78 FR 77651 - Seamless Refined Copper Pipe and Tube From Mexico: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-24

... two producers/ exporters of the subject merchandise, GD Affiliates S. de R.L. de C.V. (Golden Dragon... Trading Co. Ltd.; 3) Golden Dragon Holding (Hong Kong) International, Ltd.; 4) GD Copper U.S.A. Inc.; 5... collectively referred to as Golden Dragon. See, e.g., Seamless Refined Copper Pipe and Tube From Mexico: Final...

Albania.

PubMed

1986-11-01

Background notes on Albania, by the U.S. State Department, are brief because of scarce information from this tightly controlled communist nation. Albania is on the Adriatic coast between Greece and Yugoslavia. Albania has about 3 million people. Literacy is reported to be 75%; life expectancy 72 years. Per capita income is $900, the poorest and most agricultural of all Europe, but nevertheless, they are not self-sufficient in food. There are 2 ethnic groups, and 70% were formerly Muslim, although religious practice is banned. Albania has been under the domination of some other power for virtually all of its history, notably the Turks for centuries, and its own puppet communist regime since 1941. The communist government was aligned with Yugoslavia until 1948, then with Russia until 1961, then with China until 1978, and now is on its own. Albania has no relations or aid from any major power, and attempts to export goods to Western European countries in exchange for imported needs, largely machinery and equipment. Exports include electric power, metal ores, copper, petroleum, coal, tobacco, and textiles.

Multimodal LA-ICP-MS and nanoSIMS imaging enables copper mapping within photoreceptor megamitochondria in a zebrafish model of Menkes disease.

PubMed

Ackerman, Cheri M; Weber, Peter K; Xiao, Tong; Thai, Bao; Kuo, Tiffani J; Zhang, Emily; Pett-Ridge, Jennifer; Chang, Christopher J

2018-03-01

Copper is essential for eukaryotic life, and animals must acquire this nutrient through the diet and distribute it to cells and organelles for proper function of biological targets. Indeed, mutations in the central copper exporter ATP7A contribute to a spectrum of diseases, including Menkes disease, with symptoms ranging from neurodegeneration to lax connective tissue. As such, a better understanding of the fundamental impacts of ATP7A mutations on in vivo copper distributions is of relevance to those affected by these diseases. Here we combine metal imaging and optical imaging techniques at a variety of spatial resolutions to identify tissues and structures with altered copper levels in the Calamity gw71 zebrafish model of Menkes disease. Rapid profiling of tissue slices with LA-ICP-MS identified reduced copper levels in the brain, neuroretina, and liver of Menkes fish compared to control specimens. High resolution nanoSIMS imaging of the neuroretina, combined with electron and confocal microscopies, identified the megamitochondria of photoreceptors as loci of copper accumulation in wildtype fish, with lower levels of megamitochondrial copper observed in Calamity gw71 zebrafish. Interestingly, this localized copper decrease does not result in impaired photoreceptor development or altered megamitochondrial morphology, suggesting the prioritization of copper at sufficient levels for maintaining essential mitochondrial functions. Together, these data establish the Calamity gw71 zebrafish as an optically transparent in vivo model for the study of neural copper misregulation, illuminate a role for the ATP7A copper exporter in trafficking copper to the neuroretina, and highlight the utility of combining multiple imaging techniques for studying metals in whole organism settings with spatial resolution.

Arab-American trade: performance and prospects. [With oil group and non-oil group countries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Al-Bustany, B.

1980-03-01

Twenty Arab countries were examined by dividing them into two groups depending on the relative share of oil exports (excluding re-exports) in total exports as an annual average for 1972-1978, with a demarcation line of 50%. The oil group (OG) comprises eight countries while the non-oil group covers twelve countries. The level of Arab exports and imports increased during the period between 1972 and 1978. Oil was the dominant export but NOG countries diversified with exports of cotton and phosphate. The balance of trade of the Arab countries was positive during this period despite the persistent, and increasing, deficit ofmore » the NOG countries, Combined Arab-American trade increased substantially during the 1970's but particularly after 1974. Oil has been the major factor affecting the size and pattern of Arab-American trade. Export earnings of the OG increased while import capacity of the NOG, supported by increased financial aid received from the OG, also increased. The American balance of trade will continue to be closely linked to Arab influence. (SAC)« less

Leaded electronic waste is a possible source material for lead-contaminated jewelry.

PubMed

Weidenhamer, Jeffrey D; Clement, Michael L

2007-10-01

Highly leaded jewelry, often imported from China, remains widely available in the United States. Leaded electronic waste is exported from the United States to several Asian countries where solder is recovered and circuit boards are stripped of parts in small workshops. To assess whether electronic waste is being recycled into the jewelry, lead, tin and copper content of highly leaded jewelry samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Sixteen jewelry items previously determined to contain 20-80% lead by weight were analyzed. Samples were digested in nitric acid for analysis of lead and copper, and in aqua regia for analysis of tin. Six samples contained significant amounts of tin, from 20.8% to 29.9% by weight. In addition, copper was a significant minor component of five of these samples (up to 4% by weight). Copper (present at 10-40% by weight in circuit boards) was shown to rapidly move into heated lead-tin solder. The combined lead-tin-copper content of these six items ranges from 93.5% to 100%, suggestive of a solder-based source material. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that recycled circuit board solders are being used to produce some of the heavily leaded imported jewelry sold in the United States. Should this hypothesis be substantiated, it suggests that environmental policies to protect children's health must address both proper recycling of source materials as well as restrictions of the lead content in consumer goods.

Export competitiveness of dairy products on global markets: the case of the European Union countries.

PubMed

Bojnec, Š; Fertő, I

2014-10-01

This paper analyzed the export competitiveness of dairy products of the European Union (EU) countries (EU-27) on intra-EU, extra-EU, and global markets, using the revealed comparative advantage index over the 2000-2011 period. The results indicated that about half of the EU-27 countries have had competitive exports in a certain segment of dairy products. The results differed by level of milk processing and for intra-EU and extra-EU markets, and did so over the analyzed years. Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, and the Netherlands are old EU-15 countries with competitive dairy exports (from the lowest to the highest according to the level of milk processing). The majority of the new EU-12 countries have faced difficulties in maintaining their level of export competitiveness, at least for some dairy products and market segments. The more competitive EU-12 countries in dairy exports were the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) and Poland. The duration of export competitiveness differed across the dairy groups of products according to the level of milk processing, indicating the importance of dairy chain product differentiation for export competitiveness and specialization. The export competitiveness of the higher level of processed milk products for final consumption can be significant for export dairy chain competitiveness on global markets. Copyright © 2014 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Relevance of Global Health Security to the US Export Economy.

PubMed

Cassell, Cynthia H; Bambery, Zoe; Roy, Kakoli; Meltzer, Martin I; Ahmed, Zara; Payne, Rebecca L; Bunnell, Rebecca E

To reduce the health security risk and impact of outbreaks around the world, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and its partners are building capabilities to prevent, detect, and contain outbreaks in 49 global health security priority countries. We examine the extent of economic vulnerability to the US export economy posed by trade disruptions in these 49 countries. Using 2015 US Department of Commerce data, we assessed the value of US exports and the number of US jobs supported by those exports. US exports to the 49 countries exceeded $308 billion and supported more than 1.6 million jobs across all US states in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, oil and gas, services, and other sectors. These exports represented 13.7% of all US export revenue worldwide and 14.3% of all US jobs supported by all US exports. The economic linkages between the United States and these global health security priority countries illustrate the importance of ensuring that countries have the public health capacities needed to control outbreaks at their source before they become pandemics.

Relevance of Global Health Security to the US Export Economy

PubMed Central

Cassell, Cynthia H.; Bambery, Zoe; Roy, Kakoli; Meltzer, Martin I.; Ahmed, Zara; Payne, Rebecca L.

2017-01-01

To reduce the health security risk and impact of outbreaks around the world, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and its partners are building capabilities to prevent, detect, and contain outbreaks in 49 global health security priority countries. We examine the extent of economic vulnerability to the US export economy posed by trade disruptions in these 49 countries. Using 2015 US Department of Commerce data, we assessed the value of US exports and the number of US jobs supported by those exports. US exports to the 49 countries exceeded $308 billion and supported more than 1.6 million jobs across all US states in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, oil and gas, services, and other sectors. These exports represented 13.7% of all US export revenue worldwide and 14.3% of all US jobs supported by all US exports. The economic linkages between the United States and these global health security priority countries illustrate the importance of ensuring that countries have the public health capacities needed to control outbreaks at their source before they become pandemics. PMID:29199867

United Arab Emirates Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2017-01-01

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is among the world's 10 largest oil producers and is a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF). The UAE is currently the seventh-largest petroleum producer in the world, and hydrocarbon export revenues are projected to account for $65 billion in 2017, roughly 20% of all export revenue. The share of hydrocarbon export revenues, which amounted to $129 billion (35% of total export revenue), has fallen since 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as a result of the decline in oil prices

Comparison of heavy metal loads in stormwater runoff from major and minor urban roads using pollutant yield rating curves.

PubMed

Davis, Brett; Birch, Gavin

2010-08-01

Trace metal export by stormwater runoff from a major road and local street in urban Sydney, Australia, is compared using pollutant yield rating curves derived from intensive sampling data. The event loads of copper, lead and zinc are well approximated by logarithmic relationships with respect to total event discharge owing to the reliable appearance of a first flush in pollutant mass loading from urban roads. Comparisons of the yield rating curves for these three metals show that copper and zinc export rates from the local street are comparable with that of the major road, while lead export from the local street is much higher, despite a 45-fold difference in traffic volume. The yield rating curve approach allows problematic environmental data to be presented in a simple yet meaningful manner with less information loss. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Impact of the rainfall pattern on synthetic pesticides and copper runoff from a vineyard catchment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Payraudeau, Sylvain; Meite, Fatima; Wiegert, Charline; Imfeld, Gwenaël

2017-04-01

Runoff is a major process of pesticide transport from agricultural land to downstream aquatic ecosystems. The impact of rainfall characteristics on the transport of runoff-related pesticide is rarely evaluated at the catchment scale. Here, we evaluate the influence of rainfall pattern on the mobilization of synthetic pesticides and copper fungicides in runoff from a small vineyard catchment, both at the plot and catchment scales. During two vineyard growing seasons in 2015 and 2016 (from March to October), we monitored rainfall, runoff, and concentrations of copper and 20 fungicides and herbicides applied by winegrowers at the Rouffach vineyard catchment (France, Alsace; 42.5 ha). Rainfall data were recorded within the catchment while runoff measurement and flow-proportional water sampling were carried out at the outlet of the plot (1486 m2; 87.5 × 17 m) and the catchment. In total, discharges of the 14 runoff events were continuously monitored between March and October 2015 using bubbler flow modules combined with Venturi channels. Detailed and distributed dataset on pesticide applications were extracted from survey (copper formulations and type of pesticides, amount and application dates). Pools of copper and synthetic pesticides were quantified weekly in the topsoil (0-3 cm) by systematic sampling across the catchment. The concentrations of copper (10 mg.kg-1 dried soil) and synthetic pesticides (close to the quantification limit, i.e. 0.05 µg.L-1) available in the top soil for off-site transport largely differed over time. Between March and October, an accumulation of copper of 10% was observed in the top-soil while pesticide concentration decreased below the quantification limits after a few days or weeks following application, depending of the compounds. The average runoff generated at the plot scale was very low (0.13% ± 0.30). The maximum runoff reached 1.37% during the storm of July 22, 2015. Synthetic pesticides exported by runoff was less than 1‰ of the applications. The copper mass exported represented about 1% (i.e. 2,085 g at the plot's scale) of the seasonal input, and mainly occurred during the major storm event. Copper were mainly exported in association with suspended particulate matter (SPM) (>80% of the total load). The partitioning between dissolved and SPM phases differs for the synthetic pesticides as expected by their properties. The rainfall pattern influences concentrations and loads of copper and the pesticides. Dissolved pesticide loads normalized by the pesticide mass in soil varied with larger rainfall intensities, runoff discharges and volumes. Contrasted relationships between rainfall characteristics (i.e. intensity, duration and total amount) and the load exported suggest that mechanisms of contaminant delivery from the vineyard soil differs among the pesticides and for copper. The results support the idea that, even in small catchment areas, the rainfall pattern (i.e. rainfall intensity and duration) partly controls the transport of pesticide and copper loads in runoff. Though other factors, such as the chemical characteristics and the amount and timing of applications, are important drivers for pesticide runoff, the rainfall patterns also determine the transport of pesticides from catchment to downstream aquatic ecosystems, and thus the ecotoxicological risk.

Clusterin (Apolipoprotein J), a Molecular Chaperone That Facilitates Degradation of the Copper-ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B*

PubMed Central

Materia, Stephanie; Cater, Michael A.; Klomp, Leo W. J.; Mercer, Julian F. B.; La Fontaine, Sharon

2011-01-01

The copper-transporting P1B-type ATPases (Cu-ATPases) ATP7A and ATP7B are key regulators of physiological copper levels. They function to maintain intracellular copper homeostasis by delivering copper to secretory compartments and by trafficking toward the cell periphery to export excess copper. Mutations in the genes encoding ATP7A and ATP7B lead to copper deficiency and toxicity disorders, Menkes and Wilson diseases, respectively. This report describes the interaction between the Cu-ATPases and clusterin and demonstrates a chaperone-like role for clusterin in facilitating their degradation. Clusterin interacted with both ATP7A and ATP7B in mammalian cells. This interaction increased under conditions of oxidative stress and with mutations in ATP7B that led to its misfolding and mislocalization. A Wilson disease patient mutation (G85V) led to enhanced ATP7B turnover, which was further exacerbated when cells overexpressed clusterin. We demonstrated that clusterin-facilitated degradation of mutant ATP7B is likely to involve the lysosomal pathway. The knockdown and overexpression of clusterin increased and decreased, respectively, the Cu-ATPase-mediated copper export capacity of cells. These results highlight a new role for intracellular clusterin in mediating Cu-ATPase quality control and hence in the normal maintenance of copper homeostasis, and in promoting cell survival in the context of disease. Based on our findings, it is possible that variations in clusterin expression and function could contribute to the variable clinical expression of Menkes and Wilson diseases. PMID:21242307

77 FR 66584 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-06

..., provided by certain countries exporting softwood lumber or softwood lumber products to the United States... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to the United States; Request for Comment AGENCY...

75 FR 22743 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-30

..., provided by certain countries exporting softwood lumber or softwood lumber products to the United States... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to the United States; Request for Comment AGENCY...

76 FR 23991 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-29

..., provided by certain countries exporting softwood lumber or softwood lumber products to the United States... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to the United States; Request for Comment AGENCY...

31 CFR 541.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials, as defined in § 541... regulation or authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730-774, or to the exportation of goods, technology or software, or to...

31 CFR 549.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials, as defined in... authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730 through 774, or to the exportation of goods, technology, or software for use in...

31 CFR 542.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials, as defined in § 542... regulation or authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730 through 799, or to the exportation of goods, technology or software...

31 CFR 542.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials, as defined in § 542... regulation or authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730 through 799, or to the exportation of goods, technology or software...

31 CFR 541.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials, as defined in § 541... regulation or authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730-774, or to the exportation of goods, technology or software, or to...

31 CFR 541.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials, as defined in § 541... regulation or authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730-774, or to the exportation of goods, technology or software, or to...

31 CFR 548.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials, as defined in... authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730-774, or to the exportation of goods, technology, or software for use in the...

31 CFR 548.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials, as defined in... authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730-774, or to the exportation of goods, technology, or software for use in the...

31 CFR 549.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials, as defined in... authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730 through 774, or to the exportation of goods, technology, or software for use in...

31 CFR 541.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials, as defined in § 541... regulation or authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730-774, or to the exportation of goods, technology or software, or to...

31 CFR 542.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials, as defined in § 542... regulation or authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730 through 799, or to the exportation of goods, technology or software...

31 CFR 541.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials, as defined in § 541... regulation or authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730-774, or to the exportation of goods, technology or software, or to...

31 CFR 548.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials, as defined in... authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730-774, or to the exportation of goods, technology, or software for use in the...

31 CFR 549.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials, as defined in... authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730 through 774, or to the exportation of goods, technology, or software for use in...

31 CFR 549.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials, as defined in... authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730 through 774, or to the exportation of goods, technology, or software for use in...

31 CFR 548.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials, as defined in... authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730-774, or to the exportation of goods, technology, or software for use in the...

31 CFR 548.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials, as defined in... authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730-774, or to the exportation of goods, technology, or software for use in the...

31 CFR 542.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials, as defined in § 542... regulation or authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730 through 799, or to the exportation of goods, technology or software...

Copper import in Escherichia coli by the yersiniabactin metallophore system

PubMed Central

Koh, Eun-Ik; Robinson, Anne E.; Bandara, Nilantha; Rogers, Buck E.; Henderson, Jeffrey P.

2017-01-01

Copper plays a dual role as nutrient and toxin during bacterial infections. While uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains can use the copper-binding metallophore yersiniabactin (Ybt) to resist copper toxicity, Ybt also converts bioavailable copper to Cu(II)-Ybt in low copper conditions. Although E. coli have long been considered to lack a copper import pathway, we observed Ybt-mediated copper import in UPEC using canonical Fe(III)-Ybt transport proteins. UPEC removed copper from Cu(II)-Ybt with subsequent re-export of metal-free Ybt to the extracellular space. Copper released through this process became available to an E. coli cuproenzyme (the amine oxidase TynA), linking this import pathway to a nutrient acquisition function. Ybt-expressing E. coli thus engage in nutritional passivation, a strategy of minimizing a metal ion's toxicity while preserving its nutritional availability. Copper acquisition through this process may contribute to the marked virulence defect of Ybt transport-deficient UPEC. PMID:28759019

Chile.

PubMed

1988-09-01

Chile is a long (2650 miles), narrow (250 miles at widest point) country sandwiched between the Andes mountains and the Pacific. The northern desert is rich in copper and nitrates; the temperate middle region is agricultural and supports the major cities, including Santiago, the capital, and the port of Valparaiso; and the southern region is a cold and damp area of forests, grasslands, lakes, and fjords. The country is divided into 12 administrative regions. Chile's population of 12.5 million are mainly of Spanish or Indian descent or mestizos. Literacy is 92.3%, and the national language is Spanish. Infant mortality is 18.1/1000, and life expectancy is 68.2 years. 82% of the people are urban, and most are Roman Catholics. Chile was settled by the Spanish in 1541 and attached to the Viceroyalty of Peru. Independence was won in 1818 under the leadership of Bernardo O'Higgins. In the 1880s Chile extended its sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan in the south and areas of southern Peru and Bolivia in the north. An officially parliamentary government, elected by universal suffrage, drifted into oligarchy and finally into a military dictatorship under Carlos Ibanez in 1924. Constitutional government was restored in 1932. The Christian Democratic government of Eduardo Frei (1964-70) inaugurated major reforms, including land redistribution, education, and far-reaching social and economic policies. A Marxist government under Salvador Allende lasted from 1970 to 1973 when the present military government of General Pinochet Ugarte took power, overthrew Allende, abolished the Congress, and banned political parties. It has moved the country in the direction of a free market economy but at the cost of systematic violations of human rights. A new constitution was promulgated in 1981, and congressional elections have been scheduled for October, 1989. A "National Accord for Transition to Full Democracy" was mediated by the Catholic Church in 1985. The social reforms of the Allende government resulted in enormous fiscal deficits, economic recession, inflation, and severe decline in the gross domestic product. In 1982 the government devalued the peso and agreed to the International Monetary Fund's 2-year austerity program to lower the $20.5 billion national debt. In 1987 the gross domestic product was $18.4 billion, $1465 per capita; the annual real growth rate was 5.4%, and inflation had fallen from an annual rate of over 1000% to 21.5%. 245 Chilean pesos equal US1$. Chile's chief export is copper ($2.2 billion in 1987), of which Chile is the world's largest producer and exporter. Chile also exports gold, silver, iron ore, molybdenum, iodine, and nitrates. Chile has 20% of the world's copper reserves and 33% of the world's lithium. 21% of Chile's gross domestic product consists of textiles, metal manufacturing, food processing, pulp, paper, and wood products; and 10% consists of agricultural produce. Relations with the United States deteriorated after the 1976 murder in Washington, DC, of former Chilean ambassador Orlando Letelier. Arms and security assistance to Chile were banned, and in 1981 the US Agency for International Development and the Peace Corps ceased operations in Chile.

Exporting DBCP and other banned pesticides: consideration of ethical issues.

PubMed

Lowry, L K; Frank, A L

1999-01-01

Many developed countries permit the export of pesticides that are banned, restricted, or unregistered within their own borders. This practice, which leads to the exposure of agricultural workers in developing countries to high levels of pesticides that are not permitted in the country of manufacture, raises many ethical issues as well as economic, social, political, and public health issues. Worldwide attempts to control export of such pesticides, through the FAO/UNEP Prior Informed Consent program, moves this issue in the right direction. This article explores the current U.S. and international practices, using the specific example of export of DBCP to banana-producing countries. The actions taken by multinational corporations, manufacturers of the pesticides, and public health officials in both the exporting and importing countries are explored, along with the impacts on workers, local economies, governments, and the environment.

31 CFR 545.411 - Exportation to third countries; transshipments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... specified, exportation of goods, software, or technology from the United States to third countries is prohibited if the exporter knows, or has reason to know, that the goods, software, or technology are intended...

Maximum Entropy for the International Division of Labor.

PubMed

Lei, Hongmei; Chen, Ying; Li, Ruiqi; He, Deli; Zhang, Jiang

2015-01-01

As a result of the international division of labor, the trade value distribution on different products substantiated by international trade flows can be regarded as one country's strategy for competition. According to the empirical data of trade flows, countries may spend a large fraction of export values on ubiquitous and competitive products. Meanwhile, countries may also diversify their exports share on different types of products to reduce the risk. In this paper, we report that the export share distribution curves can be derived by maximizing the entropy of shares on different products under the product's complexity constraint once the international market structure (the country-product bipartite network) is given. Therefore, a maximum entropy model provides a good fit to empirical data. The empirical data is consistent with maximum entropy subject to a constraint on the expected value of the product complexity for each country. One country's strategy is mainly determined by the types of products this country can export. In addition, our model is able to fit the empirical export share distribution curves of nearly every country very well by tuning only one parameter.

Impact of a Hypothetical Infectious Disease Outbreak on US Exports and Export-Based Jobs

PubMed Central

Bambery, Zoe; Cassell, Cynthia H.; Bunnell, Rebecca E.; Roy, Kakoli; Ahmed, Zara; Payne, Rebecca L.

2018-01-01

We estimated the impact on the US export economy of an illustrative infectious disease outbreak scenario in Southeast Asia that has 3 stages starting in 1 country and, if uncontained, spreads to 9 countries. We used 2014-2016 West Africa Ebola epidemic–related World Bank estimates of 3.3% and 16.1% reductions in gross domestic product (GDP). We also used US Department of Commerce job data to calculate export-related jobs at risk to any outbreak-related disruption in US exports. Assuming a direct correlation between GDP reductions and reduced demand for US exports, we estimated that the illustrative outbreak would cost from approximately $13 million to approximately $64 million (1 country) to $8 billion to $41 billion (9 countries) and place 1,500 to almost 1.4 million export-related US jobs at risk. Our analysis illustrates how global health security is enhanced, and the US economy is protected, when public health threats are rapidly detected and contained at their source. PMID:29405775

Impact of a Hypothetical Infectious Disease Outbreak on US Exports and Export-Based Jobs.

PubMed

Bambery, Zoe; Cassell, Cynthia H; Bunnell, Rebecca E; Roy, Kakoli; Ahmed, Zara; Payne, Rebecca L; Meltzer, Martin I

We estimated the impact on the US export economy of an illustrative infectious disease outbreak scenario in Southeast Asia that has 3 stages starting in 1 country and, if uncontained, spreads to 9 countries. We used 2014-2016 West Africa Ebola epidemic-related World Bank estimates of 3.3% and 16.1% reductions in gross domestic product (GDP). We also used US Department of Commerce job data to calculate export-related jobs at risk to any outbreak-related disruption in US exports. Assuming a direct correlation between GDP reductions and reduced demand for US exports, we estimated that the illustrative outbreak would cost from $16 million to $27 million (1 country) to $10 million to $18 billion (9 countries) and place 1,500 to almost 1.4 million export-related US jobs at risk. Our analysis illustrates how global health security is enhanced, and the US economy is protected, when public health threats are rapidly detected and contained at their source.

Institutional arrangements for the reduction of proliferation risks formulation, evaluation, and implementation of institutional concepts. Appendices

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

The purpose of this supporting analysis is to provide a foundation for developing a model, an international or multinational institution capable of accomodating the back end of the fuel cycle, while meeting US nonproliferation goals. The analysis is based on a review of selected, defunct and extant institutions which, although not necessarily concerned with nonproliferation, have faced a trade-off between acceptability and effectiveness in meeting their objectives. Discussion of the various institutions is divided into three categories: international organizations, multinational consortia, and cartels or producer associations. Examples of international organizations include the International Seabed Authority, Intelsat, the United Nations andmore » the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The International Seabed Authority is discussed. Multinational consortia are organizations that have been developed primarily to meet common commercial objectives. Membership includes at least three member nations. Examples include the Scandinavian Airline System (SAS), URENCO, Unilever, Royal Dutch Shell, Eurochemic, Eurodif, Euratom, European Coal and Steel Community, and Serena. Cartels or producer associations are multinational agreements that restrict market forces; viz, production, market share, customers or prices. Examples include the Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries (CIPEC), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and the Fifth International Tin Agreement (ITA), as well as agreements governing diamonds and uranium, bauxite and coffee. OPEC, CIPEC and ITA are discussed.« less

76 FR 29991 - Live Goats and Swine for Export; Removal of Certain Testing Requirements

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-24

... testing of goats and breeding swine intended for export to countries that do not require such tests. This action will facilitate the exportation of goats and breeding swine by eliminating the need to conduct pre... prior to export. Some countries do not require that goats and breeding swine be tested for tuberculosis...

How the Dollar's Value Affects U.S. Farm Exports to Developing Countries. Foreign Agricultural Economic Report Number 237.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Burfisher, Mary E.

United States exports may not necessarily increase when the dollar falls on the world market. Conventional thinking is that a weaker dollar means more demand for U.S. products because they become less expensive than goods from countries with stronger currencies. However, developing countries whose export revenues are denominated in the weakening…

Impacts of the Doha Round framework agreements on dairy policies.

PubMed

Suzuki, N; Kaiser, H M

2005-05-01

Dairy is highly regulated in many countries for several reasons. Perishability, seasonal imbalances, and inelastic supply and demand for milk can cause inherent market instability. Milk buyers typically have had more market power than dairy farmers. Comparative production advantages in some countries have led to regulations and policies to protect local dairy farmers by maintaining domestic prices higher than world prices. A worldwide consensus on reduction of border measures for protecting dairy products is unlikely, and dairy will probably be an exception in ongoing World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations. Under the Doha Round framework agreements, countries may name some products such as dairy as "sensitive," thereby excluding them from further reforms. However, new Doha Round framework agreements depart from the current WTO rule and call for product-specific spending caps. Such caps will greatly affect the dairy sector because dairy accounts for much of the aggregate measure of support (AMS) in several countries, including the United States and Canada. Also, the amounts of dairy AMS in several countries may be recalculated relative to an international reference price. In addition, all export subsidies are targeted for elimination in the Doha Round, including export credit programs and state trading enterprises, which will limit options for disposing of surplus dairy products in foreign markets. Currently, with higher domestic prices, measures for cutting or disposing of surpluses have been used in many countries. Supply control, which is not regulated by WTO rules, remains as an option. Although explicit export subsidies are restricted by WTO rules, many countries use esoteric measures to promote dairy exports. If countries agree to eliminate "consumer financed" export subsidies using a theoretical definition and measurements proposed herein as Export Subsidy Equivalents (ESE), dairy exports in many countries may be affected. Although domestic supports and export subsidies will be reduced in the Doha Round, possible exclusion of "sensitive" products from tariff reduction will help some countries' dairy sectors survive after those final agreements. A key concern for those countries will be the simultaneous restriction of surplus-disposing measures. With fewer marketing options for surpluses, countries that continue border protection and high internal prices will likely be forced to use domestic supply control programs in the future.

15 CFR 1300.1 - Reporting of exports of technology to nonmarket economy countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Reporting of exports of technology to nonmarket economy countries. 1300.1 Section 1300.1 Commerce and Foreign Trade Regulations Relating to Commerce and Foreign Trade (Continued) EAST-WEST FOREIGN TRADE BOARD REPORTS ON EXPORTS OF TECHNOLOGY § 1300.1 Reporting of exports of technology t...

78 FR 2669 - Waste Import and Export; Inquiry To Learn Whether Businesses Assert Business Confidentiality Claims

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-14

... cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and spent lead acid batteries (SLABs) from the United States, and the export and... part 262, subpart H, through the United States and foreign countries; (4) export of cathode ray tubes... countries of intent to transit through the U.S.; (4) documents related to the export of cathode ray tubes...

76 FR 39850 - Seamless Refined Copper Pipe and Tube From Mexico: Notice of Initiation of Antidumping Duty New...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-07

... and Tube From Mexico and the People's Republic of China: Antidumping Duty Orders and Amended Final... copper pipe and tube from Mexico exported by GD, for the period November 22, 2010, through April 30, 2011... and Tube From Mexico: Notice of Initiation of Antidumping Duty New Shipper Review AGENCY: Import...

Maximum Entropy for the International Division of Labor

PubMed Central

Lei, Hongmei; Chen, Ying; Li, Ruiqi; He, Deli; Zhang, Jiang

2015-01-01

As a result of the international division of labor, the trade value distribution on different products substantiated by international trade flows can be regarded as one country’s strategy for competition. According to the empirical data of trade flows, countries may spend a large fraction of export values on ubiquitous and competitive products. Meanwhile, countries may also diversify their exports share on different types of products to reduce the risk. In this paper, we report that the export share distribution curves can be derived by maximizing the entropy of shares on different products under the product’s complexity constraint once the international market structure (the country-product bipartite network) is given. Therefore, a maximum entropy model provides a good fit to empirical data. The empirical data is consistent with maximum entropy subject to a constraint on the expected value of the product complexity for each country. One country’s strategy is mainly determined by the types of products this country can export. In addition, our model is able to fit the empirical export share distribution curves of nearly every country very well by tuning only one parameter. PMID:26172052

15 CFR 744.1 - General provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... against exports, reexports, and selected transfers to certain end-users and end-uses as introduced under... by BIS. Sections 744.2, 744.3, 744.4 prohibit exports, reexports and transfers (in-country) of items.... Section 744.5 prohibits exports, reexports and transfers (in-country) of items subject to the EAR to...

15 CFR 744.1 - General provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... against exports, reexports, and selected transfers to certain end-users and end-uses as introduced under... by BIS. Sections 744.2, 744.3, 744.4 prohibit exports, reexports and transfers (in-country) of items.... Section 744.5 prohibits exports, reexports and transfers (in-country) of items subject to the EAR to...

15 CFR 744.1 - General provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... against exports, reexports, and selected transfers to certain end-users and end-uses as introduced under... by BIS. Sections 744.2, 744.3, 744.4 prohibit exports, reexports and transfers (in-country) of items.... Section 744.5 prohibits exports, reexports and transfers (in-country) of items subject to the EAR to...

15 CFR 744.1 - General provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... against exports, reexports, and selected transfers to certain end-users and end-uses as introduced under... by BIS. Sections 744.2, 744.3, 744.4 prohibit exports, reexports and transfers (in-country) of items.... Section 744.5 prohibits exports, reexports and transfers (in-country) of items subject to the EAR to...

31 CFR 500.575 - Certain services to Vietnamese nationals authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL... to Country Group Y, as set forth in Supplement No. 1 to part 770 of the Export Administration... that may not be exported under a general license to Country Group Y pursuant to the Export...

15 CFR 742.17 - Exports of firearms to OAS member countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... REGULATIONS CONTROL POLICY-CCL BASED CONTROLS § 742.17 Exports of firearms to OAS member countries. (a... not entered into force. (b) Licensing policy. Applications supported by an Import Certificate or... be approved, except there is a policy of denial for applications to export items linked to such...

Multi-Copper Oxidases and Human Iron Metabolism

PubMed Central

Vashchenko, Ganna; MacGillivray, Ross T. A.

2013-01-01

Multi-copper oxidases (MCOs) are a small group of enzymes that oxidize their substrate with the concomitant reduction of dioxygen to two water molecules. Generally, multi-copper oxidases are promiscuous with regards to their reducing substrates and are capable of performing various functions in different species. To date, three multi-copper oxidases have been detected in humans—ceruloplasmin, hephaestin and zyklopen. Each of these enzymes has a high specificity towards iron with the resulting ferroxidase activity being associated with ferroportin, the only known iron exporter protein in humans. Ferroportin exports iron as Fe2+, but transferrin, the major iron transporter protein of blood, can bind only Fe3+ effectively. Iron oxidation in enterocytes is mediated mainly by hephaestin thus allowing dietary iron to enter the bloodstream. Zyklopen is involved in iron efflux from placental trophoblasts during iron transfer from mother to fetus. Release of iron from the liver relies on ferroportin and the ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin which is found in blood in a soluble form. Ceruloplasmin, hephaestin and zyklopen show distinctive expression patterns and have unique mechanisms for regulating their expression. These features of human multi-copper ferroxidases can serve as a basis for the precise control of iron efflux in different tissues. In this manuscript, we review the biochemical and biological properties of the three human MCOs and discuss their potential roles in human iron homeostasis. PMID:23807651

Cellular copper homeostasis: current concepts on its interplay with glutathione homeostasis and its implication in physiology and human diseases.

PubMed

Bhattacharjee, Ashima; Chakraborty, Kaustav; Shukla, Aditya

2017-10-18

Copper is a trace element essential for almost all living organisms. But the level of intracellular copper needs to be tightly regulated. Dysregulation of cellular copper homeostasis leading to various diseases demonstrates the importance of this tight regulation. Copper homeostasis is regulated not only within the cell but also within individual intracellular compartments. Inactivation of export machinery results in excess copper being redistributed into various intracellular organelles. Recent evidence suggests the involvement of glutathione in playing an important role in regulating copper entry and intracellular copper homeostasis. Therefore interplay of both homeostases might play an important role within the cell. Similar to copper, glutathione balance is tightly regulated within individual cellular compartments. This review explores the existing literature on the role of glutathione in regulating cellular copper homeostasis. On the one hand, interplay of glutathione and copper homeostasis performs an important role in normal physiological processes, for example neuronal differentiation. On the other hand, perturbation of the interplay might play a key role in the pathogenesis of copper homeostasis disorders.

Cytoplasmic Copper Detoxification in Salmonella Can Contribute to SodC Metalation but Is Dispensable during Systemic Infection

PubMed Central

Fenlon, Luke A.

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a leading cause of foodborne disease worldwide. Severe infections result from the ability of S. Typhimurium to survive within host immune cells, despite being exposed to various host antimicrobial factors. SodCI, a copper-zinc-cofactored superoxide dismutase, is required to defend against phagocytic superoxide. SodCII, an additional periplasmic superoxide dismutase, although produced during infection, does not function in the host. Previous studies suggested that CueP, a periplasmic copper binding protein, facilitates acquisition of copper by SodCII. CopA and GolT, both inner membrane ATPases that pump copper from the cytoplasm to the periplasm, are a source of copper for CueP. Using in vitro SOD assays, we found that SodCI can also utilize CueP to acquire copper. However, both SodCI and SodCII have a significant fraction of activity independent of CueP and cytoplasmic copper export. We utilized a series of mouse competition assays to address the in vivo role of CueP-mediated SodC activation. A copA golT cueP triple mutant was equally as competitive as the wild type, suggesting that sufficient SodCI is active to defend against phagocytic superoxide independent of CueP and cytoplasmic copper export. We also confirmed that a strain containing a modified SodCII, which is capable of complementing a sodCI deletion, was fully virulent in a copA golT cueP background competed against the wild type. These competitions also address the potential impact of cytoplasmic copper toxicity within the phagosome. Our data suggest that Salmonella does not encounter inhibitory concentrations of copper during systemic infection. IMPORTANCE Salmonella is a leading cause of gastrointestinal disease worldwide. In severe cases, Salmonella can cause life-threatening systemic infections, particularly in very young children, the elderly, or people who are immunocompromised. To cause disease, Salmonella must survive the hostile environment inside host immune cells, a location in which most bacteria are killed. Our work examines how one particular metal, copper, is acquired by Salmonella to activate a protein important for survival within immune cells. At high levels, copper itself can inhibit Salmonella. Using a strain of Salmonella that cannot detoxify intracellular copper, we also addressed the in vivo role of copper as an antimicrobial agent. PMID:28924031

Cytoplasmic Copper Detoxification in Salmonella Can Contribute to SodC Metalation but Is Dispensable during Systemic Infection.

PubMed

Fenlon, Luke A; Slauch, James M

2017-12-15

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a leading cause of foodborne disease worldwide. Severe infections result from the ability of S Typhimurium to survive within host immune cells, despite being exposed to various host antimicrobial factors. SodCI, a copper-zinc-cofactored superoxide dismutase, is required to defend against phagocytic superoxide. SodCII, an additional periplasmic superoxide dismutase, although produced during infection, does not function in the host. Previous studies suggested that CueP, a periplasmic copper binding protein, facilitates acquisition of copper by SodCII. CopA and GolT, both inner membrane ATPases that pump copper from the cytoplasm to the periplasm, are a source of copper for CueP. Using in vitro SOD assays, we found that SodCI can also utilize CueP to acquire copper. However, both SodCI and SodCII have a significant fraction of activity independent of CueP and cytoplasmic copper export. We utilized a series of mouse competition assays to address the in vivo role of CueP-mediated SodC activation. A copA golT cueP triple mutant was equally as competitive as the wild type, suggesting that sufficient SodCI is active to defend against phagocytic superoxide independent of CueP and cytoplasmic copper export. We also confirmed that a strain containing a modified SodCII, which is capable of complementing a sodCI deletion, was fully virulent in a copA golT cueP background competed against the wild type. These competitions also address the potential impact of cytoplasmic copper toxicity within the phagosome. Our data suggest that Salmonella does not encounter inhibitory concentrations of copper during systemic infection. IMPORTANCE Salmonella is a leading cause of gastrointestinal disease worldwide. In severe cases, Salmonella can cause life-threatening systemic infections, particularly in very young children, the elderly, or people who are immunocompromised. To cause disease, Salmonella must survive the hostile environment inside host immune cells, a location in which most bacteria are killed. Our work examines how one particular metal, copper, is acquired by Salmonella to activate a protein important for survival within immune cells. At high levels, copper itself can inhibit Salmonella Using a strain of Salmonella that cannot detoxify intracellular copper, we also addressed the in vivo role of copper as an antimicrobial agent. Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology.

What can flies tell us about copper homeostasis?

PubMed

Southon, Adam; Burke, Richard; Camakaris, James

2013-10-01

Copper (Cu) is an essential redox active metal that is potentially toxic in excess. Multicellular organisms acquire Cu from the diet and must regulate uptake, storage, distribution and export of Cu at both the cellular and organismal levels. Systemic Cu deficiency can be fatal, as seen in Menkes disease patients. Conversely Cu toxicity occurs in patients with Wilson disease. Cu dyshomeostasis has also been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Over the last decade, the fly Drosophila melanogaster has become an important model organism for the elucidation of eukaryotic Cu regulatory mechanisms. Gene discovery approaches with Drosophila have identified novel genes with conserved protein functions relevant to Cu homeostasis in humans. This review focuses on our current understanding of Cu uptake, distribution and export in Drosophila and the implications for mammals.

Copper Homeostasis at the Host-Pathogen Interface*

PubMed Central

Hodgkinson, Victoria; Petris, Michael J.

2012-01-01

The trace element copper is indispensable for all aerobic life forms. Its ability to cycle between two oxidation states, Cu1+ and Cu2+, has been harnessed by a wide array of metalloenzymes that catalyze electron transfer reactions. The metabolic needs for copper are sustained by a complex series of transporters and carrier proteins that regulate its intracellular accumulation and distribution in both pathogenic microbes and their animal hosts. However, copper is also potentially toxic due in part to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species. Recent studies suggest that the macrophage phagosome accumulates copper during bacterial infection, which may constitute an important mechanism of killing. Bacterial countermeasures include the up-regulation of copper export and detoxification genes during infection, which studies suggest are important determinants of virulence. In this minireview, we summarize recent developments that suggest an emerging role for copper as an unexpected component in determining the outcome of host-pathogen interactions. PMID:22389498

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Requirements for Previously Consented Exports of Hazardous Waste

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Requirements for 1) Exports from Canada, Chile, Mexico, or non-OECD countries 40 CFR Part 262 Subparts A-D, and previous E 2) Exports for Recovery from OECD Countries Listed in 40 CFR Section 262.58(a)(1) 40 CFR Part 262, Subparts A-D, previous E and H.

50 CFR 21.21 - Import and export permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)). (b) Exception to the import permit... bird or birds in, and exported them from, the country of origin. This evidence must include a hunting license and any export documentation required by the country of origin. You must keep these documents with...

50 CFR 21.21 - Import and export permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)). (b) Exception to the import permit... bird or birds in, and exported them from, the country of origin. This evidence must include a hunting license and any export documentation required by the country of origin. You must keep these documents with...

50 CFR 21.21 - Import and export permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)). (b) Exception to the import permit... bird or birds in, and exported them from, the country of origin. This evidence must include a hunting license and any export documentation required by the country of origin. You must keep these documents with...

15 CFR 740.9 - Temporary imports, exports, reexports, and transfers (in-country) (TMP).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... commodities and software may be placed in a bonded warehouse or a storage facility provided that the exporter... the end of the beta test period as defined by the software producer or, if the software producer does... software. (a) Temporary exports, reexports, and transfers (in-country). License Exception TMP authorizes...

15 CFR 1300.1 - Reporting of exports of technology to nonmarket economy countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Reporting of exports of technology to nonmarket economy countries. 1300.1 Section 1300.1 Commerce and Foreign Trade Regulations Relating to Commerce and Foreign Trade (Continued) EAST-WEST FOREIGN TRADE BOARD REPORTS ON EXPORTS OF TECHNOLOGY...

Emissions embodied in global trade have plateaued due to structural changes in China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pan, Chen; Peters, Glen P.; Andrew, Robbie M.; Korsbakken, Jan Ivar; Li, Shantong; Zhou, Dequn; Zhou, Peng

2017-09-01

75 FR 78676 - De Facto Criteria for Establishing a Separate Rate in Antidumping Proceedings Involving Non...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-16

...In antidumping proceedings involving non-market economy (``NME'') countries,\\1\\ the Department of Commerce (``the Department'') has a rebuttable presumption that the export activities of all companies within the country are subject to government control and, thus, should be assessed a single antidumping duty rate (i.e., the NME- Entity rate). It is the Department's policy to assign to all exporters of merchandise subject to investigation in an NME country this single rate unless an exporter can demonstrate that it is sufficiently independent so as to be entitled to a ``separate rate'' (i.e., a dumping margin separate from the margin assigned to the NME-Entity). Exporters can demonstrate this independence through the absence of both de jure and de facto governmental control over their export activities. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Quantitative Risk Assessment for African Horse Sickness in Live Horses Exported from South Africa

PubMed Central

Sergeant, Evan S.

2016-01-01

African horse sickness (AHS) is a severe, often fatal, arbovirus infection of horses, transmitted by Culicoides spp. midges. AHS occurs in most of sub-Saharan Africa and is a significant impediment to export of live horses from infected countries, such as South Africa. A stochastic risk model was developed to estimate the probability of exporting an undetected AHS-infected horse through a vector protected pre-export quarantine facility, in accordance with OIE recommendations for trade from an infected country. The model also allows for additional risk management measures, including multiple PCR tests prior to and during pre-export quarantine and optionally during post-arrival quarantine, as well as for comparison of risk associated with exports from a demonstrated low-risk area for AHS and an area where AHS is endemic. If 1 million horses were exported from the low-risk area with no post-arrival quarantine we estimate the median number of infected horses to be 5.4 (95% prediction interval 0.5 to 41). This equates to an annual probability of 0.0016 (95% PI: 0.00015 to 0.012) assuming 300 horses exported per year. An additional PCR test while in vector-protected post-arrival quarantine reduced these probabilities by approximately 12-fold. Probabilities for horses exported from an area where AHS is endemic were approximately 15 to 17 times higher than for horses exported from the low-risk area under comparable scenarios. The probability of undetected AHS infection in horses exported from an infected country can be minimised by appropriate risk management measures. The final choice of risk management measures depends on the level of risk acceptable to the importing country. PMID:26986002

Quantitative Risk Assessment for African Horse Sickness in Live Horses Exported from South Africa.

PubMed

Sergeant, Evan S; Grewar, John D; Weyer, Camilla T; Guthrie, Alan J

2016-01-01

African horse sickness (AHS) is a severe, often fatal, arbovirus infection of horses, transmitted by Culicoides spp. midges. AHS occurs in most of sub-Saharan Africa and is a significant impediment to export of live horses from infected countries, such as South Africa. A stochastic risk model was developed to estimate the probability of exporting an undetected AHS-infected horse through a vector protected pre-export quarantine facility, in accordance with OIE recommendations for trade from an infected country. The model also allows for additional risk management measures, including multiple PCR tests prior to and during pre-export quarantine and optionally during post-arrival quarantine, as well as for comparison of risk associated with exports from a demonstrated low-risk area for AHS and an area where AHS is endemic. If 1 million horses were exported from the low-risk area with no post-arrival quarantine we estimate the median number of infected horses to be 5.4 (95% prediction interval 0.5 to 41). This equates to an annual probability of 0.0016 (95% PI: 0.00015 to 0.012) assuming 300 horses exported per year. An additional PCR test while in vector-protected post-arrival quarantine reduced these probabilities by approximately 12-fold. Probabilities for horses exported from an area where AHS is endemic were approximately 15 to 17 times higher than for horses exported from the low-risk area under comparable scenarios. The probability of undetected AHS infection in horses exported from an infected country can be minimised by appropriate risk management measures. The final choice of risk management measures depends on the level of risk acceptable to the importing country.

High-affinity copper transport and Snq2 export permease of saccharomyces cerevisiae modulate cytotoxicity of PR-10 from Theobroma cacao.

PubMed

Pungartnik, Cristina; da Silva, Aline Clara; de Melo, Sarah Alves; Gramacho, Karina Peres; de Mattos Cascardo, Júlio Cézar; Brendel, Martin; Micheli, Fabienne; da Silva Gesteira, Abelmon

2009-01-01

A pathogenesis-related (PR) protein from Theobroma cacao (TcPR-10) was identified from a cacao-Moniliophthora perniciosa interaction cDNA library. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed homology with other PR-10 proteins having P loop motif and Betv1 domain. Recombinant TcPR-10 showed in vitro and in vivo ribonuclease activity, and antifungal activity against the basidiomycete cacao pathogen M. perniciosa and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled TcPR-10 was internalized by M. perniciosa hyphae and S. cerevisiae cells and inhibited growth of both fungi. Energy and temperature-dependent internalization of the TcPR-10 suggested an active importation into the fungal cells. Chronical exposure to TcPR-10 of 29 yeast mutants with single gene defects in DNA repair, general membrane transport, metal transport, and antioxidant defenses was tested. Two yeast mutants were hyperresistant compared with their respective isogenic wild type: ctr3Delta mutant, lacking the high-affinity plasma membrane copper transporter and mac1Delta, the copper-sensing transcription factor involved in regulation of high-affinity copper transport. Acute exposure of exponentially growing yeast cells revealed that TcPR-10 resistance is also enhanced in the Snq2 export permease-lacking mutant which has reduced intracellular presence of TcPR-10.

Measuring economic complexity of countries and products: which metric to use?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mariani, Manuel Sebastian; Vidmer, Alexandre; Medo, Matsúš; Zhang, Yi-Cheng

2015-11-01

Evaluating the economies of countries and their relations with products in the global market is a central problem in economics, with far-reaching implications to our theoretical understanding of the international trade as well as to practical applications, such as policy making and financial investment planning. The recent Economic Complexity approach aims to quantify the competitiveness of countries and the quality of the exported products based on the empirical observation that the most competitive countries have diversified exports, whereas developing countries only export few low quality products - typically those exported by many other countries. Two different metrics, Fitness-Complexity and the Method of Reflections, have been proposed to measure country and product score in the Economic Complexity framework. We use international trade data and a recent ranking evaluation measure to quantitatively compare the ability of the two metrics to rank countries and products according to their importance in the network. The results show that the Fitness-Complexity metric outperforms the Method of Reflections in both the ranking of products and the ranking of countries. We also investigate a generalization of the Fitness-Complexity metric and show that it can produce improved rankings provided that the input data are reliable.

Measuring the intangibles: a metrics for the economic complexity of countries and products.

PubMed

Cristelli, Matthieu; Gabrielli, Andrea; Tacchella, Andrea; Caldarelli, Guido; Pietronero, Luciano

2013-01-01

We investigate a recent methodology we have proposed to extract valuable information on the competitiveness of countries and complexity of products from trade data. Standard economic theories predict a high level of specialization of countries in specific industrial sectors. However, a direct analysis of the official databases of exported products by all countries shows that the actual situation is very different. Countries commonly considered as developed ones are extremely diversified, exporting a large variety of products from very simple to very complex. At the same time countries generally considered as less developed export only the products also exported by the majority of countries. This situation calls for the introduction of a non-monetary and non-income-based measure for country economy complexity which uncovers the hidden potential for development and growth. The statistical approach we present here consists of coupled non-linear maps relating the competitiveness/fitness of countries to the complexity of their products. The fixed point of this transformation defines a metrics for the fitness of countries and the complexity of products. We argue that the key point to properly extract the economic information is the non-linearity of the map which is necessary to bound the complexity of products by the fitness of the less competitive countries exporting them. We present a detailed comparison of the results of this approach directly with those of the Method of Reflections by Hidalgo and Hausmann, showing the better performance of our method and a more solid economic, scientific and consistent foundation.

Measuring the Intangibles: A Metrics for the Economic Complexity of Countries and Products

PubMed Central

Cristelli, Matthieu; Gabrielli, Andrea; Tacchella, Andrea; Caldarelli, Guido; Pietronero, Luciano

2013-01-01

We investigate a recent methodology we have proposed to extract valuable information on the competitiveness of countries and complexity of products from trade data. Standard economic theories predict a high level of specialization of countries in specific industrial sectors. However, a direct analysis of the official databases of exported products by all countries shows that the actual situation is very different. Countries commonly considered as developed ones are extremely diversified, exporting a large variety of products from very simple to very complex. At the same time countries generally considered as less developed export only the products also exported by the majority of countries. This situation calls for the introduction of a non-monetary and non-income-based measure for country economy complexity which uncovers the hidden potential for development and growth. The statistical approach we present here consists of coupled non-linear maps relating the competitiveness/fitness of countries to the complexity of their products. The fixed point of this transformation defines a metrics for the fitness of countries and the complexity of products. We argue that the key point to properly extract the economic information is the non-linearity of the map which is necessary to bound the complexity of products by the fitness of the less competitive countries exporting them. We present a detailed comparison of the results of this approach directly with those of the Method of Reflections by Hidalgo and Hausmann, showing the better performance of our method and a more solid economic, scientific and consistent foundation. PMID:23940633

10 CFR 110.42 - Export licensing criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... the common defense and security. (2) The receiving country, after being advised of the information... such material, will be retransferred to the jurisdiction of any other country or group of countries... the case of facility exports, does not constitute an unreasonable risk to the public health and safety...

10 CFR 110.42 - Export licensing criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... the common defense and security. (2) The receiving country, after being advised of the information... such material, will be retransferred to the jurisdiction of any other country or group of countries... the case of facility exports, does not constitute an unreasonable risk to the public health and safety...

A Role for the ATP7A Copper-transporting ATPase in Macrophage Bactericidal Activity*

PubMed Central

White, Carine; Lee, Jaekwon; Kambe, Taiho; Fritsche, Kevin; Petris, Michael J.

2009-01-01

Copper is an essential micronutrient that is necessary for healthy immune function. This requirement is underscored by an increased susceptibility to bacterial infection in copper-deficient animals; however, a molecular understanding of its importance in immune defense is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of proinflammatory agents on copper homeostasis in RAW264.7 macrophages. Interferon-γ was found to increase expression of the high affinity copper importer, CTR1, and stimulate copper uptake. This was accompanied by copper-stimulated trafficking of the ATP7A copper exporter from the Golgi to vesicles that partially overlapped with phagosomal compartments. Silencing of ATP7A expression attenuated bacterial killing, suggesting a role for ATP7A-dependent copper transport in the bactericidal activity of macrophages. Significantly, a copper-sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli lacking the CopA copper-transporting ATPase was hypersensitive to killing by RAW264.7 macrophages, and this phenotype was dependent on ATP7A expression. Collectively, these data suggest that copper-transporting ATPases, CopA and ATP7A, in both bacteria and macrophage are unique determinants of bacteria survival and identify an unexpected role for copper at the host-pathogen interface. PMID:19808669

Copper Deficiency Leads to Anemia, Duodenal Hypoxia, Upregulation of HIF-2α and Altered Expression of Iron Absorption Genes in Mice

PubMed Central

Matak, Pavle; Zumerle, Sara; Mastrogiannaki, Maria; El Balkhi, Souleiman; Delga, Stephanie; Mathieu, Jacques R. R.; Canonne-Hergaux, François; Poupon, Joel; Sharp, Paul A.; Vaulont, Sophie; Peyssonnaux, Carole

2013-01-01

Iron and copper are essential trace metals, actively absorbed from the proximal gut in a regulated fashion. Depletion of either metal can lead to anemia. In the gut, copper deficiency can affect iron absorption through modulating the activity of hephaestin - a multi-copper oxidase required for optimal iron export from enterocytes. How systemic copper status regulates iron absorption is unknown. Mice were subjected to a nutritional copper deficiency-induced anemia regime from birth and injected with copper sulphate intraperitoneally to correct the anemia. Copper deficiency resulted in anemia, increased duodenal hypoxia and Hypoxia inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) levels, a regulator of iron absorption. HIF-2α upregulation in copper deficiency appeared to be independent of duodenal iron or copper levels and correlated with the expression of iron transporters (Ferroportin - Fpn, Divalent Metal transporter – Dmt1) and ferric reductase – Dcytb. Alleviation of copper-dependent anemia with intraperitoneal copper injection resulted in down regulation of HIF-2α-regulated iron absorption genes in the gut. Our work identifies HIF-2α as an important regulator of iron transport machinery in copper deficiency. PMID:23555700

Southeast Asia Report

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-08-14

trade deficit. For this year, in addition to importing from the Philippines such tradi- tional commodities as coconut oil , copper ore, timber and...overseas family remittances and one-third from aid. In 1983, total export earnings were 27.5 million tala, with coconut oil making up 41.07 per cent...of this figure. In 1984, total export earnings were 27.5 million tala, with coconut oil making up 41.07 per cent of this figure. In 1984, earnings

World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators 2. Section 5. Raw Data File: Fractionalization and Concentration Measures and Inequality Indices

DTIC Science & Technology

1970-01-01

Haiti 041 234 HAI v Columbia 100 246 COL ^, Dominican Republic ’Jamaica 042 051 233 235 DOM JAM -" Venezuela Guyana -"’Ecuador 101 110...Language Groups, United Nations Export Commodities Export Receiving Countries Distribution of Votes by Party Distribution of Seats in the Lower House...indicates that the entry is a total of that variable group for a country, with the exception of export commodities. The export commodity total

75 FR 68328 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-05

..., provided by certain countries exporting softwood lumber or softwood lumber products to the United States... lumber products to the United States, we are soliciting public comment only on subsidies provided by... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries...

7 CFR 1218.6 - Exporter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AND ORDERS; MISCELLANEOUS COMMODITIES), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BLUEBERRY PROMOTION, RESEARCH, AND INFORMATION ORDER Blueberry Promotion, Research, and Information Order Definitions § 1218.6 Exporter. Exporter means a person involved in exporting blueberries from another country to the United States. ...

7 CFR 1218.6 - Exporter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AND ORDERS; MISCELLANEOUS COMMODITIES), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BLUEBERRY PROMOTION, RESEARCH, AND INFORMATION ORDER Blueberry Promotion, Research, and Information Order Definitions § 1218.6 Exporter. Exporter means a person involved in exporting blueberries from another country to the United States. ...

7 CFR 1218.6 - Exporter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AND ORDERS; MISCELLANEOUS COMMODITIES), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BLUEBERRY PROMOTION, RESEARCH, AND INFORMATION ORDER Blueberry Promotion, Research, and Information Order Definitions § 1218.6 Exporter. Exporter means a person involved in exporting blueberries from another country to the United States. ...

7 CFR 1218.6 - Exporter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AND ORDERS; MISCELLANEOUS COMMODITIES), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BLUEBERRY PROMOTION, RESEARCH, AND INFORMATION ORDER Blueberry Promotion, Research, and Information Order Definitions § 1218.6 Exporter. Exporter means a person involved in exporting blueberries from another country to the United States. ...

7 CFR 1218.6 - Exporter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AND ORDERS; MISCELLANEOUS COMMODITIES), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BLUEBERRY PROMOTION, RESEARCH, AND INFORMATION ORDER Blueberry Promotion, Research, and Information Order Definitions § 1218.6 Exporter. Exporter means a person involved in exporting blueberries from another country to the United States. ...

Pricing behavior of USA exporter in wheat international market

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wibowo, R. P.; Sumono; Iddrisu, Y.; Darus, M.; Sihombing, L. P.; Jufri

2018-02-01

The number of wheat producing countries is changing over time. It is expected the change in wheat supply will lead world wheat market become more competitive and reduce market power of major exporter country. This paper tries to identify and examined the degree of market power on wheat international market for USA by using the Pricing to Market (PTM) method. USA is the biggest producer and exporter in wheat market. The PTM method found that USA impose noncompetitive strategy by applying price discrimination and apply market power to their importer country.

A Summary of the United States Food and Drug Administrations’ Food Safety Program for Imported Seafood; One Country’s Approach

PubMed Central

Koonse, Brett

2016-01-01

It is well known that the vast majority of seafood is captured or farmed in emerging countries and exported to developed countries. This has resulted in seafood being the number one traded food commodity in the world. Food safety is essential to this trade. Exporting countries should understand the regulatory food safety programs of the countries they ship to in order to comply with their applicable laws and regulations to avoid violations and disruptions in trade. The United States (U.S.) imports more seafood than any individual country in the world but the European Union (E.U.) countries, as a block, import significantly more. Each importing country has its own programs and systems in place to ensure the safety of imported seafood. However, most countries that export seafood have regulatory programs in place that comply with the import requirements of the E.U. The purpose of this paper is to describe the United States Food and Drug Administration’s (USFDA) imported seafood safety program. The primary audience for the information is foreign government regulators, seafood exporters, and U.S. importers. It can also give consumers confidence that f U.S. seafood is safe no matter which country it originates from. PMID:28231127

50 CFR 23.53 - What are the requirements for obtaining a retrospective CITES document?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... certain specimens for personal use as specified in paragraph (d)(7) of this section. (2) The exporter or re-exporter must notify the Management Authority in the exporting or re-exporting country of the...) In general, except when the exporter or re-exporter and importer have demonstrated they were not...

Bolivia Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2015-01-01

Hydrocarbons, primarily natural gas, are an important element of Bolivia's economy and account for 8% of the country's GDP. Bolivia's hydrocarbon exports accounted for 54% of total export revenue in 2014. The recent drop in oil prices caused Bolivia's energy export revenues to fall by nearly 1% to $6.57 billion in 2014 and is expected to negatively impact the amount of investment in hydrocarbon projects in Bolivia.

Libya Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2015-01-01

Libya joined the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1962, a year after Libya began exporting oil. Libya holds the largest amount of proved crude oil reserves in Africa, the fifth-largest amount of proved natural gas reserves on the continent, and in past years was an important contributor to the global supply of light, sweet (low sulfur) crude oil, which Libya mostly exports to European markets.

West African Oil: Will It Make a Difference?

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-12-01

West Africa: Estimated Proved Reserves, 1 January 1982 -i-----------------------------------i1 10. West Africa: Crude Oil Export Potential... Exporting Countries sq. km. Square kilometers 12 I. INTRODUCTION In the 1950s, petroleum became the world’s dominant source of commercial energy, and in the...in 1973 the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) abruptly and permanently ended the era of inexpensive petroleum, and in the process

Impact of R&D expenditures on research publications, patents and high-tech exports among European countries.

PubMed

Meo, S A; Usmani, A M

2014-01-01

This study aimed to compare the impact of Research&Development (R&D) expenditures on research publications, patents and high-tech exports among European countries. In this study, 47 European countries were included. The information regarding European countries, their per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), R&D spending, number of universities, indexed scientific journals, high technology exports and number of patents were collected. We recorded the total number of research documents in various science and social sciences subjects during the period 1996-2011. The main source for information was World Bank, Web of Science, Thomson Reuters and SCImago/Scopus. The mean GDP per capita for all the European countries is 23372.64 ± 3588.42 US$, yearly per capita spending on R&D 1.14 ± 0.13 US$, number of universities 48.17 ± 10.26, mean number of Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) indexed journal per country 90.72 ± 38.47, high technology exports 12.86 ± 1.59 and number of patent applications 61504.23 ± 22961.85. The mean of research documents published in various science and social science subjects among all the European countries during the period 1996-2011 is 213405.70 ± 56493.04. Spending on R&D, number of universities, indexed journals, high technology exports and number of patents have a positive correlation with number of published documents in various science and social science subjects. We found a positive correlation between patent application and high-tech exports. However, there was no association between GDP per capita and research outcomes. It is concluded that, the most important contributing factors towards a knowledge based economy are spending on R&D, number of universities, scientific indexed journals and research publications, which in turn give a boast to patents, high technology exports and ultimately GDP.

40 CFR 89.909 - Export exemptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Export exemptions. 89.909 Section 89....909 Export exemptions. (a) A new nonroad engine intended solely for export, and so labeled or tagged..., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460. New nonroad engines exported to such countries must...

40 CFR 91.1009 - Export exemptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Export exemptions. 91.1009 Section 91....1009 Export exemptions. (a) A new marine SI engine intended solely for export, and so labeled or tagged...., Washington, DC 20460. New marine SI engines exported to such countries must comply with EPA certification...

37 CFR 5.19 - Export of technical data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Export of technical data. 5..., DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE GENERAL SECRECY OF CERTAIN INVENTIONS AND LICENSES TO EXPORT AND FILE APPLICATIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES Licenses for Foreign Exporting and Filing § 5.19 Export of technical data. (a) Under...

Natural Gas Exports from Iran

EIA Publications

2012-01-01

This assessment of the natural gas sector in Iran, with a focus on Iran’s natural gas exports, was prepared pursuant to section 505 (a) of the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012 (Public Law No: 112-158). As requested, it includes: (1) an assessment of exports of natural gas from Iran; (2) an identification of the countries that purchase the most natural gas from Iran; (3) an assessment of alternative supplies of natural gas available to those countries; (4) an assessment of the impact a reduction in exports of natural gas from Iran would have on global natural gas supplies and the price of natural gas, especially in countries identified under number (2); and (5) such other information as the Administrator considers appropriate.

[Analysis of characteristics and problems of international trade of Poria cocos in China].

PubMed

Chi, Xiu-Lian; Yang, Guang; Ma, Shuai; Cheng, Meng; Que, Ling

2018-01-01

Poria cocos is one of medical materials frequently used in China and well marketed at home and abroad. Based on the analysis of exports and imports data of P. cocos, we found that large proportions of P. cocos were exported, while only a small proportions of those were imported in China between 2011 and 2016. During periods of these six years, the annual exporting trade of P. cocos in quantity significantly decreased, but that in dollars tend to increase slightly and the unit-prices of P. cocos significantly increased. Statistically, the average annual export trade of P. cocos from 2011 to 2016 in quantity and dollars were 9 279.73 tons and 35.454 million dollars, respectively. And the average annual export in unit-price was 4.14 dollars per kilogram. In total, P. cocos came from 29 provinces and exported to 44 countries through 21 ports. More than 98% of total exports of P. cocos were flew to the markets of countries in Asia, of which Hong Kong was the major partner in import trade of P. cocos. Large amount of P. cocos came from Guangdong province and exported mainly through Shenzhen port. Except the exports, China also imports P. cocos from other countries, among which Korea was the major country exports largest amount of P. cocos to China. And most of P. cocos were imported by Jilin province and mainly through Changchun port. To improve the export kinetic, quality and profits of P. cocos, and thus enhance the international competitiveness of the industry of P. cocos, Chinese governments should emphasize the researches on the products of P. cocos, broaden the demand space of the high-end customers, stimulate the high-end market grow in high speed and accelerate the process of standardization in future. Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.

An application of seasonal ARIMA models on group commodities to forecast Philippine merchandise exports performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Natividad, Gina May R.; Cawiding, Olive R.; Addawe, Rizavel C.

2017-11-01

The increase in the merchandise exports of the country offers information about the Philippines' trading role within the global economy. Merchandise exports statistics are used to monitor the country's overall production that is consumed overseas. This paper investigates the comparison between two models obtained by a) clustering the commodity groups into two based on its proportional contribution to the total exports, and b) treating only the total exports. Different seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) models were then developed for the clustered commodities and for the total exports based on the monthly merchandise exports of the Philippines from 2011 to 2016. The data set used in this study was retrieved from the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) which is the central statistical authority in the country responsible for primary data collection. A test for significance of the difference between means at 0.05 level of significance was then performed on the forecasts produced. The result indicates that there is a significant difference between the mean of the forecasts of the two models. Moreover, upon a comparison of the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) of the models, it was found that the models used for the clustered groups outperform the model for the total exports.

Regional Seminars to Address Current Nuclear Export Control Issues

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Killinger, Mark H.

2002-07-01

The control of nuclear-related exports, a critical component of the nonproliferation regime, is facing several opportunities and challenges. As countries sign and ratify the International Atomic Energy Agency's (IAEA) safeguards Additional Protocol (AP), they will begin to report far more export information, including exports of a list of items similar to the Nuclear Supplier Group's Trigger List that existed when the AP was developed in the mid-1990s. This positive development contrasts with challenges such as globalization, transshipments, and tracking of end-uses. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is proposing that the US Department of Energy (DOE) develop regional seminars that address thesemore » types of issues related to export/import controls. The DOE seminars would be designed to supplement regional seminars sponsored by the IAEA and member states on topics related to the Additional Protocol (referred to as "IAEA seminars"). The topic of nuclear export/import controls is not thoroughly addressed in the IAEA seminars. The proposed DOE seminars would therefore have two objectives: familiarizing countries with the export/import provisions of the Additional Protocol, and addressing challenges such as those noted above. The seminars would be directed particularly at countries that have not ratified the AP, and at regions where export-related problems are particularly prevalent. The intent is to encourage governments to implement more effective nuclear export control systems that meet the challenges of the 21st century.« less

DoD STINFO Manager Training Course. Training Manual

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-02-01

The Export Control Classification Number ( ECCN ) 2. Types of controls, e.g., COCOM 3. Requirements, such as: a. Country groups for which a validated...see Export Administration Act EAR - see Export Administration Regulations ECCN - Export Control Classification Number ELINT - Electronic

75 FR 52453 - Entry Requirements for Certain Softwood Lumber Products Exported From Any Country Into the United...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-26

...)(3)(iii)(B)(3), which states that ``the exporter has paid, or committed to pay, all export charges..., to his best knowledge and belief, that the exporter has paid or committed to pay ``all export charges... discrepancies between the export permit date and the entry summary data. The commenter suggests using the...

9 CFR 327.2 - Eligibility of foreign countries for importation of products into the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... regulations governing meat inspection of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Control numbers Name Address Date... country, with respect to establishments preparing products in such country for export to the United States... establishments throughout the system at which products are prepared for export to the United States; (B) Ultimate...

9 CFR 327.2 - Eligibility of foreign countries for importation of products into the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... regulations governing meat inspection of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Control numbers Name Address Date... country, with respect to establishments preparing products in such country for export to the United States... establishments throughout the system at which products are prepared for export to the United States; (B) Ultimate...

9 CFR 327.2 - Eligibility of foreign countries for importation of products into the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... regulations governing meat inspection of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Control numbers Name Address Date... country, with respect to establishments preparing products in such country for export to the United States... establishments throughout the system at which products are prepared for export to the United States; (B) Ultimate...

9 CFR 327.2 - Eligibility of foreign countries for importation of products into the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... regulations governing meat inspection of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Control numbers Name Address Date... country, with respect to establishments preparing products in such country for export to the United States... establishments throughout the system at which products are prepared for export to the United States; (B) Ultimate...

Turkey as an Emerging Energy Hub

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-01

respecting environment concerns.”27 It has two dimensions; one of them is the view of the importing country, the other the view of the exporting ...country. For an importing country (consumer), energy security refers primarily to access to the sources and security of supplies,28 for an exporting ...production is insufficient for the country’s needs. Turkey is a developing country and needs energy to sustain its economic growth . To sustain that

Alteration of the Copper-Binding Capacity of Iron-Rich Humic Colloids during Transport from Peatland to Marine Waters.

PubMed

Muller, François L L; Cuscov, Marco

2017-03-21

Blanket bogs contain vast amounts of Sphagnum-derived organic substances which can act as powerful chelators for dissolved iron and thus enhance its export to the coastal ocean. To investigate the variations in quantity and quality of these exports, adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) was used to characterize the metal binding properties of molecular weight-fractionated dissolved organic matter (MW-fractionated DOM) in the catchment and coastal plume of a small peat-draining river over a seasonal cycle. Within the plume, both iron- and copper-binding organic ligands showed a linear, conservative distribution with increasing salinity, illustrating the high stability of peatland-derived humic substances (HS). Within the catchment, humic colloids lost up to 50% of their copper-binding capacity, expressed as a molar ratio to organic carbon, after residing for 1 week or more in the main reservoir of the catchment. Immediately downstream of the reservoir, the molar ratio [L 2 ]/[C org ], where L 2 was the second strongest copper-binding ligand, was 0.75 × 10 -4 when the reservoir residence time was 5 h but 0.34 × 10 -4 when it was 25 days. Residence time did not affect the carbon specific iron-binding capacity of the humic substances which was [L]/[C org ] = (0.80 ± 0.20) × 10 -2 . Our results suggest that the loss of copper-binding capacity with increasing residence time is caused by intracolloidal interactions between iron and HS during transit from peat soil to river mouth.

76 FR 23872 - Editorial Corrections to the Export Administration Regulations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-29

... No. 100709293-1073-01] RIN 0694-AE96 Editorial Corrections to the Export Administration Regulations... Administration Regulations (EAR). In particular, this rule corrects the country entry for Syria on the Commerce... the Export Administration Regulations (EAR), including several Export Control Classification Number...

19 CFR 113.55 - Cancellation of export bonds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Cancellation of export bonds. 113.55 Section 113... export bonds. (a) Manner of cancellation. A bond to assure exportation as defined in § 101.1 of this... shall be signed by a revenue officer of the foreign country to which the merchandise is exported, unless...

22 CFR 123.9 - Country of ultimate destination and approval of reexports or retransfers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... destination on an application for an export license, or on a Shipper's Export Declaration where an exemption... the export license, or on the Shipper's Export Declaration in cases where an exemption is claimed... the invoice whenever defense articles on the U.S. Munitions List are to be exported: These commodities...

10 CFR 110.41 - Executive Branch review.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... export involving assistance to end uses related to isotope separation, chemical reprocessing, heavy water production, advanced reactors, or the fabrication of nuclear fuel containing plutonium, except for exports of... foreign reactor. (8) An export involving radioactive waste. (9) An export to any country listed in § 110...

The spatial impact of neighbouring on the exports activities of COMESA countries by using spatial panel models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hamzalouh, L.; Ismail, M. T.; Rahman, R. A.

2017-09-01

In this paper, spatial panel models were used and the method for selecting the best model amongst the spatial fixed effects model and the spatial random effects model to estimate the fitting model by using the robust Hausman test for analysis of the exports pattern of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern African (COMESA) countries. And examine the effects of the interactions of the economic statistic of explanatory variables on the exports of the COMESA. Results indicated that the spatial Durbin model with fixed effects specification should be tested and considered in most cases of this study. After that, the direct and indirect effects among COMESA regions were assessed, and the role of indirect spatial effects in estimating exports was empirically demonstrated. Regarding originality and research value, and to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt to examine exports between COMESA and its member countries through spatial panel models using XSMLE, which is a new command for spatial analysis using STATA.

7 CFR 1493.4 - Criteria for country allocations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS Restrictions and Criteria for... CCC in reviewing proposals for country allocations under the GSM-102 or GSM-103 programs, will include... to adequately service CCC guaranteed debt; (c) Financial status of participating banks in the...

7 CFR 1493.4 - Criteria for country allocations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS Restrictions and Criteria for... CCC in reviewing proposals for country allocations under the GSM-102 or GSM-103 programs, will include... to adequately service CCC guaranteed debt; (c) Financial status of participating banks in the...

7 CFR 1493.4 - Criteria for country allocations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS Restrictions and Criteria for... CCC in reviewing proposals for country allocations under the GSM-102 or GSM-103 programs, will include... to adequately service CCC guaranteed debt; (c) Financial status of participating banks in the...

How log-normal is your country? An analysis of the statistical distribution of the exported volumes of products

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Annunziata, Mario Alberto; Petri, Alberto; Pontuale, Giorgio; Zaccaria, Andrea

2016-10-01

We have considered the statistical distributions of the volumes of 1131 products exported by 148 countries. We have found that the form of these distributions is not unique but heavily depends on the level of development of the nation, as expressed by macroeconomic indicators like GDP, GDP per capita, total export and a recently introduced measure for countries' economic complexity called fitness. We have identified three major classes: a) an incomplete log-normal shape, truncated on the left side, for the less developed countries, b) a complete log-normal, with a wider range of volumes, for nations characterized by intermediate economy, and c) a strongly asymmetric shape for countries with a high degree of development. Finally, the log-normality hypothesis has been checked for the distributions of all the 148 countries through different tests, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Cramér-Von Mises, confirming that it cannot be rejected only for the countries of intermediate economy.

Trade in labour services and migrant worker protection with special reference to East Asia.

PubMed

Stahl, C W

1999-01-01

This article discusses the migrant worker protection policy of the East Asian international labor market. The labor-exporting countries of East Asia provide an onerous proportion of low-skilled migrant workers to the region and are responding to the perceived edge of a policy of labor export. Conversely, the movement of highly skilled and professional workers is the result of globalization and internationalization of education, training and professions, rather than the result of explicit labor export of certain countries. In view of the need of international bilateral arrangements for the protection and facilitation of low-skilled workers, the labor-exporting countries have introduced a number of policies aimed at protecting and promoting the welfare of the overseas workers. Thus, various policy measures are suggested to advance the cause of migrant worker protection in East Asia.

The adequacy of current import and export controls on sealed radioactive sources.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Longley, Susan W.; Cochran, John Russell; Price, Laura L.

2003-10-01

Millions of sealed radioactive sources (SRSs) are being used for a wide variety of beneficial purposes throughout the world. Security experts are now concerned that these beneficial SRSs could be used in a radiological dispersion device to terrorize and disrupt society. The greatest safety and security threat is from those highly radioactive Category 1 and 2 SRSs. Without adequate controls, it may be relatively easy to legally purchase a Category 1 or 2 SRS on the international market under false pretenses. Additionally, during transfer, SRSs are particularly susceptible to theft since the sources are in a shielded and mobile configuration,more » transportation routes are predictable, and shipments may not be adequately guarded. To determine if government controls on SRS are adequate, this study was commissioned to review the current SRS import and export controls of six countries. Canada, the Russian Federation, and South Africa were selected as the exporting countries, and Egypt, the Philippines, and the United States were selected as importing countries. A detailed review of the controls in each country is presented. The authors found that Canada and Russia are major exporters, and are exporting highly radioactive SRSs without first determining if the recipient is authorized by the receiving country to own and use the SRSs. Available evidence was used to estimate that on average there are tens to possibly hundreds of intercountry transfers of highly radioactive SRSs each day. Based on these and other findings, this reports recommends stronger controls on the export and import of highly radioactive SRSs.« less

31 CFR 500.533 - Exportations, reexportations, and incidental transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... CONTROL REGULATIONS Licenses, Authorizations and Statements of Licensing Policy § 500.533 Exportations..., software, or technology (including technical data) from the United States or reexportation of U.S.-origin goods, software, or technology from a foreign country to any person in a designated foreign country or...

Adjusting export tax rebates to reduce the environmental impacts of trade: Lessons from China.

PubMed

Song, Peng; Mao, Xianqiang; Corsetti, Gabriel

2015-09-15

Export tax rebates are an important policy instrument for stimulating exports, which many developing countries make use of. However, excessive export tax rebates and inappropriate structural arrangements can lead to over-production in highly polluting industries and cause the environment to deteriorate. This paper, taking China as the study case, tests and verifies the statistical significance of the causal relationship between export tax rebates and pollution emissions. With a computable general equilibrium modeling, the current study further analyzes the effectiveness of export tax rebate adjustments aimed at alleviating environmental pressure for different time periods. It is found that before 2003, export tax rebates primarily promoted exports and boosted foreign exchange reserves, and highly polluting sectors enjoyed above-average export tax rebates, which led to increased pollution emissions. Between 2003 and 2010, the export tax rebate system was reformed to reduce support for the highly polluting export sectors, which led to decreases in emissions. Canceling export tax rebates for highly polluting sectors is shown to be the most favorable policy choice for improving the environmental performance of China's international trade. This study can serve as reference for other developing countries which similarly rely on export tax rebates, so that they can adjust their policies so as to combine economic growth with pollution control. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Export of health services from developing countries: the case of Tunisia.

PubMed

Lautier, Marc

2008-07-01

Although the subject of health services exports by developing countries has been much discussed, the phenomenon is still in its early stage, and its real implications are not yet clear. Given the rapid development in this area, little empirical data are available. This paper aims to fill this gap by providing reliable data on consumption of health services abroad (GATS mode 2 of international service supply). It starts by assessing the magnitude of the volume of international trade in health services. This is followed by an in-depth analysis of the case of Tunisia based on an original field research. Because of the high quality of its health sector and its proximity with Europe, Tunisia has the highest export potential for health services in the Middle-East and North Africa (MENA) Region. Health services exports may represent a quarter of Tunisia's private health sector output and generate jobs for 5000 employees. If one takes into account tourism expenses by the incoming patient (and their relatives), these exports contribute to nearly 1% of the country's total exports. Finally, this case study highlights the regional dimension of external demand for health services and the predominance of South-South trade.

40 CFR 262.82 - General conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Recovery within the OECD § 262.82 General conditions. (a) Scope. The level of control for exports and...), COTIF (1985), and RID (1985). (3) Any transit of waste through a non-OECD member country must be... consent is received from all relevant OECD importing and transit countries. (2) Re-export of waste subject...

37 CFR 5.20 - Export of technical data relating to sensitive nuclear technology.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... relating to sensitive nuclear technology. 5.20 Section 5.20 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights UNITED... LICENSES TO EXPORT AND FILE APPLICATIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES Licenses for Foreign Exporting and Filing § 5.20 Export of technical data relating to sensitive nuclear technology. Under regulations (10 CFR 810.7...

37 CFR 5.20 - Export of technical data relating to sensitive nuclear technology.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... relating to sensitive nuclear technology. 5.20 Section 5.20 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights UNITED... LICENSES TO EXPORT AND FILE APPLICATIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES Licenses for Foreign Exporting and Filing § 5.20 Export of technical data relating to sensitive nuclear technology. Under regulations (10 CFR 810.7...

7 CFR 782.18 - Wheat purchased for export.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Wheat purchased for export. 782.18 Section 782.18... § 782.18 Wheat purchased for export. (a) This section applies to an importer or subsequent buyer who imports or purchases Canadian-produced wheat for the purpose of export to a foreign country or...

41 CFR 109-45.301-51 - Export/import clause.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Export/import clause... § 109-45.301-51 Export/import clause. The following clause shall be included in all sales invitations.../import from/into the country where the personal property is located. If export/import is allowed, the...

27 CFR 28.141 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Exportation, Use as Supplies on Vessels and Aircraft, or Transfer to a Foreign-Trade Zone § 28.141 General. (a...) Transfer to and deposit in a foreign-trade zone for exportation or for storage pending exportation. (b... foreign country; or (2) Transfer to and deposit in a foreign-trade zone for exportation or for storage...

27 CFR 28.141 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Exportation, Use as Supplies on Vessels and Aircraft, or Transfer to a Foreign-Trade Zone § 28.141 General. (a...) Transfer to and deposit in a foreign-trade zone for exportation or for storage pending exportation. (b... foreign country; or (2) Transfer to and deposit in a foreign-trade zone for exportation or for storage...

Quantifying the potential export flows of used electronic products in Macau: a case study of PCs.

PubMed

Yu, Danfeng; Song, Qingbin; Wang, Zhishi; Li, Jinhui; Duan, Huabo; Wang, Jinben; Wang, Chao; Wang, Xu

2017-12-01

The used electronic product (UEP) has attracted the worldwide attentions because part of e-waste may be exported from developed countries to developing countries in the name of UEP. On the basis of large foreign trade data of electronic products (e-products), this study adopted the trade data approach (TDA) to quantify the potential exports of UEP in Macau, taking a case study of personal computers (PCs). The results show that the desktop mainframes, LCD monitors, and CRT monitors have more low-unit-value trades with higher trade volumes in the past 10 years, while the laptop and tablet PCs, as the newer technologies, owned the higher ratios of the high-unit-value trades. During the period of 2005-2015, the total mean exports for used laptop and tablet PCs, desktop mainframes, and LCD monitors were approximately 18,592, 79,957, and 43,177 units, respectively, while the possible export volume of used CRT monitors was higher, up to 430,098 units in 2000-2010. Noticed that these potential export volumes could be the lower bound because not all used PCs may be shipped using the PC trade code. For all the four kinds of used PCs, the majority (61.6-98.82%) of the export volumes have gone to Hong Kong, followed by Mainland China and Taiwan. Since 2011, there was no CRT monitor export; however, the other kinds of used PC exports will still exist in Macau in the future. The outcomes are helpful to understand and manage the current export situations of used products in Macau, and can also provide a reference for other countries and regions.

Is the Hegemonic Position of American Culture Able to Subjugate Local Cultures of Importing Countries? A Constructive Analysis on the Phenomenon of Cultural Localization

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chiang, Tien-Hui

2014-01-01

It has been argued that globalization assists the USA to gain a hegemonic position, allowing it to export its culture. Because this exportation leads to the domination by American culture of the local cultures of importing countries, which are the key element in sustaining their citizens' national identity, citizens of these countries are…

OAPEC: Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maachou, A.

1983-01-01

The organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries plays an important role in furthering the aims of the New International Economic Order. Here, Abdelkader Maachou outlines its structure and its part in furthering the aims of its member countries. The study focuses on the newly created judicial branch and on the economic activities of this important Arab organization. Its contribution to the general intellectual climate of the area is also discussed.

Tracking the global generation and exports of e-waste. Do existing estimates add up?

PubMed

Breivik, Knut; Armitage, James M; Wania, Frank; Jones, Kevin C

2014-01-01

The transport of discarded electronic and electrical appliances (e-waste) to developing regions has received considerable attention, but it is difficult to assess the significance of this issue without a quantitative understanding of the amounts involved. The main objective of this study is to track the global transport of e-wastes by compiling and constraining existing estimates of the amount of e-waste generated domestically in each country MGEN, exported from countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) MEXP, and imported in countries outside of the OECD MIMP. Reference year is 2005 and all estimates are given with an uncertainty range. Estimates of MGEN obtained by apportioning a global total of ∼ 35,000 kt (range 20,000-50,000 kt) based on a nation's gross domestic product agree well with independent estimates of MGEN for individual countries. Import estimates MIMP to the countries believed to be the major recipients of e-waste exports from the OECD globally (China, India, and five West African countries) suggests that ∼ 5,000 kt (3,600 kt-7,300 kt) may have been imported annually to these non-OECD countries alone, which represents ∼ 23% (17%-34%) of the amounts of e-waste generated domestically within the OECD. MEXP for each OECD country is then estimated by applying this fraction of 23% to its MGEN. By allocating each country's MGEN, MIMP, MEXP and MNET = MGEN + MIMP - MEXP, we can map the global generation and flows of e-waste from OECD to non-OECD countries. While significant uncertainties remain, we note that estimated import into seven non-OECD countries alone are often at the higher end of estimates of exports from OECD countries.

Future oil and gas: Can Iran deliver?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Takin, M.

1996-11-01

Iran`s oil and gas production and exports constitute the country`s main source of foreign exchange earnings. The future level of these earnings will depend on oil prices, global demand for Iranian exports, the country`s productive capability and domestic consumption. The size of Iranian oil reserves suggests that, in principle, present productive capacity could be maintained and expanded. However, the greatest share of production in coming years still will come from fields that already have produced for several decades. In spite of significant remaining reserves, these fields are not nearly as prolific as they were in their early years. The operationsmore » required for further development are now more complicated and, in particular, more costly. These fields` size also implies that improving production, and instituting secondary and tertiary recovery methods (such as gas injection), will require mega-scale operations. This article discusses future oil and gas export revenues from the Islamic Republic of Iran, emphasizing the country`s future production and commenting on the effects of proposed US sanctions.« less

Grand canonical validation of the bipartite international trade network.

PubMed

Straka, Mika J; Caldarelli, Guido; Saracco, Fabio

2017-08-01

Devising strategies for economic development in a globally competitive landscape requires a solid and unbiased understanding of countries' technological advancements and similarities among export products. Both can be addressed through the bipartite representation of the International Trade Network. In this paper, we apply the recently proposed grand canonical projection algorithm to uncover country and product communities. Contrary to past endeavors, our methodology, based on information theory, creates monopartite projections in an unbiased and analytically tractable way. Single links between countries or products represent statistically significant signals, which are not accounted for by null models such as the bipartite configuration model. We find stable country communities reflecting the socioeconomic distinction in developed, newly industrialized, and developing countries. Furthermore, we observe product clusters based on the aforementioned country groups. Our analysis reveals the existence of a complicated structure in the bipartite International Trade Network: apart from the diversification of export baskets from the most basic to the most exclusive products, we observe a statistically significant signal of an export specialization mechanism towards more sophisticated products.

Grand canonical validation of the bipartite international trade network

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Straka, Mika J.; Caldarelli, Guido; Saracco, Fabio

2017-08-01

Devising strategies for economic development in a globally competitive landscape requires a solid and unbiased understanding of countries' technological advancements and similarities among export products. Both can be addressed through the bipartite representation of the International Trade Network. In this paper, we apply the recently proposed grand canonical projection algorithm to uncover country and product communities. Contrary to past endeavors, our methodology, based on information theory, creates monopartite projections in an unbiased and analytically tractable way. Single links between countries or products represent statistically significant signals, which are not accounted for by null models such as the bipartite configuration model. We find stable country communities reflecting the socioeconomic distinction in developed, newly industrialized, and developing countries. Furthermore, we observe product clusters based on the aforementioned country groups. Our analysis reveals the existence of a complicated structure in the bipartite International Trade Network: apart from the diversification of export baskets from the most basic to the most exclusive products, we observe a statistically significant signal of an export specialization mechanism towards more sophisticated products.

The trade of virtual water: do property rights matter?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Ankai

2016-04-01

My paper examines the determinants of the virtual water trade - embodied in the trade of agriculture products - by estimating a structural gravity model. In particular, it tests the relationship between property rights and the export of water-intensive agricultural products based on water footprint data in Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2011, 2012). Using two different measures of property rights protection, I show that countries with weaker property rights have an apparent comparative advantage in the trade of water-intensive products. After controlling for the economic size, natural resource endowments, and possible effects of reverse causality, the trade flow of virtual water is negatively and significantly correlated with the property rights index of the exporting country. Holding other factors constant, one point increase in the property rights index of a country is associated with a 24% - 36% decrease in its virtual water export, whereas a 1% increase in the natural resource protection index of a country is associated with a 16% decrease in its virtual water export. This paper is the first empirical work that tests the relationship between property rights and trade of water-intensive products, offering a new perceptive in the debate of virtual water trade. The findings provide a possible explanation on the paradoxical evidence that some countries with scarce water resources export water-intensive products. The result is important not only in terms of its theoretical relevance, but also its policy implications. As prescribed by the model of trade and property rights, when countries with weaker property rights open to international trade, they are more likely to over-exploit and thus expedite the depletion of natural resources.

Intracellular Copper Does Not Catalyze the Formation of Oxidative DNA Damage in Escherichia coli▿

PubMed Central

Macomber, Lee; Rensing, Christopher; Imlay, James A.

2007-01-01

Because copper catalyzes the conversion of H2O2 to hydroxyl radicals in vitro, it has been proposed that oxidative DNA damage may be an important component of copper toxicity. Elimination of the copper export genes, copA, cueO, and cusCFBA, rendered Escherichia coli sensitive to growth inhibition by copper and provided forcing circumstances in which this hypothesis could be tested. When the cells were grown in medium supplemented with copper, the intracellular copper content increased 20-fold. However, the copper-loaded mutants were actually less sensitive to killing by H2O2 than cells grown without copper supplementation. The kinetics of cell death showed that excessive intracellular copper eliminated iron-mediated oxidative killing without contributing a copper-mediated component. Measurements of mutagenesis and quantitative PCR analysis confirmed that copper decreased the rate at which H2O2 damaged DNA. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping showed that the copper-dependent H2O2 resistance was not caused by inhibition of the Fenton reaction, for copper-supplemented cells exhibited substantial hydroxyl radical formation. However, copper EPR spectroscopy suggested that the majority of H2O2-oxidizable copper is located in the periplasm; therefore, most of the copper-mediated hydroxyl radical formation occurs in this compartment and away from the DNA. Indeed, while E. coli responds to H2O2 stress by inducing iron sequestration proteins, H2O2-stressed cells do not induce proteins that control copper levels. These observations do not explain how copper suppresses iron-mediated damage. However, it is clear that copper does not catalyze significant oxidative DNA damage in vivo; therefore, copper toxicity must occur by a different mechanism. PMID:17189367

Venezuela Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2015-01-01

Venezuela is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of crude oil. The country has been one of the largest exporters of crude oil in the Americas. As a founding member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Venezuela is an important player in the global oil market. Although oil production has declined since its peak in the late 1990s, Venezuela has been among the top exporters of crude oil to the United States have been among the largest in the world. In recent years, through significant upfront investment, an increasing share of Venezuela’s exports has been delivered to China. While Venezuela is important to the global oil market, the government’s reinvestment of oil revenues into social programs instead of reinvestment into exploration, production, and refining has led to declines in output. In 2014, Venezuela consumed 3.3 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) of total energy.1 Oil continues to represent most of the country’s total energy consumed, and natural gas consumption has increased in the past five years. Hydroelectric power meets less than 25% of total demand, and coal represents less than 1%.

A Study of Comparative Advantage and Intra-Industry Trade in the Pharmaceutical Industry of Iran.

PubMed

Yusefzadeh, Hassan; Rezapour, Aziz; Lotfi, Farhad; Ebadifard Azar, Farbod; Nabilo, Bahram; Abolghasem Gorji, Hassan; Hadian, Mohammad; Shahidisadeghi, Niusha; Karami, Atiyeh

2015-04-23

Drug costs in Iran accounts for about 30% of the total health care expenditure. Moreover, pharmaceutical business lies among the world's greatest businesses. The aim of this study was to analyze Iran's comparative advantage and intra-industry trade in pharmaceuticals so that suitable policies can be developed and implemented in order to boost Iran's trade in this field. To identify Iran's comparative advantage in pharmaceuticals, trade specialization, export propensity, import penetration and Balassa and Vollrath indexes were calculated and the results were compared with other pharmaceutical exporting countries. The extent and growth of Iran's intra-industry trade in pharmaceuticals were measured and evaluated using the Grubel-Lloyd and Menon-Dixon indexes. The required data was obtained from Iran's Customs Administration, Iran's pharmaceutical Statistics, World Bank and International Trade Center. The results showed that among pharmaceutical exporting countries, Iran has a high level of comparative disadvantage in pharmaceutical products because it holds a small share in world's total pharmaceutical exports. Also, the low extent of bilateral intra-industry trade between Iran and its trading partners in pharmaceuticals shows the trading model of Iran's pharmaceutical industry is mostly inter-industry trade rather than intra-industry trade. In addition, the growth of Iran's intra-industry trade in pharmaceuticals is due to its shares of imports from pharmaceutical exporting countries to Iran and exports from Iran to its neighboring countries. The results of the analysis can play a valuable role in helping pharmaceutical companies and policy makers to boost pharmaceutical trade.

Y2K and International Agricultural Transportation: Analysis of Export Markets, Import Suppliers, and Major Food Aid Recipient Countries

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1999-09-01

USDA Y2K information assessment of international food transportation modes in : selected foreign countries. The assessment targeted 9 of the top 10 markets for : U.S. Agricultural exports and 7 of the top 8 suppliers of imported food products : to th...

22 CFR 126.1 - Prohibited exports and sales to certain countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... imports of defense articles and defense services, destined for or originating in certain countries. This... security and foreign policy of the United States. Information regarding certain other embargoes appears..., except § 123.17 of this subchapter, do not apply with respect to articles originating in or for export to...

Streptococcus mutans copper chaperone, CopZ, is critical for biofilm formation and competitiveness.

PubMed

Garcia, S S; Du, Q; Wu, H

2016-12-01

The oral cavity is a dynamic environment characterized by hundreds of bacterial species, saliva, and an influx of nutrients and metal ions such as copper. Although there is a physiologic level of copper in the saliva, the oral cavity is often challenged with an influx of copper ions. At high concentrations copper is toxic and must therefore be strictly regulated by pathogens for them to persist and cause disease. The cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans manages excess copper using the copYAZ operon that encodes a negative DNA-binding repressor (CopY), the P1-ATPase copper exporter (CopA), and the copper chaperone (CopZ). These hypothetical roles of the copYAZ operon in regulation and copper transport to receptors led us to investigate their contribution to S. mutans virulence. Mutants defective in the copper chaperone CopZ, but not CopY or CopA, were impaired in biofilm formation and competitiveness against commensal streptococci. Characterization of the CopZ mutant biofilm revealed a decreased secretion of glucosyltransferases and reduced expression of mutacin genes. These data suggest that the function of copZ on biofilm and competitiveness is independent of copper resistance and CopZ is a global regulator for biofilm and other virulence factors. Further characterization of CopZ may lead to the identification of new biofilm pathways. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Health Care Expenditure and GDP in Oil Exporting Countries: Evidence From OPEC Data, 1995-2012.

PubMed

Fazaeli, Ali Akbar; Ghaderi, Hossein; Salehi, Masoud; Fazaeli, Ali Reza

2015-06-11

There is a large body of literature examining income in relation to health expenditures. The share of expenditures in health sector from GDP in developed countries is often larger than in non-developed countries, suggesting that as the level of economic growth increases, health spending increase, too. This paper estimates long-run relationships between health expenditures and GDP based on panel data of a sample of 12 countries of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), using data for the period 1995-2012. We use panel data unit root tests, cointegration analysis and ECM model to find long-run and short-run relation. This study examines whether health is a luxury or a necessity for OPEC countries within a unit root and cointegration framework. Panel data analysis indicates that health expenditures and GDP are co-integrated and have Engle and Granger causality. In addition, in oil countries that have oil export income, the share of government expenditures in the health sector is often greater than in private health expenditures similar developed countries. The findings verify that health care is not a luxury good and income has a robust relationship to health expenditures in OPEC countries.

10 CFR 110.41 - Executive Branch review.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

.... (6) An export involving assistance to end uses related to isotope separation, chemical reprocessing, heavy water production, advanced reactors, or the fabrication of nuclear fuel containing plutonium... equipment to a foreign reactor. (8) An export involving radioactive waste. (9) An export to any country...

Copper Recycling in the United States in 2004

USGS Publications Warehouse

Goonan, Thomas G.

2009-01-01

As one of a series of reports that describe the recycling of metal commodities in the United States, this report discusses the flow of copper from production through distribution and use, with particular emphasis on the recycling of industrial scrap (new scrap1) and used products (old scrap) in the year 2004. This materials flow study includes a description of copper supply and demand for the United States to illustrate the extent of copper recycling and to identify recycling trends. Understanding how materials flow from a source through disposition can aid in improving the management of natural resource delivery systems. In 2004, the U.S. refined copper supply was 2.53 million metric tons (Mt) of refined unalloyed copper. With adjustment for refined copper exports of 127,000 metric tons (t) of copper, the net U.S. refined copper supply was 2.14 Mt of copper. With this net supply and a consumer inventory decrease of 9,000 t of refined copper, 2.42 Mt of refined copper was consumed by U.S. semifabricators (brass mills, wire rod mills, ingot makers, and foundries and others) in 2004. In addition to the 2.42 Mt of refined copper consumed in 2004, U.S. copper semifabricators consumed 853,000 t of copper contained in recycled scrap. Furthermore, 61,000 t of copper contained in scrap was consumed by noncopper alloy makers, for example, steelmakers and aluminum alloy makers. Old scrap recycling efficiency for copper was estimated to be 43 percent of theoretical old scrap supply, the recycling rate for copper was 30 percent of apparent supply, and the new-scrap-to-old-scrap ratio for U.S. copper product production was 3.2 (76:24).

Regulatory aspects of pharmaceuticals' exports in gulf cooperation council countries.

PubMed

Pateriya, S; Janodia, Md; Deshpande, Pb; Ligade, Vs; Talole, Kb; Kulshrestha, T; Kamariya, Y; Musmade, Pb; Udupa, N

2011-04-01

The Gulf cooperation council (GCC) region is considered as "Emerging market" for pharmaceutical export and bilateral trade. The understanding of the regulatory requirements of this region can be beneficial for pharmaceutical export. Some incidents of the year 2008-09, like recession or economic slowdown in highly well-off and regulated market of the EU and US, raised the demand for alternate destinations for business. The regulations of Gulf countries are encouraging the import of quality generic products, which can be good news to the Indian drug manufacturers.

Regulatory Aspects of Pharmaceuticals’ Exports in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries

PubMed Central

Pateriya, S; Janodia, MD; Deshpande, PB; Ligade, VS; Talole, KB; Kulshrestha, T; Kamariya, Y; Musmade, PB; Udupa, N

2011-01-01

The Gulf cooperation council (GCC) region is considered as “Emerging market” for pharmaceutical export and bilateral trade. The understanding of the regulatory requirements of this region can be beneficial for pharmaceutical export. Some incidents of the year 2008-09, like recession or economic slowdown in highly well-off and regulated market of the EU and US, raised the demand for alternate destinations for business. The regulations of Gulf countries are encouraging the import of quality generic products, which can be good news to the Indian drug manufacturers. PMID:21731362

Export-oriented deforestation in Mato Grosso: harbinger or exception for other tropical forests?

PubMed

DeFries, Ruth; Herold, Martin; Verchot, Louis; Macedo, Marcia N; Shimabukuro, Yosio

2013-06-05

The Brazilian state of Mato Grosso was a global deforestation hotspot in the early 2000s. Deforested land is used predominantly to produce meat for distal consumption either through cattle ranching or soya bean for livestock feed. Deforestation declined dramatically in the latter part of the decade through a combination of market forces, policies, enforcement and improved monitoring. This study assesses how representative the national-level drivers underlying Mato Grosso's export-oriented deforestation are in other tropical forest countries based on agricultural exports, commercial agriculture and urbanization. We also assess how pervasive the governance and technical monitoring capacity that enabled Mato Grosso's decline in deforestation is in other countries. We find that between 41 and 54 per cent of 2000-2005 deforestation in tropical forest countries (other than Brazil) occurred in countries with drivers similar to Brazil. Very few countries had national-level governance and capacity similar to Brazil. Results suggest that the ecological, hydrological and social consequences of land-use change for export-oriented agriculture as discussed in this Theme Issue were applicable in about one-third of all tropical forest countries in 2000-2005. However, the feasibility of replicating Mato Grosso's success with controlling deforestation is more limited. Production landscapes to support distal consumption similar to Mato Grosso are likely to become more prevalent and are unlikely to follow a land-use transition model with increasing forest cover.

Export-oriented deforestation in Mato Grosso: harbinger or exception for other tropical forests?

PubMed Central

DeFries, Ruth; Herold, Martin; Verchot, Louis; Macedo, Marcia N.; Shimabukuro, Yosio

2013-01-01

The Brazilian state of Mato Grosso was a global deforestation hotspot in the early 2000s. Deforested land is used predominantly to produce meat for distal consumption either through cattle ranching or soya bean for livestock feed. Deforestation declined dramatically in the latter part of the decade through a combination of market forces, policies, enforcement and improved monitoring. This study assesses how representative the national-level drivers underlying Mato Grosso's export-oriented deforestation are in other tropical forest countries based on agricultural exports, commercial agriculture and urbanization. We also assess how pervasive the governance and technical monitoring capacity that enabled Mato Grosso's decline in deforestation is in other countries. We find that between 41 and 54 per cent of 2000–2005 deforestation in tropical forest countries (other than Brazil) occurred in countries with drivers similar to Brazil. Very few countries had national-level governance and capacity similar to Brazil. Results suggest that the ecological, hydrological and social consequences of land-use change for export-oriented agriculture as discussed in this Theme Issue were applicable in about one-third of all tropical forest countries in 2000–2005. However, the feasibility of replicating Mato Grosso's success with controlling deforestation is more limited. Production landscapes to support distal consumption similar to Mato Grosso are likely to become more prevalent and are unlikely to follow a land-use transition model with increasing forest cover. PMID:23610176

19 CFR 351.408 - Calculation of normal value of merchandise from nonmarket economy countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Calculation of normal value of merchandise from nonmarket economy countries. 351.408 Section 351.408 Customs Duties INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ANTIDUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING DUTIES Calculation of Export Price, Constructed Export Price, Fair Value, and Normal Value §...

22 CFR 201.64 - Application of the price rules to commodities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... purchase price of a commodity exceeds the price in comparable export sales or in comparable domestic sales... addition to the price of the commodity at an internal point in the source country, transportation from that point to the port of export in the source country, and to the extent not already included in the price...

77 FR 72843 - Excelerate Liquefaction Solutions I, LLC; Application for Long-Term Authorization To Export...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-06

... Resources to Non-Free Trade Agreement Countries for a 20-Year Period AGENCY: Office of Fossil Energy, DOE... million metric tons per annum (mtpa) of domestically produced liquefied natural gas (LNG), equivalent to.... law or policy (non-FTA Countries). ELS is requesting this authorization to export LNG both on its own...

Copper-2 Ingestion, Plus Increased Meat Eating Leading to Increased Copper Absorption, Are Major Factors Behind the Current Epidemic of Alzheimer's Disease.

PubMed

Brewer, George J

2015-12-02

It has become clear that copper toxicity is playing a major role in Alzheimer's disease; but why is the brain copper toxicity with cognition loss in Alzheimer's disease so much different clinically than brain copper toxicity in Wilson's disease, which results in a movement disorder? Furthermore, why is the inorganic copper of supplement pills and in drinking water so much more damaging to cognition than the organic copper in food? A recent paper, which shows that almost all food copper is copper-1, that is the copper-2 of foods reverts to the reduced copper-1 form at death or harvest, gives new insight into these questions. The body has an intestinal transport system for copper-1, Ctr1, which channels copper-1 through the liver and into safe channels. Ctr1 cannot absorb copper-2, and some copper-2 bypasses the liver, ends up in the blood quickly, and is toxic to cognition. Humans evolved to handle copper-1 safely, but not copper-2. Alzheimer's is at least in part, a copper-2 toxicity disease, while Wilson's is a general copper overload disease. In this review, we will show that the epidemiology of the Alzheimer's epidemic occurring in developed, but not undeveloped countries, fits with the epidemiology of exposure to copper-2 ingestion leached from copper plumbing and from copper supplement pill ingestion. Increased meat eating in developed countries is also a factor, because it increases copper absorption, and thus over all copper exposure.

Copper-2 Ingestion, Plus Increased Meat Eating Leading to Increased Copper Absorption, Are Major Factors Behind the Current Epidemic of Alzheimer’s Disease

PubMed Central

Brewer, George J.

2015-01-01

It has become clear that copper toxicity is playing a major role in Alzheimer’s disease; but why is the brain copper toxicity with cognition loss in Alzheimer’s disease so much different clinically than brain copper toxicity in Wilson’s disease, which results in a movement disorder? Furthermore, why is the inorganic copper of supplement pills and in drinking water so much more damaging to cognition than the organic copper in food? A recent paper, which shows that almost all food copper is copper-1, that is the copper-2 of foods reverts to the reduced copper-1 form at death or harvest, gives new insight into these questions. The body has an intestinal transport system for copper-1, Ctr1, which channels copper-1 through the liver and into safe channels. Ctr1 cannot absorb copper-2, and some copper-2 bypasses the liver, ends up in the blood quickly, and is toxic to cognition. Humans evolved to handle copper-1 safely, but not copper-2. Alzheimer’s is at least in part, a copper-2 toxicity disease, while Wilson’s is a general copper overload disease. In this review, we will show that the epidemiology of the Alzheimer’s epidemic occurring in developed, but not undeveloped countries, fits with the epidemiology of exposure to copper-2 ingestion leached from copper plumbing and from copper supplement pill ingestion. Increased meat eating in developed countries is also a factor, because it increases copper absorption, and thus over all copper exposure. PMID:26633489

A Study of Comparative Advantage and Intra-Industry Trade in the Pharmaceutical Industry of Iran

PubMed Central

Yusefzadeh, Hassan; Rezapour, Aziz; Lotfi, Farhad; Azar, Farbod Ebadifard; Nabilo, Bahram; Gorji, Hassan Abolghasem; Hadian, Mohammad; Shahidisadeghi, Niusha; Karami, Atiyeh

2015-01-01

Background: Drug costs in Iran accounts for about 30% of the total health care expenditure. Moreover, pharmaceutical business lies among the world’s greatest businesses. The aim of this study was to analyze Iran’s comparative advantage and intra-industry trade in pharmaceuticals so that suitable policies can be developed and implemented in order to boost Iran’s trade in this field. Methods: To identify Iran’s comparative advantage in pharmaceuticals, trade specialization, export propensity, import penetration and Balassa and Vollrath indexes were calculated and the results were compared with other pharmaceutical exporting countries. The extent and growth of Iran’s intra-industry trade in pharmaceuticals were measured and evaluated using the Grubel-Lloyd and Menon-Dixon indexes. The required data was obtained from Iran’s Customs Administration, Iran’s pharmaceutical Statistics, World Bank and International Trade Center. Results: The results showed that among pharmaceutical exporting countries, Iran has a high level of comparative disadvantage in pharmaceutical products because it holds a small share in world’s total pharmaceutical exports. Also, the low extent of bilateral intra-industry trade between Iran and its trading partners in pharmaceuticals shows the trading model of Iran’s pharmaceutical industry is mostly inter-industry trade rather than intra-industry trade. In addition, the growth of Iran’s intra-industry trade in pharmaceuticals is due to its shares of imports from pharmaceutical exporting countries to Iran and exports from Iran to its neighboring countries. Conclusions: The results of the analysis can play a valuable role in helping pharmaceutical companies and policy makers to boost pharmaceutical trade. PMID:26153184

Measuring the globalization of cities from the new regionalism perspective.

PubMed

Ergüzel, Oylum Şehvez; Tunahan, Hakan; Esen, Sinan

2016-01-01

The study aims to analyze the export performance of countries and of cities within them to identify synchronized or unsynchronized movement between them. In the empirical part of the study, the measurements used to analyze the export performance of the countries included in the literature are applied to establish the export performance of a single city-Sakarya, Turkey. These measurements include the Herfindahl-Hirchman product and market concentration indices, the Lawrence index, the trade complementarity index, and the Grubel-Lloyd intra-industry index, as well as additional indicators with local or regional contexts. The limited number of studies analyzing the export competitiveness of a single city with relevant formats in the literature reveal the significance of the study.

Dependent convergence: the importation of technological hazards by semiperipheral countries.

PubMed

Siqueira, C E; Levenstein, C

2000-01-01

This article complements the substantial body of literature produced over the last three decades on the export of hazards from developed countries to developing countries. After reviewing the central arguments proposed by this literature, the authors add to the debate by focusing on the role of national actors in the importation of these hazards, based on the experience of late 1970s' developments in the petrochemical industry in Brazil. The Brazilian case indicates that social struggles and/or interactions among actors in developing and developed nations determine to what extent hazardous technologies are imported without environmental controls and to what extent their hazardous effects are controlled by these nations. This study suggests that the future development of a more inclusive theory of export-import of hazardous technologies and products should take into account the dialectical relationship established between social actors internal to the exporting and importing countries.

Export Controls: Observations on Selected Countries’ Systems and Proposed Treaties

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-05-01

suspected violators of arms Investigates suspected criminal viol including potential export control v and dual-use export control lawse Source: GAO...those that present a strategic military conc substances, biological agents , and related items that could be used in the producti chemical and

7 CFR 1530.109 - Reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AGRICULTURE THE REFINED SUGAR RE-EXPORT PROGRAM, THE SUGAR CONTAINING PRODUCTS RE-EXPORT PROGRAM, AND THE... transaction; (2) The date of the entry, transfer (only a refiner shall report transfers to the Licensing... license number; (5) The country of origin (entry of raw sugar) or final destination (refined exports...

7 CFR 1530.109 - Reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AGRICULTURE THE REFINED SUGAR RE-EXPORT PROGRAM, THE SUGAR CONTAINING PRODUCTS RE-EXPORT PROGRAM, AND THE... transaction; (2) The date of the entry, transfer (only a refiner shall report transfers to the Licensing... license number; (5) The country of origin (entry of raw sugar) or final destination (refined exports...

7 CFR 1530.109 - Reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AGRICULTURE THE REFINED SUGAR RE-EXPORT PROGRAM, THE SUGAR CONTAINING PRODUCTS RE-EXPORT PROGRAM, AND THE... transaction; (2) The date of the entry, transfer (only a refiner shall report transfers to the Licensing... license number; (5) The country of origin (entry of raw sugar) or final destination (refined exports...

7 CFR 1530.109 - Reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AGRICULTURE THE REFINED SUGAR RE-EXPORT PROGRAM, THE SUGAR CONTAINING PRODUCTS RE-EXPORT PROGRAM, AND THE... transaction; (2) The date of the entry, transfer (only a refiner shall report transfers to the Licensing... license number; (5) The country of origin (entry of raw sugar) or final destination (refined exports...

7 CFR 1530.109 - Reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AGRICULTURE THE REFINED SUGAR RE-EXPORT PROGRAM, THE SUGAR CONTAINING PRODUCTS RE-EXPORT PROGRAM, AND THE... transaction; (2) The date of the entry, transfer (only a refiner shall report transfers to the Licensing... license number; (5) The country of origin (entry of raw sugar) or final destination (refined exports...

75 FR 48933 - 2010 Russian Export Certification for Fishery Products

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-12

... Establishments and approved by Rosselkhoznadzor for export of seafood products to Russia. The Seafood Inspection... the Russian Federation in the absence of an agreement between the exporting country and Russia...) officials met with representatives of Russia's Rosselkhoznadzor. The U.S. delegation clarified that FDA is...

Some implications of changing patterns of mineral consumption

USGS Publications Warehouse

Menzie, W. David; DeYoung,, John H.; Steblez, Walter G.

2003-01-01

DeYoung and Menzie (1999) examined the relations among population, Gross Domestic Product, and mineral consumption (aluminum, cement, copper, and salt) for Japan, Korea, and the United States between 1965 and 1995. They noted the extremely rapid growth of consumption in Korea between 1975 and 1995. Concomitantly, Korea's population growth rate declined. This paper extends that earlier work by examining patterns of consumption of these same commodities in the twenty most populous countries for the period 1970 through 1995. Developed countries, such as France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, show patterns of consumption that are stable (cement, copper, and salt) or grow slowly (aluminum). Some developing countries, including China, Thailand, and Turkey, show more rapid growth of consumption, especially of cement, copper, and aluminum. These changing patterns of mineral consumption in developing countries have important implications -- if they continue, there could be major increases in world mineral consumption and major increases in environmental residuals from mineral production and use. If China reaches the level of consumption of copper of developed countries, world consumption could reach levels more than twice that of 1995 (10.5 million tons).

International energy trade impacts on water resource crises: an embodied water flows perspective

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, J. C.; Zhong, R.; Zhao, P.; Zhang, H. W.; Wang, Y.; Mao, G. Z.

2016-07-01

Water and energy are coupled in intimate ways (Siddiqi and Anadon 2011 Energy Policy 39 4529-40), which is amplified by international energy trade. The study shows that the total volume of energy related international embodied water flows averaged 6298 Mm3 yr-1 from 1992-2010, which represents 10% of the water used for energy production including oil, coal, gas and electricity production. This study calculates embodied water import and export status of 219 countries from 1992 to 2010 and embodied water flow changes of seven regions over time (1992/2000/2010). In addition, the embodied water net export risk-crisis index and net embodied water import benefit index are established. According to the index system, 33 countries export vast amounts of water who have a water shortage, which causes water risk and crisis related to energy trade. While 29 countries abate this risk due to their rich water resource, 45 countries import embodied water linked to energy imports. Based on the different status of countries studied, the countries were classified into six groups with different policy recommendations.

Architecture of the global land acquisition system: applying the tools of network science to identify key vulnerabilities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seaquist, J. W.; Li Johansson, Emma; Nicholas, Kimberly A.

2014-11-01

Global land acquisitions, often dubbed ‘land grabbing’ are increasingly becoming drivers of land change. We use the tools of network science to describe the connectivity of the global acquisition system. We find that 126 countries participate in this form of global land trade. Importers are concentrated in the Global North, the emerging economies of Asia, and the Middle East, while exporters are confined to the Global South and Eastern Europe. A small handful of countries account for the majority of land acquisitions (particularly China, the UK, and the US), the cumulative distribution of which is best described by a power law. We also find that countries with many land trading partners play a disproportionately central role in providing connectivity across the network with the shortest trading path between any two countries traversing either China, the US, or the UK over a third of the time. The land acquisition network is characterized by very few trading cliques and therefore characterized by a low degree of preferential trading or regionalization. We also show that countries with many export partners trade land with countries with few import partners, and vice versa, meaning that less developed countries have a large array of export partnerships with developed countries, but very few import partnerships (dissassortative relationship). Finally, we find that the structure of the network is potentially prone to propagating crises (e.g., if importing countries become dependent on crops exported from their land trading partners). This network analysis approach can be used to quantitatively analyze and understand telecoupled systems as well as to anticipate and diagnose the potential effects of telecoupling.

Health Care Expenditure and GDP in Oil Exporting Countries: Evidence from OPEC Data, 1995-2012

PubMed Central

Fazaeli, Ali Akbar; Ghaderi, Hossein; Salehi, Masoud; Fazaeli, Ali Reza

2016-01-01

Background: There is a large body of literature examining income in relation to health expenditures. The share of expenditures in health sector from GDP in developed countries is often larger than in non-developed countries, suggesting that as the level of economic growth increases, health spending increase, too. Objectives: This paper estimates long-run relationships between health expenditures and GDP based on panel data of a sample of 12 countries of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), using data for the period 1995-2012. Patients & Methods: We use panel data unit root tests, cointegration analysis and ECM model to find long-run and short-run relation. This study examines whether health is a luxury or a necessity for OPEC countries within a unit root and cointegration framework. Results: Panel data analysis indicates that health expenditures and GDP are co-integrated and have Engle and Granger causality. In addition, in oil countries that have oil export income, the share of government expenditures in the health sector is often greater than in private health expenditures similar developed countries. Conclusions: The findings verify that health care is not a luxury good and income has a robust relationship to health expenditures in OPEC countries. PMID:26383195

75 FR 36481 - Encryption Export Controls: Revision of License Exception ENC and Mass Market Eligibility...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-25

... Eligibility for Most Encryption Technology, to Non-``Government End-Users'' Outside Country Group D:1 or E:1.... Encryption Export Controls: Revision of License Exception ENC and Mass Market Eligibility, Submission... Export Controls: Revision of License Exception ENC and Mass Market Eligibility, Submission Procedures...

United States, 2007 : exports : 2007 Economic Census : transportation : 2007 commodity flow survey

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-08-01

For the purposes of this report, an export is considered a shipment from any of the 50 states and the District of Columbia to a foreign country. Shipments to U.S. possessions and territories are also treated as exports. We asked the respondent to rep...

22 CFR 123.15 - Congressional certification pursuant to Section 36(c) of the Arms Export Control Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), or Australia, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, or the Republic of Korea that does not authorize a new sales territory; or (2) A license for export to a country that is a member country of NATO, or Australia, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, or the Republic of Korea...

Energy Security Strategies: An Analysis of Tanzania and Mozambique

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-01

prioritizes domestic consumption or export of energy resources. The strategy a government chooses affects the overall energy security of that country...This thesis seeks to explain why countries pursue energy strategies that focus on domestic consumption of indigenous energy resources instead of...energy strategy that either prioritizes domestic consumption or export of energy resources. The strategy a government chooses affects the overall

26 CFR 1.863-1 - Allocation of gross income under section 863(a).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... pipeline to the export terminal in country Y, refines the oil in the United States, and sells the refined... export terminal in country Y is $80, and that US Oil ultimately sells the refined product for $100. Under... inclusion income and net losses. An excess inclusion (as defined in section 860E(c)) shall be treated as...

26 CFR 1.863-1 - Allocation of gross income under section 863(a).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... pipeline to the export terminal in country Y, refines the oil in the United States, and sells the refined... export terminal in country Y is $80, and that US Oil ultimately sells the refined product for $100. Under... inclusion income and net losses. An excess inclusion (as defined in section 860E(c)) shall be treated as...

26 CFR 1.863-1 - Allocation of gross income under section 863(a).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... pipeline to the export terminal in country Y, refines the oil in the United States, and sells the refined... export terminal in country Y is $80, and that US Oil ultimately sells the refined product for $100. Under... inclusion income and net losses. An excess inclusion (as defined in section 860E(c)) shall be treated as...

26 CFR 1.863-1 - Allocation of gross income under section 863(a).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... pipeline to the export terminal in country Y, refines the oil in the United States, and sells the refined... export terminal in country Y is $80, and that US Oil ultimately sells the refined product for $100. Under... inclusion income and net losses. An excess inclusion (as defined in section 860E(c)) shall be treated as...

Use of migrants' remittances in labor-exporting countries.

PubMed

Chandavarkar, A G

1980-06-01

For many developing countries, migrant workers' remittances comprise a substantial proportion of foreign exchange earnings. The most important macroeconomic requisite for inducing remittances through official channels is a realistic single rate of exchange for the currency of the labor exporting country. Convenient facilities for holding remittances in approved foreign currency accounts with banks in the country of origin are another useful incentive for attracting migrants' funds. In addition, policies must be formulated to ensure the optimal use, sectoral and regional, of cash remittances. There is a choice between consumption, saving, and investment. Generally, remittances have contributed little to the longterm development potential of most labor exporting countries. This reflects the lack of a coherent policy to mobilize the savings from remittances into productive investment. The 1st priority, given the lack of financial and managerial skills in many migrant households, is the creation of a specialized institution or specialized units within existing banks for remittances. It is important as well to ensure that remittances are utilized to inculcate a savings psychology among recipients. This can be achieved through the creation of contractual savings schemes and the linkage of savings to credit facilities. Such measures are contingent upon an adequate spread of banking facilities in rural areas and the development of an appropriate intermediate financial technology in the labor exporting countries. Institutional banking will have to adapt lending procedures to the viability of projects rather than to the availability of collateral. Advantageous interest rates in rural areas are also necessary to redress the urban bias of the financial system in developing countries.

Urinary Copper Elevation in a Mouse Model of Wilson's Disease Is a Regulated Process to Specifically Decrease the Hepatic Copper Load

PubMed Central

Gray, Lawrence W.; Peng, Fangyu; Molloy, Shannon A.; Pendyala, Venkata S.; Muchenditsi, Abigael; Muzik, Otto; Lee, Jaekwon; Kaplan, Jack H.; Lutsenko, Svetlana

2012-01-01

Body copper homeostasis is regulated by the liver, which removes excess copper via bile. In Wilson's disease (WD), this function is disrupted due to inactivation of the copper transporter ATP7B resulting in hepatic copper overload. High urinary copper is a diagnostic feature of WD linked to liver malfunction; the mechanism behind urinary copper elevation is not fully understood. Using Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT) imaging of live Atp7b−/− mice at different stages of disease, a longitudinal metal analysis, and characterization of copper-binding molecules, we show that urinary copper elevation is a specific regulatory process mediated by distinct molecules. PET-CT and atomic absorption spectroscopy directly demonstrate an age-dependent decrease in the capacity of Atp7b−/− livers to accumulate copper, concomitant with an increase in urinary copper. This reciprocal relationship is specific for copper, indicating that cell necrosis is not the primary cause for the initial phase of metal elevation in the urine. Instead, the urinary copper increase is associated with the down-regulation of the copper-transporter Ctr1 in the liver and appearance of a 2 kDa Small Copper Carrier, SCC, in the urine. SCC is also elevated in the urine of the liver-specific Ctr1 −/− knockouts, which have normal ATP7B function, suggesting that SCC is a normal metabolite carrying copper in the serum. In agreement with this hypothesis, partially purified SCC-Cu competes with free copper for uptake by Ctr1. Thus, hepatic down-regulation of Ctr1 allows switching to an SCC-mediated removal of copper via kidney when liver function is impaired. These results demonstrate that the body regulates copper export through more than one mechanism; better understanding of urinary copper excretion may contribute to an improved diagnosis and monitoring of WD. PMID:22802922

Hierarchical time series bottom-up approach for forecast the export value in Central Java

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mahkya, D. A.; Ulama, B. S.; Suhartono

2017-10-01

The purpose of this study is Getting the best modeling and predicting the export value of Central Java using a Hierarchical Time Series. The export value is one variable injection in the economy of a country, meaning that if the export value of the country increases, the country’s economy will increase even more. Therefore, it is necessary appropriate modeling to predict the export value especially in Central Java. Export Value in Central Java are grouped into 21 commodities with each commodity has a different pattern. One approach that can be used time series is a hierarchical approach. Hierarchical Time Series is used Buttom-up. To Forecast the individual series at all levels using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN), and Hybrid ARIMA-RBFNN. For the selection of the best models used Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (sMAPE). Results of the analysis showed that for the Export Value of Central Java, Bottom-up approach with Hybrid ARIMA-RBFNN modeling can be used for long-term predictions. As for the short and medium-term predictions, it can be used a bottom-up approach RBFNN modeling. Overall bottom-up approach with RBFNN modeling give the best result.

USSR Report, International Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-05-16

25 Countries January—December 1984 1985 Malaysia Mongolian People’s Republic Nepal Pakistan Saudi Arabia Singapore Syria Turnover Export...mutual deliveries of machinery, equipment and other goods, increase of their export to third countries’ markets the Parties shall facilitate the further...physical or juridical persons on the basis of this Agreement, shall be established on the basis of world prices of the main markets for corresponding goods

Origin, imports and exports of HIV-1 subtype C in South Africa: A historical perspective.

PubMed

Wilkinson, Eduan; Rasmussen, David; Ratmann, Oliver; Stadler, Tanja; Engelbrecht, Susan; de Oliveira, Tulio

2016-12-01

While the HIV epidemic in South Africa had a later onset than epidemics in other southern African countries, prevalence grew rapidly during the 1990's when the country was going through socio-political changes with the end of Apartheid. South Africa currently has the largest number of people living with HIV in the world and the epidemic is dominated by a unique subtype, HIV-1 subtype C. This large epidemic is also characterized by high level of genetic diversity. We hypothesize that this diversity is due to multiple introductions of the virus during the period of change. In this paper, we apply novel phylogeographic methods to estimate the number of viral imports and exports from the start of the epidemic to the present. We assembled 11,289 unique subtype C pol sequences from southern Africa. These represent one of the largest sequence datasets ever analyzed in the region. Sequences were stratified based on country of sampling and levels of genetic diversity were estimated for each country. Sequences were aligned and a maximum-likelihood evolutionary tree was inferred. Least-Squares Dating was then used to obtain a dated phylogeny from which we estimated the number of introductions into and exports out of South Africa using parsimony-based ancestral location reconstructions. Our results identified 189 viral introductions into South Africa with the largest number of introductions attributed to Zambia (n=109), Botswana (n=32), Malawi (n=26) and Zimbabwe (n=13). South Africa also exported many viral lineages to its neighbours. The bulk viral imports and exports appear to have occurred between 1985 and 2000, coincident with the period of socio-political transition. The high level of subtype C genetic diversity in South Africa is related to multiple introductions of the virus to the country. While the number of viral imports and exports we identified was highly sensitive to the number of samples included from each country, they mostly clustered around the period of rapid political and socio-economic change in South Africa. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.

27 CFR 44.202 - To officers of the armed forces for subsequent exportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... forces for subsequent exportation. 44.202 Section 44.202 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL... Proprietors Notice of Removal of Shipment § 44.202 To officers of the armed forces for subsequent exportation... for delivery to officers of the armed forces of the United States in this country for subsequent...

27 CFR 44.191 - To officers of the armed forces for subsequent exportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... forces for subsequent exportation. 44.191 Section 44.191 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL... Proprietors Consignment of Shipment § 44.191 To officers of the armed forces for subsequent exportation. Where... delivery to officers of the armed forces of the United States in this country for subsequent shipment to...

27 CFR 44.258 - To officers of the armed forces for subsequent exportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... forces for subsequent exportation. 44.258 Section 44.258 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL... forces for subsequent exportation. Where cigars are withdrawn from a customs warehouse for delivery to officers of the armed forces of the United States in this country for subsequent shipment to, and use by...

27 CFR 44.258 - To officers of the armed forces for subsequent exportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... forces for subsequent exportation. 44.258 Section 44.258 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL... forces for subsequent exportation. Where cigars are withdrawn from a customs warehouse for delivery to officers of the armed forces of the United States in this country for subsequent shipment to, and use by...

27 CFR 44.202 - To officers of the armed forces for subsequent exportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... forces for subsequent exportation. 44.202 Section 44.202 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL... Proprietors Notice of Removal of Shipment § 44.202 To officers of the armed forces for subsequent exportation... for delivery to officers of the armed forces of the United States in this country for subsequent...

27 CFR 44.191 - To officers of the armed forces for subsequent exportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... forces for subsequent exportation. 44.191 Section 44.191 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL... Proprietors Consignment of Shipment § 44.191 To officers of the armed forces for subsequent exportation. Where... delivery to officers of the armed forces of the United States in this country for subsequent shipment to...

7 CFR 355.23 - Recordkeeping, access, and reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... business as an importer, exporter, or reexporter of terrestrial plants listed in 50 CFR part 17 or part 23...; the country or place of origin of the plants; the date and place of importation, exportation, or... proceeding under the Act or this part. (c) Any person engaged in business as an importer, exporter, or...

Global Research in an Age of Export Controls

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Monastersky, Richard

2008-01-01

When a jury convicted a Tennessee professor this month of illegally exporting information to foreign countries via his graduate students and a trip to China, it sent a message to colleges that they need to scrupulously monitor their faculty members' research and their compliance with the often confusing universe of export-control regulations. In…

76 FR 52935 - President's Export Council, Subcommittee on Export Administration; Notice of Open Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-24

... with all countries with which the United States has diplomatic or trading relations and of controlling... and Vice Chair. 2. Export Control Reform Update. 3. Presentation of Papers or Comments by the Public. 4. Review of Field Hearing. 5. Status of 2011 Workplan. 6. Discussion of 2012 Workplan. 7...

Metal Dyshomeostasis and Inflammation in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases: Possible Impact of Environmental Exposures

PubMed Central

Myhre, Oddvar; Utkilen, Hans; Duale, Nur; Brunborg, Gunnar; Hofer, Tim

2013-01-01

A dysregulated metal homeostasis is associated with both Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases; AD patients have decreased cortex and elevated serum copper levels along with extracellular amyloid-beta plaques containing copper, iron, and zinc. For AD, a putative hepcidin-mediated lowering of cortex copper mechanism is suggested. An age-related mild chronic inflammation and/or elevated intracellular iron can trigger hepcidin production followed by its binding to ferroportin which is the only neuronal iron exporter, thereby subjecting it to lysosomal degradation. Subsequently raised neuronal iron levels can induce translation of the ferroportin assisting and copper binding amyloid precursor protein (APP); constitutive APP transmembrane passage lowers the copper pool which is important for many enzymes. Using in silico gene expression analyses, we here show significantly decreased expression of copper-dependent enzymes in AD brain and metallothioneins were upregulated in both diseases. Although few AD exposure risk factors are known, AD-related tauopathies can result from cyanobacterial microcystin and β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) intake. Several environmental exposures may represent risk factors for PD; for this disease neurodegeneration is likely to involve mitochondrial dysfunction, microglial activation, and neuroinflammation. Administration of metal chelators and anti-inflammatory agents could affect disease outcomes. PMID:23710288

78 FR 61949 - Order Relating to Afshin (“Sean”) Naghibi

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-08

... the conspiracy was to bring about the export of ultrasound equipment and related accessories, items... Raytec SA (``Raytec''), to ship ultrasound units for UMI to Taban Saar in Iran for a small commission... them with the following text. `The coppers bvba [sic] sell all ultrasound machines to the belgium [sic...

[Nutritive value of daily food rations reproduced in different regions of the country. IV. Copper, zinc and manganese levels].

PubMed

Rutkowska, U; Wojtasik, A; Iwanow, K; Kunachowicz, H

1991-01-01

The content of copper, zinc and manganese in daily diets reconstructed in the laboratory in 1988 on the basis of data on the yearly food consumption in 1986 of two social groups (manual and mental workers) with medium income was determined. The diets were prepared for four regions of the country (Warszawa, Lublin, Poznań, Wrocław). It was found out that the content of copper and zinc in the diets in 1986 and the realisation of recommended dietary allowances for these minerals were lower than in 1973, 1980 and 1981. The degree of realization of the recommended intake of zinc and copper in diets from 1986 was on average 67% and 45% respectively. The content of manganese in the diets was in the range of recommendation. The content of microminerals in the diets was usually similar in the all studied regions of the country.

Colombia Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2016-01-01

Colombia is South America's largest coal producer, and the region's third-largest oil producer after Venezuela and Brazil. In 2015, Colombia was the world's fifth-largest coal exporter. The country is also a significant oil exporter, ranking as the fifth-largest crude oil exporter to the United States in 2015. A series of regulatory reforms enacted in 2003 makes the oil and natural gas sector more attractive to foreign investors led to an increase in Colombian oil and natural gas production. The Colombian government implemented a partial privatization of state oil company Ecopetrol (formerly known as Empresa Colombiana de Petróleos S.A.) in an attempt to revive its upstream oil industry.

The Copper Homeostasis Transcription Factor CopR Is Involved in H2O2 Stress in Lactobacillus plantarum CAUH2

PubMed Central

Yang, Yang; Yin, Jia; Liu, Jie; Xu, Qi; Lan, Tian; Ren, Fazheng; Hao, Yanling

2017-01-01

Transcriptional factors (TFs) play important roles in the responses to oxidative, acid, and other environmental stresses in Gram-positive bacteria, but the regulatory mechanism of TFs involved in oxidative stress remains unknown in lactic acid bacteria. In the present work, homologous overexpression strains with 43 TFs were constructed in the Lactobacillus plantarum CAUH2 parent strain. The strain overexpressing CopR displayed the highest sensitivity and a 110-fold decrease in survival rate under H2O2 challenge. The importance of CopR in the response to H2O2 stress was further confirmed by a 10.8-fold increase in the survival of a copR insertion mutant. In silico analysis of the genes flanking copR revealed putative CopR-binding “cop box” sequences in the promoter region of the adjacent gene copB encoding a Cu2+-exporting ATPase. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) analysis demonstrated the specific binding of CopR with copB in vitro, suggesting copB is a target gene of CopR in L. plantarum. The role of CopB involved in oxidative stress was verified by the significantly decreased survival in the copB mutant. Furthermore, a growth defect in copper-containing medium demonstrated that CopB functions as an export ATPase for copper ions. Furthermore, EMSAs revealed that CopR functions as a regulator that negatively regulates copB gene and Cu2+ serves as inducer of CopR to activate the expression of CopB in response to H2O2 stress in L. plantarum CAUH2. Our findings indicated that CopR plays an important role in enhancing oxidative resistance by regulating copB to modulate copper homeostasis. PMID:29089937

Quantifying export flows of used electronics: advanced methods to resolve used goods within trade data.

PubMed

Duan, Huabo; Miller, T Reed; Gregory, Jeremy; Kirchain, Randolph

2014-03-18

There is limited convincing quantitative data on the export of used electronics from the United States (U.S.). Thus, we advance a methodology to quantify the export flows of whole units of used electronics from the U.S. using detailed export trade data, and demonstrate the methodology using laptops. Since used electronics are not explicitly identified in export trade data, we hypothesize that exports with a low unit value below a used-new threshold specific to a destination world region are used. The importance of using the most disaggregated trade data set available when resolving used and new goods is illustrated. Two detailed U.S. export trade data sets were combined to arrive at quantities and unit values for each port, mode of transport, month, trade partner country, and trade code. We add rigor to the determination of the used-new threshold by utilizing both the Neighborhood valley-emphasis method (NVEM) and published sales prices. This analysis found that 748 to 1199 thousand units of used laptops were exported from the U.S. in 2010, of which 78-81% are destined for non-OECD countries. Asia was found to be the largest destination of used laptop exports across all used-new threshold methods. Latin American and the Caribbean was the second largest recipient of these exports. North America and Europe also received used laptops from the U.S. Only a small fraction of used laptops was exported to Africa. However, these quantities are lower bound estimates because not all shipments of used laptops may be shipped using the proper laptop trade code. Still, this approach has the potential to give insight into the quantity and destinations of the exports if applied to all used electronics product types across a series of years.

Unexpected role of the copper transporter ATP7A in PDGF-induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration.

PubMed

Ashino, Takashi; Sudhahar, Varadarajan; Urao, Norifumi; Oshikawa, Jin; Chen, Gin-Fu; Wang, Huan; Huo, Yuqing; Finney, Lydia; Vogt, Stefan; McKinney, Ronald D; Maryon, Edward B; Kaplan, Jack H; Ushio-Fukai, Masuko; Fukai, Tohru

2010-09-17

Copper, an essential nutrient, has been implicated in vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis with unknown mechanism. Bioavailability of intracellular copper is regulated not only by the copper importer CTR1 (copper transporter 1) but also by the copper exporter ATP7A (Menkes ATPase), whose function is achieved through copper-dependent translocation from trans-Golgi network (TGN). Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) promotes vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration, a key component of neointimal formation. To determine the role of copper transporter ATP7A in PDGF-induced VSMC migration. Depletion of ATP7A inhibited VSMC migration in response to PDGF or wound scratch in a CTR1/copper-dependent manner. PDGF stimulation promoted ATP7A translocation from the TGN to lipid rafts, which localized at the leading edge, where it colocalized with PDGF receptor and Rac1, in migrating VSMCs. Mechanistically, ATP7A small interfering RNA or CTR small interfering RNA prevented PDGF-induced Rac1 translocation to the leading edge, thereby inhibiting lamellipodia formation. In addition, ATP7A depletion prevented a PDGF-induced decrease in copper level and secretory copper enzyme precursor prolysyl oxidase (Pro-LOX) in lipid raft fraction, as well as PDGF-induced increase in LOX activity. In vivo, ATP7A expression was markedly increased and copper accumulation was observed by synchrotron-based x-ray fluorescence microscopy at neointimal VSMCs in wire injury model. These findings suggest that ATP7A plays an important role in copper-dependent PDGF-stimulated VSMC migration via recruiting Rac1 to lipid rafts at the leading edge, as well as regulating LOX activity. This may contribute to neointimal formation after vascular injury. Our findings provide insight into ATP7A as a novel therapeutic target for vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis.

Copper in soil fractions and runoff in a vineyard catchment: Insights from copper stable isotopes.

PubMed

Babcsányi, Izabella; Chabaux, François; Granet, Mathieu; Meite, Fatima; Payraudeau, Sylvain; Duplay, Joëlle; Imfeld, Gwenaël

2016-07-01

Understanding the fate of copper (Cu) fungicides in vineyard soils and catchments is a prerequisite to limit the off-site impact of Cu. Using Cu stable isotopes, Cu retention in soils and runoff transport was investigated in relation to the use of Cu fungicides and the hydrological conditions in a vineyard catchment (Rouffach, Haut-Rhin, France; mean slope: 15%). The δ(65)Cu values of the bulk vineyard soil varied moderately through the depth of the soil profiles (-0.12 to 0.24‰±0.08‰). The values were in the range of those of the fungicides (-0.21 to 0.11‰) and included the geogenic δ(65)Cu value of the untreated soil (0.08‰). However, δ(65)Cu values significantly differed between particle-size soil fractions (-0.37±0.10‰ in fine clays and 0.23±0.07‰ in silt). Together with the soil mineralogy, the results suggested Cu isotope fractionation primarily associated with the clay and fine clay fractions that include both SOM and mineral phases. The vegetation did not affect the Cu isotope patterns in the vineyard soils. Cu export by runoff from the catchment accounted for 1% of the applied Cu mass from 11th May to 20(th) July 2011, covering most of the Cu use period. 84% of the exported Cu mass was Cu bound to suspended particulate matter (SPM). The runoff displayed δ(65)Cu values from 0.52 to 1.35‰ in the dissolved phase (<0.45μm) compared to -0.34 to -0.02‰ in the SPM phase, indicating that clay and fine clay fractions were the main vectors of SPM-bound Cu in runoff. Overall, this study shows that Cu stable isotopes may allow identifying the Cu distribution in the soil fractions and their contribution to Cu export in runoff from Cu-contaminated catchments. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Impacts of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on the wheat market: A global dynamic analysis.

PubMed

Gutierrez, Luciano

2017-01-01

Although the widespread influence of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) occurrences on crop yields of the main agricultural commodities is well known, the global socio-economic consequences of ENSO still remain uncertain. Given the global importance of wheat for global consumption by providing 20% of global calories and nourishment, the monitoring and prediction of ENSO-induced variations in the worldwide wheat market are essential for allowing national governments to manage the associated risks and to ensure the supplies of wheat for consumers, including the underprivileged. To this end, we propose a global dynamic model for the analysis of ENSO impacts on wheat yield anomalies, export prices, exports and stock-to-use ratios. Our framework focuses on seven countries/regions: the six main wheat-exporting countries-the United States, Argentina, Australia, Canada, the EU, and the group of the main Black Sea export countries, i.e. Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan-plus the rest of the world. The study shows that La Niña exerts, on average, a stronger and negative impact on wheat yield anomalies, exports and stock-to-use ratios than El Niño. In contrast, wheat export prices are positively related to La Niña occurrences evidencing, once again, its steady impact in both the short and long run. Our findings emphasize the importance of the two ENSO extreme phases for the worldwide wheat market.

31 CFR 542.526 - Exportation of services related to conferences in the United States or third countries authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... authorized. (a) The exportation, reexportation, sale, or supply of services from the United States or by a U... from the prohibitions of this part, the exportation, reexportation, sale, or supply of services...), is authorized, provided that the conference or other similar event is not tailored in whole or in...

10 CFR 75.45 - Content of advance notification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... information is being supplied under § 75.43. (b) The notifications required with respect to export and import... export license issued pursuant to part 110 of this chapter, or origin of import (by country and, if known... (for exports) or in the United States (for imports). [45 FR 50711, July 31, 1980, as amended at 73 FR...

10 CFR 75.45 - Content of advance notification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... information is being supplied under § 75.43. (b) The notifications required with respect to export and import... export license issued pursuant to part 110 of this chapter, or origin of import (by country and, if known... (for exports) or in the United States (for imports). [45 FR 50711, July 31, 1980, as amended at 73 FR...

ECOWAS and Lome,

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-01

purpose of exporting cash crops but which generally did not cross colonial frontiers, and preferential trading systems and banking arrange- ments which...divide through cooperation in specific functional organisations--the Cocoa Producers Alliance (founded 1962), the African Groundnut Council (1964), the...arrangements essentially allowed EEC exports privileged access to Associates’ markets vis-a-vis the exports of all other countries, including the neighboring

The production and exportation of artemisinin-derived drugs in China: current status and existing challenges.

PubMed

Huang, Yangmu; Li, Hui; Peng, Danlu; Wang, Yu; Ren, Qiaomeng; Guo, Yan

2016-07-15

As the discoverer and a major manufacturer of artemisinin, China has made valuable contributions to malaria control and the global market of artemisinin-derived drugs. This study aims to explore the production and export status of artemisinin-derived drugs in China during 2011 and 2014 to provide a clear understanding of China's participation in this field and also to provide guidance for its future role on global malaria control. Production and exportation data were obtained from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) database of the People's Republic China and monthly reports of the General Administration of Customs of China, respectively. The production volume, export volume, export value, and export area of artemisinin and its derivatives (artemether, artesunate, dihydroartemisinin), including both active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and finished pharmaceutical products (FPPs), were descripted and analysed by Microsoft Excel. Between 2011 and 2013, the total production volume of artemisinin-derived APIs and FPPs reached 543.41 metric tons (MT) and 14.79 MT, respectively. The total export value and volume of artemisinin-derived APIs during 2012 and 2014 was US$ 211.39 million and 338.53 MT; the total export value and volume of FPPs was US$ 227.17 million and 4401.44 MT. Compared with the sharply decreasing trend of API exports each year, the export value of FPPs kept at a more stable level, with 14.66 % increase in 2013 and 5.31 % decrease in 2014. As for exportation areas, India was the largest purchaser of APIs, accounting for nearly a half of the total amount, while FPPs mainly exported to African countries. Exports of artemisinin derivatives for China have been transforming from API-dominated to FPP-dominated. However, the exportation of artemisinin-derived drugs in China still face the challenges of small market share in the global FPP market and indirect sale of FPPs through a third country due to the deficiency in obtaining relevant certification into global market.

Fate and forms of Cu in a reservoir ecosystem following copper sulfate treatment (Saint Germain les Belles, France)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van Hullebusch, E.; Chatenet, P.; Deluchat, V.; Chazal, P. M.; Froissard, D.; Lens, P. N. L.; Baudu, M.

2003-05-01

Copper sulfate (CuSO4) addition to freshwater for phytoplankton control has been practiced for decades, and remains the most effective algicidal treatment for numerous managed water bodies. A reservoir in the centre of France was the site for an investigation of copper distribution in aquatic systems after a copper sulfate treatment Results of copper monitoring showed a rapid conversion of dissolved Cu to particulate forms, with significant accumulation in the sediments/83% of total copper added). Total sediment Cu content increasedfrom approximately 37.7 to 45.4 μg.g^{-1} dry weight after the first treatment. Sequential extraction suggested that a significanl portion of the sediment-borne Cu was associated with the organic fraction which may release Cu to the water column, although significant release would occur only under extreme changes in water chemistry. Based upon measured Cu concentrations, flows at the down-stream water, and known mass applied during treatment, mass balance calculations indicated that approximately 17% of the Cu was exported from the reservoir over a 70 day period following a 196 μg.L^{-l} Cu^{2+} (as CuSO4, 5 H2O) treatment. The largest amount of copper was probably adsorbed on downstream sediment or lost in running water, Copper bioaccumulation by a moss, Fontinalis antipyretica, in the down-stream water showed that it was possible to distinguish between a treated and an untreated area. The impact of copper treatment in the down-stream reservoir could be followed using mosses. The bioaccumulation data further showed that there is a distance effect which could be exploited to determine potential copper impact on receiving water bodies. Thirty days after copper sulfate addition, Fontinalis still indicated copper exposure.

27 CFR 28.43 - Evidence of exportation and lading for use on vessels and aircraft: beer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... and lading for use on vessels and aircraft: beer. 28.43 Section 28.43 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and... lading for use on vessels and aircraft: beer. (a) Exportation. The exportation of beer to a foreign... certificate issued by an official of the country or possession where the beer has actually landed; or (6) Any...

Canada Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2015-01-01

Canada is a net exporter of most energy commodities and a significant producer of crude oil and other liquids from oil sands, natural gas, and hydroelectricity. Energy exports to the United States account for the vast majority of Canada's total energy exports. However, because of economic and other considerations, Canada is developing ways to diversify its trading partners, especially by expanding ties with emerging markets in Asia.

19 CFR 10.66 - Articles exported for temporary exhibition and returned; horses exported for horse racing and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... livestock or other animals, exported for temporary exhibition and returned and claimed to be exempt from... animals of foreign origin taken abroad for exhibition in connection with a circus or menagerie, a copy of an inventory of these animals filed prior to their leaving the country with the director of the port...

19 CFR 10.66 - Articles exported for temporary exhibition and returned; horses exported for horse racing and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... livestock or other animals, exported for temporary exhibition and returned and claimed to be exempt from... animals of foreign origin taken abroad for exhibition in connection with a circus or menagerie, a copy of an inventory of these animals filed prior to their leaving the country with the director of the port...

19 CFR 10.66 - Articles exported for temporary exhibition and returned; horses exported for horse racing and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... livestock or other animals, exported for temporary exhibition and returned and claimed to be exempt from... animals of foreign origin taken abroad for exhibition in connection with a circus or menagerie, a copy of an inventory of these animals filed prior to their leaving the country with the director of the port...

19 CFR 10.66 - Articles exported for temporary exhibition and returned; horses exported for horse racing and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... livestock or other animals, exported for temporary exhibition and returned and claimed to be exempt from... animals of foreign origin taken abroad for exhibition in connection with a circus or menagerie, a copy of an inventory of these animals filed prior to their leaving the country with the director of the port...

77 FR 25475 - Inquiry To Learn Whether Businesses Assert Business Confidentiality Claims Regarding Waste Import...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-30

... cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and spent lead acid batteries (SLABs) from the United States, and the export and..., subpart H, through the United States and foreign countries; (4) export of cathode ray tubes, during... related to the export of cathode ray tubes (CRTs), during calendar year 2011 or before, under 40 CFR part...

78 FR 75337 - Eos LNG LLC; Application for Long-Term Authorization To Export Liquefied Natural Gas Produced...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-11

... Authorization To Export Liquefied Natural Gas Produced From Domestic Natural Gas Resources to Non-Free Trade...- contract authorization to export LNG produced from domestic sources in a volume equivalent to approximately... treatment for trade in natural gas (non-FTA countries) with which trade is not prohibited by U.S. law or...

78 FR 75339 - Barca LNG LLC; Application for Long-Term Authorization To Export Liquefied Natural Gas Produced...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-11

... Authorization To Export Liquefied Natural Gas Produced From Domestic Natural Gas Resources to Non-Free Trade...- contract authorization to export LNG produced from domestic sources in a volume equivalent to approximately... treatment for trade in natural gas (non-FTA countries) with which trade is not prohibited by U.S. law or...

The product space conditions the development of nations.

PubMed

Hidalgo, C A; Klinger, B; Barabási, A-L; Hausmann, R

2007-07-27

Economies grow by upgrading the products they produce and export. The technology, capital, institutions, and skills needed to make newer products are more easily adapted from some products than from others. Here, we study this network of relatedness between products, or "product space," finding that more-sophisticated products are located in a densely connected core whereas less-sophisticated products occupy a less-connected periphery. Empirically, countries move through the product space by developing goods close to those they currently produce. Most countries can reach the core only by traversing empirically infrequent distances, which may help explain why poor countries have trouble developing more competitive exports and fail to converge to the income levels of rich countries.

Sonatrach prepares for greater exports of natural gas

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Taleb, M.

1993-12-06

Algeria is increasing its capacity to export natural gas in order to reinforce its strong position in the growing international market. The country's reserves are estimated at more than 3.6 trillion cu m. Algerian energy and development policy is based on a rational exploitation of this resource. A liquefield natural gas (LNG) pioneer, Algeria has one of the world's most important LNG production capacities. With a location encouraging export to nearby countries, Algeria has an important place in the world natural gas market and an exclusive role within its trading region. The effort will especially focus on southern Europe. Themore » paper discusses Algeria's growing role in international markets, as well as local markets.« less

Information for Exporters of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Hazardous Waste

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Information for exporters of hazardous waste to OECD countries for recycling who are subject to the hazardous waste generator and importer requirements described in 40 CFR Part 262 Subpart H, under RCRA

31 CFR 560.506 - Importation and exportation of certain gifts authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... of certain gifts authorized. The importation into the United States of Iranian-origin goods from Iran or a third country, and the exportation from the United States to Iran of goods, are authorized for...

31 CFR 560.506 - Importation and exportation of certain gifts authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... of certain gifts authorized. The importation into the United States of Iranian-origin goods from Iran or a third country, and the exportation from the United States to Iran of goods, are authorized for...

40 CFR 262.53 - Notification of intent to export.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... country (e.g., land or ocean incineration, other land disposal, ocean dumping, recycling); (vii) The name... forward an EPA Acknowledgment of Consent to the primary exporter for purposes of § 262.54(h). Where the...

40 CFR 262.53 - Notification of intent to export.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... country (e.g., land or ocean incineration, other land disposal, ocean dumping, recycling); (vii) The name... forward an EPA Acknowledgment of Consent to the primary exporter for purposes of § 262.54(h). Where the...

40 CFR 262.53 - Notification of intent to export.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... country (e.g., land or ocean incineration, other land disposal, ocean dumping, recycling); (vii) The name... forward an EPA Acknowledgment of Consent to the primary exporter for purposes of § 262.54(h). Where the...

40 CFR 262.53 - Notification of intent to export.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... country (e.g., land or ocean incineration, other land disposal, ocean dumping, recycling); (vii) The name... forward an EPA Acknowledgment of Consent to the primary exporter for purposes of § 262.54(h). Where the...

40 CFR 262.53 - Notification of intent to export.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... country (e.g., land or ocean incineration, other land disposal, ocean dumping, recycling); (vii) The name... forward an EPA Acknowledgment of Consent to the primary exporter for purposes of § 262.54(h). Where the...

7 CFR 1488.10 - Evidence of entry into country of destination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... COMMODITIES Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit... CCC, become due and payable and liquidated damages shall be payable in accordance with § 1488.11. The...

7 CFR 1488.10 - Evidence of entry into country of destination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... COMMODITIES Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit... CCC, become due and payable and liquidated damages shall be payable in accordance with § 1488.11. The...

7 CFR 1488.10 - Evidence of entry into country of destination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... COMMODITIES Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit... CCC, become due and payable and liquidated damages shall be payable in accordance with § 1488.11. The...

Saudi Arabia Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2014-01-01

Saudi Arabia is the world's largest holder of crude oil proved reserves and was the largest exporter of total petroleum liquids in 2013. In 2013, Saudi Arabia was the world's second-largest petroleum liquids producer behind the United States and was the world's second-largest crude oil producer behind Russia. Saudi Arabia's economy remains heavily dependent on petroleum. Petroleum exports accounted for 85% of total Saudi export revenues in 2013, according to the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)'s Annual Statistical Bulletin 2014. With the largest oil projects nearing completion, Saudi Arabia is expanding its natural gas, refining, petrochemicals, and electric power industries. Saudi Arabia's oil and natural gas operations are dominated by Saudi Aramco, the national oil and gas company and the world's largest oil company in terms of production. Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources and the Supreme Council for Petroleum and Minerals have oversight of the oil and natural gas sector and Saudi Aramco.

A New Metrics for Countries' Fitness and Products' Complexity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tacchella, Andrea; Cristelli, Matthieu; Caldarelli, Guido; Gabrielli, Andrea; Pietronero, Luciano

2012-10-01

Classical economic theories prescribe specialization of countries industrial production. Inspection of the country databases of exported products shows that this is not the case: successful countries are extremely diversified, in analogy with biosystems evolving in a competitive dynamical environment. The challenge is assessing quantitatively the non-monetary competitive advantage of diversification which represents the hidden potential for development and growth. Here we develop a new statistical approach based on coupled non-linear maps, whose fixed point defines a new metrics for the country Fitness and product Complexity. We show that a non-linear iteration is necessary to bound the complexity of products by the fitness of the less competitive countries exporting them. We show that, given the paradigm of economic complexity, the correct and simplest approach to measure the competitiveness of countries is the one presented in this work. Furthermore our metrics appears to be economically well-grounded.

Importing food damages domestic environment: Evidence from global soybean trade.

PubMed

Sun, Jing; Mooney, Harold; Wu, Wenbin; Tang, Huajun; Tong, Yuxin; Xu, Zhenci; Huang, Baorong; Cheng, Yeqing; Yang, Xinjun; Wei, Dan; Zhang, Fusuo; Liu, Jianguo

2018-05-22

Protecting the environment and enhancing food security are among the world's Sustainable Development Goals and greatest challenges. International food trade is an important mechanism to enhance food security worldwide. Nonetheless, it is widely concluded that in international food trade importing countries gain environmental benefits, while exporting countries suffer environmental problems by using land and other resources to produce food for exports. Our study shows that international food trade can also lead to environmental pollution in importing countries. At the global level, our metaanalysis indicates that there was increased nitrogen (N) pollution after much farmland for domestically cultivated N-fixing soybeans in importing countries was converted to grow high N-demanding crops (wheat, corn, rice, and vegetables). The findings were further verified by an intensive study at the regional level in China, the largest soybean-importing country, where the conversion of soybean lands to corn fields and rice paddies has also led to N pollution. Our study provides a sharp contrast to the conventional wisdom that only exports contribute substantially to environmental woes. Our results suggest the need to evaluate environmental consequences of international trade of all other major goods and products in all importing countries, which have significant implications for fundamental rethinking in global policy-making and debates on environmental responsibilities among consumers, producers, and traders across the world.

Substantial nitrogen pollution embedded in international trade

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oita, Azusa; Malik, Arunima; Kanemoto, Keiichiro; Geschke, Arne; Nishijima, Shota; Lenzen, Manfred

2016-02-01

Anthropogenic emissions of reactive nitrogen to the atmosphere and water bodies can damage human health and ecosystems. As a measure of a nation’s contribution to this potential damage, a country’s nitrogen footprint has been defined as the quantity of reactive nitrogen emitted during the production, consumption and transportation of commodities consumed within that country, whether those commodities are produced domestically or internationally. Here we use global emissions databases, a global nitrogen cycle model, and a global input-output database of domestic and international trade to calculate the nitrogen footprints for 188 countries as the sum of emissions of ammonia, nitrogen oxides and nitrous oxide to the atmosphere, and of nitrogen potentially exportable to water bodies. Per-capita footprints range from under 7 kg N yr-1 in some developing countries to over 100 kg N yr-1 in some wealthy nations. Consumption in China, India, the United States and Brazil is responsible for 46% of global emissions. Roughly a quarter of the global nitrogen footprint is from commodities that were traded across country borders. The main net exporters have significant agricultural, food and textile exports, and are often developing countries, whereas important net importers are almost exclusively developed economies. We conclude that substantial local nitrogen pollution is driven by demand from consumers in other countries.

Russia Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2016-01-01

Russia is a major producer and exporter of oil and natural gas. Russia's economic growth is driven by energy exports, given its high oil and natural gas production. Oil and natural gas revenues accounted for 43% of Russia's federal budget revenues in 2015.

7 CFR 782.16 - Designating end use on form FSA-751.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... applicable form FSA-751, Wheat Consumption and Resale Report, is “export,” the exporter must specify the final destination, by country, on form FSA-751. (b) If the end user utilizes the wheat for purposes...

Trinidad and Tobago Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2016-01-01

As the largest oil and natural gas producer in the Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago's hydrocarbon sector moved from an oil-dominant to a mostly natural gas-based sector in the early 1990s. In 2014, Trinidad and Tobago was the world's sixth-largest LNG exporter, according to the BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2015. The country was also the largest LNG exporter to the United States, accounting for nearly 71% of U.S. LNG imports in 2014.

Consumption climbs in central and eastern countries, stagnates in the west : markets for paper, paperboard and woodpulp, 2003-2004

Treesearch

Peter J. Ince; Eduard Akim; Bernard Lombard; Tomas Parik

2004-01-01

Annual paper and paperboard output climbed by 2.2% in the EU/EFTA subregion in 2003, a record year for European papermakers, while the subregion’s woodpulp output climbed by 2.8%. Higher paper and paperboard exports from the EU/EFTA subregion to non-UNECE countries, and a 16% increase in net exports in 2003, propelled expansion of output. Paper and paperboard...

Divalent Copper as a Major Triggering Agent in Alzheimer's Disease.

PubMed

Brewer, George J

2015-01-01

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is at epidemic proportions in developed countries, with a steady increase in the early 1900 s, and then exploding over the last 50 years. This epidemiology points to something causative in the environment of developed countries. This paper will review the considerable evidence that that something could be inorganic copper ingestion. The epidemic parallels closely the spread of copper plumbing, with copper leached from the plumbing into drinking water being a main causal feature, aided by the increasingly common use of supplement pills containing copper. Inorganic copper is divalent copper, or copper-2, while we now know that organic copper, or copper in foods, is primarily monovalent copper, or copper-1. The intestinal transport system, Ctr1, absorbs copper-1 and the copper moves to the liver, where it is put into safe channels. Copper-2 is not absorbed by Ctr1, and some of it bypasses the liver and goes directly into the blood, where it appears to be exquisitely toxic to brain cognition. Thus, while aggregation of amyloid-β has been postulated to be the cause of AD under current dogma, the great increase in prevalence over the last century appears to be due to ingestion of copper-2, which may be causing the aggregation, and/or increasing the oxidant toxicity of the aggregates. An alternative hypothesis proposes that oxidant stress is the primary injuring agent, and under this hypothesis, copper-2 accumulation in the brain may be a causal factor of the oxidant injury. Thus, irrespective of which hypothesis is correct, AD can be classified, at least in part, as a copper-2 toxicity disease. It is relatively easy to avoid copper-2 ingestion, as discussed in this review. If most people begin avoiding copper-2 ingestion, perhaps the epidemic of this serious disease can be aborted.

Changes in U.S. hardwood lumber exports, 1990 to 2008

Treesearch

William Luppold; Matthew Bumgardner

2011-01-01

The volume of hardwood lumber exported from the United States grew by 63 percent between 1990 and 2006 before decreasing by 29 percent between 2006 and 2008. Canada is both the largest export market for U.S. hardwood lumber and the largest source country for hardwood lumber imported into the United States. In the last 19 years China/Hong Kong has displaced Japan as the...

7 CFR 1487.4 - Are there any limits on the scope of proposals?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

.... The 5 years do not need to be consecutive. (c) Target countries. Proposals may target all eligible export markets, including single countries or reasonable regional groupings of countries. (d) Multiple...

Bioaccumulation of Copper (Cu) and Chromium (Cr) on export comodity vanamei shrimp from Karawang, West Java

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rahman, A.; Takarina, N. D.; Siswantining, T.; Pin, T. G.; Soedjiarti, T.

2018-05-01

Karawang is one of regencies in West Java which has great potential for vannamei culture. The farm here was modern farm and using Citarum River as water source. Human activities like household and industry around the river cause its quality decrease and give negative impact to shrimp farm. This research was aimed to investigate the bioaccumulation of copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr) on vannamei shrimp from Karawang, West Java. Amount of shrimp’s meat and carapace were used for heavy metal measurement using Atomic Absorption Specthrophotometry. Result showed that contents of copper both in meat and carapace were higher than content of chromium. Moreover, the content of both metals was higher on carapace compared to meat. Since the content of meat were below threshold, so it is safe for consumption. There is no significant difference content of both metals in carapace.

77 FR 13070 - Notice of Request for Approval of a New Information Collection for Export/Health Certificate Forms

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-05

... as negotiations continue with more countries. DATES: Comments on this notice must be received by May... 16 different export certificate request forms with ongoing negotiations with at least 5 more...

19 CFR 192.1 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... (CONTINUED) EXPORT CONTROL Exportation of Used Self-Propelled Vehicles, Vessels, and Aircraft § 192.1... entered into the commerce of a foreign country. Self-propelled vehicle. “Self-propelled vehicle” includes any automobile, truck, tractor, bus, motorcycle, motor home, self-propelled agricultural machinery...

19 CFR 192.1 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... (CONTINUED) EXPORT CONTROL Exportation of Used Self-Propelled Vehicles, Vessels, and Aircraft § 192.1... entered into the commerce of a foreign country. Self-propelled vehicle. “Self-propelled vehicle” includes any automobile, truck, tractor, bus, motorcycle, motor home, self-propelled agricultural machinery...

50 CFR 300.185 - Documentation, reporting and recordkeeping requirements for consignment documents and re-export...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... issuing country must be written legibly and indelibly on the outside of the package. (ix) Customs forms... permit holder must email, fax, or mail a copy of the completed consignment document and re-export...

48 CFR 652.225-71 - Section 8(a) of the Export Administration Act of 1979, as Amended.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... to United States law or regulation. The Boycott of Israel by Arab League countries is such a boycott... Arab League Boycott of Israel, are prohibited activities under the Export Administration Act: (1...

48 CFR 652.225-71 - Section 8(a) of the Export Administration Act of 1979, as Amended.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... to United States law or regulation. The Boycott of Israel by Arab League countries is such a boycott... Arab League Boycott of Israel, are prohibited activities under the Export Administration Act: (1...

48 CFR 652.225-71 - Section 8(a) of the Export Administration Act of 1979, as Amended.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... to United States law or regulation. The Boycott of Israel by Arab League countries is such a boycott... Arab League Boycott of Israel, are prohibited activities under the Export Administration Act: (1...

48 CFR 652.225-71 - Section 8(a) of the Export Administration Act of 1979, as Amended.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... to United States law or regulation. The Boycott of Israel by Arab League countries is such a boycott... Arab League Boycott of Israel, are prohibited activities under the Export Administration Act: (1...

76 FR 70337 - Exports and Reexports to the Principality of Liechtenstein

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-14

..., possession, dependency or department of a country included on the Country Chart, the EAR accords your destination the same licensing treatment as the country of which it is a territory, possession, dependency or...

Bahrain Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2016-01-01

The Kingdom of Bahrain is the smallest oil producer among the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations. Bahrain and Oman are the only two countries bordering the Persian Gulf which are not members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).

19 CFR 10.173 - Evidence of country of origin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... entry—(1) Merchandise not wholly the growth, product, or manufacture of a beneficiary developing country... growth, product, or manufacture of a single beneficiary developing country, the exporter of the... treatment. (2) Merchandise wholly the growth, product, or manufacture of a beneficiary developing country...

19 CFR 10.173 - Evidence of country of origin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... entry—(1) Merchandise not wholly the growth, product, or manufacture of a beneficiary developing country... growth, product, or manufacture of a single beneficiary developing country, the exporter of the... treatment. (2) Merchandise wholly the growth, product, or manufacture of a beneficiary developing country...

Ecuador Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2015-01-01

In Ecuador, the oil sector accounts for more than half of the country's export earnings and approximately two-fifths of public sector revenues. Resource nationalism and debates about the economic, strategic, and environmental implications of oil sector development are prominent issues in the politics of Ecuador and the policies of its government. Ecuador is the smallest producer in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and it produced 556,000 barrels per day (bbl/d) of petroleum and other liquids in 2014, of which crude oil production was 555,000 bbl/d. A lack of sufficient domestic refining capacity to meet local demand has forced Ecuador to import refined products, limiting net oil revenue.

Chile.

PubMed

1992-05-01

The background notes on Chile provide a statistical summary of the population, geography, government, and the economy, and more descriptive text on the history, population, government, economy, defense, and foreign relations. In brief, Chile has 13.3 million Spanish Indian (Mestizos), European, and Indian inhabitants and an annual growth rate of 1.6%. 96% are literate. Infant mortality is 18/1000. 34% of the population are involved in industry and commerce, 30% in services, 19% in agriculture and forestry and fishing, 7% in construction, and 2% in mining. The major city is Santiago. The government, which gained independence in 1810, is a republic with executive, legislative, and judicial branches. There are 12 regions. There are 6 major political parties. Suffrage is universal at 18 years. Gross domestic product (GDP) is $29.2 billion. The annual growth rate is 5% and inflation is 19%. Copper, timber, fish, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, and molybdenum are its natural resources. Agricultural products are 9% of GDP and include wheat, potatoes, corn, sugar beets, onions, beans, fruits, and livestock. Industry is 21% of GDP and includes mineral refining, metal manufacturing, food and fish processing, paper and wood products, and finished textiles. $8.3 billion is the value of exports and $7 billion of imports. Export markets are in Japan, the US, Germany, Brazil, and the United Kingdom. Chile received $3.5 billion in economic aid between 1949-85, but little in recent years. 83% live in urban centers, principally around Santiago. Congressional representation is made on the basis of elections by a unique binomial majority system. Principal government officials are identified. Chile has a diversified free market economy and is almost self-sufficient in food production. The US is a primary trading partner. 49% of Chile's exports are minerals. Chile maintains diplomatic relations with 70 countries, however, relations are strained with Argentina and Bolivia. Relations with the US improved when human rights difficulties were eased.

From deficit to surplus: An econometric analysis of US trade balance in forest products

Treesearch

Daowei Zhang; Ying Lin; Jeffrey P. Prestemon

2017-01-01

Although the US trade deficit has persisted since 1975, the country changed in 2009 from a net importer to a net exporter of forest products, emerging as the world's largest exporter of forest products. Drawing on recent data, we model the real dollar value of US exports, imports, and the trade balance in forest products to identify factors likely to explain this...

31 CFR 515.405 - Exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., checks, drafts and promissory notes. 515.405 Section 515.405 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations..., drafts and promissory notes. Section 515.201 prohibits the exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes to a designated foreign country. ...

31 CFR 515.405 - Exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., checks, drafts and promissory notes. 515.405 Section 515.405 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations..., drafts and promissory notes. Section 515.201 prohibits the exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes to a designated foreign country. ...

31 CFR 515.405 - Exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., checks, drafts and promissory notes. 515.405 Section 515.405 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations..., drafts and promissory notes. Section 515.201 prohibits the exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes to a designated foreign country. ...

31 CFR 515.405 - Exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., checks, drafts and promissory notes. 515.405 Section 515.405 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations..., drafts and promissory notes. Section 515.201 prohibits the exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes to a designated foreign country. ...

31 CFR 515.405 - Exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., checks, drafts and promissory notes. 515.405 Section 515.405 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations..., drafts and promissory notes. Section 515.201 prohibits the exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes to a designated foreign country. ...

Copper Tolerance and Characterization of a Copper-Responsive Operon, copYAZ, in an M1T1 Clinical Strain of Streptococcus pyogenes

PubMed Central

Gordon, Lily D.; Fang, Zhong; Holder, Robert C.; Reid, Sean D.

2015-01-01

ABSTRACT Infection with Streptococcus pyogenes is associated with a breadth of clinical manifestations ranging from mild pharyngitis to severe necrotizing fasciitis. Elevated levels of intracellular copper are highly toxic to this bacterium, and thus, the microbe must tightly regulate the level of this metal ion by one or more mechanisms, which have, to date, not been clearly defined. In this study, we have identified two virulence mechanisms by which S. pyogenes protects itself against copper toxicity. We defined a set of putative genes, copY (for a regulator), copA (for a P1-type ATPase), and copZ (for a copper chaperone), whose expression is regulated by copper. Our results indicate that these genes are highly conserved among a range of clinical S. pyogenes isolates. The copY, copA, and copZ genes are induced by copper and are transcribed as a single unit. Heterologous expression assays revealed that S. pyogenes CopA can confer copper tolerance in a copper-sensitive Escherichia coli mutant by preventing the accumulation of toxic levels of copper, a finding that is consistent with a role for CopA in copper export. Evaluation of the effect of copper stress on S. pyogenes in a planktonic or biofilm state revealed that biofilms may aid in protection during initial exposure to copper. However, copper stress appears to prevent the shift from the planktonic to the biofilm state. Therefore, our results indicate that S. pyogenes may use several virulence mechanisms, including altered gene expression and a transition to and from planktonic and biofilm states, to promote survival during copper stress. IMPORTANCE Bacterial pathogens encounter multiple stressors at the host-pathogen interface. This study evaluates a virulence mechanism(s) utilized by S. pyogenes to combat copper at sites of infection. A better understanding of pathogen tolerance to stressors such as copper is necessary to determine how host-pathogen interactions impact bacterial survival during infections. These insights may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets that can be used to address antibiotic resistance. PMID:26013489

Copper Tolerance and Characterization of a Copper-Responsive Operon, copYAZ, in an M1T1 Clinical Strain of Streptococcus pyogenes.

PubMed

Young, Christie A; Gordon, Lily D; Fang, Zhong; Holder, Robert C; Reid, Sean D

2015-08-01

Infection with Streptococcus pyogenes is associated with a breadth of clinical manifestations ranging from mild pharyngitis to severe necrotizing fasciitis. Elevated levels of intracellular copper are highly toxic to this bacterium, and thus, the microbe must tightly regulate the level of this metal ion by one or more mechanisms, which have, to date, not been clearly defined. In this study, we have identified two virulence mechanisms by which S. pyogenes protects itself against copper toxicity. We defined a set of putative genes, copY (for a regulator), copA (for a P1-type ATPase), and copZ (for a copper chaperone), whose expression is regulated by copper. Our results indicate that these genes are highly conserved among a range of clinical S. pyogenes isolates. The copY, copA, and copZ genes are induced by copper and are transcribed as a single unit. Heterologous expression assays revealed that S. pyogenes CopA can confer copper tolerance in a copper-sensitive Escherichia coli mutant by preventing the accumulation of toxic levels of copper, a finding that is consistent with a role for CopA in copper export. Evaluation of the effect of copper stress on S. pyogenes in a planktonic or biofilm state revealed that biofilms may aid in protection during initial exposure to copper. However, copper stress appears to prevent the shift from the planktonic to the biofilm state. Therefore, our results indicate that S. pyogenes may use several virulence mechanisms, including altered gene expression and a transition to and from planktonic and biofilm states, to promote survival during copper stress. Bacterial pathogens encounter multiple stressors at the host-pathogen interface. This study evaluates a virulence mechanism(s) utilized by S. pyogenes to combat copper at sites of infection. A better understanding of pathogen tolerance to stressors such as copper is necessary to determine how host-pathogen interactions impact bacterial survival during infections. These insights may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets that can be used to address antibiotic resistance. Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Storing Drinking-water in Copper pots Kills Contaminating Diarrhoeagenic Bacteria

PubMed Central

Sudha, V.B. Preethi; Ganesan, Sheeba; Pazhani, G.P.; Ramamurthy, T.; Nair, G.B.

2012-01-01

Microbially-unsafe water is still a major concern in most developing countries. Although many water-purification methods exist, these are expensive and beyond the reach of many people, especially in rural areas. Ayurveda recommends the use of copper for storing drinking-water. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of copper pot on microbially-contaminated drinking-water. The antibacterial effect of copper pot against important diarrhoeagenic bacteria, including Vibrio cholerae O1, Shigella flexneri 2a, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, Salmonella enterica Typhi, and Salmonella Paratyphi is reported. When drinking-water (pH 7.83±0.4; source: ground) was contaminated with 500 CFU/mL of the above bacteria and stored in copper pots for 16 hours at room temperature, no bacteria could be recovered on the culture medium. Recovery failed even after resuscitation in enrichment broth, followed by plating on selective media, indicating loss of culturability. This is the first report on the effect of copper on S. flexneri 2a, enteropathogenic E. coli, and Salmonella Paratyphi. After 16 hours, there was a slight increase in the pH of water from 7.83 to 7.93 in the copper pots while the other physicochemical parameters remained unchanged. Copper content (177±16 ppb) in water stored in copper pots was well within the permissible limits of the World Health Organization. Copper holds promise as a point-of-use solution for microbial purification of drinking-water, especially in developing countries. PMID:22524115

Storing drinking-water in copper pots kills contaminating diarrhoeagenic bacteria.

PubMed

Sudha, V B Preethi; Ganesan, Sheeba; Pazhani, G P; Ramamurthy, T; Nair, G B; Venkatasubramanian, Padma

2012-03-01

Microbially-unsafe water is still a major concern in most developing countries. Although many water-purification methods exist, these are expensive and beyond the reach of many people, especially in rural areas. Ayurveda recommends the use of copper for storing drinking-water. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of copper pot on microbially-contaminated drinking-water. The antibacterial effect of copper pot against important diarrhoeagenic bacteria, including Vibrio cholerae O1, Shigella flexneri 2a, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, Salmonella enterica Typhi, and Salmonella Paratyphi is reported. When drinking-water (pH 7.83 +/- 0.4; source: ground) was contaminated with 500 CFU/mL of the above bacteria and stored in copper pots for 16 hours at room temperature, no bacteria could be recovered on the culture medium. Recovery failed even after resuscitation in enrichment broth, followed by plating on selective media, indicating loss of culturability. This is the first report on the effect of copper on S. flexneri 2a, enteropathogenic E. coli, and Salmonella Paratyphi. After 16 hours, there was a slight increase in the pH of water from 7.83 to 7.93 in the copper pots while the other physicochemical parameters remained unchanged. Copper content (177 +/- 16 ppb) in water stored in copper pots was well within the permissible limits of the World Health Organization. Copper holds promise as a point-of-use solution for microbial purification of drinking-water, especially in developing countries.

A Statistical Analysis of Venezuelan Defense Spending.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-03-01

destined for the world market via exports [Ref. 13]. Venezuelan petroleum had accounted for more than half the world’s exports in the immediate post ...Organizacion Politica Electoral Independiente (COPEI) party was elected president. His March 1969 inauguration marked the country’s first peaceful

7 CFR 981.474 - Other reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... classification (domestic and export by countries of destination); and on ABC Form 25-2 all commitments (almonds...-contract. If the destination of any export is unknown to the handler, such handler shall have the broker...

78 FR 44562 - Application for Final Commitment for a Long-Term Loan or Financial Guarantee in Excess of $100...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-24

... long-haul air service between Norway/Sweden and destinations in Asia, United States and other countries... Air Shuttle ASA. Guarantor(s): N/A. Description of Items Being Exported: The items being exported are...

Can Multiculturalism Be Exported? Dilemmas of Diversity on Nigeria's "Sesame Square"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moland, Naomi A.

2015-01-01

While scholars argue that "multicultural education" initiatives are rooted in liberal Western ideals, such projects are increasingly being exported to non-Western countries with significantly different sociohistorical contexts. This article examines the adaptation of multicultural education on the Nigerian version of "Sesame…

Exporting vices: smoking in Asia.

PubMed

Cutler, B

1988-08-01

Marketing statistics of U.S. cigarette exports indicate that despite notable declines in sales at home, sales to foreign countries, especially in Asia, Africa and Latin America, are growing dramatically. World cigarette consumption has doubled since 1960, mainly in less developed countries. In 1987, American tobacco firms increased cigarette exports 76%, or 1 billion in new sales. U.S. smoking dropped in 1985-86 from 30.4 to 26.5% of adults. In Taiwan, tariffs were removed from U.S. cigarettes, lowering prices from $2.86 to 1.30, and raising U.S. imports from $4.4 to 119 million. South Korean trade barriers were removed in May 1988, creating a large market. Japan imports 32% of exported U.S. cigarettes, has 120 million smokers, and is the beneficiary of a massive advertising campaign centered on young people and women. The Asian response to the smoking phenomenon is emerging in the form of restrictions on timing of TV advertising (Japan and Taiwan), health warnings (Japan and Taiwan), and restriction of smoking in public places (Hong Kong).

Mauritania.

PubMed

1987-10-01

The West African country of Mauritania bridges the chasm between Mediterranean and sub-Saharan Africa. The population of 1.85 million is a mixture of Arab, Berber and Negroid races, with languages and cultures to match, but they all share the Islam religion. Geographically, Mauritania meets Saharan Algeria on the northeast, contains mineral and iron rich hills in the center, Sahelian plains in the south, and the Senegal river valley on its southwestern border. Although a large proportion of the population are nomads, since 1980 many have settled in urban shanty-towns to escape drought. The infant mortality rate is 102/1000, life expectancy 46 years, literacy 17%, and per capita income $450. THe economy is split between those doing subsistence herding or farming, and the industrial iron and copper mines and fisheries. Mauritania has been governed by a military junta, the Committee for National Salvation, since 1978. The current government permitted municipal elections in 1986, but political parties and debate are banned. The economy is buttressed by high-grade iron ore exports; otherwise, drought, mismanagement and low commodity prices have plagued Mauritania's development.

Screening of Blood Levels of Mercury, Cadmium, and Copper in Pregnant Women in Dakahlia, Egypt: New Attention to an Old Problem.

PubMed

Motawei, Shimaa M; Gouda, Hossam E

2016-06-01

Heavy metals toxicity is a prevalent health problem particularly in developing countries. Mercury and cadmium are toxic elements that have no physiologic functions in human body. They should not be present in the human body by any concentration. Copper, on the other hand, is one of the elements that are essential for normal cell functions and a deficiency as well as an excess of which can cause adverse health effects. To test blood levels of mercury, cadmium, and copper in pregnant women in Dakahlia, Egypt. Using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, blood levels of cadmium, mercury, and copper were measured in 150 pregnant women attending to the antenatal care in Mansoura University Hospital in Dakahlia governorate, Egypt. The mean ± SD of blood mercury, cadmium, and copper levels were found to be far from their levels in the population surveys carried in developed countries like United States of America (USA) and Canada. Heavy metal intoxication and accumulation is a major health hazard. Developing countries, including Egypt, still lack many of the regulatory policies and legislations to control sources of pollution exposure. This should be dealt with in order to solve this problem and limit its health consequences.

Rethinking Import and Export Controls for Defense-Related Goods

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-01

restrictions were imposed on the basis of country (Trading with the Enemy Act) or product (Neutrality Act). However, in the post-war environment, a more mixed...described below. • Arms Export Control Act (AECA) of 1976—grants the President the power to control the export of defense products and services. The act...defense-related items and services. The products regulated include weapons systems (e.g., aircraft, tanks, etc.) but also include subsystems or

A four-helix bundle stores copper for methane oxidation

PubMed Central

Vita, Nicolas; Platsaki, Semeli; Baslé, Arnaud; Allen, Stephen J.; Paterson, Neil G.; Crombie, Andrew T.; Murrell, J. Colin; Waldron, Kevin J.; Dennison, Christopher

2015-01-01

Methane-oxidising bacteria (methanotrophs) require large quantities of copper for the membrane-bound (particulate) methane monooxygenase (pMMO)1,2. Certain methanotrophs are also able to switch to using the iron-containing soluble MMO (sMMO) to catalyse methane oxidation, with this switchover regulated by copper3,4. MMOs are Nature’s primary biological mechanism for suppressing atmospheric levels of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Furthermore, methanotrophs and MMOs have enormous potential in bioremediation and for biotransformations producing bulk and fine chemicals, and in bioenergy, particularly considering increased methane availability from renewable sources and hydraulic fracturing of shale rock5,6. We have discovered and characterised a novel copper storage protein (Csp1) from the methanotroph Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b that is exported from the cytosol, and stores copper for pMMO. Csp1 is a tetramer of 4-helix bundles with each monomer binding up to 13 Cu(I) ions in a previously unseen manner via mainly Cys residues that point into the core of the bundle. Csp1 is the first example of a protein that stores a metal within an established protein-folding motif. This work provides a detailed insight into how methanotrophs accumulate copper for the oxidation of methane. Understanding this process is essential if the wide-ranging biotechnological applications of methanotrophs are to be realised. Cytosolic homologues of Csp1 are present in diverse bacteria thus challenging the dogma that such organisms do not use copper in this location. PMID:26308900

Bringing the Firms into Globalization Research: The Effects of Foreign Investment and Exports on Wages in Mexican Manufacturing Firms

PubMed Central

Villarreal, Andrés; Sakamoto, Arthur

2011-01-01

Researchers specializing in organizations and labor markets have paid insufficient attention to the effects that foreign ownership of a firm and its orientation towards export production may have on the wages it pays to its workers. Using information from a nationally-representative sample of manufacturing firms in Mexico, a paradigmatic case of a developing country that is highly integrated into world markets, we find that foreign-owned and export-oriented firms pay considerably more than nationally-owned firms engaged in the production of goods for sale in the domestic market. Second, beyond paying higher wages to their workers, foreign-owned firms also raise the wages paid by domestic firms operating in the same regional labor markets. The wage premium in foreign and export-oriented firms cannot be explained by their size, industry, geographical location, productivity, use of advanced technology, or the sociodemographic composition of their workforce. We find evidence that wages in foreign-owned companies in Mexico are dependent on the country of origin of the capital investment. A greater difference between the industry-specific wages paid in the country of ownership and Mexico is associated with a higher wage premium in Mexican affiliates. Future work should strive to link information from foreign-owned affiliates with their parent companies abroad. PMID:21566699

Unexpected Role of the Copper Transporter ATP7A in PDGF-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration

PubMed Central

Ashino, Takashi; Sudhahar, Varadarajan; Urao, Norifumi; Oshikawa, Jin; Chen, Gin-Fu; Wang, Huan; Huo, Yuqing; Finney, Lydia; Vogt, Stefan; McKinney, Ronald D.; Maryon, Edward B.; Kaplan, Jack H.; Ushio-Fukai, Masuko; Fukai, Tohru

2010-01-01

Rationale Copper, an essential nutrient, has been implicated in vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis with unknown mechanism. Bioavailability of intracellular copper is regulated not only by the copper importer CTR1, but also by the copper exporter ATP7A (Menke ATPase) whose function is achieved through copper-dependent translocation from trans-Golgi network (TGN). Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) promotes vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration, a key component of neointimal formation. Objective To determine the role of copper transporter ATP7A in PDGF-induced VSMC migration. Methods and Results Depletion of ATP7A inhibited VSMC migration in response to PDGF or wound scratch in a CTR1/copper-dependent manner. PDGF stimulation promoted ATP7A translocation from the TGN to lipid rafts which localized at the leading edge, where it colocalized with PDGF receptor and Rac1, in migrating VSMCs. Mechanistically, ATP7A siRNA or CTR siRNA prevented PDGF-induced Rac1 translocation to the leading edge, thereby inhibiting lamellipodia formation. In addition, ATP7A depletion prevented a PDGF-induced decrease in copper level and secretory copper enzyme precursor pro-lysyl oxidase (Pro-LOX) in lipid raft fraction as well as PDGF-induced increase in LOX activity. In vivo, ATP7A expression was markedly increased and copper accumulation was observed by synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy at neointimal VSMCs in wire injury model. Conclusions These findings suggest that ATP7A plays an important role in copper-dependent PDGF-stimulated VSMC migration via recruiting Rac1 to lipid rafts at the leading edge as well as regulating LOX activity. This may contribute to neointimal formation after vascular injury. Our findings provide insight into ATP7A as a novel therapeutic target for vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis. PMID:20671235

77 FR 47030 - Seamless Refined Copper Pipe and Tube From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-07

... As--Arsenic 0.5 Cd--Cadmium 1.3 Cr--Chromium 1.4 Mg--Magnesium 0.8 Pb--Lead 1.5 S--Sulfur 0.7 Sn--Tin... the Act. These movement expenses include foreign inland freight from the plant to the port of... expenses included, where applicable, foreign inland freight from the plant to the port of exportation...

Mozambique Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2016-01-01

There have been prolific natural gas discoveries in Mozambique's northern offshore Rovuma basin since 2010 that have the ability to transform Mozambique into a substantial exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG). However, international companies involved have not made a final investment decision and LNG exports are unlikely to start before 2020.

37 CFR 5.15 - Scope of license.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... through 130; or (ii) Restricted Data, sensitive nuclear technology or technology useful in the production... COMMERCE GENERAL SECRECY OF CERTAIN INVENTIONS AND LICENSES TO EXPORT AND FILE APPLICATIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES Licenses for Foreign Exporting and Filing § 5.15 Scope of license. (a) Applications or other...

37 CFR 5.15 - Scope of license.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... through 130; or (ii) Restricted Data, sensitive nuclear technology or technology useful in the production... COMMERCE GENERAL SECRECY OF CERTAIN INVENTIONS AND LICENSES TO EXPORT AND FILE APPLICATIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES Licenses for Foreign Exporting and Filing § 5.15 Scope of license. (a) Applications or other...

78 FR 51746 - Trade Barriers That U.S. Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Perceive as Affecting Exports to the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-21

... this report, an SME is defined as a firm with fewer than 500 U.S.-based employees.) The Commission is... countries; the relative effect on exports of different EU trade barriers; and ways in which SME...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

Developing nations that are not members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) are not expected to suffer as much economic disruption from oil price increases and a US recession as happened during the 1973--1975 period. The latest price increase represents about 0.7 percent of their gross national product (GNP) compared to 2.5 percent in the earlier period. More non-OPEC developing countries are producing commercial quantities of oil and at least 14 are now net exporters. The effects of a US recession may not be as severe this time because it will not be synchronized with the business cyclesmore » of the major industrial countries. Developing countries can counteract a US recession by tightening their monetary policies, imposing import control, and other measures. Most of these countries have improved their balance of payments since 1975 and are in a position to handle disruptions.« less

U.S. Africa Policy: Some Possible Course Adjustment

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-08-29

installations on behalf of an African Marxist government. A lot of Angola’s oil was exported to the United States; the U.S. companies involved made money. The...country, with major legitimate social service and infrastructure needs and, probably, very greedy leadership, would be able to forego exportation of its...droughts like the Sahel-and fully capable of feeding its population and producing for agricultural export . It has diamonds for ready cash. The size of

78 FR 22659 - Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations: Initial Implementation of Export Control Reform

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-16

... Designed'' Definition B. Other Definitions XXIV. Part 774--The Commerce Control List A. Product Group... Changes H. Country Groups XII. Part 742--Control Policy A. National Security (NS) Review Policy B...-all controls on parts, components, accessories, and attachments specifically designed or modified for...

15 CFR 701.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Export Sales—Exports that are either Foreign Military Sales (FMS) or commercial (direct) sales of defense...) Example 7. Company A, a U.S. firm, makes an investment in Company B, a foreign firm located in country C... categorized as investment and would be direct because the investment involves an item covered by the offset...

76 FR 56489 - Request for a License To Export Radioactive Waste

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-13

... NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION Request for a License To Export Radioactive Waste Pursuant to 10 CFR... quantity End use country Duratek Services, Inc., August Class A radioactive Radionuclide Non-conforming Canada. 17, 2011, August 18, 2011, waste in the form reallocation: materials XW010/02, 11005620. of...

76 FR 1400 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-10

... number. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Title: Certificate for Poultry and Hatching Eggs for... poultry. The export of agricultural commodities, including poultry and hatching eggs is a major business... import health requirements of other countries for poultry and hatching eggs exported from the U.S. Most...

Strategies for Long Term Economic Growth in Vietnam

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-11-01

26 IHS Global Insight , "Country Report Vietnam,Ŝ. 6 years due to trade deficits, reliance on imports for manufacturing materials and a weak...increase in exports some 2500 percent from 1991-2008. 69 The biggest exports were crude oil, agricultural and fish-products, textiles and footwear and

Export of commercial 'Hass' avocados from Argentina poses negligible risk of ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) infestation

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Quarantine restrictions due to the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), prevent Argentina from exporting avocados, Persea americana Miller, cv. Hass, to certain countries. Hass avocado at the hard, mature green stage is potentially a conditional nonhost for C. capitata, which cou...

31 CFR 560.521 - Diplomatic pouches.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... authorized: (a) The importation into the United States from Iran, or the exportation from the United States to Iran, of diplomatic pouches and their contents; and (b) The exportation, reexportation, sale, or... goods or technology to a third-country government, or to its contractors or agents, for shipment to Iran...

31 CFR 560.521 - Diplomatic pouches.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... authorized: (a) The importation into the United States from Iran, or the exportation from the United States to Iran, of diplomatic pouches and their contents; and (b) The exportation, reexportation, sale, or... goods or technology to a third-country government, or to its contractors or agents, for shipment to Iran...

31 CFR 560.521 - Diplomatic pouches.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... authorized: (a) The importation into the United States from Iran, or the exportation from the United States to Iran, of diplomatic pouches and their contents; and (b) The exportation, reexportation, sale, or... goods or technology to a third-country government, or to its contractors or agents, for shipment to Iran...

22 CFR 124.14 - Exports to warehouses or distribution points outside the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... distribution, end-use and reporting. Licenses for exports pursuant to such agreements must be obtained prior to... country, either in their original form or after being incorporated through an intermediate process into...., sporting firearms for commercial resale, cryptographic devices and software for financial and business...

31 CFR 560.521 - Diplomatic pouches.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... authorized: (a) The importation into the United States from Iran, or the exportation from the United States to Iran, of diplomatic pouches and their contents; and (b) The exportation, reexportation, sale, or... goods or technology to a third-country government, or to its contractors or agents, for shipment to Iran...

31 CFR 560.521 - Diplomatic pouches.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... authorized: (a) The importation into the United States from Iran, or the exportation from the United States to Iran, of diplomatic pouches and their contents; and (b) The exportation, reexportation, sale, or... goods or technology to a third-country government, or to its contractors or agents, for shipment to Iran...

78 FR 7818 - Request To Amend a License To Export Radioactive Waste

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-04

... NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION Request To Amend a License To Export Radioactive Waste Pursuant to 10 CFR 110.70 (b) ``Public Notice of Receipt of an Application,'' please take notice that the Nuclear... Recipient country application no.; docket No. Eastern Technologies, Inc.; Class A radioactive The total...

English, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese? Code Choice and Austrian Export

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lavric, Eva; Back, Bernhard

2009-01-01

This article deals with how "export oriented Austrian companies effect code choice in their business relationships with customers from Romance language speaking countries". The focus lies on the most widespread Romance languages, therefore on French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese speaking customers.The question of code choice in export…

78 FR 12315 - Application for Final Commitment for a Long-Term Loan or Financial Guarantee in Excess of $100...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-22

... airline service in Mexico and between Mexico and other countries in North, Central and South America. To... exports or provide services in competition with the exportation of goods or provision of services by a United States industry. [[Page 12316

75 FR 1235 - Revisions to the Requirements for: Transboundary Shipments of Hazardous Wastes Between OECD...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-08

... of Spent Lead- Acid Batteries, Submitting Exception Reports for Export Shipments of Hazardous Wastes... of Spent Lead-Acid Batteries, Submitting Exception Reports for Export Shipments of Hazardous Wastes... batteries intended for reclamation in a foreign country, specify that all exception reports concerning...

37 CFR 5.18 - Arms, ammunition, and implements of war.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Arms, ammunition, and... APPLICATIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES Licenses for Foreign Exporting and Filing § 5.18 Arms, ammunition, and implements of war. (a) The exportation of technical data relating to arms, ammunition, and implements of war...

37 CFR 5.18 - Arms, ammunition, and implements of war.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Arms, ammunition, and... APPLICATIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES Licenses for Foreign Exporting and Filing § 5.18 Arms, ammunition, and implements of war. (a) The exportation of technical data relating to arms, ammunition, and implements of war...

37 CFR 5.18 - Arms, ammunition, and implements of war.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Arms, ammunition, and... APPLICATIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES Licenses for Foreign Exporting and Filing § 5.18 Arms, ammunition, and implements of war. (a) The exportation of technical data relating to arms, ammunition, and implements of war...

37 CFR 5.18 - Arms, ammunition, and implements of war.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Arms, ammunition, and... APPLICATIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES Licenses for Foreign Exporting and Filing § 5.18 Arms, ammunition, and implements of war. (a) The exportation of technical data relating to arms, ammunition, and implements of war...

21 CFR 312.110 - Import and export requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... drug has valid marketing authorization in Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland..., and § 1.101 of this chapter; or (3) The drug is being exported to Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan... specifications; (iv) The drug is not in conflict with the importing country's laws; (v) The outer shipping...

21 CFR 312.110 - Import and export requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... drug has valid marketing authorization in Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland..., and § 1.101 of this chapter; or (3) The drug is being exported to Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan... specifications; (iv) The drug is not in conflict with the importing country's laws; (v) The outer shipping...

21 CFR 312.110 - Import and export requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... drug has valid marketing authorization in Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland..., and § 1.101 of this chapter; or (3) The drug is being exported to Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan... specifications; (iv) The drug is not in conflict with the importing country's laws; (v) The outer shipping...

7 CFR 1493.4 - Criteria for country allocations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS... criteria considered by CCC in reviewing proposals for country allocations under the GSM-102 or GSM-103... importing country to adequately service CCC guaranteed debt; (c) Financial status of participating banks in...

Estimation of the contribution of exports to the provincial economy: an analysis based on China's multi-regional input-output tables.

PubMed

Wu, Sanmang; Li, Shantong; Lei, Yalin

2016-01-01

This paper developed an estimation model for the contribution of exports to a country's regional economy based on the Chenery-Moses model and conducted an empirical analysis using China's multi-regional input-output tables for 1997, 2002, and 2007. The results indicated that China's national exports make significantly different contributions to the provincial economy in various regions, with the greatest contribution being observed in the eastern region and the smallest in the central region. The provinces are also subjected to significantly different export spillover effects. The boosting effect for the eastern provinces is primarily generated from local exports, whereas the western provinces primarily benefit from the export spillover effect from the eastern provinces. The eastern provinces, such as Guangdong, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Shanghai, are the primary sources of export spillover effects, and Guangdong is the largest source of export spillover effects for almost all of the provinces in China.

Virtual industrial water usage and wastewater generation in the Middle East/North African region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sakhel, S. R.; Geissen, S.-U.; Vogelpohl, A.

2013-01-01

This study deals with the quantification of volumes of water usage, wastewater generation, virtual water export, and wastewater generation from export for eight export relevant industries present in the Middle East/North Africa (MENA). It shows that about 3400 million m3 of water is used per annum while around 793 million m3 of wastewater is generated from products that are meant for domestic consumption and export. The difference between volumes of water usage and wastewater generation is due to water evaporation or injecting underground (oil wells pressure maintenance). The wastewater volume generated from production represents a population equivalent of 15.5 million in terms of wastewater quantity and 30.4 million in terms of BOD. About 409 million m3 of virtual water flows from MENA to EU27 (resulting from export of eight commodities) which is equivalent to 12.1% of the water usage of those industries and Libya is the largest virtual water exporter (about 87 million m3). Crude oil and refined petroleum products represent about 89% of the total virtual water flow, fertilizers represent around 10% and 1% remaining industries. EU27 poses the greatest indirect pressure on the Kuwaiti hydrological system where the virtual water export represents about 96% of the actual renewable water resources in this country. The Kuwaiti crude oil water use in relation to domestic water withdrawal is about 89% which is highest among MENA countries. Pollution of water bodies, in terms of BOD, due to production is very relevant for crude oil, slaughterhouses, refineries, olive oil, and tanneries while pollution due to export to EU27 is most relevant for crude oil industry and olive oil mills.

75 FR 1020 - Amendments to the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) Based Upon the Accession of Albania and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-08

...--Commerce Country Chart [Reason for control] Countries Chemical & biological Nuclear National Security Missile Regional Stability Firearms Crime control Anti-terrorism weapons nonproliferation Tech convention...

Current Perspective in the International Trade of Medicinal Plants Material: An Update.

PubMed

Vasisht, Karan; Sharma, Neetika; Karan, Maninder

2016-01-01

The recent years have seen an increased interest in medicinal plants together with the therapeutic use of phytochemicals. Medicinal plants are utilized by the industry for the production of extracts, phytopharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals and their use is expected to grow faster than the conventional drugs. The enormous demand of medicinal plant material has resulted in huge trade both at domestic and international levels. The trade data of medicinal plant material with commodity code HS 1211 (SITC.4, code 292.4) and their derived/related products which are traded under different commodity codes has been acquired from COMTRADE, Trade Map, country reports, technical documents etc for the period 2001 to 2014. The data was analyzed using statistical tools to draw conclusions. The significant features of the global trade; the leading source, consumer, import and export countries; and the striking trends are presented. The trade of the ten key countries and the selected important items is also discussed in detail. The conservative figure of trade of medicinal plants materials and their derived/related products including extracts, essential oils, phytopharmaceuticals, gums, spices used in medicine, tannins for pharmaceutical use, ingredients for cosmetics etc. as calculated from the global export data for the year 2014 is estimated at USD 33 billion. The average global export in medicinal plants under HS 1211 for the fourteen year period was USD 1.92 billion for 601,357 tons per annum and for the year 2014 it stood at 702,813 tons valued at USD 3.60 billion. For the studied period, an annual average growth rate (AAGR) of 2.4% in volumes and 9.2% in values of export was observed. Nearly 30% of the global trade is made up by top two countries of the import and export. China and India from Asia; Egypt and Morocco from Africa; Poland, Bulgaria and Albania from Europe; Chile and Peru from South America are important supply sources. The USA, Japan and Europe are the major consumers of the world.

22 CFR 228.01 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... categorized by the World Bank as upper middle income countries according to their gross national income per... advanced developing countries primarily based on the most recent World Bank determinations, and will make...: export packing, local drayage in the source country (including waiting time at the dock), ocean and other...

22 CFR 228.01 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... categorized by the World Bank as upper middle income countries according to their gross national income per... advanced developing countries primarily based on the most recent World Bank determinations, and will make...: export packing, local drayage in the source country (including waiting time at the dock), ocean and other...

OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet

EIA Publications

2016-01-01

For 2015, the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) earned about $404 billion in net oil export revenues (unadjusted for inflation). This represents a 46% decline from the $753 billion earned in 2014, mainly as a result of a precipitous fall in average annual crude oil prices during the year, and to a lesser extent to decreases in the level of OPEC net oil exports. The 2015 revenue total was the lowest earnings for OPEC since 2004.

Brunei Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2017-01-01

Brunei's small, wealthy economy is based heavily upon proceeds from exports of crude oil and natural gas. Brunei relies on hydrocarbon revenues for about 60% of its gross domestic product and about 90% of its merchandise exports and government revenues. Lower international oil prices since late 2014 have dampened the country’s export revenues. However, the government intends to bolster investment in its oil and gas sector and diversify the country’s economic base by promoting growth in other industries over the long term.

Inspection report: the Department of Energy's export licensing process for dual-use and munitions commodities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Friedman, Gregory H.

1999-05-01

Export of commodities, encouraged by both the private sector and the Federal Government, helps to improve our position in the global economy and is in the national interest of the US. However, exports of commodities or technologies, without regard to whether they may significantly contribute to the military potential of individual countries or combination of countries or enhance the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, may adversely affect the national security of the US. The Federal Government, therefore, implements several laws, Executive Orders, and regulations to control the export of certain commodities and technologies. These commodities and technologies require amore » license for export. Some of the controlled items are designated as ''dual-use,'' that is, commodities and technologies that have both civilian and military application. Some dual-use commodities are designated as ''nuclear dual-use''--items controlled for nuclear nonproliferation purposes. Another group of controlled commodities is designated as munitions, which are goods and technologies that have solely military uses. The Department of Energy (Energy) conducts reviews of export license applications for nuclear dual-use items and certain munitions. On August 26, 1998, the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs requested that the Inspectors General from the Departments of Commerce, Defense, Energy, State, and Treasury, and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), update and expand on a 1993 interagency review conducted by the Inspectors General of the Departments of Commerce, Defense, Energy, and State of the export licensing processes for dual-use and munitions commodities.« less

Coping with increasing water and land resources limitation for meeting world's food needs: the role of virtual water and virtual land trade

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soriano, Barbara; Garrido, Alberto; Novo, Paula

2013-04-01

Increasing pressure to expand agriculture production is giving rise to renewed interest to obtain access to land and water resources in the world. Water footprint evaluations show the importance of green water in global food trade and production. Green water and land are almost inseparable resources. In this work we analyse the role of foreign direct investment and cooperation programmes from developed countries in developing counties, focusing on virtual water trade and associated resources. We develop econometric models with the aim to explain observed trends in virtual water exports from developing countries as explained by the inverse flow of investments and cooperation programmes. We analyse the main 19 emerging food exporters, from Africa, Asia and America, using 15 years of data. Results show that land per capita availability and foreign direct investments explain observed flows of virtual water exports. However, there is no causality with these and flows cooperation investments. Our analysis sheds light on the underlying forces explaining the phenomenon of land grab, which is the appropriation of land access in developing countries by food-importers.

Petroleum scene heating in fledgling crude exporter Papua New Guinea

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1994-04-18

Operators, paced by a feisty independent based in Port Moresby, have drilled a string of discoveries near the infrastructure of the Kutubu development project that supports Papua New Guinea crude exports. All signs point to the increasing likelihood of good sized -- maybe world class -- oil discoveries that promise to sustain exploration and development interest beyond 2000. Also in the offing are world class gas strikes that eventually could support a liquefied natural gas export project. And integration is the newest concept in Papua New Guinea petroleum. Efforts are under way to build the country's first refineries. Most operatorsmore » in Papua New Guinea believe thy have merely scratched the surface of the country's oil and gas potential. Thy agree there still will be frustrations and setbacks -- political as well as technical -- but the prevailing opinion is that these problems are no greater than they are in a number of other countries with similar exploration/development potential. The paper discusses the development of Papua New Guinea's oil and gas industry, and exploratory drilling in areas other than Kutubu.« less

15 CFR 768.1 - Introduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... item. Sufficient quantity. The amount of an item that would render the U.S. export control, or the... the quantity that meets the military needs of that country so that U.S. exports of the item to that... items that were formerly controlled on the U.S. Munitions List and that were transferred to the Commerce...

15 CFR 768.1 - Introduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... item. Sufficient quantity. The amount of an item that would render the U.S. export control, or the... the quantity that meets the military needs of that country so that U.S. exports of the item to that... items that were formerly controlled on the U.S. Munitions List and that were transferred to the Commerce...

15 CFR 768.1 - Introduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... item. Sufficient quantity. The amount of an item that would render the U.S. export control, or the... the quantity that meets the military needs of that country so that U.S. exports of the item to that... items that were formerly controlled on the U.S. Munitions List and that were transferred to the Commerce...

15 CFR 768.1 - Introduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... item. Sufficient quantity. The amount of an item that would render the U.S. export control, or the... the quantity that meets the military needs of that country so that U.S. exports of the item to that... items that were formerly controlled on the U.S. Munitions List and that were transferred to the Commerce...

15 CFR 768.1 - Introduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... item. Sufficient quantity. The amount of an item that would render the U.S. export control, or the... the quantity that meets the military needs of that country so that U.S. exports of the item to that... items that were formerly controlled on the U.S. Munitions List and that were transferred to the Commerce...

78 FR 9746 - Request To Amend a License To Export Radioactive Waste

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-11

... NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION Request To Amend a License To Export Radioactive Waste Pursuant to... radioactive disposition. Amend which was imported mixed waste) in to: 1) add four from Canada under NRC a....; docket No. country Diversified Scientific Class A radioactive Up to a maximum Return of non- Canada...

77 FR 44239 - Application for Long-Term Loan or Financial Guarantee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-27

... Norway. Brief non-proprietary description of the anticipated use of the items being exported: To provide airline services within Norway and between Norway and other countries. To the extent that Ex-Im Bank is... competition with the exportation of goods or provision of services by a United States industry. Parties...

10 CFR 110.23 - General license for the export of byproduct material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... section does not authorize the export of byproduct material in the form of radioactive waste. (2) The... form (e.g., luminescent light sources and paint, accelerator targets, calibration standards, labeled....03 grams)) per calendar year to any one country. (ii) For tritium in any dispersed form (e.g...

10 CFR 110.23 - General license for the export of byproduct material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... section does not authorize the export of byproduct material in the form of radioactive waste. (2) The... form (e.g., luminescent light sources and paint, accelerator targets, calibration standards, labeled....03 grams)) per calendar year to any one country. (ii) For tritium in any dispersed form (e.g...

10 CFR 110.23 - General license for the export of byproduct material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... section does not authorize the export of byproduct material in the form of radioactive waste. (2) The... form (e.g., luminescent light sources and paint, accelerator targets, calibration standards, labeled....03 grams)) per calendar year to any one country. (ii) For tritium in any dispersed form (e.g...

10 CFR 110.23 - General license for the export of byproduct material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... section does not authorize the export of byproduct material in the form of radioactive waste. (2) The... form (e.g., luminescent light sources and paint, accelerator targets, calibration standards, labeled....03 grams)) per calendar year to any one country. (ii) For tritium in any dispersed form (e.g...

78 FR 11640 - Information Collection Request Submitted to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment Request...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-19

... Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (Protocol) and Title VI of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) established limits on total U.S. production, import, and export of class I and class II... transformed, destroyed, or exported to developing countries. The Protocol also establishes limits and...

48 CFR 225.7300 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... military sales (FMS) under the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. Chapter 39). Section 22 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2762) authorizes DoD to enter into contracts for resale to foreign countries or international organizations. (b) This subpart does not apply to— (1) FMS made from inventories...

Statistiques sur la production, les commandes et les exportations de navires en 1997 = Statistics on ship production, exports and orders in 1997

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-01-01

These statistics are broken down for each country into four sets of tables: I. State of the orderbook, II. Ships completed, III. New orders, and IV. Specifications in compensation tonnage. Statistics for the United States and the United Kingdom can b...

75 FR 56912 - Live Goats and Swine for Export; Removal of Certain Testing Requirements

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-17

... DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 9 CFR Part 91 [Docket No... AGENCY: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA. ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY: We are... tuberculosis and brucellosis testing of goats and breeding swine intended for export to countries that do not...

22 CFR 126.1 - Prohibited exports, imports, and sales to or from certain countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... other approvals for exports and imports of defense articles and defense services destined for or... in furtherance of world peace and the security and foreign policy of the United States. Information... a U.S. Government department or agency, do not apply with respect to defense articles or defense...

22 CFR 126.1 - Prohibited exports, imports, and sales to or from certain countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... other approvals for exports and imports of defense articles and defense services, destined for or... in furtherance of world peace and the security and foreign policy of the United States. Information... a U.S. Government department or agency, do not apply with respect to defense articles or defense...

Solar Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments Report

EIA Publications

2017-01-01

Summary data for the photovoltaic industry in the United States. Data includes manufacturing, imports, and exports of modules in the United States and its territories. Summary data include volumes in peak kilowatts and average prices. Where possible, imports and exports are listed by country, and shipments to the United States are listed by state.

Evolution and diversity of periplasmic proteins involved in copper homeostasis in gamma proteobacteria

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Different systems contributing to copper homeostasis in bacteria have been described in recent years involving periplasmic and transport proteins that provide resistance via metal efflux to the extracellular media (CopA/Cue, Cus, Cut, and Pco). The participation of these proteins in the assembly of membrane, periplasmic and secreted cuproproteins has also been postulated. The integration and interrelation of these systems and their apparent redundancies are less clear since they have been studied in alternative systems. Based on the idea that cellular copper is not free but rather it is transferred via protein-protein interactions, we hypothesized that systems would coevolve and be constituted by set numbers of essential components. Results By the use of a phylogenomic approach we identified the distribution of 14 proteins previously characterized as members of homeostasis systems in the genomes of 268 gamma proteobacteria. Only 3% of the genomes presented the complete systems and 5% of them, all intracellular parasites, lacked the 14 genes. Surprisingly, copper homeostatic pathways did not behave as evolutionary units with particular species assembling different combinations of basic functions. The most frequent functions, and probably because of its distribution the most vital, were copper extrusion from the cytoplasm to the periplasm performed by CopA and copper export from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space performed by CusC, which along with the remaining 12 proteins, assemble in nine different functional repertoires. Conclusions These observations suggest complex evolutionary dynamics and still unexplored interactions to achieve copper homeostasis, challenging some of the molecular transport mechanism proposed for these systems. PMID:23122209

The beginning of metallurgy in the southern Levant: a late 6th millennium CalBC copper awl from Tel Tsaf, Israel.

PubMed

Garfinkel, Yosef; Klimscha, Florian; Shalev, Sariel; Rosenberg, Danny

2014-01-01

The beginning of metallurgy in the ancient Near East attracts much attention. The southern Levant, with the rich assemblage of copper artifacts from the Nahal Mishmar cave and the unique gold rings of the Nahal Qanah cave, is regarded as a main center of early metallurgy during the second half of the 5th millennium CalBC. However, a recently discovered copper awl from a Middle Chalcolithic burial at Tel Tsaf, Jordan Valley, Israel, suggests that cast metal technology was introduced to the region as early as the late 6th millennium CalBC. This paper examines the chemical composition of this item and reviews its context. The results indicate that it was exported from a distant source, probably in the Caucasus, and that the location where it was found is indicative of the social status of the buried individual. This rare finding indicates that metallurgy was first diffused [corrected] to the southern Levant through exchange networks and only centuries later involved local productionThis copper awl, the earliest metal artifact found in the southern Levant, indicates that the elaborate Late Chalcolithic metallurgy developed from a more ancient tradition.

The Beginning of Metallurgy in the Southern Levant: A Late 6th Millennium CalBC Copper Awl from Tel Tsaf, Israel

PubMed Central

Garfinkel, Yosef; Klimscha, Florian; Shalev, Sariel; Rosenberg, Danny

2014-01-01

The beginning of metallurgy in the ancient Near East attracts much attention. The southern Levant, with the rich assemblage of copper artifacts from the Nahal Mishmar cave and the unique gold rings of the Nahal Qanah cave, is regarded as a main center of early metallurgy during the second half of the 5th millennium CalBC. However, a recently discovered copper awl from a Middle Chalcolithic burial at Tel Tsaf, Jordan Valley, Israel, suggests that cast metal technology was introduced to the region as early as the late 6th millennium CalBC. This paper examines the chemical composition of this item and reviews its context. The results indicate that it was exported from a distant source, probably in the Caucasus, and that the location where it was found is indicative of the social status of the buried individual. This rare finding indicates that metallurgy was first defused to the southern Levant through exchange networks and only centuries later involved local production. This copper awl, the earliest metal artifact found in the southern Levant, indicates that the elaborate Late Chalcolithic metallurgy developed from a more ancient tradition. PMID:24671185

Phytosanitary cold treatment for oranges infested with Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders), attacks a wide range of tree fruits in countries from Egypt to Vietnam and is occasionally trapped in the US. Phytosanitary treatments are required to export fruit hosts of this insect from infested countries to non-infested countries where it might...

International Demand for American Higher Education: An Extension.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mixon, J. Wilson, Jr.; Wan, Weidong

1990-01-01

A study of the relationship of population and income in Asian countries and Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) members to their demand for American higher education found that both population and income significantly affect demand, but not proportionally. Findings suggest countries meet most change in citizens' demand with…

Global perspectives on e-waste

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Widmer, Rolf; Oswald-Krapf, Heidi; Sinha-Khetriwal, Deepali

2005-07-15

Electronic waste, or e-waste, is an emerging problem as well as a business opportunity of increasing significance, given the volumes of e-waste being generated and the content of both toxic and valuable materials in them. The fraction including iron, copper, aluminium, gold and other metals in e-waste is over 60%, while pollutants comprise 2.70%. Given the high toxicity of these pollutants especially when burned or recycled in uncontrolled environments, the Basel Convention has identified e-waste as hazardous, and developed a framework for controls on transboundary movement of such waste. The Basel Ban, an amendment to the Basel Convention that hasmore » not yet come into force, would go one step further by prohibiting the export of e-waste from developed to industrializing countries. Section 1 of this paper gives readers an overview on the e-waste topic-how e-waste is defined, what it is composed of and which methods can be applied to estimate the quantity of e-waste generated. Considering only PCs in use, by one estimate, at least 100 million PCs became obsolete in 2004. Not surprisingly, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) today already constitutes 8% of municipal waste and is one of the fastest growing waste fractions. Section 2 provides insight into the legislation and initiatives intended to help manage these growing quantities of e-waste. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is being propagated as a new paradigm in waste management. The European Union's WEEE Directive, which came into force in August of 2004, makes it incumbent on manufacturers and importers in EU states to take back their products from consumers and ensure environmentally sound disposal. WEEE management in industrializing countries has its own characteristics and problems, and therefore this paper identifies some problems specific to such countries. The risky process of extracting copper from printed wiring boards is discussed as an example to illustrate the hazards of the e-waste recycling industry in India. The WEEE Knowledge Partnership programme funded by seco (Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs) and implemented by Empa has developed a methodology to assess the prevailing situation, in order to better understand the opportunities and risks in pilot urban areas of three countries-Beijing-China, Delhi-India and Johannesburg-South Africa. The three countries are compared using an assessment indicator system which takes into account the structural framework, the recycling system and its various impacts. Three key points have emerged from the assessments so far: a) e-waste recycling has developed in all countries as a market based activity, b) in China and India it is based on small to medium-sized enterprises (SME) in the informal sector, whereas in South Africa it is in the formal sector, and c) each country is trying to overcome shortcomings in the current system by developing strategies for improvement.« less

Reuse of samples: ethical issues encountered by two institutional ethics review committees in Kenya.

PubMed

Langat, Simon K

2005-10-01

There is growing concern about the reuse and exploitation of biological materials (human tissues) for use in research worldwide. Most discussions about samples have taken place in developed countries, where genetic manipulation techniques have greatly advanced in recent years. There is very little discussion in developing countries, although collaborative research with institutions from developed countries is on the increase. The study sought to identify and describe ethical issues arising in the storage, reuse and exportation of samples in a developing country. Research protocols presented to two Ethics Review Committees in Kenya during a period of two years were reviewed. A record was made of the protocol title, sample collected, request for storage, reuse or exportation and whether or not subject consent was sought. The findings indicated that about 25% out of the 388 protocols sought permission for reuse and only half of those actually informed subjects of the contemplated re-use. Less than 20% requested storage and again, about half of them sought consent from subjects. There is an indication that investigators do not see the need to seek consent for storage, reuse and exportation of samples. It is proposed that these issues should be addressed through policy interventions at both the national and global levels.

Market or government: lessons from a comparative analysis of the experience of Pakistan and India.

PubMed

Papanek, G F

1991-01-01

A comparison of India and Pakistan (and Bangladesh) in the last 40 years is made in view of the consensus emerging in the 1980s about the supremacy of market-oriented strategy to overcome and alleviate poverty even in less developed countries (LDC). For 4 decades India consistently intervened in the economy, while Pakistan had periods of deregulation and more reliance on market forces. The period from 1947 to 1969-1970, the 1970's, and the 1980s were examined. Dirigiste strategy produced similar or lower production in Pakistan and Bangladesh as in India (1% growth), however, market strategy production in the former countries (3%). Foreign aid (over 10% of gross domestic product in Pakistan and less than one-half of that in India) also stimulated growth. In the late 1970s and late 1980s the import surplus of Pakistan and Bangladesh was 11% vs. 25% of that in India. In the 1950s Pakistan's exports grew rapidly, and in the 1960s the rate of growth in manufactured goods was double that of India due to the Export Bonus Voucher System. The reverse was true during 1969-70 and 1976-77 when India's total manufactured exports grew at twice the rate of Pakistan as the abolition of the voucher scheme occurred, inflation climbed and export duties were imposed. In the late 1970s to mid 1980s military governments in Pakistan and Bangladesh relied heavily on the market devaluing by 100%, deregulating imported inputs, and introducing incentives for exports. Dirigism produced a 50% higher grown in India vs. 200% in the other countries by market efforts. Government intervention tended to aggravate market distortions, although it produced positive results in nontraditional exports in Pakistan and in agricultural infrastructure building, primary school attendance and health services, electrification, and road building in India. Market-induced rapid growth used more unskilled labor and alleviated poverty.

Impacts of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on the wheat market: A global dynamic analysis

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Although the widespread influence of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) occurrences on crop yields of the main agricultural commodities is well known, the global socio-economic consequences of ENSO still remain uncertain. Given the global importance of wheat for global consumption by providing 20% of global calories and nourishment, the monitoring and prediction of ENSO-induced variations in the worldwide wheat market are essential for allowing national governments to manage the associated risks and to ensure the supplies of wheat for consumers, including the underprivileged. To this end, we propose a global dynamic model for the analysis of ENSO impacts on wheat yield anomalies, export prices, exports and stock-to-use ratios. Our framework focuses on seven countries/regions: the six main wheat-exporting countries—the United States, Argentina, Australia, Canada, the EU, and the group of the main Black Sea export countries, i.e. Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan—plus the rest of the world. The study shows that La Niña exerts, on average, a stronger and negative impact on wheat yield anomalies, exports and stock-to-use ratios than El Niño. In contrast, wheat export prices are positively related to La Niña occurrences evidencing, once again, its steady impact in both the short and long run. Our findings emphasize the importance of the two ENSO extreme phases for the worldwide wheat market. PMID:28594886

CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS OF EXPORTING DOMESTIC WOOD HARVEST TO NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

EPA Science Inventory

Among wealthy countries, increasing imports of natural resources to allow for unchecked consumption and greater domestic environmental conservation has become commonplace. This practice can negatively affect biodiversity conservation planning if natural resource harvest is merely...

Demonstration and development of control mechanism for radioactive sources in Saudi Arabia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Al-Kheliewi, A. S.

2012-06-01

Saudi Arabia have no nuclear industry. Nevertheless, many radioactive sources, for different purposes, have been used in the country. There is upswing in the number of companies that recruit nuclear technology in their daily work. The National Center for Radiation Protection (NCRP) takes the full commitment and responsibility for monitoring and regulating the movement of radioactive sources in the country. NCRP issues the licenses for import, export, and use of radioactive sources. It, also, protects the country from any trespassing radiation through a sizable net of early warning and radiation monitoring stations along the borders of Saudi Arabia. This paper talks about the procedures of licensing, importing, exporting of radioactive sources. It, also, sheds light on types of implementing radioactive sources in different practices encompass medicine, industry, research. The NCRP has established an electronic web site to ease the communication with all users in the country. This site is yet in the experimental stage.

Health tourism on the rise? Evidence from the Balance of Payments Statistics.

PubMed

Loh, Chung-Ping A

2014-09-01

The study assesses the presence and magnitude of global trends in health tourism using health-related travel (HRT) spending reported in the International Monetary Fund's Balance of Payments Statistics database. Linear regression and quantile regression are applied to estimate secular trends of the import and export of HRT based on a sample of countries from 2003 to 2009. The results show that from 2003 to 2009 the import and export of health tourism rose among countries with a high volume of such activities (accounting for the upper 40% of the countries), but not among those with a low volume. The uneven growth in health tourism has generated greater contrast between countries with high and low volumes of health tourism activities. However, the growth in the total import of health tourism did not outpace the population growth, implying that in general the population's tendency to engage in health tourism remained static.

26 CFR 1.863-1 - Allocation of gross income under section 863(a).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... the United States. Example 3. Sale in third country. US Gold, a U.S. corporation, mines gold in country X, produces gold jewelry in the United States, and sells the jewelry in country Y. Assume that the fair market value of the gold at the export terminal in country X is $40, and that US Gold ultimately...

19 CFR 351.107 - Cash deposit rates for nonproducing exporters; rates in antidumping proceedings involving a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Cash deposit rates for nonproducing exporters; rates in antidumping proceedings involving a nonmarket economy country. 351.107 Section 351.107 Customs Duties INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ANTIDUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING DUTIES Scope and Definitions § 351.107 Cash deposit...

40 CFR 707.70 - EPA notice to foreign governments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false EPA notice to foreign governments. 707... SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT CHEMICAL IMPORTS AND EXPORTS Notices of Export Under Section 12(b) § 707.70 EPA notice to foreign governments. (a)(1) Notice by EPA to the importing country shall be sent no later than 5...

40 CFR 707.70 - EPA notice to foreign governments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false EPA notice to foreign governments. 707... SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT CHEMICAL IMPORTS AND EXPORTS Notices of Export Under Section 12(b) § 707.70 EPA notice to foreign governments. (a)(1) Notice by EPA to the importing country shall be sent no later than 5...

40 CFR 82.11 - Exports of class I controlled substances to Article 5 Parties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... substances to Article 5 Parties. 82.11 Section 82.11 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... Controls § 82.11 Exports of class I controlled substances to Article 5 Parties. (a) If apportioned Article... substances) to foreign states listed in appendix E to this subpart (Article 5 countries). (1) A person must...

15 CFR Appendix C to Part 30 - Summary of Exemptions and Exclusions From EEI Filing

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... or transshipped and exported directly from the port of arrival never having made entry into the United States. If entry for consumption or warehousing in the United States is made, then an EEI is... foreign country. Goods that were imported under bond for processing and re-exportation are not covered by...

15 CFR Appendix C to Part 30 - Summary of Exemptions and Exclusions From EEI Filing

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... or transshipped and exported directly from the port of arrival never having made entry into the United States. If entry for consumption or warehousing in the United States is made, then an EEI is... foreign country. Goods that were imported under bond for processing and re-exportation are not covered by...

77 FR 23114 - Addition of Certain Persons on the Entity List: Addition of Persons Acting Contrary to the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-18

... exports, reexports, and transfers (in-country) to entities identified on the Entity List require a license... CONTACT: Karen Nies-Vogel, Chair, End-User Review Committee, Office of the Assistant Secretary, Export...) to entities identified on the Entity List require a license from the Bureau of Industry and Security...

76 FR 37632 - Addition of Certain Persons on the Entity List: Addition of Persons Acting Contrary to the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-28

..., Iran and the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.). The Entity List provides notice to the public that certain exports, reexports, and transfers (in-country) to parties identified on the Entity List require a license... Nies-Vogel, Chair, End-User Review Committee, Office of the Assistant Secretary, Export Administration...

9 CFR 381.107 - Special procedures as to certification of poultry products for export to certain countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Special procedures as to certification...; MANDATORY MEAT AND POULTRY PRODUCTS INSPECTION AND VOLUNTARY INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION POULTRY PRODUCTS... Procedures § 381.107 Special procedures as to certification of poultry products for export to certain...

78 FR 44937 - Sabine Pass Liquefaction, LLC; Application for Long-Term Authorization To Export Liquefied...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-25

...-Term Authorization To Export Liquefied Natural Gas Produced From Domestic Natural Gas Resources to Non... equivalent of 101 billion standard cubic feet (Bcf) of natural gas per year), pursuant to the LNG Sale and... States does not have an FTA requiring national treatment for trade in natural gas (non-FTA countries...

15 CFR 2007.1 - Information required of interested parties in submitting requests for modifications in the last...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... duty-free treatment under the GSP have on competition and the business of the interest on whose behalf..., total quantity, value and trends in exports; (8) Information on exports to the United States in terms of... beneficiary countries and trends in their production and promotional activities; (9) Analysis of cost...

15 CFR 2007.1 - Information required of interested parties in submitting requests for modifications in the last...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... duty-free treatment under the GSP have on competition and the business of the interest on whose behalf..., total quantity, value and trends in exports; (8) Information on exports to the United States in terms of... beneficiary countries and trends in their production and promotional activities; (9) Analysis of cost...

Nutrition security under extreme events

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martinez, A.

2017-12-01

Nutrition security under extreme events. Zero hunger being one of the Sustainable Development Goal from the United Nations, food security has become a trending research topic. However extreme events impact on global food security is not yet 100% understood and there is a lack of comprehension of the underlying mechanisms of global food trade and nutrition security to improve countries resilience to extreme events. In a globalized world, food is still a highly regulated commodity and a strategic resource. A drought happening in a net food-exporter will have little to no effect on its own population but the repercussion on net food-importers can be extreme. In this project, we propose a methodology to describe and quantify the impact of a local drought to human health at a global scale. For this purpose, nutrition supply and global trade data from FAOSTAT have been used with domestic food production from national agencies and FAOSTAT, global precipitation from the Climate Research Unit and health data from the World Health Organization. A modified Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) has been developed to measure the level of resilience of one country to a drought happening in another country. This index describes how a country is dependent of importation and how diverse are its importation. Losses of production and exportation due to extreme events have been calculated using yield data and a simple food balance at country scale. Results show that countries the most affected by global droughts are the one with the highest dependency to one exporting country. Changes induced by droughts also disturbed their domestic proteins, fat and calories supply resulting most of the time in a higher intake of calories or fat over proteins.

Material flows generated by pyromet copper smelting

USGS Publications Warehouse

Goonan, T.G.

2005-01-01

Copper production through smelting generates large volumes of material flows. As copper contained in ore becomes copper contained in concentrate to be fed into the smelting process, it leaves behind an altered landscape, sometimes mine waste, and always mill tailings. Copper concentrate, fluxing materials, fuels, oxygen, recyclables, scrap and water are inputs to the process. Dust (recycled), gases - containing carbon dioxide (CO2) (dissipated) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) (mostly collected, transformed and sold) and slag (discarded or sold) - are among the significant process outputs. This article reports estimates of the flows of these input/output materials for a particular set of smelters studied in some countries.

Virtual water flows in the international trade of agricultural products of China.

PubMed

Zhang, Yu; Zhang, Jinhe; Tang, Guorong; Chen, Min; Wang, Lachun

2016-07-01

With the rapid development of the economy and population, water scarcity and poor water quality caused by water pollution have become increasingly severe in China. Virtual water trade is a useful tool to alleviate water shortage. This paper focuses on a comprehensive study of China's international virtual water flows from agricultural products trade and completes a diachronic analysis from 2001 to 2013. The results show that China was in trade surplus in relation to the virtual water trade of agricultural products. The exported virtual water amounted to 29.94billionm(3)/yr. while 155.55billionm(3)/yr. was embedded in imported products. The trend that China exported virtual water per year was on the decline while the imported was on a rising trend. Virtual water trade of China was highly concentrated. Not all of the exported products had comparative advantages in virtual water content. Imported products were excessively concentrated on water intensive agricultural products such as soya beans, cotton, and palm oil. The exported virtual water mainly flowed to the Republic of Korea, Hong Kong of China and Japan, while the imported mainly flowed from the United States of America, Brazil and Argentina. From the ethical point of view, the trade partners were classified into four types in terms of "net import" and "water abundance": mutual benefit countries, such as Australia and Canada; unilateral benefit countries, such as Mongolia and Norway; supported countries, such as Egypt and Singapore; and double pressure countries, such as India and Pakistan. Virtual water strategy refers to water resources, agricultural products and human beings. The findings are beneficial for innovating water resources management system, adjusting trade structure, ensuring food security in China, and promoting the construction of national ecological security system. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Vitamin A--fortified vegetable oil exported from Malaysia and Indonesia can significantly contribute to vitamin A intake worldwide.

PubMed

Laillou, Arnaud; Panagides, Dora; Garrett, Greg S; Moench-Pfanner, Regina

2013-06-01

Vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem worldwide, affecting approximately 190 million preschool-aged children and 19.1 million pregnant women. Fortification of vegetable oils with vitamin A is an effective, low-cost technology to improve vitamin A intake. To examine the potential contribution of fortification of vegetable oils with vitamin A in Indonesia and Malaysia to increasing vitamin A consumption in these two countries and in countries to which oil is exported. Detailed interviews were administered and a desk review was conducted. We also estimated potential vitamin A intakes from fortified vegetable oil. Malaysia and Indonesia are two of the largest producers and exporters of vegetable oil. Fortification of vegetable oil in both countries has the potential to be used as a tool for control of vitamin A deficiency. Both countries have the capacity to export fortified vegetable oil. Vegetable oil fortified at a level of 45 IU/g could provide 18.8% of the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for an Ethiopian woman, 30.9% and 46.9% of the EAR for a Bangladeshi child and woman, respectively, and 17.5% of the EAR for a Cambodian woman. Although concerns about obesity are valid, fortification of existing vegetable oil supplies does not promote overconsumption of oil but rather promotes consumption of vegetable oil of higher nutrient quality. Fortifying vegetable oil on a large scale in Malaysia and Indonesia can reach millions of people globally, including children less than 5 years old. The levels of fortification used are far from reaching the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). Vegetable oil fortification has the potential to become a global public health intervention strategy.

The economic impact of foot and mouth disease and its control in South-East Asia: a preliminary assessment with special reference to Thailand.

PubMed

Perry, B D; Kalpravidh, W; Coleman, P G; Horst, H S; McDermott, J J; Randolph, T F; Gleeson, L J

1999-08-01

A pilot study of the economic impact of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in the countries and region of South-East Asia is described. Previous economic impact assessments are reviewed and summarised and a synthesis of these contributions is constructed. A framework for the future economic impact of the disease is then developed, incorporating analyses at the sectoral (production system), national and regional levels. Data requirements for such studies are also identified. Integrated epidemiological and economic models for impact assessment were developed and applied to the case study country of Thailand. The models were used to evaluate the economic viability of FMD control programmes in the country. Scenarios evaluated include the effect of improving vaccination coverage and thus reducing productivity losses, and the effect of eventual eradication of the disease. The results indicate that economic returns to the high expenditures incurred in FMD control could be achieved in the short term if greater international trade in pork products was made possible and export prices higher than those in the domestic market could be attained. If FMD were to be eradicated from Thailand in 2010, the eradication would be economically viable, even without exports, with a predicted benefit-cost ratio of 3.73. With additional exports, the economic justification for control becomes much stronger with a benefit-cost ratio of up to 15:1 being achieved. If eradication is not achieved until 2020, returns remain positive without exports, but at a lower rate. The authors propose that the integrated epidemiological and economic models developed be applied to other countries of the region to gain a more accurate insight into the future benefits of FMD control and eradication in the region.

Middle East fuel supply & gas exports for power generation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mitchell, G.K.; Newendorp, T.

1995-12-31

The Middle East countries that border on, or are near, the Persian Gulf hold over 65% of the world`s estimated proven crude oil reserves and 32% of the world`s estimated proven natural gas reserves. In fact, approximately 5% of the world`s total proven gas reserves are located in Qatar`s offshore North Field. This large natural gas/condensate field is currently under development to supply three LNG export projects, as well as a sub-sea pipeline proposal to export gas to Pakistan. The Middle East will continue to be a major source of crude oil and oil products to world petroleum markets, includingmore » fuel for existing and future base load, intermediate cycling and peaking electric generation plants. In addition, as the Persian Gulf countries turn their attention to exploiting their natural gas resources, the fast-growing need for electricity in the Asia-Pacific and east Africa areas offers a potential market for both pipeline and LNG export opportunities to fuel high efficiency, gas-fired combustion turbine power plants. Mr. Mitchell`s portion of this paper will discuss the background, status and timing of several Middle Eastern gas export projects that have been proposed. These large gas export projects are difficult and costly to develop and finance. Consequently, any IPP developers that are considering gas-fired projects which require Mid-East LNG as a fuel source, should understand the numerous sources and timing to securing project debt, loan terms and conditions, and, restrictions/credit rating issues associated with securing financing for these gas export projects. Mr. Newendorp`s section of the paper will cover the financing aspects of these projects, providing IPP developers with additional considerations in selecting the primary fuel supply for an Asian-Pacific or east African electric generation project.« less

75 FR 77561 - Regulations Issued Under the Export Grape and Plum Act; Revision to the Minimum Requirements

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-13

...'' would be deleted, and the following countries would be added to the remaining list: Bosnia, Croatia..., Europe (defined to mean the following countries: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia...

The export of hazardous industries in 2015.

PubMed

Castleman, Barry

2016-01-19

In the 1970s, there were many reports of toxic hazards at corporate subsidiaries in the developing world that were no longer tolerated in the corporations' "home" countries. Following the chemical disaster in Bhopal, India, in 1984, leading corporations then announced that they applied uniform standards of worker and environmental protection worldwide. With globalization, corporations should also be obliged to take responsibility for their separate supplier, contractor and distributor companies, and licensees of their technology.The asbestos industry today consists of national corporations. Individual countries must overcome the influence of the asbestos-exporting countries and asbestos companies and stop building with asbestos, as recommended by WHO, ILO, and World Bank. WHO precautions for limiting governmental interaction with the tobacco industry should be applied in dealing with the asbestos industry.

Prediction in complex systems: The case of the international trade network

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vidmer, Alexandre; Zeng, An; Medo, Matúš; Zhang, Yi-Cheng

2015-10-01

Predicting the future evolution of complex systems is one of the main challenges in complexity science. Based on a current snapshot of a network, link prediction algorithms aim to predict its future evolution. We apply here link prediction algorithms to data on the international trade between countries. This data can be represented as a complex network where links connect countries with the products that they export. Link prediction techniques based on heat and mass diffusion processes are employed to obtain predictions for products exported in the future. These baseline predictions are improved using a recent metric of country fitness and product similarity. The overall best results are achieved with a newly developed metric of product similarity which takes advantage of causality in the network evolution.

Essentiality of copper in humans.

PubMed

Uauy, R; Olivares, M; Gonzalez, M

1998-05-01

The biochemical basis for the essentiality of copper, the adequacy of the dietary copper supply, factors that condition deficiency, and the special conditions of copper nutriture in early infancy are reviewed. New biochemical and crystallographic evidence define copper as being necessary for structural and catalytic properties of cuproenzymes. Mechanisms responsible for the control of cuproprotein gene expression are not known in mammals; however, studies using yeast as a eukaryote model support the existence of a copper-dependent gene regulatory element. Diets in Western countries provide copper below or in the low range of the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake. Copper deficiency is usually the consequence of decreased copper stores at birth, inadequate dietary copper intake, poor absorption, elevated requirements induced by rapid growth, or increased copper losses. The most frequent clinical manifestations of copper deficiency are anemia, neutropenia, and bone abnormalities. Recommendations for dietary copper intake and total copper exposure, including that from potable water, should consider that copper is an essential nutrient with potential toxicity if the load exceeds tolerance. A range of safe intakes should be defined for the general population, including a lower safe intake and an upper safe intake, to prevent deficiency as well as toxicity for most of the population.

An analysis of macroeconomic fluctuations for a small open oil-based economy: The case of Saudi Arabia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Al-Abdulkarim, Bander B.

The increasing fluctuations in the oil prices through the last decades have been transferred to the oil exporting countries. Thus, many oil exporting countries experienced significant changes in the economic activity due to changes in the oil markets. In light of this, oil exporting countries have attempted to implement a policy that would stabilize the fluctuations in the oil markets recognizing the adverse effects of such behavior on oil exporting countries, as well as oil importing countries. Saudi Arabia, as the largest oil-exporting country and a member of OPEC, takes the role of oil-markets stabilizer by behaving as the swing producer. This role has caused the global economic fluctuations to transfer into the domestic economy. In addition, Saudi Arabian government has adopted a fixed exchange rate currency regime. Although it has contributed to domestic price stabilizations, this policy has also exposed the country to global economic disturbances. The purpose of the study is to empirically investigate these aspects for Saudi Arabia. First, the effects of shocks originated in the international markets on the Saudi Arabian economy. Second, how the fixed exchange rate regimes influences the domestic macroeconomic variables. Third, to what extent the oil sector contributes to the non-oil domestic fluctuations. Finally, how the findings from the study can be explained by economic theory. In pursuing this, there are four economic theories that are considered to explain the causes of business cycles. These theories are Classical Theory, Keynesian Theory, Monetarist Theory, and the Real Business Cycles. In addition, a theoretical model is derived that is suitable for an oil-based economy. The model follows the set up of McCallum and Nelson (1999). Then, the empirical models of Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) and Error Correction Model (ECM) are implemented with three different specifications: Choleski Decomposition, Block Exogeneity and long-run Cointegration Model. The empirical models then are applied to sets of data from 1980 to 2002 for Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Venezuela and Norway. The rationale of including other oil-exporting countries is to distinguish whether the shocks are country-specific, regional-specific, or global. Two sets of shocks are considered: international shocks and domestic shocks. Three types of international shocks are chosen: commodity-price (oil price) shock, international financial (interest rate) shock, and international real (output) shock. In addition, five domestic shocks which are non-oil output shock, oil production shock, price level shock, monetary shock, and exchange rate shock. The findings reached in the study demonstrate that the international shocks are responsible for a high proportion of fluctuations in the economic activity in Saudi Arabia. Most importantly, the international financial shocks represented by the US interest rate and oil price shocks are the major sources of fluctuations in the Saudi Arabian economy. Domestically, the economy is mostly affected by the oil production and the non-oil output shocks for Saudi Arabia. These results emphasize that the Saudi Arabia's role in the international oil market and its fixed exchange rate regime have significant implications on the domestic economy. Thus, special considerations should be placed on designing the appropriate policies to lessen the dependency on the oil sector and strengthen the role of private sector to diversify the economic base, and provide an independent sound monetary policy to steer the economy from the fluctuations in the global economy. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Growing vegetables in developing countries for local urban populations and export markets: problems confronting small-scale producers.

PubMed

Dinham, Barbara

2003-05-01

Vegetables attract high applications of pesticides, and farmers in developing countries use many acutely toxic insecticides to control pests on these crops. With the liberalisation of agricultural markets in developing countries, the number of small-scale farmers growing vegetables for both domestic and export markets is increasing. Demand for supplies of year-round and exotic fruit and vegetables has grown in industrialised countries, but with rising quality standards and traceability requirements it is difficult for small-scale farmers to benefit from this lucrative non-traditional agricultural export trade. The demand is high for vegetables in the expanding cities in developing countries, and farmers in peri-urban areas, or rural areas with good access to the cities, are in a position to find a growing market for their produce. Poor storage facilities will often mean that farmers are forced to sell at peak times when prices are low. Farmers rarely have access to training in pesticide use, and have only limited or no access to advice on the complicated management of pesticides. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN is concerned about high levels of poor quality and adulterated pesticides on sale in developing countries. Surveys repeatedly show that without training, farmers are unable to make good crop decisions: recognition of pests and their predators is generally low, leading to decisions to spray to kill any insect; knowledge of product selection, application rates and timing is poor; different products are often combined in the belief that the effect will be greater; re-entry periods after spraying and essential harvest intervals are not known; and without knowledge of alternatives, farmers will often assume that the only solution to pest problems is to spray more frequently. From a consumer's point of view, few developing countries are able to monitor pesticide residues, particularly for produce grown for home consumption: most countries do not have laboratories for even simple residue testing. Changes in European Maximum Residue Limits means that export crops will be rejected if they contain residues at the Limit of Detection of pesticides not registered in Europe. Season-long field level training in Integrated Pest Management can help farmers to become better decision-makers, and to greatly reduce pesticide use while reducing risks to their own health and environment, producing safer products for consumers, maintaining yields, and increasing incomes.

19 CFR 351.107 - Cash deposit rates for nonproducing exporters; rates in antidumping proceedings involving a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...; rates in antidumping proceedings involving a nonmarket economy country. 351.107 Section 351.107 Customs... proceedings involving a nonmarket economy country. (a) Introduction. This section deals with the establishment... involving imports from a nonmarket economy country. (b) Cash deposit rates for nonproducing exporters—(1...

19 CFR 351.107 - Cash deposit rates for nonproducing exporters; rates in antidumping proceedings involving a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...; rates in antidumping proceedings involving a nonmarket economy country. 351.107 Section 351.107 Customs... proceedings involving a nonmarket economy country. (a) Introduction. This section deals with the establishment... involving imports from a nonmarket economy country. (b) Cash deposit rates for nonproducing exporters—(1...

19 CFR 351.107 - Cash deposit rates for nonproducing exporters; rates in antidumping proceedings involving a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...; rates in antidumping proceedings involving a nonmarket economy country. 351.107 Section 351.107 Customs... proceedings involving a nonmarket economy country. (a) Introduction. This section deals with the establishment... involving imports from a nonmarket economy country. (b) Cash deposit rates for nonproducing exporters—(1...

19 CFR 351.107 - Cash deposit rates for nonproducing exporters; rates in antidumping proceedings involving a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...; rates in antidumping proceedings involving a nonmarket economy country. 351.107 Section 351.107 Customs... proceedings involving a nonmarket economy country. (a) Introduction. This section deals with the establishment... involving imports from a nonmarket economy country. (b) Cash deposit rates for nonproducing exporters—(1...

International food trade reduces environmental effects of nitrogen pollution in China.

PubMed

Shi, Yaxing; Wu, Shaohua; Zhou, Shenglu; Wang, Chunhui; Chen, Hao

2016-09-01

The globalization of agricultural trade has dramatically altered global nitrogen flows by changing the spatial pattern of nitrogen utilization and emissions at a global scale. As a major trading country, China uses a large amount of nitrogen, which has a profound impact on global nitrogen flows. Using data on food production and trade between China and 26 other countries and regions, we calculated nitrogen inputs and outputs in food production ecosystem in each country. We estimated nitrogen flows in international food trade and analyzed their impact on nitrogen pollution in China. We divided nitrogen flows into embodied and virtual nitrogen flows. Embodied nitrogen is taken up by the plant and incorporated into the final food product, whereas virtual nitrogen is lost to the environment throughout the food production process and is not contained in the final food product. Our results show that China mainly imports food products from America and Asia, accounting for 95 % of all imported food. Asia (mainly Japan) and Europe are the main exporters of food from China, with Japan and the EU accounting for 17 and 10 % of all exported food, respectively. Total nitrogen inputs and outputs in food production in China were 55,400 and 61,000 Gg respectively, which were much higher than in other countries. About 1440 and 950 Gg of embodied and virtual nitrogen respectively flow into China through the food trade, mainly from food-exporting countries such as the USA, Argentina, and Brazil. Meanwhile, 177 and 160 Gg of embodied and virtual nitrogen respectively flow out of China from the export of food products, mainly to Japan. China's net food imports have reduced 720 and 458 Gg for nitrogen utilization and outputs, respectively, which accounted for 1.3 and 0.78 % of total nitrogen inputs and outputs in China. These results suggest that food trade in China has a profound effect on nitrogen flows and has greatly reduced environmental impacts on nitrogen pollution in China.

Food and survival in Lusaka's self-help townships.

PubMed

Ledogar, R J

1978-01-01

Zambia, formerly 1 of the more prosperous of developing nations, has fallen on hard times due to political problems of its neighbors and the depressed market price of copper, its main export product and largely the basis for its prosperity. The country is currently (1978) trying to shift its economic base to agriculture -- meaning that surplus crops go to export rather than to the crowded urban areas of Zambia itself (35 to 40% of the population). Zambian squatter settlements, traditionally self-reliant, are the target of a pilot project planned by UNICEF and The American Friends Service Committee, which hopes to encourage this self reliant tradition by expanding the practice of urban agriculture. The project hopes to develop ways to raise the productivity of urban agricultural areas by finding the most suitable crops and creating irrigation so that agriculture can be practised year round. This is the start of a planned "Urban Agriculture and Nutrition Service" to be funded by the above groups, with the Zambian government and, hopefully, other agencies, aimed at providing: 1) Kitchen gardens on residential plots. 2) Cultivation of road reserves, green belts, and other reserved areas throughout the city and on its outskirts. 3) Rainy season cultivation of all idle land in the urban area. 4) Raising of poultry, rabbits and other small livestock on residential and communal plots. 5) Cultivation of small holdings in the urban periphery by low income residents on a cooperative basis. 6) Eventual resettlement of some urban residents on farms in the urban periphery. There will be, in addition, a small-loan fund, 1st for individuals and later for cooperative ventures, and a program to improve technical skills. It is hoped that by 1980, when the pilot project is completed, the service will be self-supporting.

International strategic minerals inventory summary report; zirconium

USGS Publications Warehouse

Towner, R.R.

1992-01-01

Zircon, a zirconium silicate, is currently the most important commercial zirconium-bearing mineral. Baddeleyite, a natural form of zirconia, is less important but has some specific end uses. Both zircon and baddeleyite occur in hard-rock and placer deposits, but at present all zircon production is from placer deposits. Most baddeleyite production is from hard-rock deposits, principally as a byproduct of copper and phosphate-rock mining. World zirconium resources in identified, economically exploitable deposits are about 46 times current production rates. Of these resources, some 71 percent are in South Africa, Australia, and the United States. The principal end uses of zirconium minerals are in ceramic applications and as refractories, abrasives, and mold linings in foundries. A minor amount, mainly of zircon, is used for the production of hafnium-free zirconium metal, which is used principally for sheathing fuel elements in nuclear reactors and in the chemical-processing industry, aerospace engineering, and electronics. Australia and South Africa are the largest zircon producers and account for more than 70 percent of world output; the United States and the Soviet Union account for another 20 percent. South Africa accounts for almost all the world's production of baddeleyite, which is about 2 percent of world production of contained zirconia. Australia and South Africa are the largest exporters of zircon. Unless major new deposits are developed in countries that have not traditionally produced zircon, the pattern of world production is unlikely to change by 2020. The proportions, however, of production that come from existing producing countries may change somewhat.

Communication imperialism and dependency: a conceptual clarification.

PubMed

Lee, P S

1988-01-01

Communications imperialism has to do with the domination of a country's media activities by another. The ownership, structure, distribution or content of the media in 1 country are affected by pressures from media interests of another country or group out of proportion with those of that country. To determine if this is happening we should consider the country's policies, the private sector;s efforts to export communications elements, and actions of the dominant country against the dominated. The 4 aspects of international media in this situation are television program exportation, foreign ownership and control of media distribution, the infringement of capital opinions on other societies, and the transfer of commercialism and broadcasting norms. In addition to the software and hardware and the other forms of communication such as satellites, computers, and transportation of the mass media, there are the cultural effects on the developing countries. In the case of involuntary of voluntary dependency of the recipient country, the effect of the unbalanced international communication can be harmful or beneficial. Communication dependency may not be harmful to the culture of the recipient country. In determining the theory of unbalanced international communications 3 factors should be considered. There are: the role of the interacting countries, the nature of the dependency of the recipient country, and the beneficial or harmful effect of unbalanced communication pattern on that country.

China's "Exported Carbon" Peak: Patterns, Drivers, and Implications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mi, Zhifu; Meng, Jing; Green, Fergus; Coffman, D'Maris; Guan, Dabo

2018-05-01

Over the past decade, China has entered a "new normal" phase in economic development, with its role in global trade flows changing significantly. This study estimates the driving forces of Chinese export-embodied carbon emissions in the new normal phase, based on environmentally extended multiregional input-output modeling and structural decomposition analysis. We find that Chinese export-embodied CO2 emissions peaked in 2008 at a level of 1,657 million tones. The subsequent decline in CO2 emissions was mainly due to the changing structure of Chinese production. The peak in Chinese export-embodied emissions is encouraging from the perspective of global climate change mitigation, as it implies downward pressure on global CO2 emissions. However, more attention should focus on ensuring that countries that may partly replace China as major production bases increase their exports using low-carbon inputs.

Tanzania Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2016-01-01

Tanzania is a small natural gas producer, but the country is planning to become an exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the future. There have been several natural gas discoveries made in offshore southern Tanzania since 2010 large enough to support an LNG plant.

Israel Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2016-01-01

Israel, once dependent on imports to supply its energy, now has a growing natural gas industry. Recent discoveries of offshore natural gas fields have the potential to provide adequate amounts of energy to meet domestic demand, while allowing the country to export excess volumes.

Role of copper transport protein Antioxidant-1 in Angiotensin II-induced hypertension: A key regulator of Extracellular SOD

PubMed Central

Ozumi, Kiyoshi; Sudhahar, Varadarajan; Kim, Ha Won; Chen, Gin-Fu; Kohno, Takashi; Finney, Lydia; Vogt, Stefan; McKinney, Ronald D.; Ushio-Fukai, Masuko; Fukai, Tohru

2012-01-01

Extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) is a secretory copper enzyme involved in protecting angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension. We previously found that Ang II upregulates SOD3 expression and activity as a counter-regulatory mechanism; however, underlying mechanisms are unclear. Antioxidant-1 (Atox1) is shown to act as a copper-dependent transcription factor as well as copper chaperone for SOD3 in vitro, but its role in Ang II-induced hypertension in vivo is unknown. Here we show that Ang II infusion increases Atox1 expression as well as SOD3 expression and activity in aortas of wild-type mice, which are inhibited in mice lacking Atox1. Accordingly, Ang II increases vascular O2•− production, reduces endothelium-dependent vasodilation and increases vasoconstriction in mesenteric arterioles to a greater extent in Atox1−/− than in wild-type mice. This contributes to augmented hypertensive response to Ang II in Atox1−/− mice. In cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, Ang II promotes translocation of Atox1 to the nucleus, thereby increasing SOD3 transcription by binding to Atox1 responsive element in the SOD3 promoter. Furthermore, Ang II increases Atox1 binding to the copper exporter ATP7A which obtains copper from Atox1 as well as translocation of ATP7A to plasma membranes where it colocalizes with SOD3. As its consequence, Ang II decreases vascular copper levels, which is inhibited in Atox1−/− mice. In summary, Atox1 functions to prevent Ang II-induced endothelial dysfunction and hyper-contraction in resistant vessels as well as hypertension in vivo by reducing extracellular O2•− levels via increasing vascular SOD3 expression and activity. PMID:22753205

Uganda Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2016-01-01

Uganda does not produce hydrocarbons currently, but after discovering oil ten years ago, the country is expected to start producing oil within the next decade. Commercial oil production is expected to start at the earliest in 2020 but most likely beyond this period. The production start date has been pushed back several times in the past. Contractual and tax disputes, differences between the Ugandan government and international investors over the portion of oil production to be exported versus refined locally, and disagreements over the export pipeline route have all contributed to a later-than-expected production start date. Sustained low global oil prices have also contributed to delays.

The other aspect of solar energy utilization. Solar technologies export enhancement: A central European point of view

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Winter, C. J.; Nitsch, J.; Klaiss, H.; Voigt, C.

1985-11-01

It is shown that solar energy utilization can, on a moderate scale, supplement the indigenous energy supply of the Federal Republic of Germany. It can contribute to the prevention of fatal ecological damage, open an attractive export market and, in the long run, prepare ground for North-South compensation, where energy-poor but technology rich countries cooperate with countries of the Third World, which are often rich in raw materials and are situated in the solar belt of the world, for the benefit of the implementation of a solar industry or the production of a marketable synthetic solar energy carrier.

Dynamics of financial crises in the world trade network

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Askari, Marziyeh; Shirazi, Homayoun; Aghababaei Samani, Keivan

2018-07-01

A simple dynamical model is introduced to simulate the spreading of financial crises in the world trade network. In this model a directed network is constructed in which a weighted and directed link indicates the export value between two countries. The weights are subject to the change by a simple dynamical rule. The process begins with a crisis, i.e. a sudden decrease in the export value of a certain country and spreads throughout the whole network. We compare our results with the real values corresponding to the global financial crisis of 2008 and show that the results of our model are in good agreement with reality.

Monitoring Agricultural Production in Primary Export Countries within the framework of the GEOGLAM Initiative

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Becker-Reshef, I.; Justice, C. O.; Vermote, E.

2012-12-01

Up to date, reliable, global, information on crop production prospects is indispensible for informing and regulating grain markets and for instituting effective agricultural policies. The recent price surges in the global grain markets were in large part triggered by extreme weather events in primary grain export countries. These events raise important questions about the accuracy of current production forecasts and their role in market fluctuations, and highlight the deficiencies in the state of global agricultural monitoring. Satellite-based earth observations are increasingly utilized as a tool for monitoring agricultural production as they offer cost-effective, daily, global information on crop growth and extent and their utility for crop production forecasting has long been demonstrated. Within this context, the Group on Earth Observations developed the Global Agricultural Monitoring (GEOGLAM) initiative which was adopted by the G20 as part of the action plan on food price volatility and agriculture. The goal of GEOGLAM is to enhance agricultural production estimates through the use of Earth observations. This talk will explore the potential contribution of EO-based methods for improving the accuracy of early production estimates of main export countries within the framework of GEOGLAM.

Mercury transport and human exposure from global marine fisheries.

PubMed

Lavoie, Raphael A; Bouffard, Ariane; Maranger, Roxane; Amyot, Marc

2018-04-30

Human activities have increased the global circulation of mercury, a potent neurotoxin. Mercury can be converted into methylmercury, which biomagnifies along aquatic food chains and leads to high exposure in fish-eating populations. Here we quantify temporal trends in the ocean-to-land transport of total mercury and methylmercury from fisheries and we estimate potential human mercury intake through fish consumption in 175 countries. Mercury export from the ocean increased over time as a function of fishing pressure, especially on upper-trophic-level organisms. In 2014, over 13 metric tonnes of mercury were exported from the ocean. Asian countries were important contributors of mercury export in the last decades and the western Pacific Ocean was identified as the main source. Estimates of per capita mercury exposure through fish consumption showed that populations in 38% of the 175 countries assessed, mainly insular and developing nations, were exposed to doses of methylmercury above governmental thresholds. Our study shows temporal trends and spatial patterns of Hg transport by fisheries. Given the high mercury intake through seafood consumption observed in several understudied yet vulnerable coastal communities, we recommend a comprehensive assessment of the health exposure risk of those populations.

Optimizing coffee cultivation and its impact on economic growth and export earnings of the producing countries: The case of Saudi Arabia.

PubMed

Al-Abdulkader, Ahmed M; Al-Namazi, Ali A; AlTurki, Turki A; Al-Khuraish, Muteb M; Al-Dakhil, Abdullah I

2018-05-01

Coffee is one of the historical socioeconomic crops. It has received an increasing attention at the global level, due to its positive interlinkage with the economic growth and on the gross domestic product for most of the producing countries, particularly, developing and least developed countries. Saudi Arabia is one of the coffee producing countries that has a relative comparative advantage of coffee cultivation. Yet, coffee cultivation has not received as much attention in Saudi Arabia as that of producing countries around the world. This study aims to assess the current state of coffee cultivation in Saudi Arabia and to investigate the potential to optimize coffee cultivation in Saudi Arabia that maximizes the net national economic return and export earnings, given limitation of cultivated areas, local market activities, and international trade activities. The study statistically analyzed primary data collected from around (65) coffee farms and traders in the study regions at the south and southwest Saudi Arabia, and optimized coffee cultivation in Saudi Arabia using LINGO optimization software. Empirical results of the study revealed the great potential of Saudi Arabia to expand coffee cultivation at south and southwest regions to meet the escalating local demand and to increase its share at the world market up to 2%. Optimization of coffee cultivation in Saudi Arabia showed a high potential to meet the local demand for coffee by producing 80.07 thousand tons grown over 2861.78 hectares and to generate a net return equivalent to $395.72 million a year, which is equivalent to $138.28 thousand per hectare and $4.94 thousand per ton of coffee. Optimizing coffee cultivation will play a substantial role to increase market share of Saudi Arabia to about 1-2% of the world market by increasing its export volume, respectively, to about 69.66 and 112.56 thousand tons, the national net economic return by about $395.86 and $395.95 million a year, and the export earnings of coffee by about $219.43-354.57 million a year, which in turns, will serve the national strategic trend to diversify the economic base and lower the dependency of incomes generated from oil exportation.

77 FR 19211 - Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Preliminary...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-30

..., and it did not export any subject merchandise to the United States through a trading company... on Import and Export Tax, goods imported from foreign countries into non-tariff zones for use only in non-tariff zones are not liable for import duties. In accordance with Decree 29/2008/ND-CP issuing...

78 FR 33090 - Application for Final Commitment for a Long-Term Loan or Financial Guarantee in Excess of $100...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-03

... for long-haul passenger service from Australia to other countries. To the extent that Ex-Im Bank is... EXPORT-IMPORT BANK [Public Notice 2013-0030] Application for Final Commitment for a Long-Term Loan or Financial Guarantee in Excess of $100 Million: AP087980XX AGENCY: Export-Import Bank of the United...

The Single European Act for 1992 and U.S. Television Programming.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Noor Al-Deen, Hana S.

Global exports of television programs have been dominated by U.S. companies. Most of their exports are sold to Western European countries. Such a large influx of imports brings with it cultural values that can subvert the indigenous culture and may lead to cultural hegemony. To reach some balance with the United States in the cultural/media…

Changes in the international trade balance of U.S. hardwood products from 1990 to 2013

Treesearch

William G. Luppold; Matthew S. Bumgardner

2014-01-01

We examine U.S. exports and imports of hardwood products from 1990 to 2013. These products include logs, lumber, veneer, chips, molding, cooperage, plywood, and flooring. The values of hardwood products exported and imported have fluctuated over the years but have generally inceased. More substantial changs have occurred with the countries and regions receiving U.S....

78 FR 44934 - Sabine Pass Liquefaction, LLC; Application for Long-Term Authorization To Export Liquefied...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-25

...-Term Authorization To Export Liquefied Natural Gas Produced From Domestic Natural Gas Resources to Non... equivalent of 88.3 billion standard cubic feet (Bcf) of natural gas per year), pursuant to the LNG Sale and... treatment for trade in natural gas (non-FTA countries) with which trade is not prohibited by U.S. law or...

Caribean markets for U.S. wood products

Treesearch

Harold W. Wisdom; James E. Granskog; Keith A. Blatner

1986-01-01

The West Indies and the continental countries bordering the Caribbean Sea constitute a significant market for U.S. wood products. In 1983, wood product exports to the region totaled almost $157 million. The Caribbean Basin primarily is a market for softwood products, with pine lumber being the most prominent item. The flow of exports to the region is dominated by (1)...

48 CFR 652.225-71 - Section 8(a) of the Export Administration Act of 1979, as Amended.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... to United States law or regulation. The Boycott of Israel by Arab League countries is such a boycott... Arab League Boycott of Israel, are prohibited activities under the Export Administration Act: (1) Refusing, or requiring any U.S. person to refuse to do business with or in Israel, with any Israeli...

Price corrected domestic technology assumption--a method to assess pollution embodied in trade using primary official statistics only. With a case on CO2 emissions embodied in imports to Europe.

PubMed

Tukker, Arnold; de Koning, Arjan; Wood, Richard; Moll, Stephan; Bouwmeester, Maaike C

2013-02-19

Environmentally extended input output (EE IO) analysis is increasingly used to assess the carbon footprint of final consumption. Official EE IO data are, however, at best available for single countries or regions such as the EU27. This causes problems in assessing pollution embodied in imported products. The popular "domestic technology assumption (DTA)" leads to errors. Improved approaches based on Life Cycle Inventory data, Multiregional EE IO tables, etc. rely on unofficial research data and modeling, making them difficult to implement by statistical offices. The DTA can lead to errors for three main reasons: exporting countries can have higher impact intensities; may use more intermediate inputs for the same output; or may sell the imported products for lower/other prices than those produced domestically. The last factor is relevant for sustainable consumption policies of importing countries, whereas the first factors are mainly a matter of making production in exporting countries more eco-efficient. We elaborated a simple correction for price differences in imports and domestic production using monetary and physical data from official import and export statistics. A case study for the EU27 shows that this "price-adjusted DTA" gives a partial but meaningful adjustment of pollution embodied in trade compared to multiregional EE IO studies.

Land-use and alternative bioenergy pathways for waste biomass.

PubMed

Campbell, J E; Block, E

2010-11-15

Rapid escalation in biofuels consumption may lead to a trade regime that favors exports of food-based biofuels from tropical developing countries to developed countries. There is growing interest in mitigating the land-use impacts of these potential biofuels exports by converting biorefinery waste streams into cellulosic ethanol, potentially reducing the amount of land needed to meet production goals. This increased land-use efficiency for ethanol production may lower the land-use greenhouse gas emissions of ethanol but would come at the expense of converting the wastes into bioelectricity which may offset fossil fuel-based electricity and could provide a vital source of domestic electricity in developing countries. Here we compare these alternative uses of wastes with respect to environmental and energy security outcomes considering a range of electricity production efficiencies, ethanol yields, land-use scenarios, and energy offset assumptions. For a given amount of waste biomass, we found that using bioelectricity production to offset natural gas achieves 58% greater greenhouse gas reductions than using cellulosic ethanol to offset gasoline but similar emissions when cellulosic ethanol is used to offset the need for more sugar cane ethanol. If bioelectricity offsets low-carbon energy sources such as nuclear power then the liquid fuels pathway is preferred. Exports of cellulosic ethanol may have a small impact on the energy security of importing nations while bioelectricity production may have relatively large impacts on the energy security in developing countries.

The Afghanistan National Railway: A Plan of Opportunity

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-01-01

surface. Seven iron and copper mining “areas of interest” would produce the majority of the country’s export earn- ings: Haji Gak, Syadara, and Zarkashan...and 2040. Minerals from Haji Gak, acclaimed as one of the world’s largest iron reserves, account for most of the anticipated freight demand for a...proposed southern line. Haji Gak’s output is expected to be four times that of all the other mining areas combined. Afghanistan offers many

The Perils of Bipolarity: Subnational Conflict and the Rise of China

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-10-01

the necessary steps to “ensure markets , materials and transportation routes.”48 China is the leading global consumer of aluminum, copper, lead...continent provides China a booming export market for its goods and a forum to augment Chinese soft power in the region by offering alternatives to the...20Africa%20Strategic%20Minerals.pdf, 4. Burgess argues that the US has traditionally relied on free market forces in Africa and elsewhere for access

Caribbean Musical Social Commentary and the Exportation/Importation Perspective of Communication and Cultural Imperialism.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Regis, Humphrey A.

Cultural imperialism is seen not as a static phenomenon but as a dynamic process in which the more developed countries (the dominating "centers" of the world system) influence the less developed countries (the dominated "periphery" of the system). In this process the more developed countries produce artifacts and content that…

76 FR 54928 - Export Administration Regulations: Netherlands Antilles, Curaçao, Sint Maarten and Timor-Leste

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-06

... Chart. The territories and dependencies of a country are treated as the parent country under the EAR..., these dependencies are treated like the Netherlands and will not be listed on the Commerce Country Chart... adding in its place ``territory, possession, dependency or department'' in two places. The Commerce...

The Pacific Asian Countries: A Force for Growth in the Global Economy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clausen, A. W.

The market-oriented countries of Pacific Asia have been contributing to economic growth in the industrialized West. The market developing countries of East Asia have averaged economic growth of 7.5 percent a year over the last 20 years. The most prominent feature of their economic development has been rapid growth in manufactured exports, expanded…

An Adapted Porter Diamond Model for the Evaluation of Transnational Education Host Countries

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tsiligiris, Vangelis

2018-01-01

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to propose an adapted Porter Diamond Model (PDM) that can be used by transnational education (TNE) countries and institutions as an analytical framework for the strategic evaluation of TNE host countries in terms of attractiveness for exporting higher education. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses a…

48 CFR Appendix J to Chapter 7 - Direct USAID Contracts With a Cooperating Country National and With a Third Country National for...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... in the attached General Provisions (GPs). B. The amount budgeted and available as personal... in the attached General Provisions (GPs). B. The amount budgeted and available as personal..., sale, import, or export of personal property or automobiles in the cooperating country by the...

Sudan and South Sudan Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2014-01-01

South Sudan gained independence from Sudan in July 2011. Most of the oil production capacity is now in South Sudan, but the country is landlocked and remains dependent on Sudan because it must use Sudan's export pipelines and port. Disagreements over oil revenue sharing and armed conflict have curtailed oil production from both countries over the past few years.

77 FR 25961 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-02

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries...: Import Administration, International Trade Administration, Department of Commerce. SUMMARY: The Department of Commerce (Department) seeks public comment on any subsidies, including stumpage subsidies...

76 FR 67148 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-31

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries...: Import Administration, International Trade Administration, Department of Commerce. SUMMARY: The Department of Commerce (Department) seeks public comment on any subsidies, including stumpage subsidies...

78 FR 24724 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-26

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries...: Import Administration, International Trade Administration, Department of Commerce. SUMMARY: The Department of Commerce (Department) seeks public comment on any subsidies, including stumpage subsidies...

The OECD Member Countries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

OECD Observer, 1986

1986-01-01

Presents 24 tables showing the diversity of the economies in 24 countries. Included are data on area, population, unemployment rate, civilian employment, expenditures on research and development, currency, imports, exports, infant mortality, public expenditures on education 1983 (as percent of the gross national product), energy consumption, and…

The OECD Member Countries, l985 Edition - 2lst Year.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

OECD Observer, 1985

1985-01-01

Presents statistics showing the diversity of economics in 24 countries. Tables include information on: agricultural area; population; labor force (percent females); agricultural/industry/services employment; gross domestic product; government expenditure and revenue; trade balance, imports/exports; consumer prices; infant mortality; animal…

The OECD Member Countries--1984 Edition--20th Year.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

OECD Observer, 1984

1984-01-01

Lists Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries with corresponding data on: area; agricultural area; population; labor force; unemployment rate; civilian employment; gross domestic produce; currency; imports; exports; consumer prices; industrial production change for 1983; infant mortality; public expenditure…

Periplasmic response upon disruption of transmembrane Cu transport in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PubMed

Raimunda, Daniel; Padilla-Benavides, Teresita; Vogt, Stefan; Boutigny, Sylvain; Tomkinson, Kaleigh N; Finney, Lydia A; Argüello, José M

2013-02-01

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen, has two transmembrane Cu(+) transport ATPases, CopA1 and CopA2. Both proteins export cytoplasmic Cu(+) into the periplasm and mutation of either gene leads to attenuation of virulence. CopA1 is required for maintaining cytoplasmic copper levels, while CopA2 provides copper for cytochrome c oxidase assembly. We hypothesized that transported Cu(+) ions would be directed to their destination via specific periplasmic partners and disruption of transport should affect the periplasmic copper homeostasis. Supporting this, mutation of either ATPase gene led to large increments in periplasmic cuproprotein levels. Toward identifying the proteins participating in this cellular response the periplasmic metalloproteome was resolved in non-denaturing bidimensional gel electrophoresis, followed by X-ray fluorescence visualization and identification by mass-spectrometry. A single spot containing the electron shuttle protein azurin was responsible for the observed increments in cuproprotein contents. In agreement, lack of either Cu(+)-ATPase induced an increase in azu transcription. This is associated with an increase in the expression of anr and rpoS oxidative stress response regulators, rather than cueR, a copper sensing regulator. We propose that azurin overexpression and accumulation in the periplasm is part of the cellular response to cytoplasmic oxidative stress in P. aeruginosa.

Global risk of pharmaceutical contamination from highly populated developing countries.

PubMed

Rehman, Muhammad Saif Ur; Rashid, Naim; Ashfaq, Muhammad; Saif, Ameena; Ahmad, Nasir; Han, Jong-In

2015-11-01

Global pharmaceutical industry has relocated from the west to Asian countries to ensure competitive advantage. This industrial relocation has posed serious threats to the environment. The present study was carried out to assess the possible pharmaceutical contamination in the environment of emerging pharmaceutical manufacturing countries (Bangladesh, China, India and Pakistan). Although these countries have made tremendous progress in the pharmaceutical sector but most of their industrial units discharge wastewater into domestic sewage network without any treatment. The application of untreated wastewater (industrial and domestic) and biosolids (sewage sludge and manure) in agriculture causes the contamination of surface water, soil, groundwater, and the entire food web with pharmaceutical compounds (PCs), their metabolites and transformed products (TPs), and multidrug resistant microbes. This pharmaceutical contamination in Asian countries poses global risks via product export and international traveling. Several prospective research hypotheses including the development of new analytical methods to monitor these PCs/TPs and their metabolites, highly resistant microbial strains, and mixture toxicity as a consequence of pharmaceutical contamination in these emerging pharmaceutical exporters have also been proposed based on the available literature. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Trade, TRIPS, and pharmaceuticals.

PubMed

Smith, Richard D; Correa, Carlos; Oh, Cecilia

2009-02-21

The World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) set global minimum standards for the protection of intellectual property, substantially increasing and expanding intellectual-property rights, and generated clear gains for the pharmaceutical industry and the developed world. The question of whether TRIPS generates gains for developing countries, in the form of increased exports, is addressed in this paper through consideration of the importance of pharmaceuticals in health-care trade, outlining the essential requirements, implications, and issues related to TRIPS, and TRIPS-plus, in which increased restrictions are imposed as part of bilateral free-trade agreements. TRIPS has not generated substantial gains for developing countries, but has further increased pharmaceutical trade in developed countries. The unequal trade between developed and developing countries (ie, exporting and importing high-value patented drugs, respectively) raises the issue of access to medicines, which is exacerbated by TRIPS-plus provisions, although many countries have not even enacted provision for TRIPS flexibilities. Therefore this paper focuses on options that are available to the health community for negotiation to their advantage under TRIPS, and within the presence of TRIPS-plus.

31 CFR 536.205 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... not involve the transfer of anything of value. (b) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as... transactions related to information and informational materials not fully created and in existence at the date...

31 CFR 536.205 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... not involve the transfer of anything of value. (b) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as... transactions related to information and informational materials not fully created and in existence at the date...

31 CFR 536.205 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... not involve the transfer of anything of value. (b) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as... transactions related to information and informational materials not fully created and in existence at the date...

31 CFR 536.205 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... not involve the transfer of anything of value. (b) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as... transactions related to information and informational materials not fully created and in existence at the date...

31 CFR 576.209 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... does not involve the transfer of anything of value. (b) Information or informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials... regulation or authorize transactions related to information or informational materials not fully created and...

31 CFR 536.205 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... not involve the transfer of anything of value. (b) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as... transactions related to information and informational materials not fully created and in existence at the date...

31 CFR 560.210 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... not apply to donations by United States persons of articles, such as food, clothing, and medicine, intended to be used to relieve human suffering. (c) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information and informational materials as...

31 CFR 560.210 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... not apply to donations by United States persons of articles, such as food, clothing, and medicine, intended to be used to relieve human suffering. (c) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information and informational materials as...

31 CFR 560.210 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... not apply to donations by United States persons of articles, such as food, clothing, and medicine, intended to be used to relieve human suffering. (c) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information and informational materials as...

Demonstration and development of control mechanism for radioactive sources in Saudi Arabia

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Al-Kheliewi, A. S.

2012-06-06

Saudi Arabia have no nuclear industry. Nevertheless, many radioactive sources, for different purposes, have been used in the country. There is upswing in the number of companies that recruit nuclear technology in their daily work. The National Center for Radiation Protection (NCRP) takes the full commitment and responsibility for monitoring and regulating the movement of radioactive sources in the country. NCRP issues the licenses for import, export, and use of radioactive sources. It, also, protects the country from any trespassing radiation through a sizable net of early warning and radiation monitoring stations along the borders of Saudi Arabia. This papermore » talks about the procedures of licensing, importing, exporting of radioactive sources. It, also, sheds light on types of implementing radioactive sources in different practices encompass medicine, industry, research. The NCRP has established an electronic web site to ease the communication with all users in the country. This site is yet in the experimental stage.« less

Al Qaeda in Iraq: Demobilizing the Threat

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-12-01

sources of manpower, finances , and material resources as well as an informational forum for disseminating the group’s message.9 Preexisting...education within their own country and finance the educational export of their form of Islam throughout the region as visible evidence of their...activists, finances , and military equipment. In a parallel effort, other Muslim states also exported their militant activists to Afghanistan to do their

22 CFR 124.15 - Special Export Controls for Defense Articles and Defense Services Controlled under Category XV...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... country (including a post liftoff failure to reach proper orbit)— (1) The activities of U.S. persons or... must identify the U.S. Government officials familiar with the preparation of the draft TTCPs. The TTCP must require any U.S. person or entity involved in the export to notify the Department of Defense in...

22 CFR 124.15 - Special Export Controls for Defense Articles and Defense Services Controlled under Category XV...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... country (including a post liftoff failure to reach proper orbit)— (1) The activities of U.S. persons or... must identify the U.S. Government officials familiar with the preparation of the draft TTCPs. The TTCP must require any U.S. person or entity involved in the export to notify the Department of Defense in...

22 CFR 124.15 - Special Export Controls for Defense Articles and Defense Services Controlled under Category XV...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... country (including a post liftoff failure to reach proper orbit)— (1) The activities of U.S. persons or... must identify the U.S. Government officials familiar with the preparation of the draft TTCPs. The TTCP must require any U.S. person or entity involved in the export to notify the Department of Defense in...

22 CFR 124.15 - Special Export Controls for Defense Articles and Defense Services Controlled under Category XV...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... country (including a post liftoff failure to reach proper orbit)— (1) The activities of U.S. persons or... must identify the U.S. Government officials familiar with the preparation of the draft TTCPs. The TTCP must require any U.S. person or entity involved in the export to notify the Department of Defense in...

22 CFR 124.15 - Special Export Controls for Defense Articles and Defense Services Controlled under Category XV...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... country (including a post liftoff failure to reach proper orbit)— (1) The activities of U.S. persons or... must identify the U.S. Government officials familiar with the preparation of the draft TTCPs. The TTCP must require any U.S. person or entity involved in the export to notify the Department of Defense in...

Promoting International Energy Security. Volume 2: Turkey and the Caspian

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

RAND reports un- dergo rigorous peer review to ensure that they meet high standards for research quality and objectivity. Promoting International...Russian invasion of Georgia in 2008 did not directly target energy infrastructure, most export routes for oil and natural gas from Azerbai- jan to...particular focus on the three countries with appreciable energy export potential: Azerbai- jan , Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. It also provides an

The potential impact on farmer health of enhanced export horticultural trade between the U.K. and Uganda.

PubMed

Cross, Paul; Edwards, Rhiannon T; Nyeko, Philip; Edwards-Jones, Gareth

2009-05-01

The export of vegetables from African countries to European markets presents consumers with an ethical dilemma: should they support local, but relatively well-off farmers, or poorer farmers from distant countries? This paper considers the issue of farm worker health in the U.K. and Uganda, and considers the dilemma facing U.K. consumers if Uganda achieves their aim of exporting more vegetables to the U.K. Self-reported health scores of 1,200 farm workers in the U.K. and Uganda were measured with the internationally recognised SF-36 questionnaire and compared to an international population norm. The age-corrected health status of U.K. farm workers was significantly lower than the population norm, whereas Ugandans scored significantly higher (indicating good health) for physical health and lower for mental health. If Ugandan produce enters U.K. markets, then consumers may wish to consider both the potential benefits that enhanced trade could offer Ugandan farmers compared with its impacts on U.K. workers.

Impact of rainfall patterns and frequency on the export of pesticides and heavy-metals from agricultural soils.

PubMed

Meite, Fatima; Alvarez-Zaldívar, Pablo; Crochet, Alexandre; Wiegert, Charline; Payraudeau, Sylvain; Imfeld, Gwenaël

2018-03-01

The combined influence of soil characteristics, pollutant aging and rainfall patterns on the export of pollutants from topsoils is poorly understood. We used laboratory experiments and parsimonious modeling to evaluate the impact of rainfall characteristics on the ponding and the leaching of a pollutant mixture from topsoils. The mixture included the fungicide metalaxyl, the herbicide S-metolachlor, as well as copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Four rainfall patterns, which differed in their durations and intensities, were applied twice successively with a 7days interval on each soil type. To evaluate the influence of soil type and aging, experiments included crop and vineyard soils and two stages of pollutant aging (0 and 10days). The global export of pollutants was significantly controlled by the rainfall duration and frequency (P<0.01). During the first rainfall event, the longest and most intense rainfall pattern yielded the largest export of metalaxyl (44.5±21.5% of the initial mass spiked in the soils), S-metolachlor (8.1±3.1%) and Cu (3.1±0.3%). Soil compaction caused by the first rainfall reduced in the second rainfall the leaching of remaining metalaxyl, S-metolachlor, Cu and Zn by 2.4-, 2.9-, 30- and 50-fold, respectively. In contrast, soil characteristics and aging had less influence on pollutant mass export. The soil type significantly influenced the leaching of Zn, while short-term aging impacted Cu leaching. Our results suggest that rainfall characteristics predominantly control export patterns of metalaxyl and S-metolachlor, in particular when the aging period is short. We anticipate our study to be a starting point for more systematic evaluation of the dissolved pollutant ponding/leaching partitioning and the export of pollutant mixtures from different soil types in relation to rainfall patterns. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Copper tolerance mediated by polyphosphate degradation and low-affinity inorganic phosphate transport system in Escherichia coli.

PubMed

Grillo-Puertas, Mariana; Schurig-Briccio, Lici Ariane; Rodríguez-Montelongo, Luisa; Rintoul, María Regina; Rapisarda, Viviana Andrea

2014-03-19

Metal tolerance in bacteria has been related to polyP in a model in which heavy metals stimulate the polymer hydrolysis, forming metal-phosphate complexes that are exported. As previously described in our laboratory, Escherichia coli cells grown in media containing a phosphate concentration >37 mM maintained an unusually high polyphosphate (polyP) level in stationary phase. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the influence of polyP levels as the involvement of low-affinity inorganic phosphate transport (Pit) system in E. coli copper tolerance. PolyP levels were modulated by the media phosphate concentration and/or using mutants in polyP metabolism. Stationary phase wild-type cells grown in high phosphate medium were significantly more tolerant to copper than those grown in sufficient phosphate medium. Copper addition to tolerant cells induced polyP degradation by PPX (an exopolyphosphatase), phosphate efflux and membrane polarization. ppk-ppx- (unable to synthesize/degrade polyP), ppx- (unable to degrade polyP) and Pit system mutants were highly sensitive to metal even in high phosphate media. In exponential phase, CopA and polyP-Pit system would act simultaneously to detoxify the metal or one could be sufficient to safeguard the absence of the other. Our results support a mechanism for copper detoxification in exponential and stationary phases of E. coli, involving Pit system and degradation of polyP. Data reflect the importance of the environmental phosphate concentration in the regulation of the microbial physiological state.

15 CFR 770.3 - Interpretations related to exports of technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1. 770.3 Section 770.3 Commerce and Foreign Trade... technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1. (a) Introduction. This section is intended to provide you additional guidance on how to determine whether your technology or software would be eligible...

15 CFR 770.3 - Interpretations related to exports of technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1. 770.3 Section 770.3 Commerce and Foreign Trade... technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1. (a) Introduction. This section is intended to provide you additional guidance on how to determine whether your technology or software would be eligible...

15 CFR 770.3 - Interpretations related to exports of technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1. 770.3 Section 770.3 Commerce and Foreign Trade... technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1. (a) Introduction. This section is intended to provide you additional guidance on how to determine whether your technology or software would be eligible...

15 CFR 770.3 - Interpretations related to exports of technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1. 770.3 Section 770.3 Commerce and Foreign Trade... technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1. (a) Introduction. This section is intended to provide you additional guidance on how to determine whether your technology or software would be eligible...

15 CFR 770.3 - Interpretations related to exports of technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1. 770.3 Section 770.3 Commerce and Foreign Trade... technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1. (a) Introduction. This section is intended to provide you additional guidance on how to determine whether your technology or software would be eligible...

Third Country Transfers

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-01-01

number of countries in the FY 1983 Congressional Presentation Document (CPD) that the United States has security assistance programs with in one form...or another one would find 109 countries listed. Security assistance is a far reaching program and has as its major elements Foreign Military Sales...FMS), International Military Education and Training (IMET), the Military Assistance Program (MAP), commercial sales licensed under the Arms Export

US reliance on Arab oil stronger still: Lower cost, greater distance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1990-03-27

This issue details points of origin of U.S. oil imports, and finds that dependence upon the Eastern Hemisphere, especially upon members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, and most of all Arab nation members, has grown again. U.S. reliance on Eastern Hemisphere exporters has grown from about 43.4% of total imports in 1985 to 56.5% in 1989. This issue also contains the following: (1) ED Refining Netback Data Series for the US Gulf and West Coasts, Rotterdam, and Singapore as of March 9, 1990; and (2) ED Fuel Price/Tax Series for countries of the Western Hemisphere, March 1990 edition.more » 10 figs., 5 tabs.« less

31 CFR 538.212 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... donations by United States persons of articles, such as food, clothing, and medicine, intended to be used to relieve human suffering. (c) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as defined in § 538.306...

31 CFR 545.208 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... not involve the transfer of anything of value. (b) Information or informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as defined in § 545.305, whether commercial or otherwise, regardless of format or medium of transmission, are...

31 CFR 538.212 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... donations by United States persons of articles, such as food, clothing, and medicine, intended to be used to relieve human suffering. (c) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as defined in § 538.306...

31 CFR 538.212 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... donations by United States persons of articles, such as food, clothing, and medicine, intended to be used to relieve human suffering. (c) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as defined in § 538.306...

31 CFR 538.212 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... donations by United States persons of articles, such as food, clothing, and medicine, intended to be used to relieve human suffering. (c) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as defined in § 538.306...

31 CFR 538.212 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... donations by United States persons of articles, such as food, clothing, and medicine, intended to be used to relieve human suffering. (c) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as defined in § 538.306...

31 CFR 586.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... communication, which does not involve the transfer of anything of value. (b) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as defined in § 586.309, whether commercial or otherwise, regardless of format or medium...

Virtual water flows and water-footprint of agricultural crop production, import and export: A case study for Israel.

PubMed

Shtull-Trauring, E; Bernstein, N

2018-05-01

Agriculture is the largest global consumer of freshwater. As the volume of international trade continues to rise, so does the understanding that trade of water-intensive crops from areas with high precipitation, to arid regions can help mitigate water scarcity, highlighting the importance of crop water accounting. Virtual-Water, or Water-Footprint [WF] of agricultural crops, is a powerful indicator for assessing the extent of water use by plants, contamination of water bodies by agricultural practices and trade between countries, which underlies any international trade of crops. Most available studies of virtual-water flows by import/export of agricultural commodities were based on global databases, which are considered to be of limited accuracy. The present study analyzes the WF of crop production, import, and export on a country level, using Israel as a case study, comparing data from two high-resolution local databases and two global datasets. Results for local datasets demonstrate a WF of ~1200Million Cubic Meters [MCM]/year) for total crop production, ~1000MCM/year for import and ~250MCM/year for export. Fruits and vegetables comprise ~80% of Export WF (~200MCM/year), ~50% of crop production and only ~20% of the imports. Economic Water Productivity [EWP] ($/m 3 ) for fruits and vegetables is 1.5 higher compared to other crops. Moreover, the results based on local and global datasets varied significantly, demonstrating the importance of developing high-resolution local datasets based on local crop coefficients. Performing high resolution WF analysis can help in developing agricultural policies that include support for low WF/high EWP and limit high WF/low EWP crop export, where water availability is limited. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Guide to investment and trade in the forest-product sectors of Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Working paper

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Krutilia, K.

1988-01-01

Declining timber resources, an increase in value-added wood-base processing, new export markets, and a growing stress on joint ventures have been key factors in the rapid evolution since 1975 of Southeast Asia's forest products industry. The report profiles the industry and its prospects in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia, each of which differs with respect to stage of wood-industry development and investment climate. The countries' forest management policies, timber resources, and the status of their wood-based processing industries are reviewed first, followed by an overview of the business environment in each country, the latter covering policies toward foreign investment (includingmore » the increasingly important investments from other less-developed countries), investment licensing and regulation, taxation, exporting/importing regulations, and policies governing currency and capital controls. Includes a 5-page list of references and a short annotated bibliography.« less

International nurse migration: lessons from the Philippines.

PubMed

Brush, Barbara L; Sochalski, Julie

2007-02-01

Developed countries facing nursing shortages have increasingly turned to aggressive foreign nurse recruitment, primarily from developing nations, to offset their lagging domestic nurse supplies and meet growing health care demands. Few donor nations are prepared to manage the loss of their nurse workforce to migration. The sole country with an explicit nurse export policy and the world's leading donor of nurse labor - the Philippines - is itself facing serious provider maldistribution and countrywide health disparities. Examining the historical roots of Philippines nurse migration provides lessons from which other nurse exporting countries may learn. The authors discuss factors that have predicated nurse migration and policies that have eased the way. Furthermore, the authors analyze how various stakeholders influence migratory patterns, the implications of migration for nurses and the public in their care, and the challenges that future social policy and political systems face in addressing global health issues engendered by unfettered recruitment of nurses and other health workers.

Embodied carbon dioxide flow in international trade: A comparative analysis based on China and Japan.

PubMed

Long, Ruyin; Li, Jinqiu; Chen, Hong; Zhang, Linling; Li, Qianwen

2018-03-01

Carbon dioxide embodied flow in international trade has become an important factor in defining global carbon emission responsibility and climate policy. We conducted an empirical analysis for China and Japan for the years 2000-2014, using a multi-region input-output model and considering the rest of the world as a comparison group. We compared the two countries' direct and complete carbon dioxide emissions intensity and bilateral economic activities such as imports and exports, production and consumption to analyze the difference between China and Japan. The results showed that the intensities of carbon emissions in all sectors of China were higher than that in Japan and that China's annual production-based emissions were greater than consumption-based emissions, the opposite of these relationships in Japan. China was a typical net carbon export country, and carbon embodied in its imports and exports continued to increase throughout the study period. In contrast, Japan's volume and growth rate of embodied carbon emissions were far less than China's and Japan was a typical net carbon import country. Finally, the conclusions of this study support recommendations for the formulation of international carbon emission responsibility allocation, domestic abatement policy as well as China's trade policy. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

International trade of health services: global trends and local impact.

PubMed

Lautier, Marc

2014-10-01

Globalization is a key challenge facing health policy-makers. A significant dimension of this is trade in health services. Traditionally, the flow of health services exports went from North to South, with patients travelling in the opposite direction. This situation is changing and a number of papers have discussed the growth of health services exports from Southern countries in its different dimensions. Less attention has been paid to assess the real scope of this trade at the global level and its potential impact at the local level. Given the rapid development of this area, there are little empirical data. This paper therefore first built an estimate of the global size and of the growth trend of international trade in health services since 1997, which is compared with several country-based studies. The second purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the significant economic impact of this trade at the local level for the exporting country. We consider the case of health providers in the South-Mediterranean region for which the demand potential, the economic effects and the consequence for the health system are presented. These issues lead to the overall conclusion that different policy options would be appropriate, in relation to the nature of the demand. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Chinese import ban and its impact on global plastic waste trade

PubMed Central

Wang, Shunli

2018-01-01

The rapid growth of the use and disposal of plastic materials has proved to be a challenge for solid waste management systems with impacts on our environment and ocean. While recycling and the circular economy have been touted as potential solutions, upward of half of the plastic waste intended for recycling has been exported to hundreds of countries around the world. China, which has imported a cumulative 45% of plastic waste since 1992, recently implemented a new policy banning the importation of most plastic waste, begging the question of where the plastic waste will go now. We use commodity trade data for mass and value, region, and income level to illustrate that higher-income countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation have been exporting plastic waste (70% in 2016) to lower-income countries in the East Asia and Pacific for decades. An estimated 111 million metric tons of plastic waste will be displaced with the new Chinese policy by 2030. As 89% of historical exports consist of polymer groups often used in single-use plastic food packaging (polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate), bold global ideas and actions for reducing quantities of nonrecyclable materials, redesigning products, and funding domestic plastic waste management are needed. PMID:29938223

The copYAZ Operon Functions in Copper Efflux, Biofilm Formation, Genetic Transformation, and Stress Tolerance in Streptococcus mutans

PubMed Central

Singh, Kamna; Senadheera, Dilani B.; Lévesque, Céline M.

2015-01-01

ABSTRACT In bacteria, copper homeostasis is closely monitored to ensure proper cellular functions while avoiding cell damage. Most Gram-positive bacteria utilize the copYABZ operon for copper homeostasis, where copA and copB encode copper-transporting P-type ATPases, whereas copY and copZ regulate the expression of the cop operon. Streptococcus mutans is a biofilm-forming oral pathogen that harbors a putative copper-transporting copYAZ operon. Here, we characterized the role of copYAZ operon in the physiology of S. mutans and delineated the mechanisms of copper-induced toxicity in this bacterium. We observed that copper induced toxicity in S. mutans cells by generating oxidative stress and disrupting their membrane potential. Deletion of the copYAZ operon in S. mutans strain UA159 resulted in reduced cell viability under copper, acid, and oxidative stress relative to the viability of the wild type under these conditions. Furthermore, the ability of S. mutans to form biofilms and develop genetic competence was impaired under copper stress. Briefly, copper stress significantly reduced cell adherence and total biofilm biomass, concomitantly repressing the transcription of the gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, gbpB, and gbpC genes, whose products have roles in maintaining the structural and/or functional integrity of the S. mutans biofilm. Furthermore, supplementation with copper or loss of copYAZ resulted in significant reductions in transformability and in the transcription of competence-associated genes. Copper transport assays revealed that the ΔcopYAZ strain accrued significantly large amounts of intracellular copper compared with the amount of copper accumulation in the wild-type strain, thereby demonstrating a role for CopYAZ in the copper efflux of S. mutans. The complementation of the CopYAZ system restored copper expulsion, membrane potential, and stress tolerance in the copYAZ-null mutant. Taking these results collectively, we have established the function of the S. mutans CopYAZ system in copper export and have further expanded knowledge on the importance of copper homeostasis and the CopYAZ system in modulating streptococcal physiology, including stress tolerance, membrane potential, genetic competence, and biofilm formation. IMPORTANCE S. mutans is best known for its role in the initiation and progression of human dental caries, one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. S. mutans is also implicated in bacterial endocarditis, a life-threatening inflammation of the heart valve. The core virulence factors of S. mutans include its ability to produce and sustain acidic conditions and to form a polysaccharide-encased biofilm that provides protection against environmental insults. Here, we demonstrate that the addition of copper and/or deletion of copYAZ (the copper homeostasis system) have serious implications in modulating biofilm formation, stress tolerance, and genetic transformation in S. mutans. Manipulating the pathways affected by copper and the copYAZ system may help to develop potential therapeutics to prevent S. mutans infection in and beyond the oral cavity. PMID:26013484

China’s Exchange Rate Policy: A Double Edged Sword

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-12-01

acts as a subsidy to industry, but is a tax on savers. Although this process has facilitated past growth by providing a subsidy to exports and allowing...competing nations makes exports less expensive and imports more expensive, thereby providing advantages to specific sectors in the country with the...domestic economy can subsequently harm American competitors. Conversely, Chinese sectors harmed by these same policies may provide an advantage to

Latin America Report No. 2722.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-08-11

private business owners and officials of state agencies, and that the trip was intended to increase exports to that socialist country. Carlos Cleri...officers of the armed forces and AFNE board members. The ceremony began with the words of the head of AFNE, Vice Adm Carlos Toriaschi (ret.), who pointed...Commercial Exporting Companies, Carlos Sehbe. According to him, the state-controlled companies "are not alert but they are advancing with monopolistic

Water-controlled wealth of nations.

PubMed

Suweis, Samir; Rinaldo, Andrea; Maritan, Amos; D'Odorico, Paolo

2013-03-12

Population growth is in general constrained by food production, which in turn depends on the access to water resources. At a country level, some populations use more water than they control because of their ability to import food and the virtual water required for its production. Here, we investigate the dependence of demographic growth on available water resources for exporting and importing nations. By quantifying the carrying capacity of nations on the basis of calculations of the virtual water available through the food trade network, we point to the existence of a global water unbalance. We suggest that current export rates will not be maintained and consequently we question the long-term sustainability of the food trade system as a whole. Water-rich regions are likely to soon reduce the amount of virtual water they export, thus leaving import-dependent regions without enough water to sustain their populations. We also investigate the potential impact of possible scenarios that might mitigate these effects through (i) cooperative interactions among nations whereby water-rich countries maintain a tiny fraction of their food production available for export, (ii) changes in consumption patterns, and (iii) a positive feedback between demographic growth and technological innovations. We find that these strategies may indeed reduce the vulnerability of water-controlled societies.

15 CFR Supplement No. 1 to Part 738 - Commerce Country Chart

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Commerce Country Chart No. Supplement No. 1 to Part 738 Commerce and Foreign Trade Regulations Relating to Commerce and Foreign Trade (Continued) BUREAU OF INDUSTRY AND SECURITY, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE EXPORT ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS...

15 CFR Supplement No. 1 to Part 738 - Commerce Country Chart

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Commerce Country Chart No. Supplement No. 1 to Part 738 Commerce and Foreign Trade Regulations Relating to Commerce and Foreign Trade (Continued) BUREAU OF INDUSTRY AND SECURITY, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE EXPORT ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS...

15 CFR Supplement No. 1 to Part 738 - Commerce Country Chart

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Commerce Country Chart No. Supplement No. 1 to Part 738 Commerce and Foreign Trade Regulations Relating to Commerce and Foreign Trade (Continued) BUREAU OF INDUSTRY AND SECURITY, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE EXPORT ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS...

15 CFR Supplement No. 1 to Part 738 - Commerce Country Chart

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Commerce Country Chart No. Supplement No. 1 to Part 738 Commerce and Foreign Trade Regulations Relating to Commerce and Foreign Trade (Continued) BUREAU OF INDUSTRY AND SECURITY, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE EXPORT ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS...

22 CFR 126.1 - Prohibited exports and sales to certain countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...-case basis, for supplies of arms and related materials or technical training and assistance intended... Haiti, supplies of arms and related materials for technical training and assistance intended solely for..., defense services or technical data subject to this subchapter may be made to any country referred to in...

78 FR 65970 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-04

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries... Commerce. SUMMARY: The Department of Commerce (Department) seeks public comment on any subsidies, including..., International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, 14th Street and Constitution Avenue NW...

31 CFR 587.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... prohibitions contained in this part do not apply to donations by U.S. persons of articles, such as food, clothing, and medicine, intended to be used to relieve human suffering. (c) Information or informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or...

19 CFR 159.36 - Multiple certified rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Federal Reserve Bank of New York certifies two or more rates of exchange for the currency of any country, those rates will be published in the Customs Bulletin. (b) Laws of country of exportation followed. When..., information obtained and presented to him by the importer, or information obtained from other sources, is...

40 CFR 262.81 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... place for the purpose of submitting the wastes to recovery operations therein. Country of transit means... purpose of submitting them to recovery operations. When the United States (U.S.) is the country of export... recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses, which include: R1Use as a fuel (other...

40 CFR 262.81 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... place for the purpose of submitting the wastes to recovery operations therein. Country of transit means... purpose of submitting them to recovery operations. When the United States (U.S.) is the country of export... recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses, which include: R1Use as a fuel (other...

40 CFR 262.81 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... place for the purpose of submitting the wastes to recovery operations therein. Country of transit means... purpose of submitting them to recovery operations. When the United States (U.S.) is the country of export... recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses, which include: R1Use as a fuel (other...

40 CFR 262.81 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... place for the purpose of submitting the wastes to recovery operations therein. Country of transit means... purpose of submitting them to recovery operations. When the United States (U.S.) is the country of export... recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses, which include: R1Use as a fuel (other...

Steps Towards Controlling the "Export" of Air Pollution

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

OECD Observer, 1977

1977-01-01

Results of a five year study to measure the movement of sulfur pollutants across Europe found these pollutants move hundreds or thousands of kilometers before being deposited in large quantities in countries far from where they originate. The need for cooperation among countries to control sulfur pollutants is stressed. (Author/MA)

Tajikistan Country Profile

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-07-01

light industry and therefore was largely an agricultural support base for the economy. Aluminum and uranium production and processing were the major...Tajikistan is not a producer/exporter of energy resources although has oil and natural gas reserves. The country has a pipeline importing natural gas from...Uzbekistan. The country also imports gas from Uzbekistan. The total length of gas pipeline is 549 km and 38 km of oil pipelines. Railroads

Unraveling the Amycolatopsis tucumanensis copper-resistome.

PubMed

Dávila Costa, José Sebastián; Kothe, Erika; Abate, Carlos Mauricio; Amoroso, María Julia

2012-10-01

Heavy metal pollution is widespread causing serious ecological problems in many parts of the world; especially in developing countries where a budget for remediation technology is not affordable. Therefore, screening for microbes with high accumulation capacities and studying their stable resistance characteristics is advisable to define cost-effective any remediation strategies. Herein, the copper-resistome of the novel copper-resistant strain Amycolatopsis tucumanensis was studied using several approaches. Two dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that proteins of the central metabolism, energy production, transcriptional regulators, two-component system, antioxidants and protective metabolites increased their abundance upon copper-stress conditions. Transcriptome analysis revealed that in presence of copper, superoxide dismutase, alkyl hydroperoxide reductase and mycothiol reductase genes were markedly induced in expression. The oxidative damage of protein and lipid from A. tucumanensis was negligible compared with that observed in the copper-sensitive strain Amycolatopsis eurytherma. Thus, we provide evidence that A. tucumamensis shows a high adaptation towards copper, the sum of which is proposed as the copper-resistome. This adaptation allows the strain to accumulate copper and survive this stress; besides, it constitutes the first report in which the copper-resistome of a strain of the genus Amycolatopsis with bioremediation potential has been evaluated.

Killing of enteric bacteria in drinking water by a copper device for use in the home: laboratory evidence.

PubMed

Sudha, V B Preethi; Singh, K Ojit; Prasad, S R; Venkatasubramanian, Padma

2009-08-01

Water inoculated with 500-1000 colony forming units/ml of Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi and Vibrio cholerae was stored overnight at room temperature in copper pots or in glass bottles containing a copper coil devised by us. The organisms were no longer recoverable when cultured on conventional media, by contrast with water stored in control glass bottles under similar conditions. The amount of copper leached into the water after overnight storage in a copper pot or a glass bottle with a copper device was less than 475 parts per billion, which is well within the safety limits prescribed by the WHO. The device is inexpensive, reusable, easy to maintain, durable, does not need energy to run and appears to be safe. It has the potential to be used as a household water purification method for removing enteric bacteria, especially in developing countries.

Water resources conservation and nitrogen pollution reduction under global food trade and agricultural intensification.

PubMed

Liu, Wenfeng; Yang, Hong; Liu, Yu; Kummu, Matti; Hoekstra, Arjen Y; Liu, Junguo; Schulin, Rainer

2018-08-15

Global food trade entails virtual flows of agricultural resources and pollution across countries. Here we performed a global-scale assessment of impacts of international food trade on blue water use, total water use, and nitrogen (N) inputs and on N losses in maize, rice, and wheat production. We simulated baseline conditions for the year 2000 and explored the impacts of an agricultural intensification scenario, in which low-input countries increase N and irrigation inputs to a greater extent than high-input countries. We combined a crop model with the Global Trade Analysis Project model. Results show that food exports generally occurred from regions with lower water and N use intensities, defined here as water and N uses in relation to crop yields, to regions with higher resources use intensities. Globally, food trade thus conserved a large amount of water resources and N applications, and also substantially reduced N losses. The trade-related conservation in blue water use reached 85km 3 y -1 , accounting for more than half of total blue water use for producing the three crops. Food exported from the USA contributed the largest proportion of global water and N conservation as well as N loss reduction, but also led to substantial export-associated N losses in the country itself. Under the intensification scenario, the converging water and N use intensities across countries result in a more balanced world; crop trade will generally decrease, and global water resources conservation and N pollution reduction associated with the trade will reduce accordingly. The study provides useful information to understand the implications of agricultural intensification for international crop trade, crop water use and N pollution patterns in the world. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A global perspective on foreign contract labor.

PubMed

Smart, J E; Casco, R R

1988-01-01

This paper provides a general overview on foreign contract labor. The growth in the use of foreign contract labor is described with reference to other types of international labor movements such as 1) illegal, undocumented, or irregular migration; 2) free migration; and 3) permanent settlement migration. Within this general context, the various national advantages and disadvantages of contract labor are outlined. Particular issues like the role of trade unions and the likely future international labor circulation are noted. The 1984 World Labour Report estimates a global stock of almost 22 million foreign workers. Despite lack of reliable data, the size of irregular labor flows is considerable. More than 4 million undocumented workers, primarily Mexicans, can be found in the US alone. Other major flows of illegal labor go from China to Hong Kong, Malaysia to Singapore, Columbia to Venezuela, and poor Arab countries to oil-exporting countries in the Middle East. Laws are often poorly enforced and contradictory. Employers often actively recruit illegal migrants. While permanent migration was formerly the primary source of foreign workers, the numbers migrating in this manner are decreasing significantly. In absolute terms, host countries gain considerably more through the use of contract labor than sending countries. The pervasive commitment of national governments to economic growth is a prime consideration in the decision to import foreign labor. In general, trade unions have created an environment wherein the use of foreign labor in the formal as opposed to the informal labor market is more difficult. The disadvantages of labor export include the costs of family separation, worker exploitation, and cultural alienation. Remittances constitute the most tangible return of labor export. In many countries they have made a very considerable impact on the balance of payments deficit.

[Manpower migrations and Arab unity: the challenges of the Iraqi model].

PubMed

Roussillon, A

1985-01-01

Iraq occupies a unique position in the system of manpower exchanges between Middle Eastern states brought about by the rise in petroleum incomes of the 1970s. Iraq was among the most important oil exporters until the war with Iran, but its economy is predominantly agricultural, it is a rich country in terms of available financial resources, and it is both an importer and exporter of labor, traits which place it squarely between the nonoil-producing states which are poor and overpopulated and the oil exporters which are rich and underpopulated. Its migration policy, which radically distinguishes between Arab and non-Arab manpower, is also unique. Data on migration to Iraq are very sparse despite the fact that the nation has a good data-gathering capacity. Estimates of migration to Iraq and employment patterns of migrants have varied widely and have contradicted each other in crucial respects. The most unusual aspect of Iraqi immigration policy, the free access offered to Egyptians and other Arabs, has hampered attempts to estimate the volume of migration, as workers come and go for relatively short periods, seeking their own employment in Iraq and working in jobs for which they may be overqualified. Official formulations of Iraqi migration policy insist that migration should not only be beneficial to individual importing and exporting countries in terms of development and social cohesion, but should also reinforce the solidarity and regional complementarity of the Arab world as a whole. Iraqi migration policy is presented as expressing the most fundamental choices of the "Arab revolution" in the socialist dimension of Arab unitary ideology rather than in terms of immediate national economic interest. Iraqi legislation grants non-Iraqi Arabs the same labor, residence, investment, and ultimately naturalization rights as those enjoyed by nationals, but severely restricts access to employment and other rights of non-Arab foreigners. Denunciation of the dangers posed by the presence of large numbers of foreign workers not only to the countries employing them but to the Arab nation as a whole allows Iraq to criticize the migration policies of the Gulf oil exporters, which are increasingly favoring more productive labor from Asian countries and which cede much of the authority to select and admit workers to private concerns. The evolution of Iraq's policy demonstrates the concern of its governing party with reconciling its Arab identity and its analysis of international power relations with consolidation of its own position internally and in the Arab world as a whole. The labor policy of the oil exporters exposes their countries and thus the Arab world to the possibility of sabotage and to demographic overpowering of ethnic and cultural identity. Interpretations differ as to whether the Iraqi model has led to a better deployment of labor and as to its theoretical contribution to pan-Arab unity, given the diverging interests of the individual states concerned.

Proposed Political Federation of East African Countries: ’Benefit’ to Tanzania

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-01

minerals-gold, diamonds, tanzanite, coal, iron ores, nickels, natural gas, fertile agricultural and pasture land, forests and wildlife. In 2003...exports. The Musoma Dairy limited is a Tanzanian milk processor. The Musoma Dairy Limited complained that its exports had been denied entry into Kenya...by the Kenya Revenue Authority on the grounds that it failed the required qualifications of customs rules.60 The rules affecting the Musoma Dairy