute mass transport and to better define controls on carbonate and aluminosilicates weathering rates, we have conducted bromide-tracer introduction experiments at four replicate soil monoliths (4 m3 volume) instrumented and managed by the KBS-LTER. Monolith soils are developed on the pitted outwash plain of the morainic system left by the last retreat of the Wisconsin glaciation, around 12,000 years ago. Soil profiles from the monolith sections extend to 200 cm and they were sampled and characterized texturally and mineralogically. Quartz and feldspar are dominant throughout the soil profile, while carbonates and hornblende occur only in deeper soil horizons. The four replicate monoliths are instrumented with gas and soil water sampling devices (Prenart tension lysimeters) at various depths. The monoliths also have a large capacity tray at the bottom, which permits collection of water for weight and chemical determinations. A bromide tracer solution (as lithium bromide) was applied to coincide as closely as possible with a major snowmelt event (2/27/04). The saturated and unsaturated transport of bromide through the four monoliths was followed as a function of time and soil profile depth for the duration of the snowmelt as well as intermittent rain events. Because the soil was saturated at the time of bromide application, the bromide solution is expected to move rapidly through macropores, followed by slower movement into micropores. The unsaturated transport of bromide is largely controlled by the intensity and duration of the rains if it is dominated by piston flow as opposed to preferential channel flow. In general, the tracer moved through the shallow soils very quickly, which is shown by early sharp peaks in bromide concentrations. Transport of bromide into deeper soil horizons, however, differs markedly among the four monoliths. Even within a given monolith, waters sampled at the same depth by different tension lysimeters show a very different pattern of bromide transport over time with some lyimeters suggesting piston flow, while others in the same monolith suggest preferential channel flow. These differences are likely driven by heterogeneous soil textures. The water recovered from the monolith trays over the first three months of the study period is between 80 and 90 percent of the total precipitation recorded at the LTER site. This recovery is reasonable given the fact that temperature was low and crops were not yet actively growing. The recovery of bromide is different among the monoliths and in general is less than 50 percent, which means more than 50 percent of tracer is still in the soils even after three months. Residence time of water has been calculated after some assumptions on the breakthrough curve. The water mass transport constraints imposed by the bromide tracer study will be utilized in concert with additional data on soil water geochemistry.

Current Pyridostigmine Bromide and Huperzine A Studies and Future Cholinesterase Screening Using the WRAIR Whole Blood Cholinesterase Assay

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-11-15

1 CURRENT PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE AND HUPERZINE A STUDIES AND FUTURE CHOLINESTERASE SCREENING USING THE WRAIR WHOLE BLOOD...selective (e.g. Huperzine A ) and non-selective (carbamate) inhibitors (e.g. pyridostigmine bromide, PB). We found that volunteers given pyridostigmine...profile of healthy elderly volunteers receiving Huperzine A . 52.7 ± 1.5% inhibition was observed at the end of an increasing dose regimen (final dose

A comparison between the gastric and salivary concentration of iodide, pertechnetate, and bromide in man

PubMed Central

Harden, R. McG.; Alexander, W. D.; Shimmins, J.; Chisholm, D.

1969-01-01

The concentration of iodide (I−) and pertechnetate (TcO4−) and bromide (Br−) has been measured simultaneously in gastric juice and parotid saliva. The combined gastric and salivary clearance for iodide and pertechnetate is more than twice the clearance of these ions by the thyroid gland. The concentration of the ions was in the order I−>TcO4−>Br− in both gastric juice and saliva. Differences exist between the secretion of iodide, pertechnetate, and bromide. Bromide, in contrast to iodide and pertechnetate, was found to be more concentrated in gastric juice than in saliva. The ratio of the iodide to pertechnetate clearance was greater in gastric juice than in saliva. PMID:5358585

Effectiveness of methyl bromide as a cargo fumigant for brown treesnakes

USGS Publications Warehouse

Savarie, P.J.; Wood, W.S.; Rodda, G.H.; Bruggers, R.L.; Engeman, R.M.

2005-01-01

The effectiveness of methyl bromide as a fumigant for brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) management was evaluated on Guam. Eighteen snakes in secured cloth bags were randomly positioned in a 47.7-m3 tarpaulin-covered cargo container for each fumigation treatment. Methyl bromide treatments tested were: 24 g m−3 and and 12 g m−3, both for 2-h and 1-h exposures. All treatments, except for 12 g m−3 for 1 h, resulted in 100% mortality. Two-hour exposures to methyl bromide at 24 and 12 g m−3 appear to be effective in killing brown treesnakes within reasonable time-frames for shippers under Guam field conditions.

1 : 2 Adducts of copper(I) halides with 1,2-bis(di-2-pyridylphosphino)ethane: solid state and solution structural studies and antitumour activity.

PubMed

Bowen, Richard J; Navarro, Maribel; Shearwood, Anne-Marie J; Healy, Peter C; Skelton, Brian W; Filipovska, Aleksandra; Berners-Price, Susan J

2009-12-28

The 1 : 2 adducts of copper(I) halides with 1,2-bis(2-pyridylphosphino)ethane (d2pype) have been synthesized and solution properties characterized by variable temperature (1)H, (31)P and (65)Cu NMR spectroscopy. Single-crystal structure determinations for the chloride, bromide and iodide complexes show these to crystallize from acetonitrile in the triclinic space group P1 as isostructural centrosymmetric dimers [(d2pype)Cu(mu-d2pype)(2)Cu(d2pype)]X(2).(solvent) with a approximately 12.6, b approximately 12.7, c approximately 15.3 A, alpha approximately 84, beta approximately 67, gamma approximately 84 degrees. In contrast to the analogous AuCl:2(d2pype) and AgNO(3):2(d2pype) adducts, in solution these CuX:2(d2pype) adducts (where X = Cl, Br and I) exist almost exclusively as bis-chelated monomeric [Cu(d2pype)(2)]X; evidence for an equilibrium between monomeric and dimeric forms is detected only for the CuCl adduct in methanol. Cytotoxicity studies in two human breast cancer lines and two matched liver progenitor cell lines indicate that [Cu(d2pype)(2)]Cl is non selectively toxic to both non-tumourigenic and tumourigenic cells. However, the analogous Au(I) compound [Au(d2pype)(2)]Cl, is toxic to highly tumourigenic cells and more selective in its toxicity to tumourigenic cells compared to non-tumourigenic cells. The significance of these results to the further development of selective, mitochondria-targeted, Au(I) antitumour complexes is discussed.

Analytical methods to determine the comparative DNA binding studies of curcumin-Cu(II) complexes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rajesh, Jegathalaprathaban; Rajasekaran, Marichamy; Rajagopal, Gurusamy; Athappan, Periakaruppan

2012-11-01

DNA interaction studies of two mononuclear [1:1(1); 1:2(2)] copper(II) complexes of curcumin have been studied. The interaction of these complexes with CT-DNA has been explored by physical methods to propose modes of DNA binding of the complexes. Absorption spectral titrations of complex 1 with CT-DNA shows a red-shift of 3 nm with the DNA binding affinity of Kb, 5.21 × 104 M-1 that are higher than that obtained for 2 (red-shift, 2 nm; Kb, 1.73 × 104 M-1) reveal that the binding occurs in grooves as a result of the interaction is via exterior phosphates. The CD spectra of these Cu(II) complexes show a red shift of 3-10 nm in the positive band with increase in intensities. This spectral change of induced CD due to the hydrophobic interaction of copper complexes with DNA is the characteristic of B to A conformational change. The EB displacement assay also reveals the same trend as observed in UV-Vis spectral titration. The addition of complexes 1 and 2 to the DNA bound ethidium bromide (EB) solutions causes an obvious reduction in emission intensities indicating that these complexes competitively bind to DNA with EB. The positive shift of both the Epc and E0' accompanied by reduction of peak currents in differential pulse voltammogram (DPV), upon adding different concentrations of DNA to the metal complexes, are obviously in favor of strong binding to DNA. The super coiled plasmid pUC18 DNA cleavage ability of Cu(II) complexes in the presence of reducing agent reveals the single strand DNA cleavage (ssDNA) is observed. The hydroxyl radical (HOrad ) and the singlet oxygen are believed to be the reactive species responsible for the cleavage.

Bromide, Chloride, and Sulfate Concentrations, and Specific Conductance, Lake Texoma, Texas and Oklahoma, 2007-08

USGS Publications Warehouse

Baldys, Stanley

2009-01-01

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Dallas Water Utilities Division, collected water-quality data from 11 sites on Lake Texoma, a reservoir on the Texas-Oklahoma border, during April 2007-September 2008. At 10 of the sites, physical properties (depth, specific conductance, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and alkalinity) were measured and samples were collected for analysis of selected dissolved constituents (bromide, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate); at one site, only physical properties were measured. The primary constituent of interest was bromide. Bromate can form when ozone is used to disinfect raw water containing bromide, and bromate is a suspected human carcinogen. Chloride and sulfate were of secondary interest. Only the analytical results for bromide, chloride, sulfate, and measured specific conductance are discussed in this report. Median dissolved bromide concentrations ranged from 0.28 to 0.60 milligrams per liter. The largest median dissolved bromide concentration (0.60 milligram per liter at site 11) was from the Red River arm of Lake Texoma. Dissolved bromide concentrations generally were larger in the Red River arm of Lake Texoma than in the Washita arm of the lake. Median dissolved chloride concentrations were largest in the Red River arm of Lake Texoma at site 11 (431 milligrams per liter) and smallest at site 8 (122 milligrams per liter) in the Washita arm. At site 11 in the Red River arm, the mean and median chloride concentrations exceeded the secondary maximum contaminant level of 300 milligrams per liter for chloride established by the 'Texas Surface Water Quality Standards' for surface-water bodies designated for the public water supply use. Median dissolved sulfate concentrations ranged from 182 milligrams per liter at site 4 in the Big Mineral arm to 246 milligrams per liter at site 11 in the Red River arm. None of the mean or median sulfate concentrations exceeded the secondary maximum contaminant level of 300 milligrams per liter. Median specific conductance measurements at sites ranged from 1,120 microsiemens per centimeter at site 8 in the Washita arm to 2,100 microsiemens per centimeter in the Red River arm. The spatial distribution of specific conductance in Lake Texoma was similar to that of bromide and chloride, with larger specific conductance values in the Red River arm compared to those in the Washita arm.

Nanostructured lipid carriers for incorporation of copper(II) complexes to be used against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

PubMed Central

Sato, Mariana R; Oshiro Junior, João A; Machado, Rachel TA; de Souza, Paula C; Campos, Débora L; Pavan, Fernando R; da Silva, Patricia B; Chorilli, Marlus

2017-01-01

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cessation of treatment before the recommended conclusion may lead to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. The aim of this study was to develop nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for use in the treatment of M. tuberculosis. The NLCs comprised the following lipid phase: 2.07% polyoxyethylene 40 stearate, 2.05% caprylic/capric triglyceride, and 0.88% polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil; the following aqueous phase: 3.50% poloxamer 407 (F1–F6), and 0.50% cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (F7–F12); and incorporated the copper(II) complexes [CuCl2(INH)2]·H2O (1), [Cu(NCS)2(INH)2]·5H2O (2), and [Cu(NCO)2(INH)2]·4H2O (3) to form compounds F11.1, F11.2, and F11.3, respectively. The mean diameter of F11, F11.1, F11.2, and F11.3 ranged from 111.27±21.86 to 134.25±22.72 nm, 90.27±12.97 to 116.46±9.17 nm, 112.4±10.22 to 149.3±15.82 nm, and 78.65±6.00 to 122.00±8.70 nm, respectively. The polydispersity index values for the NLCs ranged from 0.13±0.01 to 0.30±0.09. The NLCs showed significant changes in zeta potential, except for F11.2, with F11, F11.1, F11.2, and F11.3 ranging from 18.87±4.04 to 23.25±1.13 mV, 17.03±1.77 to 21.42±1.87 mV, 20.51±1.88 to 22.60±3.44 mV, and 17.80±1.96 to 25.25±7.78 mV, respectively. Atomic force microscopy confirmed the formation of nanoscale spherical particle dispersions by the NLCs. Differential scanning calorimetry determined the melting points of the constituents of the NLCs. The in vitro activity of copper(II) complex-loaded NLCs against M. tuberculosis H37Rv showed an improvement in the anti-TB activity of 55.4, 27.1, and 41.1 times the activity for complexes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. An in vivo acute toxicity study of complex-loaded NLCs demonstrated their reduced toxicity. The results suggest that NLCs may be a powerful tool to optimize the activity of copper(II) complexes against M. tuberculosis. PMID:28356717

Evaluation of propargyl bromide for control of barnyardgrass and Fusarium oxysporum in three soils.

PubMed

Ma, Q; Gan, J; Becker, J O; Papiernik, S K; Yates, S R

2001-09-01

With the scheduled phasing out of methyl bromide, there is an urgent need for alternatives. We evaluated the efficacy of propargyl bromide as a potential replacement for methyl bromide for the control of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and Fusarium oxysporum in an Arlington sandy loam, a Carsitas loamy sand and a Florida muck soil. Soil was mixed with barnyardgrass seeds or F oxysporum colonized on millet seeds, and treated with propargyl bromide at a range of concentrations. The mortality of the fungi and weed seeds was determined after 24 h of exposure at 30 degrees C. The concentrations required to inhibit 50% barnyard seed germination (LC50) were 2.8, 2.4 and 48.5 micrograms g-1 in the sandy loam, loamy sand and muck soil, respectively. In contrast, the LC50 values for F oxysporum were 11.2, 10.8 and 182.1 micrograms g-1 in the sandy loam, loamy sand and muck soil, respectively. The low efficacy of propargyl bromide in the muck soil was a result of the rapid degradation and high adsorption of the compound in the soil. The degradation half-life (t1/2) was only 7 h in the muck soil at an initial concentration of 6.8 micrograms g-1, compared to 60 and 67 h in the sandy loam and loamy sand, respectively. The adsorption coefficients (Kd) were 0.96, 0.87 and 5.6 cm3 g-1 in the sandy loam, loamy sand and muck soil, respectively. These results suggest that registration agencies should consider site-specific properties in recommending application rates for propargyl bromide.

Treatment of Memory Impairment and Sensorimotor Deficits in an Animal Model for the Gulf War Veterans Illnesses

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-09-01

B.E. and Khan, W.A., (2001b). Locomotor and sensorimotor performance deficit in rats following exposure to pyridostigmine bromide , DEET, and...Induction of urinary excretion of 3-nitrotyrosine, a m arker of oxidative stress foll owing administration of pyridostigmine bromide , N,N-diethyl-m...Abdel-Rahman, A.A., Bull man, S. L., and Khan, W .A., (2004). Co-exposure to pyridostig mine bromide , DEET and/or perm ethrin causes

Acute Toxicity and Efficacy of Current Medical Countermeasures against VM in Guinea Pigs: A Comparison to VX and VR

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-01

and diazepam with and without pretreatment with pyridostigmine bromide . The 24 hr median lethal dose (MLD) of VM was determined using a sequential... pyridostigmine bromide . The 24 hr median lethal dose (MLD) of VM was determined using a sequential stage approach. The efficacy of medical...with and without pyridostigmine bromide (PB) pretreatment against lethal intoxication with VM, VR or VX. Methods Animals: Adult male Hartley

Synthesis and evaluation of new antimalarial analogues of quinoline alkaloids derived from Cinchona ledgeriana Moens ex Trimen.

PubMed

Park, Byeoung-Soo; Kim, Dae-Young; Rosenthal, Philip J; Huh, Sun-Chul; Lee, Belinda J; Park, Eun -u; Kim, Sung-Min; Kim, Jang-Eok; Kim, Mi-Hee; Huh, Tae-Lin; Choi, Young-Jae; Suh, Ki-Hyung; Choi, Won-Sik; Lee, Sung-Eun

2002-05-20

In the course of attempts to develop antimalarial drugs, we have designed and synthesized a series of quinoline alkaloide derivatives. Three of them, N-(4-methoxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzyl)cinchonidinium bromide (OSL-5), O-benzyl-N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxybenzyl)cinchonidinium bromide (OSL-7), and N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxybenzyl)quininium bromide (OSL-14) show potent activity against Plasmodium falciparum.

Simultaneous removal of dissolved organic matter and bromide from drinking water source by anion exchange resins for controlling disinfection by-products.

PubMed

Phetrak, Athit; Lohwacharin, Jenyuk; Sakai, Hiroshi; Murakami, Michio; Oguma, Kumiko; Takizawa, Satoshi

2014-06-01

Anion exchange resins (AERs) with different properties were evaluated for their ability to remove dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bromide, and to reduce disinfection by-product (DBP) formation potentials of water collected from a eutrophic surface water source in Japan. DOM and bromide were simultaneously removed by all selected AERs in batch adsorption experiments. A polyacrylic magnetic ion exchange resin (MIEX®) showed faster dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal than other AERs because it had the smallest resin bead size. Aromatic DOM fractions with molecular weight larger than 1600 Da and fluorescent organic fractions of fulvic acid- and humic acid-like compounds were efficiently removed by all AERs. Polystyrene AERs were more effective in bromide removal than polyacrylic AERs. This result implied that the properties of AERs, i.e. material and resin size, influenced not only DOM removal but also bromide removal efficiency. MIEX® showed significant chlorinated DBP removal because it had the highest DOC removal within 30 min, whereas polystyrene AERs efficiently removed brominated DBPs, especially brominated trihalomethane species. The results suggested that, depending on source water DOM and bromide concentration, selecting a suitable AER is a key factor in effective control of chlorinated and brominated DBPs in drinking water. Copyright © 2014 The Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 1. Experimental design and observed tracer movement

USGS Publications Warehouse

LeBlanc, Denis R.; Garabedian, Stephen P.; Hess, Kathryn M.; Gelhar, Lynn W.; Quadri, Richard D.; Stollenwerk, Kenneth G.; Wood, Warren W.

1991-01-01

A large-scale natural gradient tracer experiment was conducted on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to examine the transport and dispersion of solutes in a sand and gravel aquifer. The nonreactive tracer, bromide, and the reactive tracers, lithium and molybdate, were injected as a pulse in July 1985 and monitored in three dimensions as they moved as far as 280 m down-gradient through an array of multilevel samplers. The bromide cloud moved horizontally at a rate of 0.42 m per day. It also moved downward about 4 m because of density-induced sinking early in the test and accretion of areal recharge from precipitation. After 200 m of transport, the bromide cloud had spread more than 80 m in the direction of flow, but was only 14 m wide and 4–6 m thick. The lithium and molybdate clouds followed the same path as the bromide cloud, but their rates of movement were retarded about 50% relative to bromide movement because of sorption onto the sediments.

Strategies for the removal of halides from drinking water sources, and their applicability in disinfection by-product minimisation: a critical review.

PubMed

Watson, K; Farré, M J; Knight, N

2012-11-15

The presence of bromide (Br(-)) and iodide (I(-)) in source waters leads to the formation of brominated and iodinated disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are often more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. The increasing scarcity of water resources in Australia is leading to use of impaired and alternative water supplies with high bromide and iodide levels, which may result in the production of more brominated and iodinated DBPs. This review aims to provide a summary of research into bromide and iodide removal from drinking water sources. Bromide and iodide removal techniques have been broadly classified into three categories, namely; membrane, electrochemical and adsorptive techniques. Reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and electrodialysis membrane techniques are reviewed. The electrochemical techniques discussed are electrolysis, capacitive deionization and membrane capacitive deionization. Studies on bromide and iodide removal using adsorptive techniques including; layered double hydroxides, impregnated activated carbons, carbon aerogels, ion exchange resins, aluminium coagulation and soils are also assessed. Halide removal techniques have been compared, and areas for future research have been identified. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Synthesis and characterization of [BMIM]bromide using microwave-assisted organic synthesis method and its application for dissolution of palm empty fruit bunch

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Arianie, Lucy, E-mail: lucy205@yahoo.com; Wahyuningrum, Deana, E-mail: deana@chem.itb.ac.id; Nurrachman, Zeily, E-mail: deana@chem.itb.ac.id

The decrease of cellulose crystallinity index of palm empty fruit bunch is crucial for the next application of cellulose as raw material for various biofuel and its derivatives. The aim of this research is to decrease the cellulose crystallinity index of palm empty fruit bunch using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumbromide or [BMIM] bromide which has been synthesized using Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis (MAOS) method. Conventional reaction method has also been carried out to synthesize [BMIM]bromide for comparison as well. The characterization of synthesized product using FTIR, {sup 1}H-NMR, {sup 13}C-NMR and LC-MS showed that these reactions have been carried out successfully. The results showedmore » that MAOS method is up to 90% faster in producing [BMIM]bromide compare to the conventional method. The application of [BMIM]bromide for dissolution of palm empty fruit bunch showed that cellulose and lignin could be extracted using stirring process for 20 hours. The decrease of cellulose crystallinity index and its morphology changes were identified using FTIR and Scanning Electron Microscope.« less

SYBR safeTM efficiently replaces ethidium bromide in Aspergillus fumigatus gene disruption.

PubMed

Canela, H M S; Takami, L A; Ferreira, M E S

2017-02-08

Invasive aspergillosis is a disease responsible for high mortality rates, caused mainly by Aspergillus fumigatus. The available drugs are limited and this disease continues to occur at an unacceptable frequency. Gene disruption is essential in the search for new drug targets. An efficient protocol for A. fumigatus gene disruption was described but it requires ethidium bromide, a genotoxic agent, for DNA staining. Therefore, the present study tested SYBR safe TM , a non-genotoxic DNA stain, in A. fumigatus gene disruption protocol. The chosen gene was cipC, which has already been disrupted successfully in our laboratory. A deletion cassette was constructed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and used in A. fumigatus transformation. There was no statistical difference between the tested DNA stains. The success rate of S. cerevisiae transformation was 63.3% for ethidium bromide and 70% for SYBR safe TM . For A. fumigatus gene disruption, the success rate for ethidium bromide was 100 and 97% for SYBR safe TM . In conclusion, SYBR safe TM efficiently replaced ethidium bromide, making this dye a safe and efficient alternative for DNA staining in A. fumigatus gene disruption.

Synthesis and characterization of [BMIM]bromide using microwave-assisted organic synthesis method and its application for dissolution of palm empty fruit bunch

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arianie, Lucy; Wahyuningrum, Deana; Nurrachman, Zeily; Natalia, Dessy

2014-03-01

The decrease of cellulose crystallinity index of palm empty fruit bunch is crucial for the next application of cellulose as raw material for various biofuel and its derivatives. The aim of this research is to decrease the cellulose crystallinity index of palm empty fruit bunch using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumbromide or [BMIM] bromide which has been synthesized using Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis (MAOS) method. Conventional reaction method has also been carried out to synthesize [BMIM]bromide for comparison as well. The characterization of synthesized product using FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and LC-MS showed that these reactions have been carried out successfully. The results showed that MAOS method is up to 90% faster in producing [BMIM]bromide compare to the conventional method. The application of [BMIM]bromide for dissolution of palm empty fruit bunch showed that cellulose and lignin could be extracted using stirring process for 20 hours. The decrease of cellulose crystallinity index and its morphology changes were identified using FTIR and Scanning Electron Microscope.

Phase behavior of gemini surfactant hexylene-1,6-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium bromide) and polyelectrolyte NaPAA.

PubMed

Pi, Yingying; Shang, Yazhuo; Peng, Changjun; Liu, Honglai; Hu, Ying; Jiang, Jianwen

2006-07-01

The phase behavior of aqueous mixtures of gemini surfactant hexylene-1,6-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium bromide) (12-6-12) and oppositely charged polyelectrolyte sodium polyacrylate (NaPAA) has been studied experimentally. Compared to the mixtures of the traditional surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and NaPAA, the gel phase region in the 12-6-12/NaPAA solution is larger. Element analysis reveals that NaPAA in the gel phase tends to replace the counterions of surfactant micelle and to release its own counterions. Spherical aggregates are observed in either top or bottom gel phase as detected by transmission electron microscopy. The addition of sodium bromide (NaBr) leads to a decrease in the gel phase region and the occurrence of a new cream phase.

Singlet oxygen production by chloroperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-halide systems.

PubMed

Kanofsky, J R

1984-05-10

Singlet oxygen production in the chloroperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-halide system was studied using 1268 nm chemiluminescence. With chloride or bromide ions, singlet oxygen is produced by the mechanism (formula; see text) (formula; see text) where X- is chloride or bromide ion. Under conditions where there is high enzyme activity and when Reaction B is fast relative to Reaction A, singlet oxygen is produced in near stoichiometric amounts. In contrast, when Reaction A is fast relative to Reaction B, oxidized halogen species (chlorine and hypochlorous acid for chloride ion; bromide, tribromide ion, and hypobromous acid for bromide ion) are the principle reaction products. With iodide ion, no 1268 nm chemiluminescence was detected. Past studies have shown that iodine and iodate ion are the major end products of this system.

Interaction of pyridostigmine bromide and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide alone and in combination with P-glycoprotein expressed in Escherichia coli leaky mutant.

PubMed

El-Masry, Eman M; Abou-Donia, Mohamed B

2006-05-01

P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the most extensively studied ATP-binding transporter, functions as a biological barrier by extruding toxic substances and xenobiotics out of the cell. This study was carried out to determine the effect of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and pyridostigmine bromide (PB), alone and in combination, on P-gp expression using Escherichia coli leaky mutant transformed with Mdr1 gene (pT5-7/mdr1), which codes for P-gp or lactose permease (pT5-7/lacY) as negative control. Also, daunomycin (a known P-gp sustrate) was used as a positive control and reserpine (a known P-gp inhibitor) served as a negative control. An in vitro cell-resistant assay was used to monitor the potential of test compounds to interact with P-gp. Following exposure of the cells to pyridostigmine bromide or daunomycin, P-gp conferred significant resistance against both compounds, while reserpine and DEET significantly inhibited the glycoprotein. Cells were grown in the presence of noncytotoxic concentrations of daunomycin, pyridostigmine bromide, reserpine, or DEET, and membrane fractions were examined by Western immunoblotting for expression of P-gp. Daunomycin induced P-gp expression quantitatively more than pyridostigmine bromide, while reserpine and DEET significantly inhibited P-gp expression in cells harboring mdr1. Photoaffinity labeling experiment performed with the P-gp ligand [125I]iodoarylazidoprazosin demonstrated that compounds that induced or inhibited P-gp transport activity also bound to P-gp. DEET was also found to be a potent inhibitor of P-gp-mediated ATPase activity, whereas pyridostigmine bromide increased P-gp ATPase activity. Cells expressing P-gp or lac permease were exposed to pyridostigmine bromide and DEET, alone and in combination. Noncytotoxic concentrations of DEET significantly inhibited P-gp-mediated resistance against pyridostigmine bromide, resulting in a reduction of the number of effective drug interactions with biological targets. An explanation of these results might be that DEET is a third-generation inhibitor of P-gp; it has high potency and specificity for P-gp, it inhibits hydrolysis of ATP, it exerts no appreciable impact on cytochrome P-450 3A4, and it prevents transport of xenobiotics, such as pyridostigmine bromide, out of the cell. This conclusion explains, at least in part, the increased toxicity and bioavailability of pyridostigmine bromide following combined administration with DEET. This study improves our understanding of the basis of chemical interactions with DEET by defining the ability of drugs to interact with P-gp either as inhibitors or substrates, which may in turn lead to altered efficacy or toxicity.

Neuroinflammatory Pathobiology in Gulf War Illness: Characterization with an Animal Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-08-01

GFAP,IL6,CCL2, TNF, L118, Lif, IL10 Hip, Ctx Ctx Ctx CORT=corticosterone;(200mg/L) for days 7-14 P8= pyridostigmine bromide ;P8(2.5 mg/kg/day, s.c...reversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor pyridostigmine bromide (PB), the insect repellent DEET and, potentially, the nerve agent, sarin. These...acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, pyridostigmine bromide (PB), the insect repellent, DEET, and, potentially, acutely to the nerve agent sarin. Previously, we

Influence of bromide on the performance of the amphipod Hyalella azteca in reconstituted waters

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ivey, Chris D.; Ingersoll, Christopher G.

2016-01-01

Poor performance of the amphipod Hyalella azteca has been observed in exposures using reconstituted waters. Previous studies have reported success in H. azteca water-only exposures with the addition of relatively high concentrations of bromide. The present study evaluated the influence of lower environmentally representative concentrations of bromide on the response ofH. azteca in 42-d water-only exposures. Improved performance of H. azteca was observed in reconstituted waters with >0.02 mg Br/L.

Effects of ipratropium bromide and fenoterol aerosols in pulmonary emphysema.

PubMed Central

Hughes, J A; Tobin, M J; Bellamy, D; Hutchison, D C

1982-01-01

In patients with radiological evidence of pulmonary emphysema the bronchodilator drugs fenoterol and ipratropium bromide produced a considerable increase in vital capacity and reduction in residual volume. The response to fenoterol was virtually complete 15 minutes after administration, but after ipratropium bromide vital capacity was still increasing at 60 minutes. The change in vital capacity was slightly greater with a combination of the two drugs than with either used alone. Changes in FEV1 and peak flow rate were small. Images PMID:6218647

A Fundamental Electrochemical Investigation of Bromoaluminate and Mixed Chloro-Bromoaluminate Room Temperature Molten Salt Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-03-01

Non-Aqueous Bromide Research In the late 1950s, Alexander I. Popov and David H. Geske , published a series of papers dealing with the electrochemistry... Geske has also helped to illuminate the electrochemistry occurring in the Zinc-Bromine battery systems. In 1987 Adanuvor et al. studied the effects of the...oxidation waves present in the basic bromide melt system are due to some form of the bromide anion. While Popov and Geske 7 have attributed the first of

Evaluation of Methods for the Analysis of Small Molecular Weight End-Products of Wastewater Ozonation.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-04-01

advantage over the benzyl bromide method, which easily detected acetic and formic acid levels as low as 0.25 mg/L. Recovery was quantitative, with a...inner diameter glass, packed with 10% OV-l on 80/100 mesh Chromosorb WHP ( Alltech Associates) Carrier: Nitrogen at 24 cc/minute Column temperature: 150°C...found to be effective for analysis of acetic and formic acids. There was no advantage to the use of pentafluorobenzyl bromide over benzyl bromide, even

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

MedlinePlus

... giving drugs such as di-amino pyridine or pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon). For patients with small cell lung cancer, ... giving drugs such as di-amino pyridine or pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon). For patients with small cell lung cancer, ...

Effect of Methyl Bromide on Mycorrhizae and Growth of Sweetgum Seedlings

Treesearch

T. H. Filer; E. R. Toole

1968-01-01

Fumigation of nursery beds with methyl bromide improved sweetgum, growth by reducing the population of soil-inhabiting pathogens . Although mycorrhizal fungi were reduced, sufficient inoculum survived for rapid mycorrhizal development

Chloride/bromide ratios in leachate derived from farm-animal waste.

PubMed

Hudak, Paul F

2003-01-01

Ratios of conservative chemicals have been used to identify sources of groundwater contamination. While chloride/bromide ratios have been reported for several common sources of groundwater contamination, little work has been done on leachate derived from farm-animal waste. In this study, chloride/bromide ratios were measured in leachate derived from longhorn-cattle, quarterhorse, and pygme-goat waste at a farm in Abilene, Texas, USA. (Minimum, median, and maximum) chloride/bromide ratios of (66.5, 85.6, and 167), (119, 146, and 156), and (35.4, 57.8, and 165) were observed for cattle, horses, and goats, respectively. These ratios are below typical values for domestic wastewater and within the range commonly observed for oilfield brine. Results of this study have important implications for identifying sources of contaminated groundwater in settings with significant livestock and/or oil production.

Carbene-catalysed reductive coupling of nitrobenzyl bromides and activated ketones or imines via single-electron-transfer process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Bao-Sheng; Wang, Yuhuang; Proctor, Rupert S. J.; Zhang, Yuexia; Webster, Richard D.; Yang, Song; Song, Baoan; Chi, Yonggui Robin

2016-09-01

Benzyl bromides and related molecules are among the most common substrates in organic synthesis. They are typically used as electrophiles in nucleophilic substitution reactions. These molecules can also be activated via single-electron-transfer (SET) process for radical reactions. Representative recent progress includes α-carbon benzylation of ketones and aldehydes via photoredox catalysis. Here we disclose the generation of (nitro)benzyl radicals via N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis under reductive conditions. The radical intermediates generated via NHC catalysis undergo formal 1,2-addition with ketones to eventually afford tertiary alcohol products. The overall process constitutes a formal polarity-inversion of benzyl bromide, allowing a direct coupling of two initially electrophilic carbons. Our study provides a new carbene-catalysed reaction mode that should enable unconventional transformation of (nitro)benzyl bromides under mild organocatalytic conditions.

Dosage effect of rocuronium on intraoperative neuromonitoring in patients undergoing thyroid surgery.

PubMed

Han, Yang-dong; Liang, Feng; Chen, Peng

2015-01-01

The effect of different concentrations of rocuronium bromide used for anesthesia induction during thyroid surgery on the intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring was evaluated. One hundred patients undergoing thyroid operation were randomized into five groups (20 patients per group). Patients in group I were operated and monitored without the use of rocuronium bromide. Patients in groups II-V were respectively injected with 0.5x, 1x, 1.5x, and 2x ED95 rocuronium bromide intravenously. The time from injecting the rocuronium bromide to the beginning of tube insertion was recorded, the conditions of tracheal intubation were evaluated, and the changes in blood pressure and pulse during the intubation process were monitored. Vagus nerve/recurrent laryngeal nerve evoked muscle potential was monitored using the NIM-Response3.0 nerve electromyography monitor. The amplitude of electromyography signal was recorded every 5 min during 30 min after successful tracheal intubation. The tracheal intubation success rate was 100% in all groups. Compared with group I, intubating condition scores (Cooper scores) in the patients of groups II-V were higher (P < 0.05). The stability of intraoperative neuromonitoring signal amplitude in groups I-III met the monitoring standards. The findings suggest that the use of 0.5x or 1x ED95 rocuronium bromide during the anesthesia induction can improve the tracheal tube conditions without affecting the intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring. The use of 1x ED95 rocuronium bromide induction was associated with the best results.

Hydrogen bonding Part 53. Correlation of differential scanning calorimetric data with IR and dissociation vapor pressure studies of transitions of hexamethonium chloride and bromide dihydrates and hexamethonium bromide monohydrate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Snider, Barbara L.; Harmon, Kenneth M.

1994-03-01

Differential scanning calorimetry of hexamethonium chloride dihydrate shows an endothermic transition of 2.70 kcal mol -1 at 36.81°C. This correlates well with the temperatures observed by IR spectra (36°C) and equilibrium dissociation vapor pressure studies (37°C) for the transition between Type I planar cluster and Type II extended linear HOH⋯Cl - hydrogen bonding, and with the value of 2.77 kcal mol -1 for this transition derived by Hess' law treatment of dissociation vapor pressure data. Differential scanning calorimetry of hexamethonium bromide shows a rapid endothermic transition of 2.38 kcal mol -1 at 35.15°C and a very slow endothermic transition of about 12-13 kcal mol -1 centered near 50°C. This latter endotherm corresponds to the transition between Type I and Type II HOH⋯Br - hydrogen bonding observed by IR and vapor pressure studies at 49°C. The nature of the 35.15°C endotherm is not known. Hexamethonium bromide also shows a third endotherm at 142.91°C, which presumably results from melting of hydrate in the sealed DSC cell. Combined analysis of differential scanning calorimetry and dissociation vapor pressure data predicts a value of about -13 kcal mol -1 for an exothermic disproportionation at 52°C of two hexamethonium bromide monohydrate to Type II dihydrate and anhydrous bromide.

Bromate formation from the oxidation of bromide in the UV/chlorine process with low pressure and medium pressure UV lamps.

PubMed

Fang, Jingyun; Zhao, Quan; Fan, Chihhao; Shang, Chii; Fu, Yun; Zhang, Xiangru

2017-09-01

When a bromide-containing water is treated by the ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine process, hydroxyl radicals (HO) and halogen radicals such as Cl or Br are formed due to the UV photolysis of free halogens. These reactive species may induce the formation of bromate, which is a probable human carcinogen. Bromate formation in the UV/chlorine process using low pressure (LP) and medium pressure (MP) lamps in the presence of bromide was investigated in the present study. The UV/chlorine process significantly enhanced bromate formation as compared to dark chlorination. The bromate formation was elevated with increasing UV fluence, bromide concentration, and pH values under both LP and MP UV irradiations. It was significantly enhanced at pH 9 compared to those at pH 6 and 7 with MP UV irradiation, while it was slightly enhanced at pH 9 with LP UV. The formation by UV/chlorine process started with the formation of free bromine (HOBr/OBr - ) through the reaction of chlorine and bromide, followed by a subsequent oxidation of free bromine and formation of BrO and bromate by reacting with radicals. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Direct measurement of torque and twist generated by a dye binding to DNA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gore, Jeff; Bryant, Zev; Bustamante, Carlos

2004-03-01

Many biologically important chemicals and proteins change the twist of DNA upon binding. We have used magnetic tweezers to directly measure the torque and twist generated when ethidium bromide binds and unbinds to DNA. One end of the DNA is bound specifically to a glass coverslip and the opposite end is held away from the surface by a paramagnetic bead. Attached to the middle of the DNA is a second fluorescent bead whose position can be tracked with high angular and temporal resolution. On one side of the fluorescent bead binding site we have engineered a single strand nick that acts like a free swivel. Addition of ethidium bromide then powered rotation of the central fluorescent bead. After the ethidium bromide was bound we used magnesium to compete out the intercalated ethidium bromide, thus inducing a rotation in the opposite direction. We studied the torque generation, energetics, and kinetics associated with ethidium bromide binding and unbinding by tracking the rotation of the fluorescent bead. This system is a demonstration of a reversible chemically powered DNA-based rotary motor. We also expect that this technique will be useful in studying proteins that bind to or rotate DNA, including recA, polymerases, and topoisomerases.

Effect of increasing bromide concentration on toxicity in treated drinking water.

PubMed

Sawade, Emma; Fabris, Rolando; Humpage, Andrew; Drikas, Mary

2016-04-01

Research is increasingly indicating the potential chronic health effects of brominated disinfection by-products (DBPs). This is likely to increase with elevated bromide concentrations resulting from the impacts of climate change, projected to include extended periods of drought and the sudden onset of water quality changes. This will demand more rigorous monitoring throughout distribution systems and improved water quality management at water treatment plants (WTPs). In this work the impact of increased bromide concentration on formation of DBPs following conventional treatment and chlorination was assessed for two water sources. Bioanalytical tests were utilised to determine cytotoxicity of the water post disinfection. Coagulation was shown to significantly reduce the cytotoxicity of the water, indicating that removal of natural organic matter DBP precursors continues to be an important factor in drinking water treatment. Most toxic species appear to form within the first half hour following disinfectant addition. Increasing bromide concentration across the two waters was shown to increase the formation of trihalomethanes and shifted the haloacetic acid species distribution from chlorinated to those with greater bromine substitution. This correlated with increasing cytotoxicity. This work demonstrates the challenges faced by WTPs and the possible effects increasing levels of bromide in source waters could have on public health.

[Bioequivalence of pyridostigmine bromide dispersible tablets in rabbits].

PubMed

Wang, Hong; Wang, Hong; Tan, Qun-you; Zhang, Li; Cheng, Xun-guan; Zhang, Jing-qing

2011-10-01

To compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of pyridostigmine bromide dispersible tablets and common tablets in rabbits. Twelve rabbits were given an oral dose (60 mg) of pyridostigmine bromide dispersible tablets or common tablets in a randomized crossover study. The plasma concentration of pyridostigmine bromide was determined by reversed-phase ion pair chromatography. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using DAS2.1.1 software. The pharmacokinetic parameters showed no significant differences in rabbit plasma between pyridostigmine bromide dispersible tablets and common tablets. The two tablets had a C(max) of 1.83∓0.08 mg·L(-1) and 1.68∓0.03 mg·L(-1), tmax of 2.33∓0.41 h and 2.58∓0.20 h, AUC(0-24) of 15.50∓0.62 mg·h·L(-1) and 15.14∓0.30 mg·h·L(-1), AUC(0-∞) of 15.82∓0.70 mg·h·L(-1) and 15.57∓0.32 mg·h·L(-1), respectively. The relative bioavailability F(0-24) was 102.38% and F(0-∞) was 101.61% for the dispersible tablets. The two tablets are bioequivalent in rabbits.

7 CFR 305.6 - Methyl bromide fumigation treatment schedules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., fumigation with methyl bromide for sapote fruit fly. Regulated citrus fruits originating inside an area quarantined for sapote fruit fly that are to be moved outside the quarantined area may be treated with methyl...

7 CFR 319.40-6 - Universal importation options.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... areas; or (B) Fumigated with methyl bromide in accordance with part 305 of this chapter, heat treated in..., unless accompanied by an importer document stating that the entire lot was fumigated with methyl bromide...

Mixtures of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds and Long-chain Fatty Acids as Antifungal Agents

PubMed Central

Kull, F. C.; Eisman, P. C.; Sylwestrowicz, H. D.; Mayer, R. L.

1961-01-01

The influence of undecylenic acid on the fungistatic effect of phenoxyethyldimethyldodecylammonium bromide (Domiphen bromide) against Trichophyton mentagrophytes was investigated. The unsaturated fatty acid was found to enhance the fungistatic activity of Domiphen bromide against this organism. The ratio of concentrations of these agents has a marked influence on the results of in vitro tests for antifungal action resulting in a completely different effect than heretofore noted in combination experiments against bacteria. The enhancing phenomenon is not particular to T. mentagrophytes, it was observed also with Candida albicans. PMID:14460466

Buscopan labeled with carbon-14 and deuterium.

PubMed

Latli, Bachir; Stiasni, Michael; Hrapchak, Matt; Li, Zhibin; Grinberg, Nelu; Lee, Heewon; Busacca, Carl A; Senanayake, Chris H

2016-11-01

Hyosine butyl bromide, the active ingredient in Buscopan, is an anticholinergic and antimuscarinic drug used to treat pain and discomfort caused by abdominal cramps. A straightforward synthesis of carbon-14- and deuterium-labeled Buscopan was developed using scopolamine, n-butyl-1- 14 C bromide, and n-butyl- 2 H 9 bromide, respectively. In a second carbon-14 synthesis, the radioactive carbon was incorporated in the tropic acid moiety to follow its metabolism. Herein, we describe the detailed preparations of carbon-14- and deuterium-labeled Buscopan. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Cyanogen bromide

Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)

Cyanogen bromide ; CASRN 506 - 68 - 3 Human health assessment information on a chemical substance is included in the IRIS database only after a comprehensive review of toxicity data , as outlined in the IRIS assessment development process . Sections I ( Health Hazard Assessments for Noncarcinogenic

Methyl Bromide Commodity Fumigation Buffer Zone Lookup Tables

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Product labels for methyl bromide used in commodity and structural fumigation include requirements for buffer zones around treated areas. The information on this page will allow you to find the appropriate buffer zone for your planned application.

Seeded Growth of Monodisperse Gold Nanorods Using Bromide-Free Surfactant Mixtures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ye, XC; Gao, YZ; Chen, J

We demonstrate for the first time that monodisperse gold nanorods (NRs) with broadly tunable dimensions and longitudinal surface plasmon resonances can be synthesized using a bromide-free surfactant mixture composed of alkyltrimethylammonium chloride and sodium oleate. It is found that uniform gold NRs can be obtained even with an iodide concentration approaching 100 mu M in the growth solution. In contrast to conventional wisdom, our results provide conclusive evidence that neither bromide as the surfactant counterion nor a high concentration of bromide ions in the growth solution is essential for gold NR formation. Correlated electron microscopy study of three-dimensional structures ofmore » gold NRs reveals a previously unprecedented octagonal prismatic structure enclosed predominantly by high index {310} crystal planes. These findings should have profound implications for a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of seeded growth of anisotropic metal nanocrystals.« less

Carbene-catalysed reductive coupling of nitrobenzyl bromides and activated ketones or imines via single-electron-transfer process

PubMed Central

Li, Bao-Sheng; Wang, Yuhuang; Proctor, Rupert S. J.; Zhang, Yuexia; Webster, Richard D.; Yang, Song; Song, Baoan; Chi, Yonggui Robin

2016-01-01

Benzyl bromides and related molecules are among the most common substrates in organic synthesis. They are typically used as electrophiles in nucleophilic substitution reactions. These molecules can also be activated via single-electron-transfer (SET) process for radical reactions. Representative recent progress includes α-carbon benzylation of ketones and aldehydes via photoredox catalysis. Here we disclose the generation of (nitro)benzyl radicals via N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis under reductive conditions. The radical intermediates generated via NHC catalysis undergo formal 1,2-addition with ketones to eventually afford tertiary alcohol products. The overall process constitutes a formal polarity-inversion of benzyl bromide, allowing a direct coupling of two initially electrophilic carbons. Our study provides a new carbene-catalysed reaction mode that should enable unconventional transformation of (nitro)benzyl bromides under mild organocatalytic conditions. PMID:27671606

Determination of trace quaternary ammonium surfactants in water by combining solid-phase extraction with surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Chen, Y C; Sun, M C

2001-01-01

This study demonstrates the feasibility of combining solid-phase extraction (SPE) with surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI) mass spectrometry to determine trace quaternary ammonium surfactants in water. The trace surfactants in water were directly concentrated on the surface of activated carbon sorbent in SPE. The activated carbon sorbent was then mixed with the SALDI liquid for SALDI analysis. No SPE elution procedure was necessary. Experimental results indicate that the surfactants with longer chain alkyl groups exhibit higher sensitivities than those with shorter chain alkyl groups in SPE-SALDI analysis. The detection limit for hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide is around 10 ppt in SPE-SALDI analysis by sampling 100 mL of aqueous solution, while that of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide is about 100 ppt. The detection limit for decyltrimethylammonium bromide and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide is in the low-ppb range. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Effect of preconditioning on silver leaching and bromide removal properties of silver-impregnated activated carbon (SIAC).

PubMed

Rajaeian, Babak; Allard, Sébastien; Joll, Cynthia; Heitz, Anna

2018-07-01

Silver impregnated activated carbon (SIAC) has been found to be effective in mitigating the formation of brominated-disinfection by products during drinking water treatment. However, there are still uncertainties regarding its silver leaching properties, and strategies for the prevention of silver leaching have remained elusive. This study focused on the evaluation of one type of commercially available SIAC for its ability to remove bromide while minimising silver leaching from the material. Both synthetic and real water matrices were tested. Depending on solution pH, it was found that changing the surface charge properties of SIAC, as measured by the point of zero charge pH, can result in additional bromide removal while minimising the extent of silver leaching. To better understand the mechanism of silver leaching from the SIAC, eight preconditioning environments, i.e. variable pH and ionic strength were tested for a fixed amount of SIAC and two preconditioning environments were selected for a more detailed investigation. Experiments carried out in synthetic water showed that preconditioning at pH 10.4 did not deteriorate the capacity of SIAC to remove bromide, but significantly decreased the release of silver in the form of ionic silver (Ag + ), silver bromide (AgBr) and silver chloride (AgCl) from 40% for the pristine to 3% for the treated SIAC. This was confirmed using a groundwater sample. These results suggest that preconditioned SIAC has the potential to be an effective method for bromide removal with minimised silver leaching in a long-term field application for drinking water production. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[The effects of intra-cerebroventricular administered rocuronium on the central nervous system of rats and determination of its epileptic seizure-inducing dose].

PubMed

Baykal, Mehmet; Gökmen, Necati; Doğan, Alper; Erbayraktar, Serhat; Yılmaz, Osman; Ocmen, Elvan; Erdost, Hale Aksu; Arkan, Atalay

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intracerebroventricularly administered rocuronium bromide on the central nervous system, determine the seizure threshold dose of rocuronium bromide in rats, and investigate the effects of rocuronium on the central nervous system at 1/5, 1/10, and 1/100 dilutions of the determined seizure threshold dose. A permanent cannula was placed in the lateral cerebral ventricle of the animals. The study was designed in two phases. In the first phase, the seizure threshold dose of rocuronium bromide was determined. In the second phase, Group R 1/5 (n=6), Group 1/10 (n=6), and Group 1/100 (n=6) were formed using doses of 1/5, 1/10, and 1/100, respectively, of the obtained rocuronium bromide seizure threshold dose. The rocuronium bromide seizure threshold value was found to be 0.056±0.009μmoL. The seizure threshold, as a function of the body weight of rats, was calculated as 0.286μmoL/kg -1 . A dose of 1/5 of the seizure threshold dose primarily caused splayed limbs, posturing, and tremors of the entire body, whereas the dose of 1/10 of the seizure threshold dose caused agitation and shivering. A dose of 1/100 of the seizure threshold dose was associated with decreased locomotor activity. This study showed that rocuronium bromide has dose-related deleterious effects on the central nervous system and can produce dose-dependent excitatory effects and seizures. Publicado por Elsevier Editora Ltda.

The effects of intra-cerebroventricular administered rocuronium on the central nervous system of rats and determination of its epileptic seizure-inducing dose.

PubMed

Baykal, Mehmet; Gökmen, Necati; Doğan, Alper; Erbayraktar, Serhat; Yılmaz, Osman; Ocmen, Elvan; Erdost, Hale Aksu; Arkan, Atalay

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intracerebroventricularly administered rocuronium bromide on the central nervous system, determine the seizure threshold dose of rocuronium bromide in rats, and investigate the effects of rocuronium on the central nervous system at 1/5, 1/10, and 1/100 dilutions of the determined seizure threshold dose. A permanent cannula was placed in the lateral cerebral ventricle of the animals. The study was designed in two phases. In the first phase, the seizure threshold dose of rocuronium bromide was determined. In the second phase, Group R 1/5 (n=6), Group 1/10 (n=6), and Group 1/100 (n=6) were formed using doses of 1/5, 1/10, and 1/100, respectively, of the obtained rocuronium bromide seizure threshold dose. The rocuronium bromide seizure threshold value was found to be 0.056±0.009μmoL. The seizure threshold, as a function of the body weight of rats, was calculated as 0.286μmoL/kg -1 . A dose of 1/5 of the seizure threshold dose primarily caused splayed limbs, posturing, and tremors of the entire body, whereas the dose of 1/10 of the seizure threshold dose caused agitation and shivering. A dose of 1/100 of the seizure threshold dose was associated with decreased locomotor activity. This study showed that rocuronium bromide has dose-related deleterious effects on the central nervous system and can produce dose-dependent excitatory effects and seizures. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.

Utility of bromide and heat tracers for aquifer characterization affected by highly transient flow conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Rui; Zheng, Chunmiao; Zachara, John M.; Tonkin, Matthew

2012-08-01

A tracer test using both bromide and heat tracers conducted at the Integrated Field Research Challenge site in Hanford 300 Area (300A), Washington, provided an instrument for evaluating the utility of bromide and heat tracers for aquifer characterization. The bromide tracer data were critical to improving the calibration of the flow model complicated by the highly dynamic nature of the flow field. However, most bromide concentrations were obtained from fully screened observation wells, lacking depth-specific resolution for vertical characterization. On the other hand, depth-specific temperature data were relatively simple and inexpensive to acquire. However, temperature-driven fluid density effects influenced heat plume movement. Moreover, the temperature data contained "noise" caused by heating during fluid injection and sampling events. Using the hydraulic conductivity distribution obtained from the calibration of the bromide transport model, the temperature depth profiles and arrival times of temperature peaks simulated by the heat transport model were in reasonable agreement with observations. This suggested that heat can be used as a cost-effective proxy for solute tracers for calibration of the hydraulic conductivity distribution, especially in the vertical direction. However, a heat tracer test must be carefully designed and executed to minimize fluid density effects and sources of noise in temperature data. A sensitivity analysis also revealed that heat transport was most sensitive to hydraulic conductivity and porosity, less sensitive to thermal distribution factor, and least sensitive to thermal dispersion and heat conduction. This indicated that the hydraulic conductivity remains the primary calibration parameter for heat transport.

Chromatographic method for the determination of diazepam, pyridostigmine bromide, and their metabolites in rat plasma and urine.

PubMed

Abu-Qare, A W; Abou-Donia, M B

2001-04-25

This study describes a chromatographic method for the determination of diazepam, an anxiolytic drug that is also used as an antidote against nerve agent seizures, its metabolites N-desmethyldiazepam, and temazepam, the anti-nerve agent drug pyridostigmine bromide (PB; 3-dimethylaminocarbonyloxy-N-methyl pyridinium bromide) and its metabolite N-methyl-3-hydroxypyridinium bromide in rat plasma and urine. The compounds were extracted using C18 Sep-Pak Vac 3cc (500 mg) cartridges and separated using isocratic mobile phase of methanol, acetonitrile and water (pH 3.2) (10:40:50) at a flow-rate of 0.5 ml/min in a period of 12 min, and UV detection ranging between 240 and 280 nm. The limits of detection for all analytes ranged between 20 and 50 ng/ml, while limits of quantitation were 100 ng/ml. Average percentage extraction recoveries of five spiked plasma samples were 79.1+/-7.7, 83.5+/-6.4, 83.9+/-5.9, 71.3+/-6.0 and 77.7+/-5.6, and from urine 79.4+/-7.9, 83.1+/-6.9, 73.6+/-7.7, 74.3+/-7.1 and 77.6+/-5.9 for diazepam, N-desmethyldiazepam, temazepam, pyridostigmine bromide, and N-methyl-3-hydroxypyridinium bromide, respectively. The relationship between peak areas and concentration was linear over the range between 100 and 1000 ng/ml. This method was applied to determine the above analytes following a single oral administration in rats as a tool to study the pharmacokinetic profile of each compound, alone and in combination.

Utility of Bromide and Heat Tracers for Aquifer Characterization Affected by Highly Transient Flow Conditions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ma, Rui; Zheng, Chunmiao; Zachara, John M.

A tracer test using both bromide and heat tracers conducted at the Integrated Field Research Challenge site in Hanford 300 Area (300A), Washington, provided an instrument for evaluating the utility of bromide and heat tracers for aquifer characterization. The bromide tracer data were critical to improving the calibration of the flow model complicated by the highly dynamic nature of the flow field. However, most bromide concentrations were obtained from fully screened observation wells, lacking depth-specific resolution for vertical characterization. On the other hand, depth-specific temperature data were relatively simple and inexpensive to acquire. However, temperature-driven fluid density effects influenced heatmore » plume movement. Moreover, the temperature data contained “noise” caused by heating during fluid injection and sampling events. Using the hydraulic conductivity distribution obtained from the calibration of the bromide transport model, the temperature depth profiles and arrival times of temperature peaks simulated by the heat transport model were in reasonable agreement with observations. This suggested that heat can be used as a cost-effective proxy for solute tracers for calibration of the hydraulic conductivity distribution, especially in the vertical direction. However, a heat tracer test must be carefully designed and executed to minimize fluid density effects and sources of noise in temperature data. A sensitivity analysis also revealed that heat transport was most sensitive to hydraulic conductivity and porosity, less sensitive to thermal distribution factor, and least sensitive to thermal dispersion and heat conduction. This indicated that the hydraulic conductivity remains the primary calibration parameter for heat transport.« less

A novel explicit approach to model bromide and pesticide transport in connected soil structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klaus, J.; Zehe, E.

2011-07-01

The present study tests whether an explicit treatment of worm burrows and tile drains as connected structures is feasible for simulating water flow, bromide and pesticide transport in structured heterogeneous soils at hillslope scale. The essence is to represent worm burrows as morphologically connected paths of low flow resistance in a hillslope model. A recent Monte Carlo study (Klaus and Zehe, 2010, Hydrological Processes, 24, p. 1595-1609) revealed that this approach allowed successful reproduction of tile drain event discharge recorded during an irrigation experiment at a tile drained field site. However, several "hillslope architectures" that were all consistent with the available extensive data base allowed a good reproduction of tile drain flow response. Our second objective was thus to find out whether this "equifinality" in spatial model setups may be reduced when including bromide tracer data in the model falsification process. We thus simulated transport of bromide for the 13 spatial model setups that performed best with respect to reproduce tile drain event discharge, without any further calibration. All model setups allowed a very good prediction of the temporal dynamics of cumulated bromide leaching into the tile drain, while only four of them matched the accumulated water balance and accumulated bromide loss into the tile drain. The number of behavioural model architectures could thus be reduced to four. One of those setups was used for simulating transport of Isoproturon, using different parameter combinations to characterise adsorption according to the Footprint data base. Simulations could, however, only reproduce the observed leaching behaviour, when we allowed for retardation coefficients that were very close to one.

A novel explicit approach to model bromide and pesticide transport in soils containing macropores

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klaus, J.; Zehe, E.

2011-01-01

The present study tests whether an explicit treatment of worm burrows is feasible for simulating water flow, bromide and pesticide transport in structured heterogeneous soils. The essence is to represent worm burrows as morphologically connected paths of low flow resistance in the spatially highly resolved model domain. A recent Monte Carlo study (Klaus and Zehe, 2010) revealed that this approach allowed successful reproduction of tile drain event discharge recorded during an irrigation experiment at a tile drained field site. However, several "hillslope architectures" that were all consistent with the available extensive data base allowed a good reproduction of tile drain flow response. Our second objective was thus to find out whether this "equifinality" in spatial model setups may be reduced when including bromide tracer data in the model falsification process. We thus simulated transport of bromide and Isoproturon (IPU) for the 13 spatial model setups, which performed best with respect to reproduce tile drain event discharge, without any further calibration. All model setups allowed a very good prediction of the temporal dynamics of cumulated bromide leaching into the tile drain, while only four of them matched the accumulated water balance and accumulated bromide loss into the tile drain. The number of behavioural model architectures could thus be reduced to four. One of those setups was used for simulating transport of IPU, using different parameter combinations to characterise adsorption according to the Footprint data base. Simulations could, however, only reproduce the observed leaching behaviour, when we allowed for retardation coefficients that were very close to one.

Methyl Bromide Buffer Zone Distances for Commodity and Structural Fumigation: Treatment 8 Hours or Less

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document contains buffer zone tables required by certain methyl bromide commodity fumigant product labels that refer to Buffer Zone Lookup Tables located at epa.gov/pesticide-registration/mbcommoditybuffer on the label.

Methyl Bromide Buffer Zone Distances for Commodity and Structural Fumigation: Treatment Longer than 8 Hours

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document contains buffer zone tables required by certain methyl bromide commodity fumigant product labels that refer to Buffer Zone Lookup Tables located at epa.gov/pesticide-registration/mbcommoditybuffer on the label.

Vinyl bromide

Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)

Vinyl bromide ; CASRN 593 - 60 - 2 Human health assessment information on a chemical substance is included in the IRIS database only after a comprehensive review of toxicity data , as outlined in the IRIS assessment development process . Sections I ( Health Hazard Assessments for Noncarcinogenic Eff

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vercher, E.; Pena, M.P.; Martinez-Andreu, A.

Isobaric experimental data of vapor-liquid equilibrium for the ethanol-water-strontium bromide system at different mole fractions of strontium bromide have been measured at 100.6 kPa. Data were correlated by Jaques and Furter's method. Thermodynamic consistency was checked by Herington's method with satisfactory results.

7 CFR 319.74-2 - Conditions governing the entry of cut flowers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... (insects of the family Agromyzidae) must be fumigated at the time of importation with methyl bromide in... consist of fumigation with methyl bromide at normal atmospheric pressure in a chamber or under a tarpaulin...

7 CFR 319.40-5 - Importation and entry requirements for specified articles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Christmas trees have been treated with methyl bromide to kill the pine shoot beetle; or, alternatively, in... certificate must indicate that the regulated articles have been treated with methyl bromide to kill the pine...

7 CFR 319.40-5 - Importation and entry requirements for specified articles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Christmas trees have been treated with methyl bromide to kill the pine shoot beetle; or, alternatively, in... certificate must indicate that the regulated articles have been treated with methyl bromide to kill the pine...

A spectrophotometric study of aqueous Au(III) halide-hydroxide complexes at 25-80 °C

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Usher, Al; McPhail, D. C.; Brugger, Joël

2009-06-01

The mobility and transport of gold in low-temperature waters and brines is affected by the aqueous speciation of gold, which is sensitive in particular to pH, oxidation and halide concentrations. In this study, we use UV-Vis spectrophotometry to identify and measure the thermodynamic properties of Au(III) aqueous complexes with chloride, bromide and hydroxide. Au(III) forms stable square planar complexes with hydroxide and halide ligands. Based on systematic changes in the absorption spectra of solutions in three binary systems NaCl-NaBr, NaCl-NaOH and NaBr-NaOH at 25 °C, we derived log dissociation constants for the following mixed and end-member halide and hydroxide complexes: [AuCl 3Br] -, [AuCl 2Br 2] -, [AuBr 3Cl] - and [AuBr 4] -; [AuCl 3(OH)] -, [AuCl 2(OH) 2] -, [AuCl(OH) 3] - and [Au(OH) 4] -; and [AuBr 3(OH)] -, [AuBr 2(OH) 2] - and [AuBr(OH) 3] -. These are the first reported results for the mixed chloride-bromide complexes. Increasing temperature to 80 °C resulted in an increase in the stability of the mixed chloride-bromide complexes, relative to the end-member chloride and bromide complexes. For the [AuCl (4-n)(OH) n] - series of complexes ( n = 0-4), there is an excellent agreement between our spectrophotometric results and previous electrochemical results of Chateau et al. [Chateau et al. (1966)]. In other experiments, the iodide ion (I -) was found to be unstable in the presence of Au(III), oxidizing rapidly to I 2(g) and causing Au to precipitate. Predicted Au(III) speciation indicates that Au(III) chloride-bromide complexes can be important in transporting gold in brines with high bromide-chloride ratios (e.g., >0.05), under oxidizing (atmospheric), acidic (pH < 5) conditions. Native gold solubility under atmospheric oxygen conditions is predicted to increase with decreasing pH in acidic conditions, increasing pH in alkaline conditions, increasing chloride, especially at acid pH, and increasing bromide for bromide/chloride ratios greater than 0.05. The results of our study increase the understanding of gold aqueous geochemistry, with the potential to lead to new methods for mineral exploration, hydrometallurgy and medicine.

Synthesis of nanoporous TiO2 materials using a doubly surfactant system and applying them as useful adsorbents

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anbia, Mansoor; Khosravi, Faezeh

Hydrothermal and non-hydrothermal nanoporous TiO2 materials were synthesized via a doubly surfactant route by using cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactants as the molecular template/structure directing agent. Hydrothermal treatment was performed for comparison. The bulk chemical and phase compositions, crystalline structures, particle morphologies, thermal stabilities and surface texturing were determined by means of X-ray powder analysis, SEM and N2 sorptiometry. The nanoporous TiO2 materials were found to have a spherical morphology with a diameter range of 50-200 nm and a high surface area (390 m2 g-1). Hydrothermal and non-hydrothermal nanoporous TiO2 materials were applied for adsorption of heavy metal cations and the toxic organic compound, copper phthalocyanine, from water for evaluation of their adsorption properties. Both nanoporous TiO2 materials were found to have similar adsorption capacities toward heavy metal cations and CuPc. Both hydrothermal and non-hydrothermal TiO2 nanoporous materials were found to have very good potential for application as a new adsorbent especially for adsorbing heavy metal cations from wastewaters.

Green synthesis and anticancer potential of chalcone linked-1,2,3-triazoles.

PubMed

Yadav, Pinki; Lal, Kashmiri; Kumar, Ashwani; Guru, Santosh Kumar; Jaglan, Sundeep; Bhushan, Shashi

2017-01-27

A series of chalcone linked-1,2,3-triazoles was synthesized via cellulose supported copper nanoparticle catalyzed click reaction in water. The structures of all the compounds were analyzed by IR, NMR and Mass spectral techniques. All the synthesized products were subjected to 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cytotoxicity assay against a panel of four human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MIA-Pa-Ca-2, A549, HepG2) to check their anticancer potential. Compound 6h was found to be most active against all the tested cancer cell lines with IC 50 values in the range of 4-11 μM and showed better or comparable activity to the reference drug against all the tested cell lines. Cell cycle analysis revealed that compound 6h induces apoptosis and G2/S arrest in MIA-Pa-Ca-2 cells. Compound 6h triggers mitochondrial potential loss in pancreatic cancer MIA-Pa-Ca-2 cells. Further, Compound 6h also triggers caspase-3 and PARP-1 cleavage, which increases in dose dependent manner. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Comparative study of the conformational lock, dissociative thermal inactivation and stability of euphorbia latex and lentil seedling amine oxidases.

PubMed

Amani, M; Moosavi-Movahedi, A A; Floris, G; Longu, S; Mura, A; Moosavi-Nejad, S Z; Saboury, A A; Ahmad, F

2005-04-01

The thermal stability of copper/quinone containing amine oxidases from Euphorbia characias latex (ELAO) and lentil seedlings (LSAO) was measured in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) following changes in absorbance at 292 nm. ELAO was shown to be about 10 degrees C more stable than LSAO. The dissociative thermal inactivation of ELAO was studied using putrescine as substrate at different temperatures in the range 47-70 degrees C, and a "conformational lock" was developed using the theory pertaining to oligomeric enzyme. Moreover ELAO was shown to be more stable towards denaturants than LSAO, as confirmed by dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide denaturation curves. A comparison of the numbers of contact sites in inter-subunits of ELAO relative to LSAO led us to conclude that the higher stability of ELAO to temperature and towards denaturants was due to the presence of larger number of contact sites in the conformational lock of the enzyme. This study also gives a putative common mechanism for thermal inactivation of amine oxidases and explains the importance of C-terminal conserved amino acids residues in this class of enzymes.

Tripeptide GGH as the Inhibitor of Copper-Amyloid-β-Mediated Redox Reaction and Toxicity.

PubMed

Hu, Xiaoyu; Zhang, Qian; Wang, Wei; Yuan, Zhi; Zhu, Xushan; Chen, Bing; Chen, Xingyu

2016-09-21

The Aβ complexes of some redox-active species, such as Cu, cause oxidative stress and induce severe toxicity by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, Cu chelation therapy should be considered as a valuable strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, more attention should be paid to the specific chelating ability of these chelating agents. Herein, a tripeptide GGH was used to selectively chelate the Cu(2+) in Aβ-Cu complex in the presence of other metal ions (e.g., K(+), Ca(2+), Ni(2+), Mg(2+), and Zn(2+)) as shown by isothermal titration calorimetry results. GGH decreased the level of HO(•) radicals by preventing the formation of intermediate Cu(I) ion. Thus, the Cu species completely lost its catalytic activity at a superequimolar GGH/Cu(II) ratio (4:1) as observed by UV-visible spectroscopy, coumarin-3-carboxylic acid fluorescence, and BCA assay. Moreover, (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay indicates that GGH increased PC-12 cell viability from 36% to 63%, and neurotoxicity partly triggered by ROS decreased. These results indicate potential development of peptide chelation therapy for AD treatment.

A Macrosphelide as the Unexpected Product of a Pleurotus ostreatus Strain-Mediated Biotransformation of Halolactones Containing the gem-Dimethylcyclohexane Ring. Part 1.

PubMed

Wińska, Katarzyna; Mączka, Wanda; Grabarczyk, Małgorzata; Sugimoto, Kenji; Matsuya, Yuji; Szumny, Antoni; Anioł, Mirosław

2016-06-30

The aim of the study was to obtain new compounds during biotransformation of two halocompounds, the δ-bromo and δ-iodo-γ-bicyclolactones 1 and 2. Unexpectedly Pleurotus ostreatus produced together with the hydroxylactone, 2-hydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-9-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane-8-one (3), its own metabolite (3S,9S,15S)-(6E,12E)-3,9,15-trimethyl-4,10,16-trioxacyclohexa-deca-6,12-diene-1,5,8,11,14-pentaone (4). The method presented here, in which this macrosphelide 4 was obtained by biotransformation, has not been previously described in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, this compound has been prepared only by chemical synthesis to date. This is the first report on the possibility of the biosynthesis of this compound by the Pleurotus ostreatus strain. The conditions and factors, like temperature, salts, organic solvents, affecting the production of this macrosphelide by Pleurotus ostreatus strain were examined. The highest yield of macroshphelide production was noticed for halolactones, as well with iodide, bromide, iron and copper (2+) ions as inductors.

Stability of Trifluoromethane in Forest Soils and Methanotrophic Cultures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

King, Gary M.

1997-01-01

Trifluoromethane (TFM) has been reported as an endproduct of trifluoroacetate degradation under oxic conditions. Although other halomethanes, such as chloroform, methyl bromide, and methyl fluoride, inhibit methane oxidation or are degraded by methanotrophs, the fate of TFM is unknown. TFM had no affect on atmospheric methane consumption when added to forest soils at either 10 ppm or 10,000 ppm. No degradation of TFM was observed at either concentration for incubations of 6 days. Cultures of Methylobacter albus BG8 and Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b grown With and without added copper were also used to assay TFM degradation at 10 10000 ppm levels. TFM did not inhibit methane oxidation under any growth conditions, including those inducing expression of soluble methane monooxygenase, nor was it degraded at measurable rates. In contrast, parallel assays showed that both methyl fluoride and chloroform inhibited methane oxidation in M. trichosporium OB3b. Our results suggest that TFM may be relatively inert with respect to methanotrophic degradition. Although TFM has a negligible ozone depletion potential, it absorbs infrared radiation and has a relatively long atmospheric residence time. Thus, accumulation of TFM in the atmosphere as a consequence of the decomposition of hydrochlorofluorocarbons may have significant unpredicted climate impacts.

One-pot Sequential Reactions Featuring a Copper-catalyzed Amination Leading to Pyrido[2',1':2,3]imidazo[4,5-c]quinolines and Dihydropyrido[2',1':2,3]imidazo[4,5-c]quinolines.

PubMed

Fan, Xue-Sen; Zhang, Ju; Li, Bin; Zhang, Xin-Ying

2015-06-01

Tetracyclic skeletons combining an imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine moiety with a quinoline framework such as pyrido[2',1':2,3]imidazo[4,5-b]quinoline are stimulating increasing interests since they are close isosteres of a series of powerful antiproliferative compounds. In this paper, we report a novel methodology for the synthesis of pyrido[2',1':2,3]imidazo[4,5-c]quinolines through one-pot sequential reactions of commercially available or readily obtainable 2-aminopyridines, 2-bromophenacyl bromides, aqueous ammonia, and aldehydes. Moreover, dihydropyrido[2',1':2,3]imidazo[4,5-c]quinolines could also be obtained in a similar manner by using various ketones as the substrates in place of aldehydes. Notably, the whole procedure combines condensation/amination/cyclization reactions in one pot to give complex compounds in a simple and practical manner. Compared with literature methods, the synthetic strategy reported herein has the advantages of readily available starting materials, structural diversity of products, good functional group tolerance, and obviation of step-by-step operations. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Mercury removal sorbents

DOEpatents

Alptekin, Gokhan

2016-03-29

Sorbents and methods of using them for removing mercury from flue gases over a wide range of temperatures are disclosed. Sorbent materials of this invention comprise oxy- or hydroxyl-halogen (chlorides and bromides) of manganese, copper and calcium as the active phase for Hg.sup.0 oxidation, and are dispersed on a high surface porous supports. In addition to the powder activated carbons (PACs), this support material can be comprised of commercial ceramic supports such as silica (SiO.sub.2), alumina (Al.sub.2O.sub.3), zeolites and clays. The support material may also comprise of oxides of various metals such as iron, manganese, and calcium. The non-carbon sorbents of the invention can be easily injected into the flue gas and recovered in the Particulate Control Device (PCD) along with the fly ash without altering the properties of the by-product fly ash enabling its use as a cement additive. Sorbent materials of this invention effectively remove both elemental and oxidized forms of mercury from flue gases and can be used at elevated temperatures. The sorbent combines an oxidation catalyst and a sorbent in the same particle to both oxidize the mercury and then immobilize it.

Gulf War Illness Research Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

will be exposed to pyridostigmine bromide , an antinerve agent drug, and the pesticides DEET and per- methrin, thought to be significant contribu...animal model further by combined exposure of DFP and stress hormone with chronic exposure to pyridostigmine bromide and DEET, two agents widely

77 FR 31564 - Notice of Availability of a Treatment Evaluation Document; Methyl Bromide Fumigation of Cottonseed

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-29

... significant impacts on U.S. cotton production. They are currently found only in Australia. Fumigation with methyl bromide was the only approved treatment for FOV VCG 01111 and 01112, so when the Environmental...

Use of normal propyl bromide solvents for extraction and recovery of asphalt cements

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-11-01

Four normal propyl bromide (nPB) solvents were evaluated for use as chlorinated solvent replacements in typical hot mix asphalt (HMA) extraction and recovery processes. The experimental design included one method of extraction (centrifuge), one metho...

Scenario Analysis of the Impact on Drinking Water Intakes from Bromide in the Discharge of Treated Oil and Gas Wastewater

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA scientists created different scenarios for conventional commercial wastewater treatment plants that treat oil and gas wastewaters to evaluate the impact from bromide in discharges by the CWTP plants.

Temperature Dependence of Mineral Solubility in Water. Part 2. Alkaline and Alkaline Earth Bromides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krumgalz, B. S.

2018-03-01

Databases of alkaline and alkaline earth bromide solubilities in water at various temperatures were created using experimental data from publications over about the last two centuries. Statistical critical evaluation of the created databases was produced since there were enough independent data sources to justify such evaluation. The reliable experimental data were adequately described by polynomial expressions over various temperature ranges. Using the Pitzer approach for ionic activity and osmotic coefficients, the thermodynamic solubility products for the discussed bromide minerals have been calculated at various temperature intervals and also represented by polynomial expressions.

Active Control of Interface Shape During the Crystal Growth of Lead Bromide

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Duval, W. M. B.; Batur, C.; Singh, N. B.

2003-01-01

A thermal model for predicting and designing the furnace temperature profile was developed and used for the crystal growth of lead bromide. The model gives the ampoule temperature as a function of the furnace temperature, thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficients, and ampoule dimensions as variable parameters. Crystal interface curvature was derived from the model and it was compared with the predicted curvature for a particular furnace temperature and growth parameters. Large crystals of lead bromide were grown and it was observed that interface shape was in agreement with the shape predicted by this model.

Breakdown of ionic character of molecular alkali bromides in inner-valence photoionization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karpenko, A.; Iablonskyi, D.; Urpelainen, S.; Kettunen, J. A.; Cao, W.; Huttula, M.; Aksela, H.

2014-05-01

The inner-valence region of alkali bromide XBr (X=Li, Na, K, Rb) vapours has been studied experimentally by means of synchrotron radiation excited photoelectron spectroscopy. Experimental spectra were analyzed by comparing them with available theoretical results and previous experiments. Ionic character of alkali bromides is seen to change in the inner-valence region with increasing atomic number of the alkali atom. A mechanism involving mixing between Br 4s and Rb 4p orbitals has been suggested to account for the fine structure observed in inner-valence ionization region of RbBr.

syn-Selective crotylation of aldehydes using bismuth-crotyl bromide-(1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide) combination: some synthetic applications.

PubMed

Goswami, Dibakar; Koli, Mrunesh R; Chatterjee, Sucheta; Chattopadhyay, Subrata; Sharma, Anubha

2017-05-03

The Bi-[bmim][Br] combination has been found to offer high syn-selectivity in the crotylation of aldehydes with crotyl bromide using practically stoichiometric amounts of the reagents. The room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), [bmim][Br], activated Bi metal in the presence of oxygen to produce crotylbismuthdibromide, which reacted with the aldehydes at room temperature. The major anti-syn diastereomeric product obtained from the crotylation of (R)-cyclohexylideneglyceraldehyde was utilized for the synthesis of dictyostatin and cryptophycin segments, and (+)-cis-aerangis lactone, using standard synthetic protocols.

New Scintillator Materials (K2CeBr5) and (Cs2CeBr5)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hawrami, R.; Volz, M. P.; Batra, A. K.; Aggarwal, M. D.; Roy, U. N.; Groza, M.; Burger, A.; Cherepy, Nerine; Niedermayr, Thomas; Payne, Stephen A.

2008-01-01

Cesium cerium bromide (Cs2CeBr5) and potassium cerium bromide (K2CeBr5) are new scintillator materials for X-ray and gamma ray detector applications. Recently halide scintillator materials, such as Ce doped lanthanum bromide has been proved to be very important material for the same purpose. These materials are highly hygroscopic; a search for high light yield non-hygroscopic materials was highly desirable to advance the scintillator technology. In this paper, we are reporting the crystal growth of novel scintillator materials, cesium cerium bromide (Cs2CeBr5) and potassium cerium bromide (K2CeBr5). Crystals were successfully grown from the melt using the vertical Bridgman-Stockbarger technique, in a comparison with the high performance LaBr3 or LaCl3 crystals, cerium based alkali halides crystals, (Cs2CeBr5) and (K2CeBr5) have similar scintillation properties, while being much less hygroscopic. Furthermore, cesium based compounds will not suffer from the self-activity present in potassium and lanthanum compounds. However the Cs2CeBr5 crystals did not grow properly probably due to non-congruent melting or to some phase transition during cooling. Keywords." Scintillator materials; Ce3+; Energy resolution; Light yield; K2CeBr5

Study of the antibacterial and antifungal activities of synthetic benzyl bromides, ketones, and corresponding chalcone derivatives.

PubMed

Shakhatreh, Muhamad Ali K; Al-Smadi, Mousa L; Khabour, Omar F; Shuaibu, Fatima A; Hussein, Emad I; Alzoubi, Karem H

2016-01-01

Several applications of chalcones and their derivatives encouraged researchers to increase their synthesis as an alternative for the treatment of pathogenic bacterial and fungal infections. In the present study, chalcone derivatives were synthesized through cross aldol condensation reaction between 4-( N , N -dimethylamino)benzaldehyde and multiarm aromatic ketones. The multiarm aromatic ketones were synthesized through nucleophilic substitution reaction between 4-hydroxy acetophenone and benzyl bromides. The benzyl bromides, multiarm aromatic ketones, and corresponding chalcone derivatives were evaluated for their activities against eleven clinical pathogenic Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and three pathogenic fungi by the disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by the microbroth dilution technique. The results of the present study demonstrated that benzyl bromide derivatives have strong antibacterial and antifungal properties as compared to synthetic chalcone derivatives and ketones. Benzyl bromides (1a and 1c) showed high ester activity against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi but moderate activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, these compounds may be considered as good antibacterial and antifungal drug discovery. However, substituted ketones (2a-b) as well as chalcone derivatives (3a-c) showed no activity against all the tested strains except for ketone (2c), which showed moderate activity against Candida albicans .

Study of the antibacterial and antifungal activities of synthetic benzyl bromides, ketones, and corresponding chalcone derivatives

PubMed Central

Shakhatreh, Muhamad Ali K; Al-Smadi, Mousa L; Khabour, Omar F; Shuaibu, Fatima A; Hussein, Emad I; Alzoubi, Karem H

2016-01-01

Several applications of chalcones and their derivatives encouraged researchers to increase their synthesis as an alternative for the treatment of pathogenic bacterial and fungal infections. In the present study, chalcone derivatives were synthesized through cross aldol condensation reaction between 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzaldehyde and multiarm aromatic ketones. The multiarm aromatic ketones were synthesized through nucleophilic substitution reaction between 4-hydroxy acetophenone and benzyl bromides. The benzyl bromides, multiarm aromatic ketones, and corresponding chalcone derivatives were evaluated for their activities against eleven clinical pathogenic Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and three pathogenic fungi by the disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by the microbroth dilution technique. The results of the present study demonstrated that benzyl bromide derivatives have strong antibacterial and antifungal properties as compared to synthetic chalcone derivatives and ketones. Benzyl bromides (1a and 1c) showed high ester activity against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi but moderate activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, these compounds may be considered as good antibacterial and antifungal drug discovery. However, substituted ketones (2a–b) as well as chalcone derivatives (3a–c) showed no activity against all the tested strains except for ketone (2c), which showed moderate activity against Candida albicans. PMID:27877017

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service research on alternatives to methyl bromide: pre-plant and post-harvest.

PubMed

Schneider, Sally M; Rosskopf, Erin N; Leesch, James G; Chellemi, Daniel O; Bull, Carolee T; Mazzola, Mark

2003-01-01

Methyl bromide is a widely used fumigant for both pre-plant and post-harvest pest and pathogen control. The Montreal Protocol and the US Clean Air Act mandate a phase-out of the import and manufacture of methyl bromide, beginning in 2001 and culminating with a complete ban, except for quarantine and certain pre-shipment uses and exempted critical uses, in January 2005. In 1995, ARS built on its existing programs in soil-borne plant pathology and post-harvest entomology and plant pathology to initiate a national research program to develop alternatives to methyl bromide. The focus has been on strawberry, pepper, tomato, perennial and nursery cropping systems for pre-plant methyl bromide use and fresh and durable commodities for post-harvest use. Recently the program has been expanded to include research on alternatives for the ornamental and cut flower cropping systems. An overview of the national research program is presented. Results from four specific research trials are presented, ranging from organic to conventional systems. Good progress on short-term alternatives is being made. These will be used as the foundation of integrated management systems which begin with pre-plant management decisions and continue through post-harvest processing.

Indium-mediated asymmetric barbier-type allylations: additions to aldehydes and ketones and mechanistic investigation of the organoindium reagents.

PubMed

Haddad, Terra D; Hirayama, Lacie C; Singaram, Bakthan

2010-02-05

We report a simple, efficient, and general method for the indium-mediated enantioselective allylation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes and ketones under Barbier-type conditions in a one-pot synthesis affording the corresponding chiral alcohol products in very good yield (up to 99%) and enantiomeric excess (up to 93%). Our method is able to tolerate various functional groups, such as esters, nitriles, and phenols. Additionally, more substituted allyl bromides, such as crotyl and cinnamyl bromide, can be used providing moderate enantioselectivity (72% and 56%, respectively) and excellent diastereoselectivity when employing cinnamyl bromide (>95/5 anti/syn). However, the distereoselectivity when using crotyl bromide was poor and other functionalized allyl bromides under our method afforded low enantioselectivities for the alcohol products. In these types of indium-mediated additions, solvent plays a major role in determining the nature of the organoindium intermediate and we observed the susceptibility of some allylindium intermediates to hydrolysis in protic solvents. Under our reaction conditions using a polar aprotic solvent, we suggest that an allylindium(III) species is the active allylating intermediate. In addition, we have observed the presence of a shiny, indium(0) nugget throughout the reaction, irrespective of the stoichiometry, indicating disproportionation of indium halide byproduct formed during the reaction.

Neuroinflammatory Pathobiology in Gulf War Illness: Characterization with an Animal Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-08-01

evaluated alone and in combination (i.e. pyridostigmine bromide (PB), diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), 5 lipopolysaccharide (LPS), corticosterone (CORT) and...acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor pyridostigmine bromide (PB), the insect repellent DEET and, potentially, the nerve agent, sarin. These combined

Operate A Chemical Surety Program And Studies Supporting The Medical Chemical Defense Research Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-05-01

23 Task Execution Plan 34 – Temperature Testing of Pyridostigmine Bromide (PB) .......... 23 KEY RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHMENTS...29, 2010. Staff was assembled and materials have been ordered. Task Execution Plan (TEP) 0034 – Temperature Testing of Pyridostigmine Bromide

40 CFR 180.123 - Inorganic bromide residues resulting from fumigation with methyl bromide; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Cantaloupe, postharvest 20.0 None Carrot, roots, postharvest 30.0 None Cashew, postharvest 200.0 None Cherry..., postharvest 20.0 None Nut, brazil, postharvest 200.0 None Nut, hickory, postharvest 200.0 None Nut, macadamia...

40 CFR 180.123 - Inorganic bromide residues resulting from fumigation with methyl bromide; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Cantaloupe, postharvest 20.0 None Carrot, roots, postharvest 30.0 None Cashew, postharvest 200.0 None Cherry..., postharvest 20.0 None Nut, brazil, postharvest 200.0 None Nut, hickory, postharvest 200.0 None Nut, macadamia...

40 CFR 180.123 - Inorganic bromide residues resulting from fumigation with methyl bromide; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Cantaloupe, postharvest 20.0 None Carrot, roots, postharvest 30.0 None Cashew, postharvest 200.0 None Cherry..., postharvest 20.0 None Nut, brazil, postharvest 200.0 None Nut, hickory, postharvest 200.0 None Nut, macadamia...

BROMIDE'S EFFECT ON DBP FORMATION, SPECIATION, AND CONTROL: PART 1, OZONATION

EPA Science Inventory

The effect of variable ozone dosage and bromide concentration on the formation of organic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and bromate were evaluated. Low ozone dosages resulted in oxidation of organic precursors, yielding decreases in the formation potential for total trihalometha...

Methyl Bromide Buffer Zone Distances for Commodity and Structural Fumigation: Active Aeration, Horizontal Stacks, 8 Hours or Less

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document contains buffer zone tables required by certain methyl bromide commodity fumigant product labels that refer to Buffer Zone Lookup Tables located at epa.gov/pesticide-registration/mbcommoditybuffer on the label.

Methyl Bromide Buffer Zone Distances for Commodity and Structural Fumigation: Active Aeration, No Stack, More than 8 Hours

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document contains buffer zone tables required by certain methyl bromide commodity fumigant product labels that refer to Buffer Zone Lookup Tables located at epa.gov/pesticide-registration/mbcommoditybuffer on the label.

Methyl Bromide Buffer Zone Distances for Commodity and Structural Fumigation: Active Aeration, No Stack, 8 Hours or Less

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document contains buffer zone tables required by certain methyl bromide commodity fumigant product labels that refer to Buffer Zone Lookup Tables located at epa.gov/pesticide-registration/mbcommoditybuffer on the label.

Pharmacodynamic Comparison of Rocuronium Bromide between Patients from the Plateau Area and from the Plain Area.

PubMed

Xie, Min; Huang, Jianxin; Li, Peng; Ou, Zhiyan; Hou, Jing

2016-06-23

We aimed to conduct a pharmacodynamic comparison of rocuronium bromide between patients from the plateau area and from the plain area. A total of 104 patients who received laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital and Aba Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital from October 2015 to December 2015 were included in this study. Among them, 46 patients were from the plateau area and 58 were from the plain area. Both groups received total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with a dose of 0.6mg/kg rocuronium bromide during induction. In the meantime, neuromuscular block was monitored using a train-of-four (TOF) stimulation mode. The onset time (time to achieve the lowest TOF value after the injection of rocuronium bromide), duration of maximal neuromuscular block (duration of lowest T1 value), time to 25% recovery, time to 75% recovery, recovery index (time from 25% recovery to 75% recovery), time to extubation, length of stay in Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) and muscle strength upon PACU discharge were all recorded. The onset time, time to 25% recovery, time to 75% recovery and time to extubation were all significantly prolonged in patients from the plateau area after receiving one single dose of rocuronium bromide (P<0.05). However, both groups didn't show any significant difference in maximal neuromuscular block, recovery index (time from 25% recovery to 75% recovery), length of stay in PACU or muscle strength upon PACU discharge (P>0.05). Compared to patients from the plain area, patients from the plateau area showed prolonged onset time of rocuronium bromide, reduced metabolic capabilities and longer duration of muscular relaxation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The speciation of aqueous zinc(II) bromide solutions to 500 °C and 900 MPa determined using Raman spectroscopy

USGS Publications Warehouse

Mibe, Kenji; Chou, I-Ming; Anderson, Alan J.; Mayanovic, Robert A.; Bassett, William A.

2009-01-01

A Raman spectral study was carried out on 3 solutions of varying concentration and bromide/zinc ratios. Spectra were collected at 11 different temperature-pressure conditions ranging from ambient to 500????C-0.9??GPa. Raman band assignments for zinc(II) bromide species reported in previous studies were used to determine the relative concentrations of ZnBr42-, ZnBr3-, ZnBr2, and ZnBr+ species at various temperatures and pressures. Our results are in close agreement with X-ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) data, and confirm that the tetrabromo zinc(II) complex, ZnBr42-, is the predominant species up to 500????C in solutions having high Zn concentrations (1??m) and high bromide/zinc molar ratios ([Br]/[Zn] = 8). In agreement with previous solubility and Raman spectroscopic experiments, our measurements indicate that species with a lower number of halide ligands and charge are favored with increasing temperature in dilute solutions, and solutions with low bromide/zinc ratios ([Br]/[Zn] < 2.5). The Raman technique provides an independent experimental means of evaluating the quality of XAS analyses of data obtained from high temperature disordered systems. The combination of these two techniques provides complementary data on speciation and the structure of zinc(II) bromide complexes. The preponderance of the ZnBr42- species in highly saline brines at high temperature is consistent with the predominance of ZnCl42- in chloride-rich brines reported in previous XAS studies. Knowledge of Zn complexing in metal-rich highly saline brines is important for numerical models of ore deposition in high temperature systems such as skarns and porphyry-type deposits. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V.

Four groups of new aromatic halogenated disinfection byproducts: effect of bromide concentration on their formation and speciation in chlorinated drinking water.

PubMed

Pan, Yang; Zhang, Xiangru

2013-02-05

Bromide is naturally present in source waters worldwide. Chlorination of drinking water can generate a variety of chlorinated and brominated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Although substantial efforts have been made to examine the effect of bromide concentration on the formation and speciation of halogenated DBPs, almost all previous studies have focused on trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. Given that about 50% of total organic halogen formed in chlorination remains unknown, it is still unclear how bromide concentration affects the formation and speciation of the new/unknown halogenated DBPs. In this study, chlorinated drinking water samples with different bromide concentrations were prepared, and a novel approach-precursor ion scan using ultra performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry-was adopted for the detection and identification of polar halogenated DBPs in these water samples. With this approach, 11 new putative aromatic halogenated DBPs were identified, and they were classified into four groups: dihalo-4-hydroxybenzaldehydes, dihalo-4-hydroxybenzoic acids, dihalo-salicylic acids, and trihalo-phenols. A mechanism for the formation of the four groups of new aromatic halogenated DBPs was proposed. It was found that increasing the bromide concentration shifted the entire polar halogenated DBPs as well as the four groups of new DBPs from being less brominated to being more brominated; these new aromatic halogenated DBPs might be important intermediate DBPs formed in drinking water chlorination. Moreover, the speciation of the four groups of new DBPs was modeled: the speciation patterns of the four groups of new DBPs well matched those determined from the model equations, and the reactivity differences between HOBr and HOCl in reactions forming the four groups of new DBPs were larger than those in reactions forming trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids.

Intranasal Insulin: A Novel Treatment for Gulf War Multisymptom Illness

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-10-01

Krengel M, Sullivan K. (2008). Neuropsychological Functioning in Gulf War veterans exposed to pesticides and pyridostigmine bromide . Fort Detrick, MD...Devine S, Heeren T, White RF. (2003). Cognitive functioning in treatment-seeking Gulf War veterans: pyridostigmine bromide use and PTSD. Journal of

IDENTIFICATION OF NEW DRINKING WATER DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS FORMED IN THE PRESENCE OF BROMIDE

EPA Science Inventory

Using a combination of mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy, disinfection by-products (DBPs) were identified in ozonated drinking water containing elevated bromide levels, and in ozonated water treated with secondary chlorine or chloramine. Only one brominated by-product-d...

REVIEW OF CONTROL OPTIONS FOR METHYL BROMIDE IN COMMODITY TREATMENT

EPA Science Inventory

The report describes recent developments in the control of methyl bromide (MeBr) and discusses technical considerations and requirements for and economic feasibility of recovery. (NOTE: MeBr, fumigant for agricultural commodities, is an ozone depleting chemical. The U.S. EPA has ...

Ice Wedge Polygon Bromide Tracer Experiment in Subsurface Flow, Barrow, Alaska, 2015-2016

DOE Data Explorer

Nathan Wales

2018-02-15

Time series of bromide tracer concentrations at several points within a low-centered polygon and a high-centered polygon. Concentration values were obtained from the analysis of water samples via ion chromatography with an accuracy of 0.01 mg/l.

Chemical alternatives to methyl bromide for Florida ornamental production

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

This project is a cooperative effort among USDA, ARS and University of Florida researchers, Florida in-ground ornamental producers, and fumigant industry representatives. Funding is provided through the USDA-ARS Area-wide Pest Management Program for Alternatives to Methyl Bromide. The ornamental i...

Treatment of Dysphagia with Pyridostigmine Bromide in a Patient with the Pharyngeal-Cervical-Brachial Variant of Guillain-Barré Syndrome

PubMed Central

Lee, Kwang Lae; Lim, Oh Kyung; Park, Ki Deok

2012-01-01

A 24-year-old male developed bulbar palsy, ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, and shoulder weakness bilaterally 2 weeks after he had experienced an upper respiratory infection. The electrodiagnostic study demonstrated axonal polyradiculoneuropathy. The repetitive nerve stimulation study (RNS) showed no significant decrement of the compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs). The videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) showed severe impairment of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. He was diagnosed as having the pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome. The patient's dysphagia was not improved for 3 months. A follow up RNS showed a significant decrement of the CMAPs. Pyridostigmine bromide was tried to improve the dysphagia. The patient showed immediate improvement of his dysphagia on the VFSS after the trial with pyridostigmine bromide. Pyridostigmine bromide was given before each meal for 8 days and he showed continuous improvement of his dysphagia. The follow up VFSS after 3 months showed complete recovery of dysphagia. PMID:22506249

Treatment of Dysphagia with pyridostigmine bromide in a patient with the pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant of guillain-barré syndrome.

PubMed

Lee, Kwang Lae; Lim, Oh Kyung; Lee, Ju Kang; Park, Ki Deok

2012-02-01

A 24-year-old male developed bulbar palsy, ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, and shoulder weakness bilaterally 2 weeks after he had experienced an upper respiratory infection. The electrodiagnostic study demonstrated axonal polyradiculoneuropathy. The repetitive nerve stimulation study (RNS) showed no significant decrement of the compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs). The videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) showed severe impairment of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. He was diagnosed as having the pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome. The patient's dysphagia was not improved for 3 months. A follow up RNS showed a significant decrement of the CMAPs. Pyridostigmine bromide was tried to improve the dysphagia. The patient showed immediate improvement of his dysphagia on the VFSS after the trial with pyridostigmine bromide. Pyridostigmine bromide was given before each meal for 8 days and he showed continuous improvement of his dysphagia. The follow up VFSS after 3 months showed complete recovery of dysphagia.

Highly Reactive, General and Long-Lived Catalysts for Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Heteroaryl and Aryl Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides: Scope and Structure-Activity Relationships

PubMed Central

Shen, Qilong; Ogata, Tokutaro; Hartwig, John F.

2010-01-01

We describe a systematic study of the scope and relationship between ligand structure and activity for a highly efficient and selective class of catalysts for the amination of heteroaryl and aryl chlorides, bromides and iodides containing sterically hindered chelating alkylphosphines. In the presence of this catalyst, aryl and heteroaryl chlorides, bromides and iodides react with many primary amines in high yields with part-per-million quantities of palladium precursor and ligand. Many reactions of primary amines with both heteroaryl and aryl chlorides, bromides and iodides occur to completion with 0.0005-0.05 mol % catalysts. A comparison of the reactivity of this catalyst for coupling of primary amines at these loadings is made with catalysts generated from hindered monophosphines and carbenes, and these data illustrate the benefits of chelation. Thus, these complexes constitute a fourth-generation catalyst for the amination of aryl halides, whose activity complements catalysts based on monophosphines and carbenes. PMID:18444639

Surface confined ionic liquid as a stationary phase for HPLC

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Qian; Baker, Gary A; Baker, Sheila N

Trimethoxysilane ionosilane derivatives of room temperature ionic liquids based on alkylimidazolium bromides were synthesized for attachment to silica support material. The derivatives 1-methyl-3-(trimethoxysilylpropyl)imidazolium bromide and 1-butyl-3-(trimethoxysilylpropyl)imidazolium bromide were used to modify the surface of 3 {micro}m diameter silica particles to act as the stationary phase for HPLC. The modified particles were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and {sup 13}C and {sup 29}Si NMR spectroscopies. The surface modification procedure rendered particles with a surface coverage of 0.84 {micro}mol m{sup -2} for the alkylimidazolium bromide. The ionic liquid moiety was predominantly attached to the silica surface through two siloxane bonds of themore » ionosilane derivative (63%). Columns packed with the modified silica material were tested under HPLC conditions. Preliminary evaluation of the stationary phase for HPLC was performed using aromatic carboxylic acids as model compounds. The separation mechanism appears to involve multiple interactions including ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, and other electrostatic interactions.« less

Coal resources of New Mexico

USGS Publications Warehouse

Read, Charles Brian; Duffner, R.T.; Wood, G.H.; Zapp, A.D.

1950-01-01

A study of water quality degradation due to brine contamination was made in an area of about 1,700 sq mi in east-central Oklahoma. The study area coincides in part with the outcrop of the Vamoosa-Ada aquifer of Pennsylvanian age. Water samples collected from 180 wells completed in the Vamoosa-Ada aquifer and at 167 sites from streams draining the Vamoosa-Ada aquifer show scattered occurrences of water quality degradation by brine. Degradation of water quality by brine is indicated where: (1) chloride concentration is > or = to 400 mg/L; (2) bromide concentration is > or = 2 mg/L; (3) the ratio of sodium plus chloride to dissolved solids is > or = 0.64. Ratios of secondary importance that also indicate water quality degradation by brine in the area are: (1) a ratio of lithium to bromide < or = 0.01, when the chloride concentration is > or = 400 mg/L; (2) a sodium/chloride ratio of about 0.46; (3) a sodium/bromide ratio of about 92; and (4) a bromide/chloride ratio of about 0.0048. Values for bromide, lithium, strontium, dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate concentrations were subjected to analysis of variance based on use of the index values in partition data sets. The analysis of variance showed the significance of the indexes for all constituents except sulfate. The two most reliable brine indicators are chloride and bromide. Statistically, chloride is a slightly more reliable index than bromide. The developed indexes can be used to indicate water quality degradation by brine. Accuracy is improved if both indexes are used. When geophysical logs from 133 pairs of oil and gas wells were analyzed, data from 5 pairs of wells indicated a possible rise in the interface between fresh water and salt water in the Vamoosa-Ada aquifer. Therefore , any rise of the interface is local rather than regional. The criteria developed in this study indicate that brine has degraded water quality at 63 sites on streams draining the Vamoosa-Ada aquifer, at 15 water wells completed in the Vamoosa-Ada aquifer, and at 5 oil and gas wells penetrating the Vamoosa-Ada aquifer. (Author 's abstract)

Observations of Chemical Composition in Frost Flower Growth Process and Their Implication in Aerosol Production and Bromine Activation Chemistry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alvarez-Aviles, L.; Simpson, W. R.; Douglas, T. A.; Sturm, M.; Perovich, D. K.

2006-12-01

Frost flowers are believed to be responsible for most of the salt aerosol and possibly the bromine in the gas phase during springtime in Polar Regions. Frost flowers are vapor deposited ice crystals that form on new forming sea ice and wick brine from the sea-ice surface resulting in high salinities. We propose a conceptual model of frost flower growth and chemical fractionation using chemical analysis to support this model. We also consider how the chemical composition of frost flowers can tell us about the role of frost flowers in bromine activation and aerosol production. Our conceptual model is centered in two important events that occur when sea ice grows and the ice surface temperature gets colder. Brine on the sea-ice surface is drawn up the frost flower by capillary forces, therefore the high salinity values found. Secondarily salt hydrates begin to precipitate at certain temperatures. These precipitation reactions modify the chemical composition of the frost flowers and residual brine, and are the main topic of this research. We found variability and generally depletion of sulfate as compared to sea-water composition in most of the mature frost flowers. This result is in agreement with the literature, which proposes the depletion in sulfate occurs because mirabilite (Na2SO4 · 10H2O) precipitates before the brine is wicked. The observation of some slightly sulfate-enhanced samples in addition to depleted samples indicates that the brine/frost flower environment is the location where mirabilite precipitation and separation from residual brine occurs. Frost flowers bromide enhancement factors are all, within analytical limits, identical to sea water, although nearby snow is depleted in bromide. Because of the high salt concentrations in frost flowers, significant bromine activation could occur from frost flowers without being detected by this measurement. However, if all bromide activation occurred on frost flowers, and frost flowers are not depleted in bromide, no snow would be found that was depleted in bromide. Therefore, the observation of snow that is depleted in bromide shows there must be some activation of bromide subsequent to frost flowers formation.

Spectrophotometric estimation of bromide ion in excess chloride media.

PubMed

Adimurthy, S; Susarla, V R K S; Reddy, M P; Ramachandraiah, G

2005-10-31

The redox reaction between bromate and chloride ions in the presence and the absence of two or less equivalents of bromide ion ascertaining the formation of bromine chloride species of type BrCl and BrCl(2)(-) in subsequent reactions in 4% H(2)SO(4), has been studied by spectrophotometry. Calibration graphs for the bromide ion estimation in 0.1% KBrO(3)-4% H(2)SO(4) medium are determined separately in the presence of known amounts of NaCl. The effect of Cl(-) ion percentage on the determination of Br(-) ion is studied and reported herewith a suitable equation for a precise, reliable and quick spectrophotometric estimation.

Methyl Bromide Buffer Zone Distances for Commodity and Structural Fumigation: Active Aeration, Attached Vertical Stacks, More than 8 hours, 10 Foot Stack Height

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document contains buffer zone tables required by certain methyl bromide commodity fumigant product labels that refer to Buffer Zone Lookup Tables located at epa.gov/pesticide-registration/mbcommoditybuffer on the label.

Methyl Bromide Buffer Zone Distances for Commodity and Structural Fumigation: Active Aeration, Attached Vertical Stacks , 8 Hours or Less, 10 Foot Stack Height

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document contains buffer zone tables required by certain methyl bromide commodity fumigant product labels that refer to Buffer Zone Lookup Tables located at epa.gov/pesticide-registration/mbcommoditybuffer on the label.

Methyl Bromide Buffer Zone Distances for Commodity and Structural Fumigation: Active Aeration, Attached Vertical Stacks, 8 Hours or Less, 50 Foot Stack Height

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document contains buffer zone tables required by certain methyl bromide commodity fumigant product labels that refer to Buffer Zone Lookup Tables located at epa.gov/pesticide-registration/mbcommoditybuffer on the label.

Methyl Bromide Buffer Zone Distances for Commodity and Structural Fumigation: Active Aeration, Attached Vertical Stacks , 8 Hours or Less, 25 Foot Stack Height

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document contains buffer zone tables required by certain methyl bromide commodity fumigant product labels that refer to Buffer Zone Lookup Tables located at epa.gov/pesticide-registration/mbcommoditybuffer on the label.

BROMATE-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES IN LONG-EVANS RAT KIDNEYS

EPA Science Inventory

Bromate-Induced Transcriptional Changes in Long-Evans Rat Kidneys.

Ozone disinfection of surface waters containing bromide ion (Br-) results in the oxidation of bromide to bromate, which can be found in finished drinking water as a by-product. Potassium bromate (KBrO3)...

77 FR 35295 - Methyl Bromide; Pesticide Tolerances

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-13

.... SUMMARY: This regulation establishes a tolerance for residues of methyl bromide in or on cotton... on cotton, undelinted seed at 150 parts per million (ppm). EPA issued a proposed rule that explained... were accurate. According to USDA, drought conditions in Texas have reduced cotton production by 13...

Methyl Bromide Buffer Zone Distances for Commodity and Structural Fumigation: Active Aeration, Attached Vertical Stacks, More than 8 hours, 25 Foot Stack Height

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document contains buffer zone tables required by certain methyl bromide commodity fumigant product labels that refer to Buffer Zone Lookup Tables located at epa.gov/pesticide-registration/mbcommoditybuffer on the label.

CHLORPYRIFOS TRANSFORMATION BY AQUEOUS CHLORINE IN THE PRESENCE OF BROMIDE AND NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER

EPA Science Inventory

The aqueous chlorination of chlorpyrifos (CP) was investigated in the presence of bromide and natural organic matter (NOM), which were identified as naturally occurring aqueous constituents that could impact CP transformation rates to the toxic product chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO). Br...

Methyl Bromide Buffer Zone Distances for Commodity and Structural Fumigation: Active Aeration, Attached Vertical Stacks, More than 8 hours, 50 Foot Stack Height

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document contains buffer zone tables required by certain methyl bromide commodity fumigant product labels that refer to Buffer Zone Lookup Tables located at epa.gov/pesticide-registration/mbcommoditybuffer on the label.

Re-manufacture of cobalt-manganese-bromide as a liquid catalyst from spent catalyst containing cobalt generated from petrochemical processes via hydrometallurgy.

PubMed

Joo, Sung-Ho; Shin, Dong Ju; Oh, Chang Hyun; Wang, Jei-Pil; Shin, Shun Myung

2016-11-15

Cobalt and manganese have been the subject of individual separation studies because their fields of application are different. However, this study shows that high-value products can be manufactured in the form of a cobalt-manganese-bromide (CMB) liquid catalyst by simultaneously recovering cobalt and manganese. Na-bis-(2,4,4-tri-methyl-pentyl)phosphinic acid was employed in order to manufacture the CMB liquid catalyst from the spent catalyst generated from petroleum chemistry processes. The pH-isotherm, degree of saponification of solvent and separation factor values were investigated. ΔpH50 and separation factor values show that Co and Mn can be separated from impurities such as Mg and Ca. Further, the extraction stages and organic/aqueous ratio isotherms were investigated using counter-current simulation extraction batch tests. To prepare CMB from a loaded organic phase obtained in a stripping study using hydrogen bromide, the Co and Mn were completely stripped and concentrated by a factor of 6 using a 2M hydrogen bromide solution. When compared with manufactured and commercial CMB, the CMB liquid catalyst could be produced by supplying a shortage of Mn in the form of manganese bromide. Finally, the method of manufacture of CMB was subjected to a real pilot plant test. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Analysis of genotoxic activity of ketamine and rocuronium bromide using the somatic mutation and recombination test in Drosophila melanogaster.

PubMed

Koksal, Pakize Muge; Gürbüzel, Mehmet

2015-03-01

The present study evaluated the mutagenic and recombinogenic effects of two commonly used anesthetic agents, ketamine and rocuronium bromide, in medicine using the wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in Drosophila. The standard (ST) cross and the high-bioactivation (HB) cross with high sensitivity to procarcinogens and promutagens were used. The SMART test is based on the loss of heterozygosity, which occurs via various mechanisms, such as chromosome loss and deletion, half-translocation, mitotic recombination, mutation, and non-disjunction. Genetic alterations occurring in the somatic cells of the wing's imaginal discs result in mutant clones in the wing blade. Three-day-old trans-heterozygous larvae with two recessive markers, multiple wing hairs (mwh) and flare (flr(3)), were treated with ketamine and rocuronium bromide. Analysis of the ST cross indicated that ketamine exhibited genotoxicity activity and that this activity was particularly dependent on homologous mitotic recombination at concentrations of 250 μg/ml and above. Rocuronium bromide did not exert mutagenic and/or recombinogenic effects. In the HB cross, ketamine at a concentration of 1000 μg/ml and rocuronium bromide at all concentrations, with the exception of 250 μg/ml (inconclusive), exerted genotoxic effects, which could also be associated with the increase in mitotic recombination. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Oral Mucosal Injection of a Local Anesthetic Solution Containing Epinephrine Enhances Muscle Relaxant Effects of Rocuronium

PubMed Central

Ninomiya, Asako; Terakawa, Yui; Matsuura, Nobuyuki; Ichinohe, Tatsuya; Kaneko, Yuzuru

2012-01-01

The purpose of this study was to examine how submucosal injection of a clinically relevant dose of a lidocaine hydrochloride solution containing epinephrine affects the muscle relaxant effects of rocuronium bromide. Sixteen patients scheduled for orthognathic surgery participated in this study. All patients were induced with fentanyl citrate, a target-controlled infusion of propofol and rocuronium bromide. Anesthesia was maintained by total intravenous anesthesia. After nasotracheal intubation, an infusion of rocuronium bromide was started at 7 µg/kg/min, and the infusion rate was then adjusted to maintain a train of four (TOF) ratio at 10 to 15%. The TOF ratio just prior to oral mucosal injection of a 1% lidocaine hydrochloride solution containing 10 µg/mL epinephrine (LE) was taken as the baseline. TOF ratio was observed for 20 minutes, with 1-minute intervals following the start of injection. Mean epinephrine dose was 85.6 ± 18.6 µg and mean infusion rate of rocuronium bromide was 6.3 ± 1.6 µg/kg/min. TOF ratio began to decrease 2 minutes after the injection of LE, reached the minimum value at 3.1 ± 3.6% 12 minutes after the injection, and then began to recover. We conclude that oral mucosal injection of LE enhances the muscle relaxant effects of rocuronium bromide. PMID:22428970

Predictive models for water sources with high susceptibility for bromine-containing disinfection by-product formation: implications for water treatment.

PubMed

Watson, Kalinda; Farré, Maria José; Birt, James; McGree, James; Knight, Nicole

2015-02-01

This study examines a matrix of synthetic water samples designed to include conditions that favour brominated disinfection by-product (Br-DBP) formation, in order to provide predictive models suitable for high Br-DBP forming waters such as salinity-impacted waters. Br-DBPs are known to be more toxic than their chlorinated analogues, in general, and their formation may be favoured by routine water treatment practices such as coagulation/flocculation under specific conditions; therefore, circumstances surrounding their formation must be understood. The chosen factors were bromide concentration, mineral alkalinity, bromide to dissolved organic carbon (Br/DOC) ratio and Suwannee River natural organic matter concentration. The relationships between these parameters and DBP formation were evaluated by response surface modelling of data generated using a face-centred central composite experimental design. Predictive models for ten brominated and/or chlorinated DBPs are presented, as well as models for total trihalomethanes (tTHMs) and total dihaloacetonitriles (tDHANs), and bromide substitution factors for the THMs and DHANs classes. The relationships described revealed that increasing alkalinity and increasing Br/DOC ratio were associated with increasing bromination of THMs and DHANs, suggesting that DOC lowering treatment methods that do not also remove bromide such as enhanced coagulation may create optimal conditions for Br-DBP formation in waters in which bromide is present.

Bromide, Chloride, and Sulfate Concentrations and Loads at U.S. Geological Survey Streamflow-Gaging Stations 07331600 Red River at Denison Dam, 07335500 Red River at Arthur City, and 07336820 Red River near DeKalb, Texas, 2007-09

USGS Publications Warehouse

Baldys, Stanley; Churchill, Christopher J.; Mobley, Craig A.; Coffman, David K.

2010-01-01

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Dallas Water Utilities Division, did a study to characterize bromide, chloride, and sulfate concentrations and loads at three U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations on the reach of the Red River from Denison Dam, which impounds Lake Texoma, to the U.S. Highway 259 bridge near DeKalb, Texas. Bromide, chloride, and sulfate concentrations and loads were computed for streamflow-gaging stations on the study reach of the Red River. Continuous streamflow and specific conductance data and discrete samples for bromide, chloride, sulfate, and specific conductance were collected at three main-stem streamflow-gaging stations on the Red River: 07331600 Red River at Denison Dam near Denison, Texas (Denison Dam gage), 07335500 Red River at Arthur City, Texas (Arthur City gage), and 07336820 Red River near DeKalb, Texas (DeKalb gage). At each of these streamflow-gaging stations, discrete water-quality data were collected during January 2007-February 2009; continuous water-quality data were collected during March 2007-February 2009. Two periods of high flow resulted from floods during the study; floods during June-July 2007 resulted in elevated flow during June-September 2007 and smaller floods during March-April 2008 resulted in elevated flow during March-April 2008. Bromide, chloride, and sulfate concentrations in samples collected at the three gages decreased downstream. Median bromide concentrations ranged from 0.32 milligram per liter at the Denison Dam gage to 0.19 milligram per liter at the DeKalb gage. Median chloride concentrations ranged from 176 milligrams per liter at the Denison Dam gage to 108 milligrams per liter at the DeKalb gage, less than the 300-milligrams per liter secondary maximum contaminant level established by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. Median sulfate concentrations ranged from 213 milligrams per liter at the Denison Dam gage to 117 milligrams per liter at the DeKalb gage, also less than the 300-milligrams per liter secondary maximum contaminant level. Kruskal-Wallis analyses indicated statistically significant differences among bromide, chloride, and sulfate concentrations at the three gages. Regression equations to estimate bromide, chloride, and sulfate loads were developed for each of the three gages. The largest loads were estimated for a period of relatively large streamflow, June-September 2007, when about 50 percent of the load for the study period occurred at each gage. Adjusted R-squared values were largest for regression equations for the DeKalb gage, ranging from .957 for sulfate to .976 for chloride. Adjusted R-squared values for all regression equations developed to estimate loads of bromide, chloride, and sulfate at the three gages were .899 or larger.

Ninety-Day Subchronic Oral Toxicity Study of Pyridostigmine Bromide in Rats. Volume 1

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-05-01

myasthenia gravis because of its relative lack of untoward effects in comparison with other anticholinesterases (2). This relative lack of clinical...treatment of myasthenia gravis . Objecrive of Study The objective of this study was to determine the 90-day subchronic toxicity of pyridostigmine bromide in

77 FR 48153 - Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Request for Methyl Bromide Critical Use Exemption Applications...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-13

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [EPA-HQ-OAR-2012-0375, FRL-9715-7] Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Request for Methyl Bromide Critical Use Exemption Applications for 2015, Deadline Extension... Stratospheric Ozone Information Hotline, 1-800-296-1996; also http://www.epa.gov/ozone/mbr . Technical...

Methyl Bromide Buffer Zone Distances for Commodity and Structural Fumigation: Active Aeration, Open Area Vertical Stacks, More than 8 Hours, 25 Foot Stack Height

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document contains buffer zone tables required by certain methyl bromide commodity fumigant product labels that refer to Buffer Zone Lookup Tables located at epa.gov/pesticide-registration/mbcommoditybuffer on the label.

Steam disinfestation as a methyl bromide alternative in California cut flower nurseries

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Steam may be an effective alternative to methyl bromide in cut flower production in California. Advantages of steam include broad spectrum pest control and a zero hour re-entry interval. The principle disadvantage of sheet steaming is cost effectiveness due to current energy prices and application...

Methyl Bromide Buffer Zone Distances for Commodity and Structural Fumigation: Active Aeration, Open Area Vertical Stacks , 8 Hours or Less, 5 Foot Stack Height

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document contains buffer zone tables required by certain methyl bromide commodity fumigant product labels that refer to Buffer Zone Lookup Tables located at epa.gov/pesticide-registration/mbcommoditybuffer on the label.

Intranasal Insulin: A Novel Treatment for Gulf War Multisymptom Illness

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-10-01

exposed to pesticides and pyridostigmine bromide . Fort Detrick, MD: US Army Medical Research and Material Command. Li B, Mahan CM, Kang HK, Eisen SA...War veterans: pyridostigmine bromide use and PTSD. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 25(2):95-103. Tillman GD, Green TA, Ferree

Methyl Bromide Buffer Zone Distances for Commodity and Structural Fumigation: Active Aeration, Open Area Vertical Stacks, More than 8 Hours, 5 Foot Stack Height

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document contains buffer zone tables required by certain methyl bromide commodity fumigant product labels that refer to Buffer Zone Lookup Tables located at epa.gov/pesticide-registration/mbcommoditybuffer on the label.

Estimating Potential Increased Bladder Cancer Risk Due to Increased Bromide Concentrations in Sources of Disinfected Drinking Waters

EPA Science Inventory

Public water systems are increasingly facing higher bromide levels in their source waters from anthropogenic contamination through coal-fired power plants, conventional oil and gas extraction, and hydraulic fracturing. Climate change is likely to exacerbate this in coming years. ...

Estimating Potential Increased Bladder Cancer Risk Due to Increased Bromide Concentrations in Sources of Disinfected Drinking Waters - slides

EPA Science Inventory

Public water systems are increasingly facing higher bromide levels in their source waters from anthropogenic contamination through coal-fired powerplants, conventional oil and gas extraction, and hydraulic fracturing. Climate change is likely to exacerbate this in coming years. W...

Thallium bromide radiation detectors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shah, K.S.; Lund, J.C.; Olschner, F.

1989-02-01

Radiation detectors have been fabricated from crystals of the semiconductor material thallium bromide (TlBr) and the performance of these detectors as room temperature photon spectrometers has been measured. These detectors exhibit improved energy resolution over previously reported TlBr detectors. These results indicate that TlBr is a very promising radiation detector material.

Methyl Bromide Buffer Zone Distances for Commodity and Structural Fumigation: Active Aeration, Open Area Vertical Stacks, 8 Hours or Less, 10 Foot Stack Height

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document contains buffer zone tables required by certain methyl bromide commodity fumigant product labels that refer to Buffer Zone Lookup Tables located at epa.gov/pesticide-registration/mbcommoditybuffer on the label.

Methyl Bromide Buffer Zone Distances for Commodity and Structural Fumigation: Active Aeration, Open Area Vertical Stacks, 8 Hours or Less, 50 Foot Stack Height

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document contains buffer zone tables required by certain methyl bromide commodity fumigant product labels that refer to Buffer Zone Lookup Tables located at epa.gov/pesticide-registration/mbcommoditybuffer on the label.

Methyl Bromide Buffer Zone Distances for Commodity and Structural Fumigation: Active Aeration, Open Area Vertical Stacks, 8 Hours or Less, 25 Foot Stack Height

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document contains buffer zone tables required by certain methyl bromide commodity fumigant product labels that refer to Buffer Zone Lookup Tables located at epa.gov/pesticide-registration/mbcommoditybuffer on the label.

TRIBROMOPYRROLE, BROMINATED ACIDS, AND OTHER DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS PRODUCED BY DISINFECTION OF DRINKING WATER RICH IN BROMIDE

EPA Science Inventory

Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), we investigated the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from high bromide waters (2 mg/L) treated with chlorine or chlorine dioxide used in combination with chlorine and chloramines. This study represents the first comp...

40 CFR 721.4090 - Ethanaminium, N-[bis(diethylamino)-methylene]-N-ethyl-, bromide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Ethanaminium, N-[bis(diethylamino)-methylene]-N-ethyl-, bromide. 721.4090 Section 721.4090 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.4090 Ethanaminium, N-[bis(diethylamino)-methylene]-N...

GTE_TRACEP_P3B Parameters 1

Atmospheric Science Data Center

2013-02-19

... Methyl bromide (CH3Br) Bromopropane (C3H7 Br) Methyl Chloride (CH3Cl) Ethyl Chloride (C2H5Cl) Vinyl chloride (C2H3Cl) ... Trichloroethylene (C2HCl3) Tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4) Methylene bromide (CH2Br2) Chlorodibromomethane (CHClBr2) Bromoform ...

GTE_TRACEP_DC8 Parameters 4

Atmospheric Science Data Center

2013-02-18

... Methyl bromide (CH3Br) Bromopropane (C3H7Br) Methyl Chloride(CH3Cl) Ethyl Chloride (C2H5Cl) Vinyl chloride (C2H3Cl) ... Trichloroethylene (C2HCl3) Tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4) Methylene bromide (CH2Br2) Chlorodibromomethane(CHClBr2) Bromoform ...

Evaluation of non-fumigant pesticides as methyl bromide alternatives for managing weeds in vegetables

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The phase out of methyl bromide challenged vegetable growers’ abilities to control weeds in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) mulch production systems. The herbicides halosulfuron, fomesafen, s-metolachlor, and clomazone are needed as part of the pesticide program in LDP vegetable production to contr...

21 CFR 178.1010 - Sanitizing solutions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... permanganate (CAS Reg. No. 7722-64-7). Magnesium oxide (CAS Reg. No. 1309-48-4) and potassium bromide (CAS Reg... permanganate. (ii) The solution identified in paragraph (b)(37) of this section with potassium bromide shall... potassium permanganate. (iii) Magnesium oxide when used in paragraph (c)(32) (i) or (ii) of this section...

Palladium-Catalyzed Conversion of Aryl and Vinyl Triflates to Bromides and Chlorides

PubMed Central

Shen, Xiaoqiang; Hyde, Alan M.; Buchwald, Stephen L.

2010-01-01

The palladium-catalyzed conversion of aryl and vinyl triflates to aryl and vinyl halides (bromides and chlorides) has been developed using dialkylbiaryl phosphine ligands. A variety of aryl, heteroaryl and vinyl halides can be prepared via this method in good to excellent yields. PMID:20857936

Methyl Bromide Buffer Zone Distances for Commodity and Structural Fumigation: Active Aeration, Open Area Vertical Stacks, More than 8 Hours, 50 Foot Stack Height

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document contains buffer zone tables required by certain methyl bromide commodity fumigant product labels that refer to Buffer Zone Lookup Tables located at epa.gov/pesticide-registration/mbcommoditybuffer on the label.

Methyl Bromide Buffer Zone Distances for Commodity and Structural Fumigation: Active Aeration, Open Area Vertical Stacks, More than 8 Hours, 10 Foot Stack Height

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document contains buffer zone tables required by certain methyl bromide commodity fumigant product labels that refer to Buffer Zone Lookup Tables located at epa.gov/pesticide-registration/mbcommoditybuffer on the label.

40 CFR 721.4090 - Ethanaminium, N-[bis(diethylamino)-methylene]-N-ethyl-, bromide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Ethanaminium, N-[bis(diethylamino)-methylene]-N-ethyl-, bromide. 721.4090 Section 721.4090 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.4090 Ethanaminium, N-[bis(diethylamino)-methylene]-N...

Methyl bromide phase out could affect future reforestation efforts

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Methyl bromide has long been an integral component in producing healthy tree seedlings in forest nurseries of California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington. The fumigant was supposed to be completely phased out of use in the United States of America by 2005, but many forest nurseries continue to...

Methyl bromide release from activated carbon and the soil/water/carbon interface

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Methyl Bromide (MB) is a major source of stratospheric bromine radical, a known depletor of ozone. The use of ozone-depleting chemicals, including MB, is regulated by the Montreal Protocol. Critical uses of MB are permitted, such as when postharvest fumigation is mandated by an importing country. Fo...

Successes and failures in controlling weeds in hardwood seedbeds at the Arkansas Forestry Commission Baucum Forest Nursery

Treesearch

Allan Murray

2009-01-01

Fumigation with methyl bromide is essential in the production of hardwood seedlings in nurseries in the southern United States. However, the proposed rules under the 2008 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Risk Mitigation will further restrict the use of methyl bromide for nursery use.

Optimizing postharvest methyl bromide treatments to control spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, in sweet cherries from Western USA

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Methyl bromide (MB) chamber fumigations were evaluated for postharvest control of spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), in fresh sweet cherry exports from Western USA. Sweet cherries were infested with SWD, incubated to maximize numbers of the most M...

The use of agricultural by-products to capture methyl bromide following post-harvest fumigation

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Activated carbons were prepared from plum and peach stone as well as almond and walnut shell and comparatively evaluated as sorbents to minimize the atmospheric emission of methyl bromide following postharvest fumigations. A variety of methods were used to make the activated carbons and each is desc...

OZONATION BYPRODUCTS: IDENTIFICATION OF BROMOHYDRINS FROM THE OZONATION OF NATURAL WATERS WITH ENHANCED BROMIDE LEVELS

EPA Science Inventory

When ozone is used in the treatment of drinking water, it reacts with both inorganic and organic compounds to form byproducts. f bromide is present, it may be oxidized to hydrobromous acid, which may than react with natural organic matter to form brominated organic compounds. he ...

Weed Control in Bareroot Hardwood Nurseries

Treesearch

David B. South; William A. Carey

2005-01-01

Managers in the southern United States rely on chemical and non-chemical methods of weed control. Chemical treatments include fumigation with methyl bromide and chloropicrin in combination with selective herbicides. If methyl bromide is no longer produced in the future, the amount of handweeding will likely increase unless managers adapt to the change. Some nursery...

EVALUATION OF CONTAINMENT AND CONTROL OPTIONS FOR METHYL BROMIDE IN COMMODITY TREATMENT

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of an investigation of means for methyl bromide (MeBr) recovery, reuse, and destruction to prevent atmospheric emissions if its limited use were still allowed. (NOTE: MeBr is an ozone-depleting chemical scheduled to be phased out by the Clean Air Act by t...

Detection and control of Fusarium oxysporum and Cylindrocarpon destructans in forest nursery soils

Treesearch

Catherine Crosby; Lynne Carpenter-Boggs; Stewart Higgins; Nabil Khadduri

2010-01-01

Fusarium oxysporum and Cylindrocarpon destructans cause root disease that leads to significant crop losses in forest nurseries when not treated. Treatment currently relies on methyl bromide fumigation to eradicate soil pathogens. New environmental protection laws, however, are phasing out methyl bromide. Alternative chemical treatments are being tested, as well as...

Reactive films for mitigating methyl bromide emissions from fumigated soil

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Emissions of methyl bromide (MeBr) from agricultural fumigation can lead to depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer, and so its use is being phased out. However, as MeBr is still widely used under Critical Use Exemptions, strategies are still required to control such emissions. In this work, nove...

Iron-catalyzed cross-coupling of N-heterocyclic chlorides and bromides with arylmagnesium reagents.

PubMed

Kuzmina, Olesya M; Steib, Andreas K; Flubacher, Dietmar; Knochel, Paul

2012-09-21

A simple, practical iron salt catalyzed procedure allows fast cross-couplings of N-heterocyclic chlorides and bromides with various electron-rich and -poor arylmagnesium reagents. A solvent mixture of THF and tBuOMe is found to be essential for achieving high yields mainly by avoiding homocoupling side reactions.

Effect of bromide in a surface water intake on the formation of brominated trihalomethanes at a public water system treatment plant

EPA Science Inventory

This project is a collaborative drinking water research study. EPA is evaluating water samples collected by PWS operators in order to investigate relationships between bromide in source water and the formation of brominated DBPs in finished drinking water. This study will includ...

78 FR 36507 - Notice of Availability of a Treatment Evaluation Document; Methyl Bromide Fumigation of Blueberries

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-18

...] Notice of Availability of a Treatment Evaluation Document; Methyl Bromide Fumigation of Blueberries... blueberries for Mediterranean fruit fly and South American fruit fly. We have prepared a treatment evaluation... at neutralizing these fruit flies. We are making the treatment evaluation document available to the...

Effects Of Haloacetic Acid Mixtures in a Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Adherent Cell Differentiation and Cytotoxicity (ACDC) Assay

EPA Science Inventory

The haloacetic acids (HAAs) are a class of chemicals produced as byproducts of drinking water disinfection. Source water characteristics (such as level of bromide) affects which HAAs are present in drinking water and their concentration. For example, high bromide-source water wil...

40 CFR 180.3 - Tolerances for related pesticide chemicals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... grown on methyl bromide-treated soil and also fumigated with methyl bromide after harvest is 300 parts...-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide). Endosulfan sulfate (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a... p-chlorobenzenesulfonate). Sesone (sodium 2,4-dichlorophenoxyethyl sulfate, SES). Sodium 2,4...

76 FR 23449 - Citrus Canker, Citrus Greening, and Asian Citrus Psyllid; Interstate Movement of Regulated...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-27

... conditions, the articles are treated with methyl bromide and shipped in a container that has been sealed with... of any regulated article, including citrus nursery stock, provided that: The article is treated with methyl bromide in accordance with 7 CFR part 305. That part contains our phytosanitary treatment...

7 CFR 301.50-10 - Treatments and management method.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... be treated with methyl bromide at normal atmospheric pressure with 48 g/m3 (3 lb/1000 ft3) for 16... garlands. Cut pine Christmas trees and raw pine materials for pine wreaths and garlands may be treated with methyl bromide at normal atmospheric pressure as follows: Temperature Dosage: pounds per 1000 feet 3...

40 CFR 180.3 - Tolerances for related pesticide chemicals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... grown on methyl bromide-treated soil and also fumigated with methyl bromide after harvest is 300 parts...-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide). Endosulfan sulfate (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a... p-chlorobenzenesulfonate). Sesone (sodium 2,4-dichlorophenoxyethyl sulfate, SES). Sodium 2,4...

75 FR 41177 - Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Request for Methyl Bromide Critical Use Exemption Applications...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-15

... this will be the state's agriculture or environmental protection agency) to receive information about.... Government (through EPA, Department of State, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and other interested Federal... baseline year, the U.S. consumption was approximately 25,500 metric tons of methyl bromide. In 2010, the...

Movements of water, solutes, and stable isotopes in the unsaturated zones of two sand plains in the upper Midwest

USGS Publications Warehouse

Komor, Stephen C.; Emerson, Douglas G.

1994-01-01

Four month-long field experiments investigated movements of water and solutes through unsaturated sand plains near Princeton, Minnesota, and Oakes, North Dakota. Atrazine and bromide were applied to bare soils and soils planted with corn. The field plots were irrigated according to local farming practices. At the end of each experiment, unsaturated soils were analyzed for atrazine and bromide concentrations and oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of soil water. Most soil water was affected by evaporation but groundwater beneath the plots had no evaporative isotopic signature. Therefore most recharge consisted of water that was unaffected by evaporation. Sources of such water may have included snowmelt, prolonged or high-intensity rainfalls that were not interrupted by periods of drying, and water that moved through preferential flow paths. Preferential flow also was suggested by the detection of atrazine, deethylatrazine, and bromide in groundwater shortly after each application of irrigation water at Princeton and by isolated concentrations of atrazine and bromide in soil well below the main masses of chemicals at Oakes.

Leisingera methylohalidivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine methylotroph that grows on methyl bromide

USGS Publications Warehouse

Schaefer, J.K.; Goodwin, K.D.; McDonald, I.R.; Murrell, J.C.; Oremland, R.S.

2002-01-01

A marine methylotroph, designated strain MB2T, was isolated for its ability to grow on methyl bromide as a sole carbon and energy source. Methyl chloride and methyl iodide also supported growth, as did methionine and glycine betaine. A limited amount of growth was observed with dimethyl sulfide. Growth was also noted with unidentified components of the complex media marine broth 2216, yeast extract and Casamino acids. No growth was observed on methylated amines, methanol, formate, acetate, glucose or a variety of other substrates. Growth on methyl bromide and methyl iodide resulted in their oxidation to CO2 with stoichiometric release of bromide and iodide, respectively. Strain MB2T exhibited growth optima at NaCl and Mg2+ concentrations similar to that of seawater. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence placed this strain in the ??-Proteobacteria in proximity to the genera Ruegeria and Roseobacter. It is proposed that strain MB2T (= ATCC BAA-92T = DSM 14336T) be designated Leisingera methylohalidivorans gen. nov., sp. nov.

Room temperature synthesis of silver nanowires from tabular silver bromide crystals in the presence of gelatin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Suwen; Wehmschulte, Rudolf J.; Lian, Guoda; Burba, Christopher M.

2006-03-01

Long silver nanowires were synthesized at room temperature by a simple and fast process derived from the development of photographic films. A film consisting of an emulsion of tabular silver bromide grains in gelatin was treated with a photographic developer (4-(methylamino)phenol sulfate (metol), citric acid) in the presence of additional aqueous silver nitrate. The silver nanowires have lengths of more than 50 μm, some even more than 100 μm, and average diameters of about 80 nm. Approximately, 70% of the metallic silver formed in the reduction consists of silver nanowires. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) results indicate that the silver nanowires grow along the [111] direction. It was found that the presence of gelatin, tabular silver bromide crystals and silver ions in solution are essential for the formation of the silver nanowires. The nanowires appear to originate from the edges of the silver bromide crystals. They were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), SAED, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Room temperature synthesis of silver nanowires from tabular silver bromide crystals in the presence of gelatin

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu Suwen; Wehmschulte, Rudolf J.; Lian Guoda

2006-03-15

Long silver nanowires were synthesized at room temperature by a simple and fast process derived from the development of photographic films. A film consisting of an emulsion of tabular silver bromide grains in gelatin was treated with a photographic developer (4-(methylamino)phenol sulfate (metol), citric acid) in the presence of additional aqueous silver nitrate. The silver nanowires have lengths of more than 50 {mu}m, some even more than 100 {mu}m, and average diameters of about 80 nm. Approximately, 70% of the metallic silver formed in the reduction consists of silver nanowires. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) results indicate that the silvermore » nanowires grow along the [111] direction. It was found that the presence of gelatin, tabular silver bromide crystals and silver ions in solution are essential for the formation of the silver nanowires. The nanowires appear to originate from the edges of the silver bromide crystals. They were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), SAED, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD)« less

Methyl bromide fumigation and delayed mortality: safe trade of live pests?

PubMed

Phillips, C B; Iline, I I; Novoselov, M; McNeill, M R; Richards, N K; van Koten, C; Stephenson, B P

Live organisms intercepted from treated commodities during phytosanitary inspections usually arouse suspicions of treatment failure, sub-standard treatment application, or post-treatment infestation. The additional possibility that some treatments could kill slowly, meaning commodities might be inspected before pests have succumbed, is seldom considered for treatments other than irradiation. We used a novel biochemical viability assay to measure delays between methyl bromide fumigation and mortality of dipteran eggs, and evaluated the correspondence between egg viability and egg morphological features. Our experimental conditions simulated shipping of rock melons from Australia to New Zealand by sea and air. No eggs survived fumigation, but they took 3-20 days to die, whereas phytosanitary inspections of rock melons occur within 2-7 days. Delays were not influenced by methyl bromide concentration, but were significantly lengthened by cooler storage temperatures. Methyl bromide's preservative effects delayed degradation of egg morphology, so the biochemical assay detected mortality long before morphological signs of egg death appeared. The results show that commodities subjected to effective methyl bromide treatments are at risk of being inspected before all pests have either died, or started to exhibit morphological signs of death. This could cause commodities to be unnecessarily rejected by quarantine authorities. Better methods than inspection for live pests are needed to assist authorities to gain assurance that treated commodities have been effectively disinfested. These could be developed by exploiting biochemical responses of pests and commodities to treatments.

Development of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantification of chlorpyrifos, pyridostigmine bromide, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide and their metabolites in rat plasma and urine.

PubMed

Abu-Qare, A W; Abou-Donia, M B

2001-04-25

A method was developed for the separation and quantification of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl-O[3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl] phosphorothioate), its metabolites chlorpyrifos-oxon (O,O-diethyl-O[3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl] phosphate) and TCP (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol), the anti-nerve agent drug pyridostigmine bromide (PB; 3-dimethylaminocarbonyloxy-N-methyl pyridinium bromide), its metabolite N-methyl-3-hydroxypyridinium bromide, the insect repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), and its metabolites m-toluamide and m-toluic acid in rat plasma and urine. The method is based on using solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with reversed-phase C18 column, and gradient UV detection ranging between 210 and 280 nm. The compounds were separated using a gradient of 1-85% acetonitrile in water (pH 3.20) at a flow-rate ranging between 1 and 1.7 ml/min over a period of 15 min. The retention times ranged from 5.4 to 13.2 min. The limits of detection ranged between 20 and 150 ng/ml, while the limits of quantitation were between 150 and 200 ng/ml. Average percentage recovery of five spiked plasma samples was 80.2+/-7.9, 74.9+/-8.5, 81.7+/-6.9, 73.1+/-7.8, 74.3+/-8.3, 80.8+/-6.6, 81.6+/-7.3 and 81.4+/-6.5, and from urine 79.4+/-6.9, 77.8+/-8.4, 83.3+/-6.6, 72.8+/-9.0, 76.3+/-7.7, 83.4+/-7.9, 81.6+/-7.9 and 81.8+/-6.8 for chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-oxon, TCP, pyridostigmine bromide, N-methyl-3-hydroxypyridinium bromide, DEET, m-toluamide and m-toluic acid, respectively. The relationship between peak areas and concentration was linear over a range between 200 and 2000 ng/ml.

A case report of QT prolongation with glycopyrronium bromide in a patient with chronic tamoxifen use.

PubMed

Chiu, Michael H; Al-Majed, Nawaf S; Stubbins, Ryan; Pollmann, Dylan; Sandhu, Roopinder K

2016-06-14

Glycopyrronium bromide has recently been approved as a once daily maintenance inhalation therapy for moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Efficacy and safety trial data have found rare cases of significant QT prolongation. To our knowledge, we describe the first case report of QT prolongation >600 ms with initiation of glycopyrronium bromide in a real world setting. A 78-year-old female with moderate COPD recently started on glycopyrronium bromide, presented to Emergency Department (ED) with syncope. Her past medical history was significant for a left total mastectomy and she had been on Tamoxifen for 9 months. One day prior to her presentation, she had visited a naturopathic clinic for a vitamin infusion resulting in emesis. The following day she continued to feel dizzy and had a witnessed syncopal episode without any reported cardiac or neurological symptoms preceding the event or after regaining consciousness. In the emergency department, she reported dizziness and was found to be hypotensive. Her symptoms completely resolved with intravenous fluids. Lab work was normal however her electrocardiogram (ECG) demonstrated a QTc interval of 603 and 631 ms (Friderica and Bazett's respectively) with a normal QT interval on her baseline ECG prior to initiating Tamoxifen. She was admitted to the Cardiology service for further work-up of QT prolongation. Her syncope was felt to be due to orthostatic hypotension and the QT prolongation secondary to medications, which were both discontinued during her admission. After 2 days, her QT interval normalized consistent with the half-life of Glycopyrronium bromide (13-57 h) compared to Tamoxifen (8-14 days). Glycopyrronium bromide is guideline recommended as first line therapy for prevention of exacerbation in moderate to severe COPD however safety data had been limited to select populations. This case report highlights the need for future studies to identify high-risk populations at potential risk of life-threatening arrhythmias who may benefit from periodic ECG surveillance.

Formation of vinyl halides via a ruthenium-catalyzed three-component coupling.

PubMed

Trost, Barry M; Pinkerton, Anthony B

2002-06-26

The ruthenium-catalyzed three-component coupling of an alkyne, an enone, and halide ion to form E- or Z-vinyl halides has been investigated. Through systematic optimization experiments, the conditions effecting the olefin selectivity were examined. In general, more polar solvents such as DMF favored the formation of the E-isomer, and less polar solvents such as acetone favored formation of the Z-isomer. The optimized conditions for the formation of E-vinyl chlorides were found to be the use of cyclopentadienyl ruthenium (II) cyclooctadiene chloride, stannic chloride pentahydrate as a cocatalyst, and for a chloride source, either ammonium chloride in DMF/water mixtures or tetramethylammonium chloride in DMF. A range of several other ruthenium (II) catalysts was also shown to be effective. A wide variety of vinyl chlorides could be formed under these conditions. Substrates with tethered alcohols or ketones either five or six carbons from the alkyne portion gave instead diketone or cyclohexenone products. For formation of vinyl bromides, a catalyst system involving the use of cyclopentadienylruthenium (II) tris(acetonitrile) hexafluorophosphate with stannic bromide as a cocatalyst was found to be most effective. The use of ammonium bromide in DMF/acetone mixtures was optimal for the synthesis of E-vinyl bromides, and the use of lithium bromide in acetone was optimal for formation of the corresponding Z-isomer. Under either set of conditions, a wide range of vinyl bromides could be formed. When alkynes with propargylic substituents are used, enhanced selectivity for formation of the Z-isomer is observed. When aryl acetylenes are used as the coupling partners, complete selectivity for the Z-isomer is obtained. A mechanism involving a cis or trans halometalation is invoked to explain formation of the observed products. The vinyl halides have been shown to be precursors to alpha-hydroxy ketones and cyclopentenones, and as coupling partners in Suzuki-type reactions.

Impact of bromide on halogen incorporation into organic moieties in chlorinated drinking water treatment and distribution systems.

PubMed

Tan, J; Allard, S; Gruchlik, Y; McDonald, S; Joll, C A; Heitz, A

2016-01-15

The impact of elevated bromide concentrations (399 to 750 μg/L) on the formation of halogenated disinfection by-products (DBPs), namely trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, and adsorbable organic halogen (AOX), in two drinking water systems was investigated. Bromine was the main halogen incorporated into all of the DBP classes and into organic carbon, even though chlorine was present in large excess to maintain a disinfectant residual. Due to the higher reactivity of bromine compared to chlorine, brominated DBPs were rapidly formed, followed by a slower increase in chlorinated DBPs. Higher bromine substitution and incorporation factors for individual DBP classes were observed for the chlorinated water from the groundwater source (lower concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC)), which contained a higher concentration of bromide, than for the surface water source (higher DOC). The molar distribution of adsorbable organic bromine to chlorine (AOBr/AOCl) for AOX in the groundwater distribution system was 1.5:1 and almost 1:1 for the surface water system. The measured (regulated) DBPs only accounted for 16 to 33% of the total organic halogen, demonstrating that AOX measurements are essential to provide a full understanding of the formation of halogenated DBPs in drinking waters. In addition, the study demonstrated that a significant proportion (up to 94%) of the bromide in source waters can be converted AOBr. An evaluation of AOBr and AOCl through a second groundwater treatment plant that uses conventional treatment processes for DOC removal produced 70% of AOX as AOBr, with 69% of the initial source water bromide converted to AOBr. Exposure to organobromine compounds is suspected to result in greater adverse health consequences than their chlorinated analogues. Therefore, this study highlights the need for improved methods to selectively reduce the bromide content in source waters. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Removal of bromide and iodide anions from drinking water by silver-activated carbon aerogels.

PubMed

Sánchez-Polo, M; Rivera-Utrilla, J; Salhi, E; von Gunten, U

2006-08-01

The aim of this study is to analyze the use of Ag-doped activated carbon aerogels for bromide and iodide removal from drinking water and to study how the activation of Ag-doped aerogels affects their behavior. It has been observed that the carbonization treatment and activation process of Ag-doped aerogels increased the surface area value ( [Formula: see text] ), whereas the volume of meso-(V(2)) and macropores (V(3)) decreased slightly. Chemical characterization of the materials revealed that carbonization and especially activation process considerably increased the surface basicity of the sample. Original sample (A) presented acidic surface properties (pH(PZC)=4.5) with 21% surface oxygen, whereas the sample that underwent activation showed mainly basic surface chemical properties (pH(PZC)=9.5) with only 6% of surface oxygen. Carbonization and especially, activation process considerable increased the adsorption capacity of bromide and iodide ions. This would mainly be produced by (i) an increase in the microporosity of the sample, which increases Ag-adsorption sites available to halide anions, and (ii) a rise of the basicity of the sample, which produces an increase in attractive electrostatic interactions between the aerogel surface, positively charged at the working pH (pH(solution)

76 FR 7200 - Methyl Bromide; Notice of Receipt of Requests To Voluntarily Amend Registrations To Terminate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-09

... Receipt of Requests To Voluntarily Amend Registrations To Terminate Certain Soil Uses AGENCY... terminate or delete one or more soil uses. The requests would delete all methyl bromide soil uses that do... application'' with the exception of the following uses: (1) Soils to be planted with caneberries (use allowed...

Assessment of the Mutagenic Potential of Carbon Disulfide, Carbon Tetrachloride, Dichloromethane, Ethylene Dichloride, and Methyl Bromide: A Comparative Analysis in Relation to Ethylene Dibromide

EPA Science Inventory

The document provides an evaluation of the mutagenic potential of five alternative fumigants to ethylene dibromide(EDB). These include carbon disulfide(CS2), carbon tetrachloride(CCl4), dichloromethane(DCM), ethylene dichloride(EDC), and methyl bromide (MB). Of the five proposed ...

75 FR 5582 - Methyl Bromide; Amendments to Terminate Uses

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-03

... Table 2 to amend to terminate post-harvest methyl bromide uses in or on alfalfa hay and cottonseed for... registered for use on alfalfa hay and cotton seed in the United States. In the September 30, 2009 notice, EPA... distribution by the registrant of existing stocks labeled for post-harvest alfalfa hay and post-harvest...

40 CFR 721.10115 - 1-Hexadecanaminium, N,N-dibutyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-, bromide (1:1).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false 1-Hexadecanaminium, N,N-dibutyl-N-(2... New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.10115 1-Hexadecanaminium, N,N-dibutyl-N-(2... chemical substance identified as 1-hexadecanaminium, N,N-dibutyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-, bromide (1:1) (PMN P...

40 CFR 721.10115 - 1-Hexadecanaminium, N,N-dibutyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-, bromide (1:1).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false 1-Hexadecanaminium, N,N-dibutyl-N-(2... New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.10115 1-Hexadecanaminium, N,N-dibutyl-N-(2... chemical substance identified as 1-hexadecanaminium, N,N-dibutyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-, bromide (1:1) (PMN P...

Neuropsychological Functioning in Gulf War Veterans Exposed to Pesticides and Pyridostigmine Bromide

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-02-01

processing speed and mood and sequelae from overt poisoning from organophosphate pesticides can result in lasting deficits in the domains of visuomotor...R. G., O’Malley, M., Chrislip, D., & Russo, J. (1994). Chronic neurological sequelae to organophosphate pesticide poisoning . American...War Veterans Exposed to Pesticides and Pyridostigmine Bromide PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Maxine Krengel, Ph.D

A clean start to productive orchards and vineyards: recent research on methyl bromide alternatives for perennial crop nurseries

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Methyl bromide (MB) is an important pest management tool in open field perennial crop nurseries in California for control of many soil borne pests including plant parasitic nematodes, pathogens, and weeds. Because MB is being phased out under the provisions of the Montreal Protocol, alternatives are...

Effects of Fumigant Alternatives to Methyl Bromide on Pest Control in Open Field Nursery Production of Perennial Fruit and Nut Plants

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Producers of deciduous fruit and nut trees and vines rely on preplant fumigation to meet regulatory requirements designed to ensure nematode free planting stock. In the past, preplant treatments with methyl bromide or high rates of 1,3-dichloropropene were the preferred treatments. However, the ph...

Using a Combination of Experimental and Mathematical Method to Explore Critical Micelle Concentration of a Cationic Surfactant

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goronja, Jelena; Pejic´, Natas?a; Lez?aic´, Aleksandra Janos?evic´; Stanisavljev, Dragomir; Malenovic, Andelija

2016-01-01

An undergraduate electrical conductivity measurement experiment in a physical chemistry lab and basic fitting procedures are presented that allow a characterization of micellar system of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) in binary mixture of water and acetonitrile (ACN) as a cosolvent (10%, v/v) at 30.0 °C.…

75 FR 57864 - Importation of Wooden Handicrafts from China

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-23

... handicrafts are under 6 inches in diameter and treated with methyl bromide, they must be treated with heat... requirement that would have required that, unless the wooden handicraft is 6 inches or less and treated with methyl bromide, it must be treated with heat treatment in accordance with Sec. 319.40-7(c) or heat...

Multicomponent Synthesis of a N-Protected Alpha-Amino Ester: Ethyl 2-((4-Methoxyphenyl)Amino)-3-Phenylpropanoate

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Le Gall, Erwan; Pignon, Antoine

2012-01-01

This laboratory experiment describes the preparation of a N-protected phenylalanine ethyl ester by a zinc-mediated Mannich-like multicomponent reaction between benzyl bromide, "p"-anisidine, and ethyl glyoxylate. The one-step reaction involves the in situ metallation of benzyl bromide into a benzylzinc reagent and its addition onto imine (Barbier…

[Preparation and quality control of pyridostigmine bromide orally disintegrating tablet].

PubMed

Zhang, Li; Tan, Qun-you; Cheng, Xun-guan; Wang, Hong; Hu, Ni-ni; Zhang, Jing-qing

2012-05-01

To prepare orally disintegrating tablets containing pyridostigmine bromide and optimize formulations. Solid dispersion was prepared using solvent evaporation-deposition method. The formulation was optimized by central composite design-response surface methodology (RSM plus CCD) with disintegration time as a reference parameter. The orally disintegrating tablets showed integrity and were smooth with desirable taste and feel in mouth. The disintegration time was less than 30 s. The cumulative drug dissolution was around 8.5% (around 2.5 mg which was less than bitterness threshold of pyridostigmine bromide of 3 mg) within 5 min in water while the cumulative drug dissolution was higher than 95% within 2 min in 0.1 N HCl. The orally disintegrating tablets are reasonable in formulation, feasible in technology and patient-friendly.

Experimental study of refrigeration performance based on linear Fresnel solar thermal photovoltaic system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, Jinghui; Yuan, Hui; Xia, Yunfeng; Kan, Weimin; Deng, Xiaowen; Liu, Shi; Liang, Wanlong; Deng, Jianhua

2018-03-01

This paper introduces the working principle and system constitution of the linear Fresnel solar lithium bromide absorption refrigeration cycle, and elaborates several typical structures of absorption refrigeration cycle, including single-effect, two-stage cycle and double-effect lithium bromide absorption refrigeration cycle A 1.n effect absorption chiller system based on the best parameters was introduced and applied to a linear Fresnel solar absorption chiller system. Through the field refrigerator performance test, the results show: Based on this heat cycle design and processing 1.n lithium bromide absorption refrigeration power up to 35.2KW, It can meet the theoretical expectations and has good flexibility and reliability, provides guidance for the use of solar thermal energy.

Synthesis and characterization of new N-heterocyclic carbene ligands: 1,3-Bis(acetamide)imidazol-3-ium bromide and 3-(acetamide)-1-(3-aminopropyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium bromide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Turkyilmaz, Murat; Uluçam, Gühergül; Aktaş, Şaban; Okan, S. Erol

2017-05-01

Two new pincer type N-heterocyclic carbene ligands were synthesized. The compounds were characterized by FTIR, NMR (1H, 13C) GC-MS and elemental analyses. They were also both modelled by DFT calculations as the crystal structure of 1,3-bis(acetamide)imidazol-3-ium bromide was determined by XRD which is an orthorhombic system with space group P21212. The structural analyses in gas phase were realized by comparing the experimental NMR and IR spectra with those of the theoretical calculations. In vitro biological activities of the molecules were determined and found that one of them exhibits significant cytotoxic activity.

[The participation of the transport-barrier functions of the plasma membrane in the development of fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) resistance in Acholeplasma laidlawii].

PubMed

Abramycheva, N Iu; Govorun, V M

2000-01-01

The role of transport activity of Acholeplasma laidlawii plasmatic membrane in the development of resistance to ciprofloxacin was investigated. It was shown that ethidium bromide used as fluoroquinolone analogue in plasmatic membrane efflux pump was accumulated in ciprofloxacin-resistant cells in much less amount. It was estimated that ethidium bromide efflux depended on temperature, glucose and transmembrane electro-chemical proton potential. Inhibitors of efflux systems--reserpine and verapamil enhanced the ethidium bromide accumulation much more intensively in ciprofloxacin resistant cells. The results of investigation allowed to consider the existence of active efflux system for toxic agents in acholeplasma; in the case of ciprofloxacin-resistant strain these systems are inducible.

Copper-mediated homogeneous living radical polymerization of acrylamide with waxy potato starch-based macroinitiator.

PubMed

Fan, Yifei; Cao, Huatang; van Mastrigt, Frank; Pei, Yutao; Picchioni, Francesco

2018-07-15

Cu 0 -mediated living radical polymerization (Cu 0 -mediated LRP) was employed in this research for the synthesis of starch-g-polyacrylamide (St-g-PAM). The use of a controlled radical grafting technique is necessary, as compared to the traditional free-radical polymerization methods, in order to obtain a well-defined structure of the final product. This is in turn essential for studying the relationship between such structure and the end-properties. Waxy potato starch-based water-soluble macroinitiator was first synthesized by esterification with 2-bromopropionyl bromide in the mixture of dimethylacetamide and lithium chloride. With the obtained macroinitiator, St-g-PAM was homogeneously synthesized by aqueous Cu 0 -mediated LRP using CuBr/hexamethylated tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (Me 6 Tren) as catalyst. The successful synthesis of the macroinitiator and St-g-PAM was proved by NMR, FT-IR, SEM, XRD and TGA analysis. The molecular weight and polydispersity of PAM chains were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) after hydrolyzing the starch backbone. Monomer conversion was monitored by gas chromatography (GC), on the basis of which the kinetics were determined. A preliminarily rheological study was performed on aqueous solutions of the prepared materials. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Efficient click chemistry towards fatty acids containing 1,2,3-triazole: Design and synthesis as potential antifungal drugs for Candida albicans.

PubMed

Fu, Nina; Wang, Suiliang; Zhang, Yuqian; Zhang, Caixia; Yang, Dongliang; Weng, Lixing; Zhao, Baomin; Wang, Lianhui

2017-08-18

Candida is an important opportunistic human fungal pathogen. The cis-2-dodecenoic acid (BDSF) showing in vitro activity of against C. albicans growth, germ-tube germination and biofilm formation has been a potential inhibitor for Candida and other fungi. In this study, facile synthetic strategies toward a novel family of BDSF analogue, 1-alkyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acids (ATCs) was developed. The straightforward synthetic method including converting the commercial available alkyl bromide to alkyl azide, consequently with a typical click chemistry method, copper(II) sulfate and sodium ascorbate as catalyst in water to furnish ATCs with mild to good yields. According to antifungal assay, 1-decyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acid (5d) showed antifungal capability slightly better than BDSF. The 1,2,3-triazole unit played a crucial role for the bioactivity of ATCs was also confirmed when compared with two alkyl-aromatic carboxylic acids. Given its simplicity, high antifungal activity, and wide availability of compounds with halide atoms on the end part of the alkyl chains, the method can be extended to develop more excellent ATC drugs for accomplishing the challenges in future antifungal applications. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline CuO powders with the different surfactants and complexing agent mediated precipitation method

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rajendran, V.; Gajendiran, J., E-mail: gaja.nanotech@gmail.com

2014-08-15

Highlights: • CuO nanostructures by surfactants mediated method. • Structural and optical properties of CuO nanostructures changes under the effect of surface modifier. • Citric acid assisted is the best, in terms of size, morphology and optical properties than that of CTAB, SDS and PEG-400. - Abstract: Nanostructures of copper oxide (CuO) was synthesized into crystallite sized ranging from 20 to 50 nm in the presence of different surfactants, and complex agent such as cityl tri methyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium do decyl sulfate (SDS), poly ethylene glycol (PEG-400) and citric acid via a precipitation route. Variations in several parametersmore » and their effects on the structural and optical properties of CuO nanostructures (crystallite size, morphology and band gap) were investigated by XRD, FTIR, SEM and UV analysis. The UV–visible absorption spectra of the different surfactants and complexing agent assisted CuO nanostructures indicates that the estimated optical band gap energy value (1.94–1.98 eV) is higher than that of the bulk CuO value (1.4 eV), which is attributed to the quantum confinement effect. The formation mechanism of different surfactants and complexing agent assisted CuO nanostructures is also proposed.« less

Determination of depleted uranium, pyridostigmine bromide and its metabolite in plasma and urine following combined administration in rats.

PubMed

Abu-Qare, A W; Abou-Donia, M B

2001-09-01

A simple and reliable method was developed for the quantification of depleted uranium, the anti nerve agent drug pyridostigmine bromide (PB;3-dimethylaminocarbonyloxy-N-methyl pyridinium bromide) and its metabolite N-methyl-3-hydroxypyridinium bromide in rat plasma and urine. The method involved using solid phase extraction and spectrophotometric determination of uranium, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with reversed phase C(18) column, and UV detection at 280 nm for PB and its metabolite. Uranium was derivatized using dibenzoylmethane (DBM) then the absorbance was measured at 405 nm. PB and its metabolite were separated using a gradient of 1--40% acetonitrile in 0.1% triflouroacetic acid water solution (pH 3.2) at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min in a period of 14 min. Limits of detection were 2 ng/ml for uranium and 50 ng/ml for PB and its metabolite. Limits of quantitation were between 10 and 100 ng/ml for uranium and the other two analytes, respectively. Average percentage recovery of five spiked plasma samples were 83.7+/-8.6, 76.8+/-6.7, 79.1+/-7.1, and from urine 82.7+/-8.6, 79.3+/-9.5 and 78.0+/-6.2, for depleted uranium, PB and N-methyl-3-hydroxypyridinium bromide, respectively. The relationship between peak areas and concentration was linear for standards between 100 and 1000 ng/ml for all three analytes. This method was applied to analyze the above chemicals and metabolites following combined administration in rats.

Hydrology and Water Quality near Bromide Pavilion in Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Murray County, Oklahoma, 2000

USGS Publications Warehouse

Andrews, William J.; Burrough, Steven P.

2002-01-01

The Bromide Pavilion in Chickasaw National Recreation Area drew many thousands of people annually to drink the mineral-rich waters piped from nearby Bromide and Medicine Springs. Periodic detection of fecal coliform bacteria in water piped to the pavilion from the springs, low yields of the springs, or flooding by adjacent Rock Creek prompted National Park Service officials to discontinue piping of the springs to the pavilion in the 1970s. Park officials would like to resume piping mineralized spring water to the pavilion to restore it as a visitor attraction, but they are concerned about the ability of the springs to provide sufficient quantities of potable water. Pumping and sampling of Bromide and Medicine Springs and Rock Creek six times during 2000 indicate that these springs may not provide sufficient water for Bromide Pavilion to supply large numbers of visitors. A potential problem with piping water from Medicine Spring is the presence of an undercut, overhanging cliff composed of conglomerate, which may collapse. Evidence of intermittent inundation of the springs by Rock Creek and seepage of surface water into the spring vaults from the adjoining creek pose a threat of contamination of the springs. Escherichia coli, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococcal bacteria were detected in some samples from the springs, indicating possible fecal contamination. Cysts of Giardia lamblia and oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum protozoa were not detected in the creek or the springs. Total culturable enteric viruses were detected in only one water sample taken from Rock Creek.

Large-scale, on-site confirmatory, and varietal testing of a methyl bromide quarantine treatment to control codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in nectarines exported to Japan.

PubMed

Yokoyama, V Y; Miller, G T; Hartsell, P L; Leesch, J G

2000-06-01

In total, 30,491 codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), 1-d-old eggs on May Grand nectarines in two large-scale tests, and 17,410 eggs on Royal Giant nectarines in four on-site confirmatory tests were controlled with 100% mortality after fumigation with a methyl bromide quarantine treatment (48 g3 for 2 h at > or = 21 degrees C and 50% volume chamber load) on fruit in shipping containers for export to Japan. Ranges (mean +/- SEM) were for percentage sorption 34.7 +/- 6.2 to 46.5 +/- 2.5, and for concentration multiplied by time products 54.3 +/- 0.9 to 74.5 +/- 0.6 g.h/m3 in all tests. In large-scale tests with May Grand nectarines, inorganic bromide residues 48 h after fumigation ranged from 6.8 +/- 0.7 to 6.9 +/- 0.5 ppm, which were below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency tolerance of 20 ppm; and, organic bromide residues were < 0.01 ppm after 1 d and < 0.001 ppm after 3 d in storage at 0-1 degree C. After completion of larger-scale and on-site confirmatory test requirements, fumigation of 10 nectarine cultivars in shipping containers for export to Japan was approved in 1995. Comparison of LD50s developed for methyl bromide on 1-d-old codling moth eggs on May Grand and Summer Grand nectarines in 1997 versus those developed for nine cultivars in the previous 11 yr showed no significant differences in codling moth response among the cultivars.

Modeling Source Water Threshold Exceedances with Extreme Value Theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rajagopalan, B.; Samson, C.; Summers, R. S.

2016-12-01

Variability in surface water quality, influenced by seasonal and long-term climate changes, can impact drinking water quality and treatment. In particular, temperature and precipitation can impact surface water quality directly or through their influence on streamflow and dilution capacity. Furthermore, they also impact land surface factors, such as soil moisture and vegetation, which can in turn affect surface water quality, in particular, levels of organic matter in surface waters which are of concern. All of these will be exacerbated by anthropogenic climate change. While some source water quality parameters, particularly Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and bromide concentrations, are not directly regulated for drinking water, these parameters are precursors to the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which are regulated in drinking water distribution systems. These DBPs form when a disinfectant, added to the water to protect public health against microbial pathogens, most commonly chlorine, reacts with dissolved organic matter (DOM), measured as TOC or dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and inorganic precursor materials, such as bromide. Therefore, understanding and modeling the extremes of TOC and Bromide concentrations is of critical interest for drinking water utilities. In this study we develop nonstationary extreme value analysis models for threshold exceedances of source water quality parameters, specifically TOC and bromide concentrations. In this, the threshold exceedances are modeled as Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) whose parameters vary as a function of climate and land surface variables - thus, enabling to capture the temporal nonstationarity. We apply these to model threshold exceedance of source water TOC and bromide concentrations at two locations with different climate and find very good performance.

Development of an activated carbon-based electrode for the capture and rapid electrolytic reductive debromination of methyl bromide from post-harvest fumigations

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Due to concerns surrounding its ozone depletion potential, there is a need for technologies to capture and destroy methyl bromide (CH3Br) emissions from post-harvest fumigations applied to control agricultural pests. Previously we described a system in which CH3Br fumes vented from fumigation chambe...

Human Metabolism and Interactions of Deployment-Related Chemicals

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-08-01

with individual test compounds (final concentration, 100 PM), agent pyridostigmine bromide to protect against possible nerve gas NADPH-generating system...an insect repellent (N,N-diethyl-m- toluamide) a nerve gas prophyllactic (pyridostigmine bromide) did not cause the inhibition of trans-permethrin...mechanism of organophosphorus anticholinesterase agents , namely; covalent modification of the active site of the esterases in question. Carbaryl, another

Effect of Dazomet Rate and Incorporation Method on Pine Production in Southern Pine Nurseries

Treesearch

L. David Dwinell; Stephen W. Fraedrich

1998-01-01

Southern forest-tree nurseries are growing an average of 1.2 billion seedlings per year or 80 percent of America's total seedling production. To control weeds and soil-borne pathogens, 89 percent of those nurseries fumigate, largely with methyl bromide. Dazomet (Basamide) is a chemical alternative to methyl bromide-chloropicrin for soil fumigation. Although...

Comments on alternatives to methyl bromide for quarantine purposes in forest nurseries

Treesearch

David B. South

2008-01-01

Viewpoints will vary in regards to the best alternative to methyl bromide (CH3Br) fumigation. In some cases, crop value will determine the best alternative. As the value of the crop increases, the rate (and cost) of the "best" treatment might increase as well. In addition, the recommendation will depend on if the individual has a "...

Seeking alternatives to probit 9 when developing treatments for wood packaging materials under ISPM No. 15

Treesearch

R.A. Haack; A. Uzunovic; K. Hoover; J.A. Cook

2011-01-01

ISPM No. 15 presents guidelines for treating wood packaging material used in international trade. There are currently two approved phytosanitary treatments: heat treatment and methyl bromide fumigation. New treatments are under development, and are needed given that methyl bromide is being phased out. Probit 9 efficacy (100% mortality of at least 93 613 test organisms...

Fire extinguishant materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Altman, R. L.; Mayer, L. A.; Ling, A. C. (Inventor)

1983-01-01

Fire extinguishant composition comprising a mixture of a finely divided aluminum compound and alkali metal, stannous or plumbous halide is provided. Aluminum compound may be aluminum hydroxide, alumina or boehmite but preferably it is an alkali metal dawsonite. The metal halide may be an alkali metal, e.g. potassium iodide, bromide or chloride or stannous or plumbous iodide, bromide or chloride. Potassium iodide is preferred.

The history and future of methyl bromide alternatives in the southern United States

Treesearch

Tom E. Starkey

2012-01-01

This article gives a brief history of the efforts of the Southern Forest Nursery Management Cooperative (SFNMC) in testing methyl bromide (MBr) alternatives for soil fumigation. In the southeastern United States, fumigation with MBr has been the most commonly used method for producing high quality, pest-free forest seedlings in an environment that is conducive for soil...

40 CFR 180.123a - Inorganic bromide residues in peanut hay and peanut hulls; statement of policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 23 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Inorganic bromide residues in peanut hay and peanut hulls; statement of policy. 180.123a Section 180.123a Protection of Environment... combines and leave the hay on the ground to be incorporated into the soil, some growers follow the practice...

Eradicating European pine shoot moth on ornamental pines with methyl bromide.

Treesearch

V.M. Carolin; W.H. Klein; R.M. Thompson

1962-01-01

The recent introduction of the European pine shoot moth into this region poses a serious threat to natural pine stands. To combat this threat, quarantines were invoked and eradication programs undertaken. Destruction of infested trees has been used tentatively as an eradication technique. In the meantime, fumigation with methyl bromide was tested over the period of a...

Metabolism of proposed nerve agent pretreatment, pyridostigmine bromide. Final report, December 1995-December 1996

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Leo, K.U.

A reverse phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to separate pyridostigmine bromide from four potential metabolites. Using male and female microsomes from both rat and human, our data suggest that pyridostigmine bromide is not metabolized by the human live microsomes or DNA expressed human CYP-450s via direct observation of no metabolites being formed for incubations up to 90 minutes. Indirect evidence that pyridostigmine metabolism is not via the major human hepatic CYP-450s involved in drug metabolism, 1A2, 2C9, 2E1, 2D6, and 3A4, was observed by failure to inhibit these isozymes while co-incubated with substrates specific for thosemore » isozymes at concentrations of 2-3 times Km. The following CYP-450 substrates were co-incubated with pyridostigmine: phenacetin, tolbutamide, chlorzoxazone, bufuralol, and testosterone. Using unlabelled and 14C-pyridostigmine, metabolite formation was not observed in both male and female rat and human subcellular fractions, specifically cytosol and S9, or under conditions favoring human FMO activity (pH 8.3). These findings indicate the metabolism of pyridostigmine bromide is unlikely to be under any component of sexual dimorphism.« less

The Acetyl Bromide Method Is Faster, Simpler and Presents Best Recovery of Lignin in Different Herbaceous Tissues than Klason and Thioglycolic Acid Methods

PubMed Central

Moreira-Vilar, Flavia Carolina; Siqueira-Soares, Rita de Cássia; Finger-Teixeira, Aline; de Oliveira, Dyoni Matias; Ferro, Ana Paula; da Rocha, George Jackson; Ferrarese, Maria de Lourdes L.; dos Santos, Wanderley Dantas; Ferrarese-Filho, Osvaldo

2014-01-01

We compared the amount of lignin as determined by the three most traditional methods for lignin measurement in three tissues (sugarcane bagasse, soybean roots and soybean seed coat) contrasting for lignin amount and composition. Although all methods presented high reproducibility, major inconsistencies among them were found. The amount of lignin determined by thioglycolic acid method was severely lower than that provided by the other methods (up to 95%) in all tissues analyzed. Klason method was quite similar to acetyl bromide in tissues containing higher amounts of lignin, but presented lower recovery of lignin in the less lignified tissue. To investigate the causes of the inconsistencies observed, we determined the monomer composition of all plant materials, but found no correlation. We found that the low recovery of lignin presented by the thioglycolic acid method were due losses of lignin in the residues disposed throughout the procedures. The production of furfurals by acetyl bromide method does not explain the differences observed. The acetyl bromide method is the simplest and fastest among the methods evaluated presenting similar or best recovery of lignin in all the tissues assessed. PMID:25330077

[Bromate reduction by granular activated carbon].

PubMed

Huang, Xin; Gao, Nai-yun; Lu, Pin-pin

2007-10-01

Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the kinetics of reducing bromate to bromide by granular activated carbon. Solution conditions were studied in details, such as pH, ionic strength, temperature and initial bromate concentration. The results showed the removal capacity of GAC was positively relevant to surface basic functional groups. The whole process was inhibited by other anions in solution and the inhibition sequence was NO3(-) > SO4(2-) > Cl(-). Pseudo-second order rate equation and intraparticle diffusion model were applied to fit the process of bromate reduction and the process of bromide formation, respectively, with regression coefficients higher than 0.97 at most cases. Bromate removal was found to be favored under conditions with low pH value and low ionic strength. Both sorption rate of bromate and formation rate of bromide were decreased, and then increased along with the increase of temperature during 15-42 degree C. In this experiment, the maximum adsorption capacity of GAC is 769.23 micromol/g (98.4 mg/g), whereas the sorption process is slow and easily influenced. It is concluded that the sorption of bromate by the micropore portion of GAC was influenced by the release of bromide.

Unsaturated flow and transport through a fault embedded in fractured welded tuff

USGS Publications Warehouse

Salve, Rohit; Liu, Hui‐Hai; Cook, Paul; Czarnomski, Atlantis; Hu, Qinhong; Hudson, David

2004-01-01

To evaluate the importance of matrix diffusion as a mechanism for retarding radionuclide transport in the vicinity of a fault located in unsaturated fractured rock, we carried out an in situ field experiment in the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. This experiment involved the release of ∼82,000 L of water over a period of 17 months directly into a near‐vertical fault under both constant positive head (at ∼0.04 m) and decreasing fluxes. A mix of conservative tracers (pentafluorobenzoic acid (PFBA) and bromide (applied in the form of lithium bromide)) was released along the fault over a period of 9 days, 7 months after the start of water release along the fault. As water was released into the fault, seepage rates were monitored in a large cavity excavated below the test bed. After the release of tracers, seepage water was continuously collected from three locations and analyzed for the injected tracers. Observations of bromide concentrations in seepage water during the early stages of the experiment and bromide and PFBA concentrations in the seepage water indicate the significant effects of matrix diffusion on transport through a fault embedded in fractured, welded rock.

Toxic impact of bromide and iodide on drinking water disinfected with chlorine or chloramines.

PubMed

Yang, Yang; Komaki, Yukako; Kimura, Susana Y; Hu, Hong-Ying; Wagner, Elizabeth D; Mariñas, Benito J; Plewa, Michael J

2014-10-21

Disinfectants inactivate pathogens in source water; however, they also react with organic matter and bromide/iodide to form disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Although only a few DBP classes have been systematically analyzed for toxicity, iodinated and brominated DBPs tend to be the most toxic. The objectives of this research were (1) to determine if monochloramine (NH2Cl) disinfection generated drinking water with less toxicity than water disinfected with free chlorine (HOCl) and (2) to determine the impact of added bromide and iodide in conjunction with HOCl or NH2Cl disinfection on mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genomic DNA damage induction. Water disinfected with chlorine was less cytotoxic but more genotoxic than water disinfected with chloramine. For both disinfectants, the addition of Br(-) and I(-) increased cytotoxicity and genotoxicity with a greater response observed with NH2Cl disinfection. Both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were highly correlated with TOBr and TOI. However, toxicity was weakly and inversely correlated with TOCl. Thus, the forcing agents for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were the generation of brominated and iodinated DBPs rather than the formation of chlorinated DBPs. Disinfection practices need careful consideration especially when using source waters containing elevated bromide and iodide.

Interaction of ozone and carbon dioxide with polycrystalline potassium bromide and its atmospheric implication

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Levanov, Alexander V.; Isaikina, Oksana Ya.; Maksimov, Ivan B.; Lunin, Valerii V.

2017-03-01

It has been discovered for the first time that gaseous ozone in the presence of carbon dioxide and water vapor interacts with crystalline potassium bromide giving gaseous Br2 and solid salts KHCO3 and KBrO3. Molecular bromine and hydrocarbonate ion are the products of one and the same reaction described by the stoichiometric equation 2KBr(cr.) + O3(gas) + 2CO2(gas) + H2O(gas) → 2KHCO3(cr.) + Br2(gas) + O2(gas). The dependencies of Br2, KHCO3 and KBrO3 formation rates on the concentrations of O3 and CO2, humidity of initial gas mixture, and temperature have been investigated. A kinetic scheme has been proposed that explains the experimental regularities found in this work on the quantitative level. According to the scheme, the formation of molecular bromine and hydrocarbonate is due to the reaction between hypobromite BrO-, the primary product of bromide oxidation by ozone, with carbon dioxide and water; bromate results from consecutive oxidation of bromide ion by ozone Br- → +O3 , -O2 BrO- → +O3 , -O2 BrO2- → +O3, -O2 BrO3- .

Granular Activated Carbon Treatment May Result in Higher Predicted Genotoxicity in the Presence of Bromide.

PubMed

Krasner, Stuart W; Lee, Tiffany Chih Fen; Westerhoff, Paul; Fischer, Natalia; Hanigan, David; Karanfil, Tanju; Beita-Sandí, Wilson; Taylor-Edmonds, Liz; Andrews, Robert C

2016-09-06

Certain unregulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are more of a health concern than regulated DBPs. Brominated species are typically more cytotoxic and genotoxic than their chlorinated analogs. The impact of granular activated carbon (GAC) on controlling the formation of regulated and selected unregulated DBPs following chlorine disinfection was evaluated. The predicted cyto- and genotoxicity of DBPs was calculated using published potencies based on the comet assay for Chinese hamster ovary cells (assesses the level of DNA strand breaks). Additionally, genotoxicity was measured using the SOS-Chromotest (detects DNA-damaging agents). The class sum concentrations of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and unregulated DBPs, and the SOS genotoxicity followed the breakthrough of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), however the formation of brominated species did not. The bromide/DOC ratio was higher than the influent through much of the breakthrough curve (GAC does not remove bromide), which resulted in elevated brominated DBP concentrations in the effluent. Based on the potency of the haloacetonitriles and halonitromethanes, these nitrogen-containing DBPs were the driving agents of the predicted genotoxicity. GAC treatment of drinking or reclaimed waters with appreciable levels of bromide and dissolved organic nitrogen may not control the formation of unregulated DBPs with higher genotoxicity potencies.

Pyridostigmine bromide and the long-term subjective health status of a sample of female reserve component Gulf War veterans: a brief report.

PubMed

Schumm, W R; Reppert, E J; Jurich, A P; Bollman, S R; Castelo, C; Sanders, D; Webb, F J

2001-02-01

The role of pyridostigmine bromide (PB) pills in explaining the long-term subjective health status of a sample of over 100 female Reserve Component Gulf War veterans was examined through regression analysis. Results fell just short of significance (p < .06) for the prediction of subjective health approximately six years after the war and were clearly not significant for the prediction of subjective health at previous times. Results parallel Golomb's 1999 RAND report, which found suggestive but not conclusive evidence for the possible adverse effects of Gulf War veterans' consumption of pyridostigmine bromide pills. Our data suggest that use of more than 10 pills may have been especially risky with respect to long-term subjective health.

Maintaining Flatness of a Large Aperture Potassium Bromide Beamsplitter Through Mounting and Vibration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Losch, Patricia; Lyons, James J., III; Morell, Armando; Heaney, Jim

1998-01-01

The Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) instrument on the Cassini Mission launched in October of 1997. The CIRS instrument contains a mid-infrared (MIR) and a far-infrared interferometer (FIR) and operates at 170 Kelvin. The MIR is a Michelson Fourier transform spectrometer utilizing a 76 mm (3 inch) diameter potassium bromide beamsplitter and compensator pair. The potassium bromide elements were tested to verify effects of cooldown and vibration prior to integration into the instrument. The instrument was then aligned at ambient temperatures, tested cryogenically and re-verified after vibration. 'Me stringent design optical figure requirements for the beamsplitter and compensator included fabrication errors, mounting stresses and vibration load effects. This paper describes the challenges encountered in mounting the elements to minimize distortion and to survive vibration.

Maintaining Flatness of a Large Aperture Potassium Bromide Beamsplitter through Mounting and Vibration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Losch, Patricia; Lyons, James, III; Morell, Armando; Heaney, Jim

1998-01-01

The Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) instrument on the Cassini Mission launched in October of 1997. The CIRS instrument contains a mid-infrared and a far-infrared interferometer and operates at 170 Kelvin. The mid-infrared interferometer is a Michelson- type Fourier transform spectrometer utilizing a 3 inch diameter potassium bromide beamsplitter/compensator pair. The potassium bromide elements were tested to verify effects of cooldown and vibration prior to integration into the instrument. The instrument was then aligned at ambient temperatures, tested cryogenically and re-verified after vibration. The stringent design optical figure requirements for the beamsplitter and compensator included fabrication errors, mounting stresses and vibration load effects. This paper describes the challenges encountered in mounting the elements to minimize distortion and to survive vibration.

Implications of a Multi-well Tracer Test in the Transport of Pathogens at a Riverbank Filtration Experiment Site.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Langford, R. P.; Pillai, S.; Schulze-Makuch, D.; Widmer, K.; Abdel-Fattah, A.; Lerhner, T.

2003-12-01

This study tracks the transport of bromide and microspheres mimicking pathogens in an arid environment. The study site uses the Rio Grande that experiences significant annual fluctuations in both water quantity and quality. The pumping well is 17 m from the stream bank and the water table was 2 m below the stream surface. The aquifer is medium and fine-grained sand comprising two flow units. Observation wells are screened over 1 or 1.5 m intervals. The average hydraulic conductivity was about 2 x 10-3 m/s based on a test analysis, however, the responses indicated that sediment heterogeneities affected the hydraulic behavior. A 427 hour tracer test using bromide and fluorescent microspheres provides initial results that are relevant to the transport of pathogens through the subsurface under riverbank filtration conditions. Bromide was injected into an observation well at the channel margin. Differently colored fluorescent microspheres (0.25nm, 1?m, 6?m and 10?m) were injected into the stream bottom and into two observation wells. Conclusions from the tracer test are: 1) Both bromide and microspheres continued to be observed throughout the 18 days of the experiment. 2) The bromide recovery in the pumping well and in the deeper observation wells showed early and late peaks with a long tails indicating that the geological medium at the field site behaves like a double-porosity medium allowing the tracer to move relatively quickly through the higher conductivity units while being significantly retarded in the low hydraulic conductivity units. 3) Some wells showed consistently higher concentrations of bromide. 4) The 1? micospheres were abundant in the observation wells and allowed tracing of flowpaths. These showed multiple peaks similar to the bromide results. This indicates highly preferential transport paths in the sediment. 5) Microspheres from the three injection sites had distinctly different transport paths and rates. 6) Both bromide and microspheres appeared in the stream soon after injection, moving apparently against an 2-m head difference. 7) The 6 ? and 10 ? microspheres were observed in low concentrations and were episodically detected in the stream and in two widely spaced observation wells. The significance of these results is that: 1) Inorganic microspheres may mimic the episodic occurrence of microorganisms in wells. 2) Even in this relatively homogeneous aquifer, preferential transport within the aquifer results in highly divergent transport paths and rates. Microspheres from one of the injection sites traveled essentially perpendicular to the expected transport direction. 3) Even small variations in the sand grain size can effectively compartmentalize the aquifer. The next steps of this project will include field studies to observe the migration and persistence of selected organisms (E.coli, enterococci, coliphages, cysts, oocysts and enteroviruses) in the pumping well and observation wells under different pumping rates. Continued combined chemical sampling along with the microbial sampling will document the whether changes in water chemistry alter the behavior of the organisms.

Identification of a BrOOO- intermediate species in the ozonolysis of bromide at the liquid/vapor interface from liquid jet XPS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Shuzhen; Artiglia, Luca; Orlando, Fabrizio; Corral-Arroyo, Pablo; Edebeli, Jacinta; Ammann, Markus

2017-04-01

Oxidation of bromide by gas phase ozone (O3) in the absence of photochemistry is believed to be one of the important dark reactions to produce HOBr as the starting point of the multiphase cycling reaction mechanisms that release bromide out of sea water, sea spray or marine aerosols from aqueous solution that later drive O3 depleting chemistry in the troposphere [1]. The reaction of bromide with O3 occurs through an acid catalyzed mechanism involving a BrOOO- complex as an intermediate [2]. Slow oxidation of bromide by O3 in the bulk aqueous phase is of limited relevance; previous kinetic experiments have suspected the reaction to be enhanced at the surface of aqueous solutions. Thus, identifying BrOOO- at the interface would be a major step to understanding the multiphase oxidation of bromide with O3. Here, we provide a direct experimental evidence for the formation of a BrOOO- reaction intermediate at the surface by investigating the reaction of aqueous solutions NaBr with gas phase O3 after millisecond time scale exposure using the surface sensitive in situ liquid jet X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) at the Swiss Light Source (SLS). We acquired Br 3d core level spectra of 0.125 M NaBr solution in presence and absence of ozone in the gas phase. We found a new feature with a peak position shifted towards higher binding energy (by ˜0.7 eV) compared to Br-, which was clearly different from the Br 3d core levels spectra of hypobromite and bromate measured with reference solutions. Our results suggest the appearance of the formation of the BrOOO- reaction intermediate as a new component, in agreement with theoretical calculations of the Br- ozonolysis mechanism [3]. Additionally, by varying the photoelectron kinetic energy and thus probe depth via variation of the probing photon energy, the new feature appears to be present near the liquid/vapor interface. Besides, kinetic experiments for the reaction of O3 with bromide are ongoing to investigate the dependence on the temperature, ozone concentration, which may give further information such as the relative oxidation rate at the liquid/vapor interface versus that in the bulk phase. [1] S. Wang, et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2015, 112, 9281-9286. [2] Q. Liu, et al., Inorganic Chemistry, 2001, 40, 4436-4442. [3] I. Gladich, et al., The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2015, 119, 4482-4488.

Activated carbons from end-products of tree nut and tree fruit production as sorbents for removing methyl bromide in ventilation effluent from postharvest chamber fumigation

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

End-products of tree nuts and tree fruits grown in California, USA were evaluated for the ability to remove methyl bromide from the ventilation effluent of postharvest chamber fumigations. Activated carbon sorbents from walnut and almond shells as well as peach and prune pits were prepared using dif...

Formation of Worm-Like Micelles in Mixed N-Hexadecyl-N-Methylpyrrolidinium Bromide-Based Cationic Surfactant and Anionic Surfactant Systems

PubMed Central

Dai, Caili; Yan, Zhihu; You, Qing; Du, Mingyong; Zhao, Mingwei

2014-01-01

Through the descriptive and rheological characterization of worm-like micelles formed by N-hexadecyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bromide and sodium laurate, the formation and properties of the worm-like micelles were affected by the concentrations of sodium laurate and temperature. Additionally, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy images further validated the formation of worm-like micelles. PMID:25019152

Alkali Halide FLIR Lens Development

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-10-01

in the atmosphere. The main emphasis in this 3 report has been development of protective coatings for potassium bromide lenses. The most favorable...placed onto the bottom electrode. Pieces of single-crystalline potassium chloride of approximately the same thickness as coated alkali halide samples...none of the samples appeared to be degraded by the high humidity associated with the exposure. 2. UNITS TESTED Four coated potassium bromide lenses

Simultaneous determination of pyridostigmine bromide, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, permethrin, and their metabolites in rat plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography.

PubMed

Abu-Qare, A W; Abou-Donia, M B

2000-12-01

A rapid and simple method was developed for the separation and quantification of the anti nerve agent drug pyridostignmine bromide (PB; 3-dimethylaminocarbonyloxy-N-methyl pyridinium bromide) its metabolite N-methyl-3-hydroxypyridinium bromide, the insect repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), its metabolites m-toluamide and m-toluic acid, the insecticide permethrin (3-(2,2-dichloro-ethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid(3-phenoxyphenyl)methylester), and two of its metabolites m-phenoxybenzyl alcohol, and m-phenoxybenzoic acid in rat plasma and urine. The method is based on using C18 Sep-Pak cartridges for solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with reversed-phase C18 column, and gradient UV detection ranging between 208 and 230 nm. The compounds were separated using gradient of 1 to 99% acetonitrile in water (pH 3.20) at a flow-rate ranging between 0.5 and 1.7 ml/min in a period of 17 min. The retention times ranged from 5.7 to 14.5 min. The limits of detection were ranged between 20 and 100 ng/ml, while limits of quantitation were 150-200 ng/ml. Average percentage recovery of five spiked plasma samples were 51.4+/-10.6, 71.1+/-11.0, 82.3+/-6.7, 60.4+/-11.8, 63.6+/-10.1, 69.3+/-8.5, 68.3+/-12.0, 82.6+/-8.1, and from urine 55.9+/-9.8, 60.3+/-7.4, 77.9+/-9.1, 61.7+/-13.5, 68.6+/-8.9, 62.0+/-9.5, 72.9+/-9.1, and 72.1+/-8.0, for pyridostigmine bromide, DEET, permethrin, N-methyl-3-hydroxypyridinium bromide, m-toluamide, m-toluic acid, m-phenoxybenzyl alcohol and m-phenoxybenzoic acid, respectively. The relationship between peak areas and concentration was linear over the range between 100 and 5000 ng/ml. This method was applied to analyze the above chemicals and metabolites following their administration in rats.

Efficacy of supplemental anti-inflammatory therapy with fenspiride in chronic obstructive and nonobstructive bronchitis.

PubMed

Volkova, L I; Budkova, A A; Filonova, N N; Khristolyubova, E I; Kutuzova, E B; Koroleva, N V; Radzivil, T T; Aminova, Z R; Chuchalin, A G

2005-01-01

The objective of this randomised, nonblind study was to assess the efficacy of fenspiride as complementary anti-inflammatory therapy in combination with ipratropium bromide in patients with chronic bronchitis (CB). A comparison was made with ipratropium bromide alone, the generally accepted standard therapy for CB. The study population comprised 20 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis (COB) and 60 patients without signs of obstruction. Fifty-one males (64%) and 29 females (36%) aged from 25 to 65 years were studied over a 6-month treatment period. Combined therapy with fenspiride (160 mg/day) and ipratropium bromide (160 mug/day) was prescribed to 39 patients (28 with CB and 11 with COB) for 6 months, and monotherapy with ipratropium bromide (160 microg/day) was prescribed for 41 patients (32 with CB and nine with COB). The combined therapy group had a reduced intensity of dyspnoea, improvements in sputum nature and quantity of exudation, and a reduced intensity of coughing. The monotherapy group showed reductions in sputum exudation and cough intensity. Improvements in lung respiratory function were observed in both groups, but were greater in the combined therapy group of patients. Reduced cytosis, percentage and absolute content of neutrophils, and absolute content of lymphocytes and eosinophils in induced sputum were observed with CB patients in the combined therapy group. A reduced content of lymphocytes and an increase in macrophages were observed with CB patients in the monotherapy group. A significant decline in tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha content in sputum was observed with both therapeutic regimens, although a statistically significant decline in serum TNFalpha (10.85 ng/L to 5.58 ng/L; p = 0.03) and reduced interleukin-8 in sputum (311.94 ng/L to 122.02 ng/L; p = 0.027) were observed with patients given combined therapy. The study showed greater efficacy of long-term treatment with fenspiride and ipratropium bromide compared with ipratropium bromide alone in patients with CB. This combination regimen can be recommended for the reduction of inflammation and prevention of disease progression in patients with CB and may also be useful in patients with COB.

Controlling First-Row Catalysts: Amination of Aryl and Heteroaryl Chlorides and Bromides with Primary Aliphatic Amines Catalyzed by a BINAP-Ligated Single-Component Ni(0) Complex

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

First-row metal complexes often undergo undesirable one-electron redox processes during two-electron steps of catalytic cycles. We report the amination of aryl chlorides and bromides with primary aliphatic amines catalyzed by a well-defined, single-component nickel precursor (BINAP)Ni(η2-NC-Ph) (BINAP = 2,2′-bis(biphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene) that minimizes the formation of Ni(I) species and (BINAP)2Ni. The scope of the reaction encompasses electronically varied aryl chlorides and nitrogen-containing heteroaryl chlorides, including pyridine, quinoline, and isoquinoline derivatives. Mechanistic studies support the catalytic cycle involving a Ni(0)/Ni(II) couple for this nickel-catalyzed amination and are inconsistent with a Ni(I) halide intermediate. Monitoring the reaction mixture by 31P NMR spectroscopy identified (BINAP)Ni(η2-NC-Ph) as the resting state of the catalyst in the amination of both aryl chlorides and bromides. Kinetic studies showed that the amination of aryl chlorides and bromides is first order in both catalyst and aryl halide and zero order in base and amine. The reaction of a representative aryl chloride is inverse first order in PhCN, but the reaction of a representative aryl bromide is zero order in PhCN. This difference in the order of the reaction in PhCN indicates that the aryl chloride reacts with (BINAP)Ni(0), formed by dissociation PhCN from (BINAP)Ni(η2-NC-Ph), but the aryl bromide directly reacts with (BINAP)Ni(η2-NC-Ph). The overall kinetic behavior is consistent with turnover-limiting oxidative addition of the aryl halide to Ni(0). Several pathways for catalyst decomposition were identified, such as the formation of the catalytically inactive bis(amine)-ligated arylnickel(II) chloride, (BINAP)2Ni(0), and the Ni(I) species [(BINAP)Ni(μ-Cl)]2. By using a well-defined nickel complex as catalyst, the formation of (BINAP)2Ni(0) is avoided and the formation of the Ni(I) species [(BINAP)Ni(μ-Cl)]2 is minimized. PMID:24397570

Pyridostigmine treatment trial in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension.

PubMed

Singer, Wolfgang; Sandroni, Paola; Opfer-Gehrking, Tonette L; Suarez, Guillermo A; Klein, Caroline M; Hines, Stacy; O'Brien, Peter C; Slezak, Jeffrey; Low, Phillip A

2006-04-01

Midodrine hydrochloride is the only drug demonstrated in a placebo-controlled treatment trial to improve orthostatic hypotension (OH) but it significantly worsens supine hypertension. By enhancing ganglionic transmission, pyridostigmine bromide can potentially ameliorate OH without worsening supine hypertension. To evaluate the efficacy of a single 60-mg dose of pyridostigmine bromide, alone or in combination with a subthreshold (2.5 mg) or suprathreshold (5 mg) dose of midodrine hydrochloride, compared with placebo. We report a double-blind, randomized, 4-way cross-over study of pyridostigmine in the treatment of neurogenic OH. A total of 58 patients with neurogenic OH were enrolled. After 1 day of baseline measurements, patients were given 4 treatments (3 active treatments [60 mg of pyridostigmine bromide; 60 mg of pyridostigmine bromide and 2.5 mg of midodrine hydrochloride; 60 mg of pyridostigmine bromide and 5 mg of midodrine hydrochloride] and a placebo) in random order on successive days. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate were measured, both supine and standing, immediately before treatment and hourly for 6 hours after the treatment was given. No significant differences were seen in the supine BP, either systolic (P = .36) or diastolic (P = .85). In contrast, the primary end point of the fall in standing diastolic BP was significantly reduced (P = .02) with treatment. Pairwise comparison showed significant reduction by pyridostigmine alone (BP fall of 27.6 mm Hg vs 34.0 mm Hg with placebo; P = .04) and pyridostigmine and 5 mg of midodrine hydrochloride (BP fall of 27.2 mm Hg vs 34.0 mm Hg with placebo; P = .002). Standing BP improvement significantly regressed with improvement in OH symptoms. Pyridostigmine significantly improves standing BP in patients with OH without worsening supine hypertension. The greatest effect is on diastolic BP, suggesting that the improvement is due to increased total peripheral resistance.

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of pyridostigmine bromide, nicotine, and their metabolites in rat plasma and urine.

PubMed

Abu-Qare, A W; Abou-Donia, M B

2001-07-01

This study reports on the development of a rapid and simple method for the determination of the antinerve agent drug pyridostigmine bromide (3-dimethylaminocarbonyloxy-N-methyl pyridinium bromide) (PB), its metabolite N-methyl-3-hydroxypyridinium bromide, nicotine (S-1-methyl-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidine), and its metabolites nornicotine (2-(3-pyridyl)pyrrolidine) and cotinine (S-1-methyl-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidone) in rat plasma and urine. The compounds are extracted and eluted by methanol and acetonitrile using C18 Sep-Pak cartridges and separated using high-performance liquid chromatography by a gradient of methanol, acetonitrile, and water (pH 3.2) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min in a period of 14 min. UV detection was at 260 nm for nicotine and its metabolites and at 280 nm for PB and its metabolite. The limits of detection ranged between 20 and 70 ng/mL, and the limits of quantitation were 50-100 ng/mL. The average percent recovery of five spiked plasma samples were 85.7 +/- 7.3%, 80.4 +/- 5.8%, 78.9 +/- 5.4%, 76.7 +/- 6.4%, and 79.7 +/- 5.7% and for urine were 85.9 +/- 5.9%, 75.5 +/- 6.9%, 82.6 +/- 7.9%, 73.6 +/- 5.9%, and 77.7 +/- 6.3% for nicotine, nornicotine, cotinine, PB, and N-methyl-3-hydroxypyridinium bromide, respectively. The calibration curves for standard solutions of the compounds of peak areas and concentration are linear for a range between 100 and 1,000 ng/mL. This method is applied in order to analyze the previously mentioned chemicals and metabolites following their oral administration in rats.

Estimating groundwater recharge in Hebei Plain, China under varying land use practices using tritium and bromide tracers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Bingguo; Jin, Menggui; Nimmo, John R.; Yang, Lei; Wang, Wenfeng

2008-07-01

SummaryTritium and bromide were used as applied tracers to determine groundwater recharge in Hebei Plain, North China, to evaluate the impacts of different soil types, land use, irrigation, and crop cultivation practice on recharge. Additional objectives were to evaluate temporal variability of recharge and the effect on results of the particular tracer used. Thirty-nine profiles at representative locations were chosen for investigation. Average recharge rates and recharge coefficient determined by tritium and bromide tracing for different sites were 0.00-1.05 mm/d and 0.0-42.5%, respectively. The results showed relative recharge rates for the following paired influences (items within each pair are listed with the influence producing greater recharge first): flood-irrigated cropland and non-irrigated non-cultivation land, flood irrigation (0.42-0.58 mm/d) and sprinkling irrigation (0.17-0.23 mm/d), no stalk mulch (0.56-0.80 mm/d) and stalk mulch (0.44-0.60 mm/d), vegetable (e.g. Chinese cabbage and garlic, 0.70 mm/d) and wheat-maize (0.38 mm/d), peanut (0.51 mm/d) and peach (0.43 mm/d). The results also showed greater recharge for the first year of tracer travel than for the second. Because total precipitation and irrigation were greater in the first year than in the second, this may reflect temporal variability of recharge. The method may not be applicable where the water table is shallow (less than 3 m). A comparison of the near-ideal tritium tracer with the more common but less ideal bromide showed that bromide moved approximately 23% faster than tritiated water, perhaps because of anion exclusion.

Replacing Conventional Carbon Nucleophiles with Electrophiles: Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Alkylation of Aryl Bromides and Chlorides

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

A general method is presented for the synthesis of alkylated arenes by the chemoselective combination of two electrophilic carbons. Under the optimized conditions, a variety of aryl and vinyl bromides are reductively coupled with alkyl bromides in high yields. Under similar conditions, activated aryl chlorides can also be coupled with bromoalkanes. The protocols are highly functional-group tolerant (−OH, −NHTs, −OAc, −OTs, −OTf, −COMe, −NHBoc, −NHCbz, −CN, −SO2Me), and the reactions are assembled on the benchtop with no special precautions to exclude air or moisture. The reaction displays different chemoselectivity than conventional cross-coupling reactions, such as the Suzuki–Miyaura, Stille, and Hiyama–Denmark reactions. Substrates bearing both an electrophilic and nucleophilic carbon result in selective coupling at the electrophilic carbon (R–X) and no reaction at the nucleophilic carbon (R–[M]) for organoboron (−Bpin), organotin (−SnMe3), and organosilicon (−SiMe2OH) containing organic halides (X–R–[M]). A Hammett study showed a linear correlation of σ and σ(−) parameters with the relative rate of reaction of substituted aryl bromides with bromoalkanes. The small ρ values for these correlations (1.2–1.7) indicate that oxidative addition of the bromoarene is not the turnover-frequency determining step. The rate of reaction has a positive dependence on the concentration of alkyl bromide and catalyst, no dependence upon the amount of zinc (reducing agent), and an inverse dependence upon aryl halide concentration. These results and studies with an organic reductant (TDAE) argue against the intermediacy of organozinc reagents. PMID:22463689

Estimating groundwater recharge in Hebei Plain, China under varying land use practices using tritium and bromide tracers

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wang, B.; Jin, M.; Nimmo, J.R.; Yang, L.; Wang, W.

2008-01-01

Tritium and bromide were used as applied tracers to determine groundwater recharge in Hebei Plain, North China, to evaluate the impacts of different soil types, land use, irrigation, and crop cultivation practice on recharge. Additional objectives were to evaluate temporal variability of recharge and the effect on results of the particular tracer used. Thirty-nine profiles at representative locations were chosen for investigation. Average recharge rates and recharge coefficient determined by tritium and bromide tracing for different sites were 0.00-1.05 mm/d and 0.0-42.5%, respectively. The results showed relative recharge rates for the following paired influences (items within each pair are listed with the influence producing greater recharge first): flood-irrigated cropland and non-irrigated non-cultivation land, flood irrigation (0.42-0.58 mm/d) and sprinkling irrigation (0.17-0.23 mm/d), no stalk mulch (0.56-0.80 mm/d) and stalk mulch (0.44-0.60 mm/d), vegetable (e.g. Chinese cabbage and garlic, 0.70 mm/d) and wheat-maize (0.38 mm/d), peanut (0.51 mm/d) and peach (0.43 mm/d). The results also showed greater recharge for the first year of tracer travel than for the second. Because total precipitation and irrigation were greater in the first year than in the second, this may reflect temporal variability of recharge. The method may not be applicable where the water table is shallow (less than 3 m). A comparison of the near-ideal tritium tracer with the more common but less ideal bromide showed that bromide moved approximately 23% faster than tritiated water, perhaps because of anion exclusion. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V.

Test report : Raytheon / KTech RK30 Energy Storage System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rose, David Martin; Schenkman, Benjamin L.; Borneo, Daniel R.

2013-10-01

The Department of Energy Office of Electricity (DOE/OE), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and the Base Camp Integration Lab (BCIL) partnered together to incorporate an energy storage system into a microgrid configured Forward Operating Base to reduce the fossil fuel consumption and to ultimately save lives. Energy storage vendors will be sending their systems to SNL Energy Storage Test Pad (ESTP) for functional testing and then to the BCIL for performance evaluation. The technologies that will be tested are electro-chemical energy storage systems comprising of lead acid, lithium-ion or zinc-bromide. Raytheon/KTech has developed an energy storage system that utilizes zinc-bromide flowmore » batteries to save fuel on a military microgrid. This report contains the testing results and some limited analysis of performance of the Raytheon/KTech Zinc-Bromide Energy Storage System.« less

Sodium bromide additive improved film morphology and performance in perovskite light-emitting diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Jinghai; Cai, Feilong; Yang, Liyan; Ye, Fanghao; Zhang, Jinghui; Gurney, Robert S.; Liu, Dan; Wang, Tao

2017-07-01

Organometal halide perovskite is a promising material to fabricate light-emitting diodes (LEDs) via solution processing due to its exceptional optoelectronic properties. However, incomplete precursor conversion and various defect states in the perovskite light-emitting layer lead to low luminance and external quantum efficiency of perovskite LEDs. We show here the addition of an optimum amount of sodium bromide in the methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) precursor during a one-step perovskite solution casting process can effectively improve the film coverage, enhance the crystallinity, and passivate ionic defects on the surface of MAPbBr3 crystal grains, resulting in LEDs with a reduced turn-on voltage from 2.8 to 2.3 V and an enhanced maximum luminance from 1059 to 6942 Cd/m2 when comparing with the pristine perovskite-based device.

Ni-catalyzed reductive homocoupling of unactivated alkyl bromides at room temperature and its synthetic application.

PubMed

Peng, Yu; Luo, Long; Yan, Chang-Song; Zhang, Jian-Jian; Wang, Ya-Wen

2013-11-01

A room-temperature Ni-catalyzed reductive approach to homocoupling of unactivated primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl bromides is described. The catalytic system can be easily generated from air-stable and cheap materials and demonstrates broad functional group tolerance, thus allowing facile access to useful dimeric triterpene and lignan-like molecules. Moreover, the dimerization of tertiary bromide 6 efficiently establishes sterically hindered vicinal quaternary carbons (C3a and C3a'), which is a key linkage of intriguing bispyrrolo[2,3-b]indoline alkaloids, thereby enabling us to complete the total syntheses of racemic chimonanthine (9) and folicanthine (10). In addition, this dimerization method can be expanded to the highly stereoselective synthesis of bisperhydrofuro[2,3-b]furan (5a) and the dimeric spiroketal 5b, signifying the involvement of possible radical species.

Architecture of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic layers as found from crystal structure analysis of N-benzyl-N,N-dimethylalkylammonium bromides.

PubMed

Hodorowicz, Maciej; Stadnicka, Katarzyna; Czapkiewicz, Jan

2005-10-01

The molecular and crystal structures of N-benzyl-N,N-dimethylalkylammonium bromides monohydrates with chain length n=8-10 have been determined. The crystals are isostructural with the N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyldodecylammonium bromide monohydrate. The structures consist of alternated hydrophobic and hydrophilic layers perpendicular to [001]. The attraction between N+ of the cation head-groups and Br- anions is achieved through weak C_H...Br interactions. The water molecules incorporated into ionic layers are donors for two O_H...Br hydrogen bonds and serve as the acceptors in two weak interactions of C_H...O type. The methylene chains, with the slightly curved general shape, have the extended all-trans conformation. The mutual packing of the chains in the hydrophobic layers is governed by weak C_H...pi interactions.

Methyl bromide and the Montreal Protocol: An update on the critical use exemption and quarantine pre-shipment process

Treesearch

Scott Enebak

2007-01-01

Over the past 50 years, methyl bromide (MBr) has proven to be a consistently reliable pesticide that enhances seedling production and suppresses soilborne pests. It is the industry standard and an essential component of virtually every pest management program in southern forest tree nurseries. Due to the listing of MBr as a ozone depleting substance, the U.S....

Mononuclear bromide complexes of Sb(V): crystal structures and thermal behaviour

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adonin, Sergey A.; Bondarenko, Mikhail A.; Samsonenko, Denis G.; Semitut, Evgeniy Yu; Sokolov, Maxim N.; Fedin, Vladimir P.

2018-05-01

Reactions of Sb2O3 dissolved in HBr/Br2 and bromides of pyridinium-derived cations result in mononuclear complexes of Sb(V) - (cation)[SbBr6] (cation = 2-chloropyridinium (1), 2-bromopyridinium (2)). Thermal behaviour of 1 and 2, as well as similar previously reported complexes Et4N [SbBr6] (3) and (N-EtPy)[SbBr6] (4), was studied and discussed.

A comparison between a combination of ipratropium bromide plus fenoterol in a single metered dose inhaler (Duovent) and salbutamol in asthma.

PubMed Central

Flint, K. C.; Hockley, B.; Johnson, N. M.

1983-01-01

The efficacy of a single metered dose inhaler containing a combination of fenoterol (100 micrograms/puff) and ipratropium bromide (40 micrograms/puff) has been assessed in 12 asthmatics. We conclude that the bronchodilator effect of 2 puffs of the combination inhaler was significantly greater than that achieved by 2 puffs of salbutamol (100 micrograms/puff). PMID:6227877

Synthesis of Improved Polyester Resins.

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-07-05

p-phenylene bis(magnesium bromide) dispersed in 70 ml of hexane was added over a period of one hour. Residual Grignard reagent was washed from the...was prepared from p-phenylenedi(phenylphosphonyl chloride) (PPPC). The PPPC monomer was made from the p-phenylene bis(magnesium bromide) Grignard ...phenylphosphonyl dichloride removal. On cooling, the product was a viscous glassy liquid. It weighed 12.5 grams (113 percent based on 8g of Grignard

WET METHOD OF PREPARING PLUTONIUM TRIBROMIDE

DOEpatents

Davidson, N.R.; Hyde, E.K.

1958-11-11

S> The preparation of anhydrous plutonium tribromide from an aqueous acid solution of plutonium tetrabromide is described, consisting of adding a water-soluble volatile bromide to the tetrabromide to provide additional bromide ions sufficient to furnish an oxidation-reduction potential substantially more positive than --0.966 volt, evaporating the resultant plutonium tribromides to dryness in the presence of HBr, and dehydrating at an elevated temperature also in the presence of HBr.

Data for methyl bromide decon testing

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Spreadsheets containing data for recovery of spores from different materials. Data on the fumigation parameters are also included.This dataset is associated with the following publication:Wood , J., M. Wendling, W. Richter, A. Lastivka, and L. Mickelsen. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Methyl Bromide in the Decontamination of Building and Interior Materials Contaminated with Bacillus anthracis Spores. APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, USA, 1-28, (2016).

Laboratory Evaluation of Drop-in Solvent Alternatives to n-Propyl Bromide for Vapor Degreasing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mitchell, Mark A.; Lowrey, Nikki M.

2012-01-01

Based on this limited laboratory study, solvent blends of trans-1,2 dichloroethylene with HFEs, HFCs, or PFCs appear to be viable alternatives to n-propyl bromide for vapor degreasing. The lower boiling points of these blends may lead to greater solvent loss during use. Additional factors must be considered when selecting a solvent substitute, including stability over time, VOC, GWP, toxicity, and business considerations.

Design and Synthesis of Novel Isoxazole Tethered Quinone-Amino Acid Hybrids

PubMed Central

Ravi Kumar, P.; Sambaiah, M.; Kandula, Venu; Payili, Nagaraju; Jaya Shree, A.; Yennam, Satyanarayana

2014-01-01

A new series of isoxazole tethered quinone-amino acid hybrids has been designed and synthesized involving 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction followed by an oxidation reaction using cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN). Using this method, for the first time various isoxazole tethered quinone-phenyl alanine and quinone-alanine hybrids were synthesized from simple commercially available 4-bromobenzyl bromide, propargyl bromide, and 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde in good yield. PMID:25709839

Design and synthesis of novel isoxazole tethered quinone-amino Acid hybrids.

PubMed

Ravi Kumar, P; Behera, Manoranjan; Sambaiah, M; Kandula, Venu; Payili, Nagaraju; Jaya Shree, A; Yennam, Satyanarayana

2014-01-01

A new series of isoxazole tethered quinone-amino acid hybrids has been designed and synthesized involving 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction followed by an oxidation reaction using cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN). Using this method, for the first time various isoxazole tethered quinone-phenyl alanine and quinone-alanine hybrids were synthesized from simple commercially available 4-bromobenzyl bromide, propargyl bromide, and 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde in good yield.

Volatilization Mechanism of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Bromide Ionic Liquid (Briefing Charts)

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-01

bromides and alkylimidazoles, presumably through alkyl abstraction via an SN2 type mechanism, and that vaporization of intact ion pairs or the formation...116.1±6.6 kJ/mol and H.‡(CH3CH2Br) = 122.9±7.2 kJ/mol, and the results are found to be in agreement with calculated values for the SN2 reactions

Regular and irregular deswelling of polyacrylate and hyaluronate gels induced by oppositely charged surfactants.

PubMed

Nilsson, Peter; Hansson, Per

2008-09-15

The deswelling kinetics of macroscopic polyacrylate (PA) gels in solutions of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C(12)TAB) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C(16)TAB), with and without added sodium bromide, as well as hyaluronate (HA) gels in solutions of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) are investigated. Additional data are also provided by small-angle X-ray scattering and microgel experiments. The purpose is to study the deswelling behavior of (1) regularly deswelling gels, for which the deswelling is successfully described using a core/shell model earlier employed for microgels, and (2) irregularly deswelling gels, where the gel turns into a balloon-like structure with a dense outer layer surrounding a liquid-filled core. For regularly deswelling gels, the deswelling of PA/C(12)TAB is found to be controlled by diffusion through both stagnant layer and collapsed surface phase, while for PA/C(16)TAB it is found to be controlled mainly by the latter. The difference in deswelling rate between the two is found to correspond to the difference in surfactant diffusion coefficient in the surface phase. Factors found to promote irregular deswelling, described as balloon formation, are rapid surfactant binding, high bromide and surfactant concentration, longer surfactant chain length, and macroscopic gel size. Scattering data indicating a cubic structure for HA/CPC complexes are reported.

Effects of addition of supramolecular assembly on the anatase nanocrystalline precipitation of sol-gel derived SiO2-TiO2 coating films by hot-water treatment.

PubMed

Katagiri, Kiyofumi; Harada, Genki; Matsuda, Atsunori; Kogure, Toshihiro; Muto, Hiroyuki; Sakai, Mototsugu

2006-06-01

Effects of the addition of a supramolecular assembly of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in SiO2-TiO2 gel films on the formation of anatase type TiO2 nanocrystals with hot-water treatment were investigated. Anatase nanocrystals were formed in the whole SiO2-TiO2 gel films with the addition of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide by the treatment, whereas the nanocrystals were formed only on the film surface in the case of gel films without cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide molecules in the SiO2-TiO2 gel films were completely removed by the hot-water treatment and the following UV irradiation. In the usual procedure for preparation of porous materials, the removal of template molecular assemblies required high temperature treatment over 400 degrees C. In this system, all the processes were performed at temperatures less than 100 degrees C. Additionally, the porous structure produced by the removal of micellar assembly allowed anatase nanocrystals to be formed inside the films. Therefore, the method presented in this work provides us with the novel photocatalyst coatings of porous membrane with highly-dispersed TiO2 nanocrystals via low temperature process.

Interactions between soil texture and placement of dairy slurry application: I. Flow characteristics and leaching of nonreactive components.

PubMed

Glaesner, Nadia; Kjaergaard, Charlotte; Rubaek, Gitte H; Magid, Jakob

2011-01-01

Land application of manure can exacerbate nutrient and contaminant transfers to the aquatic environment. This study examined the effect of injecting a dairy cattle (Bostaurus L.) manure slurry on mobilization and leaching of dissolved, nonreactive slurry components across a range of agricultural soils. We compared leaching of slurry-applied bromide through intact soil columns (20 cm diam., 20 cm high) of differing textures following surface application or injection of slurry. The volumetric fraction of soil pores >30 microm ranged from 43% in a loamy sand to 28% in a sandy loam and 15% in a loam-textured soil. Smaller active flow volumes and higher proportions of preferential flow were observed with increasing soil clay content. Injection of slurry in the loam soil significantly enhanced diffusion of applied bromide into the large fraction of small pores compared with surface application. The resulting physical protection against leaching of bromide was reflected by 60.2% of the bromide tracer was recovered in the effluent after injection, compared with 80.6% recovery after surface application. No effect of slurry injection was observed in the loamy sand and sandy loam soils. Our findings point to soil texture as an important factor influencing leaching of dissolved, nonreactive slurry components in soils amended with manure slurry.

Atmospheric volatilization of methyl bromide, 1,3-dichloropropene, and propargyl bromide through two plastic films: transfer coefficient and temperature effect

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, D.; Yates, S. R.; Gan, J.; Knuteson, J. A.

Atmospheric emission of methyl bromide (MeBr) and its potential alternative chemicals such as 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and propargyl bromide (PrBr) can contribute to air pollution and ozone depletion (for MeBr). One of the main sources of these chemicals is from agricultural soil fumigation. To understand the volatilization dynamics, emission of MeBr, 1,3-D, and PrBr through a polyethylene-based high-barrier film (HBF) and a virtually impermeable film (VIF) was measured using an air flow and sampling system that produced >90% mass balance. The experiment was conducted outdoors and was subjected to ambient daily temperature variations. The HBF film was found to be very permeable to 1,3-D and PrBr, but somewhat less permeable to MeBr. The VIF film was very impermeable to 1,3-D, PrBr, or MeBr. Measured volatilization flux, in general, exhibited strong diurnal variations which were controlled by film temperature. Unlike the HBF film, a time lag (˜12 h) was observed between high-temperatures and high-emission flux values for the VIF film. An impermeable film may be used as an effective means of controlling the atmospheric emission of MeBr and its alternative chemicals.

A reconnaissance analysis of groundwater quality in the Eagle Ford shale region reveals two distinct bromide/chloride populations.

PubMed

Hildenbrand, Zacariah L; Carlton, Doug D; Meik, Jesse M; Taylor, Josh T; Fontenot, Brian E; Walton, Jayme L; Henderson, Drew; Thacker, Jonathan B; Korlie, Stephanie; Whyte, Colin J; Hudak, Paul F; Schug, Kevin A

2017-01-01

The extraction of oil and natural gas from unconventional shale formations has prompted a series of investigations to examine the quality of the groundwater in the overlying aquifers. Here we present a reconnaissance analysis of groundwater quality in the Eagle Ford region of southern Texas. These data reveal two distinct sample populations that are differentiable by bromide/chloride ratios. Elevated levels of fluoride, nitrate, sulfate, various metal ions, and the detection of exotic volatile organic compounds highlight a high bromide group of samples, which is geographically clustered, while encompassing multiple hydrogeological strata. Samples with bromide/chloride ratios representative of connate water displayed elevated levels of total organic carbon, while revealing the detection of alcohols and chlorinated compounds. These findings suggest that groundwater quality in the Western Gulf Basin is, for the most part, controlled by a series of natural processes; however, there is also evidence of episodic contamination events potentially attributed to unconventional oil and gas development or other anthropogenic activities. Collectively, this characterization of natural groundwater constituents and exogenous compounds will guide targeted remediation efforts and provides insight for agricultural entities, industrial operators, and rural communities that rely on groundwater in southern Texas. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Intranasal Insulin: A Novel Treatment for Gulf War Multisymptom Illness

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-10-01

pyridostigmine bromide . Fort Detrick, MD: US Army Medical Research and Material Command. Li B, Mahan CM, Kang HK, Eisen SA, Engel CC. (2011, July 27...Sullivan K, Krengel M, Proctor SP, Devine S, Heeren T, White RF. (2003). Cognitive functioning in treatment-seeking Gulf War veterans: pyridostigmine ... bromide use and PTSD. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 25(2):95-103. Tillman GD, Green TA, Ferree TC, Calley CS, Maguire MJ

Nitroethylation of Vinyl Triflates and Bromides

PubMed Central

Padilla–Salinas, Rosaura; Walvoord, Ryan R.; Tcyrulnikov, Sergei

2013-01-01

A two-carbon homologation of vinyl triflates and bromides for the synthesis of homoallylic nitro products is described. This palladium-catalyzed double coupling of nitromethane exploits the anion stabilizing and leaving group properties of nitromethane, generating the homo allyl nitro products via a tandem cross-coupling/π-allylation sequence. The resultant process provides a mild and convenient entry of nitroethylated products, which are versatile precursors to β,γ-unsaturated carbonyls, homoallylic amines, and nitrile oxides. PMID:23885976

The history and future of methyl bromide alternatives used in the production of forest seedlings in the southern United States

Treesearch

Scott A. Enebak

2013-01-01

This paper gives a brief history of the Southern Forest Nursery Management Cooperative’s (SFNMC) efforts in testing methyl bromide (MBr) alternatives for soil fumigation. In the southeastern United States, fumigation with MBr has been the most commonly used method for producing high quality, pest-free forest-tree seedlings in an environment that is conducive for soil-...

[Affinity between CrIII and purified DNA, studied by competition with an intercalating agent: ethidium bromide].

PubMed

Vecchio, D; Balbi, C; Russo, P; Parodi, S; Santi, L

1981-05-30

The affinity between CrIII and purified calf- thymus DNA was studied at neutral pH by competition with ethidium bromide. Competition results indicated an affinity between CrIII and DNA of the order of 10(5) 1/mole. These results are in good agreement with previous results CrIII - DNA affinity was studied by the independent method of equilibrium dialysis and chromium dosage by atomic spectrometry.

Pyridostimine Bromide 30mg Stability in Extended Storage Conditions

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-12-03

limit 100 words): Pyridostigmine bromide 30mg is approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) as a pre -treatment of nerve gas exposure. The...under controlled temperatu,re and humidity. The tablets will be tested at 0, 3, 4, 5, and 6 months after removal from refrigerator when stored at both...Guidance definitions of storage conditions required for stability testing to obtain new drug approval in different climate zones in the world. At

Cardiovascular effects of pancuronium bromide in mongrel dogs.

PubMed

Reitan, J A; Warpinski, M A

1975-09-01

The cardiovascular effects of a new nondepolarizing muscle relaxant, pancuronium bromide, were studied in mongrel dogs. Small, but significant, increases in mean arterial blood pressure were observed after each of 2 intravenous doses (0.01 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg) were given. Heart rate increased significantly in dogs administered the larger dosage, and indexes of ventricular functions demonstrated a trend toward positive cardiac inotrophy after either the large or the small dose.

Aluminum electroplating on steel from a fused bromide electrolyte

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Prabhat K. Tripathy; Laura A. Wurth; Eric J. Dufek

A quaternary bromide bath (LiBr–KBr–CsBr–AlBr3) was used to electro-coat aluminum on steel substrates. The electrolytewas prepared by the addition of AlBr3 into the eutectic LiBr–KBr–CsBr melt. A smooth, thick, adherent and shiny aluminum coating could be obtained with 80 wt.% AlBr3 in the ternary melt. The SEM photographs of the coated surfaces suggest the formation of thick and dense coatings with good aluminum coverage. Both salt immersion and open circuit potential measurement suggested that the coatings did display a good corrosionresistance behavior. Annealing of the coated surfaces, prior to corrosion tests, suggested the robustness of the metallic aluminum coating inmore » preventing the corrosion of the steel surfaces. Studies also indicated that the quaternary bromide plating bath can potentially provide a better aluminumcoating on both ferrous and non-ferrous metals, including complex surfaces/geometries.« less

Limited remyelination of CNS axons by Schwann cells transplanted into the sub-arachnoid space.

PubMed

Blakemore, W F

1984-06-01

Areas of primary demyelination which did not subsequently remyelinate spontaneously were prepared in the cat spinal cord by injecting small volumes of ethidium bromide into tissue which had previously been exposed to 40 Grays of X-irradiation. Autologous peripheral nerve tissue was placed in the sub-arachnoid space over such lesions, either at the time of injecting ethidium bromide, or at 14 days or 28 days after injecting ethidium bromide. The extent of Schwann cell remyelination was assessed 28 days after transplantation. In no case were all the demyelinated axons remyelinated; rather, remyelination was limited to axons near to blood vessels. It was concluded that Schwann cells migrated from the transplanted tissue into the lesion via the perivascular space and that they failed to remyelinate the bulk of demyelinated axons because of an absence within the CNS of suitable extracellular matrix.

Aluminium Electroplating on Steel from a Fused Bromide Electrolyte

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Prabhat Tripathy; Laura Wurth; Eric Dufek

A quaternary bromide bath (LiBr-KBr-CsBr-AlBr3) was used to electro-coat aluminium on steel substrates. The electrolyte was prepared by the addition of AlBr3 into the eutectic LiBr-KBr-CsBr melt. A smooth, thick, adherent and shiny aluminium coating could be obtained with 80 wt.% AlBr3 in the ternary melt. The SEM photographs of the coated surfaces suggest the formation of thick and dense coatings with good aluminium coverage. Both salt immersion and open circuit potential measurement suggest that the coatings did display good corrosion-resistance behavior. Annealing of the coated surfaces, prior to corrosion tests, suggested the robustness of the metallic aluminium coating inmore » preventing the corrosion of the steel surfaces. Studies also indicated that the quaternary bromide plating bath can potentially provide a better aluminium coating on both ferrous and non-ferrous metals, including complex surfaces/geometries.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sathyalakshmi, R.; Bhagavannarayana, G.; Ramasamy, P.

L-(+)-Glutamic acid hydro bromide, an isomorphic salt of L-glutamic acid hydrochloride, was synthesized and the synthesis was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared analysis. Solubility of the material in water was determined. L-Glutamic acid hydro bromide crystals were grown by low temperature solution growth using the solvent evaporation technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies were carried out and the cell parameters, atomic co-ordinates, bond lengths and bond angles were reported. High-resolution X-ray diffraction studies were carried out and good crystallinity for the grown crystal was observed from the diffraction curve. The grown crystals were subjected to dielectric studies. Ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectralmore » analysis shows good optical transmission in the visible and infrared region of the grown crystals. The second harmonic generation efficiency of L-glutamic acid hydro bromide crystal was determined using the Kurtz powder test and it was found that it had efficiency comparable with that of the potassium di-hydrogen phosphate crystal.« less

Enhancement effect on the chemiluminescence of acridinium esters under neutral conditions.

PubMed

Nakazono, Manabu; Nanbu, Shinkoh

2018-03-01

Enhancement effect on the chemiluminescence of acridinium ester derivatives under neutral conditions was investigated. Additions of phenols did not enhance the chemiluminescence intensities of acridinium ester derivatives in the presence of horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide. Additions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide apparently enhanced the chemiluminescence intensities of phenyl 10-methyl-10λ 4 -acridine-9-carboxylate derivatives with electron-withdrawing groups at the 4-position of the phenyl group. In particular, the chemiluminescence intensity of 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl 10-methyl-10λ 4 -acridine-9-carboxylate trifluoromethanesulfonate salt was 5.5 times stronger in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide than in its absence at pH 7. The chemiluminescence intensity of 3,4-dicyano-phenyl 10-methyl-10λ 4 -acridine-9-carboxylate trifluoromethanesulfonate salt was 46 times stronger in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide at pH 7 than in its absence at pH 10. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Stepwise cycloaddition reaction of N-phenacylbenzothiazolium bromides and nitroalkenes for tetrahydro-, dihydro- and benzo[d]pyrrolo[2,1-b]thiazoles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jin, Gong; Sun, Jing; Yang, Ren-Yin; Yan, Chao-Guo

2017-04-01

The triethylamine promoted stepwise 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of N-phenacylbenzothiazolium bromides with nitroalkenes in ethanol resulted in a mixture of two isomeric tetrahydrobenzo[d]pyrrolo[2,1-b]thiazoles with cis/trans/cis- and all-trans-configurations. More importantly, the corresponding dihydrobenzo[d]pyrrolo[2,1-b]thiazoles can be selectively prepared in refluxing ethanol and the benzo[d]pyrrolo[2,1-b]thiazoles can be obtained in satisfactory yields by sequential dehydrogenation with DDQ as oxidizer. On the other hand, the similar cycloaddition reaction of N-phenacylbenzothiazolium bromides with 1-methy-1-nitroalkenes in refluxing ethanol afforded benzo[d]pyrrolo[2,1-b]thiazoles with splitting out of nitro group. The stereochemistry of the spiro compounds was clearly elucidated on the basis of NMR spectra and sixteen single crystal structures.

One-pot palladium-catalyzed synthesis of sulfonyl fluorides from aryl bromides† †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Experimental details and supporting characterisation data. See DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03924c Click here for additional data file.

PubMed Central

Davies, Alyn T.; Curto, John M.

2017-01-01

A mild, efficient synthesis of sulfonyl fluorides from aryl and heteroaryl bromides utilizing palladium catalysis is described. The process involves the initial palladium-catalyzed sulfonylation of aryl bromides using DABSO as an SO2 source, followed by in situ treatment of the resultant sulfinate with the electrophilic fluorine source NFSI. This sequence represents the first general method for the sulfonylation of aryl bromides, and offers a practical, one-pot alternative to previously described syntheses of sulfonyl fluorides, allowing rapid access to these biologically important molecules. Excellent functional group tolerance is demonstrated, with the transformation successfully achieved on a number of active pharmaceutical ingredients, and their precursors. The preparation of peptide-derived sulfonyl fluorides is also demonstrated. PMID:28451264

Potential impacts of imposing methyl bromide phaseout on US strawberry growers: a case study of a nomination for a critical use exemption under the Montreal Protocol.

PubMed

Norman, Catherine S

2005-04-01

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer requires developed countries to phaseout methyl bromide production and non-quarantine uses by 2005 and developing countries to do the same by 2015. Exemptions to phaseout have been significant in slowing the process of abatement; many countries have applied for exemptions for some uses, partly on grounds that phaseout is economically infeasible. Data on the US strawberry market are used to investigate grower costs arising from substitution away from methyl bromide, the impact of trends in and characteristics of the demand for fresh strawberries, and characteristics of trade with countries not yet required to eliminate use of the compound. It appears that actual net costs to growers will be much smaller than the simple increase in production costs cited in the US nomination for exemption.

Preparation and optical characteristics of layered perovskite-type lead-bromide-incorporated azobenzene chromophores

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sasai, Ryo; Shinomura, Hisashi

2013-02-01

Lead bromide-based layered perovskite powders with azobenzene derivatives were prepared by a homogeneous precipitation method. From the diffuse reflectance (DR) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the hybrid powder materials, the present hybrids exhibited sharp absorption and PL peaks originating from excitons produced in the PbBr42- layer. When the present hybrid powder was irradiated with UV light at 350 nm, the absorption band from the trans-azobenzene chromophore, observed around 350 nm, decreased, while the absorption band from the cis-azobenzene chromophore, observed around 450 nm, increased. These results indicate that azobenzene chromophores in the present hybrid materials exhibit reversible photoisomerization. Moreover, it was found that the PL intensity from the exciton also varied due to photoisomerization of the azobenzene chromophores in the present hybrid. Thus, for the first time we succeeded in preparing the azobenzene derivative lead-bromide-based layered perovskite with photochromism before and after UV light irradiation.

Processes affecting the dissipation of the herbicide isoxaflutole and its diketonitrile metabolite in agricultural soils under field conditions.

PubMed

Papiernik, Sharon K; Yates, Scott R; Koskinen, William C; Barber, Brian

2007-10-17

Two-year field dissipation studies were conducted in three soil types in Minnesota to examine the processes affecting the dissipation of the herbicide isoxaflutole and its phytotoxic diketonitrile metabolite (DKN) under relatively cool, wet soil conditions. Plots of cuphea were treated with isoxaflutole and potassium bromide, a nonsorbed, nondegraded tracer. Replicate soil cores were collected six times during the growing season to a depth of 1 m, and the bromide or herbicide concentration was measured in each of five depth increments. The dissipation half-life (DT50) of isoxaflutole + DKN was 8-18 days in each soil. Bromide and herbicide concentrations were low at depths >40 cm throughout the study, and herbicide concentrations in soil 100 days after application were usually undetectable. Simulation modeling using Hydrus-1D for the loam soil suggested that plant uptake was an important mechanism of dissipation.

Synthesis and bio-physicochemical properties of amide-functionalized N-methylpiperazinium surfactants.

PubMed

Chauhan, Vinay; Singh, Sukhprit; Mishra, Rachana; Kaur, Gurcharan

2014-12-15

Four new amide functionalized N-methylpiperazinium amphiphiles having tetradecyl, hexadecyl alkyl chain lengths and counterions; chloride or bromide have been synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. These new surfactants have been investigated in detail for their self-assembling behavior by surface tension, conductivity and fluorescence measurements. The thermodynamic parameters of these surfactants indicate that micellization is exothermic and entropy-driven. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments have been performed to insight the aggregate size of these cationics. Thermal degradation of these new surfactants has also been evaluated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). These new surfactants form stable complexes with DNA as acknowledged by agarose gel electrophoresis, ethidium bromide exclusion and zeta potential measurements. They have also been found to have low cytotoxicity by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay on the C6 glioma cell line. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Adsorption of the Three-phase Emulsion on Various Solid Surfaces.

PubMed

Enomoto, Yasutaka; Imai, Yoko; Tajima, Kazuo

2017-07-01

The present study investigates the adsorption of the three-phase emulsion on various solid/water interfaces. Vesicles can be used as emulsifiers in the three-phase emulsions and act as an independent phase unlike the surfactant used in conventional emulsions; therefore, it is expected that the three-phase emulsion formed by the adhesion of vesicles to the oil/water interface will adsorb on various solid/water interfaces. The cationic three-phase emulsion was prepared to encourage emulsion adsorption on negatively charged solid substrates in water. The emulsifier polyoxyethylene-(10) hydrogenated castor oil was rendered cationic by mixing with the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and then used to prepare the cationic three-phase emulsion of hexadecane-in-water. Three solid substrates (silicon, glass, and copper) were dipped in the cationic emulsion and the emulsion was found to adsorb on the solid substrates while maintaining its structure. The amount of hexadecane adsorbed on the various surfaces was investigated by gas chromatography and found to increase with increasing hexadecane concentration in the emulsion and eventually plateaued just like molecular adsorption. The maximum surface coverage of the emulsion on the substrates was approximately 80%. However, even the equivalent nonionic three-phase emulsion was found to adsorb on the three solid surfaces. This was attributed to a novel mechanism of irreversible adhesion via the van der Waals attractive force.

A Facile Strategy for Catalyst Separation and Recycling Suitable for ATRP of Hydrophilic Monomers Using a Macroligand.

PubMed

Jiang, Xiaowu; Wu, Jian; Zhang, Lifen; Cheng, Zhenping; Zhu, Xiulin

2016-01-01

How to simply and efficiently separate and recycle catalyst has still been a constraint for the wide application of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), especially for the polymerization systems with hydrophilic monomers because the polar functional groups may coordinate with transition metal salts, resulting in abundant catalyst residual in the resultant water-soluble polymers. In order to overcome this problem, a latent-biphasic system is developed, which can be successfully used for ATRP catalyst separation and recycling in situ for various kinds of hydrophilic monomers for the first time, such as poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMA), and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM). Herein, random copolymer of octadecyl acrylate (OA), MA-Ln (2-(bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)ethyl acrylate), and POA-ran-P(MA-Ln) is designed as the macroligand, and heptane/ethanol is selected as the biphasic solvent. Copper(II) bromide (CuBr2 ) is employed as the catalyst, PEG-bound 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate (PEG350 -Br) as the water-soluble ATRP initiator and 2,2'-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) as the azo-initiator to establish an ICAR (initiators for continuous activator regeneration) ATRP system. Importantly, well-defined water-soluble polymers are obtained even though the recyclable catalyst is used for sixth times. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

In vitro Cell Viability by CellProfiler® Software as Equivalent to MTT Assay.

PubMed

Gasparini, Luciana S; Macedo, Nayana D; Pimentel, Elisângela F; Fronza, Marcio; Junior, Valdemar L; Borges, Warley S; Cole, Eduardo R; Andrade, Tadeu U; Endringer, Denise C; Lenz, Dominik

2017-07-01

This study evaluated in vitro cell viability by the colorimetric MTT stands for 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay compared to image analysis by CellProfiler ® software. Hepatoma (Hepa-1c1c7) and fibroblast (L929) cells were exposed to isolated substances, camptothecin, lycorine, tazettine, albomaculine, 3-epimacronine, trispheridine, galanthine and Padina gymnospora , Sargassum sp. methanolic extract, and Habranthus itaobinus Ravenna ethyl acetate in different concentrations. After MTT assay, cells were stained with Panotic dye kit. Cell images were obtained with an inverted microscope equipped with a digital camera. The images were analyzed by CellProfiler ® . No cytotoxicity at the highest concentration analyzed for 3-epimacronine, albomaculine, galanthine, trispheridine, P. gymnospora extract and Sargassum sp. extract where detected. Tazettine offered cytotoxicity only against the Hepa1c1c7 cell line. Lycorine, camptothecin, and H. itaobinus extract exhibited cytotoxic effects in both cell lines. The viability methods tested were correlated demonstrated by Bland-Atman test with normal distribution with mean difference between the two methods close to zero, bias value 3.0263. The error was within the limits of the confidence intervals and these values had a narrow difference. The correlation between the two methods was demonstrated by the linear regression plotted as R 2 . CellProfiler ® image analysis presented similar results to the MTT assay in the identification of viable cells, and image analysis may assist part of biological analysis procedures. The presented methodology is inexpensive and reproducible. In vitro cell viability assessment with MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay may be replaced by image analysis by CellProfiler ® . The viability methods tested were correlated demonstrated by Bland-Atman test with normal distribution with mean difference between the two methods close to zero, bias value 3.0263. The correlation between the two methods was demonstrated by the linear regression plotted as R2. Abbreviations: HPLC: High pressure liquid chromatography MTT: (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide).

N-heterocycle carbene (NHC)-ligated cyclopalladated N,N-dimethylbenzylamine: a highly active, practical and versatile catalyst for the Heck-Mizoroki reaction.

PubMed

Peh, Guang-Rong; Kantchev, Eric Assen B; Zhang, Chi; Ying, Jackie Y

2009-05-21

The wide dissemination of catalytic protocols in academic and industrial laboratories is facilitated by the development of catalysts that are not only highly active but also user-friendly, stable to moisture, air and long term storage and easy to prepare on a large scale. Herein we describe a protocol for the Heck-Mizoroki reaction mediated by cyclopalladated N,N-dimethylbenzylamine (dmba) ligated with a N-heterocyclic carbene, 1,3-bis(mesityl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IMes), that fulfils these criteria. The precatalyst can be synthesized on approximately 100 g scale by a tri-component, sequential, one-pot reaction of N,N-dimethylbenzylamine, PdCl2 and IMes.HCl in refluxing acetonitrile in air in the presence of K2CO3. This single component catalyst is stable to air, moisture and long term storage and can be conveniently dispensed as a stock solution in NMP. It mediates the Heck-Mizoroki reaction of a range of aryl- and heteroaryl bromides in reagent grade NMP at the 0.1-2 mol% range without the need for rigorous anhydrous techniques or a glovebox, and is active even in air. The catalyst is capable of achieving very high levels of catalytic activity (TON of up to 5.22 x 10(5)) for the coupling of a deactivated arylbromide, p-bromoanisole, with tBu acrylate as a benchmark substrate pair. A wide range of aryl bromides, iodides and, for the first time with a NHC-Pd catalyst, a triflate was coupled with diverse acrylate derivatives (nitrile, tert-butyl ester and amides) and styrene derivatives. The use of excess (>2 equiv.) of the aryl bromide and tert-butyl acrylate leads to mixture of tert-butyl beta,beta-diarylacrylate and tert-butyl cinnamate derivatives depending on the substitution pattern of the aryl bromide. Electron rich m- and p-substituted arylbromides give the diarylated products exclusively, whereas electron-poor aryl bromides give predominantly mono-arylated products. For o-substituted aryl bromides, no doubly arylated products could be obtained under any conditions. Overall, the active catalyst (IMes-Pd) shows higher activity with electron-rich aryl halides, a marked difference compared with the more commonly used phosphane-Pd or non-ligated Pd catalysts.

Synthesis and application of imidazolium-based ionic liquids as extraction solvent for pretreatment of triazole fungicides in water samples.

PubMed

Yang, Jiale; Fan, Chen; Kong, Dandan; Tang, Gang; Zhang, Wenbing; Dong, Hongqiang; Liang, You; Wang, Deng; Cao, Yongsong

2018-02-01

Five novel ionic liquids (ILs), 1,3-dibutylimidazolium bromide [BBMIm][Br], 1-pentyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide [BPMIm][Br], 1-hexyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide [BHMIm][Br], 1,1'-(butane-1,4-diyl)bis(3-butylimidazolium) bromide [C 4 (BMIm) 2 ][Br 2 ], and 1,1'-(butane-1,4-diyl)bis(3-methylimidazolium) bromide [C 4 (MIm) 2 ][Br 2 ], were prepared and used in situ to react with bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide lithium salt to extract the myclobutanil, tebuconazole, cyproconazole, and prothioconazole from water samples. The results showed that mono-cationic ILs had much better recovery than dicationic ILs, and mono-imidazolium IL bearing butyl groups at N-1 and N-3 sites had the best recovery. When the length of the alkyl substituent group was more than four carbons at N-3 site, the recovery decreased with increase of alkyl chain length of 1-butylimidazolium IL. The extraction efficiency order of triazoles from high to low was [BBMIm][Br], [BPMIm][Br], [BHMIm][Br], [BMIm][Br] (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide), [C 4 (BMIm) 2 ]Br 2 , [C 4 (MIm) 2 ]Br 2 . An in situ ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with ultrasmall superparamagnetic Fe 3 O 4 was established as a pretreatment method for enrichment of triazole fungicides in water samples by using the synthetic [BBMIm][Br] as the cationic IL and used to detect analytes followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method showed a good linearity within a range of 5-250 μg L -1 , with the determination coefficient (r 2 ) varying from 0.998 to 0.999. High mean enrichment factors were achieved ranging from 187 to 323, and the recoveries of the target analytes from real water samples at spiking levels of 10.0, 20.0, and 50.0 μg L -1 were between 70.1% and 115.0%. The limits of detection for the analytes were 0.74-1.44 μg L -1 , and the intra-day relative standard deviations varied from 5.23% to 8.65%. The proposed method can be further applied to analyze and monitor pesticides in other related samples. Graphical Abstract The scheme of the in-situ DLLME method for the determination of triazoles using the imidazolium-based ionic liquids.

49 CFR 173.193 - Bromoacetone, methyl bromide, chloropicrin and methyl bromide or methyl chloride mixtures, etc.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... fiberboard boxes with inside metal cans containing not over one pound each, or inside metal cans with a... packaged as follows in metal boxes (4A, 4B or 4N) or wooden boxes (4C1, 4C2, 4D or 4F) with inner glass... mm (0.5 inch) of absorbent material. Total amount of liquid in the outer box must not exceed 11 kg...

49 CFR 173.193 - Bromoacetone, methyl bromide, chloropicrin and methyl bromide or methyl chloride mixtures, etc.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... fiberboard boxes with inside metal cans containing not over one pound each, or inside metal cans with a... packaged as follows in metal boxes (4A, 4B or 4N) or wooden boxes (4C1, 4C2, 4D or 4F) with inner glass... mm (0.5 inch) of absorbent material. Total amount of liquid in the outer box must not exceed 11 kg...

WRAIR Protocols for Soldier Status and Readiness to Organophosphate Exposure: Unprocessed Whole Blood Cholinesterase and Pyridostigmine Bromide Quantification

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-07-01

blood in the presence and absence of selective ( huperzine - a and Iso-OMPA), and non-selective (pyridostigmine bromide) cholinesterase inhibitors...cholinesterases after exposure to CWAs such as GD and pharmaceuticals such as huperzine - a and pyridostigmine have been determined in animals and man...activity. Since urban terrorism is on the rise, Federal,State, and local authorities need a reliable, fast, inexpensive method for confirming such an

Projecting Medical Supply Requirements for a Highly Mobile Forward Resuscitative Surgery System

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-10-01

Sulfate Injection 0.5MG/ML 20ML Vial 6505013859409 Ephedrine Sulfate Injection 50MG/ML Ampoules 100S 6505012385634 Epinephrine Injection 1ML Syringe...Container 12S 6505010410558 Theopental Sodium Injection 500MG Vial 25S 6505012582004 Vecuronium Bromide Injection IMG/ML 10ML Vial 10S...Sterile 1GM Container 12S 6505012582004 Vecuronium Bromide Injection IMG/ML 10ML Vial 10S 6135009857845 Battery Nonrechargeable 1.5Volt Size AA 24S

RNA extraction from various recalcitrant plant tissues with a cethyltrimethylammonium bromide-containing buffer followed by an acid guanidium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform treatment.

PubMed

Suzuki, Yuji; Mae, Tadahiko; Makino, Amane

2008-07-01

High-quality total RNA was extracted using a cethyltrimethylammonium bromide-containing buffer followed by an acid guanidium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform treatment from recalcitrant plant tissues such as tree leaves (pine, Norway spruce, ginkgo, Japanese cedar, rose), flowers (rose, Lotus japonicus) and storage tissues (seeds of Lotus japonicus and rice, sweet potato tuber, banana fruit). This protocol greatly reduced the time required for RNA extraction.

Thermal Decomposition Mechanism of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Bromide Ionic Liquid (Preprint)

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-14

TetraethylammoniumTrifluoromentanesulfonate Ionic Liquid and Neutralized Nafion 117 for High-Temperature Fuel Cells J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 2183-2195. (7) Kim, S. Y.; Kim, S...bromide 5b. GRANT NUMBER ionic liquid (Preprint) 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) Steven D. Chambreau, Jerry A. Boatz, Ghanshyam L. Vaaghjiani...In order to better understand the volatilization process for ionic liquids , the vapor evolved from heating the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3

[Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide for fluorescence enhancement of anhydrotetracycline hydrochloride and iso-tetracycline].

PubMed

Zha, Jian-peng; Lin, Ying; Yang, Xing-hui; Hou, Hai-ni; Wei, Tie-jun; Chen, Xing-li

2002-06-01

Fluorescence enhancement of anhydrotetracycline hydrochloride and iso-tetracycline has been described. The fluorescence intensities of anhydrotetracycline hydrochloride and iso-tetracycline with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) enhanced by micellar solution have been examined. It is found that fluorescence enhancement of anhydrotetracycline hydrochloride and iso-tetracycline depends on the concentration of CTMAB and pH of the solution. It can be used to develop sensitive methods for the determination of tetracycline hydrochloride and its decomposition product.

Bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-κN,N')(carbonato-κO,O')cobalt(III) bromide trihydrate.

PubMed

Ma, Peng-Tao; Wang, Yu-Xia; Zhang, Guo-Qian; Li, Ming-Xue

2007-12-06

The title complex, [Co(CO(3))(C(10)H(8)N(2))(2)]Br·3H(2)O, is isostructural with the chloride analogue. The six-coordinated octahedral [Co(2,2'-bipy)(2)CO(3)](+) cation (2,2'-bipy is 2,2'-bipyrid-yl), bromide ion and water mol-ecules are linked together via O-H⋯Br and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating a one-dimensional chain.

Role of physical heterogeneity in the interpretation of small-scale laboratory and field observations of bacteria, microbial-sized microsphere, and bromide transport through aquifer sediments

USGS Publications Warehouse

Harvey, Ronald W.; Kinner, Nancy E.; MacDonald, Dan; Metge, David W.; Bunn, Amoret

1993-01-01

The effect of physical variability upon the relative transport behavior of microbial-sized microspheres, indigenous bacteria, and bromide was examined in field and flow-through column studies for a layered, but relatively well sorted, sandy glaciofluvial aquifer. These investigations involved repacked, sieved, and undisturbed aquifer sediments. In the field, peak abundance of labeled bacteria traveling laterally with groundwater flow 6 m downgradient from point of injection was coincident with the retarded peak of carboxylated microspheres (retardation factor, RF = 1.7) at the 8.8 m depth, but preceded the bromide peak and the retarded microsphere peak (RF = 1.5) at the 9.0 m depth. At the 9.5 m depth, the bacterial peak was coincident with both the bromide and the microsphere peaks. Although sorption appeared to be a predominant mechanism responsible for immobilization of microbial-sized microspheres in the aquifer, straining appeared to be primarily responsible for their removal in 0.6-m-long columns of repacked, unsieved aquifer sediments. The manner in which the columns were packed also affected optimal size for microsphere transport, which in one experiment was near the size of the small (∼2 μm) groundwater protozoa (flagellates). These data suggest that variability in aquifer sediment structure can be important in interpretation of both small-scale field and laboratory experiments examining microbial transport behavior.

The discovery and development of aclidinium bromide for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

PubMed

Malerba, Mario; Radaeli, Alessandro; Santini, Giuseppe; Morjaria, Jaymin; Mores, Nadia; Mondino, Chiara; Macis, Giuseppe; Montuschi, Paolo

2018-06-01

Bronchodilators, including long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists (LAMAs), are a mainstay of the pharmacological treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). LAMAs act as bronchodilators principally by antagonizing airway smooth muscle cells M 3 muscarinic receptors. Aclidinium bromide is a twice-daily LAMA which was developed to improve on the efficacy and/or safety of previous LAMAs. Area covered: Herein, the authors present the pharmacotherapeutic role of aclidinium in COPD and point out unmet need in this research area. The following aspects are covered: a) the discovery and medicinal chemistry of aclidinium bromide; b) an overview of the market; c) its mechanism of action; d) its pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile derived from pre-clinical studies; e) the clinical studies which led to its licensing; f) the evidence from meta-analyses; g) the aclidinium/formoterol fixed dose combination for COPD and h) priorities in this area of research. Expert opinion: Aclidinium bromide has the pharmacological properties, safety and efficacy profile and inhaler characteristics which makes it a valuable therapeutic option for pharmacological management of patients with COPD. Due to its rapid biotransformation into inactive metabolites, aclidinium is potentially one of the safest LAMAs. Further head-to-head randomized clinical trials are required to define efficacy and safety of aclidinium when compared to once-daily LAMAs. The clinical relevance of airway anti-remodeling effects of aclidinium has to be defined.

Bromide-free TEMPO-mediated oxidation of primary alcohol groups in starch and methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside.

PubMed

Bragd, P L; Besemer, A C; van Bekkum, H

2000-09-22

TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl)-mediated oxidation of potato starch and methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside (MGP) was performed in the absence of sodium bromide (NaBr) as co-catalyst, solely using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as the primary oxidant. The low reaction rate associated with a bromide-free process was increased by performing the oxidation at increased temperatures. The reaction proceeded stoichiometrically and with high selectivity and with only minor depolymerisation, provided that temperature and pH were kept < or = 20 degrees C and < 9.0, respectively. At 20 degrees C and pH 8.5, the reaction rate was comparable to that of a corresponding oxidation catalysed by NaBr at 2 degrees C. Consequently, this is a simple approach to raise the TEMPO/NaOCl reaction rate under bromide-free conditions while still maintaining good product properties. At higher oxidation temperatures (> or = 25 degrees C) and under more alkaline conditions (pH > or = 9.0) degradation of the starch skeleton occurred. Simultaneously, side-reactions of the nitrosonium ion lowered the yield of the oxidation. Despite the absence of the NaBr catalyst, the reaction rate-controlling step was found to be the oxidation of the primary hydroxyl groups with the nitrosonium ion. The reaction was first-order in MGP and in TEMPO.

MAPbI2.9-xBrxCl0.1 hybrid halide perovskites: Shedding light on the effect of chloride and bromide ions on structural and photoluminescence properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Atourki, Lahoucine; Vega, Erika; Marí, Bernabé; Mollar, Miguel; Ait Ahsaine, Hassan; Bouabid, Khalid; Ihlal, Ahmed

2016-12-01

The optical and structural properties of CH3NH3PbI3 can be adjusted by introducing other extrinsic ions such as chloride and bromide. In this work, mixed bromide iodide lead perovskites with a 10% fraction of chloride were prepared from methylamine, lead nitrate and the corresponding hydro acid (X = I, Br, Cl). The effect of bromide and chloride incorporation on different properties of perovskite thin film was investigated. The Pawley fit method indicates the formation of the iodide halide MAPbI3 Pm-3 m cubic phase for x = 0 and the tetragonal P4/mmm phase for x ≥ 0.3. All deposited films showed a strong absorbance in the UV-vis range. The band gap values were estimated from absorbance measurements. It was found that the onset of the absorption edge for MAPbI2.9-xBrxCl0.1 thin film perovskites ranges between 1.60 and 1.80 eV. Moreover, it was found that both Cl and Br affect the PL emission of the mixed halide lead perovskite, the MAPbI2.9-xBrxCl0.1 films displayed intermediate values from 730 nm (MAPbI2.2Br0.7Cl0.1) to 770 nm (MAPbI2.6Br0.3Cl0.1).

What is your diagnosis? Marked hyperchloremia in a dog.

PubMed

Piperisova, Ida; Neel, Jennifer A; Papich, Mark G

2009-09-01

A 5-year-old neutered male Cavalier King Charles Spaniel was evaluated for a 3-week history of progressive paresis. The dog had been receiving potassium citrate capsules to acidify urine for the past 2 years because of an earlier history of urolithiasis. Results of neurologic examination, spinal cord radiography, and magnetic resonance imaging of the skull and spinal cord revealed no lesions that could have accounted for the neurologic signs. The main abnormalities on a clinical chemistry profile were marked hyperchloremia (179 mmol/L, reference interval 108-122 mmol/L) and an anion gap of -50.4 mmol/L (reference interval 16.3-28.6 mmol/L). Because of the severe hyperchloremia, serum bromide concentration was measured (400 mg/dL; toxic concentration >150 mg/dL; some dogs may tolerate up to 300 mg/dL). Analysis of the potassium citrate capsules, which had been compounded at a local pharmacy, yielded a mean bromide concentration of 239 mg/capsule. Administration of the capsules was discontinued and there was rapid resolution of the dog's neurologic signs. This case of extreme bromide toxicity, which apparently resulted from inadvertent use of bromide instead of citrate at the pharmacy, illustrates the importance of knowing common interferents with analyte methodologies and of pursing logical additional diagnostic tests based on clinical and laboratory evidence, even when a patient's history appears to rule out a potential etiology.

Trends in bromide wet deposition concentrations in the contiguous United States, 2001-2016.

PubMed

Wetherbee, Gregory A; Lehmann, Christopher M B; Kerschner, Brian M; Ludtke, Amy S; Green, Lee A; Rhodes, Mark F

2018-02-01

Bromide (Br - ) and other solute concentration data from wet deposition samples collected and analyzed by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) from 2001 to 2016, were statistically analyzed for trends both geographically and temporally by precipitation type. Analysis was limited to NADP sites in the contiguous 48 United States. The Br - concentrations for this time period had a high number of values censored at the detection limits with greater than 86 percent of sample concentrations below analytical detection. Bromide was more frequently detected at NADP sites in coastal regions. Analysis using specialized statistical techniques for censored data revealed that Br - concentrations varied by precipitation type with higher concentrations usually observed in liquid versus precipitation containing snow. Negative temporal trends in Br - wet deposition concentrations were observed at a majority of NADP sites; approximately 25 percent of these trend values were statistically significant at less than 0.05 to 0.10 significance levels. Potential causes for the negative trends were explored, including annual and seasonal changes in precipitation depth, reduced emissions of methyl bromide (CH 3 Br) from coastal wetlands, and declining industrial use of bromine compounds. The results indicate that Br - in non-coastal wet-deposition comes mainly from long-range transport, not local sources. Correlations between Br - , chloride, and nitrate concentrations also were evaluated. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Effect of phytosanitary irradiation and methyl bromide fumigation on the physical, sensory, and microbiological quality of blueberries and sweet cherries.

PubMed

Thang, Karen; Au, Kimberlee; Rakovski, Cyril; Prakash, Anuradha

2016-10-01

The objective of this study was to determine whether irradiation could serve as a suitable phytosanitary treatment alternative to methyl bromide (MB) fumigation for blueberries and sweet cherry and also to determine the effect of phytosanitary irradiation treatment on survival of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes on these fruit. 'Bluecrop' blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum) and 'Sweetheart' cherries (Prunus avium) were irradiated at 0.4 kGy or fumigated with methyl bromide and evaluated for quality attributes during storage. Irradiation caused an immediate decrease in firmness of both fruit without further significant change during storage. Fumigated fruit, in contrast, softened by 11-14% during storage. Irradiation did not adversely affect blueberry and cherry shelf-life. MB fumigation did not impact blueberry and cherry quality attributes initially; however, fumigated fruit exhibited greater damage and mold growth than the control and irradiated samples during storage. Irradiation at 400 Gy resulted in a ∼1 log CFU g(-1) reduction in Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes counts, indicating that this treatment cannot significantly enhance safety. This study indicates that irradiation at a target dose of 0.4 kGy for phytosanitary treatment does not negatively impact blueberry and cherry quality and can serve as an alternative to methyl bromide fumigation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Absorbed dose in AgBr in direct film for photon energies ( < 150 keV): relation to optical density. Theoretical calculation and experimental evaluation.

PubMed

Helmrot, E; Alm Carlsson, G

1996-01-01

In the radiological process it is necessary to develop tools so as to explore how X-rays can be used in the most effective way. Evaluation of models to derive measures of image quality and risk-related parameters is one possibility of getting such a tool. Modelling the image receptor, an important part of the imaging chain, is then required. The aim of this work was to find convenient and accurate ways of describing the blackening of direct dental films by X-rays. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the relation between optical density and photon interactions in the silver bromide in X-ray films has been investigated by many authors. The first attempts used simple quantum theories with no consideration of underlying physical interaction processes. The theories were gradually made more realistic by the introduction of dosimetric concepts and cavity theory. A review of cavity theories for calculating the mean absorbed dose in the AgBr grains of the film emulsion is given in this work. The cavity theories of GREENING (15) and SPIERS-CHARLTON (37) were selected for calculating the mean absorbed dose in the AgBr grains relative to the air collision kerma (Kc,air) of the incident photons of Ultra-speed and Ektaspeed (intraoral) films using up-to-date values of interaction coefficients. GREENING'S theory is a multi-grain theory and the results depend on the relative amounts of silver bromide and gelatine in the emulsion layer. In the single grain theory of SPIERS-CHARLTON, the shape and size of the silver bromide grain are important. Calculations of absorbed dose in the silver bromide were compared with measurements of optical densities in Ultra-speed and Ektaspeed films for a broad range (25-145 kV) of X-ray energy. The calculated absorbed dose values were appropriately averaged over the complete photon energy spectrum, which was determined experimentally using a Compton spectrometer. For the whole range of tube potentials used, the measured optical densities of the films were found to be proportional to the mean absorbed dose in the AgBr grains calculated according to GREENING'S theory. They were also found to be proportional to the collision kerma in silver bromide (Kc,AgBr) indicating proportionality between Kc,AgBr and the mean absorbed dose in silver bromide. While GREENING'S theory shows that the quotient of the mean absorbed dose in silver bromide and Kc,AgBr varies with photon energy, this is not apparent when averaged over the broad (diagnostic) X-ray energy spectra used here. Alternatively, proportionality between Kc,AgBr and the mean absorbed dose in silver bromide can be interpreted as resulting from a combination of the SPIERS-CHARLTON theory, valid at low photon energies ( < 30 keV) and GREENING'S theory, which is strictly valid at energies above 50 keV. This study shows that the blackening of non-screen films can be related directly to the energy absorbed in the AgBr grains of the emulsion layer and that, for the purpose of modelling the imaging chain in intraoral radiography, film response can be represented by Kc,AgBr (at the position of the film) independent of photon energy. The importance of taking the complete X-ray energy spectrum into full account in deriving Kc,AgBr is clearly demonstrated, showing that the concept of effective energy must be used with care.

Mechanism of HERG potassium channel inhibition by tetra-n-octylammonium bromide and benzethonium chloride

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Long, Yan; Lin, Zuoxian; Xia, Menghang

Tetra-n-octylammonium bromide and benzethonium chloride are synthetic quaternary ammonium salts that are widely used in hospitals and industries for the disinfection and surface treatment and as the preservative agent. Recently, the activities of HERG channel inhibition by these compounds have been found to have potential risks to induce the long QT syndrome and cardiac arrhythmia, although the mechanism of action is still elusive. This study was conducted to investigate the mechanism of HERG channel inhibition by these compounds by using whole-cell patch clamp experiments in a CHO cell line stably expressing HERG channels. Tetra-n-octylammonium bromide and benzethonium chloride exhibited concentration-dependentmore » inhibitions of HERG channel currents with IC{sub 50} values of 4 nM and 17 nM, respectively, which were also voltage-dependent and use-dependent. Both compounds shifted the channel activation I–V curves in a hyperpolarized direction for 10–15 mV and accelerated channel activation and inactivation processes by 2-fold. In addition, tetra-n-octylammonium bromide shifted the inactivation I–V curve in a hyperpolarized direction for 24.4 mV and slowed the rate of channel deactivation by 2-fold, whereas benzethonium chloride did not. The results indicate that tetra-n-octylammonium bromide and benzethonium chloride are open-channel blockers that inhibit HERG channels in the voltage-dependent, use-dependent and state-dependent manners. - Highlights: ► Tetra-n-octylammonium and benzethonium are potent HERG channel inhibitors. ► Channel activation and inactivation processes are accelerated by the two compounds. ► Both compounds are the open-channel blockers to HERG channels. ► HERG channel inhibition by both compounds is use-, voltage- and state dependent. ► The in vivo risk of QT prolongation needs to be studied for the two compounds.« less

To compare the effect of camylofin dihydrochloride (anafortin) with combination of valethamate bromide (epidosin) and hyoscine butyl-N-bormide (buscopan) on cervical dilation.

PubMed

Sarbhjit, Kaur; S K, Bajwa; Parmjit, Kaur; Surinder, Bhupal

2013-09-01

Various drugs have been tried to hasten cervical dilatation so that problems and hazards of prolonged labour both for the mother and fetus are minimised without increasing maternal or perinatal mortality and morbidity. To compare the effect of camylofin dihydrochloride with combination of valethemate bromide (epidosin) & hyoscine N butyl bromide (buscopan) on cervical dilatation, evaluate the incidence of side effects and to look for neonatal outcome. Two hundred cases were included of primigravidae or multigravidae with gestational age of 37 to 40 weeks with full term with single foetus,vertex presentation and no major antenatal complication of women in labour, admitted to labour room of gynaecology Department, Government Medical College, Patiala, India, was studied and divided into 2 groups Group A-100 Cases - labour accelerated by camylofin dihydro chloride and Group B-100 Cases-labour accelerated by valethemate bromide (epidosin) and hyoscine N butyl bromide. The mean age, parity and period of gestation in Anafortan group was 24.13 ± 3.60 years, 49% primigravidae and 51% multigravidae and 38.81 ± 1.09 weeks, while that in Epidosin + Buscopan group was 24.43 ± 3.42 years, 45% primigravidae and 51% multigravidae and 38.94 ± 1.09 weeks respectively. The difference was insignificant and both the groups were comparable. Mean duration of Active phase of 1st stage of labor was 141.40 ± 55.41 minutes in Anafortan group and 181.46 ± 75.58 minutes in Epidosin + Buscopan group. Mean rate of cervical dilatation according to active phase of first stage was 3.33 ± 1.03 cm/hours in Anafortan group and 2.69 ± 1.03 cm/hr in Epidosin + Buscopan group. The difference between the two groups is highly significant (p < 0.01) thus it is concluded that Anafortan hastened the rate of cervical dilatation.

To Compare the Effect of Camylofin Dihydrochloride (Anafortin) with Combination of Valethamate Bromide (Epidosin) and Hyoscine Butyl-N-Bormide (Buscopan) on Cervical Dilation

PubMed Central

Sarbhjit, Kaur; S.K., Bajwa; Parmjit, Kaur; Surinder, Bhupal

2013-01-01

Background: Various drugs have been tried to hasten cervical dilatation so that problems and hazards of prolonged labour both for the mother and fetus are minimised without increasing maternal or perinatal mortality and morbidity. Aims and Objectives: To compare the effect of camylofin dihydrochloride with combination of valethemate bromide (epidosin) & hyoscine N butyl bromide (buscopan) on cervical dilatation, evaluate the incidence of side effects and to look for neonatal outcome. Material and Methods: Two hundred cases were included of primigravidae or multigravidae with gestational age of 37 to 40 weeks with full term with single foetus,vertex presentation and no major antenatal complication of women in labour, admitted to labour room of gynaecology Department, Government Medical College, Patiala, India, was studied and divided into 2 groups Group A–100 Cases – labour accelerated by camylofin dihydro chloride and Group B–100 Cases–labour accelerated by valethemate bromide (epidosin) and hyoscine N butyl bromide. Observations: The mean age, parity and period of gestation in Anafortan group was 24.13 ± 3.60 years, 49% primigravidae and 51% multigravidae and 38.81 ± 1.09 weeks, while that in Epidosin + Buscopan group was 24.43 ± 3.42 years, 45% primigravidae and 51% multigravidae and 38.94 ± 1.09 weeks respectively. The difference was insignificant and both the groups were comparable. Results: Mean duration of Active phase of 1st stage of labor was 141.40 ± 55.41 minutes in Anafortan group and 181.46 ± 75.58 minutes in Epidosin + Buscopan group. Mean rate of cervical dilatation according to active phase of first stage was 3.33 ± 1.03 cm/hours in Anafortan group and 2.69 ± 1.03 cm/hr in Epidosin + Buscopan group. The difference between the two groups is highly significant (p < 0.01) thus it is concluded that Anafortan hastened the rate of cervical dilatation. PMID:24179892

Peracetic acid oxidation of saline waters in the absence and presence of H ₂O ₂: secondary oxidant and disinfection byproduct formation.

PubMed

Shah, Amisha D; Liu, Zheng-Qian; Salhi, Elisabeth; Höfer, Thomas; von Gunten, Urs

2015-02-03

Peracetic acid (PAA) is a disinfectant considered for use in ballast water treatment, but its chemical behavior in such systems (i.e., saline waters) is largely unknown. In this study, the reactivity of PAA with halide ions (chloride and bromide) to form secondary oxidants (HOCl, HOBr) was investigated. For the PAA-chloride and PAA-bromide reactions, second-order rate constants of (1.47 ± 0.58) × 10(-5) and 0.24 ± 0.02 M(-1) s(-1) were determined for the formation of HOCl or HOBr, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is always present in PAA solutions, reduced HOCl or HOBr to chloride or bromide, respectively. As a consequence, in PAA-treated solutions with [H2O2] > [PAA], the HOBr (HOCl) steady-state concentrations were low with a limited formation of brominated (chlorinated) disinfection byproducts (DBPs). HOI (formed from the PAA-iodide reaction) affected this process because it can react with H2O2 back to iodide. H2O2 is thus consumed in a catalytic cycle and leads to less efficient HOBr scavenging at even low iodide concentrations (<1 μM). In PAA-treated solutions with [H2O2] < [PAA] and high bromide levels, mostly brominated DBPs are formed. In synthetic water, bromate was formed from the oxidation of bromide. In natural brackish waters, bromoform (CHBr3), bromoacetic acid (MBAA), dibromoacetic acid (DBAA), and tribromoacetic acid (TBAA) formed at up to 260, 106, 230, and 89 μg/L, respectively for doses of 2 mM (ca. 150 mg/L) PAA and [H2O2] < [PAA]. The same brackish waters, treated with PAA with [H2O2] ≫ [PAA], similar to conditions found in commercial PAA solutions, resulted in no trihalomethanes and only low haloacetic acid concentrations.

Effect of chronic administration of phenobarbital, or bromide, on pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam in dogs with epilepsy.

PubMed

Muñana, K R; Nettifee-Osborne, J A; Papich, M G

2015-01-01

Levetiracetam (LEV) is a common add-on antiepileptic drug (AED) in dogs with refractory seizures. Concurrent phenobarbital administration alters the disposition of LEV in healthy dogs. To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of LEV in dogs with epilepsy when administered concurrently with conventional AEDs. Eighteen client-owned dogs on maintenance treatment with LEV and phenobarbital (PB group, n = 6), LEV and bromide (BR group, n = 6) or LEV, phenobarbital and bromide (PB-BR group, n = 6). Prospective pharmacokinetic study. Blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after LEV administration. Plasma LEV concentrations were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. To account for dose differences among dogs, LEV concentrations were normalized to the mean study dose (26.4 mg/kg). Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on adjusted concentrations, using a noncompartmental method, and area-under-the-curve (AUC) calculated to the last measured time point. Compared to the PB and PB-BR groups, the BR group had significantly higher peak concentration (Cmax ) (73.4 ± 24.0 versus 37.5 ± 13.7 and 26.5 ± 8.96 μg/mL, respectively, P < .001) and AUC (329 ± 114 versus 140 ± 64.7 and 98.7 ± 42.2 h*μg/mL, respectively, P < .001), and significantly lower clearance (CL/F) (71.8 ± 22.1 versus 187 ± 81.9 and 269 ± 127 mL/h/kg, respectively, P = .028). Concurrent administration of PB alone or in combination with bromide increases LEV clearance in epileptic dogs compared to concurrent administration of bromide alone. Dosage increases might be indicated when utilizing LEV as add-on treatment with phenobarbital in dogs. Copyright © 2015 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

Use of bromide:Chloride ratios to differentiate potential sources of chloride in a shallow, unconfined aquifer affected by brackish-water intrusion

USGS Publications Warehouse

Andreasen, D.C.; Fleck, W.B.

1997-01-01

Brackish water from Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries has entered the Aquia aquifer in east-central Anne Arundel County, Maryland, USA. This determination was made based on chloride analyses of water samples collected in wells screened in the Aquia aquifer between October 1988 and May 1989. The Aquia aquifer, which is composed of fine- to medium-grained sand, is a shallow, unconfined aquifer in this area. Land use is primarily urban, consisting of a mixture of residential and light commercial areas. Associated with the urban setting is the potential for chloride contamination to enter the Aquia aquifer from anthropogenic sources, such as residential septic-tank effluent, leaky public sewer lines, road-deicing salt, stormwater infiltration basins, and domestic water-conditioning recharge effluent. In order to map the distribution of bay-water intrusion in the Aquia aquifer, chloride derived from Chesapeake Bay was differentiated from chloride derived from anthropogenic sources by comparing the ratio of dissolved bromide to dissolved chloride (bromide:chloride) in groundwater to the distinctive ratio in Chesapeake Bay water. Two additional factors considered in determining the source of the chloride were nitrogen concentrations and well-screen positions of sampled wells in relation to the estimated depth of the fresh-water/brackish-water interface. Of 36 Aquia-aquifer water samples with chloride concentrations greater than 30 mg/L, 22 had bromide:chloride ratios similar to the ratio in Chesapeake Bay water, an indication that bay water is the primary source of the chloride. Of the other 14 samples with bromide:chloride ratios dissimilar to the ratio in Chesapeake Bay water, seven were from wells where screen positions were substantially above the estimated fresh-water/brackish-water interface. Three of these samples had nitrogen concentrations (as nitrite plus nitrate) greater than 3.0 mg/L, an indication that chloride in these groundwater samples comes from anthropogenic sources, at least in part.

By-products formation during degradation of isoproturon in aqueous solution. II: Chlorination.

PubMed

Mascolo, G; Lopez, A; James, H; Fielding, M

2001-05-01

After a previous study in which the considered oxidant was ozone (Part I), a laboratory investigation has been carried out to study the degradation of the herbicide isoproturon during its reaction with another oxidant, i.e. chlorine, in aqueous solution (Part II; this paper). The specific aim was to identify the by-products formed. The effects of pH and the presence of bromide ions were studied. Reactions have been carried out at room temperature, in phosphate buffered aqueous solutions, at four pHs (6, 7, 8 and 9). By-products identification was first performed using relatively high initial reagent concentrations which were analytically convenient ([isoproturon] = 40 mg/l, [HClO + ClO-] = 160 mg Cl/l, [Br-] = 80 mg/l). In follow-up studies, the by-products identified during this preliminary step were searched for when using concentration values closer to those actually encountered at real water treatment plants ([isoproturon] = 0.4 and 0.004 mg/l, [HClO + ClO-] = 1.6 mg Cl/l, [Br-] = 0.8 and 0.008 mg/l). Under all of the studied conditions, the results showed that isoproturon is completely degraded and that it decays much faster in the presence of bromide. The pH has a negligible influence when bromide ions are absent. On the contrary, if bromide ions are present, the isoproturon decay is slower at higher pH values. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analyses have led to the identification of several by-products as a result of simultaneous oxidation and substitution reactions, both occurring on the aromatic ring of the herbicide. However, the more abundant by-products are those resulting from the oxidation of the isoproturon aromatic ring. As far as halogenated by-products are concerned, the higher the bromide ion concentration the higher the ratio of brominated to chlorinated by-products. On the basis of the analytical results, a pathway for isoproturon degradation under the studied conditions is proposed.

The transport and behaviour of isoproturon in unsaturated chalk cores

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Besien, T. J.; Williams, R. J.; Johnson, A. C.

2000-04-01

A batch sorption study, a microcosm degradation study, and two separate column leaching studies were used to investigate the transport and fate of isoproturon in unsaturated chalk. The column leaching studies used undisturbed core material obtained from the field by dry percussion drilling. Each column leaching study used 25 cm long, 10 cm wide unsaturated chalk cores through which a pulse of isoproturon and bromide was eluted. The cores were set-up to simulate conditions in the unsaturated zone of the UK Chalk aquifer by applying a suction of 1 kPa (0.1 m H 2O) to the base of each column, and eluting at a rate corresponding to an average recharge rate through the unsaturated Chalk. A dye tracer indicated that the flow was through the matrix under these conditions. The results from the first column study showed high recovery rates for both isoproturon (73-92%) and bromide (93-96%), and that isoproturon was retarded by a factor of about 1.23 relative to bromide. In the second column study, two of the four columns were eluted with non-sterile groundwater in place of the sterile groundwater used on all other columns, and this study showed high recovery rates for bromide (85-92%) and lower recovery rates for isoproturon (66-79% — sterile groundwater, 48-61% — non-sterile groundwater). The enhanced degradation in the columns eluted with non-sterile groundwater indicated that groundwater microorganisms had increased the degradation rate within these columns. Overall, the reduced isoproturon recovery in the second column study was attributed to increased microbial degradation as a result of the longer study duration (162 vs. 105 days). The breakthrough curves (BTCs) for bromide had a characteristic convection-dispersion shape and were accurately simulated with the minimum of calibration using a simple convection-dispersion model (LEACHP). However, the isoproturon BTCs had an unusual shape and could not be accurately simulated.

Evaluating equilibrium and non-equilibrium transport of bromide and isoproturon in disturbed and undisturbed soil columns.

PubMed

Dousset, S; Thevenot, M; Pot, V; Simunek, J; Andreux, F

2007-12-07

In this study, displacement experiments of isoproturon were conducted in disturbed and undisturbed columns of a silty clay loam soil under similar rainfall intensities. Solute transport occurred under saturated conditions in the undisturbed soil and under unsaturated conditions in the sieved soil because of a greater bulk density of the compacted undisturbed soil compared to the sieved soil. The objective of this work was to determine transport characteristics of isoproturon relative to bromide tracer. Triplicate column experiments were performed with sieved (structure partially destroyed to simulate conventional tillage) and undisturbed (structure preserved) soils. Bromide experimental breakthrough curves were analyzed using convective-dispersive and dual-permeability (DP) models (HYDRUS-1D). Isoproturon breakthrough curves (BTCs) were analyzed using the DP model that considered either chemical equilibrium or non-equilibrium transport. The DP model described the bromide elution curves of the sieved soil columns well, whereas it overestimated the tailing of the bromide BTCs of the undisturbed soil columns. A higher degree of physical non-equilibrium was found in the undisturbed soil, where 56% of total water was contained in the slow-flow matrix, compared to 26% in the sieved soil. Isoproturon BTCs were best described in both sieved and undisturbed soil columns using the DP model combined with the chemical non-equilibrium. Higher degradation rates were obtained in the transport experiments than in batch studies, for both soils. This was likely caused by hysteresis in sorption of isoproturon. However, it cannot be ruled out that higher degradation rates were due, at least in part, to the adopted first-order model. Results showed that for similar rainfall intensity, physical and chemical non-equilibrium were greater in the saturated undisturbed soil than in the unsaturated sieved soil. Results also suggested faster transport of isoproturon in the undisturbed soil due to higher preferential flow and lower fraction of equilibrium sorption sites.

Evaluating equilibrium and non-equilibrium transport of bromide and isoproturon in disturbed and undisturbed soil columns

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dousset, S.; Thevenot, M.; Pot, V.; Šimunek, J.; Andreux, F.

2007-12-01

In this study, displacement experiments of isoproturon were conducted in disturbed and undisturbed columns of a silty clay loam soil under similar rainfall intensities. Solute transport occurred under saturated conditions in the undisturbed soil and under unsaturated conditions in the sieved soil because of a greater bulk density of the compacted undisturbed soil compared to the sieved soil. The objective of this work was to determine transport characteristics of isoproturon relative to bromide tracer. Triplicate column experiments were performed with sieved (structure partially destroyed to simulate conventional tillage) and undisturbed (structure preserved) soils. Bromide experimental breakthrough curves were analyzed using convective-dispersive and dual-permeability (DP) models (HYDRUS-1D). Isoproturon breakthrough curves (BTCs) were analyzed using the DP model that considered either chemical equilibrium or non-equilibrium transport. The DP model described the bromide elution curves of the sieved soil columns well, whereas it overestimated the tailing of the bromide BTCs of the undisturbed soil columns. A higher degree of physical non-equilibrium was found in the undisturbed soil, where 56% of total water was contained in the slow-flow matrix, compared to 26% in the sieved soil. Isoproturon BTCs were best described in both sieved and undisturbed soil columns using the DP model combined with the chemical non-equilibrium. Higher degradation rates were obtained in the transport experiments than in batch studies, for both soils. This was likely caused by hysteresis in sorption of isoproturon. However, it cannot be ruled out that higher degradation rates were due, at least in part, to the adopted first-order model. Results showed that for similar rainfall intensity, physical and chemical non-equilibrium were greater in the saturated undisturbed soil than in the unsaturated sieved soil. Results also suggested faster transport of isoproturon in the undisturbed soil due to higher preferential flow and lower fraction of equilibrium sorption sites.

Thermal decomposition mechanism of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ionic liquid.

PubMed

Chambreau, Steven D; Boatz, Jerry A; Vaghjiani, Ghanshyam L; Koh, Christine; Kostko, Oleg; Golan, Amir; Leone, Stephen R

2012-06-21

In order to better understand the volatilization process for ionic liquids, the vapor evolved from heating the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (EMIM(+)Br(-)) was analyzed via tunable vacuum ultraviolet photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (VUV-PI-TOFMS) and thermogravimetric analysis mass spectrometry (TGA-MS). For this ionic liquid, the experimental results indicate that vaporization takes place via the evolution of alkyl bromides and alkylimidazoles, presumably through alkyl abstraction via an S(N)2 type mechanism, and that vaporization of intact ion pairs or the formation of carbenes is negligible. Activation enthalpies for the formation of the methyl and ethyl bromides were evaluated experimentally, ΔH(‡)(CH(3)Br) = 116.1 ± 6.6 kJ/mol and ΔH(‡)(CH(3)CH(2)Br) = 122.9 ± 7.2 kJ/mol, and the results are found to be in agreement with calculated values for the S(N)2 reactions. Comparisons of product photoionization efficiency (PIE) curves with literature data are in good agreement, and ab initio thermodynamics calculations are presented as further evidence for the proposed thermal decomposition mechanism. Estimates for the enthalpy of vaporization of EMIM(+)Br(-) and, by comparison, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (BMIM(+)Br(-)) from molecular dynamics calculations and their gas phase enthalpies of formation obtained by G4 calculations yield estimates for the ionic liquids' enthalpies of formation in the liquid phase: ΔH(vap)(298 K) (EMIM(+)Br(-)) = 168 ± 20 kJ/mol, ΔH(f, gas)(298 K) (EMIM(+)Br(-)) = 38.4 ± 10 kJ/mol, ΔH(f, liq)(298 K) (EMIM(+)Br(-)) = -130 ± 22 kJ/mol, ΔH(f, gas)(298 K) (BMIM(+)Br(-)) = -5.6 ± 10 kJ/mol, and ΔH(f, liq)(298 K) (BMIM(+)Br(-)) = -180 ± 20 kJ/mol.

Evaluating of the Anticonvulsant Gabapentin against Nerve Agent-Induced Seizures in a Guinea Pig Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-07-01

from Cutter Labs, Inc. (Berkeley, CA). Pyridostigmine bromide was obtained from Hoffmann- La Roche, Inc. (Nutley, NJ), and pyridine-2-aldoxime... Pyridostigmine bromide was prepared in sterile water to a concentration of 0.052 mg/ml. Atropine sulfate (4 mg/ml) and 2-PAM (50 mg/ml) were prepared in...activity. After a week recovery, animals were pretreated with pyridostigmine 30 min prior to subcutaneous soman challenge (56 ug/kg; 2 X LD50

Sucrose tricarboxylate by sonocatalysed TEMPO-mediated oxidation.

PubMed

Lemoine, S; Thomazeau, C; Joannard, D; Trombotto, S; Descotes, G; Bouchu, A; Queneau, Y

2000-06-16

Oxidation of sucrose by the NaOCl/TEMPO system provided sucrose tricarboxylate without the addition of sodium bromide as co-catalyst when high-frequency (500 kHz) ultrasound was applied, in contrast to very limited conversion without sonication. In the presence of sodium bromide, sonication also caused acceleration of the oxidation. The rate increase due to sonication of the oxidant system prior to sucrose addition suggests that ultrasound acts at the level of the formation of the nitrosonium ion, the active oxidising species in the catalytic cycle.

Metal cluster's effect on the optical properties of cesium bromide thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Kuldeep; Arun, P.; Ravi Kant, Chhaya; Juluri, Bala Krishna

2012-06-01

Cesium bromide (CsBr) films grown on glass substrates by thermal evaporation showed prominent absorption peaks in the UV-visible region. Interestingly, these absorption spectra showed peaks which red shifted over time in ambient exposure. Structural and morphological studies suggested decrease in particle size overtime which was unusual. Electron micrographs show the formation of "daughter" cesium nanorods from parent CsBr particles. Theoretical calculations show the optical behavior observed to be due to localized surface plasmon resonance resulting from cesium nanorods.

An Electrochemical Investigation of the 1-Methyl-3-Ethylimidazolium Bromide Aluminum Bromide Molten Salt System

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-02-01

until no color was Although Popov and Geske (3), among others, have char- observed in the collected material (a total of 3-5 subli- acterized the...voltammetry. scan rate was extrapolated to a scan rate of zero. The re- The assignments pruposed by Popov and Geske (3) for suiting formal electrode...Popov and D. H. Geske , J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 80, 1045 (1969). 5346 (1958). 14. M. Lipsztajn and R. A. Osteryoung, Inorg. Chem., 23, 4. J. S. Wilkes, J

Synthesis of isoflavones by room-temperature nickel-catalyzed cross-couplings of 3-iodo(bromo)chromones with arylzincs.

PubMed

Zhang, Zunting; Qiao, Jinfeng; Wang, Ding; Han, Ling; Ding, Ru

2014-05-01

A new concise, facile method for synthesis of isoflavones was accomplished in moderate to good yields for 3-iodochromones or 3-bromochromones and arylzinc bromides via Negishi cross-coupling reaction catalyzed by NiCl(2)/PPh(3) or NiCl(2)(PPh(3))(2) at room temperature. The Isoflavone core was synthesized in four steps in good yield, starting from commercially available 2-hydroxyacetophenone and aromatic bromide. Three steps of the procedure were carried out at room temperature.

Colorimetric susceptibility testing for Aspergillus fumigatus: comparison of menadione-augmented 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide and Alamar blue tests.

PubMed Central

Jahn, B; Stüben, A; Bhakdi, S

1996-01-01

Two colorimetric methods that use Alamar Blue or 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) for assaying the in vitro activities of antifungal agents have been described. We report that both tests performed similarly when the antifungal activity of amphotericin B against Candida albicans was determined. However, only the MTT test generated interpretable data when Aspergillus fumigatus was used. PMID:8818910

Bis(2,2′-bipyridyl-κ2 N,N′)(carbonato-κ2 O,O′)cobalt(III) bromide trihydrate

PubMed Central

Ma, Peng-Tao; Wang, Yu-Xia; Zhang, Guo-Qian; Li, Ming-Xue

2008-01-01

The title complex, [Co(CO3)(C10H8N2)2]Br·3H2O, is isostructural with the chloride analogue. The six-coordinated octahedral [Co(2,2′-bipy)2CO3]+ cation (2,2′-bipy is 2,2′-bipyrid­yl), bromide ion and water mol­ecules are linked together via O—H⋯Br and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating a one-dimensional chain. PMID:21200495

40 CFR 415.360 - Applicability; description of the copper salts production subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... copper salts production subcategory. 415.360 Section 415.360 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... SOURCE CATEGORY Copper Salts Production Subcategory § 415.360 Applicability; description of the copper... copper salts, including (a) copper sulfate, copper chloride, copper iodide, and copper nitrate, and (b...

Designing solid-liquid interphases for sodium batteries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Choudhury, Snehashis; Wei, Shuya; Ozhabes, Yalcin

Secondary batteries based on earth-abundant sodium metal anodes are desirable for both stationary and portable electrical energy storage. Room-temperature sodium metal batteries are impractical today because morphological instability during recharge drives rough, dendritic electrodeposition. Chemical instability of liquid electrolytes also leads to premature cell failure as a result of parasitic reactions with the anode. Here we use joint density-functional theoretical analysis to show that the surface diffusion barrier for sodium ion transport is a sensitive function of the chemistry of solid–electrolyte interphase. In particular, we find that a sodium bromide interphase presents an exceptionally low energy barrier to ion transport,more » comparable to that of metallic magnesium. We evaluate this prediction by means of electrochemical measurements and direct visualization studies. These experiments reveal an approximately three-fold reduction in activation energy for ion transport at a sodium bromide interphase. Direct visualization of sodium electrodeposition confirms large improvements in stability of sodium deposition at sodium bromide-rich interphases.« less

Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 2. Analysis of spatial moments for a nonreactive tracer

USGS Publications Warehouse

Garabedian, Stephen P.; LeBlanc, Dennis R.; Gelhar, Lynn W.; Celia, Michael A.

1991-01-01

A large-scale natural gradient tracer test was conducted to examine the transport of reactive and nonreactive tracers in a sand and gravel aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. As part of this test the transport of bromide, a nonreactive tracer, was monitored for about 280 m and quantified using spatial moments. The calculated mass of bromide for each sampling date varied between 85% and 105% of the injected mass using an estimated porosity of 0.39, and the center of mass moved at a nearly constant horizontal velocity of 0.42 m per day. A nonlinear change in the bromide longitudinal variance was observed during the first 26 m of travel distance, but afterward the variance followed a linear trend, indicating the longitudinal dispersivity had reached a constant value of 0.96 m. The transverse dispersivities were much smaller; transverse horizontal dispersivity was 1.8 cm, and transverse vertical dispersivity was about 1.5 mm.

Aclidinium bromide plus formoterol for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

PubMed

Lal, Chitra; Strange, Charlie

2015-02-01

Drugs that target dynamic hyperinflation such as long-acting β-2 agonists and long-acting antimuscarinic antagonists form a cornerstone of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management. The idea of combining these two medications in a single formulation, which may potentially improve patient compliance, is novel and attractive. The pharmacologic profiles of aclidinium bromide and formoterol fumarate are discussed. However, studies to define drug interactions and alterations in the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the fixed dose combination (FDC) of aclidinium bromide/formoterol fumarate in large populations remain unpublished. Results of Phase II and two Phase III pivotal trials, ACLIFORM/COPD and AUGMENT COPD, evaluating the FDC are discussed. Initial data for the aclidinium/formoterol inhaler appears to be promising for impacting the lung function. To define if this benefit translates into improved long-term outcomes of decreased exacerbation frequency, improved quality of life and decreased disease-specific mortality are important. The introduction of this combination will likely have a significant impact on the prescribing habits of physicians across the world.

Design, evaluation and recommedation effort relating to the modification of a residential 3-ton absorption cycle cooling unit for operation with solar energy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Merrick, R. H.; Anderson, P. P.

1973-01-01

The possible use of solar energy powered absorption units to provide cooling and heating of residential buildings is studied. Both, the ammonia-water and the water-lithium bromide cycles, are considered. It is shown that the air cooled ammonia water unit does not meet the criteria for COP and pump power on the cooling cycle and the heat obtained from it acting as a heat pump is at too low a temperature. If the ammonia machine is water cooled it will meet the design criteria for cooling but can not supply the heating needs. The water cooled lithium bromide unit meets the specified performance for cooling with appreciably lower generator temperatures and without a mechanical solution pump. It is recommeded that in the demonstration project a direct expansion lithium bromide unit be used for cooling and an auxiliary duct coil using the solar heated water be employed for heating.

Pyridostigmine bromide and the long-term subjective health status of a sample of over 700 male Reserve Component Gulf War era veterans.

PubMed

Schumm, Walter R; Reppert, Earl J; Jurich, Anthony P; Bollman, Stephan R; Webb, Farrell J; Castelo, Carlos S; Stever, James C; Kaufman, Mark; Deng, Liang-Yu; Krehbiel, Michelle; Owens, Barbara L; Hall, Carolyn A; Brown, Beverlyn F Cay; Lash, Jeanne F; Fink, Carol J; Crow, Janet R; Bonjour, Gabriele N

2002-06-01

Data from a 1996-1997 survey of approximately 700 Reserve Component male veterans indicate that the consumption of pyridostigmine bromide pills, used as a pretreatment for potential exposure to the nerve agent Soman, was a significant predictor of declines in reported subjective health status after the war, even after controlling for a number of other possible factors. Reported reactions to vaccines and other medications also predicted declines in subjective health. While higher military rank generally predicted better health during and after the war, educational attainment, minority status, number of days in theater, and age generally did not predict changes in subjective health. Although servicemembers were directed to take three pills a day, veterans reported a range of compliance--less than a fourth (24%) followed the medical instructions compared to 61% who took fewer than three pills daily and 6% who took six or more pills a day. Implications for use of pyridostigmine bromide are discussed.

Inorganic bromine in organic molecular crystals: Database survey and four case studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nemec, Vinko; Lisac, Katarina; Stilinović, Vladimir; Cinčić, Dominik

2017-01-01

We present a Cambridge Structural Database and experimental study of multicomponent molecular crystals containing bromine. The CSD study covers supramolecular behaviour of bromide and tribromide anions as well as halogen bonded dibromine molecules in crystal structures of organic salts and cocrystals, and a study of the geometries and complexities in polybromide anion systems. In addition, we present four case studies of organic structures with bromide, tribromide and polybromide anions as well as the neutral dibromine molecule. These include the first observed crystal with diprotonated phenazine, a double salt of phenazinium bromide and tribromide, a cocrystal of 4-methoxypyridine with the neutral dibromine molecule as a halogen bond donor, as well as bis(4-methoxypyridine)bromonium polybromide. Structural features of the four case studies are in the most part consistent with the statistically prevalent behaviour indicated by the CSD study for given bromine species, although they do exhibit some unorthodox structural features and in that indicate possible supramolecular causes for aberrations from the statistically most abundant (and presumably most favourable) geometries.

Integration of Bromine and Cyanogen Bromide Generators for the Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Cyclic Guanidines.

PubMed

Glotz, Gabriel; Lebl, René; Dallinger, Doris; Kappe, C Oliver

2017-10-23

A continuous-flow process for the in situ on-demand generation of cyanogen bromide (BrCN) from bromine and potassium cyanide that makes use of membrane-separation technology is described. In order to circumvent the handling, storage, and transportation of elemental bromine, a continuous bromine generator using bromate-bromide synproportionation can optionally be attached upstream. Monitoring and quantification of BrCN generation was enabled through the implementation of in-line FTIR technology. With the Br 2 and BrCN generators connected in series, 0.2 mmol BrCN per minute was produced, which corresponds to a 0.8 m solution of BrCN in dichloromethane. The modular Br 2 /BrCN generator was employed for the synthesis of a diverse set of biologically relevant five- and six-membered cyclic amidines and guanidines. The set-up can either be operated in a fully integrated continuous format or, where reactive crystallization is beneficial, in semi-batch mode. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Designing solid-liquid interphases for sodium batteries

DOE PAGES

Choudhury, Snehashis; Wei, Shuya; Ozhabes, Yalcin; ...

2017-10-12

Secondary batteries based on earth-abundant sodium metal anodes are desirable for both stationary and portable electrical energy storage. Room-temperature sodium metal batteries are impractical today because morphological instability during recharge drives rough, dendritic electrodeposition. Chemical instability of liquid electrolytes also leads to premature cell failure as a result of parasitic reactions with the anode. Here we use joint density-functional theoretical analysis to show that the surface diffusion barrier for sodium ion transport is a sensitive function of the chemistry of solid–electrolyte interphase. In particular, we find that a sodium bromide interphase presents an exceptionally low energy barrier to ion transport,more » comparable to that of metallic magnesium. We evaluate this prediction by means of electrochemical measurements and direct visualization studies. These experiments reveal an approximately three-fold reduction in activation energy for ion transport at a sodium bromide interphase. Direct visualization of sodium electrodeposition confirms large improvements in stability of sodium deposition at sodium bromide-rich interphases.« less

Fumigation of Jute Bags with Ethylene Oxide and Methyl Bromide to Eradicate Potato Ring Rot Bacteria1

PubMed Central

Richardson, L. T.; Monro, H. A. U.

1962-01-01

In a series of full-scale tests, the effectiveness of various fumigant treatments for the eradication of potato ring rot bacteria from bulk lots of contaminated jute bags was evaluated. Survival of these bacteria on infested sample fibers located at various positions within and around a tightly wired bale was determined quantitatively from the growth lag in a liquid medium as indicated by the rate of turbidity development. Ethylene oxide, though highly toxic to Corynebacterium sepedonicum in laboratory tests, failed to penetrate the jute sufficiently to be effective in the interior of a bale. Methyl bromide showed better penetration, but was not sufficiently toxic at practical dosage levels. A mixture of 5% ethylene oxide and 10% methyl bromide achieved complete eradication throughout a bale in an 18-hr exposure period. On the basis of these results, eradication of ring rot bacteria from contaminated jute bags by fumigation with a combination of these two gases would appear to be feasible under commercial conditions. PMID:13982125

Nickel Complexes of a Binucleating Ligand Derived from an SCS Pincer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Peterson, Sonja M.; Helm, Monte L.; Appel, Aaron M.

2015-01-01

A binucleating ligand has been prepared that contains an SCS pincer and three oxygen donor ligands in a partial crown ether loop. To enable metalation with Ni0, a bromoarene precursor was used and resulted in the formation of a nickel-bromide complex in the SCS pincer. Reaction of the nickel complex with a lithium salt yielded a heterobimetallic complex with bromide bridging the two metal centers. The solid-state structures were determined for this heterobimetallic complex and the nickel-bromide precursor, and the two complexes were characterized electrochemically to determine the influence of coordinating the second metal. This research was supported by themore » US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences & Biosciences. MLH was supported as part of the Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is a multiprogram national laboratory operated for DOE by Battelle.« less

Vibrational and reorientationl relaxation in liquid tert-butyl bromide and tert-butyl bromide- d9

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Szostak, R.; Hawranek, J. P.

1992-12-01

The vibrational and reorientational correlation functions of the ν s(CBr) mode in liquid tert-butyl bromide (TBBr) and in its deuterated analogue (TBBr- d9) were determined from Raman bandshapes. The Kubo product δτ m obtained by fitting the Rothschild equation to experimental data amounts to 0.36-0.45 for the studied bands, which indicates a fairly fast modulation regime in these systems. The approximation of experimental rotational correlation functions with the help of the J-diffusion model yields values of 0.11-0.12ps for the angular momentum correlation time. The second-order rotational correlation times (1.7-2.0ps) agree well with the NMR results of D.W. Aksnes, K. Ramstad and O.P. Björlykke, Magn. Reson. Chem., 25 (1987) 1063. Selected bandshape parameters for δ(CCC) in both compounds, ϱ(CH 3) in TBBr and ν s(CC) in TBBR- d9 were also quoted.

Advanced Copper Composites Against Copper-Tolerant Xanthomonas perforans and Tomato Bacterial Spot.

PubMed

Strayer-Scherer, A; Liao, Y Y; Young, M; Ritchie, L; Vallad, G E; Santra, S; Freeman, J H; Clark, D; Jones, J B; Paret, M L

2018-02-01

Bacterial spot, caused by Xanthomonas spp., is a widespread and damaging bacterial disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). For disease management, growers rely on copper bactericides, which are often ineffective due to the presence of copper-tolerant Xanthomonas strains. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of the new copper composites core-shell copper (CS-Cu), multivalent copper (MV-Cu), and fixed quaternary ammonium copper (FQ-Cu) as potential alternatives to commercially available micron-sized copper bactericides for controlling copper-tolerant Xanthomonas perforans. In vitro, metallic copper from CS-Cu and FQ-Cu at 100 μg/ml killed the copper-tolerant X. perforans strain within 1 h of exposure. In contrast, none of the micron-sized copper rates (100 to 1,000 μg/ml) from Kocide 3000 significantly reduced copper-tolerant X. perforans populations after 48 h of exposure compared with the water control (P < 0.05). All copper-based treatments killed the copper-sensitive X. perforans strain within 1 h. Greenhouse studies demonstrated that all copper composites significantly reduced bacterial spot disease severity when compared with copper-mancozeb and water controls (P < 0.05). Although there was no significant impact on yield, copper composites significantly reduced disease severity when compared with water controls, using 80% less metallic copper in comparison with copper-mancozeb in field studies (P < 0.05). This study highlights the discovery that copper composites have the potential to manage copper-tolerant X. perforans and tomato bacterial spot.

Copper-2 Ingestion, Plus Increased Meat Eating Leading to Increased Copper Absorption, Are Major Factors Behind the Current Epidemic of Alzheimer's Disease.

PubMed

Brewer, George J

2015-12-02

It has become clear that copper toxicity is playing a major role in Alzheimer's disease; but why is the brain copper toxicity with cognition loss in Alzheimer's disease so much different clinically than brain copper toxicity in Wilson's disease, which results in a movement disorder? Furthermore, why is the inorganic copper of supplement pills and in drinking water so much more damaging to cognition than the organic copper in food? A recent paper, which shows that almost all food copper is copper-1, that is the copper-2 of foods reverts to the reduced copper-1 form at death or harvest, gives new insight into these questions. The body has an intestinal transport system for copper-1, Ctr1, which channels copper-1 through the liver and into safe channels. Ctr1 cannot absorb copper-2, and some copper-2 bypasses the liver, ends up in the blood quickly, and is toxic to cognition. Humans evolved to handle copper-1 safely, but not copper-2. Alzheimer's is at least in part, a copper-2 toxicity disease, while Wilson's is a general copper overload disease. In this review, we will show that the epidemiology of the Alzheimer's epidemic occurring in developed, but not undeveloped countries, fits with the epidemiology of exposure to copper-2 ingestion leached from copper plumbing and from copper supplement pill ingestion. Increased meat eating in developed countries is also a factor, because it increases copper absorption, and thus over all copper exposure.

Copper-2 Ingestion, Plus Increased Meat Eating Leading to Increased Copper Absorption, Are Major Factors Behind the Current Epidemic of Alzheimer’s Disease

PubMed Central

Brewer, George J.

2015-01-01

It has become clear that copper toxicity is playing a major role in Alzheimer’s disease; but why is the brain copper toxicity with cognition loss in Alzheimer’s disease so much different clinically than brain copper toxicity in Wilson’s disease, which results in a movement disorder? Furthermore, why is the inorganic copper of supplement pills and in drinking water so much more damaging to cognition than the organic copper in food? A recent paper, which shows that almost all food copper is copper-1, that is the copper-2 of foods reverts to the reduced copper-1 form at death or harvest, gives new insight into these questions. The body has an intestinal transport system for copper-1, Ctr1, which channels copper-1 through the liver and into safe channels. Ctr1 cannot absorb copper-2, and some copper-2 bypasses the liver, ends up in the blood quickly, and is toxic to cognition. Humans evolved to handle copper-1 safely, but not copper-2. Alzheimer’s is at least in part, a copper-2 toxicity disease, while Wilson’s is a general copper overload disease. In this review, we will show that the epidemiology of the Alzheimer’s epidemic occurring in developed, but not undeveloped countries, fits with the epidemiology of exposure to copper-2 ingestion leached from copper plumbing and from copper supplement pill ingestion. Increased meat eating in developed countries is also a factor, because it increases copper absorption, and thus over all copper exposure. PMID:26633489

Preparation and optical characteristics of layered perovskite-type lead-bromide-incorporated azobenzene chromophores

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sasai, Ryo, E-mail: rsasai@riko.shimane-u.ac.jp; Shinomura, Hisashi

Lead bromide-based layered perovskite powders with azobenzene derivatives were prepared by a homogeneous precipitation method. From the diffuse reflectance (DR) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the hybrid powder materials, the present hybrids exhibited sharp absorption and PL peaks originating from excitons produced in the PbBr{sub 4}{sup 2-} layer. When the present hybrid powder was irradiated with UV light at 350 nm, the absorption band from the trans-azobenzene chromophore, observed around 350 nm, decreased, while the absorption band from the cis-azobenzene chromophore, observed around 450 nm, increased. These results indicate that azobenzene chromophores in the present hybrid materials exhibit reversible photoisomerization.more » Moreover, it was found that the PL intensity from the exciton also varied due to photoisomerization of the azobenzene chromophores in the present hybrid. Thus, for the first time we succeeded in preparing the azobenzene derivative lead-bromide-based layered perovskite with photochromism before and after UV light irradiation. - Graphical abstract: For the first time, we succeeded in preparing the azobenzene derivative lead-bromide-based layered perovskite with photochromism before and after UV light irradiation. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer PbBr-based layered perovskite with azobenezene derivatives could be synthesized by a homogeneous precipitation method. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Azobenzene derivatives incorporated the present hybrid that exhibited reversible photoisomerization under UV and/or visible light irradiation. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer PL property of the present hybrid could also be varied by photoisomerization.« less

Bi{sub 6}(SeO{sub 3}){sub 3}O{sub 5}Br{sub 2}: A new bismuth oxo-selenite bromide

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Berdonosov, Peter S., E-mail: berdonosov@inorg.chem.msu.ru; Olenev, Andrei V.; Kirsanova, Maria A.

2012-12-15

A new bismuth oxo-selenite bromide Bi{sub 6}(SeO{sub 3}){sub 3}O{sub 5}Br{sub 2} was synthesized and structurally characterized. The crystal structure belongs to the triclinic system (space group P1-bar , Z=2, a=7.1253(7) A, b=10.972(1) A, c=12.117(1) A, {alpha}=67.765(7) Degree-Sign , {beta}=82.188(8) Degree-Sign , {gamma}=78.445(7) Degree-Sign ) and is unrelated to those of other known oxo-selenite halides. It can be considered as an open framework composed of BiO{sub x} or BiO{sub y}Br{sub z} polyhedrons forming channels running along [1 0 0] direction which contain the selenium atoms in pyramidal shape oxygen coordination (SeO{sub 3}E). The spectroscopic properties and thermal stability were studied. Themore » new compound is stable up to 400 Degree-Sign C. - graphical abstract: New bismuth oxo-selenite bromide with new open framework structure. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer New bismuth oxo-selenite bromide was found and structurally characterized. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Bi{sub 6}(SeO{sub 3}){sub 3}O{sub 5}Br{sub 2} exhibit a new open framework structure type. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer BiO{sub x} or BiO{sub y}Br{sub z} polyhedrons form channels in the structure which are decorated by [SeO{sub 3}E] groups.« less

Permeation of halide anions through phospholipid bilayers occurs by the solubility-diffusion mechanism

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Paula, S.; Volkov, A. G.; Deamer, D. W.

1998-01-01

Two alternative mechanisms are frequently used to describe ionic permeation of lipid bilayers. In the first, ions partition into the hydrophobic phase and then diffuse across (the solubility-diffusion mechanism). The second mechanism assumes that ions traverse the bilayer through transient hydrophilic defects caused by thermal fluctuations (the pore mechanism). The theoretical predictions made by both models were tested for halide anions by measuring the permeability coefficients for chloride, bromide, and iodide as a function of bilayer thickness, ionic radius, and sign of charge. To vary the bilayer thickness systematically, liposomes were prepared from monounsaturated phosphatidylcholines (PC) with chain lengths between 16 and 24 carbon atoms. The fluorescent dye MQAE (N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-6-methoxyquinolinium bromide) served as an indicator for halide concentration inside the liposomes and was used to follow the kinetics of halide flux across the bilayer membranes. The observed permeability coefficients ranged from 10(-9) to 10(-7) cm/s and increased as the bilayer thickness was reduced. Bromide was found to permeate approximately six times faster than chloride through bilayers of identical thickness, and iodide permeated three to four times faster than bromide. The dependence of the halide permeability coefficients on bilayer thickness and on ionic size were consistent with permeation of hydrated ions by a solubility-diffusion mechanism rather than through transient pores. Halide permeation therefore differs from that of a monovalent cation such as potassium, which has been accounted for by a combination of the two mechanisms depending on bilayer thickness.

Determination of selected anions in water by ion chromatography

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fishman, Marvin J.; Pyen, Grace

1979-01-01

Ion chromatography is a rapid, sensitive, precise, and accurate method for the determination of major anions in rain water and surface waters. Simultaneous analyses of a single sample for bromide, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, orthophosphate, and sulfate require approximately 20 minutes to obtain a chromatogram.Minimum detection limits range from 0.01 milligrams per liter for fluoride to 0.20 milligrams per liter for chloride and sulfate. Percent relative standard deviations were less than nine percent for all anions except nitrite in Standard Reference Water Samples. Only one reference sample contained nitrite and its concentration was near the minimum level of detection. Similar precision was found for chloride, nitrate, and sulfate at concentrations less than 5 milligrams per liter in rainfall samples. Precision for fluoride ranged from 12 to 22 percent, but is attributed to the low concentrations in these samples. The other anions were not detected.To determine accuracy of results, several samples were spiked with known concentrations of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate; recoveries ranged from 96 to 103 percent. Known amounts of bromide and phosphate were added, separately, to several other waters, which contained bromide or phosphate. Recovery of added bromide and phosphate ranged from approximately 95 to 104 percent. No recovery data were obtained for nitrite.Chloride, nitrate, nitrite, orthophosphate, and sulfate, in several samples, were also determined independently by automated colorimetric procedures. An automated ion-selective electrode method was used to determine fluoride. Results are in agreement with results obtained by ion chromatography.

Spectral characteristics of the bentonite loaded with benzyldimethyloctadecylammonium chloride, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Majdan, Marek; Maryuk, Oksana; Gładysz-Płaska, Agnieszka; Pikus, Stanisław; Kwiatkowski, Ryszard

2008-02-01

The spectral characterization, including the FTIR, DRIFT (diffusive reflectance), SWAXS (small and wide angle X-ray scattering) spectra comparison of the sodium bentonite modified by BDMODA-Cl (benzyldimethyloctadecylammonium chloride), HDTMA-Br (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide), DDA-Br (dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide) is presented in the paper. The FTIR spectra show the shift of C-H stretching vibrations: νsym(CH2), νasym(CH2) of surfactants methylene chains toward lower frequencies (from 2855 to 2851 cm -1 for νsym(CH2) and from 2927 to 2918 cm -1 for νansym(CH2) with the surfactant concentration in bentonite phase. The bending vibrations δH-O-H in water molecules change their positions in the direction of higher frequencies (from 1634 to 1647 cm -1) with the surfactant concentration for bentonite-BDMODA and bentonite-DDA contrary to bentonite-HDTMA, where the constant position δH-O-H is explained as the consequence of the lower concentration of the hydrogen bonded water in bentonite-HDTMA phase when compared with the remaining forms of bentonite. The DRIFT spectra reveal dramatic shift of the νSi-O stretching vibration toward higher frequencies upon intercalation of the sodium bentonite with the surfactant cations. The SWAXS spectra and SEM images of the bentonite are the evidence of somewhat different sorption mechanism of DDA-Br when compared with the BDMODA-Cl and HDTMA-Br, including remarkable external surface sorption contribution in the overall sorption.

A Systematic Study on the Mesomorphic Behavior of Asymmetrical 1-Alkyl-3-dodecylimidazolium Bromides

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yang, Mei; Mallick, Bert; Mudring, Anja-Verena

2014-04-02

To determine the essential parameters for mesophase formation in imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs), a library of 1-alkyl-3-dodecylimidazolium bromides was synthesized, abbreviated as CnC12, where 0 ≤ n ≤ 13, as the general notion is that a dodecyl side chain would guarantee the formation of an ionic liquid crystal (ILC). All salts were fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Their thermal properties were recorded, and mesophase formation was assessed. An odd–even effect is observed for 5 ≤ n ≤ 10 in the temperatures of melting transitions. While the majority of this series, as expected, formed mesophases, surprisingly compounds C2C12more » and C6C12 could not be classified as ILCs, the latter being a room temperature IL, while C2C12 is a crystalline solid with melting point at 37 °C. The single crystal structure of compound 1-ethyl-3-dodecylimidazolium bromide (C2C12) was successfully obtained. Remarkably, the arrangement of imidazolium cores in the structure is very complicated due to multiple nonclassical hydrogen bonds between bromide anions and imidazolium head groups. In this arrangement, neighboring imidazolium rings are forced by hydrogen bonds to form a “face-to-face” conformation. This seems to be responsible for the elimination of a mesophase. To conclude, the general view of a dodecyl chain being a functional group to generate a mesophase is not entirely valid.« less

Encapsulated cell bioremediation: Evaluation on the basis of particle tracer tests

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Petrich, C.R.; Stormo, K.E.; Ralston, D.R.

1998-09-01

Microencapsulation of degradative organisms enhances microorganism survivability. The use of encapsulated cell microbeads for in situ biodegradation depends not only on microorganism survival but also on microbead transport characteristics. Two forced-gradient, recirculating-loop tracer experiments were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of encapsulated cell transport and bioremediation on the basis of polystyrene microsphere transport results. The tracer tests were conducted in a shallow, confined, unconsolidated, heterogeneous, sedimentary aquifer using bromide ion and 2 {micro}m, 5 {micro}m, and 15{micro}m microsphere tracers. Significant differences were observed in the transport of bromide solute and polystyrene microspheres. Microspheres reached peak concentrations in monitoring wells beforemore » bromide, which was thought to reflect the influence of aquifer heterogeneity. Greater decreases in microsphere C/C{sub 0} ratios were observed with distance from the injection wells than in bromide C/C{sub 0} ratios, which was attributed to particle filtration and/or settling. Several methods might be considered for introducing encapsulated cell microbeads into a subsurface environment, including direct injection into a contaminated aquifer zone, injection through a recirculating ground water flow system, or emplacement in a subsurface microbial curtain in advance of a plume. However, the in situ use of encapsulated cells in an aquifer is probably limited to aquifers containing sufficiently large pore spaces, allowing passage of at least some encapsulated cells. The use of encapsulated cells may also be limited by differences in solute and microbead transport patterns and flowpath clogging by larger encapsulated cell microbeads.« less