Sample records for currency

  1. 31 CFR 100.5 - Mutilated paper currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Mutilated paper currency. 100.5..., DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY EXCHANGE OF PAPER CURRENCY AND COIN Exchange of Mutilated Paper Currency § 100.5 Mutilated paper currency. (a) Lawfully held paper currency of the United States which has been mutilated...

  2. 31 CFR 100.6 - Destroyed paper currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Destroyed paper currency. 100.6..., DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY EXCHANGE OF PAPER CURRENCY AND COIN Exchange of Mutilated Paper Currency § 100.6 Destroyed paper currency. No relief will be granted on account of lawfully held paper currency of the United...

  3. Coexistence of several currencies in presence of increasing returns to adoption

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lamarche-Perrin, Alex; Orléan, André; Jensen, Pablo

    2018-04-01

    We present a simplistic model of the competition between different currencies. Each individual is free to choose the currency that minimizes his transaction costs, which arise whenever his exchanging relations have chosen a different currency. We show that competition between currencies does not necessarily converge to the emergence of a single currency. For large systems, we prove that two distinct communities using different currencies in the initial state will remain forever in this fractionalized state.

  4. Correlation networks among currencies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mizuno, Takayuki; Takayasu, Hideki; Takayasu, Misako

    2006-05-01

    By analyzing the foreign exchange market data of various currencies, we derive a hierarchical taxonomy of currencies constructing minimal-spanning trees. Clustered structure of the currencies and the key currency in each cluster are found. The clusters match nicely with the geographical regions of corresponding countries in the world such as Asia or East Europe, the key currencies are generally given by major economic countries as expected.

  5. 31 CFR 100.5 - Mutilated paper currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Mutilated paper currency. 100.5 Section 100.5 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance EXCHANGE OF PAPER CURRENCY AND COIN Exchange of Mutilated Paper Currency § 100.5 Mutilated paper currency. (a) Lawfully held...

  6. 31 CFR 100.6 - Destroyed paper currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Destroyed paper currency. 100.6 Section 100.6 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance EXCHANGE OF PAPER CURRENCY AND COIN Exchange of Mutilated Paper Currency § 100.6 Destroyed paper currency. No relief will be...

  7. 75 FR 71765 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-24

    ... currencies, or options on currencies or currency futures or other currency derivatives or Currency Trust...) interest rate futures or options or derivatives on the foregoing in this subparagraph (b); (``Futures...; or (b) interest rate futures or options or derivatives on the foregoing in this subparagraph (b...

  8. 78 FR 41462 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing of a Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-10

    ... Asset. The term ``Currency,'' as used in the proposed rule, means one or more currencies, or currency...; Commodity-Based Trust Shares; Currency Trust Shares; Commodity Index Trust Shares; Commodity Futures Trust Shares; Partnership Units; Trust Units; Managed Trust Securities; and Currency Warrants. Specifically...

  9. 26 CFR 1.861-9T - Allocation and apportionment of interest expense (temporary).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... functional currency, borrows 100 pounds on January 1, 1987 for a three-year term at an interest rate greater... dollars and entered into a currency swap that substantially hedged X's foreign currency exposure on the... currency. Any net foreign currency loss on this series of transactions constitutes a loss incurred...

  10. The Predecessors of Bitcoin and Their Implications for the Prospect of Virtual Currencies

    PubMed Central

    Kim, Thomas

    2015-01-01

    To examine whether the recent price patterns and transaction costs of Bitcoin represent a general characteristic of decentralized virtual currencies, we analyze virtual currencies in online games that have been voluntarily managed by individuals since 1990s. We find that matured game currencies have price stability similar to that of small size equities or gold, and their transaction costs are sometimes lower than real currencies. Assuming that virtual currencies with a longer history can provide an estimate for Bitcoin’s prospects, we project that Bitcoin will be less influenced by speculative trades and become a low cost alternative to real currencies. PMID:25919027

  11. The predecessors of bitcoin and their implications for the prospect of virtual currencies.

    PubMed

    Kim, Thomas

    2014-01-01

    To examine whether the recent price patterns and transaction costs of Bitcoin represent a general characteristic of decentralized virtual currencies, we analyze virtual currencies in online games that have been voluntarily managed by individuals since 1990s. We find that matured game currencies have price stability similar to that of small size equities or gold, and their transaction costs are sometimes lower than real currencies. Assuming that virtual currencies with a longer history can provide an estimate for Bitcoin's prospects, we project that Bitcoin will be less influenced by speculative trades and become a low cost alternative to real currencies.

  12. Currency co-movement and network correlation structure of foreign exchange market

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mai, Yong; Chen, Huan; Zou, Jun-Zhong; Li, Sai-Ping

    2018-02-01

    We study the correlations of exchange rate volatility in the global foreign exchange(FX) market based on complex network graphs. Correlation matrices (CM) and the theoretical information flow method (Infomap) are employed to analyze the modular structure of the global foreign exchange network. The analysis demonstrates that there exist currency modules in the network, which is consistent with the geographical nature of currencies. The European and the East Asian currency modules in the FX network are most significant. We introduce a measure of the impact of individual currency based on its partial correlations with other currencies. We further incorporate an impact elimination method to filter out the impact of core nodes and construct subnetworks after the removal of these core nodes. The result reveals that (i) the US Dollar has prominent global influence on the FX market while the Euro has great impact on European currencies; (ii) the East Asian currency module is more strongly correlated than the European currency module. The strong correlation is a result of the strong co-movement of currencies in the region. The co-movement of currencies is further used to study the formation of international monetary bloc and the result is in good agreement with the consideration based on international trade.

  13. 75 FR 56628 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-16

    ... currencies, or options on currencies or currency futures or other currency derivatives or Currency Trust...) interest rate futures or options or derivatives on the foregoing in this subparagraph (b); or (c) CBOE... any of the foregoing; or (b) interest rate futures or options or derivatives on the foregoing in this...

  14. 12 CFR 745.7 - Shares accepted in a foreign currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Shares accepted in a foreign currency. 745.7... accepted in a foreign currency. An insured credit union may accept shares denominated in a foreign currency. Shares denominated in a foreign currency will be insured in accordance with this part to the same extent...

  15. Iran Sanctions

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-03-28

    services denominated in rials—cheaply. • These difficulties—shipping, currency devaluation , and others—have driven up the costs to the Iranian trading...increasingly trading through barter arrangements rather than hard currency exchange. The pullout from Iran by major international firms have slowed...One of the Central Bank’s roles is to keep Iran’s currency , the rial, stable. It does so by using hard currency to buy rials to raise the currency

  16. Fake currency detection using image processing

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Agasti, Tushar; Burand, Gajanan; Wade, Pratik; Chitra, P.

    2017-11-01

    The advancement of color printing technology has increased the rate of fake currency note printing and duplicating the notes on a very large scale. Few years back, the printing could be done in a print house, but now anyone can print a currency note with maximum accuracy using a simple laser printer. As a result the issue of fake notes instead of the genuine ones has been increased very largely. India has been unfortunately cursed with the problems like corruption and black money. And counterfeit of currency notes is also a big problem to it. This leads to design of a system that detects the fake currency note in a less time and in a more efficient manner. The proposed system gives an approach to verify the Indian currency notes. Verification of currency note is done by the concepts of image processing. This article describes extraction of various features of Indian currency notes. MATLAB software is used to extract the features of the note. The proposed system has got advantages like simplicity and high performance speed. The result will predict whether the currency note is fake or not.

  17. Detection of counterfeit currency

    DOEpatents

    Burns, D.A.

    1998-05-26

    A method is disclosed of detecting counterfeit currency by contacting the currency to be tested with near infrared beams in the spectrum below 1,250 nanometers, measuring reflectance of the near infrared beams and comparing the reflectance values with those from genuine currency. 18 figs.

  18. China’s Currency: A Summary of the Economic Issues

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-01-09

    lower-priced imports). Chinese officials view economic stability as critical to sustaining political stability; they fear an appreciated currency...development of rural areas, but they claim they want to proceed at a gradual pace to ensure economic stability . Implications of China’s Currency...Modifying Its Currency Policy Chinese officials argue that its currency policy is not meant to favor exports over imports, but instead to foster economic

  19. Iran Sanctions

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-07-16

    currency devaluation , and others—have driven up the costs to the Iranian trading community by an estimated 40%52 - 60%. The EU estimates its overall...through barter arrangements rather than hard currency exchange. Many major international firms have left the Iran market, many Iranian firms are reported...Central Bank’s roles is to keep Iran’s currency , the rial, stable. It does so by using hard currency to buy rials to raise the currency value, or to

  20. General and specific statistical properties of foreign exchange markets during a financial crash

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Wei-Shen; Tsai, Yun-Jie; Shen, Yu-Hsien; Liaw, Sy-Sang

    2016-06-01

    We investigate minute-by-minute foreign exchange rate (FX) data of 14 currencies with different exchange-rate regimes during a financial crash, and divide these data into several stages according to their respective tendencies: depreciation stage (stage 1), fluctuating stage (stage 2), and appreciation stage (stage 3). The tail distribution of FX rate returns satisfies a power-law structure for different types of currencies. We find the absolute value of the power-law exponent is smaller in emerging markets than in developed markets, especially during the stage 1, and is greatest in pegged currencies. We also find that the correlation properties of the FX rate return series have quite disparate results among the various types of currencies. Currencies in developed markets respectively have weak persistence and anti-persistence in short and long timescales; whereas the pegged currencies and currencies in emerging markets show different degrees of anti-persistence in various timescales. Further analyses on the data in divided stages indicate that emerging markets and pegged currencies have more prominent dual fractal structures after the depreciation stage, while the developed markets do not. Hurst exponent analyses on the sign series yield similar results to that on the original return series for most currencies. The magnitude series of the returns provide some unique results during a crash. The developed market currencies have strong persistence and exhibit a weaker correlation in the depreciation and appreciation stages. In contrast, the currencies of emerging markets as well as pegged currencies fail to show such a transformation, but rather show a constant-correlation behavior in the corresponding stages of a crash. These results indicate that external shocks exert different degrees of influence during different stages of the crash in various markets.

  1. Near East/South Asia Report, No. 2794

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-08-04

    interest-earning foreign currency reserves. About 80% of our present foreign currency reserves come from the IMF loan and are matched by IMF ...fact would the United States want to change a system which makes of its national currency , which it has manipulated at will since 1971 (President...Nixon’s decision on the nonconvertibility of the dollar into gold, in August 1971), one which is a currency of reserve and world reference? A currency

  2. World currency exchange rate cross-correlations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Droå¼dż, S.; Górski, A. Z.; Kwapień, J.

    2007-08-01

    World currency network constitutes one of the most complex structures that is associated with the contemporary civilization. On a way towards quantifying its characteristics we study the cross correlations in changes of the daily foreign exchange rates within the basket of 60 currencies in the period December 1998 May 2005. Such a dynamics turns out to predominantly involve one outstanding eigenvalue of the correlation matrix. The magnitude of this eigenvalue depends however crucially on which currency is used as a base currency for the remaining ones. Most prominent it looks from the perspective of a peripheral currency. This largest eigenvalue is seen to systematically decrease and thus the structure of correlations becomes more heterogeneous, when more significant currencies are used as reference. An extreme case in this later respect is the USD in the period considered. Besides providing further insight into subtle nature of complexity, these observations point to a formal procedure that in general can be used for practical purposes of measuring the relative currencies significance on various time horizons.

  3. Co-existence of multiple trade-off currencies shapes evolutionary outcomes

    PubMed Central

    Isaksson, Caroline; Salguero-Gómez, Roberto

    2017-01-01

    Evolutionary studies often assume that energy is the primary resource (i.e. “currency”) at the heart of the survival-reproduction trade-off, despite recent evidence to the contrary. The evolutionary consequences of having a single trade-off currency versus multiple competing currencies are unknown. Using simulations, we modeled the evolution of either a single physiological currency between reproduction and survival, or of multiple such currencies. For a wide array of model specifications varying functional forms and strengths of the trade-offs, we show that the presence of multiple currencies (e.g. nutrients, time) generally results in the evolution of higher lifetime reproductive success through partial circumvention of such trade-offs. Evolution of the underlying physiology is also more highly contingent with multiple currencies. These results challenge the paradigm of a single survival-reproduction trade-off as central to life history evolution, suggesting greater roles for physiological constraints and contingency, and implying potential selection for evolution of multiple trade-off currencies. PMID:29216275

  4. 48 CFR 25.1002 - Use of foreign currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Use of foreign currency... currency. (a) Unless an international agreement or the WTO GPA (see 25.408(a)(4)) requires a specific currency, contracting officers must determine whether solicitations for contracts to be entered into and...

  5. 19 CFR 152.25 - Conversion of foreign currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Conversion of foreign currency. 152.25 Section 152.25 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF... Conversion of foreign currency. When foreign currency must be converted for purposes of appraisement, the...

  6. 19 CFR 152.25 - Conversion of foreign currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Conversion of foreign currency. 152.25 Section 152.25 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF... Conversion of foreign currency. When foreign currency must be converted for purposes of appraisement, the...

  7. 31 CFR 1026.310 - Reports of transactions in currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... and Introducing Brokers in Commodities § 1026.310 Reports of transactions in currency. The reports of transactions in currency requirements for futures commission merchants and introducing brokers in commodities... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Reports of transactions in currency...

  8. 31 CFR 103.58 - Forfeiture of currency or monetary instruments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... instruments. 103.58 Section 103.58 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance FINANCIAL RECORDKEEPING AND REPORTING OF CURRENCY AND FOREIGN TRANSACTIONS General Provisions § 103.58 Forfeiture of currency or monetary instruments. Any currency or other monetary instruments which are in the...

  9. Complexity Characteristics of Currency Networks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gorski, A. Z.; Drozdz, S.; Kwapien, J.; Oswiecimka, P.

    2006-11-01

    A large set of daily FOREX time series is analyzed. The corresponding correlation matrices (CM) are constructed for USD, EUR and PLN used as the base currencies. The triangle rule is interpreted as constraints reducing the number of independent returns. The CM spectrum is computed and compared with the cases of shuffled currencies and a fictitious random currency taken as a base currency. The Minimal Spanning Tree (MST) graphs are calculated and the clustering effects for strong currencies are found. It is shown that for MSTs the node rank has power like, scale free behavior. Finally, the scaling exponents are evaluated and found in the range analogous to those identified recently for various complex networks.

  10. Virtual World Currency Value Fluctuation Prediction System Based on User Sentiment Analysis.

    PubMed

    Kim, Young Bin; Lee, Sang Hyeok; Kang, Shin Jin; Choi, Myung Jin; Lee, Jung; Kim, Chang Hun

    2015-01-01

    In this paper, we present a method for predicting the value of virtual currencies used in virtual gaming environments that support multiple users, such as massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs). Predicting virtual currency values in a virtual gaming environment has rarely been explored; it is difficult to apply real-world methods for predicting fluctuating currency values or shares to the virtual gaming world on account of differences in domains between the two worlds. To address this issue, we herein predict virtual currency value fluctuations by collecting user opinion data from a virtual community and analyzing user sentiments or emotions from the opinion data. The proposed method is straightforward and applicable to predicting virtual currencies as well as to gaming environments, including MMORPGs. We test the proposed method using large-scale MMORPGs and demonstrate that virtual currencies can be effectively and efficiently predicted with it.

  11. The evolutionary synchronization of the exchange rate system in ASEAN+6

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Feng, Xiaobing; Hu, Haibo; Wang, Xiaofan

    2010-12-01

    Although there are extensive researches on the behavior of the world currency network, the complexity of the Asian regional currency system is not well understood regardless of its importance. Using daily exchange rates this paper examines exchange rate co-movements in the region before and after the China exchange rate reform. It was found that the correlation between Asian currencies and the US Dollar, the previous regional key currency has become weaker and intra-Asia interactions have increased. Cross sample entropy and cross entropy approaches are also applied to examine the synchrony behavior among the Asian currencies. The study also shows that the Asian exchange rate markets featured are neither stochastic nor efficient. These findings may shed some light on the in-depth understanding of collective behaviors in a regional currency network; they will also lay a theoretical foundation for further policy formulation in Asian currency integration.

  12. Virtual World Currency Value Fluctuation Prediction System Based on User Sentiment Analysis

    PubMed Central

    Kim, Young Bin; Lee, Sang Hyeok; Kang, Shin Jin; Choi, Myung Jin; Lee, Jung; Kim, Chang Hun

    2015-01-01

    In this paper, we present a method for predicting the value of virtual currencies used in virtual gaming environments that support multiple users, such as massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs). Predicting virtual currency values in a virtual gaming environment has rarely been explored; it is difficult to apply real-world methods for predicting fluctuating currency values or shares to the virtual gaming world on account of differences in domains between the two worlds. To address this issue, we herein predict virtual currency value fluctuations by collecting user opinion data from a virtual community and analyzing user sentiments or emotions from the opinion data. The proposed method is straightforward and applicable to predicting virtual currencies as well as to gaming environments, including MMORPGs. We test the proposed method using large-scale MMORPGs and demonstrate that virtual currencies can be effectively and efficiently predicted with it. PMID:26241496

  13. Forecasting Foreign Currency Exchange Rates for Air Force Budgeting

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-03-26

    FORECASTING FOREIGN CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES FOR AIR FORCE BUDGETING THESIS MARCH 2015...States. AFIT-ENV-MS-15-M-178 FORECASTING FOREIGN CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES FOR AIR FORCE BUDGETING THESIS Presented to the Faculty...FORECASTING FOREIGN CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES FOR AIR FORCE BUDGETING Nicholas R. Gardner, BS Captain, USAF Committee Membership: Lt Col Jonathan

  14. 26 CFR 1.988-6 - Nonfunctional currency contingent payment debt instruments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... accrued but unpaid interest is translated into functional currency at the same rate used, in each of the... 26 Internal Revenue 10 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Nonfunctional currency contingent payment debt... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Export Trade Corporations § 1.988-6 Nonfunctional currency...

  15. 26 CFR 1.985-1 - Functional currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... does not keep books and records in the currency of any economic environment in which a significant part... paragraph (c)(3) of this section to keep, its books and records in such currency. (2) Economic environment... presumed to keep books and records in the currency of the economic environment in which a significant part...

  16. U.S. Currency. A Perspective of Its Role Today.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Washington, DC.

    Designed for the general public and possibly suitable also for high school economics students, this pamphlet presents a brief overview of United States currency. Separate sections discuss the role of currency today, how the dollar has evolved, how the dollar got its name, laws concerning legal tender, types of currency in circulation, the meaning…

  17. Forecasting of monthly inflow and outflow currency using time series regression and ARIMAX: The Idul Fitri effect

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ahmad, Imam Safawi; Setiawan, Suhartono, Masun, Nunun Hilyatul

    2015-12-01

    Currency plays an important role in economic transactions of Indonesian society. In order to guarantee the availability of currency, Bank Indonesia needs to develop demand and supply planning of currency. The purpose of this study is to get model and predict inflow and outflow of currency in KPW BI Region IV (East Java) with ARIMA method, time series regression and ARIMAX. The data of monthly inflow and outflow is used of currency in KPW BI Surabaya, Malang, Kediri and Jember.The observation period starting from January 2003 to December 2014. Based on the smallest values of out-sample RMSE and SMAPE, ARIMA is the best model to predict the outflow of currency in KPW BI Surabaya and ARIMAX for KPW BI Malang, Kediri and Jember. The best forecasting model for inflow of currency in KPW BI Surabaya, Malang, Kediri and Jember chronologically as follows are calendar variation model, transfer function, ARIMA, and time series regression. These results indicates that the more complex models may not necessarily produce a more accurate forecast as the result of M3-Competition.

  18. 75 FR 80557 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-22

    ..., or options on currencies or currency futures or other currency derivatives or Currency Trust Shares... futures or options or derivatives on the foregoing in this subparagraph (b); or (c) CBOE Volatility Index...; (b) interest rate futures or options or derivatives on the foregoing; or (c) CBOE VIX futures. NYSE...

  19. 26 CFR 1.985-5 - Adjustments required upon change in functional currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... property and the new functional currency amount of liabilities and any other relevant items (e.g., items... adjusted basis or amount multiplied by the new functional currency/old functional currency spot exchange rate on the last day of the taxable year ending before the year of change (spot rate). (d) Step 3A...

  20. 26 CFR 1.985-5 - Adjustments required upon change in functional currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... property and the new functional currency amount of liabilities and any other relevant items (e.g., items... adjusted basis or amount multiplied by the new functional currency/old functional currency spot exchange rate on the last day of the taxable year ending before the year of change (spot rate). (d) Step 3A...

  1. 26 CFR 1.985-5 - Adjustments required upon change in functional currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... property and the new functional currency amount of liabilities and any other relevant items (e.g., items... adjusted basis or amount multiplied by the new functional currency/old functional currency spot exchange rate on the last day of the taxable year ending before the year of change (spot rate). (d) Step 3A...

  2. 26 CFR 1.985-5 - Adjustments required upon change in functional currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... property and the new functional currency amount of liabilities and any other relevant items (e.g., items... adjusted basis or amount multiplied by the new functional currency/old functional currency spot exchange rate on the last day of the taxable year ending before the year of change (spot rate). (d) Step 3A...

  3. 26 CFR 1.985-5 - Adjustments required upon change in functional currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... property and the new functional currency amount of liabilities and any other relevant items (e.g., items... adjusted basis or amount multiplied by the new functional currency/old functional currency spot exchange rate on the last day of the taxable year ending before the year of change (spot rate). (d) Step 3A...

  4. 77 FR 6833 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-09

    ... Reference Asset. The term ``Currency,'' as used in the proposed rule, means one or more currencies, or.... Description Proposed Rule 5711(e)(iii) provides that the term ``Currency Trust Shares'' as used in these...-Based Trust Shares; Currency Trust Shares; Commodity Index Trust Shares; Commodity Futures Trust Shares...

  5. 26 CFR 301.6316-8 - Refunds and credits in foreign currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 18 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Refunds and credits in foreign currency. 301....6316-8 Refunds and credits in foreign currency. (a) Refunds. The refund of any overpayment of tax which has been paid under section 6316 in foreign currency may, in the discretion of the Commissioner, be...

  6. 26 CFR 1.882-5 - Determination of interest deduction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... or the functional currency of the home office of the taxpayer, and that currency must be used... interest rate on U.S.-connected liabilities by reference to its U.S. assets, using the separate currency... into U.S. dollars at the weighted average exchange rate for each currency prescribed by § 1.989(b)-1...

  7. 31 CFR 103.37 - Additional records to be made and retained by currency dealers or exchangers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... retained by currency dealers or exchangers. 103.37 Section 103.37 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance FINANCIAL RECORDKEEPING AND REPORTING OF CURRENCY AND FOREIGN TRANSACTIONS Records Required To Be Maintained § 103.37 Additional records to be made and retained by currency dealers...

  8. 26 CFR 301.6316-7 - Payment of Federal Insurance Contributions Act taxes in foreign currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... taxes in foreign currency. 301.6316-7 Section 301.6316-7 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE... General Provisions § 301.6316-7 Payment of Federal Insurance Contributions Act taxes in foreign currency... foreign currency (as defined in paragraph (b) of § 301.6316-2) for services performed on or after January...

  9. 12 CFR Appendix A to Subpart A of... - Minimum Capital Components for Interest Rate and Foreign Exchange Rate Contracts

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... sheet interest rate and foreign exchange rate contracts: a. Interest Rate Contracts i. Single currency... Contracts i. Cross-currency interest rate swaps. ii. Forward foreign exchange rate contracts. iii. Currency... exposure is zero. Mark-to-market values are measured in United States dollars, regardless of the currency...

  10. 75 FR 56150 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-15

    ...-settled foreign currency options \\5\\ orders represented by Floor Brokers \\6\\ on the Exchange.\\7\\ The.... dollar-settled foreign currency options orders to the Exchange trading floor. \\5\\ U.S. dollar-settled foreign currency options traded on the Exchange are also known as World Currency Options (``WCO'') or...

  11. 75 FR 23314 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Order Granting Approval of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-03

    ... Rule 502(h), only Exchange-Traded Fund Shares, or ETFs, that are traded on a national securities... that holds a specified non-U.S. currency or currencies deposited with the trust when aggregated in some... non-U.S. currency or currencies and pays the beneficial owner interest and other distributions on the...

  12. 78 FR 75439 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Miami International Securities Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-11

    ... current Rule 402, only Exchange-Traded Fund Shares (``ETFs'') that (1) represent interests in registered... or similar entity that holds a specified non-U.S. currency or currencies deposited with the trust... by the beneficial owner to receive the specified non-U.S. currency or currencies and pays the...

  13. Foreign currency exchange network topology across the 2008 credit crisis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sharif, Shamshuritawati; Ap, Nuraisah Che; Ruslan, Nuraimi

    2017-05-01

    A stable world currency exchange rate is a very important aspect to be considered for a developed country, i.e Malaysia. A better understanding about the currencies itself is needed nowadays. This project is about to understanding the fluctuation and to identify the most influential world currencies in the three different cases; before credit crisis, during credit crisis and after credit crisis. A network topology approach is use to examine the interrelationship between currencies based on correlation analysis. With this point of view, those relationships can be measured by a correlation structure among the currencies. The network can be analyse by filtering the important information using minimum spanning tree (MST) and interpret it using degree centrality as the centrality measure. This topology will give a useful guide to understand the behaviour and determine the most influential currency in the network as a part of a complex system. All currencies are compared among the three different cases; before credit crisis, during credit crisis and after credit crisis period. The result of this project shows that Unites State Dollar (USD), Brazilian Real (BRL), United Kingdom Pound (EUR) and Danish Krone (DKK) are the most influential currencies before the credit crisis period. With respect to during the credit crisis, New Zealand Dollar (NZD) dominates the network and it is followed by Singapore Dollar (SGD) for after the credit crisis period.

  14. 48 CFR 28.204-2 - Certified or cashiers checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency. 28.204-2 Section 28.204-2 Federal Acquisition Regulations... Other Security for Bonds 28.204-2 Certified or cashiers checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency... draft, Post Office money order, or currency, in an amount equal to the penal sum of the bond, instead of...

  15. 48 CFR 28.204-2 - Certified or cashiers checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency. 28.204-2 Section 28.204-2 Federal Acquisition Regulations... Other Security for Bonds 28.204-2 Certified or cashiers checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency... draft, Post Office money order, or currency, in an amount equal to the penal sum of the bond, instead of...

  16. 48 CFR 28.204-2 - Certified or cashiers checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency. 28.204-2 Section 28.204-2 Federal Acquisition Regulations... Other Security for Bonds 28.204-2 Certified or cashiers checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency... draft, Post Office money order, or currency, in an amount equal to the penal sum of the bond, instead of...

  17. 48 CFR 28.204-2 - Certified or cashiers checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency. 28.204-2 Section 28.204-2 Federal Acquisition Regulations... Other Security for Bonds 28.204-2 Certified or cashiers checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency... draft, Post Office money order, or currency, in an amount equal to the penal sum of the bond, instead of...

  18. 26 CFR 301.6316-5 - Manner of paying tax by foreign currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... currency to be deposited shall be that amount which, when converted at the rate of exchange used on the... 26 Internal Revenue 18 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Manner of paying tax by foreign currency. 301....6316-5 Manner of paying tax by foreign currency. (a) Time and place to pay. The unpaid tax required to...

  19. 75 FR 40007 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-07-13

    ... Rules, only Exchange-Traded Fund Shares, or ETFs, that are traded on a national securities exchange and... that holds a specified non-U.S. currency or currencies deposited with the trust or similar entity when... receive the specified non-U.S. currency or currencies and pays the beneficial owner interest and other...

  20. 48 CFR 28.204-2 - Certified or cashiers checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency. 28.204-2 Section 28.204-2 Federal Acquisition Regulations... Other Security for Bonds 28.204-2 Certified or cashiers checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency... draft, Post Office money order, or currency, in an amount equal to the penal sum of the bond, instead of...

  1. Currency crises and the evolution of foreign exchange market: Evidence from minimum spanning tree

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jang, Wooseok; Lee, Junghoon; Chang, Woojin

    2011-02-01

    We examined the time series properties of the foreign exchange market for 1990-2008 in relation to the history of the currency crises using the minimum spanning tree (MST) approach and made several meaningful observations about the MST of currencies. First, around currency crises, the mean correlation coefficient between currencies decreased whereas the normalized tree length increased. The mean correlation coefficient dropped dramatically passing through the Asian crisis and remained at the lowered level after that. Second, the Euro and the US dollar showed a strong negative correlation after 1997, implying that the prices of the two currencies moved in opposite directions. Third, we observed that Asian countries and Latin American countries moved away from the cluster center (USA) passing through the Asian crisis and Argentine crisis, respectively.

  2. What currency do bumble bees maximize?

    PubMed

    Charlton, Nicholas L; Houston, Alasdair I

    2010-08-16

    In modelling bumble bee foraging, net rate of energetic intake has been suggested as the appropriate currency. The foraging behaviour of honey bees is better predicted by using efficiency, the ratio of energetic gain to expenditure, as the currency. We re-analyse several studies of bumble bee foraging and show that efficiency is as good a currency as net rate in terms of predicting behaviour. We suggest that future studies of the foraging of bumble bees should be designed to distinguish between net rate and efficiency maximizing behaviour in an attempt to discover which is the more appropriate currency.

  3. What Currency Do Bumble Bees Maximize?

    PubMed Central

    Charlton, Nicholas L.; Houston, Alasdair I.

    2010-01-01

    In modelling bumble bee foraging, net rate of energetic intake has been suggested as the appropriate currency. The foraging behaviour of honey bees is better predicted by using efficiency, the ratio of energetic gain to expenditure, as the currency. We re-analyse several studies of bumble bee foraging and show that efficiency is as good a currency as net rate in terms of predicting behaviour. We suggest that future studies of the foraging of bumble bees should be designed to distinguish between net rate and efficiency maximizing behaviour in an attempt to discover which is the more appropriate currency. PMID:20808437

  4. Iran Sanctions

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-04-02

    currency and can use it to buy rials—or services denominated in rials—cheaply. • These difficulties—shipping, currency devaluation , and others—have...increasingly trading through barter arrangements rather than hard currency exchange. The pullout from Iran by major international firms has slowed Iran’s...countries to the concept of sanctioning Iran’s Central Bank was based on humanitarian grounds. One of the Central Bank’s roles is to keep Iran’s currency

  5. 26 CFR 1.985-2 - Election to use the United States dollar as the functional currency of a QBU.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... functional currency of a QBU. 1.985-2 Section 1.985-2 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT... Election to use the United States dollar as the functional currency of a QBU. (a) Background and scope—(1... currency for taxable years beginning on or before August 24, 1994. An election to use a dollar functional...

  6. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Burns, Donald A.

    A method of detecting counterfeit currency by contacting the currency to be tested with near infrared beams in the spectrum below 1250 namometers, measuring reflectance of the near infrared beams and comparing the reflectance values with those from genuine currency.

  7. Forecasting Inflow and Outflow of Money Currency in East Java Using a Hybrid Exponential Smoothing and Calendar Variation Model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Susanti, Ana; Suhartono; Jati Setyadi, Hario; Taruk, Medi; Haviluddin; Pamilih Widagdo, Putut

    2018-03-01

    Money currency availability in Bank Indonesia can be examined by inflow and outflow of money currency. The objective of this research is to forecast the inflow and outflow of money currency in each Representative Office (RO) of BI in East Java by using a hybrid exponential smoothing based on state space approach and calendar variation model. Hybrid model is expected to generate more accurate forecast. There are two studies that will be discussed in this research. The first studies about hybrid model using simulation data that contain pattern of trends, seasonal and calendar variation. The second studies about the application of a hybrid model for forecasting the inflow and outflow of money currency in each RO of BI in East Java. The first of results indicate that exponential smoothing model can not capture the pattern calendar variation. It results RMSE values 10 times standard deviation of error. The second of results indicate that hybrid model can capture the pattern of trends, seasonal and calendar variation. It results RMSE values approaching the standard deviation of error. In the applied study, the hybrid model give more accurate forecast for five variables : the inflow of money currency in Surabaya, Malang, Jember and outflow of money currency in Surabaya and Kediri. Otherwise, the time series regression model yields better for three variables : outflow of money currency in Malang, Jember and inflow of money currency in Kediri.

  8. Results of a massive experiment on virtual currency endowments and money demand.

    PubMed

    Živić, Nenad; Andjelković, Igor; Özden, Tolga; Dekić, Milovan; Castronova, Edward

    2017-01-01

    We use a 575,000-subject, 28-day experiment to investigate monetary policy in a virtual setting. The experiment tests the effect of virtual currency endowments on player retention and virtual currency demand. An increase in endowments of a virtual currency should lower the demand for the currency in the short run. However, in the long run, we would expect money demand to rise in response to inflation in the virtual world. We test for this behavior in a virtual field experiment in the football management game Top11. 575,000 players were selected at random and allocated to different "shards" or versions of the world. The shards differed only in terms of the initial money endowment offered to new players. Money demand was observed for 28 days as players used real money to purchase additional virtual currency. The results indicate that player money purchases were significantly higher in the shards where higher endowments were given. This suggests that a positive change in the money supply in a virtual context leads to inflation and increased money demand, and does so much more quickly than in real-world economies. Differences between virtual and real currency behavior will become more interesting as virtual currency becomes a bigger part of the real economy.

  9. Results of a massive experiment on virtual currency endowments and money demand

    PubMed Central

    Živić, Nenad; Andjelković, Igor; Özden, Tolga; Dekić, Milovan

    2017-01-01

    We use a 575,000-subject, 28-day experiment to investigate monetary policy in a virtual setting. The experiment tests the effect of virtual currency endowments on player retention and virtual currency demand. An increase in endowments of a virtual currency should lower the demand for the currency in the short run. However, in the long run, we would expect money demand to rise in response to inflation in the virtual world. We test for this behavior in a virtual field experiment in the football management game Top11. 575,000 players were selected at random and allocated to different “shards” or versions of the world. The shards differed only in terms of the initial money endowment offered to new players. Money demand was observed for 28 days as players used real money to purchase additional virtual currency. The results indicate that player money purchases were significantly higher in the shards where higher endowments were given. This suggests that a positive change in the money supply in a virtual context leads to inflation and increased money demand, and does so much more quickly than in real-world economies. Differences between virtual and real currency behavior will become more interesting as virtual currency becomes a bigger part of the real economy. PMID:29045494

  10. An improved shuffled frog leaping algorithm based evolutionary framework for currency exchange rate prediction

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dash, Rajashree

    2017-11-01

    Forecasting purchasing power of one currency with respect to another currency is always an interesting topic in the field of financial time series prediction. Despite the existence of several traditional and computational models for currency exchange rate forecasting, there is always a need for developing simpler and more efficient model, which will produce better prediction capability. In this paper, an evolutionary framework is proposed by using an improved shuffled frog leaping (ISFL) algorithm with a computationally efficient functional link artificial neural network (CEFLANN) for prediction of currency exchange rate. The model is validated by observing the monthly prediction measures obtained for three currency exchange data sets such as USD/CAD, USD/CHF, and USD/JPY accumulated within same period of time. The model performance is also compared with two other evolutionary learning techniques such as Shuffled frog leaping algorithm and Particle Swarm optimization algorithm. Practical analysis of results suggest that, the proposed model developed using the ISFL algorithm with CEFLANN network is a promising predictor model for currency exchange rate prediction compared to other models included in the study.

  11. Time series regression and ARIMAX for forecasting currency flow at Bank Indonesia in Sulawesi region

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Suharsono, Agus; Suhartono, Masyitha, Aulia; Anuravega, Arum

    2015-12-01

    The purpose of the study is to forecast the outflow and inflow of currency at Indonesian Central Bank or Bank Indonesia (BI) in Sulawesi Region. The currency outflow and inflow data tend to have a trend pattern which is influenced by calendar variation effects. Therefore, this research focuses to apply some forecasting methods that could handle calendar variation effects, i.e. Time Series Regression (TSR) and ARIMAX models, and compare the forecast accuracy with ARIMA model. The best model is selected based on the lowest of Root Mean Squares Errors (RMSE) at out-sample dataset. The results show that ARIMA is the best model for forecasting the currency outflow and inflow at South Sulawesi. Whereas, the best model for forecasting the currency outflow at Central Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi, and for forecasting the currency inflow at South Sulawesi and North Sulawesi is TSR. Additionally, ARIMAX is the best model for forecasting the currency outflow at North Sulawesi. Hence, the results show that more complex models do not neccessary yield more accurate forecast than the simpler one.

  12. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Burns, D.A.

    A method is disclosed of detecting counterfeit currency by contacting the currency to be tested with near infrared beams in the spectrum below 1,250 nanometers, measuring reflectance of the near infrared beams and comparing the reflectance values with those from genuine currency. 18 figs.

  13. China’s Currency: A Summary of the Economic Issues

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-07-11

    officials argue that its currency policy is not meant to favor exports over imports, but instead to foster economic stability through currency...would have on farmers (due to lower-priced imports). Chinese officials view economic stability as CRS-3 2 U.S. production has moved away from...they want to proceed at a gradual pace to ensure economic stability . Implications of China’s Currency Policy for its Economy If the yuan is undervalued

  14. The U.S. Trade Deficit, The Dollar, and The Price of Oil

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-09-29

    dollar against other major currencies erodes the purchasing power of oil producers. The International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) has identified three...to undermine the exchange value of the dollar relative to other currencies , devaluing the dollar relative to other currencies and reducing the... currencies . For some, these two events seem to indicate a cause and effect relationship between changes in the price of oil and changes in the value

  15. Stabilization and Economic Growth Workshop

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-03-25

    or more years and is 30 percent or more per year; currency has been devalued 50 percent or more in the last 3 years; unemployment has exceeded 20... currency can be an issue. The government should legalize and control foreign exchange dealers. Whatever currency is in use—Mozambique relied heavily on...the use of dollars rather than its own currency after the end of conflict in the nineties—donors and host country authorities should not extend

  16. Gold, currencies and market efficiency

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kristoufek, Ladislav; Vosvrda, Miloslav

    2016-05-01

    Gold and currency markets form a unique pair with specific interactions and dynamics. We focus on the efficiency ranking of gold markets with respect to the currency of purchase. By utilizing the Efficiency Index (EI) based on fractal dimension, approximate entropy and long-term memory on a wide portfolio of 142 gold price series for different currencies, we construct the efficiency ranking based on the extended EI methodology we provide. Rather unexpected results are uncovered as the gold prices in major currencies lay among the least efficient ones whereas very minor currencies are among the most efficient ones. We argue that such counterintuitive results can be partly attributed to a unique period of examination (2011-2014) characteristic by quantitative easing and rather unorthodox monetary policies together with the investigated illegal collusion of major foreign exchange market participants, as well as some other factors discussed in some detail.

  17. 28 CFR 8.5 - Custody.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ..., to the extent practicable, seized foreign currency and negotiable instruments) must be deposited... potential evidentiary significance of the currency is being determined by scientific testing or otherwise... necessary while the potential evidentiary significance of the currency is being determined by scientific...

  18. 28 CFR 8.5 - Custody.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ..., to the extent practicable, seized foreign currency and negotiable instruments) must be deposited... potential evidentiary significance of the currency is being determined by scientific testing or otherwise... necessary while the potential evidentiary significance of the currency is being determined by scientific...

  19. 12 CFR 1750.2 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Mortgage Corporation and any affiliate thereof. Foreign exchange rate contracts— (1) Means cross-currency interest rate swaps, forward foreign exchange contracts, currency options purchased (including currency... less and foreign exchange rate contracts traded on exchanges that require daily payment of variation...

  20. Foreign Currency Exchange Problems Relating to the Book Trade

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Moran, Michael

    1973-01-01

    In the purchase of books from foreign countries, the basic problem with regard to currency is to decide which currency will be used in these transactions, and how to reach agreement with vendors on this point. (11 references) (Author)

  1. 77 FR 47118 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Foreign...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-07

    ... for OMB Review; Comment Request; Foreign Currency Transactions Prohibited Transaction Class Exemption... Administration (EBSA) sponsored information collection request (ICR) titled, ``Foreign Currency Transactions...). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The Foreign Currency Transactions Prohibited Transaction Class Exemption permits...

  2. 49 CFR 583.14 - Currency conversion rate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Currency conversion rate. 583.14 Section 583.14 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AUTOMOBILE PARTS CONTENT LABELING § 583.14 Currency...

  3. 49 CFR 583.14 - Currency conversion rate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Currency conversion rate. 583.14 Section 583.14 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AUTOMOBILE PARTS CONTENT LABELING § 583.14 Currency...

  4. 49 CFR 583.14 - Currency conversion rate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Currency conversion rate. 583.14 Section 583.14 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AUTOMOBILE PARTS CONTENT LABELING § 583.14 Currency...

  5. 49 CFR 583.14 - Currency conversion rate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Currency conversion rate. 583.14 Section 583.14 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AUTOMOBILE PARTS CONTENT LABELING § 583.14 Currency...

  6. 49 CFR 583.14 - Currency conversion rate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Currency conversion rate. 583.14 Section 583.14 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AUTOMOBILE PARTS CONTENT LABELING § 583.14 Currency...

  7. Money is essential: ownership intuitions are linked to physical currency.

    PubMed

    Uhlmann, Eric Luis; Lei Zhu, Luke

    2013-05-01

    Due to basic processes of psychological essentialism and contagion, one particular token of monetary currency is not always interchangeable with another piece of currency of equal economic value. When money loses its physical form it is perceived as "not quite the same" money (i.e., to have partly lost the original essence that distinguished it from other monetary tokens), diminishing its intuitive link with its original owner. Participants were less likely to recommend stolen or lost money be returned when it had been subsequently deposited in an electronic bank account, as opposed to retaining its original physical form (Studies 1a and 1b). Conversely, an intuitive sense of ownership is enhanced through physical contact with a piece of hard currency. Participants felt the piece of currency a person had originally lost should be returned to him rather than another piece of currency of equivalent value, even when they did not believe he would be able to tell the difference and considered distinguishing it from other money illogical. This effect was reduced when the currency had been sterilized, wiping it clean of all physical traces of its previous owner (Studies 2a, 2b, and 3). Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  8. 76 FR 16477 - Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-23

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request AGENCY: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), Treasury. ACTION: Notice... all written comments to: Communications Division, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Mailstop...

  9. 76 FR 60128 - Proposed Information Collection; Submission for OMB Review

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-28

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Proposed Information Collection; Submission for OMB Review AGENCY: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), Treasury... should direct all written comments to: Communications Division, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency...

  10. 76 FR 27174 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-10

    ... U.S. persons. The information will be used in the computation of the U.S. balance of payments... currently approved collection. Title: Monthly Consolidated Foreign Currency Report of Major Market... futures purchased and sold; foreign currency options and net delta equivalent value; foreign currency...

  11. 76 FR 62498 - Proposed Information Collection; Submission for OMB Review

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-07

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Proposed Information Collection; Submission for OMB Review AGENCY: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), Treasury... written comments to: Communications Division, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Mailstop 2-3...

  12. 19 CFR 351.415 - Conversion of currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Conversion of currency. 351.415 Section 351.415 Customs Duties INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ANTIDUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING... Conversion of currency. (a) In general. In an antidumping proceeding, the Secretary will convert foreign...

  13. 19 CFR 351.415 - Conversion of currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Conversion of currency. 351.415 Section 351.415 Customs Duties INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ANTIDUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING... Conversion of currency. (a) In general. In an antidumping proceeding, the Secretary will convert foreign...

  14. Configuring calendar variation based on time series regression method for forecasting of monthly currency inflow and outflow in Central Java

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Setiawan, Suhartono, Ahmad, Imam Safawi; Rahmawati, Noorgam Ika

    2015-12-01

    Bank Indonesia (BI) as the central bank of Republic Indonesiahas a single overarching objective to establish and maintain rupiah stability. This objective could be achieved by monitoring traffic of inflow and outflow money currency. Inflow and outflow are related to stock and distribution of money currency around Indonesia territory. It will effect of economic activities. Economic activities of Indonesia,as one of Moslem country, absolutely related to Islamic Calendar (lunar calendar), that different with Gregorian calendar. This research aims to forecast the inflow and outflow money currency of Representative Office (RO) of BI Semarang Central Java region. The results of the analysis shows that the characteristics of inflow and outflow money currency influenced by the effects of the calendar variations, that is the day of Eid al-Fitr (moslem holyday) as well as seasonal patterns. In addition, the period of a certain week during Eid al-Fitr also affect the increase of inflow and outflow money currency. The best model based on the value of the smallestRoot Mean Square Error (RMSE) for inflow data is ARIMA model. While the best model for predicting the outflow data in RO of BI Semarang is ARIMAX model or Time Series Regression, because both of them have the same model. The results forecast in a period of 2015 shows an increase of inflow money currency happened in August, while the increase in outflow money currency happened in July.

  15. Topology of the correlation networks among major currencies using hierarchical structure methods

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Keskin, Mustafa; Deviren, Bayram; Kocakaplan, Yusuf

    2011-02-01

    We studied the topology of correlation networks among 34 major currencies using the concept of a minimal spanning tree and hierarchical tree for the full years of 2007-2008 when major economic turbulence occurred. We used the USD (US Dollar) and the TL (Turkish Lira) as numeraires in which the USD was the major currency and the TL was the minor currency. We derived a hierarchical organization and constructed minimal spanning trees (MSTs) and hierarchical trees (HTs) for the full years of 2007, 2008 and for the 2007-2008 period. We performed a technique to associate a value of reliability to the links of MSTs and HTs by using bootstrap replicas of data. We also used the average linkage cluster analysis for obtaining the hierarchical trees in the case of the TL as the numeraire. These trees are useful tools for understanding and detecting the global structure, taxonomy and hierarchy in financial data. We illustrated how the minimal spanning trees and their related hierarchical trees developed over a period of time. From these trees we identified different clusters of currencies according to their proximity and economic ties. The clustered structure of the currencies and the key currency in each cluster were obtained and we found that the clusters matched nicely with the geographical regions of corresponding countries in the world such as Asia or Europe. As expected the key currencies were generally those showing major economic activity.

  16. 78 FR 24804 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-26

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Agency Information Collection...: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), Treasury. ACTION: Notice and request for comment...: Legislative and Regulatory Activities Division, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Attention: 1557...

  17. 77 FR 69546 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Information Collection Renewal; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-11-19

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Agency Information Collection... Currency (OCC), Treasury. ACTION: Joint notice and request for comment. SUMMARY: In accordance with the... 18, 2013. ADDRESSES: Communications Division, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Public...

  18. 12 CFR 220.3 - General provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... when cash or securities are used for purposes of meeting requirements in another account. (2... corrective action. (i) Foreign currency. (1) Freely convertible foreign currency may be treated at its U.S. dollar equivalent, provided the currency is marked-to-market daily. (2) A creditor may extend credit...

  19. 19 CFR 159.34 - Certified quarterly rate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... TREASURY (CONTINUED) LIQUIDATION OF DUTIES Conversion of Foreign Currency § 159.34 Certified quarterly rate. (a) Countries for which quarterly rate is certified. For the currency of each of the following... York for such foreign currency for a day in that quarter: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada...

  20. 48 CFR 52.225-17 - Evaluation of Foreign Currency Offers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Evaluation of Foreign Currency Offers. 52.225-17 Section 52.225-17 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION... Clauses 52.225-17 Evaluation of Foreign Currency Offers. As prescribed in 25.1103(c), insert the following...

  1. 12 CFR 4.2 - Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Section 4.2 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ORGANIZATION AND... RESTRICTIONS FOR SENIOR EXAMINERS Organization and Functions § 4.2 Office of the Comptroller of the Currency... denying applications for new charters or for changes in corporate or banking structure; approving or...

  2. 75 FR 20883 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-21

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Agency Information Collection... Currency (OCC), Treasury. ACTION: Notice and request for comment. SUMMARY: The OCC, as part of its... Currency, Mailstop 2-3, Attention: 1557-0190, 250 E Street, SW., Washington, DC 20219. In addition...

  3. 77 FR 47163 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-07

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request AGENCY: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC... Currency, Public Information Room, Mailstop 2-3, Attention: 1557-0180, 250 E Street SW., Washington, DC...

  4. 29 CFR 15.23 - Restrictions on certain claims.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... restrictions noted: (a) Money or currency. Claims may be allowed for loss of money or currency (which includes... currency is limited to an amount which is determined to have been reasonable for the claimant to have had... motor vehicles were required to be used for official Government business (official Government business...

  5. 77 FR 37475 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-21

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Agency Information Collection... Currency (OCC), Treasury. ACTION: Notice and request for comment. SUMMARY: The OCC, as part of its... the Comptroller of the Currency, Mailstop 2-3, Attention: 1557-0232, 250 E Street SW., Washington, DC...

  6. 75 FR 4891 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-01-29

    ... Rule Change Regarding Market Maker Trading Licenses for Foreign Currency Options January 22, 2010... proposes to amend its Rule 2213 regarding market maker trading licenses for the Exchange's foreign currency... its rules regarding Foreign Currency Options (``FX Options'') \\5\\ traded on the Exchange. Specifically...

  7. 78 FR 26113 - Information Collection Renewal; Comment Request; Transfer Agent Registration and Amendment Form

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-05-03

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE... AGENCIES: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), Treasury; and Federal Deposit Insurance... Activities Division, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Attention: 1557-0124, 400 7th Street SW...

  8. 19 CFR 159.36 - Multiple certified rates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... multiple rates have been certified for a foreign currency, the rate to be used for Customs purposes shall... TREASURY (CONTINUED) LIQUIDATION OF DUTIES Conversion of Foreign Currency § 159.36 Multiple certified rates... rates of exchange (e.g., official and free) for a foreign currency: (a) Rates to be published. When the...

  9. 78 FR 43275 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for Office of Management and Budget Review...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-19

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE... Currency (OCC), Treasury; and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) . ACTION: Notice and Request for Comment. SUMMARY: The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) and Federal Deposit Insurance...

  10. 76 FR 72497 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-23

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of The Comptroller of The Currency FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM...; Comment Request AGENCIES: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), Treasury; Board of Governors of.... OCC: Communications Division, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Mailstop 2-3, Attention: 1557...

  11. 26 CFR 1.1273-2 - Determination of issue price and issue date.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... (a), money includes functional currency and, in certain circumstances, nonfunctional currency. See § 1.988-2(b)(2) for circumstances when nonfunctional currency is treated as money rather than as... debt instruments in the issue is sold for money. (b) Publicly traded debt instruments issued for...

  12. Start Where Your Students Are

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jackson, Robyn R.

    2010-01-01

    Starting where your students are means understanding how currencies are negotiated and traded in the classroom. Any behavior that students use to acquire the knowledge and skills needed in the classroom functions as currency. Teachers communicate the kinds of currencies they accept in their classrooms, such as getting good grades; students do…

  13. 26 CFR 1.1274-4 - Test rate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... any possible payment schedule. (d) Foreign currency loans. If all of the payments of a debt instrument are denominated in, or determined by reference to, a currency other than the U.S. dollar, the applicable Federal rate for the debt instrument is a foreign currency rate of interest that is analogous to...

  14. 26 CFR 1.1274-1 - Debt instruments to which section 1274 applies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ..., see sections 404 and 467. For purposes of this paragraph (a), money includes functional currency and, in certain circumstances, nonfunctional currency. See § 1.988-2(b)(2) for circumstances when nonfunctional currency is treated as money rather than as property. (b) Exceptions—(1) Debt instrument with...

  15. 31 CFR 1024.310 - Reports of transactions in currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR MUTUAL FUNDS Reports Required To Be Made By Mutual Funds § 1024.310 Reports of transactions in currency. The reports of transactions in currency requirements for mutual funds are located in subpart C of part 1010 of this chapter...

  16. 17 CFR 230.251 - Scope of exemption.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Scope of exemption. 230.251 Section 230.251 Commodity and Securities Exchanges SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION GENERAL RULES AND... received in a foreign currency shall be translated into United States currency at a currency exchange rate...

  17. Evolutionary Topology of a Currency Network in Asia

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Feng, Xiaobing; Wang, Xiaofan

    Although recently there are extensive research on currency network using minimum spanning trees approach, the knowledge about the actual evolution of a currency web in Asia is still limited. In the paper, we study the structural evolution of an Asian network using daily exchange rate data. It was found that the correlation between Asian currencies and US Dollar, the previous regional key currency has become weaker and the intra-Asia interactions have increased. This becomes more salient after the exchange rate reform of China. Different from the previous studies, we further reveal that it is the trade volume, national wealth gap and countries growth cycle that has contributed to the evolutionary topology of the minimum spanning tree. These findings provide a valuable platform for theoretical modeling and further analysis.

  18. 78 FR 44393 - Semiannual Agenda of Regulations

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-23

    ... Covered Swap Entities (3064-AD79) The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Board of Governors of... (3064-AD85) On November 7, 2011, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Board of Governors...-AD86) The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve...

  19. 75 FR 38175 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-07-01

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request AGENCY: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC...: Communications Division, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Mailstop 2-3, Attention: 1557-0190, 250 E...

  20. 77 FR 56911 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Information Collection; Submission for OMB Review

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-09-14

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Agency Information Collection... the Currency (OCC), Treasury. ACTION: Notice and request for comment. SUMMARY: The OCC, as part of its... the Currency, Mailstop 2-3, Attention: 1557-0232, 250 E Street SW., Washington, DC 20219. In addition...

  1. 75 FR 17805 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; the Options Clearing Corporation; Notice of Filing of Proposed...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-07

    ...-Settled Foreign Currency Options With One-Cent Exercise Prices April 1, 2010. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1... currency options traded on national securities exchanges will be treated and cleared as securities options...- settled foreign currency options traded on national securities exchanges will be treated and cleared as...

  2. 24 CFR 17.44 - Restrictions on certain claims.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... are only allowable subject to the restrictions noted: (a) Money or currency. Claims may be allowed for loss of money or currency only when lost incident to fire, flood, hurricane, other natural disaster, or... for loss of money or currency is limited to an amount which is determined to have been reasonable for...

  3. 31 CFR 103.27 - Filing of reports.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... REPORTING OF CURRENCY AND FOREIGN TRANSACTIONS Reports Required To Be Made § 103.27 Filing of reports. (a)(1... report required by § 103.23(b) shall be filed within 15 days after receipt of the currency or other.... Reports required by § 103.23(a) for currency or other monetary instruments not physically accompanying a...

  4. 78 FR 20981 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-08

    ... amend Phlx Rule 1079 (FLEX Index, Equity and Currency Options) to extend a pilot program that eliminates...\\ \\3\\ In addition to FLEX Options, FLEX currency options are also traded on the Exchange. These flexible index, equity, and currency options provide investors the ability to customize basic option...

  5. 78 FR 60376 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Information Collection Renewal; Submission for OMB...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-10-01

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE... Reputation Risks AGENCY: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Treasury (OCC); Federal Deposit Insurance..., Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Attention: 1557-0246, 400 7th Street SW., Suite 3E-218, Mail...

  6. 77 FR 54808 - Integrated Hedging Transactions of Qualifying Debt

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-09-06

    ... integrated transactions that involve a foreign currency denominated debt instrument and multiple associated... currency). See Sec. 1.988-5(a)(9). A qualified hedging transaction is an integrated economic transaction...) regardless of its denominated currency. See Sec. 1.988-5(a)(3). A Sec. 1.988-5(a) hedge is a spot contract...

  7. 14 CFR 1261.105 - Unallowable claims.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... were not assigned to claimant or provided in kind by the United States. (b) Money or currency. Claims may not be allowed for loss of money or currency, except when lost incident to fire, flood, hurricane... of money or currency is limited to an amount which is determined reasonable to have been in the...

  8. 77 FR 5250 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Joint Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-02

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of The Comptroller of the Currency Federal Reserve System...; Joint Comment Request AGENCIES: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), Treasury; Board of... the Comptroller of the Currency, Mailstop 2-3, Attention: 1557-0100, 250 E Street SW., Washington, DC...

  9. 77 FR 27858 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Renewal of a Currently Approved Collection; Comment...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-11

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Agency Information Collection... the Currency (OCC). ACTION: Notice and request for comments. SUMMARY: The OCC, as part of its... the Comptroller of the Currency, Public Information Room, Mailstop 2-3, Attention: 1557-0180, 250 E...

  10. 77 FR 20867 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-04-06

    ... Index, Equity and Currency Options) to extend a pilot program that eliminates minimum value sizes for... FLEX Options, FLEX currency options are also traded on the Exchange. These flexible index, equity, and currency options provide investors the ability to customize basic option features including size...

  11. 76 FR 67512 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Order...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-01

    ... changes amend current CME rules to expand its cleared-only, foreign currency (``FX'') swaps offering to support the introduction of (1) Twenty-six new foreign FX currency derivatives for over-the counter (``OTC'') cash settlement; and (2) eleven new FX non- deliverable forward transaction currency pairs for...

  12. 77 FR 33796 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-07

    ... Index, Equity and Currency Options) to extend a pilot program that eliminates minimum value sizes for... FLEX Options, FLEX currency options are also traded on the Exchange. These flexible index, equity, and currency options provide investors the ability to customize basic option features including size...

  13. 75 FR 57098 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-17

    .... \\3\\ In addition to FLEX Options, FLEX currency options are also traded on the Exchange. These flexible index, equity, and currency options provide investors the ability to customize basic option... expiration dates within five years. See Rule 1079. FLEX currency options traded on the Exchange are also...

  14. 78 FR 9991 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Information Collection Renewal; Submission for OMB Review

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-12

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Agency Information Collection... the Currency (OCC), Treasury. ACTION: Joint notice and request for comment. SUMMARY: In accordance... Activities Division, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Mail Stop 9W-11, Attention: 1557-0234, SW...

  15. 78 FR 34704 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request: Real...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-06-10

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Agency Information Collection...: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), Treasury. ACTION: Notice and request for comment... Comptroller of the Currency, Attention: 1557-0190, 400 7th Street SW., Suite 3E-218, Mail Stop 9W- 11...

  16. 31 CFR 100.3 - Lawfully held coin and currencies in general.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Lawfully held coin and currencies in general. 100.3 Section 100.3 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance MONETARY OFFICES, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY EXCHANGE OF PAPER CURRENCY AND COIN In General § 100.3...

  17. 31 CFR 100.3 - Lawfully held coin and currencies in general.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Lawfully held coin and currencies in general. 100.3 Section 100.3 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance MONETARY OFFICES, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY EXCHANGE OF PAPER CURRENCY AND COIN In General § 100.3...

  18. 12 CFR 956.3 - Prohibited investments and prudential rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... section 12(b) of the Act (12 U.S.C. 1432(b)). (b) Foreign currency or commodity positions prohibited. A Bank may not take a position in any commodity or foreign currency. A Bank may participate in consolidated obligations denominated in a currency other than U.S. Dollars or linked to equity or commodity...

  19. 17 CFR 210.3-20 - Currency for financial statements of foreign private issuers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Currency for financial statements of foreign private issuers. 210.3-20 Section 210.3-20 Commodity and Securities Exchanges... General Instructions As to Financial Statements § 210.3-20 Currency for financial statements of foreign...

  20. 76 FR 79258 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Order...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-21

    ... to amend rules related to existing cleared-only foreign exchange (``FX'') currency derivatives... SR-CME-2011-12 to establish rules to expand its cleared-only, foreign currency (``FX'') swaps offering to support the introduction of (1) twenty-six new foreign FX currency derivatives for over-the...

  1. 77 FR 42365 - Price for the Making American History Coin and Currency Set

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-18

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY United States Mint Price for the Making American History Coin and Currency Set AGENCY: United States Mint, Department of the Treasury. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The United States Mint is announcing a price of $72.95 for the Making American History Coin and Currency Set. FOR...

  2. 17 CFR 50.4 - Classes of swaps required to be cleared.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... Fixed-to-floating swap class Currency U.S. dollar (USD) Euro (EUR) Sterling (GBP) Yen (JPY). Floating.... Conditional Notional Amounts No No No No. Specification Basis swap class Currency U.S. dollar (USD) Euro (EUR... agreement class Currency U.S. dollar (USD) Euro (EUR) Sterling (GBP) Yen (JPY). Floating Rate Indexes LIBOR...

  3. 17 CFR 50.4 - Classes of swaps required to be cleared.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... class Currency U.S. dollar (USD) Euro (EUR) Sterling (GBP) Yen (JPY). Floating Rate Indexes LIBOR... Amounts No No No No. Specification Basis swap class Currency U.S. dollar (USD) Euro (EUR) Sterling (GBP... Currency U.S. dollar (USD) Euro (EUR) Sterling (GBP) Yen (JPY). Floating Rate Indexes LIBOR EURIBOR LIBOR...

  4. 76 FR 13188 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Announcement of Board Approval Under Delegated...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-10

    ...: Cynthia Ayouch, Acting Federal Reserve Board Clearance Officer (202-452-3829), Division of Research and... Systems Surveys: Ad Hoc Payments Systems Survey, Currency Quality Sampling Survey, Currency Quality Survey, and Currency Functionality Survey. Agency form number: FR 3054a, FR 3054b, FR 3054c, and FR 3054d. OMB...

  5. 31 CFR 103.60 - Enforcement authority with respect to transportation of currency or monetary instruments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... transportation of currency or monetary instruments. 103.60 Section 103.60 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance FINANCIAL RECORDKEEPING AND REPORTING OF CURRENCY AND FOREIGN TRANSACTIONS... instruments. (a) If a customs officer has reasonable cause to believe that there is a monetary instrument...

  6. 75 FR 28331 - Meaningful Access to United States Currency for Blind and Visually Impaired Persons

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-20

    ... impaired relating to the identification of U.S. currency through focus groups, surveys, and usability tests.... SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: By statute, the Secretary of the Treasury has sole authority for approving designs of U.S. Federal Reserve notes (U.S. currency). To develop the designs, Treasury works in collaboration...

  7. Analysis of Colonial Currency

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kurkowski, Michael; Cangany, Catherine; Jordan, Louis; Manukyan, Khachatur; Schultz, Zachary; Wiescher, Michael

    2017-09-01

    This project entailed studying the cellulose in paper, the ink, colorants, and other materials used to produce American colonial currency. The technique primarily used in this project was X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF). XRF mapping was used to provide both elemental analysis of large-scale objects as well as microscopic examination of individual pigment particles in ink, in addition to the inorganic additives used to prepare paper. The combination of elemental mapping with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman Spectroscopies permits an efficient analysis of the currency. These spectroscopic methods help identify the molecular composition of the pigments. This combination of atomic and molecular analytical techniques provided an in-depth characterization of the paper currency on the macro, micro, and molecular levels. We have identified several of pigments that were used in the preparation of inks and colorants. Also, different inorganic crystals, such as alumina-silicates, have been detected in different papers. The FTIR spectroscopy allowed us to determine the type of cellulose fiber used in the production of paper currency. Our future research will be directed toward revealing important historical relationships between currencies printed throughout the colonies. ISLA Da Vinci Grant.

  8. Signatures of Currency Vertices

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Holme, Petter

    2009-03-01

    Many real-world networks have broad degree distributions. For some systems, this means that the functional significance of the vertices is also broadly distributed, in other cases the vertices are equally significant, but in different ways. One example of the latter case is metabolic networks, where the high-degree vertices — the currency metabolites — supply the molecular groups to the low-degree metabolites, and the latter are responsible for the higher-order biological function, of vital importance to the organism. In this paper, we propose a generalization of currency metabolites to currency vertices. We investigate the network structural characteristics of such systems, both in model networks and in some empirical systems. In addition to metabolic networks, we find that a network of music collaborations and a network of e-mail exchange could be described by a division of the vertices into currency vertices and others.

  9. BitCoin meets Google Trends and Wikipedia: Quantifying the relationship between phenomena of the Internet era

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kristoufek, Ladislav

    2013-12-01

    Digital currencies have emerged as a new fascinating phenomenon in the financial markets. Recent events on the most popular of the digital currencies - BitCoin - have risen crucial questions about behavior of its exchange rates and they offer a field to study dynamics of the market which consists practically only of speculative traders with no fundamentalists as there is no fundamental value to the currency. In the paper, we connect two phenomena of the latest years - digital currencies, namely BitCoin, and search queries on Google Trends and Wikipedia - and study their relationship. We show that not only are the search queries and the prices connected but there also exists a pronounced asymmetry between the effect of an increased interest in the currency while being above or below its trend value.

  10. BitCoin meets Google Trends and Wikipedia: quantifying the relationship between phenomena of the Internet era.

    PubMed

    Kristoufek, Ladislav

    2013-12-04

    Digital currencies have emerged as a new fascinating phenomenon in the financial markets. Recent events on the most popular of the digital currencies--BitCoin--have risen crucial questions about behavior of its exchange rates and they offer a field to study dynamics of the market which consists practically only of speculative traders with no fundamentalists as there is no fundamental value to the currency. In the paper, we connect two phenomena of the latest years--digital currencies, namely BitCoin, and search queries on Google Trends and Wikipedia--and study their relationship. We show that not only are the search queries and the prices connected but there also exists a pronounced asymmetry between the effect of an increased interest in the currency while being above or below its trend value.

  11. The new color of money: safer, smarter, more secure

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    DiNunzio, Lisa A.; Clarke, Lenore

    2004-06-01

    Approximately 60% of U.S. currency notes circulate abroad. As the most widely used currency in the world, U.S. notes are the most likely to be counterfeited. Since 1996, the United States has been issuing currency with new security features. These features make U.S. currency easier to recognize as genuine and more secure against advancing computer technology that could be used for counterfeiting. Currency counterfeiters are increasingly turning to digital methods, as advances in technology make digital counterfeiting of currency easier and cheaper. In 1995, for example, less than one percent of counterfeit notes detected in the U.S. were digitally produced. By 2002, that number had grown to nearly 40 percent, according to the Secret Service. Yet despite the efforts of counterfeiters, U.S. currency counterfeiting has been kept at low levels. According to current estimates, between 0.01 and 0.02 percent of notes in circulation are counterfeit, or about 1-2 notes in every 10,000 genuine notes. The strategy for maintaining the security of Federal Reserve notes is to enhance the design of U.S. currency every seven to ten years. One objective of introducing the new currency is to emphasize the number of features available to the public for authenticating bills. The most-talked-about aspect of the redesigned currency is the subtle introduction of background colors to the bills. While color itself is not a security feature, the use of color provides the opportunity to add features that could assist in deterring counterfeiting. Color will also help people to better distinguish their notes. Security features for the newly designed currency include a security thread, a watermark, and a more distinct color-shifting ink. The new 20 note was issued in fall 2003, with the 50 and 100 notes scheduled to follow 12 to 18 months later. Plans to redesign the 10 and 5 are still under consideration, but there are no plans to redesign the 2 and 1 notes. As was the case with the redesigned 20 note issued in 1998, the new design will co-circulate with the current design. As notes return to the Federal Reserve from depository institutions, the Federal Reserve will only destroy the unfit notes introduced since 1998. Designs older than the Series 1996 are destroyed when returned to the Federal Reserve regardless of condition. To ensure a smooth introduction of the new currency, a five-year international public education effort was launched in 2002 to inform the public and target audiences, including financial institutions, law enforcement, and the vending industry of the transition to the new design. The public is the first line of defense against counterfeiting. So, it's important the public has the tools to recognize the new and modified security features in the redesigned notes.

  12. The Ghanaian Economic Recovery

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-12-01

    Adjustment Programs6 instituted by the IMF and World Bank, combined with currency devaluation and smaller government, are responsible for Ghana’s recent...study shows that every negative deviation year was preceded by protectionist policies, and, with one exception (explained by currency devaluation ...negative deviation year was preceded by protectionist policies, and, with one exception (explained by currency devaluation ), every positive deviation

  13. 48 CFR 428.204-2 - Certified or cashier's checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Certified or cashier's checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency. 428.204-2 Section 428.204-2 Federal Acquisition... Other Security for Bonds 428.204-2 Certified or cashier's checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency...

  14. 48 CFR 428.204-2 - Certified or cashier's checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Certified or cashier's checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency. 428.204-2 Section 428.204-2 Federal Acquisition... Other Security for Bonds 428.204-2 Certified or cashier's checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency...

  15. 48 CFR 428.204-2 - Certified or cashier's checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Certified or cashier's checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency. 428.204-2 Section 428.204-2 Federal Acquisition... Other Security for Bonds 428.204-2 Certified or cashier's checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency...

  16. 48 CFR 428.204-2 - Certified or cashier's checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Certified or cashier's checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency. 428.204-2 Section 428.204-2 Federal Acquisition... Other Security for Bonds 428.204-2 Certified or cashier's checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency...

  17. 48 CFR 428.204-2 - Certified or cashier's checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Certified or cashier's checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency. 428.204-2 Section 428.204-2 Federal Acquisition... Other Security for Bonds 428.204-2 Certified or cashier's checks, bank drafts, money orders, or currency...

  18. 75 FR 15757 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-30

    ... Rule Change Relating to U.S. Dollar-Settled Foreign Currency Options March 23, 2010. Pursuant to... Krone (``XDV'') to the U.S. Dollar-Settled Foreign Currency Options fees.\\3\\ While changes to the Fee... World Currency Options[supreg] (``WCOs''). The text of the proposed rule change is available on the...

  19. 78 FR 36826 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Information Collection; Submission for OMB...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-06-19

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Agency Information Collection... Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), Treasury. ACTION: Notice and Request for Comment. SUMMARY: The OCC, as part... Currency, Attention: 1557-0194, 400 7th Street SW., Suite 3E-218, Mail Stop 9W- 11, Washington, DC 20219...

  20. 75 FR 68390 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The Options Clearing Corporation; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-05

    ... Change To Accommodate Index Futures That Are Settled in a Non-U.S. Currency November 1, 2010. Pursuant to.... currency. NYSE Liffe US, LLC (``NYL'') is proposing to introduce for trading futures contracts on certain.... currency and in a similar manner. II. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement of the Purpose of, and...

  1. 78 FR 23321 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Order Granting Approval of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-18

    ... and trading on the Exchange of options on one foreign currency index-- the Dow Jones FXCM Dollar Index...'s foreign currency options (``FX Options'') \\4\\ and will have European- style exercise provisions... currencies. See Securities Exchange Act Release No. 55575 (April 3, 2007), 72 FR 17963 (April 10, 2007) (SR...

  2. 78 FR 50492 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Information Collection Renewal; Submission for OMB...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-08-19

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Agency Information Collection... AGENCY: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), Treasury. ACTION: Notice and request for comment... Currency, Attention: 1557-0190, 400 7th Street SW., Suite 3E-218, Mail Stop 9W- 11, Washington, DC 20219...

  3. 76 FR 16646 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-24

    ...-Settled Foreign Currency Option Fees, in Section III of the Fee Schedule, with Singly Listed Options \\3...\\. The Exchange currently assesses fees for sector index options and U.S. Dollar-Settled foreign currency... U.S. Dollar-Settled Foreign Currency Option Fees.'' \\4\\ BKX represents the KBW Bank Index. \\5\\ RUT...

  4. 77 FR 27456 - Guidance on the Effective Date of Section 716 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-10

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM... Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act AGENCY: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC... Corporation (FDIC). ACTION: Notice of joint guidance. SUMMARY: The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency...

  5. 76 FR 13252 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-10

    ... Rule Change Relating to Access Fees for Foreign Currency Options March 4, 2011. Pursuant to Section 19... fee charged to foreign currency (``FX'') options market makers. The text of the proposed rule change... this proposed rule change is to terminate an access fee charged by the Exchange to foreign currency...

  6. The Development of Everyday Mathematics in Brazilian Children with Limited Formal Education.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Guberman, Steven R.

    1996-01-01

    Studied the sociocultural context in which Brazilian children acquire and use everyday mathematics in terms of currency use. Participants were 105 children, ages 4 to 11, and their parents. Found decreased use of currency with increasing age. Children also used currency to aid their problem solving and progressed from global estimates to the…

  7. 75 FR 27605 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-17

    ... Rule Change Relating to One Cent Strike Price Intervals of Foreign Currency Options May 7, 2010... cent ($0.01) for each expiration month for U.S. dollar-settled foreign currency options (``FCOs'') opened for trading on the Exchange.\\3\\ \\3\\ FCOs are also known as World Currency Options (``WCOs...

  8. Living in the Classroom: The Currency-Based Token Economy.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Payne, James S.; And Others

    Various types of token economies and contingency contract systems are emerging throughout private and public educational programs. The basic idea of this book is that a token economy based on currency creates a real-life situation for children in the classroom. The goal of this book is to help the teacher establish a currency-based token economy…

  9. 75 FR 8158 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-23

    ... traded only on ISE. As such, (1) FX Options are not fungible with foreign currency options listed by any... Rule Change To Modify Trading Hours for Foreign Currency Options February 16, 2010. Pursuant to Section... proposes to amend ISE Rule 2210 regarding the trading hours for foreign currency options (``FX Options...

  10. 75 FR 44995 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-07-30

    ... options on the following FX option currencies traded on the Exchange: New Zealand dollar, Mexican peso.../dealer and is not a Priority Customer. For all other FX option currencies traded on the Exchange, this... Rule Change Relating to Foreign Currency Options Orders Fee Discount for Market Makers and Non-ISE...

  11. 17 CFR 240.17a-8 - Financial recordkeeping and reporting of currency and foreign transactions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Financial recordkeeping and reporting of currency and foreign transactions. 240.17a-8 Section 240.17a-8 Commodity and Securities... currency and foreign transactions. Every registered broker or dealer who is subject to the requirements of...

  12. 76 FR 67514 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Order...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-01

    .../Chilean Peso (``USD/CLP'') foreign currency (``FX'') contracts. The USD/CLP FX contracts are comprised of... suite of new OTC FX cleared-only currency pairs (which will be included as part of a separate regulatory... consistent with observed levels of volatility in the particular currency pairing and generally aligned with...

  13. 17 CFR 240.17a-8 - Financial recordkeeping and reporting of currency and foreign transactions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Financial recordkeeping and reporting of currency and foreign transactions. 240.17a-8 Section 240.17a-8 Commodity and Securities... currency and foreign transactions. Every registered broker or dealer who is subject to the requirements of...

  14. 78 FR 1306 - Transition Period Under Section 716 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-01-08

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency [Docket ID OCC-2013-0001...: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Department of the Treasury. ACTION: Notice of guidance. SUMMARY: The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) is notifying insured Federal depository...

  15. Money Is Essential: Ownership Intuitions Are Linked to Physical Currency

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Uhlmann, Eric Luis; Zhu, Luke

    2013-01-01

    Due to basic processes of psychological essentialism and contagion, one particular token of monetary currency is not always interchangeable with another piece of currency of equal economic value. When money loses its physical form it is perceived as "not quite the same" money (i.e., to have partly lost the original essence that distinguished it…

  16. From Petrodollars to Petroeuros: Are the Dollar’s Days as an International Reserve Currency Drawing to an End?

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2003-11-03

    price of oil less transparent, require continuous updating to minimize currency arbitrage , and could make the market less liquid as available capital...there are plenty of cheap ways for traders to hedge against currency risk if they are concerned about movements in the dollar. Conclusions

  17. Encouraging Student Interest in the Economic Context of the Constitution with Continental Currency

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Potter, Lee Ann

    2014-01-01

    Introducing students to continental currency may well encourage their interest in the economic context of the Constitution and their understanding of a wide range of economic concepts. This brief article describes a lesson to familiarize students with continental currency and its relationship to Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution and the…

  18. Contamination of Ethiopian paper currency notes from various food handlers with E. coli.

    PubMed

    Hiko, Adem; Abdata, Kasahun; Muktar, Yimer; Woyesa, Mezene; Mohammed, Abdela

    2016-01-01

    Contamination rate of Ethiopian paper currency notes handled by various food handlers with Escherichia coli and antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was assessed. A total of 384 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) notes were randomly sampled from meat handlers at butchers, bread and the related food handlers at cafeteria, fruit and vegetables handlers at supermarket, and milk sellers both at open market and dairy station. Fifty control new currencies were also sampled from Commercial Bank of Ethiopia. Both surfaces of the currency were swabbed using wet sterile cotton. The swab was overnight incubated in buffered peptone water. A loop full was streaked on eosin methylene blue agar and followed by biochemical test on presumptive E. coli colonies. Randomly selected isolates were exposed to chloramphenicol (C-30 µg), neomycin (N-30 µg), oxytetracycline (OT-30 µg), polymyxin-B (PB-300 IU) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT-1.25/23.75/µg) susceptibility using disc diffusion techniques. E. coli was not isolated from currency used as control. A total of 288 (75 %) currency notes were found carrying E. coli. E. coli prevalence was ranges from 67.2 % at open market milk sellers to 87.2 % at dairy station milk sellers; from 64.8 % on ETB 100 to 82.9 % on ETB 1. Differences were not observed in E. coli prevalence on currency notes from among almost all food handlers (P > 0.05). Susceptibility of tested isolates to each chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was 100 %, and to polymyxin-B was 97.3 %. High resistance (83.7 %) was observed to neomycin. The finding indicates, contaminated food can be a source of E. coli for further contamination of currency which again transfer through various foods ready for consumption.

  19. BitCoin meets Google Trends and Wikipedia: Quantifying the relationship between phenomena of the Internet era

    PubMed Central

    Kristoufek, Ladislav

    2013-01-01

    Digital currencies have emerged as a new fascinating phenomenon in the financial markets. Recent events on the most popular of the digital currencies – BitCoin – have risen crucial questions about behavior of its exchange rates and they offer a field to study dynamics of the market which consists practically only of speculative traders with no fundamentalists as there is no fundamental value to the currency. In the paper, we connect two phenomena of the latest years – digital currencies, namely BitCoin, and search queries on Google Trends and Wikipedia – and study their relationship. We show that not only are the search queries and the prices connected but there also exists a pronounced asymmetry between the effect of an increased interest in the currency while being above or below its trend value. PMID:24301322

  20. Minimal Spanning Tree Graphs and Power Like Scaling in FOREX Networks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Górski, A. Z.; Kwapień, J.; Oświęcimka, P.; Drożdż, S.

    2008-09-01

    Correlation matrices of foreign exchange rate time series are investigated for 60 world currencies. Minimal spanning tree graphs for the gold, silver and platinum are presented. Inverse power like scaling is discussed for these graphs as well as for four distinct currency groups (major, liquid, less liquid and non-tradable). The worst scaling was found for USD and related currencies.

  1. Iran Sanctions

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-09-13

    economic deterioration. • These difficulties—shipping, currency devaluation , and others—have driven up the costs to the Iranian trading community by an...lost oil sales, although it does have a large foreign currency reserve fund that can, at least temporarily, mitigate the impact of the lost oil...increasingly forced to trade through barter arrangements rather than hard currency exchange. Inflation has soared, many major international firms have left

  2. Sub-Saharan Africa and the Market Economy: A Way Forward

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-03-01

    liberal economic reforms in the early 1980s. These reforms included liberalization of the market, devaluation of currency and reduction of government... currency was not accompanied with interest rate devaluation in line with the recommendations. The reluctance to reduce... devaluation of the currency , elimination of the marketing boards, and price control instruments. This was enhanced by improvements in the public

  3. 77 FR 8318 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Order...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-14

    ... used for FX forwards with cash mark-to-market where the value is flipped from the contra currency to...-only OTC foreign currency (``FX'') product offering. The proposed rule changes \\3\\ would add Price... become part of the total banked cash flow for the currency in which they are denominated. It is a very...

  4. 12 CFR Appendix to Part 215 - Section 5200 of the Revised Statutes Total Loans and Extensions of Credit

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... the Currency, such term shall also include any liability of a national banking association to advance... or extensions of credit are approved by the Comptroller of the Currency, shall not be subject to any... limitation based on capital and surplus. Authority of Comptroller of the Currency (d)(1) The Comptroller of...

  5. 75 FR 1441 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-01-11

    ... began trading options on foreign currency pairs on April 17, 2007.\\3\\ The Brazilian real is one of the 19 underlying currencies that have been approved by the SEC for trading.\\4\\ The purpose of this... underlying currencies,\\5\\ with the Brazilian real being assigned a modifier of 10 based on the exchange rate...

  6. 77 FR 60057 - Margin and Capital Requirements for Covered Swap Entities; Reopening of Comment Period

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-02

    ... of the Currency 12 CFR Part 45 [Docket No. OCC-2011-0008] RIN 1557-AD43 BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE... Entities; Reopening of Comment Period AGENCY: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Treasury (OCC... the Currency: Because paper mail in the Washington, DC area and at the OCC is subject to delay...

  7. 26 CFR 1.852-11 - Treatment of certain losses attributable to periods after October 31 of a taxable year.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... be designated retroactively as capital gain dividends. (k) Effective date. (b) Scope—(1) In general... currency loss. (2) Net foreign currency loss. (3) Foreign currency gain or loss. (e) Limitation on capital gain dividends. (1) In general. (2) Amount taken into account in current year. (i) Net capital loss...

  8. 26 CFR 1.852-11 - Treatment of certain losses attributable to periods after October 31 of a taxable year.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... be designated retroactively as capital gain dividends. (k) Effective date. (b) Scope—(1) In general... currency loss. (2) Net foreign currency loss. (3) Foreign currency gain or loss. (e) Limitation on capital gain dividends. (1) In general. (2) Amount taken into account in current year. (i) Net capital loss...

  9. 26 CFR 1.852-11 - Treatment of certain losses attributable to periods after October 31 of a taxable year.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... be designated retroactively as capital gain dividends. (k) Effective date. (b) Scope—(1) In general... currency loss. (2) Net foreign currency loss. (3) Foreign currency gain or loss. (e) Limitation on capital gain dividends. (1) In general. (2) Amount taken into account in current year. (i) Net capital loss...

  10. 26 CFR 1.852-11 - Treatment of certain losses attributable to periods after October 31 of a taxable year.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... be designated retroactively as capital gain dividends. (k) Effective date. (b) Scope—(1) In general... currency loss. (2) Net foreign currency loss. (3) Foreign currency gain or loss. (e) Limitation on capital gain dividends. (1) In general. (2) Amount taken into account in current year. (i) Net capital loss...

  11. 12 CFR 8.8 - Notice of Comptroller of the Currency fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Notice of Comptroller of the Currency fees. 8.8... Comptroller of the Currency Fees” shall be published no later than the first business day in December of each year for fees to be charged by the Office during the upcoming year. These fees will be effective...

  12. Cross-sample entropy of foreign exchange time series

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Li-Zhi; Qian, Xi-Yuan; Lu, Heng-Yao

    2010-11-01

    The correlation of foreign exchange rates in currency markets is investigated based on the empirical data of DKK/USD, NOK/USD, CAD/USD, JPY/USD, KRW/USD, SGD/USD, THB/USD and TWD/USD for a period from 1995 to 2002. Cross-SampEn (cross-sample entropy) method is used to compare the returns of every two exchange rate time series to assess their degree of asynchrony. The calculation method of confidence interval of SampEn is extended and applied to cross-SampEn. The cross-SampEn and its confidence interval for every two of the exchange rate time series in periods 1995-1998 (before the Asian currency crisis) and 1999-2002 (after the Asian currency crisis) are calculated. The results show that the cross-SampEn of every two of these exchange rates becomes higher after the Asian currency crisis, indicating a higher asynchrony between the exchange rates. Especially for Singapore, Thailand and Taiwan, the cross-SampEn values after the Asian currency crisis are significantly higher than those before the Asian currency crisis. Comparison with the correlation coefficient shows that cross-SampEn is superior to describe the correlation between time series.

  13. Currency notes and coins as a possible source of transmitting fungal pathogens of man and plants.

    PubMed

    Wanule, Dinesh; Jalander, Vaghmare; Gachande, B D; Sirsikar, A N

    2011-10-01

    Currency (notes and coins) handling by people during transaction is one of the most mobile objects within the community, which has a potential of transmitting pathogens. A survey carried out recently in Nanded city (Maharashtra) revealed heavy contamination of currency notes and coins by important fungal pathogens of plants and man, i.e. Aspergillus niger (60.37%), A. flavus (3.98%), A.nidulans (0.2%), Penicillium citrinum (17.80%), Alternaria tenuis (0.20%), Curvularia pallescens (0.20%), Cladosporium cladosporioides (10.69%), Rhizopus stolonifer (1.04%), an unidentified Aspergillus species .1 (0.20%) and another unidentified Aspergillus species.2 (3.14%), Fusarium sp. (0.20%), Trichoderma viride (0.20%),white sterile mycelium (0.62%) and brown sterile mycelium (0.62%). The study highlights the importance of preventing and controlling fungal contamination of currency notes and coins in public health and plant protection. Currency notes or coins are rarely suspected as infection sources and often not quarantined at airport or seaport terminal. Possible transmission of pathogens or "alien", invasive species through currency across borders or across countries needs to be taken into consideration especially under circumstances of serious outbreak of important disease or when there is a threat of biological warfare.

  14. Public health implications of contamination of Franc CFA (XAF) circulating in Buea (Cameroon) with drug resistant pathogens.

    PubMed

    Akoachere, Jane-Francis Tatah Kihla; Gaelle, Nana; Dilonga, Henry Meriki; Nkuo-Akenji, Theresa K

    2014-01-08

    Studies in different parts of the world have implicated money as a vehicle for transmission of pathogens. Such information which is necessary to facilitate infection control strategies is lacking in many sub-Saharan countries including Cameroon. This study analyzed the Franc de la Communauté Financiere d'Afrique (Franc CFA), the currency used in Cameroon and other countries in the Central African sub-region, as a potential vehicle for transmission of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, particularly drug-resistant strains, to generate findings which could create awareness on currency contamination and serve as a guide when formulating health policies on currency. Two hundred and thirteen currency samples representing various denominations of notes and coins randomly collected from diverse sources in Buea, Cameroon were analyzed for bacteria and fungi. The sensitivity of bacterial isolates to antibiotics was tested using the disc diffusion method. The relationship between contamination and physical state, source or denomination of currency was assessed using the χ2 test. All statistics were discussed at 0.05 significance level. Two hundred (93.9%) samples were contaminated with notes (96.6%) showing higher contamination than coins (88.2%). Uncirculated (mint) samples showed no contamination. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in contamination with respect to currency denomination, physical state and source. All samples from butchers and patients/personnel in hospitals were contaminated. Lower denominations showed significantly higher (P = 0.008) levels of contamination than higher denominations. Dirty currency was more contaminated than clean currency. Nine bacterial species were isolated. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (54.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus (20.1%) predominated. Among the fungi detected, Aspergillus sp (17.3%) and Penicillium sp (15.9%) showed higher frequency of occurrence. Bacteria were susceptible (100%) to ceftriaxone, gentamicin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin. Susceptibility to amoxicillin, penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin and cotrimoxazole was low. Staphylococci were resistant (100%) to vancomycin, penicillin G, and amoxicillin. CoNS in addition showed resistance (100%) to cotrimoxazole. The CFA franc circulating in Buea could serve as a vehicle for transmission of drug resistant pathogenic or potential organisms and contamination could be due to currency usage and handling as mint notes were not contaminated. Hygiene practices during or after handling currency is greatly encouraged to prevent infection.

  15. Study on recognition algorithm for paper currency numbers based on neural network

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Xiuyan; Liu, Tiegen; Li, Yuanyao; Zhang, Zhongchuan; Deng, Shichao

    2008-12-01

    Based on the unique characteristic, the paper currency numbers can be put into record and the automatic identification equipment for paper currency numbers is supplied to currency circulation market in order to provide convenience for financial sectors to trace the fiduciary circulation socially and provide effective supervision on paper currency. Simultaneously it is favorable for identifying forged notes, blacklisting the forged notes numbers and solving the major social problems, such as armor cash carrier robbery, money laundering. For the purpose of recognizing the paper currency numbers, a recognition algorithm based on neural network is presented in the paper. Number lines in original paper currency images can be draw out through image processing, such as image de-noising, skew correction, segmentation, and image normalization. According to the different characteristics between digits and letters in serial number, two kinds of classifiers are designed. With the characteristics of associative memory, optimization-compute and rapid convergence, the Discrete Hopfield Neural Network (DHNN) is utilized to recognize the letters; with the characteristics of simple structure, quick learning and global optimum, the Radial-Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) is adopted to identify the digits. Then the final recognition results are obtained by combining the two kinds of recognition results in regular sequence. Through the simulation tests, it is confirmed by simulation results that the recognition algorithm of combination of two kinds of recognition methods has such advantages as high recognition rate and faster recognition simultaneously, which is worthy of broad application prospect.

  16. Disrupting Threat Finances: Using Financial Information to Disrupt Terrorist Organizations

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-04-01

    remittance systems, stored value cards, digital currency , and Islamic banking; b) not-for-profit organizations, including front organizations and...including cash couriers; alternative remittance systems “informal value transfer,” such as hawalas and hundis; stored value cards; digital currency ...work with other federal agencies to implement key statutory provisions of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Report- ing Act (commonly referred to

  17. China’s Economic Conditions

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-11-20

    occurred during the 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis when it offered financial assistance to Thailand and pledged not to devalue its currency even though...combination of large trade surpluses, foreign direct investment flows, and large-scale purchases of foreign currency have helped make China the world’s largest...Trade Organization (WTO) commitments and to change various economic policies deemed harmful to U.S. economic interests, such as its currency policy

  18. 26 CFR 1.367(b)-2 - Definitions and special rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... (QBU) (B1) in France, whose functional currency is the euro. FC2, an unrelated foreign corporation... functional currency of the combined operations of B1 and B2 is the euro. (ii) Result. FC2's acquisition of... currency of the combined operations of B1 and B2 after the exchange is the euro, B2 is deemed to have...

  19. 26 CFR 1.367(b)-2 - Definitions and special rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... (QBU) (B1) in France, whose functional currency is the euro. FC2, an unrelated foreign corporation... functional currency of the combined operations of B1 and B2 is the euro. (ii) Result. FC2's acquisition of... currency of the combined operations of B1 and B2 after the exchange is the euro, B2 is deemed to have...

  20. 26 CFR 1.367(b)-2 - Definitions and special rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... (QBU) (B1) in France, whose functional currency is the euro. FC2, an unrelated foreign corporation... functional currency of the combined operations of B1 and B2 is the euro. (ii) Result. FC2's acquisition of... currency of the combined operations of B1 and B2 after the exchange is the euro, B2 is deemed to have...

  1. 26 CFR 1.367(b)-2 - Definitions and special rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... (QBU) (B1) in France, whose functional currency is the euro. FC2, an unrelated foreign corporation... functional currency of the combined operations of B1 and B2 is the euro. (ii) Result. FC2's acquisition of... currency of the combined operations of B1 and B2 after the exchange is the euro, B2 is deemed to have...

  2. 26 CFR 1.367(b)-2 - Definitions and special rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... (QBU) (B1) in France, whose functional currency is the euro. FC2, an unrelated foreign corporation... functional currency of the combined operations of B1 and B2 is the euro. (ii) Result. FC2's acquisition of... currency of the combined operations of B1 and B2 after the exchange is the euro, B2 is deemed to have...

  3. An absolute measure for a key currency

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Oya, Shunsuke; Aihara, Kazuyuki; Hirata, Yoshito

    It is generally considered that the US dollar and the euro are the key currencies in the world and in Europe, respectively. However, there is no absolute general measure for a key currency. Here, we investigate the 24-hour periodicity of foreign exchange markets using a recurrence plot, and define an absolute measure for a key currency based on the strength of the periodicity. Moreover, we analyze the time evolution of this measure. The results show that the credibility of the US dollar has not decreased significantly since the Lehman shock, when the Lehman Brothers bankrupted and influenced the economic markets, and has increased even relatively better than that of the euro and that of the Japanese yen.

  4. Trappings of femininity: A test of the "beauty as currency" hypothesis in shaping college women's gender activism.

    PubMed

    Calogero, Rachel M; Tylka, Tracy L; Donnelly, Lois C; McGetrick, Amber; Leger, Andrea Medrano

    2017-06-01

    This study investigated whether believing beauty is a primary currency for women operates as an antecedent force in the relation between self-objectification and gender activism. Ninety-four ethnically diverse women attending a small liberal arts college in the southeastern United States completed the study questionnaires online for course credit. Preliminary results demonstrated beauty as currency belief, self-objectification, and support for the gender status quo were negatively associated with gender activism. A serial mediation analysis revealed support for the proposed model: Beauty as currency belief was indirectly and inversely linked to gender activism through self-objectification and support for the gender status quo, offering initial evidence for our beauty as currency hypothesis. These findings suggest belief in the notion women will reap more benefits from their bodies than other attributes or pursuits may be an important legitimizing feature of feminine beauty ideology that works through self-objectification against gender social change. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  5. China’s Currency: A Summary of the Economic Issues

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-01-29

    that its currency policy is not meant to favor exports over imports, but instead to foster economic stability through currency stability, as many...have on farmers (due to lower-priced imports). Chinese officials view economic stability as critical to sustaining political stability; they fear an...domestic consumption and the development of rural areas, but they claim they want to proceed at a gradual pace to ensure economic stability . These

  6. Civil Power in Irregular Conflict

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-04-01

    more years and is 30 percent or more per year; currency has been devalued 50 percent or more in the last three years; unemployment has exceeded 20...the creation of a currency or the running of an election or even the establishment of regulatory requirements for an industry, such as... currency and payments system, which provides a medium for transactions and store of value for the public. Overarching Objectives • Help monetary

  7. Strategic Studies Quarterly. Volume 2, Number 4, Winter 2008

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-01-01

    of the Fallacies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Colin S. Gray Living in Interesting Times: The Economics of a Chinese Currency Attack...Legends have a lasting currency . Fallacies need to be exposed insofar as this is possible, if only to provide some policing discipline in a defense debate...Haymond.indd 84 12/17/08 1:19:37 PM Living in Interesting Times The Economics of a Chinese Currency Attack Jeffrey E. Haymond, Colonel, USAF

  8. Iran Sanctions

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-04-26

    can use it to buy rials—or services denominated in rials—cheaply. • These difficulties—shipping, currency devaluation , and others—have driven up the...increasingly trading through barter arrangements rather than hard currency exchange. The pullout from Iran by major international firms has slowed Iran’s...countries to the concept of sanctioning Iran’s Central Bank was based on humanitarian grounds. One of the Central Bank’s roles is to keep Iran’s currency

  9. 26 CFR 1.905-3T - Adjustments to United States tax liability and to the pools of post-1986 undistributed earnings...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... denominated in foreign currency shall be translated into dollars using the exchange rate that was used to... redetermination (temporary). (a) Effective/applicability dates—(1) Currency translation. Except as provided in § 1... §§ 1.905-3T and 1.905-5T (as contained in 26 CFR part 1, revised as of April 1, 2007). (b) Currency...

  10. European Economic and Monetary Union: Why Should We Care?

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1992-04-15

    economic, if not political unification, that calls for a single market, a central european bank and a single currency. Why, in one short decade, did the EC...directives to eliminate fiscal and technical barriers to trade, services, banking , insurance, transportation, and securities transactions. The Single...implications. A logical outgrowth of this is the establishment of a single european currency and a central bank to issue this currency. These are 12

  11. Scale free effects in world currency exchange network

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Górski, A. Z.; Drożdż, S.; Kwapień, J.

    2008-11-01

    A large collection of daily time series for 60 world currencies' exchange rates is considered. The correlation matrices are calculated and the corresponding Minimal Spanning Tree (MST) graphs are constructed for each of those currencies used as reference for the remaining ones. It is shown that multiplicity of the MST graphs' nodes to a good approximation develops a power like, scale free distribution with the scaling exponent similar as for several other complex systems studied so far. Furthermore, quantitative arguments in favor of the hierarchical organization of the world currency exchange network are provided by relating the structure of the above MST graphs and their scaling exponents to those that are derived from an exactly solvable hierarchical network model. A special status of the USD during the period considered can be attributed to some departures of the MST features, when this currency (or some other tied to it) is used as reference, from characteristics typical to such a hierarchical clustering of nodes towards those that correspond to the random graphs. Even though in general the basic structure of the MST is robust with respect to changing the reference currency some trace of a systematic transition from somewhat dispersed - like the USD case - towards more compact MST topology can be observed when correlations increase.

  12. 45 CFR 702.53 - Closed meetings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... currencies, securities, commodities, or financial institutions, be likely to: (A) Lead to significant financial speculation in currencies, securities, or commodities, or (B) Significantly endanger the stability...

  13. 45 CFR 702.53 - Closed meetings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... currencies, securities, commodities, or financial institutions, be likely to: (A) Lead to significant financial speculation in currencies, securities, or commodities, or (B) Significantly endanger the stability...

  14. China’s Economic Conditions

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-03-05

    assistance to Thailand and pledged not to devalue its currency even though other East Asian economies had done so, a move that was highly praised by U.S...of large trade surpluses, FDI flows, and large-scale purchases of foreign currency have helped make China the world’s largest holder of foreign...economic policies that violate its commitments in the World Trade Organization and/or are harmful to U.S. economic interests, such as its currency

  15. Annual Threat Assessment of the Intelligence Community for the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-02-12

    industries—so-called beggar-thy-neighbor policies such as competitive currency devaluations , import tariffs, and/or export subsidies—risk unleashing a...in domestic and foreign spending or to devalue the Venezuelan currency and draw down government hard currency reserves to avoid a major economic...early as late 2009. The IMF , which recently released its revised forecast for 2009 projecting an anemic 0.5 percent increase in the global economy

  16. Sub-Saharan Africa Report

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1987-03-13

    of Veterans’ Document Questioned (DIARI0 DE N0TICIAS, 6 Feb 87) 46 - b Currency Devaluation , Other Economic Measures Discussed (EXPRESSO, 7...not even mention Marcelino dos Santos, the current president of the People’s Assembly. 6362 CSOj 3442/92 47 MOZAMBIQUE CURRENCY DEVALUATION ...percent devaluation of the national currency relative to the U.S. dollar, as the "kick-off" for the relaunching of the nation’s economy, 12 years after

  17. Don’t Trust the Big Man

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-06-06

    that currency’s value to an arbitrary round number of 1 zaire = 1000 francs. In one day, Congo’s currency devalued by 70%107, and its new value...earnings leader, in the period of 1994-1996.125 • The currency was worthless, Mobutu’s economic policies having devalued the Zaire to zero. Mobutu... currency is worth less than its paper. Legitimate challengers to power are ruthlessly suppressed. By contrast, the first three Presidents Botswana

  18. Traveling the Silk Road: A Measurement of a Large Anonymous Online Marketplace

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-11-28

    Silk Road, an anonymous, international online marketplace that operates as a Tor hidden service and uses Bitcoin as its exchange currency. We gather...analysis of Silk Road, an anonymous, international on- line marketplace that operates as a Tor hidden service and uses Bitcoin as its exchange currency. We...anonymity, Silk Road needs to also preserve payment anonymity. To that effect, Silk Road only supports Bitcoin (BTC, [30]) as a trading currency

  19. CTC Sentinel. Volume 7, Issue 10, October 2014

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-10-01

    currencies l ike e-gold, Bitcoin , Peercoin, and Dodgecoin provide complex yet eff icient mechanisms for the transfer of funds, as well as the...that terrorists are considering and, in l imited instances, using digital currencies such as Bitcoin to f inance activit ies. 1 While...to its novelty and partly due to its complexity, the evolving world of digital or crypto currencies like BitCoin and their impact on AML/CFT has

  20. China: An Unlikely Economic Hegemon

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-01-01

    investment, and changing demographics that will re- duce its workforce . China’s Devalued Currency China has engaged in a deliberate policy of devaluing...US currency.30 In a similar vein, China has managed to keep the value of the yuan artificially low by currency restrictions and, until very recently...leading global economic power without the artificial measures Beijing has put in place to fuel the economy? While China’s economy can continue to grow, it

  1. Market inefficiency identified by both single and multiple currency trends

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tokár, T.; Horváth, D.

    2012-11-01

    Many studies have shown that there are good reasons to claim very low predictability of currency returns; nevertheless, the deviations from true randomness exist which have potential predictive and prognostic power [J. James, Simple trend-following strategies in currency trading, Quantitative finance 3 (2003) C75-C77]. We analyze the local trends which are of the main focus of the technical analysis. In this article we introduced various statistical quantities examining role of single temporal discretized trend or multitude of grouped trends corresponding to different time delays. Our specific analysis based predominantly on Euro-dollar currency pair data at the one minute frequency suggests the importance of cumulative nonrandom effect of trends on the potential forecasting performance.

  2. Inhomogeneous scaling behaviors in Malaysian foreign currency exchange rates

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Muniandy, S. V.; Lim, S. C.; Murugan, R.

    2001-12-01

    In this paper, we investigate the fractal scaling behaviors of foreign currency exchange rates with respect to Malaysian currency, Ringgit Malaysia. These time series are examined piecewise before and after the currency control imposed in 1st September 1998 using the monofractal model based on fractional Brownian motion. The global Hurst exponents are determined using the R/ S analysis, the detrended fluctuation analysis and the method of second moment using the correlation coefficients. The limitation of these monofractal analyses is discussed. The usual multifractal analysis reveals that there exists a wide range of Hurst exponents in each of the time series. A new method of modelling the multifractal time series based on multifractional Brownian motion with time-varying Hurst exponents is studied.

  3. 18 CFR 1301.46 - Criteria for closing meetings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... which regulates currencies, securities, commodities, or financial institutions, be likely to (i) lead to significant financial speculation in currencies, securities, or commodities, or (ii) significantly endanger...

  4. 18 CFR 1301.46 - Criteria for closing meetings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... which regulates currencies, securities, commodities, or financial institutions, be likely to (i) lead to significant financial speculation in currencies, securities, or commodities, or (ii) significantly endanger...

  5. Effect of currency exchange rate fluctuations on Aid Effectiveness in the Health Sector in Zambia.

    PubMed

    Chansa, Collins; Sundewall, Jesper; Östlund, Numi

    2018-06-22

    Development assistance for health (DAH) remains a significant and important source of health financing in many low and lower middle-income countries. However, this assistance has not been fully effective. This study explores the effect of currency exchange rate fluctuations on volatility of DAH in Zambia using a mixed methods approach. Data covering the period 1997-2008 were collected from various financial and programmatic reports, while six key informant interviews were conducted to validate and translate findings from the quantitative analysis. Results show fluctuations in the volume of funds disbursed to the Ministry of Health by donors due to changes in the exchange rates between non-US$ currencies and the US$, ranging from -11.1% to +13.4% during the period 1997-2008. The overall effect was a loss of US$ 13.4 million over the period 1997-2008 which is equivalent to an annual average loss of US$ 1.1 million per annum. There were also fluctuations in the US$ amount that was converted to the Zambian Kwacha to fund districts ranging from -22% to +22% over the same period. The monthly average loss that was incurred was US$ 302 214 per month, but large gains and losses were observed when individual months were analysed. Information from key informants suggest that currency exchange rate losses contribute to reductions in the health workforce, quantity and quality of health services, while currency exchange rate gains can contribute to reduced absorption capacity and/or low utilization of financial resources. The study concludes that fluctuations in currency exchange rates contribute to volatility in DAH, reduces financial stability and leads to unpredictability of DAH which ultimately affects health service delivery. For DAH to be effective, governments and donors should increase awareness and work systematically to mitigate currency exchange risks.

  6. Security in Oceania in the 21st Century

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2003-01-01

    increase in poverty and unemployment, devaluation of the currency and the introduction of the value added tax (VAT). The FLP leader, an Indo-Fijian...Republic. France has retained the sovereign powers of currency , law and order, justice, defence and also foreign policy in so far as the latter must comply...sovereign powers over justice, law and order, defence and currency until after 13 S. Henningham, ‘The uneasy peace: New Caledonia’s Matignon Accords at mid

  7. Solving the Principal - Agent Problem in Iraq: Economic Incentives Create a New Model for Security

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-12-01

    The substantial devaluation of the local currency and prolonged implementation of government subsidies contributed to the growth of a predominantly...solution consisted of currency reform, elimination of price controls, and a reduction of marginal tax rates. Erhard’s solution was to substitute a much...percent. This ensured that the new money had value and helped move economic transactions away from barter and back to the use of currency exchange

  8. JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Peoples of Asia and Africa, No. 6, November-December 1987

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1988-06-07

    World Bank on condition of reducing the budget deficit and devaluing the national currency . The Bank granted credit to Indonesia for the purpose of...well as the devaluation of the national currency in relation to the dollar. These policies initially led to a further worsening of the country’s... currency organiza- tions. Footnotes 1. The IBRD [World Bank] was created simultaneously with the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) at the Bretton

  9. Making Policy in the Shadow of the Future

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-01-01

    dollar would be replaced as the inter- national currency by the euro; the International Monetary Fund’s synthetic blend of curren- cies, known as SDRs...Special Drawing Rights); or even the Chinese renminbi. Indeed, in June 2009, the Chinese Central Bank called for the creation of a new reserve currency ...2006.32 Nor do short-term rates reflect panic on the part of debt holders. The U.S. dollar remains the international reserve currency . The reasons

  10. Cross-correlations between Renminbi and four major currencies in the Renminbi currency basket

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Gang-Jin; Xie, Chi

    2013-03-01

    We investigate the cross-correlations between Renminbi (CNY) and four major currencies (USD, EUR, JPY, and KRW) in the Renminbi currency basket, i.e., the cross-correlations of CNY-USD, CNY-EUR, CNY-JPY, and CNY-KRW. Qualitatively, using a statistical test in analogy to the Ljung-Box test, we find that cross-correlations significantly exist in CNY-USD, CNY-EUR, CNY-JPY, and CNY-KRW. Quantitatively, employing the detrended cross-correlation analysis (DCCA) method, we find that the cross-correlations of CNY-USD, CNY-EUR, CNY-JPY, and CNY-KRW are weakly persistent. We use the DCCA cross-correlation coefficient ρ to quantify the level of cross-correlations and find the currency weight in the Renminbi currency basket is arranged in the order of USD>EUR>JPY >KRW. Using the method of rolling windows, which can capture the time-varying cross-correlation scaling exponents, we find that: (i) CNY and USD are positively cross-correlated over time, but the cross-correlations of CNY-USD are anti-persistent during the US sub-prime crisis and the European debt crisis. (ii) The cross-correlation scaling exponents of CNY-EUR have the cyclical fluctuation with a nearly two-year cycle. (iii) CNY-JPY has long-term negative cross-correlations, during the European debt crisis, but CNY and KRW are positively cross-correlated.

  11. Inference of financial networks using the normalised mutual information rate.

    PubMed

    Goh, Yong Kheng; Hasim, Haslifah M; Antonopoulos, Chris G

    2018-01-01

    In this paper, we study data from financial markets, using the normalised Mutual Information Rate. We show how to use it to infer the underlying network structure of interrelations in the foreign currency exchange rates and stock indices of 15 currency areas. We first present the mathematical method and discuss its computational aspects, and apply it to artificial data from chaotic dynamics and to correlated normal-variates data. We then apply the method to infer the structure of the financial system from the time-series of currency exchange rates and stock indices. In particular, we study and reveal the interrelations among the various foreign currency exchange rates and stock indices in two separate networks, of which we also study their structural properties. Our results show that both inferred networks are small-world networks, sharing similar properties and having differences in terms of assortativity. Importantly, our work shows that global economies tend to connect with other economies world-wide, rather than creating small groups of local economies. Finally, the consistent interrelations depicted among the 15 currency areas are further supported by a discussion from the viewpoint of economics.

  12. Forecasting currency circulation data of Bank Indonesia by using hybrid ARIMAX-ANN model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Prayoga, I. Gede Surya Adi; Suhartono, Rahayu, Santi Puteri

    2017-05-01

    The purpose of this study is to forecast currency inflow and outflow data of Bank Indonesia. Currency circulation in Indonesia is highly influenced by the presence of Eid al-Fitr. One way to forecast the data with Eid al-Fitr effect is using autoregressive integrated moving average with exogenous input (ARIMAX) model. However, ARIMAX is a linear model, which cannot handle nonlinear correlation structures of the data. In the field of forecasting, inaccurate predictions can be considered caused by the existence of nonlinear components that are uncaptured by the model. In this paper, we propose a hybrid model of ARIMAX and artificial neural networks (ANN) that can handle both linear and nonlinear correlation. This method was applied for 46 series of currency inflow and 46 series of currency outflow. The results showed that based on out-of-sample root mean squared error (RMSE), the hybrid models are up to10.26 and 10.65 percent better than ARIMAX for inflow and outflow series, respectively. It means that ANN performs well in modeling nonlinear correlation of the data and can increase the accuracy of linear model.

  13. Inference of financial networks using the normalised mutual information rate

    PubMed Central

    2018-01-01

    In this paper, we study data from financial markets, using the normalised Mutual Information Rate. We show how to use it to infer the underlying network structure of interrelations in the foreign currency exchange rates and stock indices of 15 currency areas. We first present the mathematical method and discuss its computational aspects, and apply it to artificial data from chaotic dynamics and to correlated normal-variates data. We then apply the method to infer the structure of the financial system from the time-series of currency exchange rates and stock indices. In particular, we study and reveal the interrelations among the various foreign currency exchange rates and stock indices in two separate networks, of which we also study their structural properties. Our results show that both inferred networks are small-world networks, sharing similar properties and having differences in terms of assortativity. Importantly, our work shows that global economies tend to connect with other economies world-wide, rather than creating small groups of local economies. Finally, the consistent interrelations depicted among the 15 currency areas are further supported by a discussion from the viewpoint of economics. PMID:29420644

  14. Scaling and correlations in foreign exchange market

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jiang, J.; Ma, K.; Cai, X.

    2007-02-01

    We observe that the distribution of the relative return, describing the variation of a certain currency, of 74 global currencies obeys a power-law. By using the random matrix theory we find that the distribution of eigenvalues of correlation matrix of relative return also follows a power-law. Using a scaled factorial moment we investigate the distribution of correlation coefficients of the relative return and observe intermittence phenomenon. Furthermore, we define the influence strength for a certain currency, which reflects the influence of its price change to the community interested. By doing that, we find that the distribution of influence strength is again a power-law. Beyond that, we compare the influence strength of Chinese Yuan (RMB) to those of other seven important currencies, which may have some interesting indications.

  15. Community Currency Trading Method through Partial Transaction Intermediary Process

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kido, Kunihiko; Hasegawa, Seiichi; Komoda, Norihisa

    A community currency is local money that is issued by local governments or Non-Profit Organization (NPO) to support social services. The purpose of introducing community currencies is to regenerate communities by fostering mutual aids among community members. In this paper, we propose a community currency trading method through partial intermediary process, under operational environments without introducing coordinators all the time. In this method, coordinators perform coordination between service users and service providers during several months from the start point of transactions. After the period of coordination, participants spontaneously make transactions based on their trust area and a trust evaluation method based on the number of provided services and complaint information. This method is especially effective to communities with close social networks and low trustworthiness. The proposed method is evaluated through multi-agent simulation.

  16. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Segev, A.; Fang, W.

    In currency-based updates, processing a query to a materialized view has to satisfy a currency constraint which specifies the maximum time lag of the view data with respect to a transaction database. Currency-based update policies are more general than periodical, deferred, and immediate updates; they provide additional opportunities for optimization and allow updating a materialized view from other materialized views. In this paper, we present algorithms to determine the source and timing of view updates and validate the resulting cost savings through simulation results. 20 refs.

  17. Economics and Maritime Strategy: Implications for the 21st Century

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2006-11-01

    nothing to help Thailand. China got credit for not devaluing its currency and offered FTAs to Thailand and subsequently to ASEAN as a whole. (The value and...growth at 6.2 percent; I have augmented it by 1 percent a year to allow for some real currency appreciation; similarly for India. I have also...for some (1 percent a year from 2000) real appreciation of the currencies of China and India, relative to the U.S. dollar. One implication of the

  18. Microbial load and safety of paper currencies from some food vendors in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia.

    PubMed

    Girma, Gosa; Ketema, Tsige; Bacha, Ketema

    2014-11-25

    Paper currency is used for every type of commerce and plays an important role in the life of human beings. However, the combination of its widespread use and constant exchange make paper currency a likely agent for disease transmission. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial load and safety of Ethiopian paper currencies collected from some food vendors in Jimma town. Standard microbiological methods were used for the enumeration of various microbial groups, isolation and characterization of pathogenic bacteria and their growth potential in selected weaning foods. A total of 100 samples of Ethiopian paper currencies, consisting of five denominations, from street food venders, hotels and cafeterias in Jimma town were collected aseptically. Sterile cotton swabs moistened with buffered peptone water solution were used for swabbing and the swabs were separately soaked into 10 ml sterile buffered peptone water solution. Mean microbial counts of Aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms and Aerobic bacterial spores were (log CFU/cm2) 6.32, 4.43, 3.14, 2.98 and 3.78, respectively. However, mean counts of Yeasts and Moulds were below detectable levels. There was statistically significant variation (p<0.05) among the mean counts of microbes isolated from samples of paper currencies. The predominantly isolated microbial groups were Staphylococcus spp. (34.06%) followed by Bacillus spp. (31.88%), Enterobacteraceae (13.39%), Micrococcus spp. (9.55%) and Streptococcus spp. (9.03%). Overall, 25% and 10% of the samples were positive for S. aureus and Salmonella spp, respectively. In challenge study, Salmonella spp. and S. aureus reached the infective dose within 12 to 18 hours of inoculation. Thus, paper currencies could be considered as one of the possible vehicles for transmission of disease causing microorganisms. Poor handling practices and personal hygiene of the food vendors could contribute to the observed microbial counts. Thus, it calls for awareness development on the potential risks associated with poor handling of paper currencies at all level of the food establishments.

  19. 26 CFR 1.6041-4 - Foreign-related items and other exceptions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... notional principal contracts between the parties (for example, an International Swap and Derivatives... dollars of amounts paid in foreign currency. For rules concerning foreign currency conversion, see § 1...

  20. 19 CFR 159.33 - Proclaimed rate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... currency involved, such proclaimed rate shall be used unless it varies by 5 percent or more from the... (CONTINUED) LIQUIDATION OF DUTIES Conversion of Foreign Currency § 159.33 Proclaimed rate. If a rate of...

  1. 12 CFR 281.1 - Policy regarding the Government in the Sunshine Act.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... which regulates currencies, securities, commodities, or financial institutions, be likely to lead to significant financial speculation in currencies, securities, or commodities.” 3 3 Government in the Sunshine...

  2. 12 CFR 281.1 - Policy regarding the Government in the Sunshine Act.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... which regulates currencies, securities, commodities, or financial institutions, be likely to lead to significant financial speculation in currencies, securities, or commodities.” 3 3 Government in the Sunshine...

  3. Soft currencies, cash economies, new monies: Past and present

    PubMed Central

    Guyer, Jane I.

    2012-01-01

    Current variation in the forms of money challenges economic anthropologists and historians to review theory and comparative findings on multiple currency systems. There are four main sections to the paper devoted to (i) the present continuum of hard to soft currencies as an instance of multiplicity, including discussion of different combinations of the classic four functions of money, especially the relationship between store of value and medium of exchange; (ii) the logic of anthropological inquiry into multiple currency economies; (iii) the case of the monies of Atlantic Africa, applying the analytics of exchange rates as conversions to African transactions; and (iv) the return to economic life in a present day Nigerian economy lived in soft currency and cash. The paper identifies five findings that suggest foci for future research. (i) The widespread occurrence of conversions, which bring together ranking principles within transactions. (ii) Several types of positional ranking ranging from simple stepwise ordinal scales to iconic ordinality that creates a parabolic curve of value. (iii) Fictional units of account that serve to mediate both the memorization of nonreductive transactions and their nature as conversions. (iv) The importance of the temporal reach of what constitutes wealth: over the short run, the life span, intergenerational succession, and in (legal) perpetuity (as for corporate and sovereign debts and specified assets). (v) The social niches in which these qualities are brought together in transactional regimes. In conclusion, the paper returns to the exchange function of cash, soft currencies, and new money forms. PMID:22308423

  4. Integrated model of multiple kernel learning and differential evolution for EUR/USD trading.

    PubMed

    Deng, Shangkun; Sakurai, Akito

    2014-01-01

    Currency trading is an important area for individual investors, government policy decisions, and organization investments. In this study, we propose a hybrid approach referred to as MKL-DE, which combines multiple kernel learning (MKL) with differential evolution (DE) for trading a currency pair. MKL is used to learn a model that predicts changes in the target currency pair, whereas DE is used to generate the buy and sell signals for the target currency pair based on the relative strength index (RSI), while it is also combined with MKL as a trading signal. The new hybrid implementation is applied to EUR/USD trading, which is the most traded foreign exchange (FX) currency pair. MKL is essential for utilizing information from multiple information sources and DE is essential for formulating a trading rule based on a mixture of discrete structures and continuous parameters. Initially, the prediction model optimized by MKL predicts the returns based on a technical indicator called the moving average convergence and divergence. Next, a combined trading signal is optimized by DE using the inputs from the prediction model and technical indicator RSI obtained from multiple timeframes. The experimental results showed that trading using the prediction learned by MKL yielded consistent profits.

  5. 31 CFR 1021.310 - Reports of transactions in currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Reports Required To Be Made By Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.310 Reports of transactions in currency. The...

  6. 31 CFR 1021.310 - Reports of transactions in currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Reports Required To Be Made By Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.310 Reports of transactions in currency. The...

  7. 31 CFR 1021.310 - Reports of transactions in currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Reports Required To Be Made By Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.310 Reports of transactions in currency. The...

  8. 31 CFR 1021.310 - Reports of transactions in currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Reports Required To Be Made By Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.310 Reports of transactions in currency. The...

  9. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    The recent currency crisis in Europe puts the possibility of European economic union in further jeopardy after the Maastricht Treaty was not approved by the Netherlands earlier this Summer. The increased value of European currencies relative to the US dollar during the past Summer had little effect upon national currency gasoline prices. However, the recent currency devaluations in Italy, Spain, and Portugal, already struggling with weak economies, definitely reduce consumer buying power. Governments may use the high taxes imposed on gasoline as a buffer against higher prices, but still, consumers may buy less gasoline as their money doesn't go asmore » far as it once did. This issue also presents the following: (1) the ED Refining Netback Data Series for the US Gulf and West Coasts, Rotterdam, and Singapore as of Sept. 25, 1992; and (2) the ED Refining Netback Data Series for countries of the Eastern Hemisphere, Sept. 1992 Edition.« less

  10. Evaluating public awareness of new currency design features

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    DiNunzio, Lisa; Church, Sara E.

    2002-04-01

    One of the goals of the 1996 series design was to integrate highly recognizable features that enable the general public to more easily distinguish counterfeit from genuine notes, thereby reducing the chance of counterfeit notes being passed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how knowledgeable the public is concerning the new currency, to identify the channels through which the public learns about new currency design, and to assess the usefulness of the new currency's authentication features. Also, the study will serve as a baseline measurement for future design studies and in comparative analysis with other countries. The results of the qualitative research will be described in the following sections of this paper. The quantitative research is scheduled to begin in February 2002, at the same time as the Netherlands' opinion poll of the Euro and NLG-notes in an effort to compare results.

  11. The value of human life in contemporary society. The global biography project.

    PubMed

    Nary, G

    1997-12-01

    The closing address at the 1997 First International Conference on Healthcare Resource Allocation for HIV/AIDS and Other Life-Threatening Illnesses is presented. The address discusses the extrinsic value of life and the three forms of material value: spiritual, economic, and political, placed on life by an outside source. It is argued that if spiritual currency, rather than economic or political currency, drove public policy there would be greater progress in reducing the global rate of HIV and more options for care. Further, lack of identity of those afflicted with HIV reduces them to mere statistics, thus decreasing their economic and political clout. Giving identities to people who are sick not only increases empathy but also increases their survivability. The establishment of the Global Biography Project seeks to reestablish spiritual currency as the international currency that underlies every nation's healthcare policies.

  12. Detecting a currency’s dominance using multivariate time series analysis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Syahidah Yusoff, Nur; Sharif, Shamshuritawati

    2017-09-01

    A currency exchange rate is the price of one country’s currency in terms of another country’s currency. There are four different prices; opening, closing, highest, and lowest can be achieved from daily trading activities. In the past, a lot of studies have been carried out by using closing price only. However, those four prices are interrelated to each other. Thus, the multivariate time series can provide more information than univariate time series. Therefore, the enthusiasm of this paper is to compare the results of two different approaches, which are mean vector and Escoufier’s RV coefficient in constructing similarity matrices of 20 world currencies. Consequently, both matrices are used to substitute the correlation matrix required by network topology. With the help of degree centrality measure, we can detect the currency’s dominance for both networks. The pros and cons for both approaches will be presented at the end of this paper.

  13. Structure and Evolution of the Foreign Exchange Networks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kwapień, J.; Gworek, S.; Drożdż, S.

    2009-01-01

    We investigate topology and temporal evolution of the foreign currency exchange market viewed from a weighted network perspective. Based on exchange rates for a set of 46 currencies (including precious metals), we construct different representations of the FX network depending on a choice of the base currency. Our results show that the network structure is not stable in time, but there are main clusters of currencies, which persist for a long period of time despite the fact that their size and content are variable. We find a long-term trend in the network's evolution which affects the USD and EUR nodes. In all the network representations, the USD node gradually loses its centrality, while, on contrary, the EUR node has become slightly more central than it used to be in its early years. Despite this directional trend, the overall evolution of the network is noisy.

  14. Hierarchical structures of correlations networks among Turkey’s exports and imports by currencies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kocakaplan, Yusuf; Deviren, Bayram; Keskin, Mustafa

    2012-12-01

    We have examined the hierarchical structures of correlations networks among Turkey’s exports and imports by currencies for the 1996-2010 periods, using the concept of a minimal spanning tree (MST) and hierarchical tree (HT) which depend on the concept of ultrametricity. These trees are useful tools for understanding and detecting the global structure, taxonomy and hierarchy in financial markets. We derived a hierarchical organization and build the MSTs and HTs during the 1996-2001 and 2002-2010 periods. The reason for studying two different sub-periods, namely 1996-2001 and 2002-2010, is that the Euro (EUR) came into use in 2001, and some countries have made their exports and imports with Turkey via the EUR since 2002, and in order to test various time-windows and observe temporal evolution. We have carried out bootstrap analysis to associate a value of the statistical reliability to the links of the MSTs and HTs. We have also used the average linkage cluster analysis (ALCA) to observe the cluster structure more clearly. Moreover, we have obtained the bidimensional minimal spanning tree (BMST) due to economic trade being a bidimensional problem. From the structural topologies of these trees, we have identified different clusters of currencies according to their proximity and economic ties. Our results show that some currencies are more important within the network, due to a tighter connection with other currencies. We have also found that the obtained currencies play a key role for Turkey’s exports and imports and have important implications for the design of portfolio and investment strategies.

  15. 31 CFR 515.530 - Exportation of powers of attorney or instructions relating to certain types of transactions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... equivalent thereof in foreign currency. (c) As used in this section, the term tangible personal property... currency. (b) No instrument which authorizes the conveyance, transfer, release, sale or other disposition...

  16. 76 FR 58561 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-21

    ... (202-622- 1276). Direct all written comments on foreign currency transactions and positions to: Gregory... associated with Reporting of International Capital and Foreign Currency Transactions and Positions--31 CFR... consideration. ADDRESSES: Direct all written comments on international capital transactions and positions to...

  17. 77 FR 54862 - Integrated Hedging Transactions of Qualifying Debt

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-09-06

    ... Integrated Hedging Transactions of Qualifying Debt AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury. ACTION... certain integrated transactions that involve a foreign currency denominated debt instrument and multiple... foreign currency denominated debt instrument and multiple associated hedging transactions. The text of...

  18. 31 CFR 500.530 - Exportation of powers of attorney or instructions relating to certain types of transactions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... equivalent thereof in foreign currency. (c) As used in this section, the term “tangible personal property... foreign currency. (b) No instrument which authorizes the conveyance, transfer, release, sale or other...

  19. 18 CFR 375.205 - Closed meetings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... the premature disclosure of which would be: (i) In the case of an agency which regulates currencies, securities, commodities, or financial institutions, likely to: (A) Lead to significant financial speculation in currencies, securities, or commodities, or (B) Significantly endanger the stability of any...

  20. 18 CFR 375.205 - Closed meetings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... the premature disclosure of which would be: (i) In the case of an agency which regulates currencies, securities, commodities, or financial institutions, likely to: (A) Lead to significant financial speculation in currencies, securities, or commodities, or (B) Significantly endanger the stability of any...

  1. 12 CFR 407.2 - Closing meetings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... the premature disclosure of which would: (i) In the case of an agency which regulates currencies, securities, commodities, or financial institutions, be likely to: (A) Lead to significant financial speculation in currencies, securities, or commodities, or (B) significantly endanger the stability of any...

  2. Chaoticity in the time evolution of foreign currency exchange rates in Turkey

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cakar, O.; Aybar, O. O.; Hacinliyan, A. S.; Kusbeyzi, I.

    Tools from chaos theory that have found recent use in analysing financial markets have been applied to the US Dollar and Euro buying and selling rates against the Turkish currency. The reason for choosing the foreign exchange rate in this analysis is the fact that foreign currency is an indicator of not only the globalization of economy but also savings and investment. In order to test the globality assumption and to ascertain the degree of involvement of local conditions in Turkey, the Euro and US dollar exchange rates have been subjected to the same analysis.

  3. Foreign currency-related translation complexities in cross-border healthcare applications.

    PubMed

    Kumar, Anand; Rodrigues, Jean M

    2009-01-01

    International cross-border private hospital chains need to apply the standards for foreign currency translation in order to consolidate the balance sheet and income statements. This not only exposes such chains to exchange rate fluctuations in different ways, but also creates added requirements for enterprise-level IT systems especially when they produce parameters which are used to measure the financial and operational performance of the foreign subsidiary or the parent hospital. Such systems would need to come to terms with the complexities involved in such currency-related translations in order to provide the correct data for performance benchmarking.

  4. Integrated Model of Multiple Kernel Learning and Differential Evolution for EUR/USD Trading

    PubMed Central

    Deng, Shangkun; Sakurai, Akito

    2014-01-01

    Currency trading is an important area for individual investors, government policy decisions, and organization investments. In this study, we propose a hybrid approach referred to as MKL-DE, which combines multiple kernel learning (MKL) with differential evolution (DE) for trading a currency pair. MKL is used to learn a model that predicts changes in the target currency pair, whereas DE is used to generate the buy and sell signals for the target currency pair based on the relative strength index (RSI), while it is also combined with MKL as a trading signal. The new hybrid implementation is applied to EUR/USD trading, which is the most traded foreign exchange (FX) currency pair. MKL is essential for utilizing information from multiple information sources and DE is essential for formulating a trading rule based on a mixture of discrete structures and continuous parameters. Initially, the prediction model optimized by MKL predicts the returns based on a technical indicator called the moving average convergence and divergence. Next, a combined trading signal is optimized by DE using the inputs from the prediction model and technical indicator RSI obtained from multiple timeframes. The experimental results showed that trading using the prediction learned by MKL yielded consistent profits. PMID:25097891

  5. CCD imaging technology and the war on crime

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    McNeill, Glenn E.

    1992-08-01

    Linear array based CCD technology has been successfully used in the development of an Automatic Currency Reader/Comparator (ACR/C) system. The ACR/C system is designed to provide a method for tracking US currency in the organized crime and drug trafficking environments where large amounts of cash are involved in illegal transactions and money laundering activities. United States currency notes can be uniquely identified by the combination of the denomination serial number and series year. The ACR/C system processes notes at five notes per second using a custom transport a stationary linear array and optical character recognition (OCR) techniques to make such identifications. In this way large sums of money can be " marked" (using the system to read and store their identifiers) and then circulated within various crime networks. The system can later be used to read and compare confiscated notes to the known sets of identifiers from the " marked" set to document a trail of criminal activities. With the ACR/C law enforcement agencies can efficiently identify currency without actually marking it. This provides an undetectable means for making each note individually traceable and facilitates record keeping for providing evidence in a court of law. In addition when multiple systems are used in conjunction with a central data base the system can be used to track currency geographically. 1.

  6. 31 CFR 515.405 - Exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ..., checks, drafts and promissory notes. 515.405 Section 515.405 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations..., drafts and promissory notes. Section 515.201 prohibits the exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes to a designated foreign country. ...

  7. 31 CFR 515.405 - Exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ..., checks, drafts and promissory notes. 515.405 Section 515.405 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations..., drafts and promissory notes. Section 515.201 prohibits the exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes to a designated foreign country. ...

  8. 31 CFR 515.405 - Exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ..., checks, drafts and promissory notes. 515.405 Section 515.405 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations..., drafts and promissory notes. Section 515.201 prohibits the exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes to a designated foreign country. ...

  9. 31 CFR 515.405 - Exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ..., checks, drafts and promissory notes. 515.405 Section 515.405 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations..., drafts and promissory notes. Section 515.201 prohibits the exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes to a designated foreign country. ...

  10. 31 CFR 515.405 - Exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ..., checks, drafts and promissory notes. 515.405 Section 515.405 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations..., drafts and promissory notes. Section 515.201 prohibits the exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes to a designated foreign country. ...

  11. 17 CFR 1.32 - Segregated account; daily computation and record.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... business day, on a currency-by-currency basis: (1) The total amount of customer funds on deposit in... traded on a “ready market” as defined in Rule 15c3-1(c)(11)(i) of the Securities and Exchange Commission...

  12. 31 CFR 103.56 - Enforcement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... REPORTING OF CURRENCY AND FOREIGN TRANSACTIONS General Provisions § 103.56 Enforcement. (a) Overall... of this part is delegated as follows: (1) To the Comptroller of the Currency with respect to those... in commodities, and commodity trading advisors, not currently examined by Federal bank supervisory...

  13. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Almasbahi, M.S.

    In a world of generalized floating exchange rates, it is not enough to solve the problem of exchange rate policy by determining whether to peg or float the currency under consideration. It is also necessary to choose to what major currency to peg. The main purpose of this study is to investigate and determine empirically the optimum currency peg for the Saudi riyal. To accomplish this goal, a simple conventional trade model, that includes variables found in many other studies of import and export demand, was used. In addition, an exchange rate term was added as a separate independent variablemore » in the import and export demand equations in order to assess the effect of exchange rate on the trade flows. The criteria for the optimal currency peg in this study were based on two factors. First, the error statistics for projected imports and exports using alternative exchange rate regimes. Second, variances of projected imports, exports and trade balance using alternative exchange rate regimes. The exchange rate has a significant impact on the Saudia Arabian trade flows which implies that changes in the riyals value affect the Saudi trade deficit. Moreover, the exchange rate has a more powerful effect on its aggregate imports than on the world demand for its exports. There is also a strong support for the hypothesis that the exchange rate affects the value of the Saudi bilateral trade with its five major trade partners. On the aggregate level, the SDR peg seems to be the best currency peg for the Saudi riyal since it provides the best prediction errors and the lowest variance for the trade balance. Finally, on the disaggregate level, the US dollar provides the best performance and yields the best results among all the six currency pegs considered in this study.« less

  14. Forecasting of magnitude and duration of currency crises based on the analysis of distortions of fractal scaling in exchange rate fluctuations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Uritskaya, Olga Y.

    2005-05-01

    Results of fractal stability analysis of daily exchange rate fluctuations of more than 30 floating currencies for a 10-year period are presented. It is shown for the first time that small- and large-scale dynamical instabilities of national monetary systems correlate with deviations of the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) exponent from the value 1.5 predicted by the efficient market hypothesis. The observed dependence is used for classification of long-term stability of floating exchange rates as well as for revealing various forms of distortion of stable currency dynamics prior to large-scale crises. A normal range of DFA exponents consistent with crisis-free long-term exchange rate fluctuations is determined, and several typical scenarios of unstable currency dynamics with DFA exponents fluctuating beyond the normal range are identified. It is shown that monetary crashes are usually preceded by prolonged periods of abnormal (decreased or increased) DFA exponent, with the after-crash exponent tending to the value 1.5 indicating a more reliable exchange rate dynamics. Statistically significant regression relations (R=0.99, p<0.01) between duration and magnitude of currency crises and the degree of distortion of monofractal patterns of exchange rate dynamics are found. It is demonstrated that the parameters of these relations characterizing small- and large-scale crises are nearly equal, which implies a common instability mechanism underlying these events. The obtained dependences have been used as a basic ingredient of a forecasting technique which provided correct in-sample predictions of monetary crisis magnitude and duration over various time scales. The developed technique can be recommended for real-time monitoring of dynamical stability of floating exchange rate systems and creating advanced early-warning-system models for currency crisis prevention.

  15. Screening Currency Notes for Microbial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance Genes Using a Shotgun Metagenomic Approach

    PubMed Central

    Jalali, Saakshi; Kohli, Samantha; Latka, Chitra; Bhatia, Sugandha; Vellarikal, Shamsudheen Karuthedath; Sivasubbu, Sridhar; Scaria, Vinod; Ramachandran, Srinivasan

    2015-01-01

    Fomites are a well-known source of microbial infections and previous studies have provided insights into the sojourning microbiome of fomites from various sources. Paper currency notes are one of the most commonly exchanged objects and its potential to transmit pathogenic organisms has been well recognized. Approaches to identify the microbiome associated with paper currency notes have been largely limited to culture dependent approaches. Subsequent studies portrayed the use of 16S ribosomal RNA based approaches which provided insights into the taxonomical distribution of the microbiome. However, recent techniques including shotgun sequencing provides resolution at gene level and enable estimation of their copy numbers in the metagenome. We investigated the microbiome of Indian paper currency notes using a shotgun metagenome sequencing approach. Metagenomic DNA isolated from samples of frequently circulated denominations of Indian currency notes were sequenced using Illumina Hiseq sequencer. Analysis of the data revealed presence of species belonging to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic genera. The taxonomic distribution at kingdom level revealed contigs mapping to eukaryota (70%), bacteria (9%), viruses and archae (~1%). We identified 78 pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Enterococcus faecalis, and 75 cellulose degrading organisms including Acidothermus cellulolyticus, Cellulomonas flavigena and Ruminococcus albus. Additionally, 78 antibiotic resistance genes were identified and 18 of these were found in all the samples. Furthermore, six out of 78 pathogens harbored at least one of the 18 common antibiotic resistance genes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of shotgun metagenome sequence dataset of paper currency notes, which can be useful for future applications including as bio-surveillance of exchangeable fomites for infectious agents. PMID:26035208

  16. 26 CFR 1.882-0 - Table of contents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... for foreign currency. (5)Coordination with other sections. (6)Special rule for foreign governments. (7... expressed in a single currency. (3)Adjustments. (4) Elective fixed ratio method of determining U.S... error. (iv)Liabilities of insurance companies. (v)Liabilities used to increase artificially interest...

  17. Violation of interest-rate parity: a Polish example

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Przystawa, Jerzy; Wolf, Marek

    2000-09-01

    The mechanism of the so-called “Bagsik Oscillator” is presented and discussed. In essence, it is a repeated exploitation of arbitrage opportunities that resulted from a marked departure from the interest-rate parity relationship between the local Polish currency and the western currencies.

  18. 12 CFR 40.1 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY PRIVACY OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION... offices of entities for which the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency has primary supervisory... regulation by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. (2) Nothing in this part modifies, limits, or...

  19. 12 CFR 40.1 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY PRIVACY OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION... offices of entities for which the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency has primary supervisory... regulation by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. (2) Nothing in this part modifies, limits, or...

  20. A Golden Opportunity for Currency Competition.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cobb, Joe

    1983-01-01

    The Federal Reserve makes mistakes in monetary policy and causes business cycles. A free market solution to the failure of central economic planning is competition in money and banking. A second currency, the "Gold Eagle," should be issued and allowed to compete with the dollar. (SR)

  1. Constraints, Trade-offs and the Currency of Fitness.

    PubMed

    Acerenza, Luis

    2016-03-01

    Understanding evolutionary trajectories remains a difficult task. This is because natural evolutionary processes are simultaneously affected by various types of constraints acting at the different levels of biological organization. Of particular importance are constraints where correlated changes occur in opposite directions, called trade-offs. Here we review and classify the main evolutionary constraints and trade-offs, operating at all levels of trait hierarchy. Special attention is given to life history trade-offs and the conflict between the survival and reproduction components of fitness. Cellular mechanisms underlying fitness trade-offs are described. At the metabolic level, a linear trade-off between growth and flux variability was found, employing bacterial genome-scale metabolic reconstructions. Its analysis indicates that flux variability can be considered as the currency of fitness. This currency is used for fitness transfer between fitness components during adaptations. Finally, a discussion is made regarding the constraints which limit the increase in the amount of fitness currency during evolution, suggesting that occupancy constraints are probably the main restrictions.

  2. Intraday return inefficiency and long memory in the volatilities of forex markets and the role of trading volume

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain; Hernandez, Jose Areola; Hanif, Waqas; Kayani, Ghulam Mujtaba

    2018-09-01

    We investigate the dynamics of efficiency and long memory, and the impact of trading volume on the efficiency of returns and volatilities of four major traded currencies, namely, the EUR, GBP, CHF and JPY. We do so by implementing full sample and rolling window multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA) and a quantile-on-quantile (QQ) approach. This paper sheds new light by employing high frequency (5-min interval) data spanning from Jan 1, 2007 to Dec 31, 2016. Realized volatilities are estimated using Andersen et al.'s (2001) measure, while the QQ method employed is drawn from Sim and Zhou (2015). We find evidence of higher efficiency levels in the JPY and CHF currency markets. The impact of trading volume on efficiency is only significant for the JPY and CHF currencies. The GBP currency appears to be the least efficient, followed by the EUR. Implications of the results are discussed.

  3. Single European currency and Monetary Union. Macroeconomic implications for pharmaceutical spending.

    PubMed

    Kanavos, P

    1998-01-01

    This article examines the potential implications of introducing a single currency among the Member States of the European Union for national pharmaceutical prices and spending. In doing so, it provides a brief account of the direct effects of introducing a single currency on pharmaceutical business. These are static in nature and include the elimination of exchange rate volatility and transaction costs, increased price transparency and limited potential for parallel trade. It subsequently analyses the potential medium and long term macroeconomic policy choices facing the Member States and their impact on pharmaceutical spending following the introduction of a single currency. These include policy directions in order to meet the Maastricht convergence criteria in the run-up to forming an Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the implications of EMU on national macroeconomic policy thereafter. This article argues that the necessity for tight fiscal policies across the EU and, in particular, in those Member States facing high budget deficits and overall debt levels, will continue to exert considerable downward pressure on pharmaceutical spending.

  4. Currency crisis indication by using ensembles of support vector machine classifiers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ramli, Nor Azuana; Ismail, Mohd Tahir; Wooi, Hooy Chee

    2014-07-01

    There are many methods that had been experimented in the analysis of currency crisis. However, not all methods could provide accurate indications. This paper introduces an ensemble of classifiers by using Support Vector Machine that's never been applied in analyses involving currency crisis before with the aim of increasing the indication accuracy. The proposed ensemble classifiers' performances are measured using percentage of accuracy, root mean squared error (RMSE), area under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve and Type II error. The performances of an ensemble of Support Vector Machine classifiers are compared with the single Support Vector Machine classifier and both of classifiers are tested on the data set from 27 countries with 12 macroeconomic indicators for each country. From our analyses, the results show that the ensemble of Support Vector Machine classifiers outperforms single Support Vector Machine classifier on the problem involving indicating a currency crisis in terms of a range of standard measures for comparing the performance of classifiers.

  5. TORC3: Token-ring clearing heuristic for currency circulation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Humes, Carlos, Jr.; Lauretto, Marcelo S.; Nakano, Fábio; Pereira, Carlos A. B.; Rafare, Guilherme F. G.; Stern, Julio Michael

    2012-10-01

    Clearing algorithms are at the core of modern payment systems, facilitating the settling of multilateral credit messages with (near) minimum transfers of currency. Traditional clearing procedures use batch processing based on MILP - mixed-integer linear programming algorithms. The MILP approach demands intensive computational resources; moreover, it is also vulnerable to operational risks generated by possible defaults during the inter-batch period. This paper presents TORC3 - the Token-Ring Clearing Algorithm for Currency Circulation. In contrast to the MILP approach, TORC3 is a real time heuristic procedure, demanding modest computational resources, and able to completely shield the clearing operation against the participating agents' risk of default.

  6. 38 CFR 3.32 - Exchange rates for foreign currencies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Exchange rates for foreign currencies. 3.32 Section 3.32 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS ADJUDICATION Pension, Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation General § 3.32...

  7. 38 CFR 3.32 - Exchange rates for foreign currencies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Exchange rates for foreign currencies. 3.32 Section 3.32 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS ADJUDICATION Pension, Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation General § 3.32...

  8. 38 CFR 3.32 - Exchange rates for foreign currencies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Exchange rates for foreign currencies. 3.32 Section 3.32 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS ADJUDICATION Pension, Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation General § 3.32...

  9. 38 CFR 3.32 - Exchange rates for foreign currencies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Exchange rates for foreign currencies. 3.32 Section 3.32 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS ADJUDICATION Pension, Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation General § 3.32...

  10. 38 CFR 3.32 - Exchange rates for foreign currencies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Exchange rates for foreign currencies. 3.32 Section 3.32 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS ADJUDICATION Pension, Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation General § 3.32...

  11. 31 CFR 1026.310 - Reports of transactions in currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Reports of transactions in currency. 1026.310 Section 1026.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR FUTURES COMMISSION...

  12. 31 CFR 1026.310 - Reports of transactions in currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Reports of transactions in currency. 1026.310 Section 1026.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR FUTURES COMMISSION...

  13. 31 CFR 1026.310 - Reports of transactions in currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Reports of transactions in currency. 1026.310 Section 1026.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR FUTURES COMMISSION...

  14. 17 CFR 15.03 - Reporting levels.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Reporting levels. 15.03 Section 15.03 Commodity and Securities Exchanges COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION REPORTS-GENERAL... $10.00 if in the money upon expiration. Major foreign currency is the currency, and the cross-rates...

  15. 77 FR 76841 - Lending Limits

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-31

    ...-2012-0007] RIN 1557-AD59 Lending Limits AGENCY: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Treasury. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) is amending its lending...), includes exceptions to the lending limits for certain loans made by savings associations. These HOLA...

  16. 17 CFR 229.301 - (Item 301) Selected financial data.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... subsidiaries consolidated. 4. If interim period financial statements are included, or are required to be... issuer shall disclose also the following information in all filings containing financial statements: A.... currency of the foreign currency in which the financial statements are denominated; B. A history of...

  17. Community Currencies: An Ideology of Abundance

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Winfrey, Nancy

    2017-01-01

    This essay explores the concept of "cultural commons" and provides an illustration of a cultural commons practice from an ethnographic study of a community currency. The following section links cultural commons practices to situated and social cognitive learning theories, and then provides practical application to the higher education…

  18. You and Foreign Money.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tucker, James F.

    Foreign currency units, exchange rates, the international payments process, and spending money abroad are discussed briefly in this booklet to help teachers explain the international economy. Thirty-two countries are listed with their respective currency units, some of which are illustrated. A chart shows the average yearly exchange rates between…

  19. Redesigning U.S. currency

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ferguson, Thomas A.; Church, Sara E.

    1996-03-01

    The first new design of United States currency in over 60 years will soon be issued. Its issuance will be the culmination of a 6-year effort to make U.S. currency more secure against widely available advanced reprographic technology. The cooperative effort was directed by the Advanced Counterfeit Deterrence (ACD) Steering Committee, with executive representatives from the Federal Reserve System (FRS), U.S. Secret Service (USSS), Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) and Treasury Department. A task force of technical experts from each agency carried out the necessary evaluations. The overall strategy to determine the new design and new features applied a comprehensive, synergistic approach to target each type of currency user and each type of counterfeiting. To maximize objectivity yet expedite final selection, deterrent and detection technologies were evaluated through several parallel channels. These efforts included an open request for feature samples through the Commerce Business Daily, in-house testing of each feature, independent evaluation by the National Research Council, in-house design development and survey of world currencies. Recommendations were submitted by the Steering Committee to the Treasury Secretary for concept approval, announced in July 1994. Beginning in 1996, new designs will be issued by denomination approximately one per year, starting with the $100 bill. Future new design efforts will include input from the recently founded Securities Technology Institute (STI) at Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. Input will include evaluation of existing features, development of new techniques and adversarial analysis.

  20. 75 FR 47652 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Order Granting Approval of a Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-06

    ... Listing and Trading of WisdomTree Dreyfus Commodity Currency Fund under NYSE Arca Equities Rule 8.600... and trade the shares (``Shares'') of the WisdomTree Dreyfus Commodity Currency Fund (``Fund'') under... exchange traded fund. The Shares will [[Page 47653

  1. 12 CFR 48.9 - Margin requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ..., in retail forex transactions must collect from each retail forex customer an amount of margin not less than: (1) Two percent of the notional value of the retail forex transaction for major currency pairs and 5 percent of the notional value of the retail forex transaction for all other currency pairs...

  2. 12 CFR 48.9 - Margin requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ..., in retail forex transactions must collect from each retail forex customer an amount of margin not less than: (1) Two percent of the notional value of the retail forex transaction for major currency pairs and 5 percent of the notional value of the retail forex transaction for all other currency pairs...

  3. 12 CFR 48.9 - Margin requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ..., in retail forex transactions must collect from each retail forex customer an amount of margin not less than: (1) Two percent of the notional value of the retail forex transaction for major currency pairs and 5 percent of the notional value of the retail forex transaction for all other currency pairs...

  4. 31 CFR 100.8 - Packaging of mutilated currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... disturb the fragments more than is absolutely necessary. (b) If the currency is brittle or inclined to fall apart, pack it carefully in cotton and box it as found, without disturbing the fragments, if... therein, if possible, in order to prevent further deterioration of the fragments or from their being lost...

  5. 31 CFR 1022.310 - Reports of transactions in currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Reports of transactions in currency. 1022.310 Section 1022.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance... BUSINESSES Reports Required To Be Made By Money Services Businesses § 1022.310 Reports of transactions in...

  6. 31 CFR 1022.310 - Reports of transactions in currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Reports of transactions in currency. 1022.310 Section 1022.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance... BUSINESSES Reports Required To Be Made By Money Services Businesses § 1022.310 Reports of transactions in...

  7. 31 CFR 1022.310 - Reports of transactions in currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Reports of transactions in currency. 1022.310 Section 1022.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance... BUSINESSES Reports Required To Be Made By Money Services Businesses § 1022.310 Reports of transactions in...

  8. 31 CFR 1022.310 - Reports of transactions in currency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Reports of transactions in currency. 1022.310 Section 1022.310 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance... BUSINESSES Reports Required To Be Made By Money Services Businesses § 1022.310 Reports of transactions in...

  9. The Art of Evaluation and Professional Development

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Nathan, Linda

    2005-01-01

    The evaluation and professional development of teachers and administrators are two sides of the same coin. Both are the essential currency schools have to improve teachers' practice and students' learning, but schools often spend this currency unwisely. Too often, evaluations are a source of tension and conflict, even a necessary evil.…

  10. Zimbabwe

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-02-20

    arrears, and foreign currency for essential imports, particularly fuel, is in extremely short supply. The IMF suggests that the inflation rate will not... devalue the official exchange rate. Instead, in June 2006, Gono devalued the country’s currency , the Zimbabwe dollar, removing three zeros in an effort to...23 The IMF and the World Bank

  11. Zimbabwe

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-12-06

    than six years due to nonpayment of arrears, and foreign currency for essential imports, particularly fuel, is in extremely short supply. The IMF ...the government has refused to devalue the official exchange rate. Instead, in June 2006, Gono devalued the country’s currency , the Zimbabwe dollar...24 The IMF and the World Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Attempts to Revive Agriculture

  12. 26 CFR 1.483-1 - Interest on certain deferred payments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ..., for purposes of section 483, property includes debt instruments and investment units, but does not include money, services, or the right to use property. For the treatment of certain obligations given in...), money includes functional currency and, in certain circumstances, nonfunctional currency. See § 1.988-2...

  13. A Classroom Experiment on Exchange Rate Determination with Purchasing Power Parity

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mitchell, David T.; Rebelein, Robert P.; Schneider, Patricia H.; Simpson, Nicole B.; Fisher, Eric

    2009-01-01

    The authors developed a classroom experiment on exchange rate determination appropriate for undergraduate courses in macroeconomics and international economics. In the experiment, students represent citizens from different countries and need to obtain currency to purchase goods. By participating in an auction to buy currency, students gain a…

  14. 38 CFR 12.24 - Operation of lost and found service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... custodian. VA Form 3771, Record of Lost or Found Article, will be used for recording articles of any... articles and to recover items which have been reported lost. Currency, including readily negotiable... closing hour. The currency or negotiable instruments will be delivered to the agent cashier before the...

  15. 12 CFR Appendix II to Part 27 - Information for Government Monitoring Purposes

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... II Appendix II to Part 27 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY... Monitoring Purposes The following language is approved by the Comptroller of the Currency and will satisfy... used separately. This information may also be provided orally by the applicant. The following...

  16. Using Course Currency as a Didactic Tool

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wachsman, Yoav

    2007-01-01

    Classroom participation is an important and frequently used pedagogical strategy. This paper examines how awarding students with course currency, bills that are redeemable for bonus points at the end of the term, affects class participation and students' understanding of the material. The research uses surveys and data analysis to examine the…

  17. 31 CFR 411.1 - Color illustrations authorized.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY COLOR ILLUSTRATIONS OF UNITED STATES CURRENCY § 411.1 Color... necessary plates or items for such printing or publishing, of color illustrations of U.S. currency provided... storage devices, and any other thing used in the making of the illustration that contain an image of the...

  18. 49 CFR 1002.2 - Filing fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ..., by check payable in United States currency drawn upon funds deposited in a United States or foreign bank or other financial institution, money order payable in United States currency, or by credit card..., agent $32 per delivery. (97) Request for service or pleading list for proceedings $24 per list. (98...

  19. Electronic Money.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Schilling, Tim

    Thirty years ago a cashless society was predicted for the near future; paper currency and checks would be an antiquated symbol of the past. Consumers would embrace a new alternative for making payments: electronic money. But currency is still used for 87% of payments, mainly for "nickel and dime" purchases. And checks are the payment…

  20. 26 CFR 1.861-2 - Interest.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... authority, other than the government itself, issuing instruments intended to circulate as currency. Such a... payable in the currency of a foreign country. Notwithstanding the provisions of § 1.863-6, interest to... issue of which the debt obligation is a part, is actually traded on one or more foreign securities...

  1. 77 FR 52135 - Hamilton Bank, Baltimore, Maryland; Approval of Conversion Application

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-28

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency [OCC Charter Number 701904] Hamilton Bank, Baltimore, Maryland; Approval of Conversion Application Notice is hereby given that on August 13, 2012, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) approved the application of Hamilton...

  2. Spendency: Students' Propensity to Use System Currency

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Snow, Erica L.; Allen, Laura K.; Jackson, G. Tanner; McNamara, Danielle S.

    2015-01-01

    Using students' process data from the game-based Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) iSTART-ME, the current study examines students' propensity to use system currency to unlock game-based features, (i.e., referred to here as "spendency"). This study examines how spendency relates to students' interaction preferences, in-system performance,…

  3. 28 CFR 20.37 - Responsibility for accuracy, completeness, currency, and integrity.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Responsibility for accuracy, completeness, currency, and integrity. 20.37 Section 20.37 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION SYSTEMS Federal Systems and Exchange of Criminal History Record Information § 20.37 Responsibility...

  4. 28 CFR 20.37 - Responsibility for accuracy, completeness, currency, and integrity.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Responsibility for accuracy, completeness, currency, and integrity. 20.37 Section 20.37 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION SYSTEMS Federal Systems and Exchange of Criminal History Record Information § 20.37 Responsibility...

  5. 28 CFR 20.37 - Responsibility for accuracy, completeness, currency, and integrity.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Responsibility for accuracy, completeness, currency, and integrity. 20.37 Section 20.37 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION SYSTEMS Federal Systems and Exchange of Criminal History Record Information § 20.37 Responsibility...

  6. 28 CFR 20.37 - Responsibility for accuracy, completeness, currency, and integrity.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Responsibility for accuracy, completeness, currency, and integrity. 20.37 Section 20.37 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION SYSTEMS Federal Systems and Exchange of Criminal History Record Information § 20.37 Responsibility...

  7. Currency Exchange Rates.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Siler, Carl R.

    This curriculum unit of the Muncie (Indiana) Southside High School is to simulate the dynamics of foreign currency exchange rates from the perspectives of: (1) a major U.S. corporation, ABB Power T & D Company, Inc., of Muncie, Indiana, a manufacturer of large power transformers for the domestic and foreign markets; and (2) individual…

  8. 78 FR 38450 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Information Collection Renewal; Reverse Mortgage...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-06-26

    ..., internal controls, and third party risk management. \\1\\ 74 FR 66652. \\2\\ 75 FR 50801. Prior to the... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE...: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Treasury (OCC); Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC...

  9. 17 CFR 405.4 - Financial recordkeeping and reporting of currency and foreign transactions by registered...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Financial recordkeeping and reporting of currency and foreign transactions by registered government securities brokers and dealers. 405.4 Section 405.4 Commodity and Securities Exchanges DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY REGULATIONS UNDER...

  10. 17 CFR 405.4 - Financial recordkeeping and reporting of currency and foreign transactions by registered...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Financial recordkeeping and reporting of currency and foreign transactions by registered government securities brokers and dealers. 405.4 Section 405.4 Commodity and Securities Exchanges DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY REGULATIONS UNDER...

  11. 76 FR 37029 - Margin and Capital Requirements For Covered Swap Entities

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-06-24

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency 12 CFR Part 45 [Docket No... of the Currency, Treasury (OCC); Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Board); Federal... margin and capital requirements proposed by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the Agencies have...

  12. Scholar Dollars: Their Use in Classroom Management.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Deery, Ruth

    Suggestions and background information to help teachers use classroom currency to influence students' behavior and academic efforts are provided. There are five parts to the publication. Part 1 discusses the many uses of classroom currency in teaching economics content, for motivation, and in discipline. For example, if teachers find that…

  13. 28 CFR 20.37 - Responsibility for accuracy, completeness, currency, and integrity.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Responsibility for accuracy, completeness, currency, and integrity. 20.37 Section 20.37 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION SYSTEMS Federal Systems and Exchange of Criminal History Record Information § 20.37 Responsibility...

  14. 76 FR 5250 - Departmental Offices; Proposed Collection; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-01-28

    .... The Office of International Monetary and Financial Policy within the Department of the Treasury is soliciting comments concerning Extension of Foreign Currency Form FC-1 (OMB No. 1505-0012) Weekly Consolidated Foreign Currency Report of Major Market Participants, Extension of Form FC-2 (OMB No. 1505-0010...

  15. 78 FR 53509 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change, as...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-08-29

    ... for the following securities: Index-Linked Exchangeable Notes; Equity Gold Shares; Trust Certificates; Commodity-Based Trust Shares; Currency Trust Shares; Commodity Index Trust Shares; Commodity Futures Trust Shares; Partnership Units; Trust Units; Managed Trust Securities; and Currency Warrants (together with...

  16. Bitcoin: A Pedagogical Guide for the College Classroom

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Barre, Todd J.

    2015-01-01

    The emergence of Bitcoin as an online currency/payment system has been surrounded with controversy with equally passionate proponents and detractors arguing for its long-term viability. These debates lead to stimulating exercises for the finance or economics student eager to understand principles of money, currencies, and monetary economics. The…

  17. 48 CFR 225.870-3 - Submission of offers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... sealed bids in terms of U.S. currency. Do not adjust contracts awarded under sealed bidding for losses or gains from fluctuation in exchange rates. (d) Except for sealed bids, the Canadian Commercial Corporation normally will submit offers and quotations in terms of Canadian currency. The Corporation may, at...

  18. Field and laboratory comparison of the sensitivity and reliability of cocaine detection on currency using chemical sensors, humans, K-9s, and SPME/GC/MS/MS analysis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Furton, Kenneth G.; Hsu, Ya-Li; Luo, Tien-Ying; Norelus, Arnold; Rose, Stefan

    1999-02-01

    Reports that money in general circulation is contaminated with cocaine have resulted in contaminated money theories purporting that any person carrying currency could potentially initiate a drug dog alert. Field tests on dozens of different drug detector dogs with widely varying breeds, ages and training regimes show a consistent threshold level of 1 - 10 (mu) g of methyl benzoate spiked along with cocaine on U.S. currency or 0.1 - 1 ng/sec methyl benzoate diffusion required to initiate an alert. No other substance studied to data has initiated consistent responses by the drug dogs studied.

  19. Classical technical analysis of Latin American market indices. Correlations in Latin American Currencies (ARS, CLP, MXP) exchange rates with respect to DEM, GBP, JPY and USD

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ausloos, M.; Ivanova, K.

    2004-06-01

    The classical technical analysis methods of financial time series based on the moving average and momentum is recalled. Illustrations use the IBM share price and Latin American (Argentinian MerVal, Brazilian Bovespa and Mexican IPC) market indices. We have also searched for scaling ranges and exponents in exchange rates between Latin American currencies ($ARS$, $CLP$, $MXP$) and other major currencies $DEM$, $GBP$, $JPY$, $USD$, and $SDR$s. We have sorted out correlations and anticorrelations of such exchange rates with respect to $DEM$, $GBP$, $JPY$ and $USD$. They indicate a very complex or speculative behavior.

  20. Asymmetry of ARCH effects and natural resources disease or virtue: Mozambique experience

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Faias, Marta; Mota, Pedro; Mulenga, Alberto; Pina, Joaquim P.

    2016-06-01

    We study the exchange rate behavior, mainly as to the presence of asymmetry in the shocks to conditional variance. Particularly, we investigate if the presence of that asymmetric response is specific to a marked behavior of the currency, appreciation/Dutch disease/depreciation, and if it appears masked when taking long non-homogeneous periods. Taking Mozambique Metical bilateral exchange rate against South Africa Rand, a major trading partner, we identify specific movements in defined sub-periods, where the most recent has the Dutch disease under scrutiny. Our results point out that asymmetry emerges especially when the currency is depreciating, while it is masked when considering larger periods that combine differences in currency behavior.

  1. Utilization of aloe vera extract as electrolyte for an accumulator

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Azmi, F.; Sispriatna, D.; Ikhsan, K.; Masrura, M.; Azzahra, S. S.; Mahidin; Supardan, M. D.

    2018-03-01

    Aloe vera contains acid, which has the potential to generate electric current. The objective of this research is to study the potency of aloe vera extract as electrolyte for an accumulator. Experimental results showed that aloe vera extract has no a stable value of voltage and currency. The voltage and currency of aloe vera extract were reduced more than 50% for 60 minutes. Then, aloe vera extract was mixed with accu zuur to produce electrolyte solution. The mixture composition of aloe vera extract to accu zuur of 50:50 (v/v) generated stable voltage and currency. The experimental results showed the potential use of aloe vera extract to reduce the chemicals used in a conventional electrolyte solution.

  2. 31 CFR 103.23 - Reports of transportation of currency or monetary instruments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... overland shipments of currency or monetary instruments shipped to or received from an established customer maintaining a deposit relationship with the bank, in amounts which the bank may reasonably conclude do not... customer concerned; (4) A person who is not a citizen or resident of the United States in respect to...

  3. 41 CFR 102-38.290 - What types of payment may we accept?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... limited to, the following: (a) U.S. currency or any form of credit instrument made payable on demand in U.S. currency, e.g., cashier's check, money order. Promissory notes and postdated credit instruments are not acceptable. (b) Irrevocable commercial letters of credit issued by a United States bank...

  4. 19 CFR 159.35 - Certified daily rate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... TREASURY (CONTINUED) LIQUIDATION OF DUTIES Conversion of Foreign Currency § 159.35 Certified daily rate. The daily buying rate of foreign currency which is determined by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and certified to the Secretary of the Treasury in accordance with 31 U.S.C. 5151(e) shall be used for...

  5. 12 CFR 34.41 - Authority, purpose, and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ....41 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY REAL ESTATE LENDING AND... Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the OCC) under 12 U.S.C. 93a and title XI of the Financial... used in connection with federally related transactions to be performed in writing, in accordance with...

  6. 26 CFR 1.892-3T - Income of foreign governments (temporary regulations).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... traded partnerships within the meaning of section 7704) or trust interests. The term also does not... similar instrument in a functional or nonfunctional currency (see section 985(b) for the definition of functional currency) or in precious metals when held by a foreign government or central bank of issue (as...

  7. 26 CFR 1.1441-3 - Determination of amounts to be withheld.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ...: Example. (i) Facts. Corporation X, a publicly traded corporation with both U.S. and foreign shareholders... paragraph (f) of this section apply. (2) Payments in foreign currency. If the amount subject to withholding tax is paid in a currency other than the U.S. dollar, the amount of withholding under section 1441...

  8. 77 FR 52135 - HomeTrust Bank, Clyde, North Carolina; Approval of Conversion Application

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-28

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of the Comptroller of the Currency [OCC Charter Number 713558] HomeTrust Bank, Clyde, North Carolina; Approval of Conversion Application Notice is hereby given that on May 14, 2012, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) approved the application of Home...

  9. 12 CFR 5.2 - Rules of general applicability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Rules of general applicability. 5.2 Section 5.2 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES, POLICIES, AND... the Currency, 250 E Street, SW., Washington, DC 20219-0001. (d) Electronic filing. The OCC may permit...

  10. 12 CFR 5.2 - Rules of general applicability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Rules of general applicability. 5.2 Section 5.2 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES, POLICIES, AND... the Currency, 250 E Street, SW., Washington, DC 20219-0001. (d) Electronic filing. The OCC may permit...

  11. Badges: A Common Currency for Learning

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bowen, Kyle; Thomas, Andrea

    2014-01-01

    Digital Badges--icons that can represent skills and achievements at a more fine-grained level than a degree--give colleges and universities a new way to document learning outcomes and to map the pathways students follow to earn a degree. They also provide a common currency to denote learning outcomes and give employers a visual representation and…

  12. 19 CFR 159.33 - Proclaimed rate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Proclaimed rate. 159.33 Section 159.33 Customs... (CONTINUED) LIQUIDATION OF DUTIES Conversion of Foreign Currency § 159.33 Proclaimed rate. If a rate of... currency involved, such proclaimed rate shall be used unless it varies by 5 percent or more from the...

  13. 19 CFR 159.33 - Proclaimed rate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Proclaimed rate. 159.33 Section 159.33 Customs... (CONTINUED) LIQUIDATION OF DUTIES Conversion of Foreign Currency § 159.33 Proclaimed rate. If a rate of... currency involved, such proclaimed rate shall be used unless it varies by 5 percent or more from the...

  14. 19 CFR 159.33 - Proclaimed rate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Proclaimed rate. 159.33 Section 159.33 Customs... (CONTINUED) LIQUIDATION OF DUTIES Conversion of Foreign Currency § 159.33 Proclaimed rate. If a rate of... currency involved, such proclaimed rate shall be used unless it varies by 5 percent or more from the...

  15. 22 CFR 136.4 - Restrictions on dispositions of personal property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... this section including any interest earned by the employee or family member on such profits, shall be... currencies, proceeds received and costs incurred in a foreign currency shall be valued in United States dollars at the time of receipt or payment at the rate of exchange that was in effect for reverse...

  16. 26 CFR 1.892-3T - Income of foreign governments (temporary regulations).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... include commodity forward or futures contracts and commodity options unless they constitute securities for... similar instrument in a functional or nonfunctional currency (see section 985(b) for the definition of functional currency) or in precious metals when held by a foreign government or central bank of issue (as...

  17. 26 CFR 1.954-2 - Foreign personal holding company income.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... commodities transactions as described in paragraph (f) of this section; (iv) Foreign currency gain as... regard to the exceptions in paragraph (h)(1)(ii)(A) of this section; (C) Foreign currency gain or loss...) of this section; (D) Gain or loss from commodities transactions, as described in paragraph (f) of...

  18. 22 CFR 201.14 - Eligibility of bid and performance bonds and guaranties.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... APPLICABLE TO COMMODITY TRANSACTIONS FINANCED BY USAID Conditions Governing the Eligibility of Procurement... international trade for the type of transaction and commodity involved. Bonds or guaranties may be payable in U.S. dollars, or a freely convertible currency or local currency, and shall be posted in favor of the...

  19. 26 CFR 4.954-2 - Foreign personal holding company income; taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ...) Gain from commodities transactions as defined in paragraph (f) of this section; (iv) Foreign currency... this section, gain from a commodities transaction under paragraph (f) of this section (whether or not derived from a qualified hedging transaction or qualified active sales), or foreign currency gain under...

  20. 22 CFR 201.14 - Eligibility of bid and performance bonds and guaranties.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... APPLICABLE TO COMMODITY TRANSACTIONS FINANCED BY USAID Conditions Governing the Eligibility of Procurement... international trade for the type of transaction and commodity involved. Bonds or guaranties may be payable in U.S. dollars, or a freely convertible currency or local currency, and shall be posted in favor of the...

  1. 31 CFR 100.2 - Scope of regulations; transactions effected through Federal Reserve banks and branches...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Scope of regulations; transactions effected through Federal Reserve banks and branches; distribution of coin and currencies. 100.2 Section 100.2 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance EXCHANGE OF PAPER CURRENCY...

  2. Currency Arbitrage Detection Using a Binary Integer Programming Model

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Soon, Wanmei; Ye, Heng-Qing

    2011-01-01

    In this article, we examine the use of a new binary integer programming (BIP) model to detect arbitrage opportunities in currency exchanges. This model showcases an excellent application of mathematics to the real world. The concepts involved are easily accessible to undergraduate students with basic knowledge in Operations Research. Through this…

  3. 14 CFR 135.185 - Empty weight and center of gravity: Currency requirement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Empty weight and center of gravity... ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Aircraft and Equipment § 135.185 Empty weight and center of gravity: Currency... gravity are calculated from values established by actual weighing of the aircraft within the preceding 36...

  4. 14 CFR 135.185 - Empty weight and center of gravity: Currency requirement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Empty weight and center of gravity... ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Aircraft and Equipment § 135.185 Empty weight and center of gravity: Currency... gravity are calculated from values established by actual weighing of the aircraft within the preceding 36...

  5. 14 CFR 135.185 - Empty weight and center of gravity: Currency requirement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Empty weight and center of gravity... ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Aircraft and Equipment § 135.185 Empty weight and center of gravity: Currency... gravity are calculated from values established by actual weighing of the aircraft within the preceding 36...

  6. 14 CFR 135.185 - Empty weight and center of gravity: Currency requirement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Empty weight and center of gravity... ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Aircraft and Equipment § 135.185 Empty weight and center of gravity: Currency... gravity are calculated from values established by actual weighing of the aircraft within the preceding 36...

  7. 14 CFR 135.185 - Empty weight and center of gravity: Currency requirement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Empty weight and center of gravity... ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Aircraft and Equipment § 135.185 Empty weight and center of gravity: Currency... gravity are calculated from values established by actual weighing of the aircraft within the preceding 36...

  8. Serials vs. the Dollar Dilemma: Currency Swings and Rising Costs Play Havoc with Prices.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ketcham, Lee; Born, Kathleen

    1995-01-01

    This periodical price survey examines pricing trends, currency fluctuation and other predictors of 1996 serials costs. Tables are derived from analysis of three Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) databases and reflect subscription rates of large libraries. Sidebars include cost history information specific to mid-size to smaller academic…

  9. The feminization of foreign currency earnings: women's labor in Sri Lanka.

    PubMed

    Samarasinghe, V

    1998-01-01

    This paper considers women's participation in foreign currency earning activities in Sri Lanka. The author first analyzes the structure of women's participation patterns in the major foreign currency earning activities in the country, including consideration of their wage levels and the impact of ethnicity, age, educational levels, and skills upon the different components of those activities in which women participate. She then probes the applicability for Sri Lanka of Guy Standing's argument that structural adjustment policies (SAP) have triggered a change in labor force practices leading to a feminization through flexible labor. Many studies have shown that cutbacks in subsidies mandated by SAPs and initiated in the 1980s among developing countries have adversely affected poor women. Women have adjusted to the new situation in a variety of ways, ranging from cutting their household budgets for basic needs to seeking income-generating work in the informal sector and participating in labor-intensive manufacturing activities. In closing, the author assesses the degree to which the new demands made upon women resulting from the effect of SAPs upon their households have stimulated women's increasing participation in foreign currency earning activities.

  10. 12 CFR 48.5 - Application and closing out of offsetting long and short positions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... in a retail forex transaction involving the purchase of any currency for the account of any retail forex customer when the account of such retail forex customer at the time of such purchase has an open retail forex transaction for the sale of the same currency; (2) Engages in a retail forex transaction...

  11. 12 CFR 48.5 - Application and closing out of offsetting long and short positions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... in a retail forex transaction involving the purchase of any currency for the account of any retail forex customer when the account of such retail forex customer at the time of such purchase has an open retail forex transaction for the sale of the same currency; (2) Engages in a retail forex transaction...

  12. 12 CFR 48.5 - Application and closing out of offsetting long and short positions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... in a retail forex transaction involving the purchase of any currency for the account of any retail forex customer when the account of such retail forex customer at the time of such purchase has an open retail forex transaction for the sale of the same currency; (2) Engages in a retail forex transaction...

  13. 31 CFR Appendix A to Part 128 - Determination Made by National Advisory Council Pursuant to Section 2 (a) and (b) of E.O. 10033

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... pertaining to direct-investment transactions, U.S. Government foreign lending operations, and claims and...: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance REPORTING OF INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL AND FOREIGN-CURRENCY... with foreigners, and current information with respect to U.S. gold holdings, foreign-currency holdings...

  14. 77 FR 1757 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-11

    ... Rule Change Relating to a Market Maker Incentive Plan for Foreign Currency Options January 5, 2012... an incentive plan for market makers in a number of foreign currency options (``FX Options'') traded... proposed rule change is to extend an incentive plan for market makers in options on the New Zealand dollar...

  15. 76 FR 64136 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-17

    ... Rule Change Relating to a Market Maker Incentive Plan for Foreign Currency Options October 11, 2011... plan for market makers in a number of foreign currency options (``FX Options'') traded on the Exchange... change is to extend an incentive plan for market makers in options on the New Zealand dollar (``NZD...

  16. Dollar’s Vulnerability and the Implications for National Security

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-12-01

    higher inflation leads to exchange - rate depreciation as well as increased volatility. 36 This indicates that expansionary monetary policy would also...resulted in debasement and depreciation.7 Thus, exchange rate and currency convertibility problems...creation and evolution of international currencies. The problems of establishing and maintaining exchange rates and retaining value led to a system

  17. 26 CFR 1.905-5T - Foreign tax redeterminations and currency translation rules for foreign tax redeterminations...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... translation rules for foreign tax redeterminations occurring in taxable years beginning prior to January 1... States § 1.905-5T Foreign tax redeterminations and currency translation rules for foreign tax... translation rules—(1) Foreign taxes paid by the taxpayer and certain foreign taxes deemed paid. Foreign taxes...

  18. 31 CFR 1022.410 - Additional records to be made and retained by currency dealers or exchangers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Additional records to be made and retained by currency dealers or exchangers. 1022.410 Section 1022.410 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE...

  19. 26 CFR 1.988-0 - Taxation of gain or loss from a section 988 transaction; Table of Contents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... from section 988. (b) Spot contract. (c) Nonfunctional currency. (d) Spot rate. (1) In general. (2) Consistency required in valuing transactions subject to section 988. (3) Use of certain spot rate conventions... currency. (g) Fair market value. (h) Interaction with sections 1092 and 1256 in examples. (i) Effective...

  20. 26 CFR 1.988-0 - Taxation of gain or loss from a section 988 transaction; Table of Contents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... from section 988. (b) Spot contract. (c) Nonfunctional currency. (d) Spot rate. (1) In general. (2) Consistency required in valuing transactions subject to section 988. (3) Use of certain spot rate conventions... currency. (g) Fair market value. (h) Interaction with sections 1092 and 1256 in examples. (i) Effective...

  1. 26 CFR 1.988-0 - Taxation of gain or loss from a section 988 transaction; Table of Contents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... from section 988. (b) Spot contract. (c) Nonfunctional currency. (d) Spot rate. (1) In general. (2) Consistency required in valuing transactions subject to section 988. (3) Use of certain spot rate conventions... currency. (g) Fair market value. (h) Interaction with sections 1092 and 1256 in examples. (i) Effective...

  2. 26 CFR 1.988-0 - Taxation of gain or loss from a section 988 transaction; Table of Contents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... from section 988. (b) Spot contract. (c) Nonfunctional currency. (d) Spot rate. (1) In general. (2) Consistency required in valuing transactions subject to section 988. (3) Use of certain spot rate conventions... currency. (g) Fair market value. (h) Interaction with sections 1092 and 1256 in examples. (i) Effective...

  3. Zimbabwe: Current Issues and U.S. Policy

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-06-21

    Monetary Fund ( IMF ) lending has been suspended for more than six years due to nonpayment of arrears, and foreign currency for essential imports... devalue the official exchange rate. Instead, in June 2006, Gono devalued the country’s currency , the Zimbabwe dollar, removing three zeros in an...27 The IMF and the World Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Attempts to Revive Agriculture Industry

  4. The valuation of currency options by fractional Brownian motion.

    PubMed

    Shokrollahi, Foad; Kılıçman, Adem

    2016-01-01

    This research aims to investigate a model for pricing of currency options in which value governed by the fractional Brownian motion model (FBM). The fractional partial differential equation and some Greeks are also obtained. In addition, some properties of our pricing formula and simulation studies are presented, which demonstrate that the FBM model is easy to use.

  5. 19 CFR 159.31 - Rates to be used.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... (CONTINUED) LIQUIDATION OF DUTIES Conversion of Foreign Currency § 159.31 Rates to be used. Except as otherwise specified in this subpart, no rate or rates of exchange shall be used to convert foreign currency... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Rates to be used. 159.31 Section 159.31 Customs...

  6. 26 CFR 1.985-6 - Transition rules for a QBU that uses the dollar approximate separate transactions method for its...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... section sets forth transition rules for a QBU that used the dollar approximate separate transactions... QBU must determine the dollar and hyperinflationary currency basis of its assets and the dollar and hyperinflationary currency amount of its liabilities that were acquired or incurred in taxable years beginning...

  7. 17 CFR 242.104 - Stabilizing and other activities in connection with an offering.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... the principal market if the security has traded in the principal market on the day stabilizing is... security has traded in that market on the day stabilizing is initiated or on the last preceding business... expressed in a currency other than the currency of the principal market for the security, such bid may be...

  8. 75 FR 11955 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-12

    ... exchange traded funds (``ETFs'')) representing (i) interests in registered investment companies (or series... Instruments); or (ii) interests in a trust or similar entity that holds a specified non-U.S. currency... surrendered to the trust by the beneficial owner to receive the specified non-U.S. currency and pays the...

  9. 75 FR 31823 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-04

    ...). Under current Rule 5.3, only Units (also referred to herein as exchange traded fund (``ETFs... trust or similar entity that holds a specified non-U.S. currency deposited with the trust or similar... owner to receive the specified non-U.S. currency and pays the beneficial owner interest and other...

  10. 77 FR 31411 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-25

    ... program related to an incentive plan for certain Foreign Currency (``FX'') options traded on the Exchange... Rule Change to Terminate a Pilot Program Related to an Incentive Plan for Certain Foreign Currency Options Traded on the Exchange and To Make a Technical Change to the Schedule of Fees May 21, 2012...

  11. 31 CFR Appendix J to Subpart C of... - Office of the Comptroller of the Currency

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... head of the organizational unit having immediate custody of the records requested or the delegate of..., Communications Division, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, 250 E Street, SW, Washington, DC 20219. 3... organizational unit having immediate custody of the records or the delegate of that official. Requests for...

  12. 75 FR 65685 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-10-26

    ... the Commission a proposal to amend Phlx Rule 1079 (FLEX Index, Equity and Currency Options) to permit... Options may have expiration dates within five years. See Phlx Rule 1079. FLEX currency option contracts... Exchange proposes to amend Phlx Rule 1079 to allow certain FLEX Options, which are identical in all terms...

  13. 76 FR 17174 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-28

    ... have expiration dates within five years. See Rule 1079. FLEX currency options traded on the Exchange... purpose of this proposed rule change is to amend Phlx Rule 1079 (FLEX Index, Equity and Currency Options...'' or ``Pilot''). Rule 1079 deals with the process of listing and trading FLEX equity, index, and...

  14. 77 FR 76121 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To List...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-26

    ... well as other factors that influence exchange rates such as flows, market technical trends, and... Foreign Currency Strategy Exchange-Traded Fund Under NYSE Arca Equities Rule 8.600 December 19, 2012... following under NYSE Arca Equities Rule 8.600 (``Managed Fund Shares''): PIMCO Foreign Currency Strategy...

  15. Sliding U.S. Dollar Packs a Wallop to Wallets Worldwide

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bowman, Quinn

    2008-01-01

    The dollar, once one of the world's strongest currencies, has fallen dramatically in recent years--a development impacting attitudes from corporate boardrooms to the sets of music videos where artists are choosing to flash the euro over American cash. When measured against a collection of other leading worldwide currencies--like the European euro,…

  16. 77 FR 37947 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-25

    ... Rule Change To Extend a Fee Discount Pilot Program for Large-Sized Foreign Currency Options June 19... proposing to extend for an additional year the fee discount for large-sized foreign currency (``FX'') option... change is to extend for an additional year the fee discount for large-sized FX option orders. The...

  17. 26 CFR 1.6045-1 - Returns of information of brokers and barter exchanges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... or business during the calendar year, stands ready to effect sales to be made by others. A broker... market value under sections 475 or 1296 are not sales. (10) The term effect means, with respect to a sale... made effects such delivery. (11) The term foreign currency means currency of a foreign country. (12...

  18. 26 CFR 1.6045-1 - Returns of information of brokers and barter exchanges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... or business during the calendar year, stands ready to effect sales to be made by others. A broker... market value under sections 475 or 1296 are not sales. (10) The term effect means, with respect to a sale... made effects such delivery. (11) The term foreign currency means currency of a foreign country. (12...

  19. 26 CFR 1.6045-1 - Returns of information of brokers and barter exchanges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... or business during the calendar year, stands ready to effect sales to be made by others. A broker... market value under sections 475 or 1296 are not sales. (10) The term effect means, with respect to a sale... made effects such delivery. (11) The term foreign currency means currency of a foreign country. (12...

  20. South Korean Students, Hit Hard by Currency Decline, Opt to Stay Home

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    McNeill, David

    2009-01-01

    It is too early to predict enrollment numbers for international students in the United States this fall, but universities in Asia are already seeing big declines among South Koreans studying abroad. The value of South Korea's currency has dropped sharply in recent months, almost doubling the cost of living abroad for South Korean students and…

  1. What shakes the FX tree? Understanding currency dominance, dependence, and dynamics (Keynote Address)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Johnson, Neil F.; McDonald, Mark; Suleman, Omer; Williams, Stacy; Howison, Sam

    2005-05-01

    There is intense interest in understanding the stochastic and dynamical properties of the global Foreign Exchange (FX) market, whose daily transactions exceed one trillion US dollars. This is a formidable task since the FX market is characterized by a web of fluctuating exchange rates, with subtle inter-dependencies which may change in time. In practice, traders talk of particular currencies being 'in play' during a particular period of time -- yet there is no established machinery for detecting such important information. Here we apply the construction of Minimum Spanning Trees (MSTs) to the FX market, and show that the MST can capture important features of the global FX dynamics. Moreover, we show that the MST can help identify momentarily dominant and dependent currencies.

  2. Replication of Cancellation Orders Using First-Passage Time Theory in Foreign Currency Market

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Boilard, Jean-François; Kanazawa, Kiyoshi; Takayasu, Hideki; Takayasu, Misako

    Our research focuses on the annihilation dynamics of limit orders in a spot foreign currency market for various currency pairs. We analyze the cancellation order distribution conditioned on the normalized distance from the mid-price; where the normalized distance is defined as the final distance divided by the initial distance. To reproduce real data, we introduce two simple models that assume the market price moves randomly and cancellation occurs either after fixed time t or following the Poisson process. Results of our model qualitatively reproduce basic statistical properties of cancellation orders of the data when limit orders are cancelled according to the Poisson process. We briefly discuss implication of our findings in the construction of more detailed microscopic models.

  3. Dynamically Hedging Oil and Currency Futures Using Receding Horizontal Control and Stochastic Programming

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cottrell, Paul Edward

    There is a lack of research in the area of hedging future contracts, especially in illiquid or very volatile market conditions. It is important to understand the volatility of the oil and currency markets because reduced fluctuations in these markets could lead to better hedging performance. This study compared different hedging methods by using a hedging error metric, supplementing the Receding Horizontal Control and Stochastic Programming (RHCSP) method by utilizing the London Interbank Offered Rate with the Levy process. The RHCSP hedging method was investigated to determine if improved hedging error was accomplished compared to the Black-Scholes, Leland, and Whalley and Wilmott methods when applied on simulated, oil, and currency futures markets. A modified RHCSP method was also investigated to determine if this method could significantly reduce hedging error under extreme market illiquidity conditions when applied on simulated, oil, and currency futures markets. This quantitative study used chaos theory and emergence for its theoretical foundation. An experimental research method was utilized for this study with a sample size of 506 hedging errors pertaining to historical and simulation data. The historical data were from January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2012. The modified RHCSP method was found to significantly reduce hedging error for the oil and currency market futures by the use of a 2-way ANOVA with a t test and post hoc Tukey test. This study promotes positive social change by identifying better risk controls for investment portfolios and illustrating how to benefit from high volatility in markets. Economists, professional investment managers, and independent investors could benefit from the findings of this study.

  4. Allocation to male vs female floral function varies by currency and responds differentially to density and moisture stress.

    PubMed

    Brock, M T; Winkelman, R L; Rubin, M J; Edwards, C E; Ewers, B E; Weinig, C

    2017-11-01

    Allocation of finite resources to separate reproductive functions is predicted to vary across environments and affect fitness. Biomass is the most commonly measured allocation currency; however, in comparison with nutrients it may be less limited and express different environmental and evolutionary responses. Here, we measured carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and biomass allocation among floral whorls in recombinant inbred lines of Brassica rapa in multiple environments to characterize the genetic architecture of floral allocation, including its sensitivity to environmental heterogeneity and to choice of currency. Mass, carbon, and nitrogen allocation to female whorls (pistils and sepals) decreased under high density, whereas nitrogen allocation to male organs (stamens) decreased under drought. Phosphorus allocation decreased by half in pistils under drought, while stamen phosphorus was unaffected by environment. While the contents of each currency were positively correlated among whorls, selection to improve fitness through female (or male) function typically favored increased allocation to pistils (or stamens) but decreased allocation to other whorls. Finally, genomic regions underlying correlations among allocation metrics were mapped, and loci related to nitrogen uptake and floral organ development were located within mapped quantitative trait loci. Our candidate gene identification suggests that nutrient uptake may be a limiting step in maintaining male allocation. Taken together, allocation to male vs female function is sensitive to distinct environmental stresses, and the choice of currency affects the interpretation of floral allocation responses to the environment. Further, genetic correlations may counter the evolution of allocation patterns that optimize fitness through female or male function.

  5. 75 FR 37510 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change by NYSE Arca, Inc...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-29

    ... Trading of WisdomTree Dreyfus Commodity Currency Fund Under NYSE Arca Equities Rule 8.600 June 22, 2010... proposes to list and trade shares of the following fund of the WisdomTree Trust (``Trust'') under NYSE Arca Equities Rule 8.600: WisdomTree Dreyfus Commodity Currency Fund (``Fund''). The text of the proposed rule...

  6. 17 CFR 1.46 - Application and closing out of offsetting long and short positions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... dealer who: (i) Engages in a retail forex transaction involving the purchase of any currency for the account of any retail forex customer when the account of such retail forex customer at the time of such purchase has an open retail forex transaction for the sale of the same currency; (ii) Engages in a retail...

  7. 17 CFR 1.46 - Application and closing out of offsetting long and short positions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... dealer who: (i) Engages in a retail forex transaction involving the purchase of any currency for the account of any retail forex customer when the account of such retail forex customer at the time of such purchase has an open retail forex transaction for the sale of the same currency; (ii) Engages in a retail...

  8. Application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to Reduce Multicollinearity Exchange Rate Currency of Some Countries in Asia Period 2004-2014

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rahayu, Sri; Sugiarto, Teguh; Madu, Ludiro; Holiawati; Subagyo, Ahmad

    2017-01-01

    This study aims to apply the model principal component analysis to reduce multicollinearity on variable currency exchange rate in eight countries in Asia against US Dollar including the Yen (Japan), Won (South Korea), Dollar (Hong Kong), Yuan (China), Bath (Thailand), Rupiah (Indonesia), Ringgit (Malaysia), Dollar (Singapore). It looks at yield…

  9. 78 FR 53490 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-08-29

    ... Four New Currencies and Two New Rate Options August 23, 2013. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of the... Change CME is filing proposed rules changes that are limited to its business as a derivatives clearing... to current CME IRS rules to facilitate the addition of four new currencies and two new rate options...

  10. 31 CFR 1028.330 - Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business. 1028.330 Section 1028.330 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE...

  11. 31 CFR 1025.330 - Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business. 1025.330 Section 1025.330 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE...

  12. 31 CFR 1027.330 - Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business. 1027.330 Section 1027.330 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE...

  13. 31 CFR 1025.330 - Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business. 1025.330 Section 1025.330 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE...

  14. 31 CFR 1029.330 - Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business. 1029.330 Section 1029.330 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE...

  15. 31 CFR 1029.330 - Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business. 1029.330 Section 1029.330 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE...

  16. 26 CFR 1.988-6 - Nonfunctional currency contingent payment debt instruments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ...) rather than § 1.1275-4(b)(1) (e.g., the instrument is issued for non-publicly traded property). (2... in § 1.988-2(b)(2)(iii)(A), or, at the taxpayer's election, at the appropriate spot rate, as... into the taxpayer's functional currency at the spot rate on the last day of the taxable year in which...

  17. 26 CFR 1.988-6 - Nonfunctional currency contingent payment debt instruments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ...) rather than § 1.1275-4(b)(1) (e.g., the instrument is issued for non-publicly traded property). (2... in § 1.988-2(b)(2)(iii)(A), or, at the taxpayer's election, at the appropriate spot rate, as... into the taxpayer's functional currency at the spot rate on the last day of the taxable year in which...

  18. 26 CFR 1.988-6 - Nonfunctional currency contingent payment debt instruments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ...) rather than § 1.1275-4(b)(1) (e.g., the instrument is issued for non-publicly traded property). (2... in § 1.988-2(b)(2)(iii)(A), or, at the taxpayer's election, at the appropriate spot rate, as... into the taxpayer's functional currency at the spot rate on the last day of the taxable year in which...

  19. 26 CFR 1.987-5 - Transition rules for certain qualified business units using a profit and loss method of...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... currency, this amount is translated into the QBU branch's functional currency at the spot rate (determined... into dollars at the spot rate (determined under the principles of section 988 and the regulations... transfer (other than a remittance) from the QBU branch translated into dollars at the spot rate (determined...

  20. 26 CFR 1.988-6 - Nonfunctional currency contingent payment debt instruments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ...) rather than § 1.1275-4(b)(1) (e.g., the instrument is issued for non-publicly traded property). (2... in § 1.988-2(b)(2)(iii)(A), or, at the taxpayer's election, at the appropriate spot rate, as... into the taxpayer's functional currency at the spot rate on the last day of the taxable year in which...

  1. Zimbabwe

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-09-26

    foreign currency for essential imports, particularly fuel, is in extremely short supply. The IMF suggests that the inflation rate will not reverse without...international assessments of Zimbabwe’s economic prospects remain bleak. Ignoring the advice of the IMF , the government has refused to devalue the official...exchange rate. Instead, in June 2006, Gono devalued the country’s currency , the Zimbabwe dollar, removing three zeros in an effort to mitigate

  2. 12 CFR 21.1 - Purpose and scope of subpart A of this part.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ....1 Section 21.1 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY MINIMUM... subpart is issued by the Comptroller of the Currency pursuant to section 3 of the Bank Protection Act of... office and branches (as the term “branch” is used in 12 U.S.C. 36). [56 FR 29564, June 28, 1991, as...

  3. 26 CFR 1.1001-5 - European Monetary Union (conversion to the euro).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true European Monetary Union (conversion to the euro... § 1.1001-5 European Monetary Union (conversion to the euro). (a) Conversion of currencies. For purposes of § 1.1001-1(a), the conversion to the euro of legacy currencies (as defined in § 1.985-8(a)(1...

  4. 26 CFR 1.1001-5 - European Monetary Union (conversion to the euro).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false European Monetary Union (conversion to the euro... Gain Or Loss § 1.1001-5 European Monetary Union (conversion to the euro). (a) Conversion of currencies. For purposes of § 1.1001-1(a), the conversion to the euro of legacy currencies (as defined in § 1.985...

  5. 17 CFR 1.1 - Fraud in or in connection with transactions in foreign currency subject to the Commodity Exchange...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Fraud in or in connection with... Securities Exchanges COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION GENERAL REGULATIONS UNDER THE COMMODITY EXCHANGE ACT Definitions § 1.1 Fraud in or in connection with transactions in foreign currency subject to the...

  6. 77 FR 9288 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-16

    ... electronic executions and to delete references to Royalty Fees for foreign currency options, which the... posted electronic executions and to delete references to Royalty Fees for foreign currency options, which....... -0.36 Threshold 3 More than 1,200,000.. -0.42 Threshold 4 More than 3,500,000.. -0.43 Royalty Fees...

  7. What Is in Your Wallet? Quantitation of Drugs of Abuse on Paper Currency with a Rapid LC-MS/MS Method

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Parker, Patrick D.; Beers, Brandon; Vergne, Matthew J.

    2017-01-01

    Laboratory experiments were developed to introduce students to the quantitation of drugs of abuse by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Undergraduate students were introduced to internal standard quantitation and the LC-MS/MS method optimization for cocaine. Cocaine extracted from paper currency was…

  8. 26 CFR 1.1001-5 - European Monetary Union (conversion to the euro).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false European Monetary Union (conversion to the euro... Gain Or Loss § 1.1001-5 European Monetary Union (conversion to the euro). (a) Conversion of currencies. For purposes of § 1.1001-1(a), the conversion to the euro of legacy currencies (as defined in § 1.985...

  9. 26 CFR 1.1001-5 - European Monetary Union (conversion to the euro).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false European Monetary Union (conversion to the euro... Gain Or Loss § 1.1001-5 European Monetary Union (conversion to the euro). (a) Conversion of currencies. For purposes of § 1.1001-1(a), the conversion to the euro of legacy currencies (as defined in § 1.985...

  10. 26 CFR 1.1001-5 - European Monetary Union (conversion to the euro).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false European Monetary Union (conversion to the euro... Gain Or Loss § 1.1001-5 European Monetary Union (conversion to the euro). (a) Conversion of currencies. For purposes of § 1.1001-1(a), the conversion to the euro of legacy currencies (as defined in § 1.985...

  11. 77 FR 15440 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Order Granting Approval of Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-03-15

    ... currencies are the euro, Japanese yen, British pound, Canadian dollar, Swedish krona, and Swiss franc. The component currencies do not have the same weight. The euro has a weighting of 57.6%, the Japanese yen a... inverse multiple of the daily performance of the Japanese yen spot price versus the U.S. dollar (``JPY/USD...

  12. National Security Implications of Virtual Currency: Examining the Potential for Non-state Actor Deployment

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-02-01

    Centralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 “Anonymity”: A Bitcoin Case Study...been a case of x National Security Implications of Virtual Currency such a non-state actor deployment; in this report, we aim to high- light...development of VCs may advance, including a gen- eral increased sophistication in cryptographic applications. More gen- erally, we make the case that the main

  13. 26 CFR 1.852-11 - Treatment of certain losses attributable to periods after October 31 of a taxable year.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... retroactively as capital gain dividends. (k) Effective date. (b) Scope—(1) In general. This section prescribes... loss. (2) Net foreign currency loss. (3) Foreign currency gain or loss. (e) Limitation on capital gain...) Limitation on capital gain dividends. (D) Effect on other years. (iv) Earnings and profits. (v) Receipt by...

  14. Similarity measure and topology evolution of foreign exchange markets using dynamic time warping method: Evidence from minimal spanning tree

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Gang-Jin; Xie, Chi; Han, Feng; Sun, Bo

    2012-08-01

    In this study, we employ a dynamic time warping method to study the topology of similarity networks among 35 major currencies in international foreign exchange (FX) markets, measured by the minimal spanning tree (MST) approach, which is expected to overcome the synchronous restriction of the Pearson correlation coefficient. In the empirical process, firstly, we subdivide the analysis period from June 2005 to May 2011 into three sub-periods: before, during, and after the US sub-prime crisis. Secondly, we choose NZD (New Zealand dollar) as the numeraire and then, analyze the topology evolution of FX markets in terms of the structure changes of MSTs during the above periods. We also present the hierarchical tree associated with the MST to study the currency clusters in each sub-period. Our results confirm that USD and EUR are the predominant world currencies. But USD gradually loses the most central position while EUR acts as a stable center in the MST passing through the crisis. Furthermore, an interesting finding is that, after the crisis, SGD (Singapore dollar) becomes a new center currency for the network.

  15. Evaluation of Foreign Investment in Power Plants using Real Options

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kato, Moritoshi; Zhou, Yicheng

    This paper proposes new methods for evaluating foreign investment in power plants under market uncertainty using a real options approach. We suppose a thermal power plant project in a deregulated electricity market. One of our proposed methods is that we calculate the cash flow generated by the project in a reference year using actual market data to incorporate periodic characteristics of energy prices into a yearly cash flow model. We make the stochastic yearly cash flow model with the initial value which is the cash flow in the reference year, and certain trend and volatility. Then we calculate the real options value (ROV) of the project which has abandonment options using the yearly cash flow model. Another our proposed method is that we evaluate foreign currency/domestic currency exchange rate risk by representing ROV in foreign currency as yearly pay off and exchanging it to ROV in domestic currency using a stochastic exchange rate model. We analyze the effect of the heat rate and operation and maintenance costs of the power plant on ROV, and evaluate exchange rate risk through numerical examples. Our proposed method will be useful for the risk management of foreign investment in power plants.

  16. Confidence as a Common Currency between Vision and Audition

    PubMed Central

    de Gardelle, Vincent; Le Corre, François; Mamassian, Pascal

    2016-01-01

    The idea of a common currency underlying our choice behaviour has played an important role in sciences of behaviour, from neurobiology to psychology and economics. However, while it has been mainly investigated in terms of values, with a common scale on which goods would be evaluated and compared, the question of a common scale for subjective probabilities and confidence in particular has received only little empirical investigation so far. The present study extends previous work addressing this question, by showing that confidence can be compared across visual and auditory decisions, with the same precision as for the comparison of two trials within the same task. We discuss the possibility that confidence could serve as a common currency when describing our choices to ourselves and to others. PMID:26808061

  17. Teaching Experimental Design Using a GC MS Analysis of Cocaine on Money: A Cross-Disciplinary Laboratory 1254 Christopher A. Heimbuck and Nathan W. Bower Quantitative Determination of Nicotine and Cotinine in Urine and Sputum Using a Combined SPME-GC/MS Method

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Witter, A. E.; Klinger, D. M.; Fan, X.; Lam, M.; Mathers, D. T.; Mabury, S. A.

    2002-10-01

    The forensic analysis of cocaine on currencies was optimized using a fractional, two-level experimental design that compared methanol and HCl extraction, SPE versus heptane pre-concentration, and extracted versus total ion chromatography. Subsequent student-initiated questions about levels of cocaine on U.S. and world currencies helped make connections to societal issues while teaching method optimization and chromatography. A significant correlation was found between the levels of cocaine and the age of the bills. Levels of cocaine on various world currencies followed expected drug-trafficking patterns with the highest levels found in the most developed countries.

  18. Achieving Medical Currency via Selected Staff Integration in Civilian and Veterans Administration Medical Facilities

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-10-01

    medical license as long as care is delivered in a military facility.26 Hurdles—Liability Medical malpractice also presents a formidable challenge. In...AIR UNIVERSITY AIR WAR COLLEGE Achieving Medical Currency via Selected Staff Integration in Civilian and Veterans Administration... Medical Facilities THOMAS W. HARRELL Colonel, USAF, MC, SFS Air War College Maxwell Paper No. 68 Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama

  19. A Poor Job Market and a Steady Currency Feed "Overseas-Study Fever" in China

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hvistendahl, Mara

    2009-01-01

    The Chinese news media have a name for the craze that has gripped students here in the past few years: "overseas-study fever." And despite the worsening global financial crisis and a slowing domestic economy, it shows little sign of letting up. Recruiters say a high household savings rate, a difficult job market, and a steady currency,…

  20. Zimbabwe

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-04-01

    Fund ( IMF ) lending has been suspended since 2000 due to nonpayment of arrears, and foreign currency for essential imports, particularly fuel, is in...remain bleak in the near term. Ignoring the advice of the IMF , the government refused to devalue the official exchange rate. Instead, in June 2006...Gono devalued the country’s currency , the Zimbabwe dollar, removing three zeros in an effort to mitigate inflation. Under “Operation Sunrise,” the

  1. China: Unfolding the Paper Dragon

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2011-03-23

    accompanied Chinese economic prosperity. In the following decade, China has devalued its currency , purchased debt around the world, and used coercive...partners.79 Nations protest China‟s currency devaluation practice, because it makes China‟s exports cheaper and foreign imports more expensive...as the IMF . Consequently, Nigeria ‟s late president Umaru Yar‟Adua canceled a number of the projects.90 The seeds of corruption have grown into

  2. 26 CFR 1.987-5 - Transition rules for certain qualified business units using a profit and loss method of...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... of United States persons that have a nondollar functional currency and that used a net worth method...) branches of United States persons, whose functional currency (as defined in section 985 of the Code and the regulations thereunder) is other than the United States dollar (dollar) and that used a profit and loss method...

  3. 75 FR 48400 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-10

    ...\\ Id. \\11\\ Id. Under Chapter IV, Section 3(i) of the BOX Rules, Exchange-Traded Fund Shares (``ETFs... traded on BOX: The ETFs must (i) be traded on a national securities exchange; (ii) be defined as an ``NMS... specified non-U.S. currency or currencies deposited with the trust or similar entity when aggregated in some...

  4. 26 CFR 1.6049-5 - Interest and original issue discount subject to reporting after December 31, 1982.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... $500,000 (as determined based on the spot rate on the date of issuance if in foreign currency); has a... less than $500,000 (as determined based on the spot rate on the date of issuance if in foreign currency... definition of the term actively traded for purposes of this paragraph (d)(2)(ii). (iii) Joint owners. Amounts...

  5. 17 CFR 240.15c3-1a - Options (Appendix A to 17 CFR 240.15c3-1).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... Regulations Under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Rules Relating to Over-The-Counter Markets § 240.15c3-1a... from an assumed movement (both up and down) in the current market value of the underlying instrument...) The term major market foreign currency shall mean the currency of a sovereign nation whose short-term...

  6. An Interlingual-based Approach to Reference Resolution

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2000-01-01

    unclassified c . THIS PAGE unclassified Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 They do not generally consider implicit references or...AMOUNT: C [currency] etc. where TIME, LOCATION, AGENT, THEME, human, organization, object, etc. are all ontological concepts. On some particular...AMOUNT: C [currency] etc. These instantiated representational objects are, in turn, referents in the discourse context when the next sentence is

  7. 31 CFR Appendix J to Subpart A of... - Office of the Comptroller of the Currency

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Office of the Comptroller of the Currency J Appendix J to Subpart A of Part 1 Money and Finance: Treasury Office of the Secretary of the Treasury DISCLOSURE OF RECORDS Freedom of Information Act Pt. 1, Subpt. A, App. J Appendix J to Subpart A...

  8. 31 CFR 1025.330 - Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business. 1025.330 Section 1025.330 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR INSURANCE COMPANIES...

  9. 31 CFR 1025.330 - Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business. 1025.330 Section 1025.330 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR INSURANCE COMPANIES...

  10. 31 CFR 1030.330 - Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business. 1030.330 Section 1030.330 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR HOUSING GOVERNMENT...

  11. Acquisition Research for Design and Service Enterprises

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-02-02

    better than refurbishment.  Replacement: Replacing a component means to swap in a new component. Consequently, the efficiency after replacement is...objectives are fueled by anticipation of future gains; and transaction encapsulates the reluctance to change currencies /investments because of the fixed...those for holding currency . It can be argued that the exception is when goods are held in reserve to meet uncertain demands, with the objective of

  12. 26 CFR 1.987-1 - Profit and loss method of accounting for a qualified business unit of a taxpayer having a...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... accounting for a qualified business unit of a taxpayer having a different functional currency from the... 26 Internal Revenue 10 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Profit and loss method of accounting for a qualified business unit of a taxpayer having a different functional currency from the taxpayer. [Reserved] 1...

  13. JPRS Report, China

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1989-11-22

    thereby relatively increasing China’s foreign debt burden. Generally speaking, a decline in foreign exchange rates helps increase exports; however, the...offset by currency inflation. This leads to further currency over- valuation, which hurts exports. Generally speaking, a fall in foreign exchange rates can...restrain exports; however, the fall in China’s foreign exchange rates in recent years has played no marked role in restricting imports. The

  14. Modern money theory and ecological tax reform: A functional finance approach to energy conservation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    McConnell, Scott L. B.

    This dissertation contributes to heterodox economics by developing a theoretical and policy-relevant link that will promote the conservation of energy while driving the value of the domestic currency. The analysis relies upon the theoretical foundation of modern money theory and functional finance, which states that "taxes-drive-money" where the value of a sovereign nation's currency is imputed through the acceptance by the sovereign nation of the currency in payment of taxation. This theoretical perspective lends itself to various public policy prescriptions, such as government employment policies or the employer of last resort (ELR), which has been discussed at length elsewhere (Wray 1998; Tcherneva 2007, Forstater 2003). This research contributes to this overall program by arguing that the basis for taxation under modern money theory allows public policy makers various alternatives regarding the make-up of the tax system in place. In particular, following functional finance, taxes do not have the sole purpose of paying for government spending, but rather drive the value of the currency and may be designed to perform other functions as well, such as penalizing socially undesirable behavior. The focus in this dissertation is on the amelioration of pollution and increasing energy conservation. The research question for this dissertation is this: what federally implemented tax would best serve the multiple criteria of 1) driving the value of the currency, 2) promoting energy conservation and 3) ameliorating income and wealth disparities inherent in a monetary production economy? This dissertation provides a suggestion for such a tax that would be part of a much larger overall policy program based upon the tenets of modern money theory and functional finance. Additionally, this research seeks to provide an important theoretical contribution to the emerging Post Keynesian and ecological economics dialog.

  15. Detecting a currency's dominance or dependence using foreign exchange network trees

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    McDonald, Mark; Suleman, Omer; Williams, Stacy; Howison, Sam; Johnson, Neil F.

    2005-10-01

    In a system containing a large number of interacting stochastic processes, there will typically be many nonzero correlation coefficients. This makes it difficult to either visualize the system’s interdependencies, or identify its dominant elements. Such a situation arises in foreign exchange (FX), which is the world’s biggest market. Here we develop a network analysis of these correlations using minimum spanning trees (MSTs). We show that not only do the MSTs provide a meaningful representation of the global FX dynamics, but they also enable one to determine momentarily dominant and dependent currencies. We find that information about a country’s geographical ties emerges from the raw exchange-rate data. Most importantly from a trading perspective, we discuss how to infer which currencies are “in play” during a particular period of time.

  16. China’s Currency: A Summary of the Economic Issues

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-11-20

    policy is not meant to favor exports over imports, but instead to foster economic stability through currency stability, as many other countries do...farmers (due to lower-priced imports). Chinese officials view economic stability as critical to sustaining political stability; they fear an...consumption and the development of rural areas, but they claim they want to proceed at a gradual pace to ensure economic stability . These concerns have

  17. Imported Oil and U.S. National Security

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-01-01

    reducing some subsidies and devaluing the currency so as to restore fiscal balance. Chavez has provided campaign financing for presidential candidates in...arbitrage, the markets’ influence on Figure 2.6 Price Per Barrel of West Texas Intermediate in Current and Year 2000 Dollars SOURCES: IMF (undated...security whose price is dependent on or derived from one or more underlying assets, such as stocks, bonds, commodities, or currencies . Its value is

  18. Hungary: A Country Study

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1990-01-01

    investment, Hungary borrowed from abroad, but, because its exports were unable to cover the costs of its hard- currency bor- rowings, the country ran...up a large foreign currency deficit. Con- servatives in the leadership used these problems to win support for the reversal of economic reforms that had...terest rates caused problems for Hungary’s balance of payments. Hungary joined the International Monetary Fund ( IMF -see Glossary) and the World Bank (see

  19. Central Asia’s Security: Issues and Implications for U.S. Interests

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-03-11

    assistance through regional and international organizations, including the World Bank, International Monetary Fund ( IMF ), Economic Community...attacks seemingly aimed against the government. One took place at the Oberon market in Bishkek in December 2002, one at a currency exchange outlet...of foreign currency entering the states as the result of foreign oil and natural gas investments, the low pay of most government bureaucrats, and

  20. Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-06-27

    order to assist exports18 and tourism, the Central Bank has tried to manage the gradual devaluation of the currency (Egyptian Pound), which has slid...8% against the dollar in 2013. Although the government claims that the currency will not collapse, there is concern that rising prices may spark...government considering additional tax increases and subsidy reductions as part of a proposed International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) deal, the cost of living may

  1. 12 CFR 46.7 - Reports to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the Federal Reserve Board.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ..., DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ANNUAL STRESS TEST § 46.7 Reports to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency... or before March 31, the results of the stress test in the manner and form specified by the OCC. (b... the stress test in the manner and form specified by the OCC. (c) Confidentiality of Reports. As...

  2. 12 CFR 46.7 - Reports to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the Federal Reserve Board.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ..., DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ANNUAL STRESS TEST § 46.7 Reports to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency... or before March 31, the results of the stress test in the manner and form specified by the OCC. (b... the stress test in the manner and form specified by the OCC. (c) Confidentiality of Reports. As...

  3. 31 CFR 1028.330 - Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business. 1028.330 Section 1028.330 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR OPERATORS OF CREDIT...

  4. 31 CFR 1028.330 - Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business. 1028.330 Section 1028.330 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR OPERATORS OF CREDIT...

  5. 31 CFR 1027.330 - Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business. 1027.330 Section 1027.330 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR DEALERS IN PRECIOUS...

  6. 31 CFR 1027.330 - Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business. 1027.330 Section 1027.330 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR DEALERS IN PRECIOUS...

  7. 31 CFR 1029.330 - Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Reports relating to currency in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business. 1029.330 Section 1029.330 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR LOAN OR FINANCE...

  8. Sub-Saharan Africa Report

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1986-09-12

    between 3 and 12 million escudos ), the cooperants in Andrada kidnapped by UNITA on 1 March do no really know what to do with their lives now. Nearly...NRC] do resolve itself into a committee of supply for the consideration and approval of the budgetary proposals for the fiscal year 1986-87...undertaken during the current fiscal year is the currency reform which I announced earlier this year. New currency [notes] are already being

  9. JPRS Report, East Europe.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1990-01-09

    need their achievements here above all. -Rehabilitation of state finances and the currency and development of their mechanisms; protection of the The...LDPD is calling for the introduction of immediate currency . measures as well as the elaboration of a program for the rehabilitation of the public...January 1990 POLITICAL 5 -Elaboration of a new commercial and trade law as well HUNGARY as reforms of price, tax , credit, and tariff policy in commerce

  10. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Scott, D. S.; Inst. for Integrated Energy Systems, U. of Victoria; Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy

    Sometimes, for some things, we can project the deep future better than tomorrow. This is particularly relevant to our energy system where, if we focus on energy currencies, looking further out allows us to leap the tangles of today's conventional wisdom, vested mantras and ill-found hopes. We will first recall the rationale that sets out why - by the time the 22. century rolls around - hydrogen and electricity will have become civilizations staple energy currencies. Building on this dual-currency inevitability we'll then evoke the wisdom that, while we never know everything about the future we always know something. Formore » future energy systems that 'something' is the role and nature of the energy currencies. From this understanding, our appreciation of the deep future can take shape - at least for infrastructures, energy sources and some imbedded technologies - but not service-delivery widgets. The long view provides more than mere entertainment. It should form the basis of strategies for today that, in turn, will avoid setbacks and blind alleys on our journey to tomorrow. Some people accept that hydrogen and electricity will be our future, but only 'until something better comes along.' The talk will conclude with logic that explains the response: 'No{exclamation_point} Nothing better will ever come along.'. (authors)« less

  11. Transition in the waiting-time distribution of price-change events in a global socioeconomic system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhao, Guannan; McDonald, Mark; Fenn, Dan; Williams, Stacy; Johnson, Nicholas; Johnson, Neil F.

    2013-12-01

    The goal of developing a firmer theoretical understanding of inhomogeneous temporal processes-in particular, the waiting times in some collective dynamical system-is attracting significant interest among physicists. Quantifying the deviations between the waiting-time distribution and the distribution generated by a random process may help unravel the feedback mechanisms that drive the underlying dynamics. We analyze the waiting-time distributions of high-frequency foreign exchange data for the best executable bid-ask prices across all major currencies. We find that the lognormal distribution yields a good overall fit for the waiting-time distribution between currency rate changes if both short and long waiting times are included. If we restrict our study to long waiting times, each currency pair’s distribution is consistent with a power-law tail with exponent near to 3.5. However, for short waiting times, the overall distribution resembles one generated by an archetypal complex systems model in which boundedly rational agents compete for limited resources. Our findings suggest that a gradual transition arises in trading behavior between a fast regime in which traders act in a boundedly rational way and a slower one in which traders’ decisions are driven by generic feedback mechanisms across multiple timescales and hence produce similar power-law tails irrespective of currency type.

  12. The study of RMB exchange rate complex networks based on fluctuation mode

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yao, Can-Zhong; Lin, Ji-Nan; Zheng, Xu-Zhou; Liu, Xiao-Feng

    2015-10-01

    In the paper, we research on the characteristics of RMB exchange rate time series fluctuation with methods of symbolization and coarse gaining. First, based on fluctuation features of RMB exchange rate, we define the first type of fluctuation mode as one specific foreign currency against RMB in four days' fluctuating situations, and the second type as four different foreign currencies against RMB in one day's fluctuating situation. With the transforming method, we construct the unique-currency and multi-currency complex networks. Further, through analyzing the topological features including out-degree, betweenness centrality and clustering coefficient of fluctuation-mode complex networks, we find that the out-degree distribution of both types of fluctuation mode basically follows power-law distributions with exponents between 1 and 2. The further analysis reveals that the out-degree and the clustering coefficient generally obey the approximated negative correlation. With this result, we confirm previous observations showing that the RMB exchange rate exhibits a characteristic of long-range memory. Finally, we analyze the most probable transmission route of fluctuation modes, and provide probability prediction matrix. The transmission route for RMB exchange rate fluctuation modes exhibits the characteristics of partially closed loop, repeat and reversibility, which lays a solid foundation for predicting RMB exchange rate fluctuation patterns with large volume of data.

  13. Essential Services in Support of the Counterinsurgency during Operation Iraq Freedom

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2006-10-23

    local populace working on rebuilding their own country can be found to be particularly disturbing. However, Dr. Ahmed Hashim has clearly depicted...critical to success. Dr. Ahmed Hashim infers that the lack of awareness of the cultural significance of our behavior toward the local Iraqi population...currency, the New Iraqi Dinar , which should also help strengthen confidence in the use of this currency by the local population.24 CERP permits the shift

  14. Naval War College Review. Volume 68, Number 2, Spring 2015

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-01-01

    economy the government established a currency board that pegged the Bulgarian unit of currency, the lev, to the German mark� The banking sector was...Consider an attack during an armed conflict on the enemy’s banking , taxation, government pension, or airline reservations systems� Critics of a restrictive...targets cannot be struck kinetically in a fashion that would generate the same effects as cyber attacks� Consider the banking system� While kinetic

  15. Living in Interesting Times: The Economics of a Chinese Currency Attack

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-01-01

    predictor. See Frederic S. Mishkin , The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets , 5th ed. (Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1998), 171. Strategic...currency should come from a country (or countries) that have deep and liquid financial markets to provide a safe return on reserves. Finally, a fiat...perspective and the potential competitors. The most likely competitor, the euro, has large and deep financial markets and trades with much of the world

  16. East Asia’s Foreign Exchange Rate Policies

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-07-16

    At the other extreme, Japan, the Philippines, and South Korea have usually allowed their currencies to float freely in foreign exchange ( forex ...China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam allow their currency to adjust in value in forex markets so long as the...There were also reports that Korea sold more dollars for won in early April 2008.7 At the time, some forex analysts claimed that the new South Korean

  17. Central Asia’s Security: Issues and Implications for U.S. Interests

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-02-25

    Asian countries also seek assistance through regional and international organizations, including the World Bank, International Monetary Fund ( IMF ...market in Bishkek in December 2002, one at a currency exchange outlet in Osh in southern Kyrgyzstan in May 2003, and one in Bishkek that targeted...serious threat to democratization and economic growth in all the states. The increasing amount of foreign currency entering the states as the result of

  18. U.S. International Trade: Trends and Forecasts

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2006-07-21

    dollars are used extensively as an official reserve currency by national banks. Still, the IMF has been warning that the size of the U.S. current...as China, however, have intervened in foreign exchange markets to keep the value of their currencies stable. The broadest measure of U.S...Saudi Arabia, Canada, Mexico, and Nigeria . This report replaces CRS Issue Brief IB96038, U.S. International Trade: Data and Forecasts, by Dick K. Nanto

  19. Wooing the Dark Continent: U.S. and China Engagement Strategy in Africa, is it Complimentary or Competition

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-05-01

    huge advantage over any trading partner. This is done by currency manipulation ( devalued remnibi), piracy, lax health and safety standards, lax...Africa relations. Issues like devalued Chinese currency , imports, and exports place both the U.S. and Africa in the same corner with regards to China...International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and World Bank. Bretton Woods Western Economic Policies: China is not associated with the structural adjustment

  20. Foreign Currency Requirements Automated Data System,

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1984-12-07

    undated (Contract Number MDA903-84-C-0117, Item Nos. 0002AD and 0002AJ). dd. "Tape Submissions Requirements for Fiscal Year 󈨚 Budget Exhibits," OSD...fuel each fiscal year within each appropriation. OP-30 0030 Categories of Units/Costs (Financed and Maintenance Unfinanced) OP-32 0032 Line Codes...Program Cost/Foreign Currency- Adjustments/Price Growth/Program Growth/Program Cost next Fiscal year PB-18 0018 Country Code Program Cost/Exhange Rate PB

  1. Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Fluctuation Funds.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1981-08-21

    Services should account for gains and losses due to currency C-) exchange rate fluctuations in fiscal year 1981 military construc- tion and family...housing programs. Some officials contend that, ._J since no contingency funds were made available in fiscal year LJ* 1981, it is not necessary to account...possible trans- F fer to the contingency’ funds. Gains would have been recorded in C= fiscal year 1981 due to the favorable U.S. dollar fluctuations

  2. China’s Currency: Economic Issues and Options for U.S. Trade Policy

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-07-15

    a policy that is practiced by a variety of developing countries . Chinese officials have expressed concern that abandoning the current currency...has been proven to be unreliable in reality: prices are consistently lower in developing countries than industrialized countries . Some economists have...not caused by the exchange rate policy of one country , but rather the shortfall between U.S. saving and investment. That being said, there are a

  3. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Napper, P.R.; Carpenter, W.R.; Garner, R.W.

    By DOE-ID Order 5481.1A, a five year currency review is required of the Safety Analysis Reports of all ID or ID contractor operations having hazards of a type and magnitude not routinely encountered and/or accepted by the public. In keeping with this order, a currency review has been performed of the Advanced Test Reactor Critical Facility (ADTRC) Safety Analysis Report (SAR), Issue 003, 1990. The objectives of this currency review were to: evaluate the content, completeness, clarity of presentation and compliance with NRC Regulatory Guides and DOE Orders, etc., and evaluate the technical content of the SAR, particularly the Technicalmore » Specifications, and to evaluate the safety of continued operation of the ATRC. The reviewers concluded that although improvements may be needed in the overall content, clarity, and demonstration of compliance with current orders and regulations, the safety of the ATRC is in no way compromised and no unreviewed safety questions were identified. 6 figs., 3 tabs.« less

  4. Category-dependent and category-independent goal-value codes in human ventromedial prefrontal cortex

    PubMed Central

    McNamee, Daniel; Rangel, Antonio; O’Doherty, John P

    2013-01-01

    To choose between manifestly distinct options, it is suggested that the brain assigns values to goals using a common currency. Although previous studies have reported activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) correlating with the value of different goal stimuli, it remains unclear whether such goal-value representations are independent of the associated stimulus categorization, as required by a common currency. Using multivoxel pattern analyses on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, we found a region of medial prefrontal cortex to contain a distributed goal-value code that is independent of stimulus category. More ventrally in the vmPFC, we found spatially distinct areas of the medial orbitofrontal cortex to contain unique category-dependent distributed value codes for food and consumer items. These results implicate the medial prefrontal cortex in the implementation of a common currency and suggest a ventral versus dorsal topographical organization of value signals in the vmPFC. PMID:23416449

  5. A Langevin equation for the rates of currency exchange based on the Markov analysis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Farahpour, F.; Eskandari, Z.; Bahraminasab, A.; Jafari, G. R.; Ghasemi, F.; Sahimi, Muhammad; Reza Rahimi Tabar, M.

    2007-11-01

    We propose a method for analyzing the data for the rates of exchange of various currencies versus the U.S. dollar. The method analyzes the return time series of the data as a Markov process, and develops an effective equation which reconstructs it. We find that the Markov time scale, i.e., the time scale over which the data are Markov-correlated, is one day for the majority of the daily exchange rates that we analyze. We derive an effective Langevin equation to describe the fluctuations in the rates. The equation contains two quantities, D and D, representing the drift and diffusion coefficients, respectively. We demonstrate how the two coefficients are estimated directly from the data, without using any assumptions or models for the underlying stochastic time series that represent the daily rates of exchange of various currencies versus the U.S. dollar.

  6. Are EUR and GBP different words for the same currency?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ivanova, K.; Ausloos, M.

    2002-05-01

    The British Pound (GBP) is not part of the Euro (EUR) monetary system. In order to find out arguments on whether GBP should join the EUR or not correlations are calculated between GBP exchange rates with respect to various currencies: USD, JPY, CHF, DKK, the currencies forming EUR and a reconstructed EUR for the time interval from 1993 till June 30, 2000. The distribution of fluctuations of the exchange rates is Gaussian for the central part of the distribution, but has fat tails for the large size fluctuations. Within the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) statistical method the power law behavior describing the root-mean-square deviation from a linear trend of the exchange rate fluctuations is obtained as a function of time for the time interval of interest. The time-dependent exponent evolution of the exchange rate fluctuations is given. Statistical considerations imply that the GBP is already behaving as a true EUR.

  7. Modeling and predicting historical volatility in exchange rate markets

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lahmiri, Salim

    2017-04-01

    Volatility modeling and forecasting of currency exchange rate is an important task in several business risk management tasks; including treasury risk management, derivatives pricing, and portfolio risk evaluation. The purpose of this study is to present a simple and effective approach for predicting historical volatility of currency exchange rate. The approach is based on a limited set of technical indicators as inputs to the artificial neural networks (ANN). To show the effectiveness of the proposed approach, it was applied to forecast US/Canada and US/Euro exchange rates volatilities. The forecasting results show that our simple approach outperformed the conventional GARCH and EGARCH with different distribution assumptions, and also the hybrid GARCH and EGARCH with ANN in terms of mean absolute error, mean of squared errors, and Theil's inequality coefficient. Because of the simplicity and effectiveness of the approach, it is promising for US currency volatility prediction tasks.

  8. A PDE Pricing Framework for Cross-Currency Interest Rate Derivatives with Target Redemption Features

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Christara, Christina C.; Minh Dang, Duy; Jackson, Kenneth R.; Lakhany, Asif

    2010-09-01

    We propose a general framework for efficient pricing via a partial differential equation (PDE) approach for exotic cross-currency interest rate (IR) derivatives, with strong emphasis on long-dated foreign exchange (FX) IR hybrids, namely Power Reverse Dual Currency (PRDC) swaps with a FX Target Redemption (FX-TARN) provision. The FX-TARN provision provides a cap on the FX-linked PRDC coupon amounts, and once the accumulated coupon amount reaches this cap, the underlying PRDC swap terminates. Our PDE pricing framework is based on an auxiliary state variable to keep track of the total accumulated PRDC coupon amount. Finite differences on uniform grids and the Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) method are used for the spatial and time discretizations, respectively, of the model-dependent PDE corresponding to each discretized value of the auxiliary variable. Numerical examples illustrating the convergence properties of the numerical methods are provided.

  9. Are pound and euro the same currency?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Matsushita, Raul; Gleria, Iram; Figueiredo, Annibal; da Silva, Sergio

    2007-08-01

    Based on long-range dependence, some analysts claim that the exchange rate time series of the pound sterling and of an artificially extended euro have been locked together for years despite daily changes [M. Ausloos, K. Ivanova, Physica A 286 (2000) 353; K. Ivanova, M. Ausloos, False EUR exchange rates vs DKK, CHF, JPY and USD. What is a strong currency? in: H. Takayasu (Ed.), Empirical Sciences in Financial Fluctuations: The Advent of Econophysics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2002, pp. 62 76]. They conclude that pound and euro are in practice the same currency. We assess the long-range dependence over time through Hurst exponents of pound dollar and extended euro dollar exchange rates employing three alternative techniques, namely rescaled range analysis, detrended fluctuation analysis, and detrended moving average. We find the result above (which is based on detrended fluctuation analysis) not to be robust to the changing techniques and parameterizing.

  10. Incorporating Software Requirements into the System RFP: Survey of RFP Language for Software by Topic, v. 2.0

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-05-01

    CDRL) System - Terminal S TMOS - SEIT CL TMOS - IA/ Crypto CL Space - Payload S Space - SEIT C Space - IA/ Crypto C Role Legend: CL...strategy for maintaining the currency of the technology (through Commercial off-the-shelf software (COTS) and other reusable Non-Developmental Items (NDI...the strategy for maintaining the currency of technology (e.g., through Commercial off-the-shelf software (COTS) insertion, technology refresh

  11. Imported Oil and U.S. National Security

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-01-01

    government is in the process of reducing some subsidies and devaluing the currency so as to restore fiscal balance. Chavez has provided campaign financing for...SOURCES: IMF (undated); EIA (2009b); BEA (2008). RAND MG838-2.6 Pr ic e (d o lla rs ) Year 80 60 198019761972 19881984 2000 40 20 120 0 100... currencies . Its value is determined by fluctuations in the underlying asset. Futures contracts, forward contracts, options, and swaps are the most

  12. Sparseness and Roughness of Foreign Exchange Rates

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vandewalle, N.; Ausloos, M.

    An accurate multiaffine analysis of 23 foreign currency exchange rates has been performed. The roughness exponent H1 which characterizes the excursion of the exchange rate has been numerically measured. The degree of intermittency C1 has been also estimated. In the (H1,C1) phase diagram, the currency exchange rates are dispersed in a wide region around the Brownian motion value (H1=0.5,C1=0) and have a significantly intermittent component (C1≠0).

  13. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Coleman, T.S.

    In the oil and gas sector, corporations and governments face huge capital spending requirements in order to transform large resource discoveries into producing, cash-generating assets. A significant portion of this funding is expected to be done on a project finance basis, where bank lenders or bond investors take a secured position in financing a discrete project, with the expectation of being paid back by the cash flows from that project after completion. This trend is increasing demand for crediting rating services to provide credit ratings for these project financings. A key challenge is to analyze and rate credit-worthy projects inmore » countries that have relatively low foreign currency sovereign ceilings due to economic, political, and financial risks. In most cases, the credit ratings for projects financed in currencies outside the host country are capped at the country`s foreign currency ceiling. However, in a few instances, mainly in the oil and gas sector, Moody`s has pierced the foreign currency ceiling or rated certain projects above the sovereign ratings of the countries where they are domiciled. The purpose of this article is to briefly explain some of the qualitative factors and considerations that have allowed Moody`s to pierce the ceiling in the oil and gas sector, with a focus on two recent and noteworthy projects: Ras Laffan Liquefied Natural Gas in Qatar and Petrozuata in Venezuela.« less

  14. Targeted journal curation as a method to improve data currency at the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database

    PubMed Central

    Davis, Allan Peter; Johnson, Robin J.; Lennon-Hopkins, Kelley; Sciaky, Daniela; Rosenstein, Michael C.; Wiegers, Thomas C.; Mattingly, Carolyn J.

    2012-01-01

    The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) is a public resource that promotes understanding about the effects of environmental chemicals on human health. CTD biocurators read the scientific literature and manually curate a triad of chemical–gene, chemical–disease and gene–disease interactions. Typically, articles for CTD are selected using a chemical-centric approach by querying PubMed to retrieve a corpus containing the chemical of interest. Although this technique ensures adequate coverage of knowledge about the chemical (i.e. data completeness), it does not necessarily reflect the most current state of all toxicological research in the community at large (i.e. data currency). Keeping databases current with the most recent scientific results, as well as providing a rich historical background from legacy articles, is a challenging process. To address this issue of data currency, CTD designed and tested a journal-centric approach of curation to complement our chemical-centric method. We first identified priority journals based on defined criteria. Next, over 7 weeks, three biocurators reviewed 2425 articles from three consecutive years (2009–2011) of three targeted journals. From this corpus, 1252 articles contained relevant data for CTD and 52 752 interactions were manually curated. Here, we describe our journal selection process, two methods of document delivery for the biocurators and the analysis of the resulting curation metrics, including data currency, and both intra-journal and inter-journal comparisons of research topics. Based on our results, we expect that curation by select journals can (i) be easily incorporated into the curation pipeline to complement our chemical-centric approach; (ii) build content more evenly for chemicals, genes and diseases in CTD (rather than biasing data by chemicals-of-interest); (iii) reflect developing areas in environmental health and (iv) improve overall data currency for chemicals, genes and diseases. Database URL: http://ctdbase.org/ PMID:23221299

  15. Afghan Right: Linking a Stable Economic and Industrial Base to a Self Sustaining ANA Logistics Adjusted to Afghan Culture

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2011-05-19

    Supply,” v; Sokolosky, 8; Peter Senge. The Fifth Discipline. Revised Edition (New York: Currency Books, 2005), 91. 73 Entezar, 73. 74 Reed, Slide 20...Afghanistan Investment Support Agency ( AISA ), an organization set up to support investors interested in Afghanistan. 197 LTG David M. Rodriguez, “Afghan...Revised Edition . New York: Currency Books, 2005. Selby, William. “U.S. Advisor Praises Progress of Afghan Army’s 205th Corps.” American Forces Press

  16. Fortresses and Icebergs: The Evolution of the Transatlantic Defense Market and the Implications for U.S. National Security Policy. Volume 2: Country Studies

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-01-01

    CHILE ECUADOR PARAGUAY URUGUAY FALKLAND ISLANDS SOUTH GEORGIA ISLAND KENYA ETHIOPIA ERITREA SUDAN EGYPT NIGER MAURITANIA MALI NIGERIA SOMALIA NAMIBIA...painful economic reforms also began to bear fruit. The currency stabilized and budget deficits were brought under control as the country moved toward...the criteria of the Maastricht Treaty to adopt the single European currency in place of the zloty, but entry into the Euro- zone is scheduled for 2012

  17. Sub-Saharan Africa Report

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1987-01-08

    ZtJLJ T tTly th°Se °f fruit and ve8etables) and above all the devaluation of the currency . The depreciation of the metical is currentlv a...feeler» <m the possibility of setting up operation» in the rest of Africa, particularly in Zi- mbabwe, Nigeria and Mo- zambique. The executive vice...rationalisation of models; produced. The main aim of the plan is to rationalise the use of foreign currency in importing vehicle kits and spares, which are

  18. Scaling analysis on Indian foreign exchange market

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sarkar, A.; Barat, P.

    2006-05-01

    In this paper, we investigate the scaling behavior of the average daily exchange rate returns of the Indian Rupee against four foreign currencies: namely, US Dollar, Euro, Great Britain Pound and Japanese Yen. The average daily exchange rate return of the Indian Rupee against US Dollar is found to exhibit a persistent scaling behavior and follow Levy stable distribution. On the contrary, the average daily exchange rate returns of the other three foreign currencies do not show persistency or antipersistency and follow Gaussian distribution.

  19. Proceedings of the Annual Rand-China Reform Forum Conference (6th) held in Santa Monica, California on 28-29 August 2003

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2005-01-01

    U.S. STRATEGIC RELATIONS” BY WANG JISI Since the international crisis over Iraq intensified toward the end of 2002, a great part of the political...inflate. Instead the surplus money is feeding into such things as bank loans for fixed asset investment, which could lead to an explosion of non ...keep the international dialogue focused on the currency issue, because currency dialogues do not endanger the trade liberalization process. For this

  20. Financial and Political Crisis in Argentina: Walking a Wobbly Tightrope

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2002-03-01

    Background At the core of the current economic crisis is Argentina’s currency, the peso , which until recently was pegged to the U.S. dollar. In...1991, then-president Carlos Menem artificially tied the peso to the dollar at one to one parity through a currency board in order to generate financial...limited monetary growth by only allowing as many pesos to circulate in Argentina’s economy as dollars held in the Argentine Central Bank’s reserves

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