Sample records for cusp catastrophe model
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The Cusp Catastrophe Model as Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Mixture Structural Equation Models
Chow, Sy-Miin; Witkiewitz, Katie; Grasman, Raoul P. P. P.; Maisto, Stephen A.
2015-01-01
Catastrophe theory (Thom, 1972, 1993) is the study of the many ways in which continuous changes in a system’s parameters can result in discontinuous changes in one or several outcome variables of interest. Catastrophe theory–inspired models have been used to represent a variety of change phenomena in the realm of social and behavioral sciences. Despite their promise, widespread applications of catastrophe models have been impeded, in part, by difficulties in performing model fitting and model comparison procedures. We propose a new modeling framework for testing one kind of catastrophe model — the cusp catastrophe model — as a mixture structural equation model (MSEM) when cross-sectional data are available; or alternatively, as an MSEM with regime-switching (MSEM-RS) when longitudinal panel data are available. The proposed models and the advantages offered by this alternative modeling framework are illustrated using two empirical examples and a simulation study. PMID:25822209
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Aeroacoustic catastrophes: upstream cusp beaming in Lilley's equation.
Stone, J T; Self, R H; Howls, C J
2017-05-01
The downstream propagation of high-frequency acoustic waves from a point source in a subsonic jet obeying Lilley's equation is well known to be organized around the so-called 'cone of silence', a fold catastrophe across which the amplitude may be modelled uniformly using Airy functions. Here we show that acoustic waves not only unexpectedly propagate upstream, but also are organized at constant distance from the point source around a cusp catastrophe with amplitude modelled locally by the Pearcey function. Furthermore, the cone of silence is revealed to be a cross-section of a swallowtail catastrophe. One consequence of these discoveries is that the peak acoustic field upstream is not only structurally stable but also at a similar level to the known downstream field. The fine structure of the upstream cusp is blurred out by distributions of symmetric acoustic sources, but peak upstream acoustic beaming persists when asymmetries are introduced, from either arrays of discrete point sources or perturbed continuum ring source distributions. These results may pose interesting questions for future novel jet-aircraft engine designs where asymmetric source distributions arise.
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Sideridis, Georgios D.; Antoniou, Faye; Stamovlasis, Dimitrios; Morgan, Paul L.
2013-01-01
We evaluated the relationship between victimization and academic achievement from a nonlinear perspective using a cusp catastrophe model. Participants were 62 students with identified learning disabilities (LD) using statewide criteria in Greece. Students participated in a 2-year cohort-sequential design. Reading assessments involved measures of…
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Sideridis, Georgios D.; Simos, Panagiotis; Mouzaki, Angeliki; Stamovlasis, Dimitrios
2016-01-01
The study explored the moderating role of rapid automatized naming (RAN) in reading achievement through a cusp-catastrophe model grounded on nonlinear dynamic systems theory. Data were obtained from a community sample of 496 second through fourth graders who were followed longitudinally over 2 years and split into 2 random subsamples (validation…
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Optimal design of earth-moving machine elements with cusp catastrophe theory application
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pitukhin, A. V.; Skobtsov, I. G.
2017-10-01
This paper deals with the optimal design problem solution for the operator of an earth-moving machine with a roll-over protective structure (ROPS) in terms of the catastrophe theory. A brief description of the catastrophe theory is presented, the cusp catastrophe is considered, control parameters are viewed as Gaussian stochastic quantities in the first part of the paper. The statement of optimal design problem is given in the second part of the paper. It includes the choice of the objective function and independent design variables, establishment of system limits. The objective function is determined as mean total cost that includes initial cost and cost of failure according to the cusp catastrophe probability. Algorithm of random search method with an interval reduction subject to side and functional constraints is given in the last part of the paper. The way of optimal design problem solution can be applied to choose rational ROPS parameters, which will increase safety and reduce production and exploitation expenses.
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Xu, Yunan; Chen, Xinguang
2016-01-01
Tobacco use is one of the greatest public health problems worldwide and the hazards of cigarette smoking to public health call for better recognition of cigarette smoking behaviors to guide evidence-based policy. Protection motivation theory (PMT) provides a conceptual framework to investigate tobacco use. Evidence from diverse sources implies that the dynamics of smoking behavior may be quantum in nature, consisting of an intuition and an analytical process, challenging the traditional linear continuous analytical approach. In this study, we used cusp catastrophe, a nonlinear analytical approach to test the dual-process hypothesis of cigarette smoking. Data were collected from a random sample of vocational high school students in China ( n = 528). The multivariate stochastic cusp modeling was used and executed with the Cusp Package in R. The PMT-based Threat Appraisal and Coping Appraisal were used as the two control variables and the frequency of cigarette smoking (daily, weekly, occasional, and never) in the past month was used as the outcome variable. Consistent with PMT, the Threat Appraisal (asymmetry, α 1 = 0.1987, p < 0.001) and Coping Appraisal (bifurcation, β 2 = 0.1760, p < 0.05) significantly predicted the smoking behavior after controlling for covariates. Furthermore, the cusp model performed better than the alternative linear and logistic regression models with regard to higher R 2 (0.82 for cusp, but 0.21 for linear and 0.25 for logistic) and smaller AIC and BIC. Study findings support the conclusion that cigarette smoking in adolescents is a quantum process and PMT is relevant to guide studies to understand smoking behavior for smoking prevention and cessation.
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Modeling workplace bullying using catastrophe theory.
Escartin, J; Ceja, L; Navarro, J; Zapf, D
2013-10-01
Workplace bullying is defined as negative behaviors directed at organizational members or their work context that occur regularly and repeatedly over a period of time. Employees' perceptions of psychosocial safety climate, workplace bullying victimization, and workplace bullying perpetration were assessed within a sample of nearly 5,000 workers. Linear and nonlinear approaches were applied in order to model both continuous and sudden changes in workplace bullying. More specifically, the present study examines whether a nonlinear dynamical systems model (i.e., a cusp catastrophe model) is superior to the linear combination of variables for predicting the effect of psychosocial safety climate and workplace bullying victimization on workplace bullying perpetration. According to the AICc, and BIC indices, the linear regression model fits the data better than the cusp catastrophe model. The study concludes that some phenomena, especially unhealthy behaviors at work (like workplace bullying), may be better studied using linear approaches as opposed to nonlinear dynamical systems models. This can be explained through the healthy variability hypothesis, which argues that positive organizational behavior is likely to present nonlinear behavior, while a decrease in such variability may indicate the occurrence of negative behaviors at work.
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ARE THE ULTRA-FAINT DWARF GALAXIES JUST CUSPS?
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Zolotov, Adi; Hogg, David W.; Willman, Beth, E-mail: az481@nyu.edu
2011-01-20
We develop a technique to investigate the possibility that some of the recently discovered ultra-faint dwarf satellites of the Milky Way might be cusp caustics rather than gravitationally self-bound systems. Such cusps can form when a stream of stars folds, creating a region where the projected two-dimensional surface density is enhanced. In this work, we construct a Poisson maximum likelihood test to compare the cusp and exponential models of any substructure on an equal footing. We apply the test to the Hercules dwarf (d {approx} 113 kpc, M{sub V} {approx} -6.2, e {approx} 0.67). The flattened exponential model is stronglymore » favored over the cusp model in the case of Hercules, ruling out at high confidence that Hercules is a cusp catastrophe. This test can be applied to any of the Milky Way dwarfs, and more generally to the entire stellar halo population, to search for the cusp catastrophes that might be expected in an accreted stellar halo.« less
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Stamovlasis, Dimitrios; Tsaparlis, Georgios
2012-01-01
In this study, we test an information-processing model (IPM) of problem solving in science education, namely the working memory overload model, by applying catastrophe theory. Changes in students' achievement were modeled as discontinuities within a cusp catastrophe model, where working memory capacity was implemented as asymmetry and the degree…
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Hao, Guozhu
2016-01-01
A water traffic system is a huge, nonlinear, complex system, and its stability is affected by various factors. Water traffic accidents can be considered to be a kind of mutation of a water traffic system caused by the coupling of multiple navigational environment factors. In this study, the catastrophe theory, principal component analysis (PCA), and multivariate statistics are integrated to establish a situation recognition model for a navigational environment with the aim of performing a quantitative analysis of the situation of this environment via the extraction and classification of its key influencing factors; in this model, the natural environment and traffic environment are considered to be two control variables. The Three Gorges Reservoir area of the Yangtze River is considered as an example, and six critical factors, i.e., the visibility, wind, current velocity, route intersection, channel dimension, and traffic flow, are classified into two principal components: the natural environment and traffic environment. These two components are assumed to have the greatest influence on the navigation risk. Then, the cusp catastrophe model is employed to identify the safety situation of the regional navigational environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The simulation results indicate that the situation of the navigational environment of this area is gradually worsening from downstream to upstream. PMID:27391057
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Jiang, Dan; Hao, Guozhu; Huang, Liwen; Zhang, Dan
2016-01-01
A water traffic system is a huge, nonlinear, complex system, and its stability is affected by various factors. Water traffic accidents can be considered to be a kind of mutation of a water traffic system caused by the coupling of multiple navigational environment factors. In this study, the catastrophe theory, principal component analysis (PCA), and multivariate statistics are integrated to establish a situation recognition model for a navigational environment with the aim of performing a quantitative analysis of the situation of this environment via the extraction and classification of its key influencing factors; in this model, the natural environment and traffic environment are considered to be two control variables. The Three Gorges Reservoir area of the Yangtze River is considered as an example, and six critical factors, i.e., the visibility, wind, current velocity, route intersection, channel dimension, and traffic flow, are classified into two principal components: the natural environment and traffic environment. These two components are assumed to have the greatest influence on the navigation risk. Then, the cusp catastrophe model is employed to identify the safety situation of the regional navigational environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The simulation results indicate that the situation of the navigational environment of this area is gradually worsening from downstream to upstream.
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A test of engagement versus disengagement in catastrophe models.
Beattie, S; Davies, M
2010-05-01
The present study explored the interactive effects of self-efficacy and increasing/decreasing task difficulty upon engagement and disengagement within a cusp-catastrophe model framework. Using a closed motor skill aiming task participants (N=60) were required to compete in conditions where task difficulty increased and then decreased (or vice versa) where they were rewarded for good performance but penalized for bad. Participants who reported low levels of self-efficacy disengage at an earlier level of task difficulty than their high self-efficacy counterparts. Furthermore, this group did not re-engage with the task until task difficulty had significantly decreased. Although task disengagement occurred with high difficulty in the high self-efficacy group, this group re-engaged in a similar manner in which they disengaged. Findings support and extend those of previous tests of catastrophe models by directly allowing for task disengagement.
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Diffusion models for innovation: s-curves, networks, power laws, catastrophes, and entropy.
Jacobsen, Joseph J; Guastello, Stephen J
2011-04-01
This article considers models for the diffusion of innovation would be most relevant to the dynamics of early 21st century technologies. The article presents an overview of diffusion models and examines the adoption S-curve, network theories, difference models, influence models, geographical models, a cusp catastrophe model, and self-organizing dynamics that emanate from principles of network configuration and principles of heat diffusion. The diffusion dynamics that are relevant to information technologies and energy-efficient technologies are compared. Finally, principles of nonlinear dynamics for innovation diffusion that could be used to rehabilitate the global economic situation are discussed.
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Double cusp encounter by Cluster: double cusp or motion of the cusp?
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Escoubet, C. P.; Berchem, J.; Trattner, K. J.; Pitout, F.; Richard, R. L.; Taylor, M. G.; Soucek, J.; Grison, B.; Laakso, H. E.; Masson, A.; Dunlop, M. W.; Dandouras, I. S.; Reme, H.; Fazakerley, A. N.; Daly, P. W.
2012-12-01
Modeling plasma entry in the polar cusp has been successful in reproducing ion dispersions observed in the cusp at low and mid-altitudes. The use of a realistic convection pattern allowed Wing et al. [2001] to model double cusp signatures that were observed by the DMSP spacecraft when the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) is southward but has a dominant By component (|IMF-By|>|IMF-Bz|). Under these conditions, reconnection between the IMF and the geomagnetic field is predicted to occur both at high latitudes and around the equatorial plane (or subsolar region). This multiple reconnection topology subsequently produces two different injections of plasma into the cusp, hence the observation of the so-called double cusp. However, the two cusps can be very close to each other and a detailed analysis of the dispersion of the precipitating ions is very often required to clearly identify them. We will present a cusp crossing where two cusps are observed, separated by 1° ILAT. Cluster 1 and 2 observed these two cusps within a few minute interval and about 10 and 50 min later, respectively, Cluster 4 and 3 observed a single cusp only. A peculiarity of this event was the fact that the second cusp seen on C1 and C2 was observed at the same time as the first cusp on C4. This would tend to suggest that the two dispersions are spatial features similar to the double cusp. However more detailed analysis of the characteristics of the cusps (ion dispersion, boundaries) and the IMF abrupt changes clearly showed that the double cusp was in fact a single cusp that had moved toward dawn and then back toward dusk following the changes in the IMF direction.
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A catastrophe model for the prospect-utility theory question.
Oliva, Terence A; McDade, Sean R
2008-07-01
Anomalies have played a big part in the analysis of decision making under risk. Both expected utility and prospect theories were born out of anomalies exhibited by actual decision making behavior. Since the same individual can use both expected utility and prospect approaches at different times, it seems there should be a means of uniting the two. This paper turns to nonlinear dynamical systems (NDS), specifically a catastrophe model, to help suggest an 'out of the box' line of solution toward integration. We use a cusp model to create a value surface whose control dimensions are involvement and gains versus losses. By including 'involvement' as a variable the importance of the individual's psychological state is included, and it provides a rationale for how decision makers' changes from expected utility to prospect might occur. Additionally, it provides a possible explanation for what appears to be even more irrational decisions that individuals make when highly emotionally involved. We estimate the catastrophe model using a sample of 997 gamblers who attended a casino and compare it to the linear model using regression. Hence, we have actual data from individuals making real bets, under real conditions.
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Double cusp encounter by Cluster: double cusp or motion of the cusp?
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Escoubet, C. P.; Berchem, J.; Trattner, K. J.; Pitout, F.; Richard, R.; Taylor, M. G. G. T.; Soucek, J.; Grison, B.; Laakso, H.; Masson, A.; Dunlop, M.; Dandouras, I.; Reme, H.; Fazakerley, A.; Daly, P.
2013-04-01
Modelling plasma entry in the polar cusp has been successful in reproducing ion dispersions observed in the cusp at low and mid-altitudes. The use of a realistic convection pattern, when the IMF-By is large and stable, allowed Wing et al. (2001) to predict double cusp signatures that were subsequently observed by the DMSP spacecraft. In this paper we present a cusp crossing where two cusp populations are observed, separated by a gap around 1° Invariant Latitude (ILAT) wide. Cluster 1 (C1) and Cluster 2 (C2) observed these two cusp populations with a time delay of 3 min, and about 15 and 42 min later Cluster 4 (C4) and Cluster 3 (C3) observed, respectively, a single cusp population. A peculiarity of this event is the fact that the second cusp population seen on C1 and C2 was observed at the same time as the first cusp population on C4. This would tend to suggest that the two cusp populations had spatial features similar to the double cusp. Due to the nested crossing of C1 and C2 through the gap between the two cusp populations, C2 being first to leave the cusp and last to re-enter it, these observations are difficult to be explained by two distinct cusps with a gap in between. However, since we observe the cusp in a narrow area of local time post-noon, a second cusp may have been present in the pre-noon sector but could not be observed. On the other hand, these observations are in agreement with a motion of the cusp first dawnward and then back duskward due to the effect of the IMF-By component.
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Localized Models of Charged Particle Motion in Martian Crustal Magnetic Cusps
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Brain, D. A.; Poppe, A. R.; Jarvinen, R.; Dong, Y.; Egan, H. L.; Fang, X.
2017-12-01
The induced magnetosphere of Mars is punctuated by localized but strong crustal magnetic fields that are observed to play host to a variety of phenomena typically associated with global magnetic fields, such as auroral processes and particle precipitation, field-aligned current systems, and ion outflow. Each of these phenomena occur on the night side, in small-scale magnetic `cusp' regions of vertically aligned field. Cusp regions are not yet capable of being spatially resolved in global scale models that include the ion kinetics necessary for simulating charged particle transport along cusps. Local models are therefore necessary if we are to understand how cusp processes operate at Mars. Here we present the first results of an effort to model the kinetic particle motion and electric fields in Martian cusps. We are adapting both a 1.5D Particle-in-Cell (PIC) model for lunar magnetic cusps regions to the Martian case and a hybrid model framework (used previously for the global Martian plasma interaction and for lunar magnetic anomaly regions) to cusps in 2D. By comparing the models we can asses the importance of electron kinetics in particle transport along cusp field lines. In this first stage of our study we model a moderately strong nightside cusp, with incident hot hydrogen plasma from above, and cold planetary (oxygen) plasma entering the simulation from below. We report on the spatial and temporal distribution of plasma along cusp field lines for this initial case.
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Cluster observations of two separated cusp populations: double cusp or motion of the cusp?
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Escoubet, C.-Philippe; Berchem, Jean; Trattner, Karlheinz; Pitout, Frederic; Richard, Robert; Taylor, Matt; Soucek, Jan; Grison, Benjamin; Laakso, Harri; Masson, Arnaud; Dunlop, Malcolm; Dandouras, Iannis; Reme, Henri; Fazakerley, Andrew; Daly, Patrick
2013-04-01
Modelling plasma entry in the polar cusp has been successful in reproducing ion dispersions observed in the cusp at low and mid-altitudes. The use of a realistic convection pattern allowed Wing et al. (2001) to predict double cusp signatures that were subsequently observed by the DMSP spacecraft. In this paper, we present a cusp crossing where two cusp populations are observed, separated by a gap around 1° ILAT wide. Cluster 1 (C1) and Cluster 2 (C2) observed these two cusp populations with a time delay of three minutes and about 15 and 42 minutes later, Cluster 4 (C4) and Cluster 3 (C3) observed, respectively, a single cusp population. A peculiarity of this event is the fact that the second cusp population seen on C1 and C2 was observed at the same time as the first cusp population on C4. This would tend to suggest that the two cusp populations were spatial features similar to the double cusp. Due to the nested crossing of C1 and C2 through the gap between the two cusp encounters, C2 being first to leave the cusp and last to re-enter it, these observations cannot be explained by two stable cusps with a gap of precipitation in between. On the other hand these observations are in agreement with a motion of the cusp first dawnward and then back duskward due to the effect of the IMF-By component.
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Cusps enable line attractors for neural computation
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Xiao, Zhuocheng; Zhang, Jiwei; Sornborger, Andrew T.
Here, line attractors in neuronal networks have been suggested to be the basis of many brain functions, such as working memory, oculomotor control, head movement, locomotion, and sensory processing. In this paper, we make the connection between line attractors and pulse gating in feed-forward neuronal networks. In this context, because of their neutral stability along a one-dimensional manifold, line attractors are associated with a time-translational invariance that allows graded information to be propagated from one neuronal population to the next. To understand how pulse-gating manifests itself in a high-dimensional, nonlinear, feedforward integrate-and-fire network, we use a Fokker-Planck approach to analyzemore » system dynamics. We make a connection between pulse-gated propagation in the Fokker-Planck and population-averaged mean-field (firing rate) models, and then identify an approximate line attractor in state space as the essential structure underlying graded information propagation. An analysis of the line attractor shows that it consists of three fixed points: a central saddle with an unstable manifold along the line and stable manifolds orthogonal to the line, which is surrounded on either side by stable fixed points. Along the manifold defined by the fixed points, slow dynamics give rise to a ghost. We show that this line attractor arises at a cusp catastrophe, where a fold bifurcation develops as a function of synaptic noise; and that the ghost dynamics near the fold of the cusp underly the robustness of the line attractor. Understanding the dynamical aspects of this cusp catastrophe allows us to show how line attractors can persist in biologically realistic neuronal networks and how the interplay of pulse gating, synaptic coupling, and neuronal stochasticity can be used to enable attracting one-dimensional manifolds and, thus, dynamically control the processing of graded information.« less
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Cusps enable line attractors for neural computation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Xiao, Zhuocheng; Zhang, Jiwei; Sornborger, Andrew T.; Tao, Louis
2017-11-01
Line attractors in neuronal networks have been suggested to be the basis of many brain functions, such as working memory, oculomotor control, head movement, locomotion, and sensory processing. In this paper, we make the connection between line attractors and pulse gating in feed-forward neuronal networks. In this context, because of their neutral stability along a one-dimensional manifold, line attractors are associated with a time-translational invariance that allows graded information to be propagated from one neuronal population to the next. To understand how pulse-gating manifests itself in a high-dimensional, nonlinear, feedforward integrate-and-fire network, we use a Fokker-Planck approach to analyze system dynamics. We make a connection between pulse-gated propagation in the Fokker-Planck and population-averaged mean-field (firing rate) models, and then identify an approximate line attractor in state space as the essential structure underlying graded information propagation. An analysis of the line attractor shows that it consists of three fixed points: a central saddle with an unstable manifold along the line and stable manifolds orthogonal to the line, which is surrounded on either side by stable fixed points. Along the manifold defined by the fixed points, slow dynamics give rise to a ghost. We show that this line attractor arises at a cusp catastrophe, where a fold bifurcation develops as a function of synaptic noise; and that the ghost dynamics near the fold of the cusp underly the robustness of the line attractor. Understanding the dynamical aspects of this cusp catastrophe allows us to show how line attractors can persist in biologically realistic neuronal networks and how the interplay of pulse gating, synaptic coupling, and neuronal stochasticity can be used to enable attracting one-dimensional manifolds and, thus, dynamically control the processing of graded information.
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Cusps enable line attractors for neural computation
Xiao, Zhuocheng; Zhang, Jiwei; Sornborger, Andrew T.; ...
2017-11-07
Here, line attractors in neuronal networks have been suggested to be the basis of many brain functions, such as working memory, oculomotor control, head movement, locomotion, and sensory processing. In this paper, we make the connection between line attractors and pulse gating in feed-forward neuronal networks. In this context, because of their neutral stability along a one-dimensional manifold, line attractors are associated with a time-translational invariance that allows graded information to be propagated from one neuronal population to the next. To understand how pulse-gating manifests itself in a high-dimensional, nonlinear, feedforward integrate-and-fire network, we use a Fokker-Planck approach to analyzemore » system dynamics. We make a connection between pulse-gated propagation in the Fokker-Planck and population-averaged mean-field (firing rate) models, and then identify an approximate line attractor in state space as the essential structure underlying graded information propagation. An analysis of the line attractor shows that it consists of three fixed points: a central saddle with an unstable manifold along the line and stable manifolds orthogonal to the line, which is surrounded on either side by stable fixed points. Along the manifold defined by the fixed points, slow dynamics give rise to a ghost. We show that this line attractor arises at a cusp catastrophe, where a fold bifurcation develops as a function of synaptic noise; and that the ghost dynamics near the fold of the cusp underly the robustness of the line attractor. Understanding the dynamical aspects of this cusp catastrophe allows us to show how line attractors can persist in biologically realistic neuronal networks and how the interplay of pulse gating, synaptic coupling, and neuronal stochasticity can be used to enable attracting one-dimensional manifolds and, thus, dynamically control the processing of graded information.« less
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A field data assessment of contemporary models of beach cusp formation
Allen, J.R.; Psuty, N.P.; Bauer, B.O.; Carter, R.W.G.
1996-01-01
Cusp formation was observed during an instrumented, daily profiled, time series of a reflective beach in Canaveral National Seashore, Florida on January 5, 1988. The monitored cusp embayment formed by erosion of the foreshore and the cusp series had a mean spacing of approximately 28 m. During this time, inshore fluid flows were dominated by two standing edge waves at frequencies of 0.06 Hz (primary) and 0.035 Hz (secondary) whereas incident waves were broadbanded at 0.12-0.16 Hz. Directly measured flows (and indirectly estimated swash excursion) data support both the standing wave subharmonic model and the self-organization model of cusp formation in this study.
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Catastrophe models for cognitive workload and fatigue in N-back tasks.
Guastello, Stephen J; Reiter, Katherine; Malon, Matthew; Timm, Paul; Shircel, Anton; Shaline, James
2015-04-01
N-back tasks place a heavy load on working memory, and thus make good candidates for studying cognitive workload and fatigue (CWLF). This study extended previous work on CWLF which separated the two phenomena with two cusp catastrophe models. Participants were 113 undergraduates who completed 2-back and 3-back tasks with both auditory and visual stimuli simultaneously. Task data were complemented by several measures hypothesized to be related to cognitive elasticity and compensatory abilities and the NASA TLX ratings of subjective workload. The adjusted R2 was .980 for the workload model, which indicated a highly accurate prediction with six bifurcation (elasticity versus rigidity) effects: algebra flexibility, TLX performance, effort, and frustration; and psychosocial measures of inflexibility and monitoring. There were also two cognitive load effects (asymmetry): 2 vs. 3-back and TLX temporal demands. The adjusted R2 was .454 for the fatigue model, which contained two bifurcation variables indicating the amount of work done, and algebra flexibility as the compensatory ability variable. Both cusp models were stronger than the next best linear alternative model. The study makes an important step forward by uncovering an apparently complete model for workload, finding the role of subjective workload in the context of performance dynamics, and finding CWLF dynamics in yet another type of memory-intensive task. The results were also consistent with the developing notion that performance deficits induced by workload and deficits induced by fatigue result from the impact of the task on the workspace and executive functions of working memory respectively.
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Generation of three-dimensional optical cusp beams with ultrathin metasurfaces.
Liu, Weiwei; Zhang, Yuchao; Gao, Jie; Yang, Xiaodong
2018-06-22
Cusp beams are one type of complex structured beams with unique multiple self-accelerating channels and needle-like field structures owning great potentials to advance applications such as particle micromanipulation and super-resolution imaging. The traditional method to generate optical catastrophe is based on cumbrous reflective diffraction optical elements, which makes optical system complicated and hinders the nanophotonics integration. Here we design geometric phase based ultrathin plasmonic metasurfaces made of nanoslit antennas to produce three-dimensional (3D) optical cusp beams with variable numbers of self-accelerating channels in a broadband wavelength range. The entire beam propagation profiles of the cusp beams generated from the metasurfaces are mapped theoretically and experimentally. The special self-accelerating behavior and caustics concentration property of the cups beams are also demonstrated. Our results provide great potentials for promoting metasurface-enabled compact photonic devices used in wide applications of light-matter interactions.
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Random medium model for cusping of plane waves.
Li, Jia; Korotkova, Olga
2017-09-01
We introduce a model for a three-dimensional (3D) Schell-type stationary medium whose degree of potential's correlation satisfies the Fractional Multi-Gaussian (FMG) function. Compared with the scattered profile produced by the Gaussian Schell-model (GSM) medium, the Fractional Multi-Gaussian Schell-model (FMGSM) medium gives rise to a sharp concave intensity apex in the scattered field. This implies that the FMGSM medium also accounts for a larger than Gaussian's power in the bucket (PIB) in the forward scattering direction, hence being a better candidate than the GSM medium for generating highly-focused (cusp-like) scattered profiles in the far zone. Compared to other mathematical models for the medium's correlation function which can produce similar cusped scattered profiles the FMG function offers unprecedented tractability being the weighted superposition of Gaussian functions. Our results provide useful applications to energy counter problems and particle manipulation by weakly scattered fields.
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Model of Tooth Morphogenesis Predicts Carabelli Cusp Expression, Size, and Symmetry in Humans
Hunter, John P.; Guatelli-Steinberg, Debbie; Weston, Theresia C.; Durner, Ryan; Betsinger, Tracy K.
2010-01-01
Background The patterning cascade model of tooth morphogenesis accounts for shape development through the interaction of a small number of genes. In the model, gene expression both directs development and is controlled by the shape of developing teeth. Enamel knots (zones of nonproliferating epithelium) mark the future sites of cusps. In order to form, a new enamel knot must escape the inhibitory fields surrounding other enamel knots before crown components become spatially fixed as morphogenesis ceases. Because cusp location on a fully formed tooth reflects enamel knot placement and tooth size is limited by the cessation of morphogenesis, the model predicts that cusp expression varies with intercusp spacing relative to tooth size. Although previous studies in humans have supported the model's implications, here we directly test the model's predictions for the expression, size, and symmetry of Carabelli cusp, a variation present in many human populations. Methodology/Principal Findings In a dental cast sample of upper first molars (M1s) (187 rights, 189 lefts, and 185 antimeric pairs), we measured tooth area and intercusp distances with a Hirox digital microscope. We assessed Carabelli expression quantitatively as an area in a subsample and qualitatively using two typological schemes in the full sample. As predicted, low relative intercusp distance is associated with Carabelli expression in both right and left samples using either qualitative or quantitative measures. Furthermore, asymmetry in Carabelli area is associated with asymmetry in relative intercusp spacing. Conclusions/Significance These findings support the model's predictions for Carabelli cusp expression both across and within individuals. By comparing right-left pairs of the same individual, our data show that small variations in developmental timing or spacing of enamel knots can influence cusp pattern independently of genotype. Our findings suggest that during evolution new cusps may first appear as
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Armey, Michael F; Crowther, Janis H
2008-02-01
Research has identified a significant increase in both the incidence and prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). The present study sought to test both linear and non-linear cusp catastrophe models by using aversive self-awareness, which was operationalized as a composite of aversive self-relevant affect and cognitions, and dissociation as predictors of NSSI. The cusp catastrophe model evidenced a better fit to the data, accounting for 6 times the variance (66%) of a linear model (9%-10%). These results support models of NSSI implicating emotion regulation deficits and experiential avoidance in the occurrence of NSSI and provide preliminary support for the use of cusp catastrophe models to study certain types of low base rate psychopathology such as NSSI. These findings suggest novel approaches to prevention and treatment of NSSI as well.
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Non linear dynamics of flame cusps: from experiments to modeling
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Almarcha, Christophe; Radisson, Basile; Al-Sarraf, Elias; Quinard, Joel; Villermaux, Emmanuel; Denet, Bruno; Joulin, Guy
2016-11-01
The propagation of premixed flames in a medium initially at rest exhibits the appearance and competition of elementary local singularities called cusps. We investigate this problem both experimentally and numerically. An analytical solution of the two-dimensional Michelson Sivashinsky equation is obtained as a composition of pole solutions, which is compared with experimental flames fronts propagating between glass plates separated by a thin gap width. We demonstrate that the front dynamics can be reproduced numerically with a good accuracy, from the linear stages of destabilization to its late time evolution, using this model-equation. In particular, the model accounts for the experimentally observed steady distribution of distances between cusps, which is well-described by a one-parameter Gamma distribution, reflecting the aggregation type of interaction between the cusps. A modification of the Michelson Sivashinsky equation taking into account gravity allows to reproduce some other special features of these fronts. Aix-Marseille Univ., IRPHE, UMR 7342 CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Technopole de Château Gombert, 49 rue F. Joliot Curie, 13384 Marseille Cedex 13, France.
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Methods for quantitative measurement of tooth wear using the area and volume of virtual model cusps.
Kim, Soo-Hyun; Park, Young-Seok; Kim, Min-Kyoung; Kim, Sulhee; Lee, Seung-Pyo
2018-04-01
Clinicians must examine tooth wear to make a proper diagnosis. However, qualitative methods of measuring tooth wear have many disadvantages. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and evaluate quantitative parameters using the cusp area and volume of virtual dental models. The subjects of this study were the same virtual models that were used in our former study. The same age group classification and new tooth wear index (NTWI) scoring system were also reused. A virtual occlusal plane was generated with the highest cusp points and lowered vertically from 0.2 to 0.8 mm to create offset planes. The area and volume of each cusp was then measured and added together. In addition to the former analysis, the differential features of each cusp were analyzed. The scores of the new parameters differentiated the age and NTWI groups better than those analyzed in the former study. The Spearman ρ coefficients between the total area and the area of each cusp also showed higher scores at the levels of 0.6 mm (0.6A) and 0.8A. The mesiolingual cusp (MLC) showed a statistically significant difference ( P <0.01) from the other cusps in the paired t -test. Additionally, the MLC exhibited the highest percentage of change at 0.6A in some age and NTWI groups. Regarding the age groups, the MLC showed the highest score in groups 1 and 2. For the NTWI groups, the MLC was not significantly different in groups 3 and 4. These results support the proposal that the lingual cusp exhibits rapid wear because it serves as a functional cusp. Although this study has limitations due to its cross-sectional nature, it suggests better quantitative parameters and analytical tools for the characteristics of cusp wear.
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Methods for quantitative measurement of tooth wear using the area and volume of virtual model cusps
2018-01-01
Purpose Clinicians must examine tooth wear to make a proper diagnosis. However, qualitative methods of measuring tooth wear have many disadvantages. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and evaluate quantitative parameters using the cusp area and volume of virtual dental models. Methods The subjects of this study were the same virtual models that were used in our former study. The same age group classification and new tooth wear index (NTWI) scoring system were also reused. A virtual occlusal plane was generated with the highest cusp points and lowered vertically from 0.2 to 0.8 mm to create offset planes. The area and volume of each cusp was then measured and added together. In addition to the former analysis, the differential features of each cusp were analyzed. Results The scores of the new parameters differentiated the age and NTWI groups better than those analyzed in the former study. The Spearman ρ coefficients between the total area and the area of each cusp also showed higher scores at the levels of 0.6 mm (0.6A) and 0.8A. The mesiolingual cusp (MLC) showed a statistically significant difference (P<0.01) from the other cusps in the paired t-test. Additionally, the MLC exhibited the highest percentage of change at 0.6A in some age and NTWI groups. Regarding the age groups, the MLC showed the highest score in groups 1 and 2. For the NTWI groups, the MLC was not significantly different in groups 3 and 4. These results support the proposal that the lingual cusp exhibits rapid wear because it serves as a functional cusp. Conclusions Although this study has limitations due to its cross-sectional nature, it suggests better quantitative parameters and analytical tools for the characteristics of cusp wear. PMID:29770241
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Skinner, Matthew M; Gunz, Philipp
2010-01-01
Tooth crown morphology is of primary importance in fossil primate systematics and understanding the developmental basis of its variation facilitates phenotypic analyses of fossil teeth. Lower molars of species in the chimp/human clade (including fossil hominins) possess between four and seven cusps and this variability has been implicated in alpha taxonomy and phylogenetic systematics. What is known about the developmental basis of variation in cusp number – based primarily on experimental studies of rodent molars – suggests that cusps form under a morphodynamic, patterning cascade model involving the iterative formation of enamel knots. In this study we test whether variation in cusp 6 (C6) presence in common chimpanzee and bonobo lower molars (n = 55) is consistent with predictions derived from the patterning cascade model. Using microcomputed tomography we imaged the enamel-dentine junction of lower molars and used geometric morphometrics to examine shape variation in the molar crown correlated with variation in C6 presence (in particular the size and spacing of the dentine horns). Results indicate that C6 presence is consistent with predictions of a patterning cascade model, with larger molars exhibiting a higher frequency of C6 and with the location and size of later-forming cusps correlated with C6 variation. These results demonstrate that a patterning cascade model is appropriate for interpreting cusp variation in Pan and have implications for cusp nomenclature and the use of accessory cusp morphology in primate systematics. PMID:20629983
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Solar wind controls on Mercury's magnetospheric cusp
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
He, Maosheng; Vogt, Joachim; Heyner, Daniel; Zhong, Jun
2017-06-01
This study assesses the response of the cusp to solar wind changes comprehensively, using 2848 orbits of MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) observation. The assessment entails four steps: (1) propose and validate an approach to estimate the solar wind magnetic field (interplanetary magnetic field (IMF)) for MESSENGER's cusp transit; (2) define an index σ measuring the intensity of the magnetic disturbance which significantly peaks within the cusp and serves as an indicator of the cusp activity level; (3) construct an empirical model of σ as a function of IMF and Mercury's heliocentric distance rsun, through linear regression; and (4) use the model to estimate and compare the polar distribution of the disturbance σ under different conditions for a systematic comparison. The comparison illustrates that the disturbance peak over the cusp is strongest and widest extending in local time for negative IMF Bx and negative IMF Bz, and when Mercury is around the perihelion. Azimuthal shifts are associated with both IMF By and rsun: the cusp moves toward dawn when IMF By or rsun decrease. These dependences are explained in terms of the IMF Bx-controlled dayside magnetospheric topology, the component reconnection model applied to IMF By and Bz, and the variability of solar wind ram pressure associated with heliocentric distance rsun. The applicability of the component reconnection model on IMF By indicates that at Mercury reconnection occurs at lower shear angles than at Earth.
Plain Language SummaryMercury's magnetosphere was suggested to be particularly sensitive to solar wind conditions. This study investigates the response of the magnetospheric <span class="hlt">cusp</span> to solar wind conditions systematically. For this purpose, we analyze the statistical predictability of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) at Mercury, develop an approach for estimating the solar wind magnetic field (IMF) for MErcury Surface</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29771185','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29771185"><span>Can the Relationship Between Rapid Automatized Naming and Word Reading Be Explained by a <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span>? Empirical Evidence From Students With and Without Reading Difficulties.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sideridis, Georgios D; Simos, Panagiotis; Mouzaki, Angeliki; Stamovlasis, Dimitrios; Georgiou, George K</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The purpose of the present study was to explain the moderating role of rapid automatized naming (RAN) in word reading with a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">model</span>. We hypothesized that increases in RAN performance speed beyond a critical point would be associated with the disruption in word reading, consistent with a "generic shutdown" hypothesis. Participants were 587 elementary schoolchildren (Grades 2-4), among whom 87 had reading comprehension difficulties per the IQ-achievement discrepancy criterion. Data were analyzed via a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> derived from the nonlinear dynamics systems theory. Results indicated that for children with reading comprehension difficulties, as naming speed falls below a critical level, the association between core reading processes (word recognition and decoding) becomes chaotic and unpredictable. However, after the significant common variance attributed to motivation, emotional, and internalizing symptoms measures from RAN scores was partialed out, its role as a bifurcation variable was no longer evident. Taken together, these findings suggest that RAN represents a salient cognitive measure that may be associated with psychoemotional processes that are, at least in part, responsible for unpredictable and chaotic word reading behavior among children with reading comprehension deficits.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.5083B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.5083B"><span>Medium term hurricane <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">models</span>: a validation experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bonazzi, Alessandro; Turner, Jessica; Dobbin, Alison; Wilson, Paul; Mitas, Christos; Bellone, Enrica</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Climate variability is a major source of uncertainty for the insurance industry underwriting hurricane risk. <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">models</span> provide their users with a stochastic set of events that expands the scope of the historical catalogue by including synthetic events that are likely to happen in a defined time-frame. The use of these <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">models</span> is widespread in the insurance industry but it is only in recent years that climate variability has been explicitly accounted for. In the insurance parlance "medium term <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">model</span>" refers to products that provide an adjusted view of risk that is meant to represent hurricane activity on a 1 to 5 year horizon, as opposed to long term <span class="hlt">models</span> that integrate across the climate variability of the longest available time series of observations. In this presentation we discuss how a simple reinsurance program can be used to assess the value of medium term <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">models</span>. We elaborate on similar concepts as discussed in "Potential Economic Value of Seasonal Hurricane Forecasts" by Emanuel et al. (2012, WCAS) and provide an example based on 24 years of historical data of the Chicago Mercantile Hurricane Index (CHI), an insured loss proxy. Profit and loss volatility of a hypothetical primary insurer are used to score medium term <span class="hlt">models</span> versus their long term counterpart. Results show that medium term <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">models</span> could help a hypothetical primary insurer to improve their financial resiliency to varying climate conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170002359&hterms=density&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Ddensity','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170002359&hterms=density&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Ddensity"><span>Density Variations in the Earth's Magnetospheric <span class="hlt">Cusps</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Walsh, B. M.; Niehof, J.; Collier, M. R.; Welling, D. T.; Sibeck, D. G.; Mozer, F. S.; Fritz, T. A.; Kuntz, K. D.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Seven years of measurements from the Polar spacecraft are surveyed to monitor the variations of plasma density within the magnetospheric <span class="hlt">cusps</span>. The spacecraft's orbital precession from 1998 through 2005 allows for coverage of both the northern and southern <span class="hlt">cusps</span> from low altitude out to the magnetopause. In the mid- and high- altitude <span class="hlt">cusps</span>, plasma density scales well with the solar wind density (n(sub <span class="hlt">cusp</span>)/n(sub sw) approximately 0.8). This trend is fairly steady for radial distances greater then 4 R(sub E). At low altitudes (r less than 4R(sub E)) the density increases with decreasing altitude and even exceeds the solar wind density due to contributions from the ionosphere. The density of high charge state oxygen (O(greater +2) also displays a positive trend with solar wind density within the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. A multifluid simulation with the Block-Adaptive-Tree Solar Wind Roe-Type Upwind Scheme MHD <span class="hlt">model</span> was run to monitor the relative contributions of the ionosphere and solar wind plasma within the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. The simulation provides similar results to the statistical measurements from Polar and confirms the presence of ionospheric plasma at low altitudes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSEC24B1093P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSEC24B1093P"><span>Long-term Variability of Beach <span class="hlt">Cusps</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pianca, C.; Holman, R. A.; Siegle, E.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>The most curious morphological features observed on beaches are the <span class="hlt">cusps</span>. Due to their rhythmic spacing, beach <span class="hlt">cusps</span> have attracted many observers and many, often contradictory, theories as to their form. Moreover, most of the research about beach <span class="hlt">cusps</span> has focused on their formation. Few had available long time series to study such things as the variability of alongshore and cross-shore position and spacing on the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> field, the presence, longevity and interactions between higher and lower sets of <span class="hlt">cusps</span>, and the processes by which <span class="hlt">cusp</span> fields extend, shrink or change length scale. The purpose of this work is to use long-term data sets of video images from two study sites, an intermediate (Duck, USA, 26 years) and a reflective beach (Massaguaçu, Brazil, 3 years), to investigate the temporal and spatial changes of <span class="hlt">cusps</span> conditions. Time-evolving shoreline data were first extracted using an algorithm called ASLIM (Pianca et al 2015). <span class="hlt">Cusps</span> were then identified based on the band-passed variability of time exposure image data about this shoreline as a function of elevation relative to MSL. The identified beaches <span class="hlt">cusps</span> will be analyzed for <span class="hlt">cusp</span> spacing, positions (upper or lower <span class="hlt">cusps</span>), alongshore variability, merging events, percentage of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> events, patterns of the events and time scales of variability. Finally, the relationship of these characteristics to environmental conditions (wave, tides, beach conditions) will be studied.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA185785','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA185785"><span>Research on Acoustical Scattering, Diffraction <span class="hlt">Catastrophes</span>, Optics of Bubbles, Photoacoustics, and Acoustical Phase Conjugation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1987-09-15</p> <p>optical levitation of bubbles; D. Acoustical and optical diffraction <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> (theory and optical simulation of transverse <span class="hlt">cusps</span>, experiments with...35 C. Optical Levitation of Bubbles in Water by the Radiation Pressure of a Laser Beam: An Acoustically Quiet Levitator ...radiation pressure of a laser beam: an acoustically quiet levitator ," J. Acoust . Soc. Am. (submitted July 1987). C. Books (and sections thereof) Published</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11606238','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11606238"><span><span class="hlt">Modelling</span> of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> flashing releases.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Deaves, D M; Gilham, S; Mitchell, B H; Woodburn, P; Shepherd, A M</p> <p>2001-11-16</p> <p>Several low boiling point materials are stored in closed vessels at ambient temperature, using their own vapour pressure to maintain a liquid state. These materials are often toxic, flammable, or both, and thus any uncontrolled release can have potentially disastrous consequences. There are many ways in which an accidental release can occur, the most severe being due to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> vessel failure. Although not the most common, this mode of failure has the potential to result in an instantaneous loss of the entire vessel inventory in the form of a rapidly expanding, two-phase, vaporising cloud. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the physical processes of existing <span class="hlt">models</span> and of available experimental and incident data to <span class="hlt">model</span> such scenarios. Subsequently, this has enabled the development of an improved methodology for the characterisation of the source conditions following <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> vessel failures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70012534','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70012534"><span>Beach-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> formation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Sallenger, A.H.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>Field experiments on beach-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> formation were undertaken to document how the cuspate form develops and to test the edge-wave hypothesis on the uniform spacing of <span class="hlt">cusps</span>. These involved observations of <span class="hlt">cusps</span> forming from an initially plane foreshore. The cuspate form was observed to be a product of swash modification of an intertidal beach ridge as follows. A ridge, cut by a series of channels quasi-equally spaced along its length, was deposited onto the lower foreshore. The ridge migrated shoreward with flood tide, while the longshore positions of the channels remained fixed. On ebb tide, changes in swash circulation over the ridge allowed the upwash to flow shoreward through the channels and the channel mouths were eroded progressively wider until adjacent mouths met, effecting a cuspate shape. Measured spacings of <span class="hlt">cusps</span>, ranging in size from less than 1 m to more than 12 m, agree well with computed spacings due to either zero-mode subharmonic or zero-mode synchronous edge waves. Edge-wave-induced longshore variations in run up will cause water ponded behind a ridge to converge at points of low swash and flow seaward as relatively narrow currents eroding channels spaced at one edge-wave wavelength for synchronous edge waves or one half wavelength for subharmonic edge waves. The channels are subsequently modified into <span class="hlt">cusp</span> troughs as described above.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060044224&hterms=Plasma+Ring&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DPlasma%2BRing','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060044224&hterms=Plasma+Ring&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DPlasma%2BRing"><span>Experimental and analytical investigation of a modified ring <span class="hlt">cusp</span> NSTAR engine</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sengupta, Anita</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>A series of experimental measurements on a modified laboratory NSTAR engine were used to validate a zero dimensional analytical discharge performance <span class="hlt">model</span> of a ring <span class="hlt">cusp</span> ion thruster. The <span class="hlt">model</span> predicts the discharge performance of a ring <span class="hlt">cusp</span> NSTAR thruster as a function the magnetic field configuration, thruster geometry, and throttle level. Analytical formalisms for electron and ion confinement are used to predict the ionization efficiency for a given thruster design. Explicit determination of discharge loss and volume averaged plasma parameters are also obtained. The <span class="hlt">model</span> was used to predict the performance of the nominal and modified three and four ring <span class="hlt">cusp</span> 30-cm ion thruster configurations operating at the full power (2.3 kW) NSTAR throttle level. Experimental measurements of the modified engine configuration discharge loss compare well with the predicted value for propellant utilizations from 80 to 95%. The theory, as validated by experiment, indicates that increasing the magnetic strength of the minimum closed reduces maxwellian electron diffusion and electrostatically confines the ion population and subsequent loss to the anode wall. The theory also indicates that increasing the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> strength and minimizing the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> area improves primary electron confinement increasing the probability of an ionization collision prior to loss at the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li class="active"><span>2</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_2 --> <div id="page_3" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="41"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25926319','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25926319"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> expenditure to pay for surgery worldwide: a <span class="hlt">modelling</span> study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shrime, Mark G; Dare, Anna J; Alkire, Blake C; O'Neill, Kathleen; Meara, John G</p> <p>2015-04-27</p> <p>Approximately 150 million individuals worldwide face <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditure each year from medical costs alone, and the non-medical costs of accessing care increase that number. The proportion of this expenditure related to surgery is unknown. Because the World Bank has proposed elimination of medical impoverishment by 2030, the effect of surgical conditions on financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> should be quantified so that any financial risk protection mechanisms can appropriately incorporate surgery. To estimate the global incidence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditure due to surgery, we built a stochastic <span class="hlt">model</span>. The income distribution of each country, the probability of requiring surgery, and the medical and non-medical costs faced for surgery were incorporated. Sensitivity analyses were run to test the robustness of the <span class="hlt">model</span>. 3·7 billion people (posterior credible interval 3·2-4·2 billion) risk <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditure if they need surgery. Each year, 81·3 million people (80·8-81·7 million) worldwide are driven to financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>-32·8 million (32·4-33·1 million) from the costs of surgery alone and 48·5 million (47·7-49·3) from associated non-medical costs. The burden of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditure is highest in countries of low and middle income; within any country, it falls on the poor. Estimates were sensitive to the definition of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditure and the costs of care. The inequitable burden distribution was robust to <span class="hlt">model</span> assumptions. Half the global population is at risk of financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> from surgery. Each year, surgical conditions cause 81 million individuals to face <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditure, of which less than half is attributable to medical costs. These findings highlight the need for financial risk protection for surgery in health-system design. MGS received partial funding from NIH/NCI R25CA92203. Copyright © 2015 Shrime et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-ND. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4138099','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4138099"><span>Inside Money, Procyclical Leverage, and Banking <span class="hlt">Catastrophes</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Brummitt, Charles D.; Sethi, Rajiv; Watts, Duncan J.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>We explore a <span class="hlt">model</span> of the interaction between banks and outside investors in which the ability of banks to issue inside money (short-term liabilities believed to be convertible into currency at par) can generate a collapse in asset prices and widespread bank insolvency. The banks and investors share a common belief about the future value of certain long-term assets, but they have different objective functions; changes to this common belief result in portfolio adjustments and trade. Positive belief shocks induce banks to buy risky assets from investors, and the banks finance those purchases by issuing new short-term liabilities. Negative belief shocks induce banks to sell assets in order to reduce their chance of insolvency to a tolerably low level, and they supply more assets at lower prices, which can result in multiple market-clearing prices. A sufficiently severe negative shock causes the set of equilibrium prices to contract (in a manner given by a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>), causing prices to plummet discontinuously and banks to become insolvent. Successive positive and negative shocks of equal magnitude do not cancel; rather, a banking <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> can occur even if beliefs simply return to their initial state. Capital requirements can prevent crises by curtailing the expansion of balance sheets when beliefs become more optimistic, but they can also force larger price declines. Emergency asset price supports can be understood as attempts by a central bank to coordinate expectations on an equilibrium with solvency. PMID:25136959</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25136959','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25136959"><span>Inside money, procyclical leverage, and banking <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brummitt, Charles D; Sethi, Rajiv; Watts, Duncan J</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>We explore a <span class="hlt">model</span> of the interaction between banks and outside investors in which the ability of banks to issue inside money (short-term liabilities believed to be convertible into currency at par) can generate a collapse in asset prices and widespread bank insolvency. The banks and investors share a common belief about the future value of certain long-term assets, but they have different objective functions; changes to this common belief result in portfolio adjustments and trade. Positive belief shocks induce banks to buy risky assets from investors, and the banks finance those purchases by issuing new short-term liabilities. Negative belief shocks induce banks to sell assets in order to reduce their chance of insolvency to a tolerably low level, and they supply more assets at lower prices, which can result in multiple market-clearing prices. A sufficiently severe negative shock causes the set of equilibrium prices to contract (in a manner given by a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>), causing prices to plummet discontinuously and banks to become insolvent. Successive positive and negative shocks of equal magnitude do not cancel; rather, a banking <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> can occur even if beliefs simply return to their initial state. Capital requirements can prevent crises by curtailing the expansion of balance sheets when beliefs become more optimistic, but they can also force larger price declines. Emergency asset price supports can be understood as attempts by a central bank to coordinate expectations on an equilibrium with solvency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38.2005E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38.2005E"><span>The polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span>: Cluster observations and simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Escoubet, C. Philippe; Berchem, Jean; Pitout, Frederic; Richard, Robert; Trattner, Karlheinz; Grison, Benjamin; Taylor, Matthew; Laakso, Harri; Masson, Arnaud; Dunlop, Malcolm; Dandouras, Iannis; Reme, Henri; Fazakerley, Andrew N.</p> <p></p> <p>The polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, together with the magnetopause, are the magnetospheric regions in direct contact with the shocked solar wind flowing continuously from the Sun. Therefore any changes in the solar wind plasma reaching the magnetopause induce changes in the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> with a delay of a few minutes to a few tens of minutes. For instance a change of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) direction from South to North will displace the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> poleward and at the same time will change the injection of ions from the subsolar magnetopause to the magnetotail lobes. In the mid and low-altitude <span class="hlt">cusp</span> a spacecraft will then observe a reversal of the dispersion in energy of the ions. We will use Cluster string of pearl configuration in the mid-altitude polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> to investigate the temporal variations of ion injections in the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. In the period from July to September, the Cluster spacecraft follow each other in the mid-altitude <span class="hlt">cusp</span> with a delay of few minutes up to one hour. A few examples of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> crossings will be presented to illustrate the influence of solar wind changes in the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. We will show that a sudden change in the IMF direction from South to North produces a double <span class="hlt">cusp</span> crossing. By opposition, a change of the IMF from North to South produces a temporal injection on the equatorward side of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and an erosion of the magnetosphere. Finally, we will show that when the interplanetary conditions are stable with the IMF pointing Northward or Southward for more than 10 min the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> ion dispersion stays constant. MHD and large-scale particle simulations will also be used to complement the Cluster data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910043358&hterms=topology&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dtopology','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910043358&hterms=topology&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dtopology"><span>Opening the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. [using magnetic field topology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Crooker, N. U.; Toffoletto, F. R.; Gussenhoven, M. S.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>This paper discusses the magnetic field topology (determined by the superposition of dipole, image, and uniform fields) for mapping the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> to the ionosphere. The <span class="hlt">model</span> results are compared to both new and published observations and are then used to map the footprint of a flux transfer event caused by a time variation in the merging rate. It is shown that the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> geometry distorts the field lines mapped from the magnetopause to yield footprints with dawn and dusk protrusions into the region of closed magnetic flux.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JGR...102.4765M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JGR...102.4765M"><span>How wide in magnetic local time is the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>? An event study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Maynard, N. C.; Weber, E. J.; Weimer, D. R.; Moen, J.; Onsager, T.; Heelis, R. A.; Egeland, A.</p> <p>1997-03-01</p> <p>A unique pass of the DMSP F11 satellite, longitudinally cutting through the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and mantle, combined with simultaneous optical measurements of the dayside <span class="hlt">cusp</span> from Svalbard has been used to determine the width in local time of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. We have shown from this event study that the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> was at least 3.7 hours wide in magnetic local time. These measurements provide a lower limit for the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> width. The observed <span class="hlt">cusp</span> optical emissions are relatively constant, considering the processes which lead to the 630.0 nm emissions, and require precipitating electron flux to be added each minute during the DMSP pass throughout the local time extent observed by the imaging photometer and probably over the whole extent of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> defined by DMSP data. We conclude that the electron fluxes which produce the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> aurora are from a process which must have been operable sometime during each minute but could have had both temporal and spatial variations. The measured width along with <span class="hlt">models</span> of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> precipitation provide the rationale to conclude that the region of flux tube opening in the dayside merging process involves the whole frontside magnetopause and can extend beyond the dawn-dusk terminator. The merging process for this event was found to be continuous, although spatially and temporally variable.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810012973&hterms=lithium+sulfur&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dlithium%2Bsulfur','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810012973&hterms=lithium+sulfur&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dlithium%2Bsulfur"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> event <span class="hlt">modeling</span>. [lithium thionyl chloride batteries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Frank, H. A.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>A mathematical <span class="hlt">model</span> for the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failures (venting or explosion of the cell) in lithium thionyl chloride batteries is presented. The phenomenology of the various processes leading to cell failure is reviewed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22525257-cusp-singularities-gravity-pros-cons','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22525257-cusp-singularities-gravity-pros-cons"><span><span class="hlt">Cusp</span> singularities in f(R) gravity: pros and cons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Chen, Pisin; Yeom, Dong-han</p> <p></p> <p>We investigate <span class="hlt">cusp</span> singularities in f(R) gravity, especially for Starobinsky and Hu-Sawicki dark energy <span class="hlt">models</span>. We illustrate that, by using double-null numerical simulations, a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> singularity can be triggered by gravitational collapses. This singularity can be cured by adding a quadratic term, but this causes a Ricci scalar bump that can be observed by an observer outside the event horizon. Comparing with cosmological parameters, it seems that it would be difficult to see super-Planckian effects by astrophysical experiments. On the other hand, at once there exists a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> singularity, it can be a mechanism to realize a horizon scale curvaturemore » singularity that can be interpreted by a firewall.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4840944-woolly-cusps','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4840944-woolly-cusps"><span>WOOLLY <span class="hlt">CUSPS</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Nauenberg, M.; Pais, A.</p> <p>1962-04-01</p> <p>A study is made of the elastic scattering 1 + 2 yields 1 + 2 in the energy region where the inelastic process 1 + 2 yields 3 + 4 sets in, for the case that particle 3 is unstable. By woolly <span class="hlt">cusp</span>'' is meant the phenomenon that corresponds to the sharp <span class="hlt">cusp</span> in the stable case. The procedure followed is to consider the inelastic channel to be of the three-body type, where the three- body states are parametrized by a Breit-Wigner formula around a mean mass m of particle 3. The connection between a woolly and a sharp cuspmore » is made evident. The problem is studied in terms of a twochannel S-wave K matrix. In the two- channel approximation the woolly <span class="hlt">cusp</span> necessarily shows a decrease in the elastic cross section sigma above a characteristic energy. As a function of energy, sigma must either show a maximum or an inflection point. In either case, the energy at which this happens may lie above or below the inelastic threshold for the fictitious case that particle 3 has a sharp mass m. The sign and magnitude of the elastic scattering phase shift at this m point'' approximately determines which case is actually realized. (auth)« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=herzberg%27s+AND+motivation+AND+theory&pg=4&id=EJ405558','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=herzberg%27s+AND+motivation+AND+theory&pg=4&id=EJ405558"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Theory: A Unified <span class="hlt">Model</span> for Educational Change.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Cryer, Patricia; Elton, Lewis</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Theory and Herzberg's theory of motivation at work was used to create a <span class="hlt">model</span> of change that unifies and extends Lewin's two separate stage and force field <span class="hlt">models</span>. This new <span class="hlt">model</span> is used to analyze the behavior of academics as they adapt to the changing university environment. (Author/MLW)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5014065','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5014065"><span>On the evolutionary advantage of multi-<span class="hlt">cusped</span> teeth</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bush, Mark B.; Barani, Amir; Lawn, Brian R.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>A hallmark of mammalian evolution is a progressive complexity in postcanine tooth morphology. However, the driving force for this complexity remains unclear: whether to expand the versatility in diet source, or to bolster tooth structural integrity. In this study, we take a quantitative approach to this question by examining the roles of number, position and height of multiple <span class="hlt">cusps</span> in determining sustainable bite forces. Our approach is to use an extended finite-element methodology with due provision for step-by-step growth of an embedded crack to determine how fracture progresses with increasing occlusal load. We argue that multi-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> postcanine teeth are well configured to withstand high bite forces provided that multiple <span class="hlt">cusps</span> are contacted simultaneously to share the load. However, contact on a single near-wall <span class="hlt">cusp</span> diminishes the strength. Location of the load points and <span class="hlt">cusp</span> height, rather than <span class="hlt">cusp</span> number or radius, are principal governing factors. Given these findings, we conclude that while complex tooth structures can enhance durability, increases in <span class="hlt">cusp</span> number are more likely to be driven by the demands of food manipulation. Structural integrity of complex teeth is maintained when individual <span class="hlt">cusps</span> remain sufficiently distant from the side walls and do not become excessively tall relative to tooth width. PMID:27558851</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..11.5669G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..11.5669G"><span>Statistical Study in the mid-altitude <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region: wave and particle data comparison using a normalized <span class="hlt">cusp</span> crossing duration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grison, B.; Escoubet, C. P.; Pitout, F.; Cornilleau-Wehrlin, N.; Dandouras, I.; Lucek, E.</p> <p>2009-04-01</p> <p>In the mid altitude <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region the DC magnetic field presents a diamagnetic cavity due to intense ion earthward flux coming from the magnetosheath. A strong ultra low frequency (ULF) magnetic activity is also commonly observed in this region. Most of the mid altitude <span class="hlt">cusp</span> statistical studies have focused on the location of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and its dependence and response to solar wind, interplanetary magnetic field, dipole tilt angle parameters. In our study we use the database build by Pitout et al. (2006) in order to study the link of wave power in the ULF range (0.35-10Hz) measured by STAFF SC instrument with the ion plasma properties as measured by CIS (and CODIF) instrument as well as the diamagnetic cavity in the mid-altitude <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region with FGM data. To compare the different crossings we don`t use the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> position and dynamics but we use a normalized <span class="hlt">cusp</span> crossing duration that permits to easily average the properties over a large number of crossings. As usual in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, it is particularly relevant to sort the crossings by the corresponding interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation in order to analyse the results. In particular we try to find out what is the most relevant parameter to link the strong wave activity with. The global statistic confirms previous single case observations that have noticed a simultaneity between ion injections and wave activity enhancements. We will also present results concerning other ion parameters and the diamagnetic cavity observed in the mid altitude <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040055917','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040055917"><span>Structure of the Outer <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> and Sources of the <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Precipitation during Intervals of a Horizontal IMF</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Berchem, Jean; Nemecek, Z.; Safrankova, J.; Prech, L.; Simunek, J.; Sauvaud, J.-A.; Fedorov, A.; Stenuit, H.; Fuselier, S. A.; Savin, S.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20040055917'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20040055917_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20040055917_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20040055917_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20040055917_hide"></p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">cusp</span> represents a place where the magnetosheath plasma can directly penetrate into the magnetosphere. Since the main transport processes are connected with merging of the interplanetary and magnetospheric field lines: the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Orientation plays a decisive role in the formation of the high-altitude <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. The importance of the sign of the IMF B(sub Z) component for this process was suggested about 40 years ago and later it was documented by many experimental investigations. However, situations when IMF Bz is the major IMF component are rather rare. The structure of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> during periods of a small IMF B(sub Z) is generally unknown, probably due to the fully 3-D nature of the interaction. The present case study reveals the importance of horizontal IMF components on the global magnetospheric configuration as well as on small-scale processes at the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>-magnetosheath interface. We have used simultaneous measurements of several spacecraft (ISTP program) operating in different regions of interplanetary space and two closely spaced satellites (INTERBALL-1/MAGION-4) crossing the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>-magnetosheath boundary to show the connection between the short- and large-scale phenomena. In the northern hemisphere, observations suggest a presence of two spots of <span class="hlt">cusp</span>-like precipitation supplied by reconnection occurring simultaneously in both hemispheres. A source of this bifurcation is the positive IMF B(sub y) component further enhanced by the field draping in the magnetosheath. This magnetic field component shifts the entry point far away from the local noon but in opposite sense in either hemisphere. The <span class="hlt">cusp</span> represents a place where the magnetosheath plasma can directly</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140004933','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140004933"><span>Evidence of Multiple Reconnection Lines at the Magnetopause from <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Trattner, K. J.; Petrinec, S. M.; Fuselier, S. A.; Omidi, N.; Sibeck, David Gary</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Recent global hybrid simulations investigated the formation of flux transfer events (FTEs) and their convection and interaction with the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. Based on these simulations, we have analyzed several Polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> crossings in the Northern Hemisphere to search for the signature of such FTEs in the energy distribution of downward precipitating ions: precipitating ion beams at different energies parallel to the ambient magnetic field and overlapping in time. Overlapping ion distributions in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> are usually attributed to a combination of variable ion acceleration during the magnetopause crossing together with the time-of-flight effect from the entry point to the observing satellite. Most "step up" ion <span class="hlt">cusp</span> structures (steps in the ion energy dispersions) only overlap for the populations with large pitch angles and not for the parallel streaming populations. Such <span class="hlt">cusp</span> structures are the signatures predicted by the pulsed reconnection <span class="hlt">model</span>, where the reconnection rate at the magnetopause decreased to zero, physically separating convecting flux tubes and their parallel streaming ions. However, several Polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> events discussed in this study also show an energy overlap for parallel-streaming precipitating ions. This condition might be caused by reopening an already reconnected field line, forming a magnetic island (flux rope) at the magnetopause similar to that reported in global MHD and Hybrid simulations</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25546529','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25546529"><span>Disaster risk insurance and <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">models</span> in risk-prone small Caribbean islands.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Joyette, Antonio R T; Nurse, Leonard A; Pulwarty, Roger S</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Post-<span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> recovery and financial liquidity have long challenged small Caribbean islands. These states are vulnerable to multifarious natural hazards that often cause considerable socioeconomic dislocation. Such events inflict heavy losses on businesses and households, and significantly disrupt all aspects of government operations. After Hurricane Ivan devastated the economies of some islands in September 2004-with estimated losses of as much as 200 per cent of gross domestic product in some cases-regional governments, aided by the World Bank and international donors, approved the creation of a regional <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> insurance scheme. This parametric-based mechanism is underpinned by derivatives-based <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">modelling</span> whose outputs determine policy triggers and pay outs. Hazard <span class="hlt">models</span>, particularly <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">models</span>, are not widely accepted as yet. Despite recent advancements, major concerns have rendered them peripheral tools for many establishments. This paper reviews the region's vulnerabilities and examines constraints on the application of these <span class="hlt">models</span> and suggests a means of improving their efficacy and acceptability. © 2015 The Author(s). Disasters © Overseas Development Institute, 2015.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSA23B2338B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSA23B2338B"><span>Feedbacks of Composition and Neutral Density Changes on the Structure of the <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Density Anomaly</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brinkman, D. G.; Walterscheid, R. L.; Clemmons, J. H.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The Earth's magnetospheric <span class="hlt">cusp</span> provides direct access of energetic particles to the thermosphere. These particles produce ionization and kinetic (particle) heating of the atmosphere. The increased ionization coupled with enhanced electric fields in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> produces increased Joule heating and ion drag forcing. These energy inputs cause large wind and temperature changes in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region. Measurements by the CHAMP satellite (460-390- km altitude) have shown strongly enhanced density in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region. The Streak mission (325-123 km), on the other hand, showed a relative depletion. The atmospheric response in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> can be sensitive to composition and neutral density changes. In response to heating in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, air of heavier mean molecular weight is brought up from lower altitudes significantly affecting pressure gradients. This opposes the effects of temperature change due to heating and in-turn affects the density and winds produced in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. Also changes in neutral density change the interaction between precipitating particles and the atmosphere and thus change heating rates and ionization in the region affected by <span class="hlt">cusp</span> precipitation. In this study we assess the sensitivity of the wind and neutral density structure in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region to changes in the mean molecular weight induced by neutral dynamics, and the changes in particle heating rates and ionization which result from changes in neutral density. We use a high resolution two-dimensional time-dependent nonhydrostatic nonlinear dynamical <span class="hlt">model</span> where inputs can be systematically altered. The resolution of the <span class="hlt">model</span> allows us to examine the complete range of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> widths. We compare the current simulations to observations by CHAMP and Streak. Acknowledgements: This research was supported by The Aerospace Corporation's Technical Investment program</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950016557','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950016557"><span>Shapes and stability of algebraic nuclear <span class="hlt">models</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lopez-Moreno, Enrique; Castanos, Octavio</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>A generalization of the procedure to study shapes and stability of algebraic nuclear <span class="hlt">models</span> introduced by Gilmore is presented. One calculates the expectation value of the Hamiltonian with respect to the coherent states of the algebraic structure of the system. Then equilibrium configurations of the resulting energy surface, which depends in general on state variables and a set of parameters, are classified through the <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> theory. For one- and two-body interactions in the Hamiltonian of the interacting Boson <span class="hlt">model</span>-1, the critical points are organized through the <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. As an example, we apply this Separatrix to describe the energy surfaces associated to the Rutenium and Samarium isotopes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhyS...92k5601J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhyS...92k5601J"><span>Experimental investigation of plasma sheaths in magnetic mirror and <span class="hlt">cusp</span> configurations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jiang, Zhengqi; Wei, Zi-an; Ma, J. X.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Sheath structures near a metal plate in a magnetized plasma were experimentally investigated in magnetic mirror and <span class="hlt">cusp</span> configurations. Plasma parameters and the sheath potential distributions were probed by a planar and an emissive probe, respectively. The measured sheath profiles in the mirror configuration show that the sheath thickness first decreases and then increases when the magnetic strength is raised. A magnetic flux-tube <span class="hlt">model</span> was used to explain this result. In the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> configuration, the measured sheath thickness decreases with the increase of the coil current creating the magnetic <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. However, when normalized by the electron Debye length, the dependence of the sheath thickness on the coil current is reversed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSM51C2501B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSM51C2501B"><span>Feedbacks of Composition and Neutral Density Changes on the Structure of the <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Density Anomaly</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brinkman, D. G.; Walterscheid, R. L.; Clemmons, J. H.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The Earth's magnetospheric <span class="hlt">cusp</span> provides direct access of energetic particles to the thermosphere. These particles produce ionization and kinetic (particle) heating of the atmosphere. The increased ionization coupled with enhanced electric fields in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> produces increased Joule heating and ion drag forcing. These energy inputs cause large wind and temperature changes in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region. Measurements by the CHAMP satellite (460-390- km altitude) have shown strongly enhanced density in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region. The Streak mission (325-123 km), on the other hand, showed a relative depletion. The atmospheric response in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> can be sensitive to composition and neutral density changes. In response to heating in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, air of heavier mean molecular weight is brought up from lower altitudes significantly affecting pressure gradients. This opposes the effects of temperature change due to heating and in-turn affects the density and winds produced in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. Also changes in neutral density change the interaction between precipitating particles and the atmosphere and thus change heating rates and ionization in the region affected by <span class="hlt">cusp</span> precipitation. In this study we assess the sensitivity of the wind and neutral density structure in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region to changes in the mean molecular weight induced by neutral dynamics via advection, and the changes in particle heating rates and ionization which result from changes in neutral density. We use a high resolution two-dimensional time-dependent nonhydrostatic nonlinear dynamical <span class="hlt">model</span> where inputs can be systematically altered. The resolution of the <span class="hlt">model</span> allows us to examine the complete range of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> widths. We compare the current simulations to observations by CHAMP and Streak. Acknowledgements: This material is based upon work supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant: NNX16AH46G issues through the Heliophysics Supporting Research Program. This research was also supported by The Aerospace</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMSM33A1560P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMSM33A1560P"><span><span class="hlt">Cusp</span>-related Pc3-5 Wave Activity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pilipenko, V.; Engebretson, M. J.; Kozlovsky, A.; Belakhovsky, V.; Lessard, M.; Yeoman, T. K.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>Pc3-5 pulsations were found to be an ubiquitous element of dayside ULF wave activity at the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region. We examine observations of Pc3-5 wave activity by search coil and flux-gate magnetometers at three locations on Svalbard, covering geomagnetic latitudes 74o-76o. To identify the ionospheric projections of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, we use the width of the return signal from the SuperDARN Finland radar covering the Svalbard archipelago. The ULF meridional spatial structure is examined using the amplitude-phase gradient technique. This analysis shows no specific mode conversion pattern near the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region. The amplitude gradient mainly has the same direction at all frequencies, and only during periods when the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> is shifted to very high latitudes, the gradient may change sign. The phase delay is chaotic and does not show any consistent pattern. This behavior corresponds to the occurrence of a localized peak in the latitudinal distribution of Pc3-5 power, but not under the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> proper as was previously thought, but about several degrees southward from the equatorward <span class="hlt">cusp</span> boundary. We suppose that compressional Pc3 fluctuations leaking from the magnetosheath into the entry layer of the magnetosphere can modulate the precipitating electron fluxes, which produce the ground response.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_3 --> <div id="page_4" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="61"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.467.4491I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.467.4491I"><span>Emergence of a stellar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> by a dark matter <span class="hlt">cusp</span> in a low-mass compact ultrafaint dwarf galaxy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Inoue, Shigeki</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Recent observations have been discovering new ultrafaint dwarf galaxies as small as ˜20 pc in half-light radius and ˜3 km s-1 in line-of-sight velocity dispersion. In these galaxies, dynamical friction on a star against dark matter can be significant and alter their stellar density distribution. The effect can strongly depend on a central density profile of dark matter, I.e. <span class="hlt">cusp</span> or core. In this study, I perform computations using a classical and a modern analytic formula and N-body simulations to study how dynamical friction changes a stellar density profile and how different it is between a cuspy and a cored dark matter halo. This study shows that, if a dark matter halo has a <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, dynamical friction can cause shrivelling instability that results in emergence of a stellar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> in the central region ≲2 pc. On the other hand, if it has a constant-density core, dynamical friction is significantly weaker and does not generate a stellar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> even if the galaxy has the same line-of-sight velocity dispersion. In such a compact and low-mass galaxy, since the shrivelling instability by dynamical friction is inevitable if it has a dark matter <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, absence of a stellar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> implies that the galaxy has a dark matter core. I expect that this could be used to diagnose a dark matter density profile in these compact ultrafaint dwarf galaxies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29881789','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29881789"><span>Weak annihilation <span class="hlt">cusp</span> inside the dark matter spike about a black hole.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shapiro, Stuart L; Shelton, Jessie</p> <p>2016-06-15</p> <p>We reinvestigate the effect of annihilations on the distribution of collisionless dark matter (DM) in a spherical density spike around a massive black hole. We first construct a very simple, pedagogic, analytic <span class="hlt">model</span> for an isotropic phase space distribution function that accounts for annihilation and reproduces the "weak <span class="hlt">cusp</span>" found by Vasiliev for DM deep within the spike and away from its boundaries. The DM density in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> varies as r -1/2 for s -wave annihilation, where r is the distance from the central black hole, and is not a flat "plateau" profile. We then extend this <span class="hlt">model</span> by incorporating a loss cone that accounts for the capture of DM particles by the hole. The loss cone is implemented by a boundary condition that removes capture orbits, resulting in an anisotropic distribution function. Finally, we evolve an initial spike distribution function by integrating the Boltzmann equation to show how the weak <span class="hlt">cusp</span> grows and its density decreases with time. We treat two cases, one for s -wave and the other for p -wave DM annihilation, adopting parameters characteristic of the Milky Way nuclear core and typical WIMP <span class="hlt">models</span> for DM. The <span class="hlt">cusp</span> density profile for p -wave annihilation is weaker, varying like ~ r -0.34 , but is still not a flat plateau.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JETAI..29..397B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JETAI..29..397B"><span>A <span class="hlt">model</span> of pathways to artificial superintelligence <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> for risk and decision analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barrett, Anthony M.; Baum, Seth D.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>An artificial superintelligence (ASI) is an artificial intelligence that is significantly more intelligent than humans in all respects. Whilst ASI does not currently exist, some scholars propose that it could be created sometime in the future, and furthermore that its creation could cause a severe global <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>, possibly even resulting in human extinction. Given the high stakes, it is important to analyze ASI risk and factor the risk into decisions related to ASI research and development. This paper presents a graphical <span class="hlt">model</span> of major pathways to ASI <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>, focusing on ASI created via recursive self-improvement. The <span class="hlt">model</span> uses the established risk and decision analysis <span class="hlt">modelling</span> paradigms of fault trees and influence diagrams in order to depict combinations of events and conditions that could lead to AI <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>, as well as intervention options that could decrease risks. The events and conditions include select aspects of the ASI itself as well as the human process of ASI research, development and management. <span class="hlt">Model</span> structure is derived from published literature on ASI risk. The <span class="hlt">model</span> offers a foundation for rigorous quantitative evaluation and decision-making on the long-term risk of ASI <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2914092','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2914092"><span>Genetic integration of molar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> size variation in baboons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Koh, Christina; Bates, Elizabeth; Broughton, Elizabeth; Do, Nicholas T.; Fletcher, Zachary; Mahaney, Michael C.; Hlusko, Leslea J.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Many studies of primate diversity and evolution rely on dental morphology for insight into diet, behavior, and phylogenetic relationships. Consequently, variation in molar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> size has increasingly become a phenotype of interest. In 2007 we published a quantitative genetic analysis of mandibular molar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> size variation in baboons. Those results provided more questions than answers, as the pattern of genetic integration did not fit predictions from odontogenesis. To follow up, we expanded our study to include data from the maxillary molar <span class="hlt">cusps</span>. Here we report on these later analyses, as well as inter-arch comparisons with the mandibular data. We analyzed variation in two-dimensional maxillary molar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> size using data collected from a captive pedigreed breeding colony of baboons, Papio hamadryas, housed at the Southwest National Primate Research Center. These analyses show that variation in maxillary molar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> size is heritable and sexually dimorphic. We also estimated additive genetic correlations between <span class="hlt">cusps</span> on the same crown, homologous <span class="hlt">cusps</span> along the tooth row, and maxillary and mandibular <span class="hlt">cusps</span>. The pattern for maxillary molars yields genetic correlations of one between the paracone-metacone and protocone-hypocone. Bivariate analyses of cuspal homologues on adjacent teeth yield correlations that are high or not significantly different from one. Between dental arcades, the non-occluding <span class="hlt">cusps</span> consistently yield high genetic correlations, especially the metaconid-paracone and metaconid-metacone. This pattern of genetic correlation does not immediately accord with the pattern of development and/or calcification, however these results do follow predictions that can be made from the evolutionary history of the tribosphenic molar. PMID:20034010</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034010','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034010"><span>Genetic integration of molar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> size variation in baboons.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Koh, Christina; Bates, Elizabeth; Broughton, Elizabeth; Do, Nicholas T; Fletcher, Zachary; Mahaney, Michael C; Hlusko, Leslea J</p> <p>2010-06-01</p> <p>Many studies of primate diversity and evolution rely on dental morphology for insight into diet, behavior, and phylogenetic relationships. Consequently, variation in molar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> size has increasingly become a phenotype of interest. In 2007 we published a quantitative genetic analysis of mandibular molar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> size variation in baboons. Those results provided more questions than answers, as the pattern of genetic integration did not fit predictions from odontogenesis. To follow up, we expanded our study to include data from the maxillary molar <span class="hlt">cusps</span>. Here we report on these later analyses, as well as inter-arch comparisons with the mandibular data. We analyzed variation in two-dimensional maxillary molar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> size using data collected from a captive pedigreed breeding colony of baboons, Papio hamadryas, housed at the Southwest National Primate Research Center. These analyses show that variation in maxillary molar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> size is heritable and sexually dimorphic. We also estimated additive genetic correlations between <span class="hlt">cusps</span> on the same crown, homologous <span class="hlt">cusps</span> along the tooth row, and maxillary and mandibular <span class="hlt">cusps</span>. The pattern for maxillary molars yields genetic correlations of one between the paracone-metacone and protocone-hypocone. Bivariate analyses of cuspal homologues on adjacent teeth yield correlations that are high or not significantly different from one. Between dental arcades, the nonoccluding <span class="hlt">cusps</span> consistently yield high genetic correlations, especially the metaconid-paracone and metaconid-metacone. This pattern of genetic correlation does not immediately accord with the pattern of development and/or calcification, however these results do follow predictions that can be made from the evolutionary history of the tribosphenic molar. Copyright 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JGR...10521129S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JGR...10521129S"><span><span class="hlt">Cusp</span> field-aligned currents and ion outflows</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Strangeway, R. J.; Russell, C. T.; Carlson, C. W.; McFadden, J. P.; Ergun, R. E.; Temerin, M.; Klumpar, D. M.; Peterson, W. K.; Moore, T. E.</p> <p>2000-09-01</p> <p>On September 24 and 25, 1998, the Polar spacecraft observed intense outflows of terrestrial ions in association with the passage of an interplanetary shock and coronal mass ejection. The orbit of the Fast Auroral Snapshot (FAST) Explorer was in the noon-midnight meridian during this ion outflow event, and FAST passed through the day side <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region at ˜4000 km altitude every 2.2 hours. FAST was therefore able to monitor the ion outflows subsequently observed by Polar. We show that while the outflows were more intense after the shock passage, the overall particle and field signatures within the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region were qualitatively similar both before and after the shock passage. FAST observations show that the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> particle precipitation marks the lower latitude leg of a pair of field-aligned currents and further, that both field-aligned current sheets appear to be on open field lines. Moreover, the polarity of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> currents is controlled by the polarity of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) y-component, such that the magnetic field perturbation associated with the pair of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> currents is in the same direction as the IMF By. This is a consequence of the reconnection of <span class="hlt">cusp</span>-region field lines at the magnetopause, with the flux transport resulting in electromagnetic energy being transmitted along field lines to the ionosphere as Poynting flux. We show that this Poynting flux can be as high as 120 mW m-2 (120 ergs cm-2 s-1) at FAST altitudes (˜500 mW m-2 at ionospheric altitudes), presumably because of the strong IMF By (˜40 nT), and is the dominant energy input to the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>-region ionosphere. Furthermore, we find that the peak ion outflow flux is correlated with the peak downward Poynting flux, although only a few passes through the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> centered around the time of the shock passage were used to determine this correlation. The energy carried by Poynting flux is dissipated as heat within the ionosphere, through Joule dissipation. The heating will tend to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28380771','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28380771"><span>Circularly symmetric <span class="hlt">cusped</span> random beams in free space and atmospheric turbulence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Fei; Korotkova, Olga</p> <p>2017-03-06</p> <p>A class of random stationary, scalar sources producing <span class="hlt">cusped</span> average intensity profiles (i.e. profiles with concave curvature) in the far field is introduced by <span class="hlt">modeling</span> the source degree of coherence as a Fractional Multi-Gaussian-correlated Schell-<span class="hlt">Model</span> (FMGSM) function with rotational symmetry. The average intensity (spectral density) generated by such sources is investigated on propagation in free space and isotropic and homogeneous atmospheric turbulence. It is found that the FMGSM beam can retain the <span class="hlt">cusped</span> shape on propagation at least in weak or moderate turbulence regimes; however, strong turbulence completely suppresses the <span class="hlt">cusped</span> intensity profile. Under the same atmospheric conditions the spectral density of the FMGSM beam at the receiver is found to be much higher than that of the conventional Gaussian Schell-<span class="hlt">model</span> (GSM) beam within the narrow central area, implying that for relatively small collecting apertures the power-in-bucket of the FMGSM beam is higher than that of the GSM beam. Our results are of importance to energy delivery, Free-Space Optical communications and imaging in the atmosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhB...51m5001C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhB...51m5001C"><span><span class="hlt">Cusp</span> conditions for two electrons atoms in the Hylleraas aproximation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Carvalho, F. S.; Braga, J. P.</p> <p>2018-07-01</p> <p>In this work it was shown how <span class="hlt">cusp</span> conditions in radial coordinates are implied in the fundamental idea of the R12 method used in electronic structure calculations. We also derived the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> conditions in Hylleraas coordinates through Hamiltonian singularities analysis. The functions described in literature which depend on these variables were investigated and it was found that these functions do not necessarily satisfy the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> conditions, although they return good energy results with few parameters. Starting from the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> conditions derived in the Hylleraas coordinates, three restrictions were established for the wavefunctions. An example of this correct <span class="hlt">cusp</span> behavior for a particular wavefunctions is given. This issue is of great importance since the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> conditions guarantee a better convergence for numerical results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790046450&hterms=Electromagnetic+Spectrum&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3DElectromagnetic%2BSpectrum','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790046450&hterms=Electromagnetic+Spectrum&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3DElectromagnetic%2BSpectrum"><span>Electromagnetic and electrostatic emissions at the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>-magnetosphere interface during substorms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Curtis, S. A.; Fairfield, D. H.; Wu, C. S.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>Strongly peaked electrostatic emissions near 10.0 kHz and electromagnetic emissions near 0.56 kHz have been observed by the VLF wave detector on board Imp 6 on crossings from the earth's magnetosphere into the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> during the occurrence of large magnetospheric substorms. The electrostatic emissions were observed to be closely confined to the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>-magnetosphere interface. The electromagnetic emissions were of somewhat broader spatial extent and were seen on higher-latitude field lines within the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. Using these plasma wave observations and additional information provided by plasma, magnetometer and particle measurements made simultaneously on Imp 6, theories are constructed to explain each of the two classes of emission. The electromagnetic waves are <span class="hlt">modeled</span> as whistlers, and the electrostatic waves as electron-cyclotron harmonics. The resulting growth rates predict power spectra similar to those observed for both emission classes. The electrostatic waves may play a significant role via enhanced diffusion in the relaxation of the sharp substorm time <span class="hlt">cusp</span>-magnetosphere boundary to a more diffuse quiet time boundary.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvX...5b1024P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvX...5b1024P"><span>High-Energy Electron Confinement in a Magnetic <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Configuration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Park, Jaeyoung; Krall, Nicholas A.; Sieck, Paul E.; Offermann, Dustin T.; Skillicorn, Michael; Sanchez, Andrew; Davis, Kevin; Alderson, Eric; Lapenta, Giovanni</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>We report experimental results validating the concept that plasma confinement is enhanced in a magnetic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> configuration when β (plasma pressure/magnetic field pressure) is of order unity. This enhancement is required for a fusion power reactor based on <span class="hlt">cusp</span> confinement to be feasible. The magnetic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> configuration possesses a critical advantage: the plasma is stable to large scale perturbations. However, early work indicated that plasma loss rates in a reactor based on a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> configuration were too large for net power production. Grad and others theorized that at high β a sharp boundary would form between the plasma and the magnetic field, leading to substantially smaller loss rates. While not able to confirm the details of Grad's work, the current experiment does validate, for the first time, the conjecture that confinement is substantially improved at high β . This represents critical progress toward an understanding of the plasma dynamics in a high-β <span class="hlt">cusp</span> system. We hope that these results will stimulate a renewed interest in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> configuration as a fusion confinement candidate. In addition, the enhanced high-energy electron confinement resolves a key impediment to progress of the Polywell fusion concept, which combines a high-β <span class="hlt">cusp</span> configuration with electrostatic fusion for a compact, power-producing nuclear fusion reactor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol8-sec872-3350.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2013-title21-vol8-sec872-3350.pdf"><span>21 CFR 872.3350 - Gold or stainless steel <span class="hlt">cusp</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Gold or stainless steel <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. 872.3350 Section 872...) MEDICAL DEVICES DENTAL DEVICES Prosthetic Devices § 872.3350 Gold or stainless steel <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. (a) Identification. A gold or stainless steel <span class="hlt">cusp</span> is a prefabricated device made of austenitic alloys or alloys...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2012-title21-vol8-sec872-3350.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2012-title21-vol8-sec872-3350.pdf"><span>21 CFR 872.3350 - Gold or stainless steel <span class="hlt">cusp</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Gold or stainless steel <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. 872.3350 Section 872...) MEDICAL DEVICES DENTAL DEVICES Prosthetic Devices § 872.3350 Gold or stainless steel <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. (a) Identification. A gold or stainless steel <span class="hlt">cusp</span> is a prefabricated device made of austenitic alloys or alloys...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol8-sec872-3350.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2014-title21-vol8-sec872-3350.pdf"><span>21 CFR 872.3350 - Gold or stainless steel <span class="hlt">cusp</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Gold or stainless steel <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. 872.3350 Section 872...) MEDICAL DEVICES DENTAL DEVICES Prosthetic Devices § 872.3350 Gold or stainless steel <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. (a) Identification. A gold or stainless steel <span class="hlt">cusp</span> is a prefabricated device made of austenitic alloys or alloys...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2010-title21-vol8-sec872-3350.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2010-title21-vol8-sec872-3350.pdf"><span>21 CFR 872.3350 - Gold or stainless steel <span class="hlt">cusp</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Gold or stainless steel <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. 872.3350 Section 872...) MEDICAL DEVICES DENTAL DEVICES Prosthetic Devices § 872.3350 Gold or stainless steel <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. (a) Identification. A gold or stainless steel <span class="hlt">cusp</span> is a prefabricated device made of austenitic alloys or alloys...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol8-sec872-3350.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol8/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol8-sec872-3350.pdf"><span>21 CFR 872.3350 - Gold or stainless steel <span class="hlt">cusp</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Gold or stainless steel <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. 872.3350 Section 872...) MEDICAL DEVICES DENTAL DEVICES Prosthetic Devices § 872.3350 Gold or stainless steel <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. (a) Identification. A gold or stainless steel <span class="hlt">cusp</span> is a prefabricated device made of austenitic alloys or alloys...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/131941','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/131941"><span>Magnetic-<span class="hlt">cusp</span>, cathodic-arc source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Falabella, S.</p> <p>1995-11-21</p> <p>A magnetic-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> for a cathodic-arc source wherein the arc is confined to the desired cathode surface, provides a current path for electrons from the cathode to the anode, and utilizes electric and magnetic fields to guide ions from the cathode to a point of use, such as substrates to be coated. The magnetic-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> insures arc stability by an easy magnetic path from anode to cathode, while the straight-through arrangement leads to high ion transmission. 3 figs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2109916','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2109916"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">modelling</span> in the biological sciences.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Deakin, M A</p> <p>1990-03-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Theory was developed in an attempt to provide a form of Mathematics particularly apt for applications in the biological sciences. It was claimed that while it could be applied in the more conventional "physical" way, it could also be applied in a new "metaphysical" way, derived from the Structuralism of Saussure in Linguistics and Lévi-Strauss in Anthropology. Since those early beginnings there have been many attempts to apply <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Theory to Biology, but these hopes cannot be said to have been fully realised. This paper will document and classify the work that has been done. It will be argued that, like other applied Mathematics, applied <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Theory works best where the underlying laws are securely known and precisely quantified, requiring those same guarantees as does any other branch of Mathematics when it confronts a real-life situation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16323183','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16323183"><span>Associations between Carabelli trait and <span class="hlt">cusp</span> areas in human permanent maxillary first molars.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kondo, Shintaro; Townsend, Grant C</p> <p>2006-02-01</p> <p>Few dental anthropological studies have investigated the associations between tooth crown size and crown traits in humans using quantitative methods. We tested several hypotheses about overall crown size, individual <span class="hlt">cusp</span> areas, and expression of Carabelli <span class="hlt">cusps</span> in human permanent first molars by obtaining data from standardized occlusal photographs of 308 Australians of European descent (171 males and 137 females). Specifically, we aimed to calculate the areas of the four main molar <span class="hlt">cusps</span>, and also Carabelli <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, and to compare the relative variability of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> areas in relation to timing of development. We also aimed to compare <span class="hlt">cusp</span> areas between males and females and to describe how Carabelli <span class="hlt">cusp</span> interacted with other molar <span class="hlt">cusps</span>. Measurements included maximum crown diameters (mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters), the areas of the four main <span class="hlt">cusps</span>, and the area of Carabelli <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. The pattern of relative variability in absolute areas of molar <span class="hlt">cusps</span> corresponded with their order of formation, the first-forming paracone displaying the least variation, and the last-forming Carabelli <span class="hlt">cusp</span> showing the greatest. Overall crown size and areas of individual <span class="hlt">cusps</span> all showed sexual dimorphism, with values in males exceeding those in females. Sexual dimorphism was smallest for paracone area and greatest for Carabelli <span class="hlt">cusp</span> area. Overall crown size and <span class="hlt">cusp</span> areas were larger in individuals displaying a Carabelli <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, especially the hypocone area. Although the combined area of the protocone and a Carabelli <span class="hlt">cusp</span> was greater in cuspal forms than noncuspal forms, protocone area alone was significantly smaller in the former. Our findings lead us to propose that, in individuals with the genotype for Carabelli trait expression, larger molar crowns are more likely to display Carabelli <span class="hlt">cusps</span>, whereas molars with smaller crowns are more likely to display reduced forms of expression of the trait. We suggest that the pattern of folding of the internal enamel epithelium in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890058251&hterms=dependency&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Ddependency','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890058251&hterms=dependency&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Ddependency"><span>Some low-altitude <span class="hlt">cusp</span> dependencies on the interplanetary magnetic field</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Newell, Patrick T.; Meng, CHING-I.; Sibeck, David G.; Lepping, Ronald</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>The low-altitude <span class="hlt">cusp</span> dependencies on the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) were investigated using the algorithm of Newell and Meng (1988) to identify the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> proper. The algorithm was applied to 12,569 high-latitude dayside passes of the DMSP F7 spacecraft, and the resulting <span class="hlt">cusp</span> positioning data were correlated with the IMF. It was found that the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> latitudinal position correlated reasonably well (0.70) with the Bz component when the IMF had a southward component. The correlation for the northward Bz component was only 0.18, suggestive of a half-wave rectifier effect. The ratio of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> ion number flux precipitation for Bz southward to that for Bz northward was 1.75 + or - 0.12. The statistical local time widths of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> proper for the northward and the southward Bz components were found to be 2.1 h and 2.8 h, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMSM13F4219E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMSM13F4219E"><span>Cluster Observations of Particle Injections in the Exterior <span class="hlt">Cusp</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Escoubet, C. P.; Grison, B.; Berchem, J.; Trattner, K. J.; Lavraud, B.; Pitout, F.; Soucek, J.; Richard, R. L.; Laakso, H. E.; Masson, A.; Dunlop, M. W.; Dandouras, I. S.; Reme, H.; Fazakerley, A. N.; Daly, P. W.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The main process that injects solar wind plasma into the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> is now generally accepted to be magnetic reconnection. Depending on the IMF direction, this process takes place equatorward (for IMF southward), poleward (for IMF northward) or on the dusk or dawn sides (for IMF azimuthal) of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. We report a Cluster crossing on 5 January 2002 near the exterior <span class="hlt">cusp</span> on the southern dusk side. The IMF was mainly azimuthal (IMF-By around -5 nT), the solar wind speed lower than usual around 280 km/s with the density of order 5 cm-3. The four Cluster spacecraft had an elongated configuration near the magnetopause. C4 was the first spacecraft to enter the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> around 19:52:04 UT, followed by C2 at 19:52:35 UT, C1 at 19:54:24 UT and C3 at 20:13:15 UT. C4 and C1 observed two ion energy dispersions at 20:10 UT and 20:40 UT and C3 at 20:35 UT and 21:15 UT. Using the time of flight technique on the upgoing and downgoing ions, which leads to energy dispersions, we obtain distances of the ion sources between 14 and 20 RE from the spacecraft. Using Tsyganenko <span class="hlt">model</span>, we find that these sources are located on the dusk flank, past the terminator. The first injection by C3 is seen at approximately the same time as the 2nd injection on C1 but their sources at the magnetopause were separated by more than 7 RE. This would imply that two distinct sources were active at the same time on the dusk flank of the magnetosphere. In addition, a flow reversal was observed at the magnetopause on C4 which would be an indication that reconnection is taking place near the exterior <span class="hlt">cusp</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_4 --> <div id="page_5" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="81"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4643842','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4643842"><span>The Communal Coping <span class="hlt">Model</span> of Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> in Daily Life: A Within-Couples Daily Diary Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Burns, John W.; Gerhart, James I.; Post, Kristina M.; Smith, David A.; Porter, Laura S.; Schuster, Erik; Buvanendran, Asokumar; Fras, Anne Marie; Keefe, Francis J.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The Communal Coping <span class="hlt">Model</span> (CCM) characterizes pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> as a coping tactic whereby pain expression elicits assistance and empathic responses from others. Married couples (N = 105 couples; one spouse with chronic low back pain) completed electronic daily diary assessments 5 times/day for 14 days. On these diaries, patients reported pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, pain, function, and perceived spouse support, criticism and hostility. Non-patient spouses reported on their support, criticism, and hostility directed toward patients, as well as their observations of patient pain and pain behaviors. Hierarchical linear <span class="hlt">modeling</span> tested concurrent and lagged (3 hours later) relationships. Principal findings included: a) within-person increases in pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> were positively associated with spouse reports of patient pain behavior in concurrent and lagged analyses; b) within-person increases in pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> were positively associated with patient perceptions of spouse support, criticism, and hostility in concurrent analyses; c) within-person increases in pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> were negatively associated with spouse reports of criticism and hostility in lagged analyses. Spouses reported patient behaviors that were tied to elevated pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, and spouses changed their behavior during and following elevated pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> episodes. Pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> may affect the interpersonal environment of patients and spouses in ways consistent with the CCM. PMID:26320945</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16879625','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16879625"><span>Remote magnetic navigation to map and ablate left coronary <span class="hlt">cusp</span> ventricular tachycardia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Burkhardt, J David; Saliba, Walid I; Schweikert, Robert A; Cummings, Jennifer; Natale, Andrea</p> <p>2006-10-01</p> <p>Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and ventricular tachycardia may arise from the coronary <span class="hlt">cusps</span>. Navigation, mapping, and ablation in the coronary <span class="hlt">cusps</span> can be challenging. Remote magnetic navigation may offer an alternative to conventional manually operated catheters. We report a case of left coronary <span class="hlt">cusp</span> ventricular tachycardia ablation using remote magnetic navigation. Right ventricular outflow tract and coronary <span class="hlt">cusp</span> mapping, and ablation of the left coronary <span class="hlt">cusp</span> using a remote magnetic navigation and three-dimensional (3-D) mapping system was performed in a 28-year-old male with frequent, symptomatic PVCs and ventricular tachycardia. Successful ablation of left coronary <span class="hlt">cusp</span> ventricular tachycardia was performed using remote magnetic navigation. Remote magnetic navigation may be used to map and ablate PVCs and ventricular tachycardia originating from the coronary <span class="hlt">cusps</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPlPh..81e4916R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPlPh..81e4916R"><span>A super-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> divertor configuration for tokamaks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ryutov, D. D.</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>> This study demonstrates a remarkable flexibility of advanced divertor configurations created with the remote poloidal field coils. The emphasis here is on the configurations with three poloidal field nulls in the divertor area. We are seeking the structures where all three nulls lie on the same separatrix, thereby creating two zones of a very strong flux expansion, as envisaged in the concept of Takase's <span class="hlt">cusp</span> divertor. It turns out that the set of remote coils can indeed produce a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> divertor, with additional advantages of: (i) a large stand-off distance between the divertor and the coils and (ii) a thorough control that these coils exert over the fine features of the configuration. In reference to these additional favourable properties acquired by the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> divertor, the resulting configuration could be called `a super-<span class="hlt">cusp</span>'. General geometrical features of the three-null configurations produced by remote coils are described. Issues on the way to practical applications include the need for a more sophisticated control system and possible constraints related to excessively high currents in the divertor coils.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26646610','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26646610"><span>The Effect of Composite Thickness on the Stress Distribution Pattern of Restored Premolar Teeth with <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Reduction.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Panahandeh, Narges; Torabzadeh, Hassan; Ziaee, Nargess; Mahdian, Mina; Tootiaee, Bahman; Ghasemi, Amir</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Different thicknesses of restorative material can alter the stress distribution pattern in remaining tooth structure. The assumption is that a thicker composite restoration will induce a higher fracture resistance. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effect of composite thickness on stress distribution in a restored premolar with <span class="hlt">cusp</span> reduction. A 3D solid <span class="hlt">model</span> of a maxillary second premolar was prepared and meshed. MOD cavities were designed with different <span class="hlt">cusp</span> reduction thicknesses (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.5 mm). Cavities were restored with Valux Plus composite. They were loaded with 200 N force on the occlusal surface in the direction of the long axis. Von Mises stresses were evaluated with Abaqus software. Stress increased from occlusal to gingival and was maximum in the cervical region. The stressed area in the palatal <span class="hlt">cusp</span> was more than that of the buccal <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. Increasing the thickness of composite altered the shear stress to compressive stress in the occlusal area of the teeth. The <span class="hlt">model</span> with 2.5 mm <span class="hlt">cusp</span> reduction exhibited the most even stress distribution. © 2015 by the American College of Prosthodontists.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JAP...122x3303D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JAP...122x3303D"><span>Miniature ion thruster ring-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> discharge performance and behavior</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dankongkakul, Ben; Wirz, Richard E.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Miniature ion thrusters are an attractive option for a wide range of space missions due to their low power levels and high specific impulse. Thrusters using ring-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> plasma discharges promise the highest performance, but are still limited by the challenges of efficiently maintaining a plasma discharge at such small scales (typically 1-3 cm diameter). This effort significantly advances the understanding of miniature-scale plasma discharges by comparing the performance and xenon plasma confinement behavior for 3-ring, 4-ring, and 5-ring <span class="hlt">cusp</span> by using the 3 cm Miniature Xenon Ion thruster as a modifiable platform. By measuring and comparing the plasma and electron energy distribution maps throughout the discharge, we find that miniature ring-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> plasma behavior is dominated by the high magnetic fields from the <span class="hlt">cusps</span>; this can lead to high loss rates of high-energy primary electrons to the anode walls. However, the primary electron confinement was shown to considerably improve by imposing an axial magnetic field or by using cathode terminating <span class="hlt">cusps</span>, which led to increases in the discharge efficiency of up to 50%. Even though these design modifications still present some challenges, they show promise to bypassing what were previously seen as inherent limitations to ring-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> discharge efficiency at miniature scales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25821276','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25821276"><span><span class="hlt">Cusp</span> observation at Saturn's high-latitude magnetosphere by the Cassini spacecraft.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jasinski, J M; Arridge, C S; Lamy, L; Leisner, J S; Thomsen, M F; Mitchell, D G; Coates, A J; Radioti, A; Jones, G H; Roussos, E; Krupp, N; Grodent, D; Dougherty, M K; Waite, J H</p> <p>2014-03-16</p> <p>We report on the first analysis of magnetospheric <span class="hlt">cusp</span> observations at Saturn by multiple in situ instruments onboard the Cassini spacecraft. Using this we infer the process of reconnection was occurring at Saturn's magnetopause. This agrees with remote observations that showed the associated auroral signatures of reconnection. Cassini crossed the northern <span class="hlt">cusp</span> around noon local time along a poleward trajectory. The spacecraft observed ion energy-latitude dispersions-a characteristic signature of the terrestrial <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. This ion dispersion is "stepped," which shows that the reconnection is pulsed. The ion energy-pitch angle dispersions suggest that the field-aligned distance from the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> to the reconnection site varies between ∼27 and 51 R S . An intensification of lower frequencies of the Saturn kilometric radiation emissions suggests the prior arrival of a solar wind shock front, compressing the magnetosphere and providing more favorable conditions for magnetopause reconnection. We observe evidence for reconnection in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> plasma at SaturnWe present evidence that the reconnection process can be pulsed at SaturnSaturn's <span class="hlt">cusp</span> shows similar characteristics to the terrestrial <span class="hlt">cusp</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980218788','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980218788"><span>Particle Detectors and Data Analysis for <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Transient Features Campaign</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sharber, J. R.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Grant NAG5-5084 was awarded to support the participation of South West Research Institute (SwRI) in building the energy per unit charge particle detectors for the <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Transient Features Campaign and analysis of flight data from these instruments. The detectors are part of an instrumented payload (Rocket 36.152, Dr. R. Pfaff, P.I.) launched from Svalbard on December 3, 1997, into the dark <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. The particle instruments, a <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Electron Detector (CED) and a <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Ion Detector (CID), built on this project, provided differential energy and angular measurements along the rocket trajectory throughout the flight.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20634106-criticality-electron-nucleus-cusp-condition-local-effective-potential-energy-theories','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20634106-criticality-electron-nucleus-cusp-condition-local-effective-potential-energy-theories"><span>Criticality of the electron-nucleus <span class="hlt">cusp</span> condition to local effective potential-energy theories</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Pan Xiaoyin; Sahni, Viraht; Graduate School of the City University of New York, 360 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Local(multiplicative) effective potential energy-theories of electronic structure comprise the transformation of the Schroedinger equation for interacting Fermi systems to <span class="hlt">model</span> noninteracting Fermi or Bose systems whereby the equivalent density and energy are obtained. By employing the integrated form of the Kato electron-nucleus <span class="hlt">cusp</span> condition, we prove that the effective electron-interaction potential energy of these <span class="hlt">model</span> fermions or bosons is finite at a nucleus. The proof is general and valid for arbitrary system whether it be atomic, molecular, or solid state, and for arbitrary state and symmetry. This then provides justification for all prior work in the literature based on themore » assumption of finiteness of this potential energy at a nucleus. We further demonstrate the criticality of the electron-nucleus <span class="hlt">cusp</span> condition to such theories by an example of the hydrogen molecule. We show thereby that both <span class="hlt">model</span> system effective electron-interaction potential energies, as determined from densities derived from accurate wave functions, will be singular at the nucleus unless the wave function satisfies the electron-nucleus <span class="hlt">cusp</span> condition.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.9888E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.9888E"><span>Multi-point observations of Ion Dispersions near the Exterior <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> with Cluster</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Escoubet, C.-Philippe; Grison, Benjamin; Berchem, Jean; Trattner, Kralheinz; Pitout, Frederic; Richard, Robert; Taylor, Matt; Soucek, Jan; Laakso, Harri; Masson, Arnaud; Dunlop, Malcolm; Dandouras, Iannis; Reme, Henri; Fazakerley, Andrew; Daly, Patrick</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>The exterior <span class="hlt">cusp</span> is the most external region of the polar magnetosphere in direct contact with the plasma and the magnetic field from the solar wind. Unlike the rest of the magnetopause surface, the exterior <span class="hlt">cusp</span> is a singular region with small and turbulent magnetic field and where large entry of plasma from solar origin takes place. The main process that injects solar wind plasma into the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> is now generally accepted to be magnetic reconnection. Depending on the IMF direction, this process will take place equatorward (for IMF southward), poleward (for IMF northward) or on the dusk or dawn sides (for IMF azimuthal) of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. We report a Cluster crossing on 5 January 2002 near the exterior <span class="hlt">cusp</span> on the southern dusk side. The IMF was mainly azimuthal (IMF-By around -5 nT), the solar wind speed lower than usual around 280 km/s and the density around 5 cm-3. The four Cluster spacecraft were still in the "magnetotail" configuration with two perfect tetrahedra of 2000 km around apogee and turning into an elongated configuration near the magnetopause. C4 was the first spacecraft to enter the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> around 19:52:04 UT, followed by C2 at 19:52:35 UT, C1 at 19:54:24 UT and C3 at 20:13:15 UT. C4 and C1 observed two ion energy dispersions at 20:10 UT and 20:40 UT and C3 at 20:35 UT and 21:15 UT. Using the time of flight technique on the upgoing and downgoing ions in the dispersions, we obtain an altitude of the sources of these ions between 14 and 20 RE. Using Tsyganenko <span class="hlt">model</span>, these sources are located on the dusk flank, past the terminator. In addition, before entering the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, the magnetopause crossing was characterized by a large shear in By and bipolar plasma flows, suggesting that reconnection was taking place near the exterior <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. We will discuss the extent of the reconnection line along the flank of the magnetopause based on these observations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24755003','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24755003"><span>Role of multiple <span class="hlt">cusps</span> in tooth fracture.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Barani, Amir; Bush, Mark B; Lawn, Brian R</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>The role of multiple <span class="hlt">cusps</span> in the biomechanics of human molar tooth fracture is analysed. A <span class="hlt">model</span> with four <span class="hlt">cusps</span> at the bite surface replaces the single dome structure used in previous simulations. Extended finite element <span class="hlt">modelling</span>, with provision to embed longitudinal cracks into the enamel walls, enables full analysis of crack propagation from initial extension to final failure. The cracks propagate longitudinally around the enamel side walls from starter cracks placed either at the top surface (radial cracks) or from the tooth base (margin cracks). A feature of the crack evolution is its stability, meaning that extension occurs steadily with increasing applied force. Predictions from the <span class="hlt">model</span> are validated by comparison with experimental data from earlier publications, in which crack development was followed in situ during occlusal loading of extracted human molars. The results show substantial increase in critical forces to produce longitudinal fractures with number of cuspal contacts, indicating a capacity for an individual tooth to spread the load during mastication. It is argued that explicit critical force equations derived in previous studies remain valid, at the least as a means for comparing the capacity for teeth of different dimensions to sustain high bite forces. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Psychopathology+AND+awareness&id=EJ784035','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Psychopathology+AND+awareness&id=EJ784035"><span>A Comparison of Linear versus Non-Linear <span class="hlt">Models</span> of Aversive Self-Awareness, Dissociation, and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Young Adults</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Armey, Michael F.; Crowther, Janis H.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Research has identified a significant increase in both the incidence and prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). The present study sought to test both linear and non-linear <span class="hlt">cusp</span> <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">models</span> by using aversive self-awareness, which was operationalized as a composite of aversive self-relevant affect and cognitions, and dissociation as…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950058898&hterms=rodgers&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26Nf%3DPublication-Date%257CBTWN%2B19940101%2B20001231%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Drodgers','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950058898&hterms=rodgers&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26Nf%3DPublication-Date%257CBTWN%2B19940101%2B20001231%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Drodgers"><span>HF radar signatures of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and low-latitude boundary layer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Baker, K. B.; Dudeney, J. R.; Greenwald, R. A.; Pinnock, M.; Newell, P. T.; Rodger, A. S.; Mattin, N.; Meng, C.-I.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Continuous ground-based observations of ionospheric and magnetospheric regions are critical to the Geospace Environmental <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> (GEM) program. It is therefore important to establish clear intercalibrations between different ground-based instruments and satellites in order to clearly place the ground-based observations in context with the corresponding in situ satellite measurements. HF-radars operating at high latitudes are capable of observing very large spatial regions of the ionosphere on a nearly continuous basis. In this paper we report on an intercalibration study made using the Polar Anglo-American Conjugate Radar Experiment radars located at Goose Bay, Labrador, and Halley Station, Antarctica, and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites. The DMSP satellite data are used to provide clear identifications of the ionospheric <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and the low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL). The radar data for eight <span class="hlt">cusp</span> events and eight LLBL events have been examined in order to determine a radar signature of these ionospheric regions. This intercalibraion indicates that the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> is always characterized by wide, complex Doppler power spectra, whereas the LLBL is usually found to have spectra dominated by a single component. The distribution of spectral widths in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> is of a generally Gaussian form with a peak at about 220 m/s. The distribution of spectral widths in the LLBL is more like an exponential distribution, with the peak of the distribution occurring at about 50 m/s. There are a few cases in the LLBL where the Doppler power spectra are strikingly similar to those observed in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMOS33C1681C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMOS33C1681C"><span>Study of beach <span class="hlt">cusps</span> via high resolution TLS acquisitions on the pocket beach of Porsmilin (Brittany)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chabrol, C.; Jaud, M.; Delacourt, C.; Allemand, P.; Augereau, E.; Cuq, V.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Beach <span class="hlt">cusps</span> are rhythmic shoreline features made up of series of horns and embayments. Their build-up occurs in specific conditions (steep beachface, low-energy wave conditions...). These features can notably be characterized by the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> spacing λ and their prominence ɛ (difference in beachface gradient between embayment and horn). At present, two main theories confront to explain the formation of such features on natural beaches : standing edge waves (special class of waves propagating longshore) and self-organisation hypothesis. - Standing edge wave theory proposes that the superimposition of incident waves and standing edge waves generates longshore variations of swash height linked with the position of edge wave nodes and anti-nodes. These variations of swash height result in regular zones of erosion. Depending on the context, different types of edge-waves may occur. The predicted beach <span class="hlt">cusp</span> spacing is : λ = (g T^2 tanβ) / π for a sub-harmonic edge wave <span class="hlt">model</span> λ = (g T^2 tanβ) / 2π for a synchronous edge wave <span class="hlt">model</span> with : λ : beach <span class="hlt">cusp</span> spacing (m) g : gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s) T : incident wave period (s) tanβ : beach gradient - Self-organisation theory suggests that a combination of interactions and feedbacks between swash flow and beach topography leads to the growth of morphologic irregularities of a given wavelength (because of flow divergence or convergence), resulting in beach <span class="hlt">cusp</span> formation and maintaining. The predicted beach <span class="hlt">cusp</span> spacing is then : λ = f S with : λ : beach <span class="hlt">cusp</span> spacing (m) S : horizontal extent of the swash flow (m) f : empirical constant (~1.5) Three multitemporal Terrestrial Laser Scan acquisitions have been carried out for three consecutive days on the sandy beach of Porsmilin (Brittany, France) with a spatial resolution varying from few centimetres to few metres. Moreover the hydrodynamic conditions have been obtained thanks to the Previmer project website (http://www.previmer.org/), notably based on Wave</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA41B2624M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA41B2624M"><span>A statistical survey of heat input parameters into the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> thermosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moen, J. I.; Skjaeveland, A.; Carlson, H. C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Based on three winters of observational data, we present those ionosphere parameters deemed most critical to realistic space weather ionosphere and thermosphere representation and prediction, in regions impacted by variability in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. The CHAMP spacecraft revealed large variability in <span class="hlt">cusp</span> thermosphere densities, measuring frequent satellite drag enhancements, up to doublings. The community recognizes a clear need for more realistic representation of plasma flows and electron densities near the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. Existing average-value <span class="hlt">models</span> produce order of magnitude errors in these parameters, resulting in large under estimations of predicted drag. We fill this knowledge gap with statistics-based specification of these key parameters over their range of observed values. The EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) tracks plasma flow Vi , electron density Ne, and electron, ion temperatures Te, Ti , with consecutive 2-3 minute windshield-wipe scans of 1000x500 km areas. This allows mapping the maximum Ti of a large area within or near the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> with high temporal resolution. In magnetic field-aligned mode the radar can measure high-resolution profiles of these plasma parameters. By deriving statistics for Ne and Ti , we enable derivation of thermosphere heating deposition under background and frictional-drag-dominated magnetic reconnection conditions. We separate our Ne and Ti profiles into quiescent and enhanced states, which are not closely correlated due to the spatial structure of the reconnection foot point. Use of our data-based parameter inputs can make order of magnitude corrections to input data driving thermosphere <span class="hlt">models</span>, enabling removal of previous two fold drag errors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AcAau.126...35L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AcAau.126...35L"><span>Design of a <span class="hlt">cusped</span> field thruster for drag-free flight</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, H.; Chen, P. B.; Sun, Q. Q.; Hu, P.; Meng, Y. C.; Mao, W.; Yu, D. R.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>Drag-free flight has played a more and more important role in many space missions. The thrust control system is the key unit to achieve drag-free flight by providing a precise compensation for the disturbing force except gravity. The <span class="hlt">cusped</span> field thruster has shown a significant potential to be capable of the function due to its long life, high efficiency, and simplicity. This paper demonstrates a <span class="hlt">cusped</span> field thruster's feasibility in drag-free flight based on its instinctive characteristics and describes a detailed design of a <span class="hlt">cusped</span> field thruster made by Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT). Furthermore, the performance test is conducted, which shows that the <span class="hlt">cusped</span> field thruster can achieve a continuously variable thrust from 1 to 20 mN with a low noise and high resolution below 650 W, and the specific impulse can achieve 1800 s under a thrust of 18 mN and discharge voltage of 1000 V. The thruster's overall performance indicates that the <span class="hlt">cusped</span> field thruster is quite capable of achieving drag-free flight. With the further optimization, the <span class="hlt">cusped</span> field thruster will exhibit a more extensive application value.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22382049-unified-solution-small-scale-problems-cdm-model-ii-introducing-parent-satellite-interaction','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22382049-unified-solution-small-scale-problems-cdm-model-ii-introducing-parent-satellite-interaction"><span>A unified solution to the small scale problems of the ΛCDM <span class="hlt">model</span> II: introducing parent-satellite interaction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Popolo, A. Del; Delliou, M. Le, E-mail: adelpopolo@oact.inaf.it, E-mail: delliou@ift.unesp.br</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>We continue the study of the impact of baryon physics on the small scale problems of the ΛCDM <span class="hlt">model</span>, based on a semi-analytical <span class="hlt">model</span> (Del Popolo, 2009). With such <span class="hlt">model</span>, we show how the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/core, missing satellite (MSP), Too Big to Fail (TBTF) problems and the angular momentum <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> can be reconciled with observations, adding parent-satellite interaction. Such interaction between dark matter (DM) and baryons through dynamical friction (DF) can sufficiently flatten the inner <span class="hlt">cusp</span> of the density profiles to solve the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/core problem. Combining, in our <span class="hlt">model</span>, a Zolotov et al. (2012)-like correction, similarly to Brooks et al. (2013),more » and effects of UV heating and tidal stripping, the number of massive, luminous satellites, as seen in the Via Lactea 2 (VL2) subhaloes, is in agreement with the numbers observed in the MW, thus resolving the MSP and TBTF problems. The <span class="hlt">model</span> also produces a distribution of the angular spin parameter and angular momentum in agreement with observations of the dwarfs studied by van den Bosch, Burkert, and Swaters (2001)« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JHEP...03..116E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JHEP...03..116E"><span><span class="hlt">Cusp</span> anomalous dimension and rotating open strings in AdS/CFT</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Espíndola, R.; García, J. Antonio</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>In the context of AdS/CFT we provide analytical support for the proposed duality between a Wilson loop with a <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> anomalous dimension, and the meson <span class="hlt">model</span> constructed from a rotating open string with high angular momentum. This duality was previously studied using numerical tools in [1]. Our result implies that the minimum of the profile function of the minimal area surface dual to the Wilson loop, is related to the inverse of the bulk penetration of the dual string that hangs from the quark-anti-quark pair (meson) in the gauge theory.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950033414&hterms=quasi+particle&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dquasi%2Bparticle','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950033414&hterms=quasi+particle&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dquasi%2Bparticle"><span>Low and middle altitude <span class="hlt">cusp</span> particle signatures for general magnetopause reconnection rate variations. 1: Theory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lockwood, M.; Smith, M. F.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>We present predictions of the signatures of magnetosheath particle precipitation (in the regions classified as open low-latitude boundary layer, <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, mantle and polar cap) for periods when the interplanetary magnetic field has a southward component. These are made using the 'pulsating <span class="hlt">cusp</span>' <span class="hlt">model</span> of the effects of time-varying magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause. Predictions are made for both low-altitude satellites in the topside ionosphere and for midaltitude spacecraft in the magnetosphere. Low-altitude <span class="hlt">cusp</span> signatures, which show a continuous ion dispersion signature, reveal 'quasi-steady reconnection' (one limit of the pulsating <span class="hlt">cusp</span> <span class="hlt">model</span>), which persists for a period of at least 10 min. We estimate that 'quasi-steady' in this context corresponds to fluctuations in the reconnection rate of a factor of 2 or less. The other limit of the pulsating <span class="hlt">cusp</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> explains the instantaneous jumps in the precipitating ion spectrum that have been observed at low altitudes. Such jumps are produced by isolated pulses of reconnection: that is, they are separated by intervals when the reconnection rate is zero. These also generate convecting patches on the magnetopause in which the field lines thread the boundary via a rotational discontinuity separated by more extensive regions of tangential discontinuity. Predictions of the corresponding ion precipitation signatures seen by midaltitude spacecraft are presented. We resolve the apparent contradiction between estimates of the width of the injection region from midaltitude data and the concept of continuous entry of solar wind plasma along open field lines. In addition, we reevaluate the use of pitch angle-energy dispersion to estimate the injection distance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6218E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6218E"><span><span class="hlt">Cusp</span> observations with Cluster and THEMIS in preparation for the SMILE mission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Escoubet, C.-Philippe</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) is a novel self-standing mission, being designed in collaboration between ESA and the Chinese Academy of Science. Its objective is to observe solar wind-magnetosphere coupling via simultaneous in situ solar wind/magnetosheath plasma and magnetic field measurements, soft X-Ray images of the magnetosheath and polar <span class="hlt">cusps</span>, and UV images of global auroral distributions. The observations of the <span class="hlt">cusps</span> and magnetosheath with the X-ray imager are possible thanks to the relatively recent discovery of solar wind charge exchange (SWCX) X-ray emissions, first at comets and subsequently in the vicinity of the Earth's magnetosphere. To prepare for the mission, we must determine the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>'s expected morphology, motion, and in situ properties (density, velocity, temperature). We have selected a series of Cluster <span class="hlt">cusp</span> crossings that define these properties and can therefore be used to estimate X-ray emissions across the width of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> for different IMF orientations. We will show that the peak soft X-ray emissions occur near the centre of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> where ion densities maximize. We then show that the integral lines of sight emissions through the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> are a factor of 2.4 times larger for IMF-Bz northward than for IMF-Bz southward. The mid-altitude <span class="hlt">cusp</span> is a factor of 7 brighter than the exterior <span class="hlt">cusp</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MolPh.113..765B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MolPh.113..765B"><span>The mechanism of the formation of the hemiaminal and Schiff base from the benzaldehyde and triazole studied by means of the topological analysis of electron localisation function and <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> theory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Berski, Slawomir; Zbigniew Ciunik, Leszek</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>The mechanisms of reaction of benzaldehyde (ald) with 4-amine-4H-1,2,4-triazole (4at), leading to Schiff base (Sch) and water, were investigated using topological analysis of the electron localisation function and <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> theory. Two reactions (synthesis of hemiaminal and synthesis of Schiff base) are represented by one <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> sequence: ald+4at: 1-14-[FF†F†FFTS1FF†F†FF†F†CF†]-2-9-[C†FFTS3F†F†FFF]-0:Sch+H2O with only fold (F) and <span class="hlt">cusp</span> (C) <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>. The first reaction, in which a molecule of the hemiaminal is formed, consists of 14 steps separated by 13 <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>. The mechanism is non-concerted. The covalent bond C-N is formed after the formation of the O-H bond is terminated. The Schiff base formation through the water molecule elimination in the second reaction requires nine steps with eight <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>. The mechanism is non-concerted because first the C-O bond is broken and then the proton transfer occurs that results in the O-H bond creation.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900018877','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900018877"><span>Intensive MHD-structures penetration in the middle atmosphere initiated in the ionospheric <span class="hlt">cusp</span> under quiet geomagnetic conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mateev, L. N.; Nenovski, P. I.; Vellinov, P. I.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>In connection with the recently detected quasiperiodical magnetic disturbances in the ionospheric <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, the penetration of compressional surface magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves through the middle atmosphere is <span class="hlt">modelled</span> numerically. For the COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA) 72 <span class="hlt">model</span> the respective energy density flux of the disturbances in the middle atmosphere is determined. On the basis of the developed <span class="hlt">model</span> certain conclusions are reached about the height distribution of the structures (energy losses, currents, etc.) initiated by intensive magnetic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> disturbances.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFMOS21E1225O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFMOS21E1225O"><span><span class="hlt">Modeling</span> Rip Channel and Mega-<span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Migration With XBeach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Orzech, M.; Thornton, E.; Reniers, A.; Macmahan, J.; O'Reilly, B.</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>The relationship between alongshore rip channel migration and sediment transport is investigated using XBeach, a recently developed 2DH coastal erosion <span class="hlt">model</span>. XBeach solves the nonlinear shallow water equations and accounts for the effects of breaking waves, wind, turbulent dispersion, and nonlinear bottom friction. It is similar to the more widely used Delft3D but focuses on morphological change to the beach and dune and includes the action of swash on a moving shoreline. Numerics have been simplified to increase <span class="hlt">model</span> speed and ensure stability in shallow water. XBeach is first validated by recreating a three-year time series of alongshore rip migration patterns measured with video at Fort Ord, near Monterey, CA. The <span class="hlt">model</span> is initialized with wave spectral data at 15m depth, provided by the Coastal Data Information Program (CDIP). Flow fields and transport patterns are then examined in detail over a single rip channel and mega-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> to better understand the small scale processes associated with migration, and a range of simulations are conducted to quantify the effects on migration rates of varying wave height, incident angle, or tidal elevation. Results are presented from a four-month period of carefully monitored, accelerated shoreline erosion at the Fort Ord site, which followed the removal of a longstanding riprap barrier that had created a sand dune peninsula extending to the water's edge. <span class="hlt">Model</span>-predicted erosion rates along the 300m stretch of shoreline are compared with dune retreat measurements for the period.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3573569','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3573569"><span>Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span>: An Updated Review</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Leung, Lawrence</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> has been described for more than half a century which adversely affects the pain coping behavior and overall prognosis in susceptible individuals when challenged by painful conditions. It is a distinct phenomenon which is characterized by feelings of helplessness, active rumination and excessive magnification of cognitions and feelings toward the painful situation. Susceptible subjects may have certain demographic or psychological predisposition. Various <span class="hlt">models</span> of pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> have been proposed which include attention-bias, schema-activation, communal-coping and appraisal <span class="hlt">models</span>. Nevertheless, consensus is still lacking as to the true nature and mechanisms for pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>. Recent advances in population genomics and noninvasive neuroimaging have helped elucidate the known determinants and neurophysiological correlates behind this potentially disabling behavior. PMID:23441031</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016BTSNU..54...41A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016BTSNU..54...41A"><span>Time delay of critical images in the vicinity of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> point of gravitational-lens systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Alexandrov, A.; Zhdanov, V.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>We consider approximate analytical formulas for time-delays of critical images of a point source in the neighborhood of a <span class="hlt">cusp</span>-caustic. We discuss zero, first and second approximations in powers of a parameter that defines the proximity of the source to the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. These formulas link the time delay with characteristics of the lens potential. The formula of zero approximation was obtained by Congdon, Keeton & Nordgren (MNRAS, 2008). In case of a general lens potential we derived first order correction thereto. If the potential is symmetric with respect to the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> axis, then this correction is identically equal to zero. For this case, we obtained second order correction. The relations found are illustrated by a simple <span class="hlt">model</span> example.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315176','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315176"><span>Study on an azimuthal line <span class="hlt">cusp</span> ion source for the KSTAR neutral beam injector.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jeong, Seung Ho; Chang, Doo-Hee; In, Sang Ryul; Lee, Kwang Won; Oh, Byung-Hoon; Yoon, Byung-Joo; Song, Woo Sob; Kim, Jinchoon; Kim, Tae Seong</p> <p>2008-02-01</p> <p>In this study it is found that the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> magnetic field configuration of an anode bucket influences the primary electron behavior. An electron orbit code (ELEORBIT code) showed that an azimuthal line <span class="hlt">cusp</span> (<span class="hlt">cusp</span> lines run azimuthally with respect to the beam extraction direction) provides a longer primary electron confinement time than an axial line <span class="hlt">cusp</span> configuration. Experimentally higher plasma densities were obtained under the same arc power when the azimuthal <span class="hlt">cusp</span> chamber was used. The newly designed azimuthal <span class="hlt">cusp</span> bucket has been investigated in an effort to increase the plasma density in its plasma generator per arc power.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000021222','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000021222"><span>Enhanced Discharge Performance in a Ring <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Plasma Source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Foster, John E.; Patterson, Michael J.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>There is a need for a lightweight, low power ion thruster for space science missions. Such an ion thruster is under development at NASA Glenn Research Center. In an effort to better understand the discharge performance of this thruster, a thruster discharge chamber with an anode containing electrically isolated electrodes at the <span class="hlt">cusps</span> was fabricated and tested. Characteristics of this ring <span class="hlt">cusp</span> ion discharge were measured without ion beam extraction. Discharge current was measured at collection electrodes located at the magnetic <span class="hlt">cusps</span> and at the anode body itself. Discharge performance and plasma properties were measured as a function of power, which was varied between 20 and 50 W. It was found that ion production costs decreased by as much as 20 percent when the two most downstream <span class="hlt">cusp</span> electrodes were allowed to float. Floating the electrodes did not give rise to a significant increase in discharge power even though the plasma density increased markedly. The improved performance is attributed to enhanced electron containment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22106932','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22106932"><span>Understanding <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> from a misdirected problem-solving perspective.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Flink, Ida K; Boersma, Katja; MacDonald, Shane; Linton, Steven J</p> <p>2012-05-01</p> <p>The aim is to explore pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> from a problem-solving perspective. The links between <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, problem framing, and problem-solving behaviour are examined through two possible <span class="hlt">models</span> of mediation as inferred by two contemporary and complementary theoretical <span class="hlt">models</span>, the misdirected problem solving <span class="hlt">model</span> (Eccleston & Crombez, 2007) and the fear-anxiety-avoidance <span class="hlt">model</span> (Asmundson, Norton, & Vlaeyen, 2004). In this prospective study, a general population sample (n= 173) with perceived problems with spinal pain filled out questionnaires twice; <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and problem framing were assessed on the first occasion and health care seeking (as a proxy for medically oriented problem solving) was assessed 7 months later. Two different approaches were used to explore whether the data supported any of the proposed <span class="hlt">models</span> of mediation. First, multiple regressions were used according to traditional recommendations for mediation analyses. Second, a bootstrapping method (n= 1000 bootstrap resamples) was used to explore the significance of the indirect effects in both possible <span class="hlt">models</span> of mediation. The results verified the concepts included in the misdirected problem solving <span class="hlt">model</span>. However, the direction of the relations was more in line with the fear-anxiety-avoidance <span class="hlt">model</span>. More specifically, the mediation analyses provided support for viewing <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> as a mediator of the relation between biomedical problem framing and medically oriented problem-solving behaviour. These findings provide support for viewing <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> from a problem-solving perspective and imply a need to examine and address problem framing and <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> in back pain patients. ©2011 The British Psychological Society.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..11.1491W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..11.1491W"><span>Application of <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Risk <span class="hlt">Modelling</span> to Evacuation Public Policy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Woo, G.</p> <p>2009-04-01</p> <p>The decision by civic authorities to evacuate an area threatened by a natural hazard is especially fraught when the population in harm's way is extremely large, and where there is considerable uncertainty in the spatial footprint, scale, and strike time of a hazard event. Traditionally viewed as a hazard forecasting issue, civil authorities turn to scientists for advice on a potentially imminent dangerous event. However, the level of scientific confidence varies enormously from one peril and crisis situation to another. With superior observational data, meteorological and hydrological hazards are generally better forecast than geological hazards. But even with Atlantic hurricanes, the track and intensity of a hurricane can change significantly within a few hours. This complicated and delayed the decision to call an evacuation of New Orleans when threatened by Hurricane Katrina, and would present a severe dilemma if a major hurricane were appearing to head for New York. Evacuation needs to be perceived as a risk issue, requiring the expertise of <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> risk <span class="hlt">modellers</span> as well as geoscientists. Faced with evidence of a great earthquake in the Indian Ocean in December 2004, seismologists were reluctant to give a tsunami warning without more direct sea observations. Yet, from a risk perspective, the risk to coastal populations would have warranted attempts at tsunami warning, even though there was significant uncertainty in the hazard forecast, and chance of a false alarm. A systematic coherent risk-based framework for evacuation decision-making exists, which weighs the advantages of an evacuation call against the disadvantages. Implicitly and qualitatively, such a cost-benefit analysis is undertaken by civic authorities whenever an evacuation is considered. With the progress in <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> risk <span class="hlt">modelling</span>, such an analysis can be made explicit and quantitative, providing a transparent audit trail for the decision process. A stochastic event set, the core of a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010028950','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010028950"><span>Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves in the High Altitude <span class="hlt">Cusp</span>: Polar Observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Le, Guan; Blanco-Cano, X.; Russell, C. T.; Zhou, X.-W.; Mozer, F.; Trattner, K. J.; Fuselier, S. A.; Anderson, B. J.; Vondrak, Richard R. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>High-resolution magnetic field data from the Polar Magnetic Field Experiment (MFE) show that narrow band waves at frequencies approximately 0.2 to 3 Hz are a permanent feature in the vicinity of the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. The waves have been found in the magnetosphere adjacent to the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> (both poleward and equatorward of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>) and in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> itself. The occurrence of waves is coincident with depression of magnetic field strength associated with enhanced plasma density, indicating the entry of magnetosheath plasma into the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region. The wave frequencies are generally scaled by the local proton cyclotron frequency, and vary between 0.2 and 1.7 times local proton cyclotron frequency. This suggests that the waves are generated in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region by the precipitating magnetosheath plasma. The properties of the waves are highly variable. The waves exhibit both lefthanded and right-handed polarization in the spacecraft frame. The propagation angles vary from nearly parallel to nearly perpendicular to the magnetic field. We find no correlation among wave frequency, propagation angle and polarization. Combined magnetic field and electric field data for the waves indicate that the energy flux of the waves is guided by the background magnetic field and points downward toward the ionosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050180485&hterms=mfe&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dmfe','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050180485&hterms=mfe&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dmfe"><span>Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves in the High-Altitude <span class="hlt">Cusp</span>: Polar Observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Le, G.; Blanco-Cano, X.; Russell, C. T.; Zhou, X.-W.; Mozer, F.; Trattner, K. J.; Fuselier, S. A.; Anderson, B. J.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>High-resolution magnetic field data from the Polar Magnetic Field Experiment (MFE) show that narrow-band waves at frequencies approx. 0.2-3 Hz are a permanent feature in the vicinity of the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. The waves have been found in the magnetosphere adjacent to the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> (both poleward and equatorward of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>) and in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> itself. The occurrence of waves is coincident with depression of magnetic field strength associated with enhanced plasma density, indicating the entry of magnetosheath plasma into the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region. The wave frequencies are generally scaled by the local proton cyclotron frequency and vary between 0.2 and 1.7 times local proton cyclotron frequency. This suggests that the waves are generated in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region by the precipitating magnetosheath plasma. The properties of the waves are highly variable. The waves exhibit both left-handed and right-handed polarization in the spacecraft frame. The propagation angles vary from nearly parallel to nearly perpendicular to the magnetic field. We find no correlation among wave frequency, propagation angle, and polarization. Combined magnetic field and electric field data for the waves indicate that the energy flux of the waves is guided by the background magnetic field and points downward toward the ionosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1037352','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1037352"><span><span class="hlt">Modeling</span> the Cloud to Enhance Capabilities for Crises and <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Management</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2016-11-16</p> <p>order for cloud computing infrastructures to be successfully deployed in real world scenarios as tools for crisis and <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> management, where...Statement of the Problem Studied As cloud computing becomes the dominant computational infrastructure[1] and cloud technologies make a transition to hosting...1. Formulate rigorous mathematical <span class="hlt">models</span> representing technological capabilities and resources in cloud computing for performance <span class="hlt">modeling</span> and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750004801','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750004801"><span>Features of polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> electron precipitation associated with a large magnetic storm</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Berko, F. W.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>Measurements of precipitating electrons made by the OGO-4 satellite reveal several interesting phenomena in the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. Extremely high fluxes of 0.7 keV electrons were observed in the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> ninety minutes following the sudden commencement of a very large magnetic storm. Structured, fairly high fluxes of 7.3 keV electrons were also observed in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region, accompanied by very strong search coil magnetometer fluctuations, indicative of strong field-aligned currents. The observations confirm previously reported latitudinal shifts in the location of the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> in response to southward interplanetary magnetic fields.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760021253','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760021253"><span><span class="hlt">Cusped</span> magnetic field mercury ion thruster. Ph.D. Thesis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Beattie, J. R.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>The importance of a uniform current density profile in the exhaust beam of an electrostatic ion thruster is discussed in terms of thrust level and accelerator system lifetime. A residence time approach is used to explain the nonuniform beam current density profile of the divergent magnetic field thruster. Mathematical expressions are derived which relate the thruster discharge power loss, propellant utilization, and double to single ion density ratio to the geometry and plasma properties of the discharge chamber. These relationships are applied to a cylindrical discharge chamber <span class="hlt">model</span> of the thruster. Experimental results are presented for a wide range of the discharge chamber length. The thruster designed for this investigation was operated with a <span class="hlt">cusped</span> magnetic field as well as a divergent field geometry, and the <span class="hlt">cusped</span> field geometry is shown to be superior from the standpoint of beam profile uniformity, performance, and double ion population.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...848...89W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...848...89W"><span>Apex Dips of Experimental Flux Ropes: Helix or <span class="hlt">Cusp</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wongwaitayakornkul, Pakorn; Haw, Magnus A.; Li, Hui; Li, Shengtai; Bellan, Paul M.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>We present a new theory for the presence of apex dips in certain experimental flux ropes. Previously such dips were thought to be projections of a helical loop axis generated by the kink instability. However, new evidence from experiments and simulations suggest that the feature is a 2D <span class="hlt">cusp</span> rather than a 3D helix. The proposed mechanism for <span class="hlt">cusp</span> formation is a density pileup region generated by nonlinear interaction of neutral gas cones emitted from fast-gas nozzles. The results indicate that density perturbations can result in large distortions of an erupting flux rope, even in the absence of significant pressure or gravitational forces. The density pileup at the apex also suppresses the m = 1 kink mode by acting as a stationary node. Consequently, more accurate density profiles should be considered when attempting to <span class="hlt">model</span> the stability and shape of solar and astrophysical flux ropes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17355814','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17355814"><span>A swallowtail <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> for the emergence of leadership in coordination-intensive groups.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Guastello, Stephen J; Bond, Robert W</p> <p>2007-04-01</p> <p>This research extended the previous studies concerning the swallowtail <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> for leadership emergence to coordination-intensive groups. Thirteen 4-person groups composed of undergraduates played in Intersection coordination (card game) task and were allowed to talk while performing it; 13 other groups worked nonverbally. A questionnaire measured leadership emergence at the end of the game along with other social contributions to the groups' efforts. The swallowtail <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> that was evident in previous leadership emergence phenomena in creative problem solving and production groups was found here also. All three control parameters were identified: a general participation variable that was akin to K in the rugged landscape <span class="hlt">model</span> of self-organization, task control, and whether the groups worked verbally or nonverbally. Several new avenues for future research were delineated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUSMSM33A..03G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUSMSM33A..03G"><span>ULF Narrowband Emissions Analysis in the Terrestrial Polar <span class="hlt">Cusps</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grison, B.; Pisa, D.</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>Polar <span class="hlt">cusps</span> are known to be a key region for transfer of mass and momentum between the adjacent magnetosheath and the magnetosphere. The 4 spacecraft of the Cluster ESA mission crossed the polar <span class="hlt">cusps</span> in their most distant part to the Earth in the early years of the mission (2000-2004) because of their highly eccentric orbit. The ULF wave activity in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region has been linked with the magnetosheath plasma penetration since HEOS observations (D'Angelo et al., 1974). Wave and particle interaction play an important role in this colisionless plasma. The observed wave activity certainly results from both distant and local generation mechanisms. From Cluster case studies we propose to focus on one aspect for each of this place of generation. Concerning the distant generation, the possibility of a wave generation at the magnetopause itself is investigated. For this purpose we compare the propagation of the emissions on each side of the magnetopasue, i.e. in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and in the magnetosheath. Concerning the local generation, the presence of locally generated waves above the local proton gyrofrequency that display a left hand polarization has been reported in Polar and Cluster studies (Le et al., 2001; Nykyri et al., 2003 ). The Doppler shift was not large enough to explain the observed frequency. We propose here to combine various techniques (k-filtering analysis, WHAMP simulations) to achieve a precise wave vector estimation and to explain these observations. References: D'Angelo, N., A. Bahnsen, and H. Rosenbauer (1974), Wave and particle measurements at the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, J. Geophys. Res., 79( 22), 3129-3134, doi:10.1029/JA079i022p03129. Le, G., X. Blanco-Cano, C. T. Russell, X.-W. Zhou, F. Mozer, K. J. Trattner, S. A. Fuselier, and B. J. Anderson (2001), Electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the high-altitude <span class="hlt">cusp</span>: Polar observations, J. Geophys. Res., 106(A9), 19067-19079, doi:10.1029/2000JA900163. Nykyri, K., P. J. Cargill, E. A. Lucek, T. S. Horbury, A. Balogh</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110011681','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110011681"><span>Pulsed Flows Along a <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Structure Observed with SOO/AIA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Thompson, Barbara; Demoulin, P.; Mandrini, C. H.; Mays, M. L.; Ofman, L.; Driel-Gesztelyi, L. Van; Viall, N. M.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>We present observations of a <span class="hlt">cusp</span>-shaped structure that formed after a flare and coronal mass ejection on 14 February 2011. Throughout the evolution of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> structure, blob features up to a few Mm in size were observed flowing along the legs and stalk of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> at projected speeds ranging from 50 to 150 km/sec. Around two dozen blob features, on order of 1 - 3 minutes apart, were tracked in multiple AlA EUV wavelengths. The blobs flowed outward (away from the Sun) along the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> stalk, and most of the observed speeds were either constant or decelerating. We attempt to reconstruct the 3-D magnetic field of the evolving structure, discuss the possible drivers of the flows (including pulsed reconnect ion and tearing mode instability), and compare the observations to studies of pulsed reconnect ion and blob flows in the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25733661','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25733661"><span>The acquisition of problem behavior in individuals with developmental disabilities as a behavioral <span class="hlt">cusp</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Robertson, Rachel E</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>A behavioral <span class="hlt">cusp</span> has been defined as a behavior change that produces contact with new contingencies with important and far-reaching consequences. The concept of behavioral <span class="hlt">cusps</span> has most frequently been used to select target skills taught to learners and to evaluate the importance of those skills; however, the concept is equally applicable to behavior changes that bring about important and far-reaching negative consequences. Although it has been acknowledged that socially undesirable behavior change can also qualify as a behavioral <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, this area of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> concept has been under-examined. In this article, an undesirable behavior change, the acquisition of problem behavior in individuals with developmental disabilities, is compared with criteria for behavioral <span class="hlt">cusps</span> previously identified in the literature. The advantages of viewing problem behavior as a behavioral <span class="hlt">cusp</span> are outlined, and implications for practice and research from a behavioral <span class="hlt">cusp</span> approach to problem behavior are provided. © The Author(s) 2015.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008RMRE...41...85P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008RMRE...41...85P"><span>Mathematical, Constitutive and Numerical <span class="hlt">Modelling</span> of <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Landslides and Related Phenomena</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pastor, M.; Fernández Merodo, J. A.; Herreros, M. I.; Mira, P.; González, E.; Haddad, B.; Quecedo, M.; Tonni, L.; Drempetic, V.</p> <p>2008-02-01</p> <p>Mathematical and numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> are a fundamental tool for predicting the behaviour of geostructures and their interaction with the environment. The term “mathematical model” refers to a mathematical description of the more relevant physical phenomena which take place in the problem being analyzed. It is indeed a wide area including <span class="hlt">models</span> ranging from the very simple ones for which analytical solutions can be obtained to those more complicated requiring the use of numerical approximations such as the finite element method. During the last decades, mathematical, constitutive and numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> have been very much improved and today their use is widespread both in industry and in research. One special case is that of fast <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> landslides, for which simplified methods are not able to provide accurate solutions in many occasions. Moreover, many finite element codes cannot be applied for propagation of the mobilized mass. The purpose of this work is to present an overview of the different alternative mathematical and numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> which can be applied to both the initiation and propagation mechanisms of fast <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> landslides and other related problems such as waves caused by landslides.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1229805-super-cusp-divertor-configuration-tokamaks','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1229805-super-cusp-divertor-configuration-tokamaks"><span>A super-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> divertor configuration for tokamaks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Ryutov, D. D.</p> <p>2015-08-26</p> <p>Our study demonstrates a remarkable flexibility of advanced divertor configurations created with the remote poloidal field coils. The emphasis here is on the configurations with three poloidal field nulls in the divertor area. We are seeking the structures where all three nulls lie on the same separatrix, thereby creating two zones of a very strong flux expansion, as envisaged in the concept of Takase’s <span class="hlt">cusp</span> divertor. It turns out that the set of remote coils can produce a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> divertor, with additional advantages of: (i) a large stand-off distance between the divertor and the coils and (ii) a thorough controlmore » that these coils exert over the fine features of the configuration. In reference to these additional favourable properties acquired by the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> divertor, the resulting configuration could be called ‘a super-cusp’. General geometrical features of the three-null configurations produced by remote coils are described. Furthermore, issues on the way to practical applications include the need for a more sophisticated control system and possible constraints related to excessively high currents in the divertor coils.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUSMOS31B..07D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUSMOS31B..07D"><span>Beach <span class="hlt">Cusps</span>: Spatial distribution and time evolution at Massaguaçú beach (SP), Brazil</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>dos Santos, H. H.; Siegle, E.; Sousa, P. H.</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>Beach <span class="hlt">cusps</span> are crescentic morphological structures observed on the foreshore of beaches characterized by steep seaward protruding extensions, called <span class="hlt">cusp</span> horns, and gently sloped landward extensions, called <span class="hlt">cusp</span> embayments. Their formation depends on the grain size, beach slope, tidal range and incoming waves. <span class="hlt">Cusps</span> are best developed on gravel or shingle beaches, small tidal range with a large slope for incoming waves generate a well-developed swash excursion. These structures are quickly responding to wave climate and tidal range, changing the position of the rhythmic features on the beach face. Beach <span class="hlt">cusps</span> are favored by normal incoming waves, while oblique waves tend to wash these features out. This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of rhythmic features such as beach <span class="hlt">cusps</span> in Massaguaçú embayment (Caraguatatuba, northern coast of São Paulo, Brazil). This embayment has an extension of 7.5 km with reflective beaches <span class="hlt">cusped</span> mainly in its more exposed central portion. The data set for this study consists of a series of video images (Argus system), covering a stretch of the beach. Visible beach <span class="hlt">cusps</span> were digitalized from these rectified images. Results obtained from the images were related to the wave climate, water level and the storm surges. Results show that the <span class="hlt">cusps</span> on the upper portion of the foreshore were more regular and present than the <span class="hlt">cusps</span> on the lower portion of the foreshore due to the tidal modulation of wave action. The <span class="hlt">cusp</span> spacing on the upper portion of the foreshore is of about 38 m and the lower portion of the foreshore is of about 28 m and their presence was correlated with the wave direction and water elevation. As expected, waves approaching with shore-normal angles (southeast direction) were favorable to the formation of beach <span class="hlt">cusps</span> while the waves from the southwest, south, east and northeast generated a longshore current that reduced or destroyed any rhythmic feature. Other important forcing was</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865514','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865514"><span>Single-ring magnetic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> low gas pressure ion source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Bacon, Frank M.; Brainard, John P.; O'Hagan, James B.; Walko, Robert J.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>A single-ring magnetic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> low gas pressure ion source designed for use in a sealed, nonpumped neutron generator utilizes a cathode and an anode, three electrically floating electrodes (a reflector behind the cathode, a heat shield around the anode, and an aperture plate), together with a single ring-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> magnetic field, to establish and energy-filtering mechanism for producing atomic-hydrogen ions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3205668','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3205668"><span>The concave <span class="hlt">cusp</span> as a determiner of figure-ground.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Stevens, K A; Brookes, A</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>The tendency to interpret as figure, relative to background, those regions that are lighter, smaller, and, especially, more convex is well known. Wherever convex opaque objects abut or partially occlude one another in an image, the points of contact between the silhouettes form concave <span class="hlt">cusps</span>, each indicating the local assignment of figure versus ground across the contour segments. It is proposed that this local geometric feature is a preattentive determiner of figure-ground perception and that it contributes to the previously observed tendency for convexity preference. Evidence is presented that figure-ground assignment can be determined solely on the basis of the concave <span class="hlt">cusp</span> feature, and that the salience of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> derives from local geometry and not from adjacent contour convexity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70030171','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70030171"><span>Rip currents, mega-<span class="hlt">cusps</span>, and eroding dunes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Thornton, E.B.; MacMahan, J.; Sallenger, A.H.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Dune erosion is shown to occur at the embayment of beach mega-<span class="hlt">cusps</span> O(200 m alongshore) that are associated with rip currents. The beach is the narrowest at the embayment of the mega-<span class="hlt">cusps</span> allowing the swash of large storm waves coincident with high tides to reach the toe of the dune, to undercut the dune and to cause dune erosion. Field measurements of dune, beach, and rip current morphology are acquired along an 18 km shoreline in southern Monterey Bay, California. This section of the bay consists of a sandy shoreline backed by extensive dunes, rising to heights exceeding 40 m. There is a large increase in wave height going from small wave heights in the shadow of a headland, to the center of the bay where convergence of waves owing to refraction over the Monterey Bay submarine canyon results in larger wave heights. The large alongshore gradient in wave height results in a concomitant alongshore gradient in morphodynamic scale. The strongly refracted waves and narrow bay aperture result in near normal wave incidence, resulting in well-developed, persistent rip currents along the entire shoreline. The alongshore variations of the cuspate shoreline are found significantly correlated with the alongshore variations in rip spacing at 95% confidence. The alongshore variations of the volume of dune erosion are found significantly correlated with alongshore variations of the cuspate shoreline at 95% confidence. Therefore, it is concluded the mega-<span class="hlt">cusps</span> are associated with rip currents and that the location of dune erosion is associated with the embayment of the mega-<span class="hlt">cusp</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15196977','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15196977"><span>Enamel microstructure and microstrain in the fracture of human and pig molar <span class="hlt">cusps</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Popowics, T E; Rensberger, J M; Herring, S W</p> <p>2004-08-01</p> <p>The role of microstructure in enamel strain and breakage was investigated in human molar <span class="hlt">cusps</span> and those of the pig, Sus scrofa. Rosette strain gauges were affixed to <span class="hlt">cusp</span> surfaces (buccal human M3, n=15, and lingual pig M1, n=13), and a compressive load was applied to individual <span class="hlt">cusps</span> using an MTS materials testing machine. Load and strain data were recorded simultaneously until <span class="hlt">cusp</span> fracture, and these data were used to estimate enamel stresses, principal strains, and stiffness. Fractured and polished enamel fragments were examined in multiple planes using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Human <span class="hlt">cusp</span> enamel showed greater stiffness than pig enamel (P=0.02), and tensile stress at yield was higher (17.9 N/mm2 in humans versus 8.9 N/mm2 in pigs, P=0.06). SEM revealed enamel rod decussation in both human and pig enamel; however, only pig enamel showed a decussation plane between rod and inter-rod crystallites. Human inter-rod enamel was densely packed between rods, whereas in pig enamel, inter-rod enamel formed partitions between rows of enamel rods. Overall, human enamel structure enabled molar <span class="hlt">cusps</span> to withstand horizontal tensile stress during both elastic and plastic phases of compressive loading. In contrast, pig <span class="hlt">cusp</span> enamel was less resistant to horizontal tensile stresses, but appeared to fortify the enamel against crack propagation in multiple directions. These structural and biomechanical differences in <span class="hlt">cusp</span> enamel are likely to reflect species-level differences in occlusal function.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22679750-apex-dips-experimental-flux-ropes-helix-cusp','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22679750-apex-dips-experimental-flux-ropes-helix-cusp"><span>Apex Dips of Experimental Flux Ropes: Helix or <span class="hlt">Cusp</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wongwaitayakornkul, Pakorn; Haw, Magnus A.; Bellan, Paul M.</p> <p></p> <p>We present a new theory for the presence of apex dips in certain experimental flux ropes. Previously such dips were thought to be projections of a helical loop axis generated by the kink instability. However, new evidence from experiments and simulations suggest that the feature is a 2D <span class="hlt">cusp</span> rather than a 3D helix. The proposed mechanism for <span class="hlt">cusp</span> formation is a density pileup region generated by nonlinear interaction of neutral gas cones emitted from fast-gas nozzles. The results indicate that density perturbations can result in large distortions of an erupting flux rope, even in the absence of significant pressuremore » or gravitational forces. The density pileup at the apex also suppresses the m = 1 kink mode by acting as a stationary node. Consequently, more accurate density profiles should be considered when attempting to <span class="hlt">model</span> the stability and shape of solar and astrophysical flux ropes.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=65619&keyword=ocean+AND+climate+AND+changes&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=65619&keyword=ocean+AND+climate+AND+changes&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>INCORPORATING <span class="hlt">CATASTROPHES</span> INTO INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT: SCIENCE, IMPACTS, AND ADAPTATION</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Incorporating potential <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> consequences into integrated assessment <span class="hlt">models</span> of climate change has been a top priority of policymakers and <span class="hlt">modelers</span> alike. We review the current state of scientific understanding regarding three frequently mentioned geophysical <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>,...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123..211D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123..211D"><span>On the Relation Between Soft Electron Precipitations in the <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Region and Solar Wind Coupling Functions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dang, Tong; Zhang, Binzheng; Wiltberge, Michael; Wang, Wenbin; Varney, Roger; Dou, Xiankang; Wan, Weixing; Lei, Jiuhou</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>In this study, the correlations between the fluxes of precipitating soft electrons in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region and solar wind coupling functions are investigated utilizing the Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry global magnetosphere <span class="hlt">model</span> simulations. We conduct two simulation runs during periods from 20 March 2008 to 16 April 2008 and from 15 to 24 December 2014, which are referred as "Equinox Case" and "Solstice Case," respectively. The simulation results of Equinox Case show that the plasma number density in the high-latitude <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region scales well with the solar wind number density (ncusp/nsw=0.78), which agrees well with the statistical results from the Polar spacecraft measurements. For the Solstice Case, the plasma number density of high-latitude <span class="hlt">cusp</span> in both hemispheres increases approximately linearly with upstream solar wind number density with prominent hemispheric asymmetry. Due to the dipole tilt effect, the average number density ratio ncusp/nsw in the Southern (summer) Hemisphere is nearly 3 times that in the Northern (winter) Hemisphere. In addition to the solar wind number density, 20 solar wind coupling functions are tested for the linear correlation with the fluxes of precipitating <span class="hlt">cusp</span> soft electrons. The statistical results indicate that the solar wind dynamic pressure p exhibits the highest linear correlation with the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> electron fluxes for both equinox and solstice conditions, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.75. The linear regression relations for equinox and solstice cases may provide an empirical calculation for the fluxes of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> soft electron precipitation based on the upstream solar wind driving conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040129618','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040129618"><span>Computational Study of Primary Electrons in the <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Region of an Ion Engine's Discharge Chamber</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Stueber, Thomas J. (Technical Monitor); Deshpande, Shirin S.; Mahalingam, Sudhakar; Menart, James A.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>In this work a computer code called PRIMA is used to study the motion of primary electrons in the magnetic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region of the discharge chamber of an ion engine. Even though the amount of wall area covered by the <span class="hlt">cusps</span> is very small, the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> regions are important because prior computational analyses have indicated that most primary electrons leave the discharge chamber through the <span class="hlt">cusps</span>. The analysis presented here focuses on the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region only. The affects of the shape and size of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region on primary electron travel are studied as well as the angle and location at which the electron enters the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region. These affects are quantified using the confinement length and the number density distributions of the primary electrons. In addition to these results comparisons of the results from PRIMA are made to experimental results for a cylindrical discharge chamber with two magnetic rings. These comparisons indicate the validity of the computer code called PRIMA.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014cosp...40E.813E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014cosp...40E.813E"><span>Distinct sources of injections in the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> observed by Cluster</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Escoubet, C. Philippe; Reme, Henri; Dunlop, Malcolm; Daly, Patrick; Laakso, Harri; Berchem, Jean; Richard, Robert; Taylor, Matthew; Trattner, Karlheinz; Grison, Benjamin; Dandouras, Iannis; Fazakerley, Andrew; Pitout, Frederic; Masson, Arnaud</p> <p></p> <p>The main process that injects solar wind plasma into the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> is now generally accepted to be magnetic reconnection. Depending on the IMF direction, this process takes place equatorward (for IMF southward), poleward (for IMF northward) or on the dusk or dawn sides (for IMF azimuthal) of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. We report a Cluster crossing on 5 January 2002 near the exterior <span class="hlt">cusp</span> on the southern dusk side. The IMF was mainly azimuthal (IMF-By around -5 nT), the solar wind speed lower than usual around 280 km/s and the density around 5 cm-3. The four Cluster spacecraft had an elongated configuration near the magnetopause. C4 was the first spacecraft to enter the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> around 19:52:04 UT, followed by C2 at 19:52:35 UT, C1 at 19:54:24 UT and C3 at 20:13:15 UT. C4 and C1 observed two ion energy dispersions at 20:10 UT and 20:40 UT and C3 at 20:35 UT and 21:15 UT. Using the time of flight technique on the upgoing and downgoing ions in the dispersions, we obtain an altitude of the sources of these ions between 14 and 20 RE. Using Tsyganenko <span class="hlt">model</span>, these sources are located on the dusk flank, past the terminator. The first injection by C3 is seen at approximately the same time as the 2nd injection on C1 but their sources at the magnetopause were separated by more than 10 RE. This would imply that two distinct sources were active at the same time on the dusk flank of the magnetosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982AIPC...78...57S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982AIPC...78...57S"><span>Low pressure hugoniot <span class="hlt">cusp</span> in polymeric materials</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sheffield, S. A.; Bloomquist, D. D.</p> <p>1982-04-01</p> <p>It has previously been shown that polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) exhibits a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> in the shock Hugoniot at about 2.0 GPa which corresponds with the beginning of shock-induced polarization and the beginning of an exothermic reaction measured in thermocouple and resistivity gauge temperature studies. We now report results we have recently obtained from an ongoing study which indicate that other polymers have similar behavior at about the same pressure. Quartz gauge impact experiments have been performed using polypyro-ellitimide (Vespel) and polysulfone impactors to obtain Hugoniot information and the stress history at the impact plane. In the case of Vespel a slight Hugoniot <span class="hlt">cusp</span> was observed at about 1.8 GPa which coincides with the start of shock-induced polarization. Polysulfone does not appear to have a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> but does show stress relaxation at the impact plane beginning at about 1.8 GPa, again coinciding with the start of shock-induced polarization. It has been suggested earlier that the abnormal behavior in PMMA is the result of a shock-induced chemical reaction. This new information suggests that a stress of about 2 GPa is a threshold for shock-induced chemical reaction in several polymers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMSM31C..02E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMSM31C..02E"><span>Cluster observations of ion dispersion discontinuities in the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Escoubet, C. P.; Berchem, J.; Pitout, F.; Richard, R. L.; Trattner, K. J.; Grison, B.; Taylor, M. G.; Masson, A.; Dunlop, M. W.; Dandouras, I. S.; Reme, H.; Fazakerley, A. N.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>The reconnection between the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the Earth’s magnetic field is taking place at the magnetopause on magnetic field lines threading through the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. When the IMF is southward, reconnection occurs near the subsolar point, which is magnetically connected to the equatorward boundary of the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. Subsequently the ions injected through the reconnection point precipitate in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and are dispersed poleward. If reconnection is continuous and operates at constant rate, the ion dispersion is smooth and continuous. On the other hand if the reconnection rate varies, we expect interruption in the dispersion forming energy steps or staircase. Similarly, multiple entries near the magnetopause could also produce steps at low or mid-altitude when a spacecraft is crossing subsequently the field lines originating from these multiple sources. In addition, motion of the magnetopause induced by solar wind pressure changes or erosion due to reconnection can also induce a motion of the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and a disruption of the ions dispersion observed by a spacecraft. Cluster with four spacecraft following each other in the mid-altitude <span class="hlt">cusp</span> can be used to distinguish between these “temporal” and “spatial” effects. We will present a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> crossing with two spacecraft, separated by around two minutes. The two spacecraft observed a very similar dispersion with a step in energy in its centre and two other dispersions poleward. We will show that the steps could be temporal (assuming that the time between two reconnection bursts corresponds to the time delay between the two spacecraft) but it would be a fortuitous coincidence. On the other hand the steps and the two poleward dispersions could be explained by spatial effects if we take into account the motion of the open-closed boundary between the two spacecraft crossings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4223924','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4223924"><span>The effects of relative food item size on optimal tooth <span class="hlt">cusp</span> sharpness during brittle food item processing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Berthaume, Michael A.; Dumont, Elizabeth R.; Godfrey, Laurie R.; Grosse, Ian R.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Teeth are often assumed to be optimal for their function, which allows researchers to derive dietary signatures from tooth shape. Most tooth shape analyses normalize for tooth size, potentially masking the relationship between relative food item size and tooth shape. Here, we <span class="hlt">model</span> how relative food item size may affect optimal tooth <span class="hlt">cusp</span> radius of curvature (RoC) during the fracture of brittle food items using a parametric finite-element (FE) <span class="hlt">model</span> of a four-<span class="hlt">cusped</span> molar. Morphospaces were created for four different food item sizes by altering <span class="hlt">cusp</span> RoCs to determine whether optimal tooth shape changed as food item size changed. The morphospaces were also used to investigate whether variation in efficiency metrics (i.e. stresses, energy and optimality) changed as food item size changed. We found that optimal tooth shape changed as food item size changed, but that all optimal morphologies were similar, with one dull <span class="hlt">cusp</span> that promoted high stresses in the food item and three <span class="hlt">cusps</span> that acted to stabilize the food item. There were also positive relationships between food item size and the coefficients of variation for stresses in food item and optimality, and negative relationships between food item size and the coefficients of variation for stresses in the enamel and strain energy absorbed by the food item. These results suggest that relative food item size may play a role in selecting for optimal tooth shape, and the magnitude of these selective forces may change depending on food item size and which efficiency metric is being selected. PMID:25320068</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050167099','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050167099"><span><span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Dynamics-Particle Acceleration by Alfven Waves</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ergun, Robert E.; Parker, Scott A.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Successful results were obtained from this research project. This investigation answered and/or made progresses on each of the four important questions that were proposed: (1) How do Alfven waves propagate on dayside open field lines? (2) How are precipitating electrons influenced by propagating Alfven waves? (3) How are various <span class="hlt">cusp</span> electron distributions generated? (4) How are Alfven waves modified by electrons? During the first year of this investigation, the input parameters, such as density and temperature altitude profiles, of the gyrofluid code on the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> field lines were constructed based on 3-point satellite observations. The initial gyrofluid result was presented at the GEM meeting by Dr. Samuel Jones.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMSM11B2077E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMSM11B2077E"><span>Cluster Observations of Ion Dispersions near the Exterior <span class="hlt">Cusp</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Escoubet, C.; Grison, B.; Berchem, J.; Trattner, K. J.; Pitout, F.; Richard, R. L.; Taylor, M. G.; Laakso, H. E.; Masson, A.; Dunlop, M. W.; Dandouras, I. S.; Reme, H.; Fazakerley, A. N.; Daly, P. W.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">cusps</span> are the places where the Earth's magnetic field lines, connected to the inner side of the magnetopause, converge. It is therefore the place where signatures of processes occurring near the subsolar point, in the tail lobes, as well as near the dawn and dusk flanks are observed. The main process that injects solar wind plasma into the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> is now generally accepted to be magnetic reconnection. Depending on the IMF direction, this process will take place equatorward (for IMF southward), poleward (for IMF northward) or on the side (for IMF azimuthal) of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. We report a Cluster crossing on 5 January 2002 near the exterior <span class="hlt">cusp</span> on the southern dusk side. The IMF was mainly azimuthal (IMF-By around -5 nT), the solar wind speed around 280 km/s and the density around 5 cm-3. The four Cluster spacecraft were still in the "magnetotail" configuration with two perfect tetrahedra of 2000 km around apogee and turning into an elongated configuration near the magnetopause. C4 was the first spacecraft to enter the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> around 19:52:04 UT, followed by C2 at 19:52:35 UT, C1 at 19:54:24 UT and C3 at 20:13:15 UT. C4 and C1 observed two ion energy dispersions at 20:10 UT and 20:40 UT and C3 at 20:35 UT and 21:15 UT. We will investigate the origin of the injections forming the dispersions and if these can be explained by the reconnection between the interplanetary magnetic field and the Earth's magnetic field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.9922G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.9922G"><span>Overcoming challenges of <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">modelling</span> in data poor regions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grassby, L.; Millinship, I.; Breinl, K.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>There is an increasing demand for loss accumulation tools in expanding international insurance markets such as India, China and Thailand. This reflects the combination of an increase in exposures in these territories as industry intensifies and urban development expands, as well as several notable natural <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> affecting these areas over the past few years (e.g. extreme floods in Mumbai in 2006 and in Thailand in 2011). Large, global insurers and reinsurers are embracing the opportunity to underwrite these exposures but only where adequate tools are available to provide understanding of the hazards, exposures and potential losses. Unlike more developed countries, data availability in these regions is typically limited and of poor resolution, but <span class="hlt">model</span> development is still required in order to analyse the risk. Some of the <span class="hlt">modelling</span> challenges associated with data limitations include: (1) dealing with a lack of hydrological data which results in greater uncertainty of the flow rate and event frequency; (2) lower DTM resolution than that available across much of Europe, which underlies the hazard component of the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">model</span>; (3) limited accessibility to data that characterises the Built Environment including information on different building types and their susceptibility to damage; and (4) a lack of claims data from previous events or engineering research into the vulnerability of different building types. This is used to generate of country and structure specific vulnerability curves that explain the relationship between hazard intensity and damages. By presenting an industry specific flood <span class="hlt">model</span> for data-poor India in collaboration with Allianz Re, we illustrate how we have overcome many of these challenges to allow loss accumulations to be made. The resulting <span class="hlt">model</span> was successfully validated against the floods in Mumbai and Surat in 2006 and is being developed further with the availability of new data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.7228S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.7228S"><span>Study on field-aligned electrons with Cluster observation in the Earth's <span class="hlt">cusp</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shi, Jiankui; Torkar, Klaus; Cheng, Zhengwei</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Cusp</span> region is very important to the solar wind-magnetosphere coupling. The solar wind particles, through the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, can directly entry into the magnetosphere and ionosphere, and transport the mass, momentum and energy. The gyrating charged particles with field-aligned velocity are significant to perform the transportation. In this study, data from Cluster observation are used to study the characteristics of field-aligned electrons (FAE's) including the downward and the upward FAEs in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. We select FAE event to do analysis. The durations of the FAE event covered a wide range from 6 to 475 seconds. The FAE's were found to occur very commonly in a circumpolar zone in the polar region and the MLT and ILAT distributions showed that most of the FAE events were observed around the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> (70-80°ILAT, 0900-1500MLT). With the FAE flux the contribution of the electrons to the Field-Aligned Current (FAC) is estimated and the result shows that the FAE was the main carrier to the FAC in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. The physical mechanisms of the FAE are analyzed, namely that the downward electrons were mainly from the solar wind and the upward electrons may originated from accelerated ionospheric up-flowing electrons or mirrored solar wind electrons. The energy transportation into the magnetosphere by the solar wind electrons through the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> is also investigated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25d0701N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25d0701N"><span>The influence of anode position and structure on <span class="hlt">cusped</span> field thruster</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Niu, Xiang; Liu, Hui; Yang, Chiyu; Jiang, Wenjia; Yu, Daren; Ning, Zhongxi</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">cusped</span> field thruster is a kind of electric propulsion device using multi-stage <span class="hlt">cusped</span> fields to realize plasma discharges and produce thrust. A previous study showed that plasma discharges in this thruster are non-uniform. In this work, a multi-annulus anode is used to measure the radial distribution of anode current density at different anode positions. The experimental results reveal that some electrons may reach the anode along the axis after they accelerate from the final <span class="hlt">cusp</span> regardless of the anode positions. To further validate this idea and find out the mechanism of this central path along the axis, the central part of the anode is replaced with ceramics. This results in an increase in the total current with larger contributions at larger radii. The current oscillations also get larger. This brief letter is helpful to further understand the movement of electrons in <span class="hlt">cusped</span> field thrusters and provide guidance on reducing the non-uniform degree of current density.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.4484T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.4484T"><span>Calibration and validation of earthquake <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">models</span>. Case study: Impact Forecasting Earthquake <span class="hlt">Model</span> for Algeria</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Trendafiloski, G.; Gaspa Rebull, O.; Ewing, C.; Podlaha, A.; Magee, B.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Calibration and validation are crucial steps in the production of the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">models</span> for the insurance industry in order to assure the <span class="hlt">model</span>'s reliability and to quantify its uncertainty. Calibration is needed in all components of <span class="hlt">model</span> development including hazard and vulnerability. Validation is required to ensure that the losses calculated by the <span class="hlt">model</span> match those observed in past events and which could happen in future. Impact Forecasting, the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">modelling</span> development centre of excellence within Aon Benfield, has recently launched its earthquake <span class="hlt">model</span> for Algeria as a part of the earthquake <span class="hlt">model</span> for the Maghreb region. The earthquake <span class="hlt">model</span> went through a detailed calibration process including: (1) the seismic intensity attenuation <span class="hlt">model</span> by use of macroseismic observations and maps from past earthquakes in Algeria; (2) calculation of the country-specific vulnerability modifiers by use of past damage observations in the country. The use of Benouar, 1994 ground motion prediction relationship was proven as the most appropriate for our <span class="hlt">model</span>. Calculation of the regional vulnerability modifiers for the country led to 10% to 40% larger vulnerability indexes for different building types compared to average European indexes. The country specific damage <span class="hlt">models</span> also included aggregate damage <span class="hlt">models</span> for residential, commercial and industrial properties considering the description of the buildings stock given by World Housing Encyclopaedia and the local rebuilding cost factors equal to 10% for damage grade 1, 20% for damage grade 2, 35% for damage grade 3, 75% for damage grade 4 and 100% for damage grade 5. The damage grades comply with the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-1998). The <span class="hlt">model</span> was validated by use of "as-if" historical scenario simulations of three past earthquake events in Algeria M6.8 2003 Boumerdes, M7.3 1980 El-Asnam and M7.3 1856 Djidjelli earthquake. The calculated return periods of the losses for client market portfolio align with the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29323354','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29323354"><span>Utility indifference pricing of insurance <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> derivatives.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Eichler, Andreas; Leobacher, Gunther; Szölgyenyi, Michaela</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>We propose a <span class="hlt">model</span> for an insurance loss index and the claims process of a single insurance company holding a fraction of the total number of contracts that captures both ordinary losses and losses due to <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>. In this <span class="hlt">model</span> we price a <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> derivative by the method of utility indifference pricing. The associated stochastic optimization problem is treated by techniques for piecewise deterministic Markov processes. A numerical study illustrates our results.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMSM31E4248M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMSM31E4248M"><span>Plasma Instability Growth Rates in the F-Region <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Ionosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moen, J. I.; Daabakk, Y.; Oksavik, K.; Clausen, L.; Bekkeng, T. A.; Abe, T.; Saito, Y.; Baddeley, L. J.; Lorentzen, D. A.; Sigernes, F.; Yeoman, T. K.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>There are at least two different micro-instability processes that applies to the F-region <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/polar cap ionosphere. These are the Gradient Drift Instability (GDI) and the Kelvin Helmholtz Instability (KHI). Due to space weather effects on radio communication and satellite signals it is of practical interest to assess the relative importance of these two instability modes and to quantify their growth rates. The Investigation of <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Irregularities (ICI) rocket program has been developed to investigate these plasma instabilities and formation scintillation irregularities. High resolution measurements are critical to get realistic quantities on the growth rates. The results achieved so far demonstrates that <span class="hlt">cusp</span> ionosphere precipitation can give rise to km scale plasma structures on which grow rates are down to a few tens of seconds compared to earlier measures of ten minutes based on ground observations. This has to do with the spatial resolution required for these measurements. Growth rates for the KHI instability is found to be of the same order, which is consistent with growth rates calculated from the EISCAT Svalbard Radar. I.e. both instability modes can be highly efficient in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> ionosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPBO6013H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPBO6013H"><span>Apex Dips of Experimental Flux Ropes: Helix or <span class="hlt">Cusp</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Haw, Magnus; Wongwaitayakornkul, Pakorn; Li, Hui; Li, Shengtai; Bellan, Paul M.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>We present a new theory for the presence of apex dips in certain experimental flux ropes. Previously such dips were thought to be projections of a helical loop axis generated by the kink instability. However, new evidence from experiments and simulations suggest that the feature is a 2D <span class="hlt">cusp</span> rather than a 3D helix. The proposed mechanism for <span class="hlt">cusp</span> formation is a density pileup region generated by nonlinear interaction of neutral gas cones emitted from fast-gas nozzles. The results indicate that small density perturbations can result in large distortions of an erupting flux rope, even in the absence of significant pressure or gravity forces. The density pileup at the apex also suppresses the m=1 kink mode by acting as a stationary node. Consequently, more accurate density profiles should be considered when attempting to precisely <span class="hlt">model</span> the stability and eruption of solar flux ropes such as CME's. This work was supported by NSF under award 1348393, AFOSR under award FA9550-11-1-0184, and DOE under awards DE-FG02-04ER54755 and DE-SC0010471.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMEP23A0947O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMEP23A0947O"><span>Observations of beach <span class="hlt">cusp</span> evolution using a stationary, shore-based lidar system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>O'Dea, A.; Whitesides, E. T.; Brodie, K.; Spore, N.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Although beach <span class="hlt">cusps</span> are common features on beaches around the world, questions still remain regarding the range of conditions in which they form, the initial forcing conditions under which they form, and the erosive or accretionary nature of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> events. While many prior studies have focused on the formation and morphology of beach <span class="hlt">cusps</span>, many of these are limited in the spatial extent of observations, in their spatial or temporal resolution, or in the availability of accompanying hydrodynamic data. In this study, beach <span class="hlt">cusp</span> formation and evolution is investigated using an automated lidar system that provides hourly three-dimensional scans of subaerial beach topography with high spatial resolution ([O(1 cm)]). The stationary lidar scanner is mounted on a 4-m tower located on the crest of a shore-backing dune on an Atlantic Ocean beach near Duck, North Carolina. The device measures a 237°-framescan of the nearshore region over a 15 minute period each hour. Individual scans are coregistered to a baseline scan using an iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm and then filtered to remove noise, dune vegetation, and water. To assess the accuracy of the coregistration algorithm, the 3-dimensional location of five permanent reflectors near the device are found for each scan and compared to their measured GPS location. Precisely coregistered scans allow for an assessment of elevation change across cuspate features in addition to traditional measurements of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> wavelength. Beach <span class="hlt">cusp</span> events are assessed over a three month period from September through November 2015. Wave and current data from a cross-shore array of sensors deployed continuously throughout the three month period as well as from two alongshore arrays of ADV sensors deployed from October 13 through November 1 are used to determine the forcing conditions under which the <span class="hlt">cusps</span> formed and evolved. Funded by the USACE Coastal Field Data Collection Program.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27157166','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27157166"><span>Multiple Sclerosis and <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Health Expenditure in Iran.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Juyani, Yaser; Hamedi, Dorsa; Hosseini Jebeli, Seyede Sedighe; Qasham, Maryam</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>There are many disabling medical conditions which can result in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure. Multiple Sclerosis is one of the most costly medical conditions through the world which encounter families to the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures. This study aims to investigate on what extent Multiple sclerosis patients face <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> costs. This study was carried out in Ahvaz, Iran (2014). The study population included households that at least one of their members suffers from MS. To analyze data, Logit regression <span class="hlt">model</span> was employed by using the default software STATA12. 3.37% of families were encountered with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> costs. Important variables including brand of drug, housing, income and health insurance were significantly correlated with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditure. This study suggests that although a small proportion of MS patients met the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure, mechanisms that pool risk and cost (e.g. health insurance) are required to protect them and improve financial and access equity in health care.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3849094','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3849094"><span>Detecting Inter-<span class="hlt">Cusp</span> and Inter-Tooth Wear Patterns in Rhinocerotids</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Taylor, Lucy A.; Kaiser, Thomas M.; Schwitzer, Christoph; Müller, Dennis W. H.; Codron, Daryl; Clauss, Marcus; Schulz, Ellen</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Extant rhinos are the largest extant herbivores exhibiting dietary specialisations for both browse and grass. However, the adaptive value of the wear-induced tooth morphology in rhinos has not been widely studied, and data on individual <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and tooth positions have rarely been published. We evaluated upper cheek dentition of browsing Diceros bicornis and Rhinoceros sondaicus, mixed-feeding R. unicornis and grazing Ceratotherium simum using an extended mesowear method adapted for rhinos. We included single <span class="hlt">cusp</span> scoring (EM(R)-S) to investigate inter-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> and inter-tooth wear patterns. In accordance with previous reports, general mesowear patterns in D. bicornis and R. sondaicus were attrition-dominated and C. simum abrasion-dominated, reflecting their respective diets. Mesowear patterns for R. unicornis were more attrition-dominated than anticipated by the grass-dominated diet, which may indicate a low intake of environmental abrasives. EM(R)-S increased differentiation power compared to classical mesowear, with significant inter-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> and inter-tooth differences detected. In D. bicornis, the anterior <span class="hlt">cusp</span> was consistently more abrasion-dominated than the posterior. Wear differences in <span class="hlt">cusp</span> position may relate to morphological adaptations to dietary regimes. Heterogeneous occlusal surfaces may facilitate the comminution of heterogeneous browse, whereas uniform, broad grinding surfaces may enhance the comminution of physically more homogeneous grass. A negative tooth wear gradient was found in D. bicornis, R. sondaicus and R. unicornis, with wear patterns becoming less abrasion-dominated from premolars to molars. No such gradients were evident in C. simum which displayed a uniform wear pattern. In browsers, premolars may be exposed to higher relative grit loads, which may result in the development of wear gradients. The second premolar may also have a role in food cropping. In grazers, high absolute amounts of ingested abrasives may override other signals, leading to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24312507','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24312507"><span>Detecting inter-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> and inter-tooth wear patterns in rhinocerotids.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Taylor, Lucy A; Kaiser, Thomas M; Schwitzer, Christoph; Müller, Dennis W H; Codron, Daryl; Clauss, Marcus; Schulz, Ellen</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Extant rhinos are the largest extant herbivores exhibiting dietary specialisations for both browse and grass. However, the adaptive value of the wear-induced tooth morphology in rhinos has not been widely studied, and data on individual <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and tooth positions have rarely been published. We evaluated upper cheek dentition of browsing Diceros bicornis and Rhinoceros sondaicus, mixed-feeding R. unicornis and grazing Ceratotherium simum using an extended mesowear method adapted for rhinos. We included single <span class="hlt">cusp</span> scoring (EM(R)-S) to investigate inter-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> and inter-tooth wear patterns. In accordance with previous reports, general mesowear patterns in D. bicornis and R. sondaicus were attrition-dominated and C. simum abrasion-dominated, reflecting their respective diets. Mesowear patterns for R. unicornis were more attrition-dominated than anticipated by the grass-dominated diet, which may indicate a low intake of environmental abrasives. EM(R)-S increased differentiation power compared to classical mesowear, with significant inter-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> and inter-tooth differences detected. In D. bicornis, the anterior <span class="hlt">cusp</span> was consistently more abrasion-dominated than the posterior. Wear differences in <span class="hlt">cusp</span> position may relate to morphological adaptations to dietary regimes. Heterogeneous occlusal surfaces may facilitate the comminution of heterogeneous browse, whereas uniform, broad grinding surfaces may enhance the comminution of physically more homogeneous grass. A negative tooth wear gradient was found in D. bicornis, R. sondaicus and R. unicornis, with wear patterns becoming less abrasion-dominated from premolars to molars. No such gradients were evident in C. simum which displayed a uniform wear pattern. In browsers, premolars may be exposed to higher relative grit loads, which may result in the development of wear gradients. The second premolar may also have a role in food cropping. In grazers, high absolute amounts of ingested abrasives may override other signals, leading to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29672909','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29672909"><span>Non-<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> fractures in racing Thoroughbreds at the Hong Kong Jockey Club.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sun, T C; Riggs, C M; Cogger, N; Wright, J; Al-Alawneh, J I</p> <p>2018-04-19</p> <p>Reports of fractures in racehorses have predominantly focused on <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> injuries, and there is limited data identifying the location and incidence of fractures that did not result in a fatal outcome. To describe the nature and the incidence of non-<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> fractures in Thoroughbreds racing at the Hong Kong Jockey Club (HKJC) over seven racing seasons. Retrospective cohort study. Data of fractures sustained in horses while racing and of race characteristics were extracted from the HKJC Veterinary Management Information System (VMIS) and Racing Information System (RIS) respectively. The fracture event was determined from the first clinical entry for each specific injury. The incidence rates of non-<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> fractures were calculated per 1000 racing starts for racetrack, age, racing season, sex and trainer. 179 first fracture events occurred in 64,807 racing starts. The incidence rate of non-<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> fractures was 2.2 per 1000 racing starts and of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> fractures was 0.6 per 1000 racing starts. Fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones represented 55% of all <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> fractures while the most common non-<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> fractures involved the carpus and the first phalanx. Significant associations were detected between the incidence of non-<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> fractures and sex, trainer and racing season. The first fracture event was used to calculate the incidence rate in this study and may have resulted in underestimation of the true incidence rate of fractures in this population. However, given the low number of recorded fracture events compared to the size of the study population, this underestimation is likely to be small. There were 3.6 times as many non-<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> fractures as <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> fractures in Thoroughbreds racing in Hong Kong between 2004 and 2011. Non-<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> fractures interfere with race training schedules and may predispose to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> fracture. Future analytical studies on non-<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860022178','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860022178"><span>Performance characteristics of ring-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> thrusters with xenon propellant</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Patterson, M. J.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>The performance characteristics and operating envelope of several 30-cm ring-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> ion thrusters with xenon propellant were investigated. Results indicate a strong performance dependence on the discharge chamber boundary magnetic fields and resultant distribution of electron currents. Significant improvements in discharge performance over J-series divergent-field thrusters were achieved for large throttling ranges, which translate into reduced cathode emission currents and reduced power dissipation which should be of significant benefit for operation at thruster power levels in excess of 10 kW. Mass spectrometry of the ion beam was documented for both the ring-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> and J-series thrusters with xenon propellant for determination of overall thruster efficiency, and lifetime. Based on the lower centerline values of doubly charged ions in the ion beam and the lower operating discharge voltage, the screen grid erosion rate of the ring-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> thruster is expected to be lower than the divergent-field J-series thruster by a factor of 2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870030718&hterms=divergent+series&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Ddivergent%2Bseries','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870030718&hterms=divergent+series&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Ddivergent%2Bseries"><span>Performance characteristics of ring-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> thrusters with xenon propellant</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Patterson, M. J.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>The performance characteristics and operating envelope of several 30-cm ring-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> ion thrusters with xenon propellant were investigated. Results indicate a strong performance dependence on the discharge chamber boundary magnetic fields and resultant distribution of electron currents. Significant improvements in discharge performance over J-series divergent-field thrusters were achieved for large throttling ranges, which translate into reduced cathode emission currents and reduced power dissipation which should be of significant benefit for operation at thruster power levels in excess of 10 kW. Mass spectrometer of the ion beam was documented for both the ring-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> and J-series thrusters with xenon propellant for determination of overall thruster efficiency, and lifetime. Based on the lower centerline values of doubly charged ions in the ion beam and the lower operating discharge voltage, the screen grid erosion rate of the ring-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> thruster is expected to be lower than the divergent-field J-series thruster by a factor of 2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Intellectual+AND+honesty&pg=3&id=ED205118','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Intellectual+AND+honesty&pg=3&id=ED205118"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Theory in Higher Education Research. AIR Forum 1981 Paper.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Staman, E. Michael</p> <p></p> <p>The applicability of <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> theory to research in higher education is considered, with several problems that typically appear in the literature presented in a theoretical framework. A <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> is attempted for each. The nature of mathematical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> and the relationship between <span class="hlt">modeling</span> continuous systems and discontinuous systems…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18023678','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18023678"><span><span class="hlt">Cusp</span> repair in aortic valve reconstruction: does the technique affect stability?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Aicher, Diana; Langer, Frank; Adam, Oliver; Tscholl, Dietmar; Lausberg, Henning; Schäfers, Hans-Joachim</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Cusp</span> prolapse may be an isolated cause of aortic regurgitation or may exist in conjunction with dilatation of the proximal aorta. Prolapse can be corrected by central plication, triangular resection, or pericardial patch implantation. We retrospectively analyzed our results with these techniques. From October 1995 to December 2006, 604 patients (aged 3-86 years) underwent aortic valve repair. <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> prolapse was found in 427 patients (246 tricuspid, 181 bicuspid). Prolapse was corrected by central plication (n = 275) or triangular resection (n = 80). A pericardial patch was implanted for pre-existing <span class="hlt">cusp</span> defects or after excision of calcium (n = 72). One <span class="hlt">cusp</span> was repaired in 198 patients; the remaining patients underwent repair of 2 (n = 189) or 3 <span class="hlt">cusps</span> (n = 40). In 102 patients more than one technique was used, and the patients were allocated to the group of the assumedly more complex repair (central plication < triangular resection < pericardial patch plasty). Cumulative follow-up was 1238 patient-years (mean 35 +/- 27 months). Hospital mortality was 2.6% (11/427). Actuarial freedom from aortic regurgitation of grade II or more at 5 years was 92% (central plication), 90% (triangular resection), and 90% (pericardial patch plasty). Thirteen patients were reoperated on, with prolapse as the most common reason for failure (n = 7); 6 underwent re-repair. Freedom from reoperation at 5 years was 95% (central plication), 94% (triangular resection), and 94% (pericardial patch plasty). Freedom from valve replacement at 5 years was 97% (central plication), 99% (triangular resection), and 98% (pericardial patch plasty). In aortic valve repair, <span class="hlt">cusp</span> prolapse can be treated reliably by central plication. In the presence of more complex disease, triangular resection or pericardial patch plasty may be used without compromising midterm durability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JCAP...05..042B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JCAP...05..042B"><span><span class="hlt">Cusps</span> in the center of galaxies: a real conflict with observations or a numerical artefact of cosmological simulations?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Baushev, A. N.; del Valle, L.; Campusano, L. E.; Escala, A.; Muñoz, R. R.; Palma, G. A.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Galaxy observations and N-body cosmological simulations produce conflicting dark matter halo density profiles for galaxy central regions. While simulations suggest a cuspy and universal density profile (UDP) of this region, the majority of observations favor variable profiles with a core in the center. In this paper, we investigate the convergency of standard N-body simulations, especially in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region, following the approach proposed by [1]. We simulate the well known Hernquist <span class="hlt">model</span> using the SPH code Gadget-3 and consider the full array of dynamical parameters of the particles. We find that, although the cuspy profile is stable, all integrals of motion characterizing individual particles suffer strong unphysical variations along the whole halo, revealing an effective interaction between the test bodies. This result casts doubts on the reliability of the velocity distribution function obtained in the simulations. Moreover, we find unphysical Fokker-Planck streams of particles in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region. The same streams should appear in cosmological N-body simulations, being strong enough to change the shape of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> or even to create it. Our analysis, based on the Hernquist <span class="hlt">model</span> and the standard SPH code, strongly suggests that the UDPs generally found by the cosmological N-body simulations may be a consequence of numerical effects. A much better understanding of the N-body simulation convergency is necessary before a `core-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> problem' can properly be used to question the validity of the CDM <span class="hlt">model</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22676194-cusps-center-galaxies-real-conflict-observations-numerical-artefact-cosmological-simulations','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22676194-cusps-center-galaxies-real-conflict-observations-numerical-artefact-cosmological-simulations"><span><span class="hlt">Cusps</span> in the center of galaxies: a real conflict with observations or a numerical artefact of cosmological simulations?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Baushev, A.N.; Valle, L. del; Campusano, L.E.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Galaxy observations and N-body cosmological simulations produce conflicting dark matter halo density profiles for galaxy central regions. While simulations suggest a cuspy and universal density profile (UDP) of this region, the majority of observations favor variable profiles with a core in the center. In this paper, we investigate the convergency of standard N-body simulations, especially in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region, following the approach proposed by [1]. We simulate the well known Hernquist <span class="hlt">model</span> using the SPH code Gadget-3 and consider the full array of dynamical parameters of the particles. We find that, although the cuspy profile is stable, all integrals ofmore » motion characterizing individual particles suffer strong unphysical variations along the whole halo, revealing an effective interaction between the test bodies. This result casts doubts on the reliability of the velocity distribution function obtained in the simulations. Moreover, we find unphysical Fokker-Planck streams of particles in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region. The same streams should appear in cosmological N-body simulations, being strong enough to change the shape of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> or even to create it. Our analysis, based on the Hernquist <span class="hlt">model</span> and the standard SPH code, strongly suggests that the UDPs generally found by the cosmological N-body simulations may be a consequence of numerical effects. A much better understanding of the N-body simulation convergency is necessary before a 'core-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> problem' can properly be used to question the validity of the CDM <span class="hlt">model</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvE..97b2133A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvE..97b2133A"><span>Orthogonality <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> and fractional exclusion statistics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ares, Filiberto; Gupta, Kumar S.; de Queiroz, Amilcar R.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>We show that the N -particle Sutherland <span class="hlt">model</span> with inverse-square and harmonic interactions exhibits orthogonality <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. For a fixed value of the harmonic coupling, the overlap of the N -body ground state wave functions with two different values of the inverse-square interaction term goes to zero in the thermodynamic limit. When the two values of the inverse-square coupling differ by an infinitesimal amount, the wave function overlap shows an exponential suppression. This is qualitatively different from the usual power law suppression observed in the Anderson's orthogonality <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. We also obtain an analytic expression for the wave function overlaps for an arbitrary set of couplings, whose properties are analyzed numerically. The quasiparticles constituting the ground state wave functions of the Sutherland <span class="hlt">model</span> are known to obey fractional exclusion statistics. Our analysis indicates that the orthogonality <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> may be valid in systems with more general kinds of statistics than just the fermionic type.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29548114','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29548114"><span>Orthogonality <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> and fractional exclusion statistics.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ares, Filiberto; Gupta, Kumar S; de Queiroz, Amilcar R</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>We show that the N-particle Sutherland <span class="hlt">model</span> with inverse-square and harmonic interactions exhibits orthogonality <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. For a fixed value of the harmonic coupling, the overlap of the N-body ground state wave functions with two different values of the inverse-square interaction term goes to zero in the thermodynamic limit. When the two values of the inverse-square coupling differ by an infinitesimal amount, the wave function overlap shows an exponential suppression. This is qualitatively different from the usual power law suppression observed in the Anderson's orthogonality <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. We also obtain an analytic expression for the wave function overlaps for an arbitrary set of couplings, whose properties are analyzed numerically. The quasiparticles constituting the ground state wave functions of the Sutherland <span class="hlt">model</span> are known to obey fractional exclusion statistics. Our analysis indicates that the orthogonality <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> may be valid in systems with more general kinds of statistics than just the fermionic type.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AIPC.1692b0024G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AIPC.1692b0024G"><span>Valuation of Indonesian <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> earthquake bonds with generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution and Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) interest rate <span class="hlt">model</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gunardi, Setiawan, Ezra Putranda</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Indonesia is a country with high risk of earthquake, because of its position in the border of earth's tectonic plate. An earthquake could raise very high amount of damage, loss, and other economic impacts. So, Indonesia needs a mechanism for transferring the risk of earthquake from the government or the (reinsurance) company, as it could collect enough money for implementing the rehabilitation and reconstruction program. One of the mechanisms is by issuing <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> bond, `act-of-God bond', or simply CAT bond. A <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> bond issued by a special-purpose-vehicle (SPV) company, and then sold to the investor. The revenue from this transaction is joined with the money (premium) from the sponsor company and then invested in other product. If a <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> happened before the time-of-maturity, cash flow from the SPV to the investor will discounted or stopped, and the cash flow is paid to the sponsor company to compensate their loss because of this <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> event. When we consider the earthquake only, the amount of discounted cash flow could determine based on the earthquake's magnitude. A case study with Indonesian earthquake magnitude data show that the probability of maximum magnitude can <span class="hlt">model</span> by generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution. In pricing this <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> bond, we assumed stochastic interest rate that following the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) interest rate <span class="hlt">model</span>. We develop formulas for pricing three types of <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> bond, namely zero coupon bonds, `coupon only at risk' bond, and `principal and coupon at risk' bond. Relationship between price of the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> bond and CIR <span class="hlt">model</span>'s parameter, GEV's parameter, percentage of coupon, and discounted cash flow rule then explained via Monte Carlo simulation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26727931','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26727931"><span>Improving <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> for Business Interruption Insurance Needs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rose, Adam; Huyck, Charles K</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>While <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> (CAT) <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of property damage is well developed, <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of business interruption (BI) lags far behind. One reason is the crude nature of functional relationships in CAT <span class="hlt">models</span> that translate property damage into BI. Another is that estimating BI losses is more complicated because it depends greatly on public and private decisions during recovery with respect to resilience tactics that dampen losses by using remaining resources more efficiently to maintain business function and to recover more quickly. This article proposes a framework for improving hazard loss estimation for BI insurance needs. Improved data collection that allows for analysis at the level of individual facilities within a company can improve matching the facilities with the effectiveness of individual forms of resilience, such as accessing inventories, relocating operations, and accelerating repair, and can therefore improve estimation accuracy. We then illustrate the difference this can make in a case study example of losses from a hurricane. © 2016 Society for Risk Analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6779620-tordo-polar-cusp-barium-plasma-injection-experiment','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6779620-tordo-polar-cusp-barium-plasma-injection-experiment"><span>Tordo 1 polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> barium plasma injection experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wescott, E.M.; Stenbaek-Nielsen, H.C.; Davis, T.N.</p> <p>1978-04-01</p> <p>In January 1975, two barium plasma injection experiments were carried out with rockets launched from Cape Parry, Northwest Territories, Canada, into the upper atmosphere where field lines from the dayside <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region intersect the ionosphere. One experiment, Tordo 1, took place near the beginning of a worldwide magnetic storm. It became a polar cap experiment almost immediately as convection perpendicular to B moved the fluorescent plasma jet away from the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> across the polar cap in an antisunward direction. Convection across the polar cap with an average velocity of more than 1 km/s was observed for nearly 40 min untilmore » the barium flux tubes encountered large E fields associated with a poleward bulge of the auroral oval near Greenland. Prior to the encounter with the aurora near Greenland there is evidence of upward acceleration of the barium ions while they were in the polar cap. The three-dimensional observations of the plasma orientation and motion give an insight into convection from the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region across the polar cap, the orientation of the polar cap magnetic field lines out to several earth radii, the causes of polar cap magnetic perturbations, and parallel acceleration processes.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25977199','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25977199"><span>A Collaborative Learning Network Approach to Improvement: The <span class="hlt">CUSP</span> Learning Network.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Weaver, Sallie J; Lofthus, Jennifer; Sawyer, Melinda; Greer, Lee; Opett, Kristin; Reynolds, Catherine; Wyskiel, Rhonda; Peditto, Stephanie; Pronovost, Peter J</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Collaborative improvement networks draw on the science of collaborative organizational learning and communities of practice to facilitate peer-to-peer learning, coaching, and local adaption. Although significant improvements in patient safety and quality have been achieved through collaborative methods, insight regarding how collaborative networks are used by members is needed. Improvement Strategy: The Comprehensive Unit-based Safety Program (<span class="hlt">CUSP</span>) Learning Network is a multi-institutional collaborative network that is designed to facilitate peer-to-peer learning and coaching specifically related to <span class="hlt">CUSP</span>. Member organizations implement all or part of the <span class="hlt">CUSP</span> methodology to improve organizational safety culture, patient safety, and care quality. Qualitative case studies developed by participating members examine the impact of network participation across three levels of analysis (unit, hospital, health system). In addition, results of a satisfaction survey designed to evaluate member experiences were collected to inform network development. Common themes across case studies suggest that members found value in collaborative learning and sharing strategies across organizational boundaries related to a specific improvement strategy. The <span class="hlt">CUSP</span> Learning Network is an example of network-based collaborative learning in action. Although this learning network focuses on a particular improvement methodology-<span class="hlt">CUSP</span>-there is clear potential for member-driven learning networks to grow around other methods or topic areas. Such collaborative learning networks may offer a way to develop an infrastructure for longer-term support of improvement efforts and to more quickly diffuse creative sustainment strategies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/7500','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/7500"><span>Market Dynamics and Optimal Timber Salvage After a Natural <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Jeffrey P. Prestemon; Thomas P. Holmes</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Forest-based natural <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> are regular features of timber production in the United States, especially from hurricanes, fires, and insect and disease outbreaks. These <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> affect timber prices and result in economic transfers. We develop a <span class="hlt">model</span> of timber market dynamics after such a <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> that shows how timber salvage affects the welfare of...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016CMaPh.343..311B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016CMaPh.343..311B"><span>Long Time Quantum Evolution of Observables on <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Manifolds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bonthonneau, Yannick</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The Eisenstein functions {E(s)} are some generalized eigenfunctions of the Laplacian on manifolds with <span class="hlt">cusps</span>. We give a version of Quantum Unique Ergodicity for them, for {|{I}s| to ∞} and {R}s to d/2} with {{R}s - d/2 ≥ log log |{I}s| / log |{I}s|}. For the purpose of the proof, we build a semi-classical quantization procedure for finite volume manifolds with hyperbolic <span class="hlt">cusps</span>, adapted to a geometrical class of symbols. We also prove an Egorov Lemma until Ehrenfest times on such manifolds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6852434-beach-cusp-destruction-formation-evolution-during-subsequent-extratropical-storm-duck-north-carolina','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6852434-beach-cusp-destruction-formation-evolution-during-subsequent-extratropical-storm-duck-north-carolina"><span>Beach <span class="hlt">cusp</span> destruction, formation, and evolution during and subsequent to an extratropical storm, Duck, North Carolina</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Miller, J.R.; Miller, S.M.O.; Torzynski, C.A.</p> <p></p> <p>Many studies have debated whether beach <span class="hlt">cusps</span> are erosional or depositional features. The April 12-14, 1988, extratropical storm provided an opportunity to view the direct effects of one of the largest storms of the past decade upon beach sedimentology and morphology on barrier islands near Duck, North Carolina. Prior to the storm, the beach at Duck was characterized by a well-defined pattern of beach <span class="hlt">cusps</span> with horn-to-horn spacings averaging 35 m. Storm-induced alterations were dominated by an initial period of beach erosion that remobilized the upper 30 to 50 cm of beach sediment, followed by aggradation. Net aggradation was mostmore » prominent along the middle beachface and within the pre-storm <span class="hlt">cusp</span> bays. These morphologic adjustments resulted in the destruction of <span class="hlt">cusps</span>, which were replaced with a post-storm planar beachface composed of horizontally bedded fine- to coarse-grained sediments. Within 24 hrs of storm subsidence, new beach <span class="hlt">cusps</span> formed sequentially along the coast in the direction of longshore transport. Initial <span class="hlt">cusp</span> formation resulted from beach erosion and the creation of bays in the planar storm-beach surface at positions of preferential post-storm runup. The initial <span class="hlt">cusp</span> horns were composed of truncated horizontal beds of the planar beach accreted during the storm. After their formation, the <span class="hlt">cusps</span> sequentially migrated downdrift. Migrating horns were composed of a coarse-grained sediment wedge that thickened toward horn crests, suggesting formation by deposition. It is concluded from these observations that beach <span class="hlt">cusps</span> are both erosional and depositional in nature.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..122..605T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..122..605T"><span>On the occurrence of magnetic reconnection equatorward of the <span class="hlt">cusps</span> at the Earth's magnetopause during northward IMF conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Trattner, K. J.; Thresher, S.; Trenchi, L.; Fuselier, S. A.; Petrinec, S. M.; Peterson, W. K.; Marcucci, M. F.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Magnetic reconnection changes the topology of magnetic field lines. This process is most readily observable with in situ instrumentation at the Earth's magnetopause as it creates open magnetic field lines to allow energy and momentum flux to flow from the solar wind to the magnetosphere. Most <span class="hlt">models</span> use the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) to determine the location of these magnetopause entry points, known as reconnection lines. Dayside locations of magnetic reconnection equatorward of the <span class="hlt">cusps</span> are generally found during sustained intervals of southward IMF, while high-latitude region regions poleward of the <span class="hlt">cusps</span> are observed for northward IMF conditions. In this study we discuss Double Star magnetopause crossings and a conjunction with a Polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> crossing during northward IMF conditions with a dominant IMF BY component. During all seven dayside magnetopause crossings, Double Star detected switching ion beams, a known signature for the presence of reconnection lines. In addition, Polar observed a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> ion-energy dispersion profile typical for a dayside equatorial reconnection line. Using the cutoff velocities for the precipitating and mirrored ion beams in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, the distance to the reconnection site is calculated, and this distance is traced back to the magnetopause, to the vicinity of the Double Star satellite locations. Our analysis shows that, for this case, the predicted line of maximum magnetic shear also coincides with that dayside reconnection location.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27867797','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27867797"><span>Source of the dayside <span class="hlt">cusp</span> aurora.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mende, S B; Frey, H U; Angelopoulos, V</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>Monochromatic all-sky imagers at South Pole and other Antarctic stations of the Automatic Geophysical Observatory chain recorded the aurora in the region where the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) satellites crossed the dayside magnetopause. In several cases the magnetic field lines threading the satellites when mapped to the atmosphere were inside the imagers' field of view. From the THEMIS magnetic field and the plasma density measurements, we were able to locate the position of the magnetopause crossings and map it to the ionosphere using the Tsyganenko-96 field <span class="hlt">model</span>. Field line mapping is reasonably accurate on the dayside subsolar region where the field is strong, almost dipolar even though compressed. From these coordinated observations, we were able to prove that the dayside <span class="hlt">cusp</span> aurora of high 630 nm brightness is on open field lines, and it is therefore direct precipitation from the magnetosheath. The <span class="hlt">cusp</span> aurora contained significant highly structured N 2 + 427.8 nm emission. The THEMIS measurements of the magnetosheath particle energy and density taken just outside the magnetopause compared to the intensity of the structured N 2 + 427.8 nm emissions showed that the precipitating magnetosheath particles had to be accelerated. The most likely electron acceleration mechanism is by dispersive Alfvén waves propagating along the field line. Wave-accelerated suprathermal electrons were seen by FAST and DMSP. The 427.8 nm wavelength channel also shows the presence of a lower latitude hard-electron precipitation zone originating inside the magnetosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5101848','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5101848"><span>Source of the dayside <span class="hlt">cusp</span> aurora</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Frey, H. U.; Angelopoulos, V.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Abstract Monochromatic all‐sky imagers at South Pole and other Antarctic stations of the Automatic Geophysical Observatory chain recorded the aurora in the region where the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) satellites crossed the dayside magnetopause. In several cases the magnetic field lines threading the satellites when mapped to the atmosphere were inside the imagers' field of view. From the THEMIS magnetic field and the plasma density measurements, we were able to locate the position of the magnetopause crossings and map it to the ionosphere using the Tsyganenko‐96 field <span class="hlt">model</span>. Field line mapping is reasonably accurate on the dayside subsolar region where the field is strong, almost dipolar even though compressed. From these coordinated observations, we were able to prove that the dayside <span class="hlt">cusp</span> aurora of high 630 nm brightness is on open field lines, and it is therefore direct precipitation from the magnetosheath. The <span class="hlt">cusp</span> aurora contained significant highly structured N2 + 427.8 nm emission. The THEMIS measurements of the magnetosheath particle energy and density taken just outside the magnetopause compared to the intensity of the structured N2 + 427.8 nm emissions showed that the precipitating magnetosheath particles had to be accelerated. The most likely electron acceleration mechanism is by dispersive Alfvén waves propagating along the field line. Wave‐accelerated suprathermal electrons were seen by FAST and DMSP. The 427.8 nm wavelength channel also shows the presence of a lower latitude hard‐electron precipitation zone originating inside the magnetosphere. PMID:27867797</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4553757','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4553757"><span>Concrete ensemble Kalman filters with rigorous <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> filter divergence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kelly, David; Majda, Andrew J.; Tong, Xin T.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The ensemble Kalman filter and ensemble square root filters are data assimilation methods used to combine high-dimensional, nonlinear dynamical <span class="hlt">models</span> with observed data. Ensemble methods are indispensable tools in science and engineering and have enjoyed great success in geophysical sciences, because they allow for computationally cheap low-ensemble-state approximation for extremely high-dimensional turbulent forecast <span class="hlt">models</span>. From a theoretical perspective, the dynamical properties of these methods are poorly understood. One of the central mysteries is the numerical phenomenon known as <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> filter divergence, whereby ensemble-state estimates explode to machine infinity, despite the true state remaining in a bounded region. In this article we provide a breakthrough insight into the phenomenon, by introducing a simple and natural forecast <span class="hlt">model</span> that transparently exhibits <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> filter divergence under all ensemble methods and a large set of initializations. For this <span class="hlt">model</span>, <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> filter divergence is not an artifact of numerical instability, but rather a true dynamical property of the filter. The divergence is not only validated numerically but also proven rigorously. The <span class="hlt">model</span> cleanly illustrates mechanisms that give rise to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> divergence and confirms intuitive accounts of the phenomena given in past literature. PMID:26261335</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26261335','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26261335"><span>Concrete ensemble Kalman filters with rigorous <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> filter divergence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kelly, David; Majda, Andrew J; Tong, Xin T</p> <p>2015-08-25</p> <p>The ensemble Kalman filter and ensemble square root filters are data assimilation methods used to combine high-dimensional, nonlinear dynamical <span class="hlt">models</span> with observed data. Ensemble methods are indispensable tools in science and engineering and have enjoyed great success in geophysical sciences, because they allow for computationally cheap low-ensemble-state approximation for extremely high-dimensional turbulent forecast <span class="hlt">models</span>. From a theoretical perspective, the dynamical properties of these methods are poorly understood. One of the central mysteries is the numerical phenomenon known as <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> filter divergence, whereby ensemble-state estimates explode to machine infinity, despite the true state remaining in a bounded region. In this article we provide a breakthrough insight into the phenomenon, by introducing a simple and natural forecast <span class="hlt">model</span> that transparently exhibits <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> filter divergence under all ensemble methods and a large set of initializations. For this <span class="hlt">model</span>, <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> filter divergence is not an artifact of numerical instability, but rather a true dynamical property of the filter. The divergence is not only validated numerically but also proven rigorously. The <span class="hlt">model</span> cleanly illustrates mechanisms that give rise to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> divergence and confirms intuitive accounts of the phenomena given in past literature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22266013-numerical-method-computing-maass-cusp-forms-triply-punctured-two-sphere','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22266013-numerical-method-computing-maass-cusp-forms-triply-punctured-two-sphere"><span>Numerical method for computing Maass <span class="hlt">cusp</span> forms on triply punctured two-sphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Chan, K. T.; Kamari, H. M.; Zainuddin, H.</p> <p>2014-03-05</p> <p>A quantum mechanical system on a punctured surface <span class="hlt">modeled</span> on hyperbolic space has always been an important subject of research in mathematics and physics. This corresponding quantum system is governed by the Schrödinger equation whose solutions are the Maass waveforms. Spectral studies on these Maass waveforms are known to contain both continuous and discrete eigenvalues. The discrete eigenfunctions are usually called the Maass <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Forms (MCF) where their discrete eigenvalues are not known analytically. We introduce a numerical method based on Hejhal and Then algorithm using GridMathematica for computing MCF on a punctured surface with three <span class="hlt">cusps</span> namely the triplymore » punctured two-sphere. We also report on a pullback algorithm for the punctured surface and a point locater algorithm to facilitate the complete pullback which are essential parts of the main algorithm.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999GPC....20..281B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999GPC....20..281B"><span>Climate <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Budyko, Mikhail</p> <p>1999-05-01</p> <p>Climate <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>, which many times occurred in the geological past, caused the extinction of large or small populations of animals and plants. Changes in the terrestrial and marine biota caused by the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> climate changes undoubtedly resulted in considerable fluctuations in global carbon cycle and atmospheric gas composition. Primarily, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas contents were affected. The study of these <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> allows a conclusion that climate system is very sensitive to relatively small changes in climate-forcing factors (transparency of the atmosphere, changes in large glaciations, etc.). It is important to take this conclusion into account while estimating the possible consequences of now occurring anthropogenic warming caused by the increase in greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920071979&hterms=disruption&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Ddisruption','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920071979&hterms=disruption&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Ddisruption"><span>Observational support for the current sheet <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> of substorm current disruption</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Burkhart, G. R.; Lopez, R. E.; Dusenbery, P. B.; Speiser, T. W.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>The principles of the current sheet <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">models</span> are briefly reviewed, and observations of some of the signatures predicted by the theory are presented. The data considered here include AMPTE/CCE observations of fifteen current sheet disruption events. According to the <span class="hlt">model</span> proposed here, the root cause of the current disruption is some process, as yet unknown, that leads to an increase in the k sub A parameter. Possible causes for the increase in k sub A are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRA..120.1022L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRA..120.1022L"><span>Acceleration of O+ from the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> to the plasma sheet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liao, J.; Kistler, L. M.; Mouikis, C. G.; Klecker, B.; Dandouras, I.</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>Heavy ions from the ionosphere that are accelerated in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/cleft have been identified as a direct source for the hot plasma in the plasma sheet. However, the details of the acceleration and transport that transforms the originally cold ions into the hot plasma sheet population are not fully understood. The polar orbit of the Cluster satellites covers the main transport path of the O+ from the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> to the plasma sheet, so Cluster is ideal for tracking its velocity changes. However, because the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> outflow is dispersed according to its velocity as it is transported to the tail, due to the velocity filter effect, the observed changes in beam velocity over the Cluster orbit may simply be the result of the spacecraft accessing different spatial regions and not necessarily evidence of acceleration. Using the Cluster Ion Spectrometry/Composition Distribution Function instrument onboard Cluster, we compare the distribution function of streaming O+ in the tail lobes with the initial distribution function observed over the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and reveal that the observations of energetic streaming O+ in the lobes around -20 RE are predominantly due to the velocity filter effect during nonstorm times. During storm times, the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> distribution is further accelerated. In the plasma sheet boundary layer, however, the average O+ distribution function is above the upper range of the outflow distributions at the same velocity during both storm and nonstorm times, indicating that acceleration has taken place. Some of the velocity increase is in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field, indicating that the E × B velocity is enhanced. However, there is also an increase in the parallel direction, which could be due to nonadiabatic acceleration at the boundary or wave heating.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20661152','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20661152"><span>Systematic care management: a comprehensive approach to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> injury management applied to a <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> burn injury population--clinical, utilization, economic, and outcome data in support of the <span class="hlt">model</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kucan, John; Bryant, Ernest; Dimick, Alan; Sundance, Paula; Cope, Nathan; Richards, Reginald; Anderson, Chris</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The new standard for successful burn care encompasses both patient survival and the burn patient's long-term quality of life. To provide optimal long-term recovery from <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> injuries, including <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> burns, an outcome-based <span class="hlt">model</span> using a new technology called systematic care management (SCM) has been developed. SCM provides a highly organized system of management throughout the spectrum of care that provides access to outcome data, consistent oversight, broader access to expert providers, appropriate allocation of resources, and greater understanding of total costs. Data from a population of 209 workers' compensation <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> burn cases with a mean TBSA of 27.9% who were managed under the SCM <span class="hlt">model</span> of care were analyzed. The data include treatment type, cost, return to work, and outcomes achieved. Mean duration of management to achieve all guaranteed outcomes was 20 months. Of the 209 injured workers, 152 (72.7%) achieved sufficient recovery to be released to return to work, of which 97 (46.8%) were both released and competitively employed. Assessment of 10 domains of functional independence indicated that 47.2% of injured workers required total assistance at initiation of SCM. However, at termination of SCM, 84% of those injured workers were fully independent in the 10 functional activities. When compared with other burn research outcome data, the results support the value of the SCM <span class="hlt">model</span> of care.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013OAP....26..169A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013OAP....26..169A"><span>Cosmology, Cosmomicrophysics and Gravitation Properties of the Gravitational Lens Mapping in the Vicinity of a <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Caustic</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Alexandrov, A. N.; Zhdanov, V. I.; Koval, S. M.</p> <p></p> <p>We derive approximate formulas for the coordinates and magnification of critical images of a point source in a vicinity of a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> caustic arising in the gravitational lens mapping. In the lowest (zero-order) approximation, these formulas were obtained in the classical work by Schneider&Weiss (1992) and then studied by a number of authors; first-order corrections in powers of the proximity parameter were treated by Congdon, Keeton and Nordgren. We have shown that the first-order corrections are solely due to the asymmetry of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. We found expressions for the second-order corrections in the case of general lens potential and for an arbitrary position of the source near a symmetric <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. Applications to a lensing galaxy <span class="hlt">model</span> represented by a singular isothermal sphere with an external shear y are studied and the role of the second-order corrections is demonstrated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930019653','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930019653"><span>The dynamic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> at low altitudes: A case study combining Viking, DMSP, and Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Watermann, Jurgen; Delabeaujardiere, Odile; Lummerzheim, Dirk; Woch, Joachim; Newell, Patrick T.; Potemra, Thomas A.; Rich, Frederick J.; Shapshak, Mans</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>A case study involving data from three satellites and a ground-based radar are presented. Focus is on a detailed discussion of observations of the dynamic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> made on 24 Sep. 1986 in the dayside high-latitude ionosphere and interior magnetosphere. The relevant data from space-borne and ground-based sensors is presented. They include in-situ particle and field measurements from the DMSP-F7 and Viking spacecraft and Sondrestrom radar observations of the ionosphere. These data are augmented by observations of the IMF and the solar wind plasma. The observations are compared with predictions about the ionospheric response to the observed particle precipitation, obtained from an auroral <span class="hlt">model</span>. It is shown that observations and <span class="hlt">model</span> calculations fit well and provide a picture of the ionospheric footprint of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> in an invariant latitude versus local time frame. The combination of Viking, Sondrestrom radar, and IMP-8 data suggests that we observed an ionospheric signature of the dynamic <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. Its spatial variation over time which appeared closely related to the southward component of the IMF was monitored.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16617943','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16617943"><span>A web-based tool for the Comprehensive Unit-based Safety Program (<span class="hlt">CUSP</span>).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pronovost, Peter J; King, Jay; Holzmueller, Christine G; Sawyer, Melinda; Bivens, Shauna; Michael, Michelle; Haig, Kathy; Paine, Lori; Moore, Dana; Miller, Marlene</p> <p>2006-03-01</p> <p>An organization's ability to change is driven by its culture, which in turn has a significant impact on safety. The six-step Comprehensive Unit-Based Safety Program (<span class="hlt">CUSP</span>) is intended to improve local culture and safety. A Web-based project management tool for <span class="hlt">CUSP</span> was developed and then pilot tested at two hospitals. HOW ECUSP WORKS: Once a patient safety concern is identified (step 3), a unit-level interdisciplinary safety committee determines issue criticality and starts up the projects (step 4), which are managed using project management tools within e<span class="hlt">CUSP</span> (step 5). On a project's completion, the results are disseminated through a shared story (step 6). OSF St. Joseph's Medical Center-The Medical Birthing Center (Bloomington, Illinois), identified 11 safety issues, implemented 11 projects, and created 9 shared stories--including one for its Armband Project. The Johns Hopkins Hospital (Baltimore) Medical Progressive Care (MPC4) Unit identified 5 safety issues and implemented 4 ongoing projects, including the intravenous (IV) Tubing Compliance Project. The e<span class="hlt">CUSP</span> tool's success depends on an organizational commitment to creating a culture of safety.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EGSGA..27.5147Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EGSGA..27.5147Y"><span>Esr Observations of Tid In The Polar <span class="hlt">Cusp</span>/cap Ionosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yin, F.; Ma, S. Y.; Schlegel, K.</p> <p></p> <p>EISCAT-Svalbard radar provides new opportunity to study TIDs in the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/cap ionosphere. Propagation characteristics of AGW-caused TIDs in quiet days are stud- ied by means of maximum entropy cross-spectral analysis of ESR CP1 and CP2 data. Apparent vertical wave-number of the TIDs as a function of height and the horizontal wave-number vector are obtained for main period of disturbances. It is observed as the first time that some of TIDs in the polar cap/<span class="hlt">cusp</span> ionosphere can propagate vertically from the height lower than 200 km up to as high as about 700 km with little attenu- ation. In the auroral ionosphere, however, they usually fade away below 500 km. In the region from about 100 to 180 km height, downward propagating mode is seen ob- viously. The possible relations of the TIDs with <span class="hlt">cusp</span> particle precipitation and upper E-region heating are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhyA..495..312L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhyA..495..312L"><span>An application of Mean Escape Time and metapopulation on forestry <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> insurance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Jiangcheng; Zhang, Chunmin; Liu, Jifa; Li, Zhen; Yang, Xuan</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>A forestry <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> insurance <span class="hlt">model</span> due to forestry pest infestations and disease epidemics is developed by employing metapopulation dynamics and statistics properties of Mean Escape Time (MET). The probability of outbreak of forestry <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> loss and the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> loss payment time with MET are respectively investigated. Forestry loss data in China is used for <span class="hlt">model</span> simulation. Experimental results are concluded as: (1) The <span class="hlt">model</span> with analytical results is shown to be a better fit; (2) Within the condition of big area of patches and structure of patches, high system factor, low extinction rate, high multiplicative noises, and additive noises with a high cross-correlated strength range, an outbreak of forestry <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> loss or <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> loss payment due to forestry pest infestations and disease epidemics could occur; (3) An optimal <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> loss payment time MET due to forestry pest infestations and disease epidemics can be identified by taking proper value of multiplicative noises and limits the additive noises on a low range of value, and cross-correlated strength at a high range of value.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22666113-downward-catastrophe-solar-magnetic-flux-ropes','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22666113-downward-catastrophe-solar-magnetic-flux-ropes"><span>DOWNWARD <span class="hlt">CATASTROPHE</span> OF SOLAR MAGNETIC FLUX ROPES</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Quanhao; Wang, Yuming; Hu, Youqiu</p> <p>2016-07-10</p> <p>2.5-dimensional time-dependent ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) <span class="hlt">models</span> in Cartesian coordinates were used in previous studies to seek MHD equilibria involving a magnetic flux rope embedded in a bipolar, partially open background field. As demonstrated by these studies, the equilibrium solutions of the system are separated into two branches: the flux rope sticks to the photosphere for solutions at the lower branch but is suspended in the corona for those at the upper branch. Moreover, a solution originally at the lower branch jumps to the upper, as the related control parameter increases and reaches a critical value, and the associated jump ismore » here referred to as an upward <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. The present paper advances these studies in three aspects. First, the magnetic field is changed to be force-free; the system still experiences an upward <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> with an increase in each control parameter. Second, under the force-free approximation, there also exists a downward <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>, characterized by the jump of a solution from the upper branch to the lower. Both <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> are irreversible processes connecting the two branches of equilibrium solutions so as to form a cycle. Finally, the magnetic energy in the numerical domain is calculated. It is found that there exists a magnetic energy release for both <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>. The Ampère's force, which vanishes everywhere for force-free fields, appears only during the <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> and does positive work, which serves as a major mechanism for the energy release. The implications of the downward <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> and its relevance to solar activities are briefly discussed.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5350380','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5350380"><span>Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> and Its Relationship with Health Outcomes: Does Pain Intensity Matter?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>García-Palacios, Azucena; Botella, Cristina; Ribera-Canudas, Maria Victoria</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> is known to contribute to physical and mental functioning, even when controlling for the effect of pain intensity. However, research has yet to explore whether the strength of the relationship between pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and pain-related outcomes varies across pain intensity levels (i.e., moderation). If this was the case, it would have important implications for existing <span class="hlt">models</span> of pain and current interventions. The present investigation explored whether pain intensity moderates the relationship between pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and pain-related outcomes. Participants were 254 patients (62% women) with heterogeneous chronic pain. Patients completed a measure of pain intensity, pain interference, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, and physical and mental health. Pain intensity moderated the relationship between pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and pain interference and between pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and physical health status. Specifically, the strength of the correlation between pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and these outcomes decreased considerably as pain intensity increased. In contrast, pain intensity did not moderate the relationship between pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and mental health. Study findings provide a new insight into the role of pain intensity (i.e., moderator) in the relationship between pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and various pain-related outcomes, which might help develop existent <span class="hlt">models</span> of pain. Clinical implications are discussed in the context of personalized therapy. PMID:28348506</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27570204','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27570204"><span>Planar biaxial testing of heart valve <span class="hlt">cusp</span> replacement biomaterials: Experiments, theory and material constants.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Labrosse, Michel R; Jafar, Reza; Ngu, Janet; Boodhwani, Munir</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Aortic valve (AV) repair has become an attractive option to correct aortic insufficiency. Yet, <span class="hlt">cusp</span> reconstruction with various <span class="hlt">cusp</span> replacement materials has been associated with greater long-term repair failures, and it is still unknown how such materials mechanically compare with native leaflets. We used planar biaxial testing to characterize six clinically relevant <span class="hlt">cusp</span> replacement materials, along with native porcine AV leaflets, to ascertain which materials would be best suited for valve repair. We tested at least six samples of: 1) fresh autologous porcine pericardium (APP), 2) glutaraldehyde fixed porcine pericardium (GPP), 3) St Jude Medical pericardial patch (SJM), 4) CardioCel patch (CC), 5) PeriGuard (PG), 6) Supple PeriGuard (SPG) and 7) fresh porcine AV leaflets (PC). We introduced efficient displacement-controlled testing protocols and processing, as well as advanced convexity requirements on the strain energy functions used to describe the mechanical response of the materials under loading. The proposed experimental and data processing pipeline allowed for a robust in-plane characterization of all the materials tested, with constants determined for two Fung-like hyperelastic, anisotropic strain energy <span class="hlt">models</span>. Overall, CC and SPG (respectively PG) patches ranked as the closest mechanical equivalents to young (respectively aged) AV leaflets. Because the native leaflets as well as CC, PG and SPG patches exhibit significant anisotropic behaviors, it is suggested that the fiber and cross-fiber directions of these replacement biomaterials be matched with those of the host AV leaflets. The long-term performance of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> replacement materials would ideally be evaluated in large animal <span class="hlt">models</span> for AV disease and <span class="hlt">cusp</span> repair, and over several months or more. Given the unavailability and impracticality of such <span class="hlt">models</span>, detailed information on stress-strain behavior, as studied herein, and investigations of durability and valve dynamics will be the best surrogates</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/137193-dynamic-cusp-low-altitudes-case-study-utilizing-viking-dmsp-f7-sondrestrom-incoherent-scatter-radar-observations','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/137193-dynamic-cusp-low-altitudes-case-study-utilizing-viking-dmsp-f7-sondrestrom-incoherent-scatter-radar-observations"><span>Dynamic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> at low altitudes: A case study utilizing viking, DMSP-F7, and Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Watermann, J.; DeLaBeaujar, O.; Lummerzheim, D.</p> <p>1994-12-31</p> <p>Coincident multi-instrument magnetospheric and ionospheric observations have made it possible to determine the position of the ionospheric footprint of the magnetospheric <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and to monitor its evolution over time. The data used include charged particle and magnetic field measurements from the Earth-orbiting Viking and DMSP-F7 satellites, electric field measurements from Viking, interplanetary magnetic field and plasma data from IMP-8 and Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar observations of the ionospheric plasma density, temperature, and convection. Viking detected <span class="hlt">cusp</span> precipitation poleward of 75.5 degrees invariant latitude. The ionospheric response to the observed electron precipitation was simulated using an auroral <span class="hlt">model</span>. It predicts enhancedmore » plasma density and elevated electron temperature in the upper E- and F-regions. Sondrestrom radar observations are in agreement with the predictions. The radar detected a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> signature on each of five consecutive antenna elevation scans covering 1.2 h local time. The <span class="hlt">cusp</span> appeared to be about 2 degrees invariant latitude wide, and its ionospheric footprint shifted equatorward by nearly 2 degrees during this time, possibly influenced by an overall decrease in the IMF B{sub Z} component The radar plasma drift data and the Viking magnetic and electric field data suggest that the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> was associated with a continuous, rather than a patchy, merging between the IMF and the geomagnetic field.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JHEP...10..052G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JHEP...10..052G"><span>On the Casimir scaling violation in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> anomalous dimension at small angle</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grozin, Andrey; Henn, Johannes; Stahlhofen, Maximilian</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>We compute the four-loop n f contribution proportional to the quartic Casimir of the QCD <span class="hlt">cusp</span> anomalous dimension as an expansion for small <span class="hlt">cusp</span> angle ϕ. This piece is gauge invariant, violates Casimir scaling, and first appears at four loops. It requires the evaluation of genuine non-planar four-loop Feynman integrals. We present results up to O({φ}^4) . One motivation for our calculation is to probe a recent conjecture on the all-order structure of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> anomalous dimension. As a byproduct we obtain the four-loop HQET wave function anomalous dimension for this color structure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPJC...77..757B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPJC...77..757B"><span>Supersymmetric and non-supersymmetric <span class="hlt">models</span> without <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> Goldstone bosons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Braathen, Johannes; Goodsell, Mark D.; Staub, Florian</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The calculation of the Higgs mass in general renormalisable field theories has been plagued by the so-called "Goldstone Boson <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span>," where light (would-be) Goldstone bosons give infra-red divergent loop integrals. In supersymmetric <span class="hlt">models</span>, previous approaches included a workaround that ameliorated the problem for most, but not all, parameter space regions; while giving divergent results everywhere for non-supersymmetric <span class="hlt">models</span>! We present an implementation of a general solution to the problem in the public code SARAH, along with new calculations of some necessary loop integrals and generic expressions. We discuss the validation of our code in the Standard <span class="hlt">Model</span>, where we find remarkable agreement with the known results. We then show new applications in Split SUSY, the NMSSM, the Two-Higgs-Doublet <span class="hlt">Model</span>, and the Georgi-Machacek <span class="hlt">model</span>. In particular, we take some first steps to exploring where the habit of using tree-level mass relations in non-supersymmetric <span class="hlt">models</span> breaks down, and show that the loop corrections usually become very large well before naive perturbativity bounds are reached.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMSM51B2084E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMSM51B2084E"><span>The Polar <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Observed by Cluster Under Constant Imf-Bz Southward</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Escoubet, C. P.; Berchem, J.; Pitout, F.; Trattner, K. J.; Richard, R. L.; Taylor, M. G.; Soucek, J.; Grison, B.; Laakso, H. E.; Masson, A.; Dunlop, M. W.; Dandouras, I. S.; Reme, H.; Fazakerley, A. N.; Daly, P. W.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>The Earth's magnetic field is influenced by the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), specially at the magnetopause where both magnetic fields enter in direct contact and magnetic reconnection can be initiated. In the polar regions, the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> that extends from the magnetopause down to the ionosphere is also directly influenced. The reconnection not only allow ions and electrons from the solar wind to enter the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> but also give an impulse to the magnetic field lines threading the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> through the reconnection electric field. A dispersion in energy of the ions is subsequently produced by the motion of field lines and the time-of-flight effect on down-going ions. If reconnection is continuous and operates at constant rate, the ion dispersion is smooth and continuous. On the other hand if the reconnection rate varies, we expect interruption in the dispersion forming energy steps or staircase. Similarly, multiple entries near the magnetopause could also produce steps at low or mid-altitude when a spacecraft is crossing subsequently the field lines originating from these multiple sources. Cluster with four spacecraft following each other in the mid-altitude <span class="hlt">cusp</span> can be used to distinguish between these "temporal" and "spatial" effects. We will show two Cluster <span class="hlt">cusp</span> crossings where the spacecraft were separated by a few minutes. The energy dispersions observed in the first crossing were the same during the few minutes that separated the spacecraft. In the second crossing, two ion dispersions were observed on the first spacecraft and only one of the following spacecraft, about 10 min later. The detailed analysis indicates that these steps result from spatial structures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1571349','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1571349"><span>Interobserver error involved in independent attempts to measure <span class="hlt">cusp</span> base areas of Pan M1s</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bailey, Shara E; Pilbrow, Varsha C; Wood, Bernard A</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Cusp</span> base areas measured from digitized images increase the amount of detailed quantitative information one can collect from post-canine crown morphology. Although this method is gaining wide usage for taxonomic analyses of extant and extinct hominoids, the techniques for digitizing images and taking measurements differ between researchers. The aim of this study was to investigate interobserver error in order to help assess the reliability of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> base area measurement within extant and extinct hominoid taxa. Two of the authors measured individual <span class="hlt">cusp</span> base areas and total <span class="hlt">cusp</span> base area of 23 maxillary first molars (M1) of Pan. From these, relative <span class="hlt">cusp</span> base areas were calculated. No statistically significant interobserver differences were found for either absolute or relative <span class="hlt">cusp</span> base areas. On average the hypocone and paracone showed the least interobserver error (< 1%) whereas the protocone and metacone showed the most (2.6–4.5%). We suggest that the larger measurement error in the metacone/protocone is due primarily to either weakly defined fissure patterns and/or the presence of accessory occlusal features. Overall, levels of interobserver error are similar to those found for intraobserver error. The results of our study suggest that if certain prescribed standards are employed then <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and crown base areas measured by different individuals can be pooled into a single database. PMID:15447691</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780050651&hterms=1575&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3D%2526%25231575','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780050651&hterms=1575&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3D%2526%25231575"><span>The Tordo 1 polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> barium plasma injection experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wescott, E. M.; Stenbaek-Nielsen, H. C.; Davis, T. N.; Jeffries, R. A.; Roach, W. H.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>In January 1975, two barium plasma injection experiments were carried out with rockets launched into the upper atmosphere where field lines from the dayside <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region intersect the ionosphere. The Tordo 1 experiment took place near the beginning of a worldwide magnetic storm. It became a polar cap experiment almost immediately as convection perpendicular to the magnetic field moved the fluorescent plasma jet away from the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> across the polar cap in an antisunward direction. Convection across the polar cap with an average velocity of more than 1 km/s was observed for nearly 40 min until the barium flux tubes encountered large electron fields associated with a poleward bulge of the auroral oval near Greenland. Prior to the encounter with the aurora near Greenland there is evidence of upward acceleration of the barium ions while they were in the polar cap. The three-dimensional observations of the plasma orientation and motion give an insight into convection from the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region across the polar cap, the orientation of the polar cap magnetic field lines out to several earth radii, the causes of polar cap magnetic perturbations, and parallel acceleration processes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CQGra..28i4017A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CQGra..28i4017A"><span>The impact of realistic <span class="hlt">models</span> of mass segregation on the event rate of extreme-mass ratio inspirals and <span class="hlt">cusp</span> re-growth</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Amaro-Seoane, Pau; Preto, Miguel</p> <p>2011-05-01</p> <p>One of the most interesting sources of gravitational waves (GWs) for LISA is the inspiral of compact objects on to a massive black hole (MBH), commonly referred to as an 'extreme-mass ratio inspiral' (EMRI). The small object, typically a stellar black hole, emits significant amounts of GW along each orbit in the detector bandwidth. The slowly, adiabatic inspiral of these sources will allow us to map spacetime around MBHs in detail, as well as to test our current conception of gravitation in the strong regime. The event rate of this kind of source has been addressed many times in the literature and the numbers reported fluctuate by orders of magnitude. On the other hand, recent observations of the Galactic centre revealed a dearth of giant stars inside the inner parsec relative to the numbers theoretically expected for a fully relaxed stellar <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. The possibility of unrelaxed nuclei (or, equivalently, with no or only a very shallow <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, or core) adds substantial uncertainty to the estimates. Having this timely question in mind, we run a significant number of direct-summation N-body simulations with up to half a million particles to calibrate a much faster orbit-averaged Fokker-Planck code. We show that, under quite generic initial conditions, the time required for the growth of a relaxed, mass segregated stellar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> is shorter than a Hubble time for MBHs with M• <~ 5 × 106 Modot (i.e. nuclei in the range of LISA). We then investigate the regime of strong mass segregation (SMS) for <span class="hlt">models</span> with two different stellar mass components. Given the most recent stellar mass normalization for the inner parsec of the Galactic centre, SMS has the significant impact of boosting the EMRI rates by a factor of ~10 in comparison to what would result from a 7/4-Bahcall and Wolf <span class="hlt">cusp</span> resulting in ~250 events per Gyr per Milky Way type galaxy. Such an intrinsic rate should translate roughly into ~102-7 × 102 sbh's (EMRIs detected by LISA over a mission lifetime of 2 or 5 years</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050040875&hterms=ionosphere&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dionosphere','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050040875&hterms=ionosphere&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dionosphere"><span>Coupling the Solar-Wind/IMF to the Ionosphere through the High Latitude <span class="hlt">Cusps</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Maynard, Nelson C.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Magnetic merging is a primary means for coupling energy from the solar wind into the magnetosphere-ionosphere system. The location and nature of the process remain as open questions. By correlating measurements form diverse locations and using large-scale MHD <span class="hlt">models</span> to put the measurements in context, it is possible to constrain out interpretations of the global and meso-scale dynamics of magnetic merging. Recent evidence demonstrates that merging often occurs at high latitudes in the vicinity of the <span class="hlt">cusps</span>. The location is in part controlled by the clock angle in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Y-Z plane. In fact, B(sub Y) bifurcated the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> relative to source regions. The newly opened field lines may couple to the ionosphere at MLT locations of as much as 3 hr away from local noon. On the other side of noon the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> may be connected to merging sites in the opposite hemisphere. In face, the small convection cell is generally driven by opposite hemisphere merging. B(sub X) controls the timing of the interaction and merging sites in each hemisphere, which may respond to planar features in the IMF at different times. Correlation times are variable and are controlled by the dynamics of the tilt of the interplanetary electric field phase plane. The orientation of the phase plane may change significantly on time scales of tens of minutes. Merging is temporally variable and may be occurring at multiple sites simultaneously. Accelerated electrons from the merging process excite optical signatures at the foot of the newly opened field lines. All-sky photometer observations of 557.7 nm emissions in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region provide a "television picture" of the merging process and may be used to infer the temporal and spatial variability of merging, tied to variations in the IMF.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JMMM..449..197H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JMMM..449..197H"><span>Tunable system for production of mirror and <span class="hlt">cusp</span> configurations using chassis of permanent magnets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hyde, Alexander; Bushmelov, Maxim; Batishchev, Oleg</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Compact arrays of permanent magnets have shown promise as replacements for electromagnets in applications requiring magnetic <span class="hlt">cusps</span> and mirrors. An adjustable system capable of suspending and translating a pair of light, nonmagnetic chassis carrying such sources of magnetic field has been designed and constructed. Using this device to align two cylindrical chassis, strong solenoid-like domains of field, as well as classic biconic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and magnetic mirror topologies, are generated. Employing a pair of ring-shaped chassis instead, the superposition of their naturally-emitted <span class="hlt">cusps</span> is demonstrated to produce sextupolar and octupolar magnetic fields.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JCrGr.452...22D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JCrGr.452...22D"><span>Analysis of the effect of symmetric/asymmetric <span class="hlt">CUSP</span> magnetic fields on melt/crystal interface during Czochralski silicon growth</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Daggolu, Parthiv; Ryu, Jae Woo; Galyukov, Alex; Kondratyev, Alexey</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>With the use of 300 mm silicon wafers for industrial semiconductor device manufacturing, the Czochralski (Cz) crystal growth process has to be optimized to achieve higher quality and productivity. Numerical studies based on 2D global thermal <span class="hlt">models</span> combined with 3D simulation of melt convection are widely used today to save time and money in the process development. Melt convection in large scale Cz Si growth is controlled by a <span class="hlt">CUSP</span> or transversal magnetic field (MF) to suppress the melt turbulence. MF can be optimized to meet necessary characteristics of the growing crystal, in terms of point defects, as MF affects the melt/crystal interface geometry and allows adjustment of the pulling rate. Among the different knobs associated with the <span class="hlt">CUSP</span> magnetic field, the nature of its configuration, going from symmetric to asymmetric, is also reported to be an important tool for the control of crystallization front. Using a 3D unsteady <span class="hlt">model</span> of the CGSim software, we have studied these effects and compared with several experimental results. In addition, physical mechanisms behind these observations are explored through a detailed <span class="hlt">modeling</span> analysis of the effect of an asymmetric <span class="hlt">CUSP</span> MF on convection features governing the heat transport in the silicon melt.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26204247','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26204247"><span>Mild hypodontia is associated with smaller tooth dimensions and <span class="hlt">cusp</span> numbers than in controls.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kerekes-Máthé, Bernadette; Brook, Alan H; Mártha, Krisztina; Székely, Melinda; Smith, Richard N</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>The associations seen clinically between variations in tooth number, size and shape reflect the repetitive genetic interactions occurring between the epithelium and mesenchyme during the initiation and morphogenetic stages of the Complex Adaptive System that is dental development. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical relationship further by comparing multiple crown parameters, including <span class="hlt">cusp</span> numbers, between patients with mild hypodontia and controls in a Romanian sample. Digital images of dental casts of the permanent dentition from 28 patients with mild hypodontia and 28 controls were used. Measurements from the vestibular and occlusal surfaces were performed using a 2D image analysis method and <span class="hlt">cusps</span>, including the Carabelli trait, were counted. Two-way analysis of variance was performed. The dimensions of the mild hypodontia group had smaller values than the controls, with many measurements being significantly different (significance values varied from p=0.049 to p=0.001). The most affected regions were the upper and lower anterior region in both sexes. Mesio-distal, bucco-lingual and occlusal area and perimeter dimensions were affected. Females from the hypodontia group had significantly less tricuspidated lower premolars when compared with the control group. Carabelli <span class="hlt">cusps</span> were present in the hypodontia group less frequently, the difference being highly significant (p=0.0002) in women. The hypodontia patients presented with reduced crown dimensions and shape compared with controls. This is the first published study to demonstrate smaller <span class="hlt">cusp</span> numbers in patients with hypodontia than in controls. The findings are compatible with a <span class="hlt">model</span> of dental development as a Complex Adaptive System incorporating associations between tooth number, size and shape. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950053302&hterms=ak+47&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dak%2B47','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950053302&hterms=ak+47&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dak%2B47"><span>The dynamic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> at low altitudes: A case study utilizing Viking, DMSP-F7 and Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Watermann, J.; De La Beaujardiere, O.; Lummerzheim, D.; Woch, J.; Newell, P. T.; Potemra, T. A.; Rich, F. J.; Shapshak, M.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Coincident multi-instrument magnetospheric and ionospheric observations have made it possible to determine the position of the ionospheric footprint of the magnetospheric <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and to monitor its evolution over time. The data used include charged particle and magnetic field measurements from the Earth-orbiting Viking and DMSP-F7 satellites, electric field measurements from Viking, interplanetary magnetic field and plasma data from IMP-8, and Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar observations of the ionospheric plasma density, temperature, and convection. Viking detected <span class="hlt">cusp</span> precipitation poleward of 75.5 deg invariant latitude. The ionospheric response to the observed electron precipitation was simulated using an auroral <span class="hlt">model</span>. It predicts enhanced plasma density and elevated electron temperature in the upper E- and F- regions. Sondrestrom radar observations are in agreement with the predictions. The radar detected a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> signature on each of five consecutive antenna elevation scans covering 1.2h local time. The <span class="hlt">cusp</span> appeared to be about 2 deg invariant latitude wide, and its ionospheric footprint shifted equatorward by nearly 2 deg during this time, possibly influenced by an overall decrease in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) B(sub z) component. The radar plasma drift data and the Viking magnetic and electric field data suggest that the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> was associated with a continuous, rather than a patchy, merging between the IMF and the geomagnetic field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22494308-valuation-indonesian-catastrophic-earthquake-bonds-generalized-extreme-value-gev-distribution-cox-ingersoll-ross-cir-interest-rate-model','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22494308-valuation-indonesian-catastrophic-earthquake-bonds-generalized-extreme-value-gev-distribution-cox-ingersoll-ross-cir-interest-rate-model"><span>Valuation of Indonesian <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> earthquake bonds with generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution and Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) interest rate <span class="hlt">model</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Gunardi,; Setiawan, Ezra Putranda</p> <p></p> <p>Indonesia is a country with high risk of earthquake, because of its position in the border of earth’s tectonic plate. An earthquake could raise very high amount of damage, loss, and other economic impacts. So, Indonesia needs a mechanism for transferring the risk of earthquake from the government or the (reinsurance) company, as it could collect enough money for implementing the rehabilitation and reconstruction program. One of the mechanisms is by issuing <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> bond, ‘act-of-God bond’, or simply CAT bond. A <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> bond issued by a special-purpose-vehicle (SPV) company, and then sold to the investor. The revenue from this transactionmore » is joined with the money (premium) from the sponsor company and then invested in other product. If a <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> happened before the time-of-maturity, cash flow from the SPV to the investor will discounted or stopped, and the cash flow is paid to the sponsor company to compensate their loss because of this <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> event. When we consider the earthquake only, the amount of discounted cash flow could determine based on the earthquake’s magnitude. A case study with Indonesian earthquake magnitude data show that the probability of maximum magnitude can <span class="hlt">model</span> by generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution. In pricing this <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> bond, we assumed stochastic interest rate that following the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) interest rate <span class="hlt">model</span>. We develop formulas for pricing three types of <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> bond, namely zero coupon bonds, ‘coupon only at risk’ bond, and ‘principal and coupon at risk’ bond. Relationship between price of the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> bond and CIR model’s parameter, GEV’s parameter, percentage of coupon, and discounted cash flow rule then explained via Monte Carlo simulation.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29689293','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29689293"><span>Molar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> deformation evaluated by micro-CT and enamel crack formation to compare incremental and bulk-filling techniques.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Oliveira, Laís Rani Sales; Braga, Stella Sueli Lourenço; Bicalho, Aline Arêdes; Ribeiro, Maria Tereza Hordones; Price, Richard Bengt; Soares, Carlos José</p> <p>2018-07-01</p> <p>To describe a method of measuring the molar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> deformation using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), the propagation of enamel cracks using transillumination, and the effects of hygroscopic expansion after incremental and bulk-filling resin composite restorations. Twenty human molars received standardized Class II mesio-occlusal-distal cavity preparations. They were restored with either a bulk-fill resin composite, X-tra fil (XTRA), or a conventional resin composite, Filtek Z100 (Z100). The resin composites were tested for post-gel shrinkage using a strain gauge method. <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> deformation (CD) was evaluated using the images obtained using a micro-CT protocol and using a strain-gauge method. Enamel cracks were detected using transillumination. The post-gel shrinkage of Z100 was higher than XTRA (P < 0.001). The amount of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> deformation produced using Z100 was higher compared to XTRA, irrespective of the measurement method used (P < 0.001). The thinner lingual <span class="hlt">cusp</span> always had a higher CD than the buccal <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, irrespective of the measurement method (P < 0.001). A positive correlation (r = 0.78) was found between <span class="hlt">cusp</span> deformation measured by micro-CT or by the strain-gauge method. After hygroscopic expansion of the resin composite, the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> displacement recovered around 85% (P < 0.001). After restoration, Z100 produced more cracks than XTRA (P = 0.012). Micro-CT was an effective method for evaluating the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> deformation. Transillumination was effective for detecting enamel cracks. There were fewer negative effects of polymerization shrinkage in bulk-fill resin restorations using XTRA than for the conventional incremental filling technique using conventional composite resin Z100. Shrinkage and <span class="hlt">cusp</span> deformation are directly related to the formation of enamel cracks. <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> deformation and crack propagation may increase the risk of tooth fracture. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950059018&hterms=Plasma+Ring&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3DPlasma%2BRing','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950059018&hterms=Plasma+Ring&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3DPlasma%2BRing"><span>Magnetosheath-ionspheric plasma interactions in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/cleft. 2: Mesoscale particle simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Winglee, R. M.; Menietti, J. D.; Lin, C. S.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>Ionospheric plasma flowing out from the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> can be an important source of plasma to the magnetosphere. One source of free energy that can drive this outflow is the injection of magnetosheath plasma into the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. Two-dimensional (three velocity) mesoscale particle simulations are used to investigate the particle dynamics in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> during southward interplanetary magnetic field. This mesoscale <span class="hlt">model</span> self-consistently incorporates (1) global influences such as the convection of plasma across the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, the action of the mirror force, and the injection of the magnetosheath plasma, and (2) wave-particle interactions which produce the actual coupling between the magnetosheath and ionospheric plasmas. It is shown that, because the thermal speed of the electrons is higher than the bulk motion of the magnetosheath plasma, an upward current is formed on the equatorward edge of the injection region with return currents on either side. However, the poleward return currents are the stronger due to the convection and mirroring of many of the magnetosheath electrons. The electron distribution in this latter region evolves from upward directed streams to single-sided loss cones or possibly electron conics. The ion distribution also shows a variety of distinct features that are produced by spatial and/or temporal effects associated with varying convection patterns and wave-particle interactions. On the equatorward edge the distribution has a downflowing magnetosheath component and an upflowing cold ionospheric component due to continuous convection of ionospheric plasma into the region. In the center of the magnetosheath region, heating from the development of an ion-ion streaming instability causes the suppression of the cold ionospheric component and the formation of downward ionospheric streams. Further poleward there is velocity filtering of ions with low pitch angles, so that the magnetosheath ions develop a ring-beam distribution and the ensuing wave instabilities generate</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4843393','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4843393"><span>Ethnic Association of <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> of Carabelli Trait and Shoveling Trait in an Indian Population</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Manju, M; Praveen, R; Umesh, W</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Introduction Variations in the structure of teeth have always been of great interest to the dentist from the scientific as well as practical point of view. Additionally, ever since decades inter trait relationships have been a useful means to categorize populations to which an individual belongs. Aim To determine the association between <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> of Carabelli and Shoveling Trait in a selected Indian population native of Bangalore city, Karnataka, India. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in 1885 children aged between 7-10 years. Casts of the study subjects were made to study the presence of <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> of Carabelli of right maxillary permanent molar and shoveling trait of right maxillary permanent central incisor using the Dahlberg’s classification and Hrdliucka’s classification respectively. Linear regression was used to assess the association of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> of carabelli trait with the tooth dimensions and logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of the carabelli trait with gender and presence/absence of shoveling. Results A 40.5% of subjects had <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> of Carabelli on first molar and 68.2% had shoveling on upper central incisor. The study revealed positive association between the two traits studied in the population. A significant difference was also found with presence of <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> of Carabelli and the buccolingual tooth dimension of the maxillary molar (p<0.05). Conclusion There is an association between the <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> of Carabelli and the shoveling trait in the present study population, and this will be valuable in the determination of ethnic origin of an individual. PMID:27135008</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29466833','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29466833"><span>Valve-sparing reimplantation for neoaortic root dilatation and regurgitation with an unbalanced <span class="hlt">cusp</span> after the arterial switch operation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yoneyama, Fumiya; Okamura, Toru; Harada, Yorikazu; Okita, Yutaka</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>A 13-year-old male presented with neoaortic root dilatation and severe aortic valve regurgitation 13 years following an arterial switch operation. The valve <span class="hlt">cusps</span> were unbalanced due to an enlarged non-coronary <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. A valve-sparing reimplantation with a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> plication was performed which resulted in a competent valve with trivial regurgitation. Thus, even in an unbalanced <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, valve-sparing reimplantation can be used for neoaortic root dilatation and valve regurgitation after an arterial switch operation. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950063935&hterms=Open+Field&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DOpen%2BField','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950063935&hterms=Open+Field&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DOpen%2BField"><span>Characteristics of ionospheric convection and field-aligned current in the dayside <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lu, G.; Lyons, L. R.; Reiff, P. H.; Denig, W. F.; Beaujardiere, O. De LA; Kroehl, H. W.; Newell, P. T.; Rich, F. J.; Opgenoorth, H.; Persson, M. A. L.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>The assimilative mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics (AMIE) technique has been used to estimate global distributions of high-latitude ionospheric convection and field-aligned current by combining data obtained nearly simultaneously both from ground and from space. Therefore, unlike the statistical patterns, the 'snapshot' distributions derived by AMIE allow us to examine in more detail the distinctions between field-aligned current systems associated with separate magnetospheric processes, especially in the dayside <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region. By comparing the field-aligned current and ionospheric convection patterns with the corresponding spectrograms of precipitating particles, the following signatures have been identified: (1) For the three cases studied, which all had an IMF with negative y and z components, the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> precipitation was encountered by the DMSP satellites in the postnoon sector in the northern hemisphere and in the prenoon sector in the southern hemisphere. The equatorward part of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> in both hemispheres is in the sunward flow region and marks the beginning of the flow rotation from sunward to antisunward. (2) The pair of field-aligned currents near local noon, i.e., the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/mantle currents, are coincident with the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> or mantle particle precipitation. In distinction, the field-aligned currents on the dawnside and duskside, i.e., the normal region 1 currents, are usually associated with the plasma sheet particle precipitation. Thus the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/mantle currents are generated on open field lines and the region 1 currents mainly on closed field lines. (3) Topologically, the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/mantle currents appear as an expansion of the region 1 currents from the dawnside and duskside and they overlap near local noon. When B(sub y) is negative, in the northern hemisphere the downward field-aligned current is located poleward of the upward current; whereas in the southern hemisphere the upward current is located poleward of the downward current. (4) Under the assumption of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19750034865&hterms=Steiner&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DSteiner','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19750034865&hterms=Steiner&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DSteiner"><span>Lower bounds to energies for <span class="hlt">cusped</span>-gaussian wavefunctions. [hydrogen atom ground state</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Eaves, J. O.; Walsh, B. C.; Steiner, E.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>Calculations for the ground states of H, He, and Be, conducted by Steiner and Sykes (1972), show that the inclusion of a very small number of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> functions can lead to a substantial enhancement of the quality of the Gaussian basis used in molecular wavefunction computations. The properties of the <span class="hlt">cusped</span>-Gaussian basis are investigated by a calculation of lower bounds concerning the ground state energy of the hydrogen atom.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA41B2626F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA41B2626F"><span>UV Observations of Atomic Oxygen in the <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fritz, B.; Lessard, M.; Dymond, K.; Kenward, D. R.; Lynch, K. A.; Clemmons, J. H.; Hecht, J. H.; Hysell, D. L.; Crowley, G.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Rocket Experiment for Neutral Upwelling (RENU) 2 launched into the dayside <span class="hlt">cusp</span> on 13 December, 2015. The sounding rocket payload carried a comprehensive suite of particle, field, and remote sensing instruments to characterize the thermosphere in a region where pockets of enhanced neutral density have been detected [Lühr et al, 2004]. An ultraviolet photomultiplier tube (UV PMT) was oriented to look along the magnetic field line and remotely detect neutral atomic oxygen (OI) above the payload. The UV PMT measured a clear enhancement as the payload descended through a poleward moving auroral form, an indicator of structure in both altitude and latitude. Context for the UV PMT measurement is provided by the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Imager (SSULI) instrument on the Defense Meteorological Space Program (DMSP) satellite, which also measured OI as it passed through the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. UV tomography of SSULI observations produces a two-dimensional cross-section of volumetric emission rates in the high-latitude thermosphere prior to the RENU 2 flight. The volume emission rate may then be inverted to produce a profile of neutral density in the thermosphere. A similar technique is used to interpret the UV PMT measurement and determine structure in the thermosphere as RENU 2 descended through the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.S41A1994S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.S41A1994S"><span>Nankai-Tokai subduction hazard for <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> risk <span class="hlt">modeling</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Spurr, D. D.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>The historical record of Nankai subduction zone earthquakes includes nine event sequences over the last 1300 years. Typical characteristic behaviour is evident, with segments rupturing either co-seismically or as two large earthquakes less than 3 yrs apart (active phase), followed by periods of low seismicity lasting 90 - 150 yrs or more. Despite the long historical record, the recurrence behaviour and consequent seismic hazard remain uncertain and controversial. In 2005 the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion (HERP) published <span class="hlt">models</span> for hundreds of faults as part of an official Japanese seismic hazard map. The HERP <span class="hlt">models</span> have been widely adopted in part or full both within Japan and by the main international <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> risk <span class="hlt">model</span> companies. The time-dependent recurrence <span class="hlt">modelling</span> we adopt for the Nankai faults departs considerably from HERP in three main areas: ■ A “Linked System” (LS) source <span class="hlt">model</span> is used to simulate the strong correlation between segment ruptures evident in the historical record, whereas the HERP recurrence estimates assume the Nankai, Tonankai and Tokai segments rupture independently. The LS component <span class="hlt">models</span> all historical events with a common rupture recurrence cycle for the three segments. System rupture probabilities are calculated assuming BPT behaviour and parameter uncertainties assessed from the full 1300 yr historical record. ■ An independent, “Tokai Only” (TO) rupture source is used specifically to <span class="hlt">model</span> potential “Tokai only” earthquakes. There are widely diverging views on the possibility of this segment rupturing independently. Although all historical Tokai ruptures appear to have been composite Tonankai -Tokai earthquakes, the available data do not preclude the possibility of future “Tokai only” events. The HERP <span class="hlt">model</span> also includes “Tokai only” earthquakes but the recurrence parameters are based on historical composite Tonankai -Tokai ruptures and do not appear to recognise the complex tectonic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25825093','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25825093"><span>Influence of occlusal contact area on <span class="hlt">cusp</span> defection and stress distribution.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Costa, Anna Karina Figueiredo; Xavier, Thaty Aparecida; Paes-Junior, Tarcisio José Arruda; Andreatta-Filho, Oswaldo Daniel; Borges, Alexandre Luiz Souto</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of occlusal contact area for loading on the cuspal defection and stress distribution in a first premolar restored with a high elastic modulus restorative material. The Rhinoceros 4.0 software was used for <span class="hlt">modeling</span> the three-dimensional geometries of dental and periodontal structures and the inlay restoration. Thus, two different <span class="hlt">models</span>, intact and restored teeth with three occlusal contact areas, 0.1, 0.5 and 0.75 mm(2), on enamel at the occlusal surface of buccal and lingual <span class="hlt">cusps</span>. Finite element analysis (FEA) was performed with the program ANSYS (Workbench 13.0), which generated a mesh with tetrahedral elements with greater refinement in the regions of interest, and was constrained at the bases of cortical and trabecular bone in all axis and loaded with 100 N normal to each contact area. To analysis of maximum principal stress, the smaller occlusal contact area showed greater compressive stress in region of load application for both the intact and inlay restored tooth. However, tensile stresses at the occlusal isthmus were similar for all three tested occlusal contact areas (60 MPa). To displacement of the <span class="hlt">cusps</span> was higher for teeth with inlay (0.46-0.48 mm). For intact teeth, the smaller contact area showed greater displacement (0.10 mm). For teeth with inlays, the displacement of the <span class="hlt">cusps</span> were similar in all types of occlusal area. Cuspal displacement was higher in the restored tooth when compared to the intact tooth, but there were no significant variations even with changes in the occlusal contact area. RELEVANCE CLINICAL: Occlusal contacts have a great influence on the positioning of teeth being able to maintain the position and stability of the mandible. Axial loads would be able to generate more uniform stress at the root presenting a greater concentration of load application in the point and the occlusal surface. Thus, is necessary to analyze the relationship between these occlusal contacts as dental</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1502272','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1502272"><span>Stagewise cognitive development: an application of <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> theory.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>van der Maas, H L; Molenaar, P C</p> <p>1992-07-01</p> <p>In this article an overview is given of traditional methodological approaches to stagewise cognitive developmental research. These approaches are evaluated and integrated on the basis of <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> theory. In particular, <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> theory specifies a set of common criteria for testing the discontinuity hypothesis proposed by Piaget. Separate criteria correspond to distinct methods used in cognitive developmental research. Such criteria are, for instance, the detection of spurts in development, bimodality of test scores, and increased variability of responses during transitional periods. When a genuine stage transition is present, these criteria are expected to be satisfied. A revised <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> accommodating these criteria is proposed for the stage transition in cognitive development from the preoperational to the concrete operational stage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140010435','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140010435"><span>Particle-In-Cell Simulations of the Solar Wind Interaction with Lunar Crustal Magnetic Anomalies: Magnetic <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Regions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Poppe, A. R.; Halekas, J. S.; Delory, G. T.; Farrell, W. M.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>As the solar wind is incident upon the lunar surface, it will occasionally encounter lunar crustal remanent magnetic fields. These magnetic fields are small-scale, highly non-dipolar, have strengths up to hundreds of nanotesla, and typically interact with the solar wind in a kinetic fashion. Simulations, theoretical analyses, and spacecraft observations have shown that crustal fields can reflect solar wind protons via a combination of magnetic and electrostatic reflection; however, analyses of surface properties have suggested that protons may still access the lunar surface in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> regions of crustal magnetic fields. In this first report from a planned series of studies, we use a 1 1/2-dimensional, electrostatic particle-in-cell code to <span class="hlt">model</span> the self-consistent interaction between the solar wind, the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> regions of lunar crustal remanent magnetic fields, and the lunar surface. We describe the self-consistent electrostatic environment within crustal <span class="hlt">cusp</span> regions and discuss the implications of this work for the role that crustal fields may play regulating space weathering of the lunar surface via proton bombardment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCC...6..265V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCC...6..265V"><span>Strategic reasoning and bargaining in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> climate change games</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Verendel, Vilhelm; Johansson, Daniel J. A.; Lindgren, Kristian</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>Two decades of international negotiations show that agreeing on emission levels for climate change mitigation is a hard challenge. However, if early warning signals were to show an upcoming tipping point with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> damage, theory and experiments suggest this could simplify collective action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. At the actual threshold, no country would have a free-ride incentive to increase emissions over the tipping point, but it remains for countries to negotiate their emission levels to reach these agreements. We <span class="hlt">model</span> agents bargaining for emission levels using strategic reasoning to predict emission bids by others and ask how this affects the possibility of reaching agreements that avoid <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> damage. It is known that policy elites often use a higher degree of strategic reasoning, and in our <span class="hlt">model</span> this increases the risk for climate <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. Moreover, some forms of higher strategic reasoning make agreements to reduce greenhouse gases unstable. We use empirically informed levels of strategic reasoning when simulating the <span class="hlt">model</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3581555','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3581555"><span>Health-Related Financial <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span>, Inequality and Chronic Illness in Bangladesh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Rahman, Md. Mizanur; Gilmour, Stuart; Saito, Eiko; Sultana, Papia; Shibuya, Kenji</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background Bangladesh has a high proportion of households incurring <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure, and very limited risk sharing mechanisms. Identifying determinants of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure may reveal opportunities to reduce costs and protect households from financial risk. Objective This study investigates the determinants of high healthcare expenditure and healthcare- related financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. Methods A cross-sectional household survey was conducted in Rajshahi city, Bangladesh, in 2011. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> health expenditure was estimated separately based on capacity to pay and proportion of non-food expenditure. Determinants of OOP payments and financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> were estimated using double hurdle and Poisson regression <span class="hlt">models</span> respectively. Results On average households spent 11% of their total budgets on health, half the residents spent 7% of the monthly per capita consumption expenditure for one illness, and nearly 9% of households faced financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. The poorest households spent less on health but had a four times higher risk of <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> than the richest households. The risk of financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> and the level of OOP payments were higher for users of inpatient, outpatient public and private facilities respectively compared to using self-medication or traditional healers. Other determinants of OOP payments and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenses were economic status, presence of chronic illness in the household, and illness among children and adults. Conclusion Households that received inpatient or outpatient private care experienced the highest burden of health expenditure. The poorest members of the community also face large, often <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenses. Chronic illness management is crucial to reducing the total burden of disease in a household and its associated increased risk of level of OOP payments and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenses. Households can only be protected from these situations by reducing the health</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830004893','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830004893"><span>Improved ion containment using a ring-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> ion thruster</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sovey, J. S.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>A 30-centimeter diameter ring-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> ion thruster is described which operates at inert gas ion beam currents up to about 7 ampere, with significant improvements in discharge chamber performance over conventional divergent-field thrusters. The thruster has strong boundary ring-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> magnetic fields, a diverging field on the cathode region, and a nearly field-free volume upstream of the ion extraction system. Minimum ion beam production costs of 90 to 100 watts per beam ampere (W/A) were obtained for argon, krypton and xenon. Propellant efficiencies in excess of 0.90 were achieved at 100 to 120 W/A for the three inert gases. The ion beam charge-state was documented with a collimating mass spectrometer probe to allow evaluation of overall thruster efficiencies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6772193-interplanetary-magnetic-field-sub-effects-large-scale-field-aligned-currents-near-local-noon-contributions-from-cusp-part-noncusp-part','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6772193-interplanetary-magnetic-field-sub-effects-large-scale-field-aligned-currents-near-local-noon-contributions-from-cusp-part-noncusp-part"><span>The interplanetary magnetic field B[sub y] effects on large-scale field-aligned currents near local noon: Contributions from <span class="hlt">cusp</span> part and noncusp part</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Yamauchi, M.; Lundin, R.; Woch, J.</p> <p>1993-04-01</p> <p>latitudinals develop a <span class="hlt">model</span> to account for the effect of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) B[sub y] component on the dayside field-aligned currents (FACs). As part of the <span class="hlt">model</span> the FACs are divided into a [open quotes]<span class="hlt">cusp</span> part[close quotes] and a [open quotes]noncusp part[close quotes]. The authors then propose that the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> part FACs shift in the longitudinal direction while the noncusplike part FACs shift in both longitudinal and latitudinal directions in response to the y component of the IMF. If combined, it is observed that the noncusp part FAC is found poleward of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> part FAC system whenmore » the y component of the IMF is large. These two FAC systems flow in the same direction. They reinforce one another, creating a strong FAC, termed the DPY-FAC. The <span class="hlt">model</span> also predicts that the polewardmost part of the DPY-FAC flows on closed field lines, even in regions conventionally occupied by the polar cap. Results of the <span class="hlt">model</span> are successfully compared with particle and magnetic field data from Viking missions.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhDT........81W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhDT........81W"><span>Solute drag in polycrystalline materials: Derivation and numerical analysis of a variational <span class="hlt">model</span> for the effect of solute on the motion of boundaries and junctions during coarsening</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wilson, Seth Robert</p> <p></p> <p>A mathematical <span class="hlt">model</span> that results in an expression for the local acceleration of a network of sharp interfaces interacting with an ambient solute field is proposed. This expression comprises a first-order differential equation for the local velocity that, given the appropriate initial conditions, may be used to predict the subsequent time evolution of the system, including non-steady state absorption and desorption of solute. Evolution equations for both interfaces and the junction of interfaces are derived by maximizing a functional approximating the rate at which the local Gibbs free energy density decreases, as a function of the local solute content and the instantaneous velocity. The <span class="hlt">model</span> has been formulated in three dimensions, and non-equilibrium effects such as grain boundary diffusion, solute gradients, and time-dependant segregation are taken into account. As a consequence of this <span class="hlt">model</span>, it is shown that both interfaces and the junctions between interfaces obey evolution equations that closely resemble Newton's second law. In particular, the concept of "thrust" in variable-mass systems is shown to have a direct analog in solute-interface interaction. Numerical analysis of the equations that result reveals that a double <span class="hlt">cusp</span> <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> governs the behavior of the solute-interface system, for which trajectories that include hysteresis, slip-stick motion, and jerky motion are all conceivable. The geometry of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> is quantified, and a number of relations between physical parameters and system behavior are consequently predicted.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25297503','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25297503"><span>Aortic regurgitation due to fibrous strand rupture in the fenestrated left coronary <span class="hlt">cusp</span> of the tricuspid aortic valve.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Irisawa, Yusuke; Itatani, Keiichi; Kitamura, Tadashi; Hanayama, Naoji; Oka, Norihiko; Tomoyasu, Takahiro; Inoue, Nobuyuki; Hayashi, Hidenori; Inoue, Takamichi; Miyaji, Kagami</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Fenestration-related massive aortic regurgitation is rare. The underlying mechanism is reported to be rupture of the fenestrated fibrous strand, and most ruptured cords have been reported in the bicuspid valve or in the right coronary <span class="hlt">cusp</span> of the tricuspid aortic valve. We encountered a rare case of acute aortic regurgitation due to fibrous strand rupture in the fenestrated left coronary <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. Preoperative echocardiography detected left coronary <span class="hlt">cusp</span> prolapse, and operative findings revealed rupture of a fibrous strand in the left coronary <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. For cases such as this, preoperative echocardiography would be useful for appropriate diagnosis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29885410','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29885410"><span>Stationary moments, diffusion limits, and extinction times for logistic growth with random <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schlomann, Brandon H</p> <p>2018-06-06</p> <p>A central problem in population ecology is understanding the consequences of stochastic fluctuations. Analytically tractable <span class="hlt">models</span> with Gaussian driving noise have led to important, general insights, but they fail to capture rare, <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events, which are increasingly observed at scales ranging from global fisheries to intestinal microbiota. Due to mathematical challenges, growth processes with random <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> are less well characterized and it remains unclear how their consequences differ from those of Gaussian processes. In the face of a changing climate and predicted increases in ecological <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>, as well as increased interest in harnessing microbes for therapeutics, these processes have never been more relevant. To better understand them, I revisit here a differential equation <span class="hlt">model</span> of logistic growth coupled to density-independent <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> that arrive as a Poisson process, and derive new analytic results that reveal its statistical structure. First, I derive exact expressions for the <span class="hlt">model</span>'s stationary moments, revealing a single effective <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> parameter that largely controls low order statistics. Then, I use weak convergence theorems to construct its Gaussian analog in a limit of frequent, small <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>, keeping the stationary population mean constant for normalization. Numerically computing statistics along this limit shows how they transform as the dynamics shifts from <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> to diffusions, enabling quantitative comparisons. For example, the mean time to extinction increases monotonically by orders of magnitude, demonstrating significantly higher extinction risk under <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> than under diffusions. Together, these results provide insight into a wide range of stochastic dynamical systems important for ecology and conservation. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19137332','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19137332"><span>Influence of different <span class="hlt">cusp</span> coverage methods for the extension of ceramic inlays on marginal integrity and enamel crack formation in vitro.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Krifka, Stephanie; Stangl, Martin; Wiesbauer, Sarah; Hiller, Karl-Anton; Schmalz, Gottfried; Federlin, Marianne</p> <p>2009-09-01</p> <p>No information is available to date about <span class="hlt">cusp</span> design of thin (1.0 mm) non-functional <span class="hlt">cusps</span> and its influence upon (1) marginal integrity of ceramic inlays (CI) and partial ceramic crowns (PCC) and (2) crack formation of dental tissues. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> coverage of thin non-functional <span class="hlt">cusps</span> on marginal integrity and enamel crack formation. CI and PCC preparations were performed on extracted human molars. Non-functional <span class="hlt">cusps</span> were adjusted to 1.0-mm wall thickness and 1.0-mm wall thickness with horizontal reduction of about 2.0 mm. Ceramic restorations (Vita Mark II, Cerec3 System) were adhesively luted with Excite/Variolink II. The specimens were exposed to thermocycling and central mechanical loading. Marginal integrity was assessed by evaluating dye penetration after thermal cycling and mechanical loading. Enamel cracks were documented under a reflective-light microscope. The data were statistically analysed with the Mann-Whitney U test, the Fishers exact test (alpha = 0.05) and the error rates method. PCC with horizontal reduction of non-functional <span class="hlt">cusps</span> showed statistically significant less microleakage than PCC without such a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> coverage. Preparation designs with horizontal reduction of non-functional <span class="hlt">cusps</span> showed a tendency to less enamel crack formation than preparation designs without <span class="hlt">cusp</span> coverage. Thin non-functional <span class="hlt">cusp</span> walls of adhesively bonded restorations should be completely covered or reduced to avoid enamel cracks and marginal deficiency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006EPJB...50..659C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006EPJB...50..659C"><span><span class="hlt">Modeling</span> the net flows of U.S. mutual funds with stochastic <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> theory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Clark, A.</p> <p>2006-04-01</p> <p>Using the recent work of Hartelman, van der Maas, and Wagenmakers, we demonstrate the use of invariant stochastic <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">models</span> in finance for <span class="hlt">modeling</span> net flows (the difference between purchases and redemptions of fund shares) of U.S. mutual funds. We validate Goetzmann et al. and others' work concerning the importance of sentiment variables on stock fund flows. We also answer some of the questions Goetzmann et al. and Brown et al. pose at the end of their respective papers. We end with possible experiments for experimental economists and sociophysicists.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NPGeo..24..535A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NPGeo..24..535A"><span>On the CCN (de)activation nonlinearities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Arabas, Sylwester; Shima, Shin-ichiro</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>We take into consideration the evolution of particle size in a monodisperse aerosol population during activation and deactivation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Our analysis reveals that the system undergoes a saddle-node bifurcation and a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. The control parameters chosen for the analysis are the relative humidity and the particle concentration. An analytical estimate of the activation timescale is derived through estimation of the time spent in the saddle-node bifurcation bottleneck. Numerical integration of the system coupled with a simple air-parcel cloud <span class="hlt">model</span> portrays two types of activation/deactivation hystereses: one associated with the kinetic limitations on droplet growth when the system is far from equilibrium, and one occurring close to equilibrium and associated with the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. We discuss the presented analyses in context of the development of particle-based <span class="hlt">models</span> of aerosol-cloud interactions in which activation and deactivation impose stringent time-resolution constraints on numerical integration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010050138','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010050138"><span>Inter-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> Ion and Electron Transport in a Nstar-derivative Ion Thruster</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Foster, John E.</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>Diffusion of electrons and ions to anode surfaces between the magnetic <span class="hlt">cusps</span> of a NASA Solar Electric Propulsion Technology Application Readiness ion thruster has been characterized. Ion flux measurements were made at the anode and at the screen grid electrode. The measurements indicated that the average ion current density at the anode and at the screen grid were approximately equal. Additionally, it was found that the electron flux to the anode between <span class="hlt">cusps</span> is best described by the classical cross-field diffusion coefficient.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23427476','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23427476"><span>Maintaining and sustaining the On the <span class="hlt">CUSP</span>: stop BSI <span class="hlt">model</span> in Hawaii.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lin, Della M; Weeks, Kristina; Holzmueller, Christine G; Pronovost, Peter J; Pham, Julius Cuong</p> <p>2013-02-01</p> <p>Hawaii joined the On the <span class="hlt">CUSP</span>: Stop BSI national effort in the United States in 2009 (<span class="hlt">CUSP</span> stands for Comprehensive Unit-based Safety Program). In the initial 18-month study evaluation, adult ICUs decreased central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) rates by 61%. The impact of a series of novel strategies/tools in reducing infections and sustaining the collaborative in ICUs and non-ICUs in Hawaii was assessed. This cohort collaborative consisted of 20 adult ICUs and 18 nonadult ICUs in 16 hospitals. Hawaii developed and implemented six tools between July 2010 and August 2011: a tool to investigate CLABSIs, a video to address cultural barriers, a standardized dressing change kit, a map of the cohort's journey, a 12-strategies leadership dashboard, and a geometric plot of consecutive infection-free days. The primary outcome measure was overall CLABSI rates (mean infections per 1,000 catheter-days). A comparison of baseline data from 28 ICUs with 12-quarter (36-month) postimplementation data indicated that the CLABSI rate decreased across the entire state: overall, 1.57 to 0.29 infections/1,000 catheter-days; adult ICUs, 1.49 to 0.25 infections/1,000 catheter-days; nonadult ICUs, 2.54 to 0.33 infections/1,000 catheter-days, non-ICUs (N= 14), 4.52 to 0.25 infections/1,000 catheter-days, and PICU/NICU (N = 4), 2.05 to 0.53 infections/1,000 catheter-days. Days between CLABSIs in the adult ICUs statewide increased from a median of 5 days in 2009 to 70 days in 2011. Hawaii successfully spread the program beyond adult ICUs and implemented a series of tools for maintenance and sustainment. Use of the tools shaped a culture around the continued belief that CLABSIs can be eradicated, and infections further reduced.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000025540','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000025540"><span>Particle Detectors and Data Analysis for <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Transient Features Campaign</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sharber, James R.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>On December 3, 1997, a rocket payload (36.152) was launched from N(sub y) Alesund into the dark <span class="hlt">cusp</span> at 0906:00 U (1206:00 LT) during an interval of southward B(sub z) and positive B(sub y). Launch occurred during a time interval of northeastward moving auroral forms observed between 0845 and 0945 UT by ground-based meridian scanning photometers. Ground photometric measurements during the flight show that the payload passed over the poleward portion of the most intense 6300 A emissions of the dayside <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/cleft region. Electrons of energy up to a few hundred eV were detected immediately upon instrument turn-on at an altitude of 205 km and throughout the flight until the payload reached an altitude of -197 km on the downleg. Electron spectra were either quasithermal with peak energies -100 eV or showed evidence of acceleration along the magnetic field line by potentials of 100-200 V. Precipitating ions were observed throughout much of the flight. Their spectra were broadly peaked in energy with the peak energy decreasing from -500 eV to -250 eV as the payload flew approximately westward over the dayside precipitation region. Structure (spatial or temporal intensity variation) was observed between T + 180 s and T + -400 s. At the rocket altitudes (<450 km) the ions were observed to be precipitating. During the flight, the DMSP F-13 satellite passed through the all-sky imager field-of-view just poleward of the brightest dayside emissions enabling the identification of plasma sheet and boundary layer regions along the orbit. We thus conclude that particle fluxes detected by the rocket flight were either <span class="hlt">cusp</span> plasma or boundary layer/mantle plasma just poleward of the dayside <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/cleft. A paper describing the fields and plasmas observed during the flight is now being prepared for publication.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990028513','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990028513"><span>Particle Detectors and Data Analysis for <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Transient Features Campaign</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sharber, James R.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>On December 3, 1997, a rocket payload (36.152) was launched from Ny Alesund into the dark <span class="hlt">cusp</span> at 0906:00 U (1206:00 LT) during an interval of southward B(sub Z), and positive B(sub y). Launch occurred during a time interval of northeastward moving auroral forms observed between 0845 and 0945 UT by ground-based meridian scanning photometers. Ground photometric measurements during the flight show that the payload passed over the poleward portion of the most intense 6300 A emissions of the dayside <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/cleft region. Electrons of energy up to a few hundred eV were detected immediately upon instrument turn-on at an altitude of 205 km and throughout the flight until the payload reached an altitude of approximately 197 km on the downleg. Electron spectra were either quasithermal with peak energies approximately 100 eV or showed evidence of acceleration along the magnetic field line by potentials of 100-200 V. Precipitating ions were observed throughout much of the flight. Their spectra were broadly peaked in energy with the peak energy decreasing from approximately 500 eV to approximately 250 eV as the payload flew approximately westward over the dayside precipitationregion. Structure(spatial or temporal intensity variation) was observed between T + 180 s and T + approximately 400 s. At the rocket altitudes(less than 450km) the ions were observed to be precipitating. During the flight, the DMSPF-13 satellite passed through the all-sky imager field-of-view just poleward of the brightest dayside emissions enabling the identification of plasma sheet and boundary layer regions along the orbit. We thus conclude that particle fluxes detected by the rocket flight were either <span class="hlt">cusp</span> plasma or boundary layer/mantle plasmajust poleward of the dayside <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/cleft. Further investigation of the particle characteristics and their relationship to ionospheric convection patterns is continuing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMSM13F4220G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMSM13F4220G"><span>Observations of EMIC Waves in the Exterior <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Region and in the Nearby Magnetosheath</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grison, B.; Escoubet, C. P.; Santolik, O.; Lavraud, B.; Cornilleau-Wehrlin, N.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>In the early years (2000-2004) of the mission, Cluster crossed the most distant part of the polar <span class="hlt">cusps</span>. On 05/01/2002, Cluster enters the distant <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region on the duskside of the southern hemisphere (inbound). The spacecraft are successively crossing the magnetopause between 19:50 UT (SC4) and 20:15 UT (SC3). The interplanetary conditions during the crossing were stable with a dominant negative By. The magnetometer (FGM) data indicates that the entry into the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> takes place in a region where the magnetic field lines in the magnetosheath are anti-parallel with the field lines in the magnetosphere. Despite this clear picture, the global encounter is rather complex: one can notice partial magnetopause crossings, magnetic null points, and intense monochromatic waves on both sides of the magnetopause.We investigate electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves observed in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and in the nearby magnetosheath, just before the magnetopause crossing by the spacecraft. Left-handed monochromatic waves observed in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> display different duration and frequency (below and above the local proton gyrofrequency) on each spacecraft. Both the Poynting flux of these emissions and the simultaneously recorded ion flows propagate in the same direction - toward the Earth. The wavenumber are determined in two ways: considering the Doppler shift and from direct measurements of the refractive index. We analyze these wave parameters and the local plasma conditions to explain the wave generation process on each side of the magnetopause.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24173685','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24173685"><span>First records of talon <span class="hlt">cusps</span> on baboon maxillary incisors argue for standardizing terminology and prompt a hypothesis of their formation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Heaton, Jason L; Pickering, Travis Rayne</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Dental characters can provide vital clues for understanding intra- and intertaxonomic morphological variation and its underlying genetic and environmental components. However, the unambiguous identification of particular traits and their comparative study is often confounded by lack of consistent terminology in the relevant literature. This difficulty is exacerbated when the etiologies are not completely understood, as is the case with talon <span class="hlt">cusps</span>. To date, research on talon <span class="hlt">cusps</span> has focused on modern humans. In many instances, descriptions of talon <span class="hlt">cusps</span> appear in clinical case studies focusing on their treatment and removal. What is lacking in those discussions, though, is a comparative framework, in which the occurrence of talon <span class="hlt">cusps</span> in nonhuman primates, and possibly other mammals, is established and understood. Here, we report on a taloned upper central incisor of a wild baboon (Papio hamadryas ursinus) from South Africa. The anomalous incisor of this individual includes an exaggerated accessory <span class="hlt">cusp</span> diagnosed as a Type II talon. Microcomputed tomographic and radiographic analyses show that the taloned <span class="hlt">cusp</span> possesses enamel, dentin, and pulp. In addition, we identified an unclassifiable talon <span class="hlt">cusp</span> on a central maxillary incisor of a baboon skull housed in the Smithsonian Institution's Natural History Museum collection. Our observations of talon <span class="hlt">cusps</span> on baboon incisors demonstrate that, with regard to this phenomenon, systematic study of nonhuman primates is much needed, along with a consistent use of terminology in the anatomical and anthropological literature. Finally, we present a hypothesis of the formation of talon <span class="hlt">cusps</span> on mammalian incisors. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29620733','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29620733"><span>A density <span class="hlt">cusp</span> of quiescent X-ray binaries in the central parsec of the Galaxy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hailey, Charles J; Mori, Kaya; Bauer, Franz E; Berkowitz, Michael E; Hong, Jaesub; Hord, Benjamin J</p> <p>2018-04-04</p> <p>The existence of a 'density <span class="hlt">cusp</span>'-a localized increase in number-of stellar-mass black holes near a supermassive black hole is a fundamental prediction of galactic stellar dynamics. The best place to detect such a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> is in the Galactic Centre, where the nearest supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*, resides. As many as 20,000 black holes are predicted to settle into the central parsec of the Galaxy as a result of dynamical friction; however, so far no density <span class="hlt">cusp</span> of black holes has been detected. Low-mass X-ray binary systems that contain a stellar-mass black hole are natural tracers of isolated black holes. Here we report observations of a dozen quiescent X-ray binaries in a density <span class="hlt">cusp</span> within one parsec of Sagittarius A*. The lower-energy emission spectra that we observed in these binaries is distinct from the higher-energy spectra associated with the population of accreting white dwarfs that dominates the central eight parsecs of the Galaxy. The properties of these X-ray binaries, in particular their spatial distribution and luminosity function, suggest the existence of hundreds of binary systems in the central parsec of the Galaxy and many more isolated black holes. We cannot rule out a contribution to the observed emission from a population (of up to about one-half the number of X-ray binaries) of rotationally powered, millisecond pulsars. The spatial distribution of the binary systems is a relic of their formation history, either in the stellar disk around Sagittarius A* (ref. 7) or through in-fall from globular clusters, and constrains the number density of sources in the <span class="hlt">modelling</span> of gravitational waves from massive stellar remnants, such as neutron stars and black holes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AcAau.144..193C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AcAau.144..193C"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">cusped</span> field thruster on the performance of drag-free control system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cui, K.; Liu, H.; Jiang, W. J.; Sun, Q. Q.; Hu, P.; Yu, D. R.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>With increased measurement tasks of space science, more requirements for the spacecraft environment have been put forward. Those tasks (e.g. the measurement of Earth's steady state gravity field anomalies) lead to the desire for developing drag-free control. Higher requirements for the thruster performance are made due to the demand for the drag-free control system and real-time compensation for non-conservative forces. Those requirements for the propulsion system include wide continuous throttling ability, high resolution, rapid response, low noise and so on. As a promising candidate, the <span class="hlt">cusped</span> field thruster has features such as the high working stability, the low erosion rate, a long lifetime and the simple structure, so that it is chosen as the thruster to be discussed in this paper. Firstly, the performance of a new <span class="hlt">cusped</span> field thruster is tested and analyzed. Then a drag-free control scheme based on the <span class="hlt">cusped</span> field thruster is designed to evaluate the performance of this thruster. Subsequently, the effects of the thrust resolution, transient response time and thrust uncertainty on the controller are calculated respectively. Finally, the performance of closed-loop system is analyzed, and the simulation results verify the feasibility of applying <span class="hlt">cusped</span> field thruster to drag-free flight in the space science measurement tasks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890032980&hterms=string+theory&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dstring%2Btheory','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890032980&hterms=string+theory&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dstring%2Btheory"><span>Gamma-ray bursts from <span class="hlt">cusps</span> on superconducting cosmic strings at large redshifts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Paczynski, Bohdan</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>Babul et al. (1987) proposed that some gamma-ray bursts may be caused by energy released at the <span class="hlt">cusps</span> of oscillating loops made of superconducting cosmic strings. It is claimed that there were some errors and omissions in that work, which are claimed to be corrected in the present paper. Arguments are presented, that given certain assumptions, the <span class="hlt">cusps</span> on oscillating superconducting cosmic strings produce highly collimated and energetic electromagnetic bursts and that a fair fraction of electromagnetic energy is likely to come out as gamma rays.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25d2902C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25d2902C"><span>Studies of small-scale plasma inhomogeneities in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> ionosphere using sounding rocket data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chernyshov, Alexander A.; Spicher, Andres; Ilyasov, Askar A.; Miloch, Wojciech J.; Clausen, Lasse B. N.; Saito, Yoshifumi; Jin, Yaqi; Moen, Jøran I.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Microprocesses associated with plasma inhomogeneities are studied on the basis of data from the Investigation of <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Irregularities (ICI-3) sounding rocket. The ICI-3 rocket is devoted to investigating a reverse flow event in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> F region ionosphere. By numerical stability analysis, it is demonstrated that inhomogeneous-energy-density-driven (IEDD) instability can be a mechanism for the excitation of small-scale plasma inhomogeneities. The Local Intermittency Measure (LIM) method also applied the rocket data to analyze irregular structures of the electric field during rocket flight in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. A qualitative agreement between high values of the growth rates of the IEDD instability and the regions with enhanced LIM is observed. This suggests that IEDD instability is connected to turbulent non-Gaussian processes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020018821','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020018821"><span>Strong IMF By-Related Plasma Convection in the Ionosphere and <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Field-Aligned Currents Under Northward IMF Conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Le, G.; Lu, G.; Strangeway, R. J.; Pfaff, R. F., Jr.; Vondrak, Richard R. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>We present in this paper an investigation of IMF-By related plasma convection and <span class="hlt">cusp</span> field-aligned currents using FAST data and AMIE <span class="hlt">model</span> during a prolonged interval with large positive IMF By and northward Bz conditions (By/Bz much greater than 1). Using the FAST single trajectory observations to validate the global convection patterns at key times and key locations, we have demonstrated that the AMIE procedure provides a reasonably good description of plasma circulations in the ionosphere during this interval. Our results show that the plasma convection in the ionosphere is consistent with the anti-parallel merging <span class="hlt">model</span>. When the IMF has a strongly positive By component under northward conditions, we find that the global plasma convection forms two cells oriented nearly along the Sun-earth line in the ionosphere. In the northern hemisphere, the dayside cell has clockwise convection mainly circulating within the polar cap on open field lines. A second cell with counterclockwise convection is located in the nightside circulating across the polar cap boundary, The observed two-cell convection pattern appears to be driven by the reconnection along the anti-parallel merging lines poleward of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> extending toward the dusk side when IMF By/Bz much greater than 1. The magnetic tension force on the newly reconnected field lines drives the plasma to move from dusk to dawn in the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region near the polar cap boundary. The field-aligned currents in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region flow downward into the ionosphere. The return field-aligned currents extend into the polar cap in the center of the dayside convection cell. The field-aligned currents are closed through the Peterson currents in the ionosphere, which flow poleward from the polar cap boundary along the electric field direction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22967051','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22967051"><span>Community resilience and decision theory challenges for <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cox, Louis Anthony</p> <p>2012-11-01</p> <p>Extreme and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events pose challenges for normative <span class="hlt">models</span> of risk management decision making. They invite development of new methods and principles to complement existing normative decision and risk analysis. Because such events are rare, it is difficult to learn about them from experience. They can prompt both too little concern before the fact, and too much after. Emotionally charged and vivid outcomes promote probability neglect and distort risk perceptions. Aversion to acting on uncertain probabilities saps precautionary action; moral hazard distorts incentives to take care; imperfect learning and social adaptation (e.g., herd-following, group-think) complicate forecasting and coordination of individual behaviors and undermine prediction, preparation, and insurance of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events. Such difficulties raise substantial challenges for normative decision theories prescribing how <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> risks should be managed. This article summarizes challenges for <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> hazards with uncertain or unpredictable frequencies and severities, hard-to-envision and incompletely described decision alternatives and consequences, and individual responses that influence each other. Conceptual <span class="hlt">models</span> and examples clarify where and why new methods are needed to complement traditional normative decision theories for individuals and groups. For example, prospective and retrospective preferences for risk management alternatives may conflict; procedures for combining individual beliefs or preferences can produce collective decisions that no one favors; and individual choices or behaviors in preparing for possible disasters may have no equilibrium. Recent ideas for building "disaster-resilient" communities can complement traditional normative decision theories, helping to meet the practical need for better ways to manage risks of extreme and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events. © 2012 Society for Risk Analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMEP33B0858W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMEP33B0858W"><span><span class="hlt">Modeling</span> <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Barrier Island Dynamics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Whitley, J. W.; McNamara, D.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Barrier islands, thin strips of sand lying parallel to the mainland coastline, along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts appear to have maintained their form for thousands of years in the face of rising sea level. The mechanisms that allow barrier islands to remain robust are transport of sediment from the ocean side of barriers to the top and backside during storms, termed island overwash, and the growth and alongshore propagation of tidal deltas near barrier island inlets. Dynamically these processes provide the necessary feedbacks to maintain a barrier island in an attractor that withstands rising sea level within a phase space of barrier island geometrical characteristics. Current barrier island configurations along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts exist among a wide range of storm climate and underlying geologic conditions and therefore the environment that forces overwash and tidal delta dynamics varies considerably. It has been suggested that barrier islands in certain locations such as those between Avon and Buxton (losing 76% of island width since 1852) and Chandeleur islands (losing 85% of its surface area since 2005) along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, respectively, may be subject to a <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> shift in barrier island attractor states - more numerous inlets cutting barriers in some locations and the complete disappearance of barrier islands in other locations. In contrast to common <span class="hlt">models</span> for barrier islands that neglect storm dynamics and often only consider cross-shore response, we use an alongshore extended <span class="hlt">model</span> for barrier island dynamics including beach erosion, island overwash and inlet cutting during storms, and beach accretion, tidal delta growth and dune and vegetation growth between storms to explore the response of barrier islands to a wide range of environmental forcing. Results will be presented that show how barrier island attractor states are altered with variations in the rate of sea level rise, storminess, and underlying geology. We will</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvL.114g8103G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvL.114g8103G"><span>Kinesin-8 Motors Improve Nuclear Centering by Promoting Microtubule <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Glunčić, Matko; Maghelli, Nicola; Krull, Alexander; Krstić, Vladimir; Ramunno-Johnson, Damien; Pavin, Nenad; Tolić, Iva M.</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>In fission yeast, microtubules push against the cell edge, thereby positioning the nucleus in the cell center. Kinesin-8 motors regulate microtubule <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>; however, their role in nuclear positioning is not known. Here we develop a physical <span class="hlt">model</span> that describes how kinesin-8 motors affect nuclear centering by promoting a microtubule <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. Our <span class="hlt">model</span> predicts the improved centering of the nucleus in the presence of motors, which we confirmed experimentally in living cells. The <span class="hlt">model</span> also predicts a characteristic time for the recentering of a displaced nucleus, which is supported by our experiments where we displaced the nucleus using optical tweezers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EL....10648003D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EL....10648003D"><span>Properties of the spindle-to-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> transition in extensional capsule dynamics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dodson, W. R., III; Dimitrakopoulos, P.</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Our earlier letter (Dodson W. R. III and Dimitrakopoulos P., Phys. Rev. Lett., 101 (2008) 208102) revealed that a (strain-hardening) Skalak capsule in a planar extensional Stokes flow develops for stability reasons steady-state shapes whose edges from spindled become <span class="hlt">cusped</span> with increasing flow rate owing to a transition of the edge tensions from tensile to compressive. A bifurcation in the steady-state shapes was also found (i.e. existence of both spindled and <span class="hlt">cusped</span> edges for a range of high flow rates) by implementing different transient processes, owing to the different evolution of the membrane tensions. In this paper we show that the bifurcation range is wider at higher viscosity ratio (owing to the lower transient membrane tensions accompanied the slower capsule deformation starting from the quiescent capsule shape), while it contracts and eventually disappears as the viscosity ratio decreases. The spindle-to-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> transition is shown to represent a self-similar finite-time singularity formation which for real capsules with very small but finite thickness is expected to be an apparent singularity, i.e. formation of very large (but finite) positive and negative edge curvatures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Icar..236..104R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Icar..236..104R"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> ice lake collapse in Aram Chaos, Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Roda, Manuel; Kleinhans, Maarten G.; Zegers, Tanja E.; Oosthoek, Jelmer H. P.</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>Hesperian chaotic terrains have been recognized as the source of outflow channels formed by <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> outflows. Four main scenarios have been proposed for the formation of chaotic terrains that involve different amounts of water and single or multiple outflow events. Here, we test these scenarios with morphological and structural analyses of imagery and elevation data for Aram Chaos in conjunction with numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of the morphological evolution of the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> carving of the outflow valley. The morphological and geological analyses of Aram Chaos suggest large-scale collapse and subsidence (1500 m) of the entire area, which is consistent with a massive expulsion of liquid water from the subsurface in one single event. The combined observations suggest a complex process starting with the outflow of water from two small channels, followed by continuous groundwater sapping and headward erosion and ending with a <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> lake rim collapse and carving of the Aram Valley, which is synchronous with the 2.5 Ga stage of the Ares Vallis formation. The water volume and formative time scale required to carve the Aram channels indicate that a single, rapid (maximum tens of days) and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> (flood volume of 9.3 × 104 km3) event carved the outflow channel. We conclude that a sub-ice lake collapse <span class="hlt">model</span> can best explain the features of the Aram Chaos Valley system as well as the time scale required for its formation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.1585F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.1585F"><span>Modular Exposure Disaggregation Methodologies for <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">Modelling</span> using GIS and Remotely-Sensed Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Foulser-Piggott, R.; Saito, K.; Spence, R.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Loss estimates produced by <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">models</span> are dependent on the quality of the input data, including both the hazard and exposure data. Currently, some of the exposure data input into a <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> is aggregated over an area and therefore an estimate of the risk in this area may have a low level of accuracy. In order to obtain a more detailed and accurate loss estimate, it is necessary to have higher resolution exposure data. However, high resolution exposure data is not commonly available worldwide and therefore methods to infer building distribution and characteristics at higher resolution from existing information must be developed. This study is focussed on the development of disaggregation methodologies for exposure data which, if implemented in current <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">models</span>, would lead to improved loss estimates. The new methodologies developed for disaggregating exposure data make use of GIS, remote sensing and statistical techniques. The main focus of this study is on earthquake risk, however the methods developed are modular so that they may be applied to different hazards. A number of different methods are proposed in order to be applicable to different regions of the world which have different amounts of data available. The new methods give estimates of both the number of buildings in a study area and a distribution of building typologies, as well as a measure of the vulnerability of the building stock to hazard. For each method, a way to assess and quantify the uncertainties in the methods and results is proposed, with particular focus on developing an index to enable input data quality to be compared. The applicability of the methods is demonstrated through testing for two study areas, one in Japan and the second in Turkey, selected because of the occurrence of recent and damaging earthquake events. The testing procedure is to use the proposed methods to estimate the number of buildings damaged at different levels following a scenario earthquake</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110009891','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110009891"><span>Electric Field Observations of Plasma Convection, Shear, Alfven Waves, and other Phenomena Observed on Sounding Rockets in the <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> and Boundary Layer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pfaff, R. F.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>On December 14,2002, a NASA Black Brant X sounding rocket was launched equatorward from Ny Alesund, Spitzbergen (79 N) into the dayside <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and subsequently cut across the open/closed field line boundary, reaching an apogee of771 km. The launch occurred during Bz negative conditions with strong By negative that was changing during the flight. SuperDarn (CUTLASS) radar and subsequent <span class="hlt">model</span> patterns reveal a strong westward/poleward convection, indicating that the rocket traversed a rotational reversal in the afternoon merging cell. The payload returned DC electric and magnetic fields, plasma waves, energetic particle, suprathermal electron and ion, and thermal plasma data. We provide an overview of the main observations and focus on the DC electric field results, comparing the measured E x B plasma drifts in detail with the CUTLASS radar observations of plasma drifts gathered simultaneously in the same volume. The in situ DC electric fields reveal steady poleward flows within the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> with strong shears at the interface of the closed/open field lines and within the boundary layer. We use the observations to discuss ionospheric signatures of the open/closed character of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/low latitude boundary layer as a function of the IMF. The electric field and plasma density data also reveal the presence of very strong plasma irregularities with a large range of scales (10 m to 10 km) that exist within the open field line <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region yet disappear when the payload was equatorward of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> on closed field lines. These intense low frequency wave observations are consistent with strong scintillations observed on the ground at Ny Alesund during the flight. We present detailed wave characteristics and discuss them in terms of Alfven waves and static irregularities that pervade the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region at all altitudes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=NASA&id=ED552894','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=NASA&id=ED552894"><span>Organizational Learning Post <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Events: A Descriptive Case Study Exploring NASA's Learning over Time Following Two <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Shuttle Accidents Using the Schwandt's Organizational Learning System <span class="hlt">Model</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Castro, Edgar Oscar</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>A 30-year contribution of the Space Shuttle Program is the evolution of NASA's social actions through organizational learning. This study investigated how NASA learned over time following two <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> accidents. Schwandt's (1997) organizational Learning System <span class="hlt">Model</span> (OLSM) characterized the learning in this High Reliability…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/150363-examination-effect-dipole-tilt-angle-cusp-regions-shape-dayside-magnetopause','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/150363-examination-effect-dipole-tilt-angle-cusp-regions-shape-dayside-magnetopause"><span>An examination of the effect of dipole tilt angle and <span class="hlt">cusp</span> regions on the shape of the dayside magnetopause</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Petrinec, S.M.; Russell, C.T.</p> <p>1995-06-01</p> <p>The shape of the dayside magnetopause has been studied from both a theoretical and an empirical perspective for several decades. Early theoretical studies of the magnetopause shape assumed an inviscid interaction and normal pressure balance along the entire boundary, with the interior magnetic field and magnetopause currents being solved self-consistently and iteratively, using the Biot-Savart Law. The derived shapes are complicated, due to asymmetries caused by the nature of the dipole field and the direction of flow of the solar wind. These <span class="hlt">models</span> contain a weak field region or <span class="hlt">cusp</span> through which the solar wind has direct access to themore » ionosphere. More recent MHD <span class="hlt">model</span> results have indicated that the closed magnetic field lines of the dayside magnetosphere can be dragged tailward of the terminator plane, so that there is no direct access of the magnetosheath to the ionosphere. Most empirical studies have assumed that the magnetopause can be approximated by a simple conic section with a specified number of coefficients, which are determined by least squares fits to spacecraft crossing positions. Thus most empirical <span class="hlt">models</span> resemble more the MHD <span class="hlt">models</span> than the more complex shape of the Biot-Savart <span class="hlt">models</span>. In this work, the authors examine empirically the effect of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> regions on the shape of the dayside magnetopause, and they test the accuracy of these <span class="hlt">models</span>. They find that during periods of northward IMF, crossings of the magnetopause that are close to one of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> regions are observed at distances closer to Earth than crossings in the equatorial plane. This result is consistent with the results of the inviscid Biot-Savart <span class="hlt">models</span> and suggests that the magnetopause is less viscous than is assumed in many MHD <span class="hlt">models</span>. 28 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22661394-cusp-shaped-structure-jet-observed-iris-sdo','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22661394-cusp-shaped-structure-jet-observed-iris-sdo"><span><span class="hlt">CUSP</span>-SHAPED STRUCTURE OF A JET OBSERVED BY IRIS AND SDO</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Yuzong; Zhang, Jun, E-mail: yuzong@nao.cas.cn, E-mail: zjun@nao.cas.cn</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>On 2014 August 29, the trigger and evolution of a <span class="hlt">cusp</span>-shaped jet were captured in detail at 1330 Å by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph . At first, two neighboring mini-prominences arose in turn from the low solar atmosphere and collided with a loop-like system over them. The collisions between the loop-like system and the mini-prominences lead to the blowout, and then a <span class="hlt">cusp</span>-shaped jet formed with a spire and an arch-base. In the spire, many brightening blobs originating from the junction between the spire and the arch-base moved upward in a rotating manner and then in a straight line inmore » the late phase of the jet. In the arch-base, dark and bright material simultaneously tracked in a fan-like structure, and the majority of the material moved along the fan's threads. At the later phase of the jet's evolution, bidirectional flows emptied the arch-base, while downflows emptied the spire, thus making the jet entirely vanish. The extremely detailed observations in this study shed new light on how magnetic reconnection alters the inner topological structure of a jet and provides a beneficial complement for understanding current jet <span class="hlt">models</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NIMPB.262...95R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NIMPB.262...95R"><span>Study of a new <span class="hlt">cusp</span> field for an 18 GHz ECR ion source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rashid, M. H.; Nakagawa, T.; Goto, A.; Yano, Y.</p> <p>2007-08-01</p> <p>A feasibility study was performed to generate new sufficient mirror <span class="hlt">cusp</span> magnetic field (CMF) by using the coils of the existing room temperature traditional 18 GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) at RIKEN. The CMF configuration was chosen because it contains plasma superbly and no multipole magnet is needed to make the contained plasma quiescent with no magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) instability and to make the system cost-effective. The least magnetic field, 13 kG is achieved at the interior wall of the plasma chamber including the point <span class="hlt">cusps</span> (PC) on the central axis and the ring <span class="hlt">cusp</span> (RC) on the mid-plane. The mirror ratio calculation and electron simulation were done in the computed CMF. It was found to contain the electrons for longer time than in traditional field. It is proposed that a powerful CMF ECRIS can be constructed, which is capable of producing intense highly charged ion (HCI) beam for light and heavy elements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2836747','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2836747"><span><span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Fracture Resistance of Maxillary Premolars Restored with the Bonded Amalgam Technique Using Various Luting Agents</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Marchan, Shivaughn M.; Coldero, Larry; White, Daniel; Smith, William A. J.; Rafeek, Reisha N.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Objective. This in vitro study uses measurements of fracture resistance to compare maxillary premolars restored with the bonded amalgam technique using a new resin luting cement, glass ionomer, and resin-modified glass ionomer as the bonding agents. Materials. Eighty-five sound maxillary premolars were selected and randomly assigned to one of five test groups of 17 teeth each. One group of intact teeth served as the control. The remaining groups were prepared to a standard cavity form relative to the dimensions of the overall tooth and restored with amalgam alone or a bonded amalgam using one of three luting agents: RelyX Arc (a new resin luting cement), RelyX luting (a resin-modified glass ionomer), or Ketac-Cem μ (a glass ionomer) as the bonding agents. Each tooth was then subjected to compressive testing until <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure occurred. The mean loads at failure of each group were statistically compared using ANOVA with a post hoc Bonferroni test. Results. It was found that regardless of the luting cement used for the amalgam bonding technique, there was little effect on the fracture resistance of teeth. Conclusion. <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> fracture resistance of premolars prepared with conservative MOD cavity preparations is not improved by using an amalgam-bonding technique compared to similar cavities restored with amalgam alone. PMID:20339450</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28767510','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28767510"><span>Psychological interventions that target sleep reduce pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> in knee osteoarthritis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lerman, Sheera F; Finan, Patrick H; Smith, Michael T; Haythornthwaite, Jennifer A</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> is a significant risk factor for patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and thus is a target for many psychological interventions for pain. This study examined if interventions targeting sleep found to be effective in improving sleep in KOA also reduce pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> measured as a trait through the pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> scale and measured as a daytime and nocturnal state through daily diaries. Secondary analyses were conducted on data collected as part of a randomized controlled trial assessing the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in patients with KOA at 5 different time points: pretreatment, midtreatment and posttreatment and at 3- and 6-month follow-up. One hundred patients diagnosed with KOA and insomnia were randomized to receive either 8 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia or a placebo intervention of behavioral desensitization. Multilevel <span class="hlt">modeling</span> revealed that both intervention groups showed a significant reduction pretreatment to posttreatment in all 3 measures of pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and maintained stable levels through the 6-month follow-up. Increased sleep continuity early in treatment (pretreatment to midtreatment), but not reductions in pain, was associated with a reduction in trait and nocturnal <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> later in treatment (midtreatment to posttreatment). These results suggest that short interventions focusing on sleep can significantly reduce pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> even in a clinical population with low baseline levels of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, possibly through improving sleep continuity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29057668','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29057668"><span><span class="hlt">Modeling</span> subjective well-being in individuals with chronic pain and a physical disability: the role of pain control and pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Furrer, Angela; Michel, Gisela; Terrill, Alexandra L; Jensen, Mark P; Müller, Rachel</p> <p>2017-10-23</p> <p>To investigate the associations between subjective well-being and pain intensity, pain interference, and depression in individuals with physical disabilities. We hypothesized that (1) pain control and (2) pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> mediate the effects of subjective well-being on pain intensity, pain interference, and depression. Analyses of cross-sectional data from 96 individuals diagnosed with spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, neuromuscular disease, or post-polio syndrome, with average pain intensity of ≥4 (0-10) on at least half the days in the past month. Two <span class="hlt">models</span> tested study hypotheses using structural equation. Both <span class="hlt">models</span> showed acceptable <span class="hlt">model</span> fit. Pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> significantly mediated the effect of subjective well-being on pain intensity and pain interference, but not on depression. Pain control did not significantly mediate the effect of subjective well-being on pain intensity, pain interference, or depression. Path coefficients showed significant direct effects of subjective well-being on pain control (β = 0.39), pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> (β = -0.61), pain interference (β = -0.48; -0.42), and depression (β = -0.75; -0.78). This study supports the potential of enhancing subjective well-being and lowering pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> for reducing pain intensity, pain interference, and depressive symptoms in individuals with chronic pain and a physical disability. The findings indicate that true experiments to test for causal associations are warranted. Implications for rehabilitation The majority of individuals with physical disabilities report having persistent moderate-to-severe pain that may negatively limit daily activities and quality of life. The present cross-sectional study indicates that individuals who reported greater subjective well-being showed significantly lower pain intensity via the mediating effect of lower pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>. Since sample size and respective power are low, these findings should be taken as first</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27759948','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27759948"><span>Selective Angiography Using the Radiofrequency Catheter: An Alternative Technique for Mapping and Ablation in the Aortic <span class="hlt">Cusps</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Roca-Luque, Ivo; Rivas, Nuria; Francisco, Jaume; Perez, Jordi; Acosta, Gabriel; Oristrell, Gerard; Terricabres, Maria; Garcia-Dorado, David; Moya, Angel</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Ablation in aortic <span class="hlt">cusps</span> could be necessary in up to 15% of the patients, especially in para-Hisian atrial tachycardia and ventricular arrhythmias arising from outflow tracts. Risk of coronary damage has led to recommendation of systematic coronary angiography (CA) during the procedure. Other image tests as intravascular (ICE) or transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) have been proposed. Both methods have limitations: additional vascular access for ICE and need for additional CA in some patients in case of TEE. We describe an alternative method to assess relation of catheter tip and coronary ostia during ablation in aortic <span class="hlt">cusps</span> without additional vascular accesses by performing selective angiography with the ablation catheter. We prospectively evaluated 12 consecutive patients (69.3 ± 8.5, 6 female) who underwent ablation in right (1), left (5), and noncoronary <span class="hlt">cusps</span> (6). We performed angiography through the ablation cooled tip radiofrequency catheter at the ablation site. Ablation was effective in 91.6% of the patients (3 patients needed additional ablation out of coronary <span class="hlt">cusps</span>: pulmonary <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), and coronary sinus and 1 patient underwent a second procedure because recurrence). No complications occurred neither during procedure nor follow-up (6.2 ± 3.8 months). No technical problems occurred with the ablation catheter after contrast injection. Selective angiography through a cooled-tip radiofrequency ablation catheter is feasible to assess relation of coronary ostia and ablation site when ablation in aortic <span class="hlt">cusps</span>. It allows continuous real-time assessment of this relation, avoids the need for additional vascular accesses and no complications occurred in our series. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5152790-polar-cusp-from-particle-point-view-statistical-study-based-viking-data','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5152790-polar-cusp-from-particle-point-view-statistical-study-based-viking-data"><span>The polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> from a particle point of view: A statistical study based on Viking data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Aparicio, B.; Thelin, B.; Lundin, R.</p> <p>1991-08-01</p> <p>The authors present results from the particle measurements made on board the Viking satellite. For the period of interest the Viking orbits covered at high latitudes the whole dayside sector. Data from the Viking V-3 particle experiment acquired during the Polar Region Outer Magnetospheric International Study period have been used to study the extension of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and cleft in magnetic local time and invariant latitude, and furthermore, their dependence on solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field parameters. The study is limited to the MLT range from 0900 to 1500 and to invariant latitudes (ILAT) from 74{degree} to 82{degree}. Thismore » region is divided into bins of size. The authors concentrated on the region where magnetosheath solar wind plasma penetrates more directly into the magnetosphere and is measured at Viking altitudes. This region is called the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> proper, to be distinguished from a broader region denoted the cleft, where more energetic particles are observed. Statistically, they find the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> proper to extend from invariant latitudes of 75{degree} to 82{degree} and magnetic local times from 0930 to 1400 MLT. The width in ILAT is found to be on average {approx}2{degree} and in MLT {approx}2 hours. It is shown that a clear correlation exists between the densities in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> proper calculated from the Viking V-3 experiment in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> proper and those in the solar wind calculated from IMP 8 measurements. It is also shown that the position of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> proper in MLT depends on the sense of the By component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF By), giving a well-defined displacement of the region of maximum occurrence toward earlier MLTs for IMF By < 0 and a less defined displacement toward later MLTs for IMF By > 0.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvL.119z6803T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvL.119z6803T"><span>Charge <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> and Dielectric Breakdown During Exposure of Organic Thin Films to Low-Energy Electron Radiation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Thete, A.; Geelen, D.; van der Molen, S. J.; Tromp, R. M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The effects of exposure to ionizing radiation are central in many areas of science and technology, including medicine and biology. Absorption of UV and soft-x-ray photons releases photoelectrons, followed by a cascade of lower energy secondary electrons with energies down to 0 eV. While these low energy electrons give rise to most chemical and physical changes, their interactions with soft materials are not well studied or understood. Here, we use a low energy electron microscope to expose thin organic resist films to electrons in the range 0-50 eV, and to analyze the energy distribution of electrons returned to the vacuum. We observe surface charging that depends strongly and nonlinearly on electron energy and electron beam current, abruptly switching sign during exposure. Charging can even be sufficiently severe to induce dielectric breakdown across the film. We provide a simple but comprehensive theoretical description of these phenomena, identifying the presence of a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> to explain the sudden switching phenomena seen in the experiments. Surprisingly, the films undergo changes at all incident electron energies, starting at ˜0 eV .</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5027430','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5027430"><span>Rate-weakening friction characterizes both slow sliding and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure of landslides</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Handwerger, Alexander L.; Rempel, Alan W.; Skarbek, Rob M.; Roering, Joshua J.; Hilley, George E.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> landslides cause billions of dollars in damages and claim thousands of lives annually, whereas slow-moving landslides with negligible inertia dominate sediment transport on many weathered hillslopes. Surprisingly, both failure modes are displayed by nearby landslides (and individual landslides in different years) subjected to almost identical environmental conditions. Such observations have motivated the search for mechanisms that can cause slow-moving landslides to transition via runaway acceleration to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure. A similarly diverse range of sliding behavior, including earthquakes and slow-slip events, occurs along tectonic faults. Our understanding of these phenomena has benefitted from mechanical treatments that rely upon key ingredients that are notably absent from previous landslide descriptions. Here, we describe landslide motion using a rate- and state-dependent frictional <span class="hlt">model</span> that incorporates a nonlocal stress balance to account for the elastic response to gradients in slip. Our idealized, one-dimensional <span class="hlt">model</span> reproduces both the displacement patterns observed in slow-moving landslides and the acceleration toward failure exhibited by <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> failure occurs only when the slip surface is characterized by rate-weakening friction and its lateral dimensions exceed a critical nucleation length h* that is shorter for higher effective stresses. However, landslides that are extensive enough to fall within this regime can nevertheless slide slowly for months or years before <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure. Our results suggest that the diversity of slip behavior observed during landslides can be described with a single <span class="hlt">model</span> adapted from standard fault mechanics treatments. PMID:27573836</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27573836','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27573836"><span>Rate-weakening friction characterizes both slow sliding and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure of landslides.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Handwerger, Alexander L; Rempel, Alan W; Skarbek, Rob M; Roering, Joshua J; Hilley, George E</p> <p>2016-09-13</p> <p><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> landslides cause billions of dollars in damages and claim thousands of lives annually, whereas slow-moving landslides with negligible inertia dominate sediment transport on many weathered hillslopes. Surprisingly, both failure modes are displayed by nearby landslides (and individual landslides in different years) subjected to almost identical environmental conditions. Such observations have motivated the search for mechanisms that can cause slow-moving landslides to transition via runaway acceleration to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure. A similarly diverse range of sliding behavior, including earthquakes and slow-slip events, occurs along tectonic faults. Our understanding of these phenomena has benefitted from mechanical treatments that rely upon key ingredients that are notably absent from previous landslide descriptions. Here, we describe landslide motion using a rate- and state-dependent frictional <span class="hlt">model</span> that incorporates a nonlocal stress balance to account for the elastic response to gradients in slip. Our idealized, one-dimensional <span class="hlt">model</span> reproduces both the displacement patterns observed in slow-moving landslides and the acceleration toward failure exhibited by <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> failure occurs only when the slip surface is characterized by rate-weakening friction and its lateral dimensions exceed a critical nucleation length [Formula: see text] that is shorter for higher effective stresses. However, landslides that are extensive enough to fall within this regime can nevertheless slide slowly for months or years before <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure. Our results suggest that the diversity of slip behavior observed during landslides can be described with a single <span class="hlt">model</span> adapted from standard fault mechanics treatments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhDT........36M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhDT........36M"><span>Plasma Structure and Behavior of Miniature Ring-<span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Discharges</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mao, Hann-Shin</p> <p></p> <p>Miniature ring-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> ion thrusters provide a unique blend of high efficiencies and millinewton level thrust for future spacecraft. These thrusters are attractive as a primary propulsion for small satellites that require a high delta V, and as a secondary propulsion for larger spacecraft that require precision formation flying, disturbance rejection, or attitude control. To ensure desirable performance throughout the life of such missions, an advancement in the understanding of the plasma structure and behavior of miniature ring-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> discharges is required. A research <span class="hlt">model</span> was fabricated to provide a simplified experimental test bed for the analysis of the plasma discharge chamber of a miniature ion thruster. The plasma source allowed for spatially resolved measurements with a Langmuir probe along a meridian plane. Probe measurements yielded plasma density, electron temperature, and plasma potential data. The magnetic field strength was varied along with the discharge current to determine the plasma behavior under various conditions. The structure of the plasma properties were found to be independent of the discharge power under the proper scaling. It was concluded that weaker magnetic fields can improve the overall performance for ion thruster operation. To further analyze the experimental measurements, a framework was developed based on the magnetic field. A flux aligned coordinate system was developed to decouple the perpendicular and parallel plasma motion with respect to the magnetic field. This was done using the stream function and magnetic scalar potential. Magnetic formulae provided intuition on the field profiles dependence on magnet dimensions. The flux aligned coordinate system showed that the plasma was isopycnic along constant stream function values. This was used to develop an empirical relation suitable for estimating the spatial behavior and to determine the plasma volume and loss areas. The plasma geometry estimates were applied to a control volume</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..128a2044J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..128a2044J"><span>Study on China’s Earthquake Prediction by Mathematical Analysis and its Application in <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Insurance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jianjun, X.; Bingjie, Y.; Rongji, W.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The purpose of this paper was to improve <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> insurance level. Firstly, earthquake predictions were carried out using mathematical analysis method. Secondly, the foreign <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> insurances’ policies and <span class="hlt">models</span> were compared. Thirdly, the suggestions on <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> insurances to China were discussed. The further study should be paid more attention on the earthquake prediction by introducing big data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25378730','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25378730"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> household expenditure on health in Nepal: a cross-sectional survey.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Saito, Eiko; Gilmour, Stuart; Rahman, Md Mizanur; Gautam, Ghan Shyam; Shrestha, Pradeep Krishna; Shibuya, Kenji</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>To determine the incidence of - and illnesses commonly associated with - <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> household expenditure on health in Nepal. We did a cross-sectional population-based survey in five municipalities of Kathmandu Valley between November 2011 and January 2012. For each household surveyed, out-of-pocket spending on health in the previous 30 days that exceeded 10% of the household's total expenditure over the same period was considered to be <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span>. We estimated the incidence and intensity of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure. We identified the illnesses most commonly associated with such expenditure using a Poisson regression <span class="hlt">model</span> and assessed the distribution of expenditure by economic quintile of households using the concentration index. Overall, 284 of the 1997 households studied in Kathmandu, i.e. 13.8% after adjustment by sampling weight, reported <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure in the 30 days before the survey. After adjusting for confounders, this expenditure was found to be associated with injuries, particularly those resulting from road traffic accidents. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> expenditure by households in the poorest quintile were associated with at least one episode of diabetes, asthma or heart disease. In an urban area of Nepal, <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> household expenditure on health was mostly associated with injuries and noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes and asthma. Throughout Nepal, interventions for the control and management of noncommunicable diseases and the prevention of road traffic accidents should be promoted. A phased introduction of health insurance should also reduce the incidence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> household expenditure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9422E..28M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9422E..28M"><span>Test of an argon <span class="hlt">cusp</span> plasma for tin LPP power scaling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McGeoch, Malcolm W.</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>Scaling the power of the tin droplet laser-produced-plasma (LPP) extreme ultraviolet (EUV) source to 500W has eluded the industry after a decade of effort. In 2014 we proposed [2] a solution: placing the laser-plasma interaction region within an argon plasma in a magnetic <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. This would serve to ionize tin atoms and guide them to a large area annular beam dump. We have since demonstrated the feasibility of this approach. We present first results from a full-scale test plasma at power levels relevant to the generation of at least 200W, showing both that the argon <span class="hlt">cusp</span> plasma is very stable, and that its geometrical properties are ideal for the transport of exhaust power and tin to the beam dump.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920034566&hterms=divergent+series&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Ddivergent%2Bseries','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920034566&hterms=divergent+series&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Ddivergent%2Bseries"><span>Characteristics of ring-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> discharge chambers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Matossian, J. N.; Beattie, J. R.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Measurements have been obtained for the operating characteristics of a 30 cm diameter ring-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> ion thruster (RCIT), quantitatively comparing its performance parameters to those of a divergent-field J-series cluster of the same size. The high level of performance established for the RCIT is due to its maintenance of both a higher primary-electron population and Maxwellian-electron temperature, as the beam-ion production cost is reduced to its baseline value. Ion losses to the discharge-chamber walls can be reduced by an applied electrostatic field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790049504&hterms=convection+currents&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dconvection%2Bcurrents','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790049504&hterms=convection+currents&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dconvection%2Bcurrents"><span>Field-aligned currents, convection electric fields, and ULF-ELF waves in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Saflekos, N. A.; Potemra, T. A.; Kintner, P. M., Jr.; Green, J. L.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>Nearly simultaneous observations from the Triad and Hawkeye satellites over the Southern Hemisphere, at low altitudes near the noon meridian and close to the usual polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> latitudes, show that in and near the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> there exist several relationships between field-aligned currents (FACs), convection electric fields, ULF-ELF magnetic noise, broadband electrostatic noise and interplanetary magnetic fields. The most important findings are (1) the FACs directed into the ionosphere in the noon-to-dusk local time sector and directed away from the ionosphere in the noon-to-dawn local time sector and identified as region-1 permanent FACs (Iijima and Potemra, 1976a) and are located equatorward of the regions of antisunward (westward) convection; (2) the observations are consistent with a two-cell convection pattern symmetric in one case (throat positioned at noon) and asymmetric in another (throat located in a sector on the forenoon side in juxtaposition to the region of strong convection on the afternoon side); and (3) fine-structure FACs are responsible for the generation of ULF-ELF noise in the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27751784','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27751784"><span>Can people <span class="hlt">catastrophize</span> barriers? An exploratory analysis of the association between pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and perceptions of environmental factors.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ravesloot, Craig; Berendts, Cathy; Schiwal, Alex</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Measurement of the environment is taking on increased importance for understanding variability in participation. Most measures of the environment use subjective ratings, yet little is known about how people appraise the environment. /Hypothesis: We conducted this post-hoc study to examine whether or not <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, an important variable for understanding how pain contributes to disability, may be related to ratings of the environment. We hypothesized higher pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> scores would be associated with greater environmental barriers and fewer facilitators. Individuals with functional impairments (N = 525) were recruited from a population-based random sample of households in a small western city in the United States to complete a paper-based survey about their health and community living experiences. We conducted exploratory regression analyses to investigate associations with environmental factor ratings. We found substantial associations between pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and both environmental barriers and personal factor problems after controlling for demographics, participation assessed by community trips per week, health conditions, impairment and pain level. The <span class="hlt">models</span> accounted for 28% of the variance in environmental factor ratings and 52% of the variability personal factor ratings. We also present odds ratios for the association between personal characteristics and the likelihood of endorsing EF and PF. A variety of individual characteristics are associated with ratings of both environmental and personal factors that impact participation. Among these, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> is a robust predictor of EF and PF ratings which suggests future research designed specifically to test this relationship may generate useful results for developing interventions to increase participation. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.389..398C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.389..398C"><span>Analytic relations for magnifications and time delays in gravitational lenses with fold and <span class="hlt">cusp</span> configurations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Congdon, Arthur B.; Keeton, Charles R.; Nordgren, C. Erik</p> <p>2008-09-01</p> <p>Gravitational lensing provides a unique and powerful probe of the mass distributions of distant galaxies. Four-image lens systems with fold and <span class="hlt">cusp</span> configurations have two or three bright images near a critical point. Within the framework of singularity theory, we derive analytic relations that are satisfied for a light source that lies a small but finite distance from the astroid caustic of a four-image lens. Using a perturbative expansion of the image positions, we show that the time delay between the close pair of images in a fold lens scales with the cube of the image separation, with a constant of proportionality that depends on a particular third derivative of the lens potential. We also apply our formalism to <span class="hlt">cusp</span> lenses, where we develop perturbative expressions for the image positions, magnifications and time delays of the images in a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> triplet. Some of these results were derived previously for a source asymptotically close to a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> point, but using a simplified form of the lens equation whose validity may be in doubt for sources that lie at astrophysically relevant distances from the caustic. Along with the work of Keeton, Gaudi & Petters, this paper demonstrates that perturbation theory plays an important role in theoretical lensing studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JSP...169..876D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JSP...169..876D"><span>Markov Chain <span class="hlt">Model</span> with <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> to Determine Mean Time to Default of Credit Risky Assets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dharmaraja, Selvamuthu; Pasricha, Puneet; Tardelli, Paola</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>This article deals with the problem of probabilistic prediction of the time distance to default for a firm. To <span class="hlt">model</span> the credit risk, the dynamics of an asset is described as a function of a homogeneous discrete time Markov chain subject to a <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>, the default. The behaviour of the Markov chain is investigated and the mean time to the default is expressed in a closed form. The methodology to estimate the parameters is given. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the applicability of the proposed <span class="hlt">model</span> on real data and their analysis is discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ceas.proc...25H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ceas.proc...25H"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophism</span> in geology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hallam, A.</p> <p></p> <p>An historical survey is presented of ideas relating to the concept of '<span class="hlt">catastrophism</span>' in geological studies during the last two centuries. It is noted in particular that the opposing concept of 'uniformitarianism', in which there is assumed to have been an overall constancy of geological processes through time so that there is no need to invoke <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> change, is now considered rather extreme. During the nineteen sixties and seventies, a neocatastrophist viewpoint has increasingly emerged in various branches of geology. Mass extinctions and their possible causes - bolide impact, climate, volcanism and sea-level change for example - are each considered in the context of this developing framework.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PNAS..11310281H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PNAS..11310281H"><span>Rate-weakening friction characterizes both slow sliding and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure of landslides</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Handwerger, Alexander L.; Rempel, Alan W.; Skarbek, Rob M.; Roering, Joshua J.; Hilley, George E.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> landslides cause billions of dollars in damages and claim thousands of lives annually, whereas slow-moving landslides with negligible inertia dominate sediment transport on many weathered hillslopes. Surprisingly, both failure modes are displayed by nearby landslides (and individual landslides in different years) subjected to almost identical environmental conditions. Such observations have motivated the search for mechanisms that can cause slow-moving landslides to transition via runaway acceleration to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure. A similarly diverse range of sliding behavior, including earthquakes and slow-slip events, occurs along tectonic faults. Our understanding of these phenomena has benefitted from mechanical treatments that rely upon key ingredients that are notably absent from previous landslide descriptions. Here, we describe landslide motion using a rate- and state-dependent frictional <span class="hlt">model</span> that incorporates a nonlocal stress balance to account for the elastic response to gradients in slip. Our idealized, one-dimensional <span class="hlt">model</span> reproduces both the displacement patterns observed in slow-moving landslides and the acceleration toward failure exhibited by <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> failure occurs only when the slip surface is characterized by rate-weakening friction and its lateral dimensions exceed a critical nucleation length <mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>h</mml:mi><mml:mo>*</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>h* that is shorter for higher effective stresses. However, landslides that are extensive enough to fall within this regime can nevertheless slide slowly for months or years before <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure. Our results suggest that the diversity of slip behavior observed during landslides can be described with a single <span class="hlt">model</span> adapted from standard fault mechanics treatments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5158048','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5158048"><span>Determinants of <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Dental Health Expenditure in China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Liu, Xuenan; Gallagher, Jennifer Elizabeth; Zheng, Shuguo</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>This study explored <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure in China, due to out-of-pocket payments for dental care, and its associated individual- and contextual-level factors. We pooled data from 31,566 adults who participated in the third National Oral Health Survey with province-level data from different sources. We defined <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> dental health expenditure (CDHE) as payments for dental services and/or medication for dental problems during the last year that exceeded the 10% and 20% of the household income. The association of individual and contextual factors with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> dental health expenditure was evaluated using two-level logistic regression <span class="hlt">models</span> with individuals nested within provinces. Socioeconomic position (education and household income), household size and dental status (pain in teeth or mouth and number of teeth) were the individual-level factors associated with CDHE among the full sample of participants; and, also, among those who used dental services in the past year. Greater gross domestic product per capita was the only contextual factor associated with CDHE, and only at the lower income threshold. This study shows that out-of-pocket expenses for dental services may put a considerable, and unnecessary, burden on households’ finances. Our findings also help characterise those households more likely to face <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditure on health if they have to pay for dental services. PMID:27977756</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123.2513Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123.2513Z"><span>Coronal Flux Rope <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Associated With Internal Energy Release</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhuang, Bin; Hu, Youqiu; Wang, Yuming; Zhang, Quanhao; Liu, Rui; Gou, Tingyu; Shen, Chenglong</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Magnetic energy during the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> was predominantly studied by the previous <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> works since it is believed to be the main energy supplier for the solar eruptions. However, the contribution of other types of energies during the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> cannot be neglected. This paper studies the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> of the coronal flux rope system in the solar wind background, with emphasis on the transformation of different types of energies during the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. The coronal flux rope is characterized by its axial and poloidal magnetic fluxes and total mass. It is shown that a <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> can be triggered by not only an increase but also a decrease of the axial magnetic flux. Moreover, the internal energy of the rope is found to be released during the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> so as to provide energy for the upward eruption of the flux rope. As far as the magnetic energy is concerned, it provides only part of the energy release, or even increases during the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>, so the internal energy may act as the dominant or even the unique energy supplier during the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28528981','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28528981"><span>Development and Validation of a Daily Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> Scale.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Darnall, Beth D; Sturgeon, John A; Cook, Karon F; Taub, Chloe J; Roy, Anuradha; Burns, John W; Sullivan, Michael; Mackey, Sean C</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>To date, there is no validated measure for pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> at the daily level. The Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> Scale (PCS) is widely used to measure trait pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>. We sought to develop and validate a brief, daily version of the PCS for use in daily diary studies to facilitate research on mechanisms of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> treatment, individual differences in self-regulation, and to reveal the nuanced relationships between <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, correlates, and pain outcomes. After adapting the PCS for daily use, we evaluated the resulting 14 items using 3 rounds of cognitive interviews with 30 adults with chronic pain. We refined and tested the final daily PCS in 3 independent, prospective, cross-sectional, observational validation studies conducted in a combined total of 519 adults with chronic pain who completed online measures daily for 14 consecutive days. For study 1 (N = 131), exploratory factor analysis revealed adequate fit and-unexpectedly-unidimensionality for item responses to the daily PCS. Study 2 (N = 177) correlations indicated adequate association with related constructs (anger, anxiety, pain intensity, depression). Similarly, results for study 3 (N = 211) revealed expected correlations for daily PCS and measures of daily constructs including physical activity, sleep, energy level, and positive affect. Results from complex/multilevel confirmatory factor analysis confirmed good fit to a unidimensional <span class="hlt">model</span>. Scores on the daily PCS were statistically comparable with and more parsimonious than the full 14-item version. Next steps include evaluation of score validity in populations with medical diagnoses, greater demographic diversity, and in patients with acute pain. This article describes the development and validation of a daily PCS. This daily measure may facilitate research that aims to characterize pain mechanisms, individual differences in self-regulation, adaptation, and nuanced relationships between <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, correlates, and pain</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16101205','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16101205"><span>[<span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> health expenditures in Mexico: magnitude, distribution and determinants].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sesma-Vázquez, Sergio; Pérez-Rico, Raymundo; Sosa-Manzano, Carlos Lino; Gómez-Dantés, Octavio</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>To describe the magnitude, distribution, and determinants of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures in Mexico. The information source was the National Performance Assessment Survey and the methodology, the one developed by the World Health Organization for assessing fair financing. Households with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditures were defined as those with health expenditures over 30% of their ability to pay. Multivariate analysis by logistic and linear regression were used to identify the determinants of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditures. A total of 3.8% of the households incurred in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures. There were huge differences by state. The uninsured, poor, and rural households showed a higher impoverishment risk. Sixty percent of the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditures were attributable to outpatient care and medication. A 10% increase of insured households could result in a 9.6% decrease in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditures. Disability, adults 60 years of age and older, and pregnancy increased the probability of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditures. The insurance of older adults, pregnant women, and persons with disabilities could reduce <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures in Mexico.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1918994A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1918994A"><span>Large scale <span class="hlt">modelling</span> of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> floods in Italy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Azemar, Frédéric; Nicótina, Ludovico; Sassi, Maximiliano; Savina, Maurizio; Hilberts, Arno</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The RMS European Flood HD <span class="hlt">model</span>® is a suite of country scale flood <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">models</span> covering 13 countries throughout continental Europe and the UK. The <span class="hlt">models</span> are developed with the goal of supporting risk assessment analyses for the insurance industry. Within this framework RMS is developing a hydrologic and inundation <span class="hlt">model</span> for Italy. The <span class="hlt">model</span> aims at reproducing the hydrologic and hydraulic properties across the domain through a <span class="hlt">modeling</span> chain. A semi-distributed hydrologic <span class="hlt">model</span> that allows capturing the spatial variability of the runoff formation processes is coupled with a one-dimensional river routing algorithm and a two-dimensional (depth averaged) inundation <span class="hlt">model</span>. This <span class="hlt">model</span> setup allows capturing the flood risk from both pluvial (overland flow) and fluvial flooding. Here we describe the calibration and validation methodologies for this <span class="hlt">modelling</span> suite applied to the Italian river basins. The variability that characterizes the domain (in terms of meteorology, topography and hydrologic regimes) requires a <span class="hlt">modeling</span> approach able to represent a broad range of meteo-hydrologic regimes. The calibration of the rainfall-runoff and river routing <span class="hlt">models</span> is performed by means of a genetic algorithm that identifies the set of best performing parameters within the search space over the last 50 years. We first establish the quality of the calibration parameters on the full hydrologic balance and on individual discharge peaks by comparing extreme statistics to observations over the calibration period on several stations. The <span class="hlt">model</span> is then used to analyze the major floods in the country; we discuss the different meteorological setup leading to the historical events and the physical mechanisms that induced these floods. We can thus assess the performance of RMS' hydrological <span class="hlt">model</span> in view of the physical mechanisms leading to flood and highlight the main controls on flood risk <span class="hlt">modelling</span> throughout the country. The <span class="hlt">model</span>'s ability to accurately simulate antecedent</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20832893','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20832893"><span>Relationship between <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures and household incomes and expenditure patterns in South Korea.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, Younhee; Yang, Bongmin</p> <p>2011-05-01</p> <p>The compositions of health expenditures by households in South Korea with and without <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures were compared. Also, relationships between <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures and household incomes, and between such health expenditures and expenditure patterns were explored. Data from the 2006 South Korean Household Income & Expenditure Survey, a representative survey of 90,696 households were analyzed. We used a double-hurdle <span class="hlt">model</span> to assess each income source and expenditure category. The independent variable was the presence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure. After adjusting for household characteristics, the results showed that earned, business, and property incomes were significantly lower, but transfer and loan incomes were significantly higher in households with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures than in those without such health expenditures. All consumption categories, other than health expenditure, were significantly lower in households with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures than in those without <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures. This suggests that households with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures faced challenges in offset by the potentially excessive health expenditure and may have been obliged to reduce consumption of other items. The expansion of insurance coverage and lowering of out-of-pocket rates in the South Korean Health Insurance benefits could be a necessary first step in protecting households from the occurrence of health related economic <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120012054&hterms=atom&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Datom','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120012054&hterms=atom&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Datom"><span>Two Azimuthally Separated Regions of <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Ion Injection Observed via Energetic Neutral Atoms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Abe, M.; Taguchi, S.; Collier, M. R.; Moore, T. E.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The low-energy neutral atom (LENA) imager on the IMAGE spacecraft can detect energetic neutral atoms produced by ion injection into the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> through a charge exchange with the Earth's hydrogen exosphere. We examined the occurrence of the LENA <span class="hlt">cusp</span> signal during positive IMF B(sub z) in terms of the arrival direction and the IMF clock angle theta(sub CA). Results of statistical analyses show that the occurrence frequency is high on the postnoon side when theta(sub CA) is between approximately 20 degrees and approximately 50 degrees. This is ascribed to ion injection caused by <span class="hlt">cusp</span> reconnection typical of positive IMF B(sub z). Our results also show that there is another situation of high occurrence frequency, which can be identified with theta(sub CA) of approximately 30 degrees to approximately 80 degrees. When theta(sub CA) is relatively large (60 degrees - 80 degrees), occurrence frequencies are high at relatively low latitudes over a wide extent spanning both prenoon and postnoon sectors. This feature suggests that the ion injection is caused by reconnection at the dayside magnetopause. Its postnoon side boundary shifts toward the prenoon as theta(sub CA) decreases. When theta(sub CA) is less than approximately 50 degrees, the high occurrence frequency exists well inside the prenoon sector, which is azimuthally separated from the postnoon region ascribed to <span class="hlt">cusp</span> reconnection. The prenoon region, which is thought due to ion injection caused by dayside reconnection, may explain the recent report that proton aurora brightening occurs in the unanticipated prenoon sector of the northern high-latitude ionosphere for IMF B(sub y) greater than 0 and B(sub z) greater than 0.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Koch&pg=5&id=EJ357446','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Koch&pg=5&id=EJ357446"><span>Composing a la Koch: Making Sense of <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Stroble, Elizabeth</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>Argues one way to make sense of a <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> is to use Kenneth Koch's poetry methods. By using these strategics, teachers can help students discover the thoughts and feelings of great artists. Students can then express their thoughts through these <span class="hlt">model</span> poems. (BR)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PSST...27e5020A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PSST...27e5020A"><span>Laser collisional induced fluorescence electron density measurements as a function of ring bias and the onset of anode spot formation in a ring <span class="hlt">cusp</span> magnetic field</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Arthur, N. A.; Foster, J. E.; Barnat, E. V.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Two-dimensional electron density measurements are made in a magnetic ring <span class="hlt">cusp</span> discharge using laser collisional induced fluorescence. The magnet rings are isolated from the anode structure such that they can be biased independently in order to modulate electron flows through the magnetic <span class="hlt">cusps</span>. Electron density images are captured as a function of bias voltage in order to assess the effects of current flow through the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> on the spatial extent of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. We anticipated that for a fixed current density being funneled through the magnetic <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, the leak width would necessarily increase. Unexpectedly, the leak width, as measured by LCIF images, does not increase. This suggests that the current density is not constant, and that possibly either electrons are being heated or additional ionization events are occurring within the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. Spatially resolving electron temperature would be needed to determine if electrons are being heated within the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. We also observe breakdown of the anode magnetosheath and formation of anode spots at high bias voltage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.449L..90L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.449L..90L"><span>Under the sword of Damocles: plausible regeneration of dark matter <span class="hlt">cusps</span> at the smallest galactic scales</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Laporte, Chervin F. P.; Peñarrubia, Jorge</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>We study the evolution of the dark matter (DM) halo profiles of dwarf galaxies driven by the accretion of DM substructures through controlled N-body experiments. Our initial conditions assume that early supernova feedback erases the primordial DM <span class="hlt">cusps</span> of haloes with z = 0 masses of 109 - 1010 M⊙. The orbits and masses of the infalling substructures are borrowed from the Aquarius cosmological simulations. Our experiments show that a fraction of haloes that undergo 1:3 down to 1:30 mergers are susceptible to reform a DM <span class="hlt">cusp</span> by z ≈ 0. <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> regrowth is driven by the accretion of DM substructures that are dense enough to reach the central regions of the main halo before being tidally disrupted. The infall of substructures on the mean of the reported mass-concentration relation and a mass ratio above 1:6 systematically leads to <span class="hlt">cusp</span> regrowth. Substructures with 1:6-1:8, and 1:8-1:30 only reform DM <span class="hlt">cusps</span> if their densities are 1σ and 2σ above the mean, respectively. The merging time-scales of these dense, low-mass substructures is relatively long (5 - 11 Gyr), which may pose a time-scale problem for the longevity of DM cores in dwarfs galaxies and possibly explain the existence of dense dwarfs-like Draco. These results suggest that within cold dark matter a non-negligible level of scatter in the mass profiles of galactic haloes acted on by feedback is to be expected given the stochastic mass accretion histories of low-mass haloes and the diverse star formation histories observed in the Local Group dwarfs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..1213899M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..1213899M"><span>Public policy and risk financing strategies for global <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> risk management - the role of global risk initiatives</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McSharry, Patrick; Mitchell, Andrew; Anderson, Rebecca</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>Decision-makers in both public and private organisations depend on accurate data and scientific understanding to adequately address climate change and the impact of extreme events. The financial impacts of <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> on populations and infrastructure can be offset through effective risk transfer mechanisms, structured to reflect the specific perils and levels of exposure to be covered. Optimal strategies depend on the likely socio-econonomic impact, the institutional framework, the overall objectives of the covers placed and the level of both the frequency and severity of loss potential expected. The diversity of approaches across different countries has been documented by the Spanish "Consorcio de Compensación de Seguros". We discuss why international public/private partnerships are necessary for addressing the risk of natural <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>. International initiatives such as the Global Earthquake <span class="hlt">Model</span> (GEM) and the World Forum of <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Programmes (WFCP) can provide effective guidelines for constructing natural <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> schemes. The World Bank has been instrumental in the creation of many of the existing schemes such as the Turkish <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Insurance Pool, the Caribbean <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Risk Insurance Facility and the Mongolian Index-Based Livestock Insurance Program. We review existing schemes and report on best practice in relation to providing protection against natural <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> perils. The suitability of <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">modelling</span> approaches to support schemes across the world are discussed and we identify opportunities to improve risk assessment for such schemes through transparent frameworks for quantifying, pricing, sharing and financing <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> risk on a local and global basis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.7666M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.7666M"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> risk data scoping for disaster risk finance in Asia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Millinship, Ian; Revilla-Romero, Beatriz</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Developing countries across Latin America, Africa, and Asia are some of the most exposed to natural <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> in the world. Over the last 20 years, Asia has borne almost half the estimated global economic cost of natural disasters - around 53billion annually. Losses from natural disasters can damage growth and hamper economic development and unlike in developed countries where risk is reallocated through re/insurance, typically these countries rely on budget reallocations and donor assistance in order to attempt to meet financing needs. There is currently an active international dialogue on the need to increase access to disaster risk financing solutions in Asia. The World Bank-GFDRR Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance Program with financial support from the Rockefeller Foundation, is currently working to develop regional options for disaster risk financing for developing countries in Asia. The first stage of this process has been to evaluate available <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> data suitable to support the design and implementation of disaster risk financing mechanisms in selected Asian countries. This project was carried out by a consortium of JBA Risk Management, JBA Consulting, ImageCat and Cat Risk Intelligence. The project focuses on investigating potential data sources for fourteen selected countries in Asia, for flood, tropical cyclone, earthquake and drought perils. The project was carried out under four stages. The first phase focused to identify and catalogue live/dynamic hazard data sources such as hazard gauging networks, or earth observations datasets which could be used to inform a parametric trigger. Live data sources were identified that provide credibility, transparency, independence, frequent reporting, consistency and stability. Data were catalogued at regional level, and prioritised at local level for five countries: Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Viet Nam. The second phase was to identify, catalogue and evaluate <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> risk <span class="hlt">models</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4724684','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4724684"><span>The impact on bone tissues of immediate implant-supported mandibular overdentures with <span class="hlt">cusped</span> and cuspless teeth</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Arafa, Khalid A.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Objectives: To examine the effects on bone tissues of immediate implant-supported mandibular overdentures with <span class="hlt">cusped</span> or cuspless teeth. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Dental Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Egypt, over a 12-month period from September 2013 to September 2014. Twenty patients were treated with immediate implant-supported overdentures: one group received overdentures with <span class="hlt">cusped</span> teeth, and the other group received overdentures with cuspless teeth. The rate of implant success was assessed clinically and radiographically at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The data were collected by a questionnaire, an observation checklist, and radiography. The data were then analyzed using computerized methods. Results: Overdentures with <span class="hlt">cusped</span> teeth showed a significant improvement in the clinical criteria, including the absence of clinical implant mobility, pain, and bone resorption, while the clinical criteria for the absence of peri-implant radiolucency were insignificantly different between the 2 groups (p>0.05). There were no significant differences in the clinical evaluations for bone levels at the time of insertion or 3 months after insertions, while significant differences were found at 6, 9, and 12 months after insertion. Conclusion: Overdentures with <span class="hlt">cusped</span> teeth supported by immediate implants were found superior regarding many clinical criteria than those cuspless counterparts. PMID:26739979</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26739979','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26739979"><span>The impact on bone tissues of immediate implant-supported mandibular overdentures with <span class="hlt">cusped</span> and cuspless teeth.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Arafa, Khalid A</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>To examine the effects on bone tissues of immediate implant-supported mandibular overdentures with <span class="hlt">cusped</span> or cuspless teeth. A randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Dental Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Egypt, over a 12-month period from September 2013 to September 2014. Twenty patients were treated with immediate implant-supported overdentures: one group received overdentures with <span class="hlt">cusped</span> teeth, and the other group received overdentures with cuspless teeth. The rate of implant success was assessed clinically and radiographically at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The data were collected by a questionnaire, an observation checklist, and radiography. The data were then analyzed using computerized methods. Overdentures with <span class="hlt">cusped</span> teeth showed a significant improvement in the clinical criteria, including the absence of clinical implant mobility, pain, and bone resorption, while the clinical criteria for the absence of peri-implant radiolucency were insignificantly different between the 2 groups (p more than 0.05). There were no significant differences in the clinical evaluations for bone levels at the time of insertion or 3 months after insertions, while significant differences were found at 6, 9, and 12 months after insertion. Overdentures with <span class="hlt">cusped</span> teeth supported by immediate implants were found superior regarding many clinical criteria than those cuspless counterparts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3677534','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3677534"><span>The Role of Positive Traits and Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> in Pain Perception</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hood, Anna</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>A variety of biological, psychological, and social factors interact to influence pain. This article focuses on two distinct, but connected, psychological factors—positive personality traits and pain catastrophizing—and their link with pain perception in healthy and clinical populations. First, we review the protective link between positive personality traits, such as optimism, hope, and self-efficacy, and pain perception. Second, we provide evidence of the well-established relationship between pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and pain perception and other related outcomes. Third, we outline the inverse relationship between positive traits and pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, and offer a <span class="hlt">model</span> that explains the inverse link between positive traits and pain perception through lower pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>. Finally, we discuss clinical practice recommendations based on the aforementioned relationships. PMID:23512722</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820054350&hterms=Particles&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3DZ%2BParticles','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820054350&hterms=Particles&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3DZ%2BParticles"><span>Observations of field-aligned currents, particles, and plasma drift in the polar <span class="hlt">cusps</span> near solstice</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bythrow, P. F.; Potemra, T. A.; Hoffman, R. A.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>Magnetic perturbations observed by the TRIAD magnetometer within two hours of an AE-C spacecraft pass provide field-aligned current data, from the same local time in the northern hemisphere, for a study of the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. The AE-C spinning mode has allowed the use of the Z-axis magnetometer for Birkeland current observations, in conjunction with particle and drift measurements. The average B(z) were found to be 1.9 nT and -1.1 nT during the first two hourly intervals on January 15, 1977. Measurements from the low energy electron experiment revealed intense fluxes of soft, <span class="hlt">cusp</span>-like 100 eV Maxwellian electrons throughout the prenoon polar cap. The upward directed current can be identified as the dominant <span class="hlt">cusp</span> current appropriate for B(y) values lower than zero, while the downward directed current, which has the appropriate sign of a dayside region 1 current, is observed to lie entirely within a westerly, antisunward-convecting plasma.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27898268','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27898268"><span>Descriptive Analysis of In Vitro Cutting of Swine Mitral <span class="hlt">Cusps</span>: Comparison of High-Power Laser and Scalpel Blade Cutting Techniques.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pinto, Nathali Cordeiro; Pomerantzeff, Pablo Maria Alberto; Deana, Alessandro; Zezell, Denise; Benetti, Carolina; Aiello, Vera Demarchi; Lopes, Luciana Almeida; Jatene, Fabio Biscegli; Chavantes, M Cristina</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>The most common injury to the heart valve with rheumatic involvement is mitral stenosis, which is the reason for a big number of cardiac operations in Brazil. Commissurotomy is the traditional technique that is still widely used for this condition, although late postoperative restenosis is concerning. This study's purpose was to compare the histological findings of porcine <span class="hlt">cusp</span> mitral valves treated in vitro with commissurotomy with a scalpel blade to those treated with high-power laser (HPL) cutting, using appropriate staining techniques. Five mitral valves from healthy swine were randomly divided into two groups: <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> group (G1), cut with a scalpel blade (n = 5), and <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> group (G2), cut with a laser (n = 5). G2 <span class="hlt">cusps</span> were treated using a diode laser (λ = 980 nm, power = 9.0 W, time = 12 sec, irradiance = 5625 W/cm 2 , and energy = 108 J). In G1, no histological change was observed in tissue. A hyaline basophilic aspect was focally observed in G2, along with a dark red color on the edges and areas of lower birefringence, when stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, and Sirius red. Further, the mean distances from the cutting edge in <span class="hlt">cusps</span> submitted to laser application and stained with Masson's trichrome and Sirius red were 416.7 and 778.6 μm, respectively, never overcoming 1 mm in length. Thermal changes were unique in the group submitted to HPL and not observed in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> group cut with a scalpel blade. The mean distance of the <span class="hlt">cusps</span>' collagen injury from the cutting edge was less than 1 mm with laser treatment. Additional studies are needed to establish the histological evolution of the laser cutting and to answer whether laser cutting may avoid valvular restenosis better than blade cutting.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26087348','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26087348"><span>Clinical Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> in Women With Migraine and Obesity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bond, Dale S; Buse, Dawn C; Lipton, Richard B; Thomas, J Graham; Rathier, Lucille; Roth, Julie; Pavlovic, Jelena M; Evans, E Whitney; Wing, Rena R</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Obesity is related to migraine. Maladaptive pain coping strategies (eg, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>) may provide insight into this relationship. In women with migraine and obesity, we cross-sectionally assessed: (1) prevalence of clinical <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>; (2) characteristics of those with and without clinical <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>; and (3) associations of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> with headache features. Obese women migraineurs seeking weight loss treatment (n = 105) recorded daily migraine activity for 1 month via smartphone and completed the Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> Scale (PCS). Clinical <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was defined as total PCS score ≥30. The six-item Headache Impact Test (HIT-6), 12-item Allodynia Symptom Checklist (ASC-12), Headache Management Self-Efficacy Scale (HMSE), and assessments for depression (Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) and anxiety (seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale) were also administered. Using PCS scores and body mass index (BMI) as predictors in linear regression, we <span class="hlt">modeled</span> a series of headache features (ie, headache days, HIT-6, etc) as outcomes. One quarter (25.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 17.2-34.1%) of participants met criteria for clinical <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>: they had higher BMI (37.9 ± 7.5 vs 34.4 ± 5.7 kg/m(2) , P = .035); longer migraine attack duration (160.8 ± 145.0 vs 97.5 ± 75.2 hours/month, P = .038); higher HIT-6 scores (68.7 ± 4.6 vs 64.5 ± 3.9, P < .001); more allodynia (7.0 ± 4.1 vs 4.5 ± 3.5, P < .003), depression (25.4 ± 12.4 vs 13.3 ± 9.2, P < .001), and anxiety (11.0 ± 5.2 vs 5.6 ± 4.1, P < .001); and lower self-efficacy (80.1 ± 25.6 vs 104.7 ± 18.9, P < .001) compared with participants without clinical <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>. The odds of chronic migraine were nearly fourfold greater in those with (n = 8/29.6%) vs without (n = 8/10.3%) clinical <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> (odds ratio = 3.68; 95%CI = 1</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27452809','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27452809"><span>Signatures of Subacute Potentially <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Illness in the ICU: <span class="hlt">Model</span> Development and Validation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Moss, Travis J; Lake, Douglas E; Calland, J Forrest; Enfield, Kyle B; Delos, John B; Fairchild, Karen D; Moorman, J Randall</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>Patients in ICUs are susceptible to subacute potentially <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> illnesses such as respiratory failure, sepsis, and hemorrhage that present as severe derangements of vital signs. More subtle physiologic signatures may be present before clinical deterioration, when treatment might be more effective. We performed multivariate statistical analyses of bedside physiologic monitoring data to identify such early subclinical signatures of incipient life-threatening illness. We report a study of <span class="hlt">model</span> development and validation of a retrospective observational cohort using resampling (Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction <span class="hlt">model</span> for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis type 1b internal validation) and a study of <span class="hlt">model</span> validation using separate data (type 2b internal/external validation). University of Virginia Health System (Charlottesville), a tertiary-care, academic medical center. Critically ill patients consecutively admitted between January 2009 and June 2015 to either the neonatal, surgical/trauma/burn, or medical ICUs with available physiologic monitoring data. None. We analyzed 146 patient-years of vital sign and electrocardiography waveform time series from the bedside monitors of 9,232 ICU admissions. Calculations from 30-minute windows of the physiologic monitoring data were made every 15 minutes. Clinicians identified 1,206 episodes of respiratory failure leading to urgent unplanned intubation, sepsis, or hemorrhage leading to multi-unit transfusions from systematic individual chart reviews. Multivariate <span class="hlt">models</span> to predict events up to 24 hours prior had internally validated C-statistics of 0.61-0.88. In adults, physiologic signatures of respiratory failure and hemorrhage were distinct from each other but externally consistent across ICUs. Sepsis, on the other hand, demonstrated less distinct and inconsistent signatures. Physiologic signatures of all neonatal illnesses were similar. Subacute potentially <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> illnesses in three diverse ICU</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4226667','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4226667"><span><span class="hlt">CUSP</span>9* treatment protocol for recurrent glioblastoma: aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, celecoxib, disulfiram, itraconazole, ritonavir, sertraline augmenting continuous low dose temozolomide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kast, Richard E.; Karpel-Massler, Georg; Halatsch, Marc-Eric</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">CUSP</span>9 treatment protocol for recurrent glioblastoma was published one year ago. We now present a slight modification, designated <span class="hlt">CUSP</span>9*. <span class="hlt">CUSP</span>9* drugs- aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, celecoxib, disulfiram, itraconazole, sertraline, ritonavir, are all widely approved by regulatory authorities, marketed for non-cancer indications. Each drug inhibits one or more important growth-enhancing pathways used by glioblastoma. By blocking survival paths, the aim is to render temozolomide, the current standard cytotoxic drug used in primary glioblastoma treatment, more effective. Although esthetically unpleasing to use so many drugs at once, the closely similar drugs of the original <span class="hlt">CUSP</span>9 used together have been well-tolerated when given on a compassionate-use basis in the cases that have come to our attention so far. We expect similarly good tolerability for <span class="hlt">CUSP</span>9*. The combined action of this suite of drugs blocks signaling at, or the activity of, AKT phosphorylation, aldehyde dehydrogenase, angiotensin converting enzyme, carbonic anhydrase -2,- 9, -12, cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, cathepsin B, Hedgehog, interleukin-6, 5-lipoxygenase, matrix metalloproteinase -2 and -9, mammalian target of rapamycin, neurokinin-1, p-gp efflux pump, thioredoxin reductase, tissue factor, 20 kDa translationally controlled tumor protein, and vascular endothelial growth factor. We believe that given the current prognosis after a glioblastoma has recurred, a trial of <span class="hlt">CUSP</span>9* is warranted. PMID:25211298</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25211298','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25211298"><span><span class="hlt">CUSP</span>9* treatment protocol for recurrent glioblastoma: aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, celecoxib, disulfiram, itraconazole, ritonavir, sertraline augmenting continuous low dose temozolomide.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kast, Richard E; Karpel-Massler, Georg; Halatsch, Marc-Eric</p> <p>2014-09-30</p> <p><span class="hlt">CUSP</span>9 treatment protocol for recurrent glioblastoma was published one year ago. We now present a slight modification, designated <span class="hlt">CUSP</span>9*. <span class="hlt">CUSP</span>9* drugs--aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, celecoxib, disulfiram, itraconazole, sertraline, ritonavir, are all widely approved by regulatory authorities, marketed for non-cancer indications. Each drug inhibits one or more important growth-enhancing pathways used by glioblastoma. By blocking survival paths, the aim is to render temozolomide, the current standard cytotoxic drug used in primary glioblastoma treatment, more effective. Although esthetically unpleasing to use so many drugs at once, the closely similar drugs of the original <span class="hlt">CUSP</span>9 used together have been well-tolerated when given on a compassionate-use basis in the cases that have come to our attention so far. We expect similarly good tolerability for <span class="hlt">CUSP</span>9*. The combined action of this suite of drugs blocks signaling at, or the activity of, AKT phosphorylation, aldehyde dehydrogenase, angiotensin converting enzyme, carbonic anhydrase -2,- 9, -12, cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, cathepsin B, Hedgehog, interleukin-6, 5-lipoxygenase, matrix metalloproteinase -2 and -9, mammalian target of rapamycin, neurokinin-1, p-gp efflux pump, thioredoxin reductase, tissue factor, 20 kDa translationally controlled tumor protein, and vascular endothelial growth factor. We believe that given the current prognosis after a glioblastoma has recurred, a trial of <span class="hlt">CUSP</span>9* is warranted.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26966330','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26966330"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> health expenditure on acute coronary events in Asia: a prospective study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jan, Stephen; Lee, Stephen W-L; Sawhney, Jitendra P S; Ong, Tiong K; Chin, Chee Tang; Kim, Hyo-Soo; Krittayaphong, Rungroj; Nhan, Vo T; Itoh, Yohji; Huo, Yong</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>To estimate out-of-pocket costs and the incidence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure in people admitted to hospital with acute coronary syndromes in Asia. Participants were enrolled between June 2011 and May 2012 into this observational study in China, India, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. Sites were required to enrol a minimum of 10 consecutive participants who had been hospitalized for an acute coronary syndrome. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> health expenditure was defined as out-of-pocket costs of initial hospitalization > 30% of annual baseline household income, and it was assessed six weeks after discharge. We assessed associations between health expenditure and age, sex, diagnosis of the index coronary event and health insurance status of the participant, using logistic regression <span class="hlt">models</span>. Of 12,922 participants, 9370 (73%) had complete data on expenditure. The mean out-of-pocket cost was 3237 United States dollars. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> health expenditure was reported by 66% (1984/3007) of those without insurance versus 52% (3296/6366) of those with health insurance (P < 0.05). The occurrence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditure ranged from 80% (1055/1327) in uninsured and 56% (3212/5692) of insured participants in China, to 0% (0/41) in Malaysia. Large variation exists across Asia in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure resulting from hospitalization for acute coronary syndromes. While insurance offers some protection, substantial numbers of people with health insurance still incur financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19218091','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19218091"><span>Mind-body interactions in pain: the neurophysiology of anxious and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> pain-related thoughts.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Campbell, Claudia M; Edwards, Robert R</p> <p>2009-03-01</p> <p>The well-accepted biopsychosocial <span class="hlt">model</span> proposes that the experience of pain and responses to it result from a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors. However, the separation of these constructs is substantially artificial, and we presume that psychological processes have biological effects, that biological processes affect an individual's psychosocial environment, and so on. Considerable research has demonstrated that pain-coping strategies influence perceived pain intensity and physical functioning, and individual differences in styles of pain coping even shape the persistence of long-term pain complaints in some populations. A good deal of this coping research has focused on <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, which is a generally maladaptive cognitive and emotional mental set that involves feelings of helplessness when in pain, rumination about pain symptoms, and magnification of pain-related complaints. Collectively, <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> has been consistently associated with heightened experiences of pain across a variety of samples. Although <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> thinking regarding pain-related symptoms is often classified under the "psychologic" category within the broader biopsychosocial <span class="hlt">model</span>, we propose that <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> exerts biologic effects that may account for some of its negative consequences. In general, the cognitive and affective processes captured within the construct of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> may exert effects on the neuromuscular, cardiovascular, immune, and neuroendocrine systems, and on the activity in the pain neuromatrix within the brain. The interface between pain-related neurobiology and processes such as pain-related <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> represents an important avenue for future pain research.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3494217','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3494217"><span>Iranian Household Financial Protection against <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Health Care Expenditures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Moghadam, M Nekoei; Banshi, M; Javar, M Akbari; Amiresmaili, M; Ganjavi, S</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Background: Protecting households against financial risks is one of objectives of any health system. In this regard, Iran’s fourth five year developmental plan act in its 90th article, articulated decreasing household’s exposure to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure to one percent. Hence, this study aimed to measure percentage of Iranian households exposed to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures and to explore its determinants. Methods: The present descriptive-analytical study was carried out retrospectively. Households whose financial contributions to the health system exceeded 40% of disposable income were considered as exposed to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> healthcare expenditures. Influential factors on <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> healthcare expenditures were examined by logistic regression and chi-square test. Results: Of 39,088 households, 80 were excluded due to absence of food expenditures. 2.8% of households were exposed to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures. Influential factors on <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> healthcare were utilizing ambulatory, hospital, and drug addiction cessation services as well as consuming pharmaceuticals. Socioeconomics characteristics such as health insurance coverage, household size, and economic status were other determinants of exposure to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> healthcare expenditures. Conclusion: Iranian health system has not achieved the objective of reducing <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> healthcare expenditure to one percent. Inefficient health insurance coverage, different fee schedules practiced by private and public providers, failure of referral system are considered as probable barriers toward decreasing households’ exposure to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> healthcare expenditures. PMID:23193508</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2695816','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2695816"><span>Household <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure: evidence from Georgia and its policy implications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gotsadze, George; Zoidze, Akaki; Rukhadze, Natia</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Background To quantify extent of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> household health expenditures, determine factors influencing it and estimate Fairness in Financial Contribution (FFC) index in Georgia to establish the baseline for expected reforms and contribute to the design and fine-tuning of the major reforms in health care financing initiated by the government mid-2007. Methods The research is based on the nationally representative Health Care Utilization and Expenditure survey conducted during May-June 2007, prior to preparing for new phase of implementation for the health care financing reforms. Households' <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures were estimated according to the methodology proposed by WHO – Ke Xu [1]. A logistic regression (logit) <span class="hlt">model</span> was used to predict probability of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure occurrence. Results In Georgia between 2000 and 2007 access to care for poor has improved slightly and the share of households facing <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures have seemingly increased from 2.8% in 1999 to 11.7% in 2007. However, this variance may be associated with the methodological differences of the respective surveys from which the analysis were derived. The high level of the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure may be associated with the low share of prepayment in national health expenditure, adequate availability of services and a high level of poverty in the country. Major factors determining the financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> related to ill health were hospitalization, household members with chronic illness and poverty status of the household. The FFC for Georgia appears to have improved since 2004. Conclusion Reducing the prevalence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure is a policy objective of the government, which can be achieved by focusing on increased financial protection offered to poor and expanding government financed benefits for poor and chronically ill by including and expanding inpatient coverage and adding drug benefits. This policy recommendation may also</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4234144','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4234144"><span>Household <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> medical expenses in eastern China: determinants and policy implications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background Much of research on household <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> medical expenses in China has focused on less developed areas and little is known about this problem in more developed areas. This study aimed to analyse the incidence and determinants of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> medical expenses in eastern China. Methods Data were obtained from a health care utilization and expense survey of 11,577 households conducted in eastern China in 2008. The incidence of household <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> medical expenses was calculated using the method introduced by the World Health Organization. A multi-level logistic regression <span class="hlt">model</span> was used to identify the determinants. Results The incidence of household <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> medical expenses in eastern China ranged from 9.24% to 24.79%. Incidence of household <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> medical expenses was lower if the head of household had a higher level of education, labor insurance coverage, while the incidence was higher if they lived in rural areas, had a family member with chronic diseases, had a child younger than 5 years old, had a person at home who was at least 65 years old, and had a household member who was hospitalized. Moreover, the impact of the economic level on <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> medical expenses was non-linear. The poorest group had a lower incidence than that of the second lowest income group and the group with the highest income had a higher incidence than that of the second highest income group. In addition, region was a significant determinant. Conclusions Reducing the incidence of household <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> medical expenses should be one of the priorities of health policy. It can be achieved by improving residents’ health status to reduce avoidable health services such as hospitalization. It is also important to design more targeted health insurance in order to increase financial support for such vulnerable groups as the poor, chronically ill, children, and senior populations. PMID:24308317</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ITVT...38...31O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ITVT...38...31O"><span>Stability of a slotted ALOHA system with capture effect</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Onozato, Yoshikuni; Liu, Jin; Noguchi, Shoichi</p> <p>1989-02-01</p> <p>The stability of a slotted ALOHA system with capture effect is investigated under a general communication environment where terminals are divided into two groups (low-power and high-power) and the capture effect is <span class="hlt">modeled</span> by capture probabilities. An approximate analysis is developed using <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> theory, in which the effects of system and user parameters on the stability are characterized by the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. Particular attention is given to the low-power group, since it must bear the strain under the capture effect. The stability conditions of the two groups are given explicitly by bifurcation sets.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26720056','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26720056"><span>The Effects of Revealed Information on <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Loss Projection <span class="hlt">Models</span>' Characterization of Risk: Damage Vulnerability Evidence from Florida.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Karl, J Bradley; Medders, Lorilee A; Maroney, Patrick F</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>We examine whether the risk characterization estimated by <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> loss projection <span class="hlt">models</span> is sensitive to the revelation of new information regarding risk type. We use commercial loss projection <span class="hlt">models</span> from two widely employed <span class="hlt">modeling</span> firms to estimate the expected hurricane losses of Florida Atlantic University's building stock, both including and excluding secondary information regarding hurricane mitigation features that influence damage vulnerability. We then compare the results of the <span class="hlt">models</span> without and with this revealed information and find that the revelation of additional, secondary information influences <span class="hlt">modeled</span> losses for the windstorm-exposed university building stock, primarily evidenced by meaningful percent differences in the loss exceedance output indicated after secondary modifiers are incorporated in the analysis. Secondary risk characteristics for the data set studied appear to have substantially greater impact on probable maximum loss estimates than on average annual loss estimates. While it may be intuitively expected for <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">models</span> to indicate that secondary risk characteristics hold value for reducing <span class="hlt">modeled</span> losses, the finding that the primary value of secondary risk characteristics is in reduction of losses in the "tail" (low probability, high severity) events is less intuitive, and therefore especially interesting. Further, we address the benefit-cost tradeoffs that commercial entities must consider when deciding whether to undergo the data collection necessary to include secondary information in <span class="hlt">modeling</span>. Although we assert the long-term benefit-cost tradeoff is positive for virtually every entity, we acknowledge short-term disincentives to such an effort. © 2015 Society for Risk Analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22380239','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22380239"><span>Development of a compact filament-discharge multi-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> H- ion source.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jia, XianLu; Zhang, TianJue; Zheng, Xia; Qin, JiuChang</p> <p>2012-02-01</p> <p>A 14 MeV medical cyclotron with the external ion source has been designed and is being constructed at China Institute of Atomic Energy. The H(-) ion will be accelerated by this machine and the proton beam will be extracted by carbon strippers in dual opposite direction. The compact multi-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> H(-) ion source has been developed for the cyclotron. The 79.5 mm long ion source is 48 mm in diameter, which is consisting of a special shape filament, ten columns of permanent magnets providing a multi-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> field, and a three-electrode extraction system. So far, the 3 mA∕25 keV H(-) beam with an emittance of 0.3 π mm mrad has been obtained from the ion source. The paper gives the design details and the beam test results. Further experimental study is under way and an extracted beam of 5 mA is expected.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27757840','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27757840"><span>The Key Role of Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> in the Disability of Patients with Acute Back Pain.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ramírez-Maestre, C; Esteve, R; Ruiz-Párraga, G; Gómez-Pérez, L; López-Martínez, A E</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>This study investigated the role of anxiety sensitivity, resilience, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, depression, pain fear-avoidance beliefs, and pain intensity in patients with acute back pain-related disability. Two hundred and thirty-two patients with acute back pain completed questionnaires on anxiety sensitivity, resilience, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, fear-avoidance beliefs, depression, pain intensity, and disability. A structural equation <span class="hlt">modelling</span> analysis revealed that anxiety sensitivity was associated with pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, and resilience was associated with lower levels of depression. Pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was positively associated with fear-avoidance beliefs and pain intensity. Depression was associated with fear-avoidance beliefs, but was not associated with pain intensity. Finally, <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, fear-avoidance beliefs, and pain intensity were positively and significantly associated with acute back pain-related disability. Although fear-avoidance beliefs and pain intensity were associated with disability, the results showed that pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was a central variable in the pain experience and had significant direct associations with disability when pain was acute. Anxiety sensitivity appeared to be an important antecedent of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, whereas the influence of resilience on the acute back pain experience was limited to its relationship with depression.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24308775','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24308775"><span>Bifurcating effects of hope and support in short- and long-term health outcomes among primary care patients without mental illness.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Katerndahl, David</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>Adverse life events and stressors can lead to symptoms, increased alcohol intake, and impaired functional status, while hope and social support can mitigate such adverse effects. Yet, there is reason to question such simple, linear relationships among healthy adults. The purpose of this study was to assess whether short-term or long-term changes in alcohol intake, psychological symptoms or functional status were better <span class="hlt">modelled</span> as <span class="hlt">cusp</span> <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> or linear processes among primary care patients without mental illness. This secondary analysis of a study on the stability of psychological symptoms among primary care patients without mental disorders included 38 subjects who completed baseline, and 2-month and/or 6-month assessments of psychological symptoms, functional status and stressors as well as hope and social support. The analyses <span class="hlt">modelled</span> short-term and long-term changes in alcohol intake, psychological symptoms and functional status using <span class="hlt">cusp</span> <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> (CCM) and linear <span class="hlt">modelling</span>. Overall, four of the nine 2-month analyses found CCM superior to linear <span class="hlt">models</span>; however, only one 6-month analysis (alcohol intake) found that CCM was superior. The 2-month <span class="hlt">cusp</span> phenomena included both symptomatology and functional status. The asymmetry variables were often not significant in the CCM <span class="hlt">models</span>; in fact, only distress was significant at all. While hope was a significant bifurcation variable at both the 2-month and 6-month levels, social support was a significant bifurcation variable for three of the four 2-month CCMs. In conclusion, while 6-month outcomes were rarely explained through CCM, half of 2-month outcomes were. Hope and support demonstrated bifurcation effects. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title7-vol6/pdf/CFR-2014-title7-vol6-sec402-4.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title7-vol6/pdf/CFR-2014-title7-vol6-sec402-4.pdf"><span>7 CFR 402.4 - <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Risk Protection Endorsement Provisions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>... 7 Agriculture 6 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Risk Protection Endorsement Provisions... INSURANCE CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE <span class="hlt">CATASTROPHIC</span> RISK PROTECTION ENDORSEMENT § 402.4 <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Risk Protection Endorsement Provisions. Department of Agriculture Federal Crop Insurance...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title7-vol6/pdf/CFR-2012-title7-vol6-sec402-4.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title7-vol6/pdf/CFR-2012-title7-vol6-sec402-4.pdf"><span>7 CFR 402.4 - <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Risk Protection Endorsement Provisions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>... 7 Agriculture 6 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Risk Protection Endorsement Provisions... INSURANCE CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE <span class="hlt">CATASTROPHIC</span> RISK PROTECTION ENDORSEMENT § 402.4 <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Risk Protection Endorsement Provisions. Department of Agriculture Federal Crop Insurance...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20304137','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20304137"><span>Aortic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> extension valvuloplasty with or without tricuspidization in children and adolescents: long-term results and freedom from aortic valve replacement.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Polimenakos, Anastasios C; Sathanandam, Shyam; Elzein, Chawki; Barth, Mary J; Higgins, Robert S D; Ilbawi, Michel N</p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>Aortic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> extension valvuloplasty is increasingly used in the management of children and adolescents with aortic stenosis or regurgitation. The durability of this approach and the freedom from valve replacement are not well defined. A study was undertaken to investigate outcomes. From July 1987 to November 2008, 142 patients aged less than 19 years underwent aortic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> extension valvuloplasty in the form of pericardial <span class="hlt">cusp</span> extension and tricuspidization (when needed). Three patients with truncus arteriosus and severe truncal valve insufficiency were excluded. From the available follow-up data of 139 patients, 50 had bicuspid aortic valves, 40 had congenital aortic valve stenosis, 41 had combined congenital aortic valve stenosis/insufficiency, and 8 had other diagnoses. Median follow-up was 14.4 years (0.1-21.4). Long-term mortality and freedom from aortic valve replacement were studied. There were no early, intermediate, or late deaths. Z-values of left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, aortic annulus, aortic sinus diameter, and sinotubular junction diameter before aortic valve replacement were 4.2 +/- 3.11, 2.3 +/- 1.25, 4.4 +/- 1.23, and 1.84 +/- 1.28, respectively. During the follow-up period, 64 patients underwent aortic valve reinterventions. The Ross procedure was performed in 32 of 139 patients (23%) undergoing aortic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> extension valvuloplasty. Other aortic valve replacements were undertaken after 16 aortic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> extension valvuloplasties (11.5%). Freedom from a second aortic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> extension valvuloplasty or aortic valve replacement at 18 years was 82.1% +/- 4.2% and 60.0% +/- 7.2%, respectively. Aortic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> extension valvuloplasty is a safe and effective surgical option with excellent survival and good long-term outcomes in children and adolescents. The procedure provides acceptable durability and satisfactory freedom from aortic valve replacement. Copyright 2010 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5157912','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5157912"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> expenditure on medicines in Brazil</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Luiza, Vera Lucia; Tavares, Noemia Urruth Leão; Oliveira, Maria Auxiliadora; Arrais, Paulo Sergio Dourado; Ramos, Luiz Roberto; Pizzol, Tatiane da Silva Dal; Mengue, Sotero Serrate; Farias, Mareni Rocha; Bertoldi, Andréa Dâmaso</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the magnitude of the expenditure on medicines in Brazil according to region, household size and composition in terms of residents in a situation of dependency. METHODS Population-based data from the national household survey were used, with probabilistic sample, applied between September 2013 and February 2014 in urban households. The expenditure on medicines was the main outcome of interest. The prevalence and confidence intervals (95%CI) of the outcomes were stratified according to socioeconomic classification and calculated according to the region, the number of residents dependent on income, the presence of children under five years and residents in a situation of dependency by age. RESULTS In about one of every 17 households (5.3%) <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure was reported and, in 3.2%, the medicines were reported as one of the items responsible for this situation. The presence of three or more residents (3.6%) and resident in a situation of dependency (3.6%) were the ones that most reported expenditure on medicines. Southeast was the region with the lowest prevalence of expenditure on medicines. The prevalence of households with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure and on medicines in relation to the total of households showed a regressive tendency for economic classes. CONCLUSIONS <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> health expenditure was present in 5.3%, and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditure on medicines in 3.2% of the households. Multi-person households, presence of residents in a situation of economic dependency and belonging to the class D or E had the highest proportion of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditure on medicines. Although the problem is important, permeated by aspects of iniquity, Brazilian policies seem to be protecting families from <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditure on health and on medicine. PMID:27982383</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.epa.gov/large-scale-residential-demolition/guidance-catastrophic-emergency-situations-involving-asbestos','PESTICIDES'); return false;" href="https://www.epa.gov/large-scale-residential-demolition/guidance-catastrophic-emergency-situations-involving-asbestos"><span>Guidance for <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Emergency Situations Involving Asbestos</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/search.htm">EPA Pesticide Factsheets</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>This document addresses the types of asbestos issues that may arise during <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events and how EPA has addressed such issues. It replaces the Guidelines for <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Emergency Situations Involving Asbestos which was issued in 1992.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26970188','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26970188"><span>Flood <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">Model</span> for Designing Optimal Flood Insurance Program: Estimating Location-Specific Premiums in the Netherlands.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ermolieva, T; Filatova, T; Ermoliev, Y; Obersteiner, M; de Bruijn, K M; Jeuken, A</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>As flood risks grow worldwide, a well-designed insurance program engaging various stakeholders becomes a vital instrument in flood risk management. The main challenge concerns the applicability of standard approaches for calculating insurance premiums of rare <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> losses. This article focuses on the design of a flood-loss-sharing program involving private insurance based on location-specific exposures. The analysis is guided by a developed integrated <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> risk management (ICRM) <span class="hlt">model</span> consisting of a GIS-based flood <span class="hlt">model</span> and a stochastic optimization procedure with respect to location-specific risk exposures. To achieve the stability and robustness of the program towards floods with various recurrences, the ICRM uses stochastic optimization procedure, which relies on quantile-related risk functions of a systemic insolvency involving overpayments and underpayments of the stakeholders. Two alternative ways of calculating insurance premiums are compared: the robust derived with the ICRM and the traditional average annual loss approach. The applicability of the proposed <span class="hlt">model</span> is illustrated in a case study of a Rotterdam area outside the main flood protection system in the Netherlands. Our numerical experiments demonstrate essential advantages of the robust premiums, namely, that they: (1) guarantee the program's solvency under all relevant flood scenarios rather than one average event; (2) establish a tradeoff between the security of the program and the welfare of locations; and (3) decrease the need for other risk transfer and risk reduction measures. © 2016 Society for Risk Analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/4446','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/4446"><span>What Is the Price of <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Wildfire?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>David T. Butry; D. Evan Mercer; Jeffrey P. Prestemon; John M. Pye; Thomas P. Holmes</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>We <span class="hlt">modeled</span> and analyzed the economic impacts of the six weeks of large, <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> wild-fires in northeastern Florida in June and July 1998, among Florida's most devastating in recent history. The result of the unusually strong El NÃño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in 1998, the Florida wildfires produced economic impacts of at least $600 million, similar in...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23338769','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23338769"><span>Psychological resilience, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, and positive emotions: perspectives on comprehensive <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of individual pain adaptation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sturgeon, John A; Zautra, Alex J</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>Pain is a complex construct that contributes to profound physical and psychological dysfunction, particularly in individuals coping with chronic pain. The current paper builds upon previous research, describes a balanced conceptual <span class="hlt">model</span> that integrates aspects of both psychological vulnerability and resilience to pain, and reviews protective and exacerbating psychosocial factors to the process of adaptation to chronic pain, including pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, pain acceptance, and positive psychological resources predictive of enhanced pain coping. The current paper identifies future directions for research that will further enrich the understanding of pain adaptation and espouses an approach that will enhance the ecological validity of psychological pain coping <span class="hlt">models</span>, including introduction of advanced statistical and conceptual <span class="hlt">models</span> that integrate behavioral, cognitive, information processing, motivational and affective theories of pain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4773930','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4773930"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> health expenditure on acute coronary events in Asia: a prospective study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lee, Stephen W-L; Sawhney, Jitendra PS; Ong, Tiong K; Chin, Chee Tang; Kim, Hyo-Soo; Krittayaphong, Rungroj; Nhan, Vo T; Itoh, Yohji; Huo, Yong</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Abstract Objective To estimate out-of-pocket costs and the incidence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure in people admitted to hospital with acute coronary syndromes in Asia. Methods Participants were enrolled between June 2011 and May 2012 into this observational study in China, India, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. Sites were required to enrol a minimum of 10 consecutive participants who had been hospitalized for an acute coronary syndrome. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> health expenditure was defined as out-of-pocket costs of initial hospitalization > 30% of annual baseline household income, and it was assessed six weeks after discharge. We assessed associations between health expenditure and age, sex, diagnosis of the index coronary event and health insurance status of the participant, using logistic regression <span class="hlt">models</span>. Findings Of 12 922 participants, 9370 (73%) had complete data on expenditure. The mean out-of-pocket cost was 3237 United States dollars. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> health expenditure was reported by 66% (1984/3007) of those without insurance versus 52% (3296/6366) of those with health insurance (P < 0.05). The occurrence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditure ranged from 80% (1055/1327) in uninsured and 56% (3212/5692) of insured participants in China, to 0% (0/41) in Malaysia. Conclusion Large variation exists across Asia in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure resulting from hospitalization for acute coronary syndromes. While insurance offers some protection, substantial numbers of people with health insurance still incur financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. PMID:26966330</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.556...70H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.556...70H"><span>A density <span class="hlt">cusp</span> of quiescent X-ray binaries in the central parsec of the Galaxy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hailey, Charles J.; Mori, Kaya; Bauer, Franz E.; Berkowitz, Michael E.; Hong, Jaesub; Hord, Benjamin J.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The existence of a ‘density cusp’—a localized increase in number—of stellar-mass black holes near a supermassive black hole is a fundamental prediction of galactic stellar dynamics. The best place to detect such a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> is in the Galactic Centre, where the nearest supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*, resides. As many as 20,000 black holes are predicted to settle into the central parsec of the Galaxy as a result of dynamical friction; however, so far no density <span class="hlt">cusp</span> of black holes has been detected. Low-mass X-ray binary systems that contain a stellar-mass black hole are natural tracers of isolated black holes. Here we report observations of a dozen quiescent X-ray binaries in a density <span class="hlt">cusp</span> within one parsec of Sagittarius A*. The lower-energy emission spectra that we observed in these binaries is distinct from the higher-energy spectra associated with the population of accreting white dwarfs that dominates the central eight parsecs of the Galaxy. The properties of these X-ray binaries, in particular their spatial distribution and luminosity function, suggest the existence of hundreds of binary systems in the central parsec of the Galaxy and many more isolated black holes. We cannot rule out a contribution to the observed emission from a population (of up to about one-half the number of X-ray binaries) of rotationally powered, millisecond pulsars. The spatial distribution of the binary systems is a relic of their formation history, either in the stellar disk around Sagittarius A* (ref. 7) or through in-fall from globular clusters, and constrains the number density of sources in the <span class="hlt">modelling</span> of gravitational waves from massive stellar remnants, such as neutron stars and black holes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.1433G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.1433G"><span>New approach to analysis of strongest earthquakes with upper-value magnitude in subduction zones and induced by them <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> tsunamis on examples of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events in 21 century</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Garagash, I. A.; Lobkovsky, L. I.; Mazova, R. Kh.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>The study of generation of strongest earthquakes with upper-value magnitude (near above 9) and induced by them <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> tsunamis, is performed by authors on the basis of new approach to the generation process, occurring in subduction zones under earthquake. The necessity of performing of such studies is connected with recent 11 March 2011 <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> underwater earthquake close to north-east Japan coastline and following it <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> tsunami which had led to vast victims and colossal damage for Japan. The essential importance in this study is determined by unexpected for all specialists the strength of earthquake occurred (determined by magnitude M = 9), inducing strongest tsunami with wave height runup on the beach up to 10 meters. The elaborated by us <span class="hlt">model</span> of interaction of ocean lithosphere with island-arc blocks in subduction zones, with taking into account of incomplete stress discharge at realization of seismic process and further accumulation of elastic energy, permits to explain arising of strongest mega-earthquakes, such as <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> earthquake with source in Japan deep-sea trench in March, 2011. In our <span class="hlt">model</span>, the wide possibility for numerical simulation of dynamical behaviour of underwater seismic source is provided by kinematical <span class="hlt">model</span> of seismic source as well as by elaborated by authors numerical program for calculation of tsunami wave generation by dynamical and kinematical seismic sources. The method obtained permits take into account the contribution of residual tectonic stress in lithosphere plates, leading to increase of earthquake energy, which is usually not taken into account up to date.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25249369','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25249369"><span>Successful catheter ablation of a left anterior accessory pathway from the non-coronary <span class="hlt">cusp</span> of the aortic valve.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Laranjo, Sérgio; Oliveira, Mário; Trigo, Conceição</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>Left anterior accessory pathways are considered to be rare findings. Catheter ablation of accessory pathways in this location remains a challenging target, and few reports about successful ablation of these accessory pathways are available. We describe our experience regarding a case of a manifest left anterior accessory pathway ablation using radiofrequency energy at the junction of the left coronary <span class="hlt">cusp</span> with the non-coronary <span class="hlt">cusp</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4904613','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4904613"><span>Incorporating Family Function into Chronic Pain Disability: The Role of <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Akbari, Fatemeh; Dehghani, Mohsen; Khatibi, Ali; Vervoort, Tine</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Background. Observers' responses to pain are recently investigated to more comprehensively explain chronic pain (CP) and disability. However, the role of family context, defined as interference in roles, communication, and problem-solving, and how (i.e., through which mechanisms) these variables contribute to CP related disability have yet to be examined. Objectives. The aim of the present study is to examine family context in relationship to pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, fear of movement, and depression and its role in understanding CP disability. Three different <span class="hlt">models</span> were examined. Methods. A total sample of 142 patients with musculoskeletal chronic pain was recruited to examine the role of fear of movement, pain intensity, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, and depression in relationship to family functioning as predictors of disability. Results. Findings indicated that two <span class="hlt">models</span> showed acceptable fit, but one of them revealed superior fit indices. Results of the <span class="hlt">model</span> with superior fit indices indicated that family dysfunction may contribute to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> thinking, which, in turn, contributes to patients' disability through increasing fear of movement and depression. Discussion. The current study provides further support for the notion that the impact of emotional and cognitive variables upon CP-related disability can be better understood when we consider the social context of pain patients and family function in particular. PMID:27445620</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27445620','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27445620"><span>Incorporating Family Function into Chronic Pain Disability: The Role of <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Akbari, Fatemeh; Dehghani, Mohsen; Khatibi, Ali; Vervoort, Tine</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Background. Observers' responses to pain are recently investigated to more comprehensively explain chronic pain (CP) and disability. However, the role of family context, defined as interference in roles, communication, and problem-solving, and how (i.e., through which mechanisms) these variables contribute to CP related disability have yet to be examined. Objectives. The aim of the present study is to examine family context in relationship to pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, fear of movement, and depression and its role in understanding CP disability. Three different <span class="hlt">models</span> were examined. Methods. A total sample of 142 patients with musculoskeletal chronic pain was recruited to examine the role of fear of movement, pain intensity, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, and depression in relationship to family functioning as predictors of disability. Results. Findings indicated that two <span class="hlt">models</span> showed acceptable fit, but one of them revealed superior fit indices. Results of the <span class="hlt">model</span> with superior fit indices indicated that family dysfunction may contribute to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> thinking, which, in turn, contributes to patients' disability through increasing fear of movement and depression. Discussion. The current study provides further support for the notion that the impact of emotional and cognitive variables upon CP-related disability can be better understood when we consider the social context of pain patients and family function in particular.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5278223','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5278223"><span>The Development and Psychometric Validation of an Arabic-Language Version of the Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> Scale</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Fares, Souha</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Context. The Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> Scale (PCS) is the most widely used measure of pain-specific <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>. Objectives. The purpose of the present study was to develop and psychometrically evaluate an Arabic-language version of the PCS. Methods. In Study 1, 150 adult chronic nonmalignant pain patients seeking treatment at a hospital setting completed the PCS-A and a number of self-report measures assessing clinical parameters of pain, symptoms of depression, and quality of life. Study 2 employed a cold pressor pain task to examine the PCS-A in a sample of 44 healthy university students. Results. Exploratory factor analyses suggested a two-factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis comparing the 2-factor <span class="hlt">model</span>, Sullivan's original 3-factor <span class="hlt">model</span>, and a 1-factor <span class="hlt">model</span> based on the total score all provided adequate fit to the data. Cronbach's alpha coefficients across all <span class="hlt">models</span> met or exceeded accepted standards of reliability. <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> was associated with higher levels of depression and increased pain intensity and interference. <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> predicted decreased quality of life, even after controlling for the contribution of gender, employment, depression, and pain interference. PCS-A scores were positively correlated with heightened experimental pain severity and decreased pain tolerance. Conclusion. The present results provide strong support for the psychometric properties of the PCS-A. PMID:28190958</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CMaPh.308..479B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CMaPh.308..479B"><span>Limit Theorems for Dispersing Billiards with <span class="hlt">Cusps</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bálint, P.; Chernov, N.; Dolgopyat, D.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Dispersing billiards with <span class="hlt">cusps</span> are deterministic dynamical systems with a mild degree of chaos, exhibiting "intermittent" behavior that alternates between regular and chaotic patterns. Their statistical properties are therefore weak and delicate. They are characterized by a slow (power-law) decay of correlations, and as a result the classical central limit theorem fails. We prove that a non-classical central limit theorem holds, with a scaling factor of {sqrt{nlog n}} replacing the standard {sqrt{n}} . We also derive the respective Weak Invariance Principle, and we identify the class of observables for which the classical CLT still holds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16191657','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16191657"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> loss <span class="hlt">modelling</span> of storm-surge flood risk in eastern England.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Muir Wood, Robert; Drayton, Michael; Berger, Agnete; Burgess, Paul; Wright, Tom</p> <p>2005-06-15</p> <p>Probabilistic <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> loss <span class="hlt">modelling</span> techniques, comprising a large stochastic set of potential storm-surge flood events, each assigned an annual rate of occurrence, have been employed for quantifying risk in the coastal flood plain of eastern England. Based on the tracks of the causative extratropical cyclones, historical storm-surge events are categorized into three classes, with distinct windfields and surge geographies. Extreme combinations of "tide with surge" are then generated for an extreme value distribution developed for each class. Fragility curves are used to determine the probability and magnitude of breaching relative to water levels and wave action for each section of sea defence. Based on the time-history of water levels in the surge, and the simulated configuration of breaching, flow is time-stepped through the defences and propagated into the flood plain using a 50 m horizontal-resolution digital elevation <span class="hlt">model</span>. Based on the values and locations of the building stock in the flood plain, losses are calculated using vulnerability functions linking flood depth and flood velocity to measures of property loss. The outputs from this <span class="hlt">model</span> for a UK insurance industry portfolio include "loss exceedence probabilities" as well as "average annualized losses", which can be employed for calculating coastal flood risk premiums in each postcode.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29112693','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29112693"><span>Comparison of two cash transfer strategies to prevent <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> costs for poor tuberculosis-affected households in low- and middle-income countries: An economic <span class="hlt">modelling</span> study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rudgard, William E; Evans, Carlton A; Sweeney, Sedona; Wingfield, Tom; Lönnroth, Knut; Barreira, Draurio; Boccia, Delia</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Illness-related costs for patients with tuberculosis (TB) ≥20% of pre-illness annual household income predict adverse treatment outcomes and have been termed "<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span>." Social protection initiatives, including cash transfers, are endorsed to help prevent <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> costs. With this aim, cash transfers may either be provided to defray TB-related costs of households with a confirmed TB diagnosis (termed a "TB-specific" approach); or to increase income of households with high TB risk to strengthen their economic resilience (termed a "TB-sensitive" approach). The impact of cash transfers provided with each of these approaches might vary. We undertook an economic <span class="hlt">modelling</span> study from the patient perspective to compare the potential of these 2 cash transfer approaches to prevent <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> costs. <span class="hlt">Model</span> inputs for 7 low- and middle-income countries (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Ghana, Mexico, Tanzania, and Yemen) were retrieved by literature review and included countries' mean patient TB-related costs, mean household income, mean cash transfers, and estimated TB-specific and TB-sensitive target populations. Analyses were completed for drug-susceptible (DS) TB-related costs in all 7 out of 7 countries, and additionally for drug-resistant (DR) TB-related costs in 1 of the 7 countries with available data. All cost data were reported in 2013 international dollars ($). The target population for TB-specific cash transfers was poor households with a confirmed TB diagnosis, and for TB-sensitive cash transfers was poor households already targeted by countries' established poverty-reduction cash transfer programme. Cash transfers offered in countries, unrelated to TB, ranged from $217 to $1,091/year/household. Before cash transfers, DS TB-related costs were <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> in 6 out of 7 countries. If cash transfers were provided with a TB-specific approach, alone they would be insufficient to prevent DS TB <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> costs in 4 out of 6 countries, and when increased enough</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5675360','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5675360"><span>Comparison of two cash transfer strategies to prevent <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> costs for poor tuberculosis-affected households in low- and middle-income countries: An economic <span class="hlt">modelling</span> study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lönnroth, Knut; Boccia, Delia</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Background Illness-related costs for patients with tuberculosis (TB) ≥20% of pre-illness annual household income predict adverse treatment outcomes and have been termed “<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span>.” Social protection initiatives, including cash transfers, are endorsed to help prevent <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> costs. With this aim, cash transfers may either be provided to defray TB-related costs of households with a confirmed TB diagnosis (termed a “TB-specific” approach); or to increase income of households with high TB risk to strengthen their economic resilience (termed a “TB-sensitive” approach). The impact of cash transfers provided with each of these approaches might vary. We undertook an economic <span class="hlt">modelling</span> study from the patient perspective to compare the potential of these 2 cash transfer approaches to prevent <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> costs. Methods and findings <span class="hlt">Model</span> inputs for 7 low- and middle-income countries (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Ghana, Mexico, Tanzania, and Yemen) were retrieved by literature review and included countries' mean patient TB-related costs, mean household income, mean cash transfers, and estimated TB-specific and TB-sensitive target populations. Analyses were completed for drug-susceptible (DS) TB-related costs in all 7 out of 7 countries, and additionally for drug-resistant (DR) TB-related costs in 1 of the 7 countries with available data. All cost data were reported in 2013 international dollars ($). The target population for TB-specific cash transfers was poor households with a confirmed TB diagnosis, and for TB-sensitive cash transfers was poor households already targeted by countries’ established poverty-reduction cash transfer programme. Cash transfers offered in countries, unrelated to TB, ranged from $217 to $1,091/year/household. Before cash transfers, DS TB-related costs were <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> in 6 out of 7 countries. If cash transfers were provided with a TB-specific approach, alone they would be insufficient to prevent DS TB <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> costs in 4</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18486557','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18486557"><span>Fear of pain, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, and acute pain perception: relative prediction and timing of assessment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hirsh, Adam T; George, Steven Z; Bialosky, Joel E; Robinson, Michael E</p> <p>2008-09-01</p> <p>Pain-related fear and <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> are important variables of consideration in an individual's pain experience. Methodological limitations of previous studies limit strong conclusions regarding these relationships. In this follow-up study, we examined the relationships between fear of pain, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, and experimental pain perception. One hundred healthy volunteers completed the Fear of Pain Questionnaire (FPQ-III), Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> Scale (PCS), and Coping Strategies Questionnaire-<span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> scale (CSQ-CAT) before undergoing the cold pressor test (CPT). The CSQ-CAT and PCS were completed again after the CPT, with participants instructed to complete these measures based on their experience during the procedure. Measures of pain threshold, tolerance, and intensity were collected and served as dependent variables in separate regression <span class="hlt">models</span>. Sex, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, and pain-related fear were included as predictor variables. Results of regression analyses indicated that after controlling for sex, pain-related fear was a consistently stronger predictor of pain in comparison to <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>. These results were consistent when separate measures (CSQ-CAT vs PCS) and time points (pretask vs "in vivo") of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> were used. These findings largely corroborate those from our previous study and are suggestive of the absolute and relative importance of pain-related fear in the experimental pain experience. Although pain-related fear has received less attention in the experimental literature than pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, results of the current study are consistent with clinical reports highlighting this variable as an important aspect of the experience of pain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29716311','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29716311"><span>A new multi-line <span class="hlt">cusp</span> magnetic field plasma device (MPD) with variable magnetic field.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Patel, A D; Sharma, M; Ramasubramanian, N; Ganesh, R; Chattopadhyay, P K</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>A new multi-line <span class="hlt">cusp</span> magnetic field plasma device consisting of electromagnets with core material has been constructed with a capability to experimentally control the relative volume fractions of magnetized to unmagnetized plasma volume as well as accurate control on the gradient length scales of mean density and temperature profiles. Argon plasma has been produced using a hot tungsten cathode over a wide range of pressures 5 × 10 -5 -1 × 10 -3 mbar, achieving plasma densities ranging from 10 9 to 10 11 cm -3 and the electron temperature in the range 1-8 eV. The radial profiles of plasma parameters measured along the non-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> region (in between two consecutive magnets) show a finite region with uniform and quiescent plasma, where the magnetic field is very low such that the ions are unmagnetized. Beyond that region, both plasma species are magnetized and the profiles show gradients both in temperature and density. The electrostatic fluctuation measured using a Langmuir probe radially along the non-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> region shows less than 1% (δI isat /I isat < 1%). The plasma thus produced will be used to study new and hitherto unexplored physics parameter space relevant to both laboratory multi-scale plasmas and astrophysical plasmas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RScI...89d3510P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RScI...89d3510P"><span>A new multi-line <span class="hlt">cusp</span> magnetic field plasma device (MPD) with variable magnetic field</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Patel, A. D.; Sharma, M.; Ramasubramanian, N.; Ganesh, R.; Chattopadhyay, P. K.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>A new multi-line <span class="hlt">cusp</span> magnetic field plasma device consisting of electromagnets with core material has been constructed with a capability to experimentally control the relative volume fractions of magnetized to unmagnetized plasma volume as well as accurate control on the gradient length scales of mean density and temperature profiles. Argon plasma has been produced using a hot tungsten cathode over a wide range of pressures 5 × 10-5 -1 × 10-3 mbar, achieving plasma densities ranging from 109 to 1011 cm-3 and the electron temperature in the range 1-8 eV. The radial profiles of plasma parameters measured along the non-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> region (in between two consecutive magnets) show a finite region with uniform and quiescent plasma, where the magnetic field is very low such that the ions are unmagnetized. Beyond that region, both plasma species are magnetized and the profiles show gradients both in temperature and density. The electrostatic fluctuation measured using a Langmuir probe radially along the non-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> region shows less than 1% (δIisat/Iisat < 1%). The plasma thus produced will be used to study new and hitherto unexplored physics parameter space relevant to both laboratory multi-scale plasmas and astrophysical plasmas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3583109','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3583109"><span>Maxillary and Mandibular First Premolars Showing Three-<span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Pattern: An Unusual Presentation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kotrashetti, Vijayalakshmi; Nayak, Aarati; Patil, Viraj; Kulkarni, Mayuri; Somannavar, Pradeep</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Dental anatomy is the study of morphology of various teeth in human dentitions. The application of dental anatomy in clinical practice is important, and dentist should have a thorough knowledge regarding the morphology of the teeth. At times as a result of genetic variation, environmental factors, diet of an individual and race, variations in the morphology of the teeth can be observed. These variations have been extensively studied by the researcher in the field of anthropology to define a particular race. The most commonly observed changes include peg-shaped laterals, shovel-shaped incisors, and extra <span class="hlt">cusp</span> on molar. Common variations documented with regard to maxillary and mandibular first premolars are the variation in the number of roots. But the variations with respect to crown morphology are few. We report a first documented unusual presentation of maxillary and mandibular first premolars with three-<span class="hlt">cusps</span> pattern in a female patient. PMID:23476817</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24219590','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24219590"><span>The role of pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> in experimental pain perception.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kristiansen, Frederik L; Olesen, Anne E; Brock, Christina; Gazerani, Parisa; Petrini, Laura; Mogil, Jeffrey S; Drewes, Asbjørn M</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>Pain is a subjective experience influenced by multiple factors, and tremendous variety within individuals is present. To evaluate emotional state of pain, <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> score can be used. This study investigated pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> ratings in association with experimental pain perception. Experimental pain was induced using thermal heat and cold stimulation of skin, mechanical stimulation of muscle and bone, and thermal, mechanical, and electrical stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract in healthy participants (N = 41). Prior to experimental sessions, a pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> questionnaire was filled out by each participant. Based on the median catastophizing score, participants were divided into two groups: noncatastrophizers and low-<span class="hlt">catastrophizers</span>. No significant difference was found between low-<span class="hlt">catastrophizers</span> and noncatastrophizers in thermal heat stimulation of skin, mechanical stimulation of muscle and bone, and rectal electrical stimulation (All P > 0.05). Low-<span class="hlt">catastrophizers</span> were more sensitive to visceral thermal stimulation (4.7%, P = 0.02) and visceral mechanical stimulation (29.7%, P = 0.03). For participants that completed the 120 seconds ice water stimulation, noncatastrophizers reported 13.8% less pain than low-<span class="hlt">catastrophizers</span> (P = 0.02). A positive correlation between PCS score and pain perception on cold pressor test was found (r = 0.4, P = 0.02). By extrapolating data, further analysis of the total group was performed and no differences (both P > 0.05) were observed. Even small increments in pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> score can influence pain perception to deep and tonic stimulations. Catatrophizing may partly explain the variability found in experimental pain studies. © 2013 World Institute of Pain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27819191','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27819191"><span>Optimism Moderates the Influence of Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> on Shoulder Pain Outcome: A Longitudinal Analysis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Coronado, Rogelio A; Simon, Corey B; Lentz, Trevor A; Gay, Charles W; Mackie, Lauren N; George, Steven Z</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Study Design Secondary analysis of prospectively collected data. Background An abundance of evidence has highlighted the influence of pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and fear avoidance on clinical outcomes. Less is known about the interaction of positive psychological resources with these pain-associated distress factors. Objective To assess whether optimism moderates the influence of pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and fear avoidance on 3-month clinical outcomes in patients with shoulder pain. Methods Data from 63 individuals with shoulder pain (mean ± SD age, 38.8 ± 14.9 years; 30 female) were examined. Demographic, psychological, and clinical characteristics were obtained at baseline. Validated measures were used to assess optimism (Life Orientation Test-Revised), pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> (Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> Scale), fear avoidance (Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire physical activity subscale), shoulder pain intensity (Brief Pain Inventory), and shoulder function (Pennsylvania Shoulder Score function subscale). Shoulder pain and function were reassessed at 3 months. Regression <span class="hlt">models</span> assessed the influence of (1) pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and optimism and (2) fear avoidance and optimism. The final multivariable <span class="hlt">models</span> controlled for factors of age, sex, education, and baseline scores, and included 3-month pain intensity and function as separate dependent variables. Results Shoulder pain (mean difference, -1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -2.1, -1.2) and function (mean difference, 2.4; 95% CI: 0.3, 4.4) improved over 3 months. In multivariable analyses, there was an interaction between pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and optimism (β = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.35) for predicting 3-month shoulder function (F = 16.8, R 2 = 0.69, P<.001), but not pain (P = .213). Further examination of the interaction with the Johnson-Neyman technique showed that higher levels of optimism lessened the influence of pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> on function. There was no evidence of significant moderation of fear</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5221584','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5221584"><span>GDP-to-GTP exchange on the microtubule end can contribute to the frequency of <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Piedra, Felipe-Andrés; Kim, Tae; Garza, Emily S.; Geyer, Elisabeth A.; Burns, Alexander; Ye, Xuecheng; Rice, Luke M.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Microtubules are dynamic polymers of αβ-tubulin that have essential roles in chromosome segregation and organization of the cytoplasm. Catastrophe—the switch from growing to shrinking—occurs when a microtubule loses its stabilizing GTP cap. Recent evidence indicates that the nucleotide on the microtubule end controls how tightly an incoming subunit will be bound (trans-acting GTP), but most current <span class="hlt">models</span> do not incorporate this information. We implemented trans-acting GTP into a computational <span class="hlt">model</span> for microtubule dynamics. In simulations, growing microtubules often exposed terminal GDP-bound subunits without undergoing <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. Transient GDP exposure on the growing plus end slowed elongation by reducing the number of favorable binding sites on the microtubule end. Slower elongation led to erosion of the GTP cap and an increase in the frequency of <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. Allowing GDP-to-GTP exchange on terminal subunits in simulations mitigated these effects. Using mutant αβ-tubulin or modified GTP, we showed experimentally that a more readily exchangeable nucleotide led to less frequent <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. Current <span class="hlt">models</span> for microtubule dynamics do not account for GDP-to-GTP exchange on the growing microtubule end, so our findings provide a new way of thinking about the molecular events that initiate <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. PMID:27146111</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28555372','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28555372"><span>Determinants of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure in Nigeria.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Aregbeshola, Bolaji Samson; Khan, Samina Mohsin</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> health expenditure is a measure of financial risk protection and it is often incurred by households who have to pay out of pocket for health care services that are not affordable. The study assessed the determinants of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure among households in Nigeria. Secondary data from the Harmonized Nigeria Living Standard Survey (HNLSS) of 2009/10 was utilized to assess factors associated with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure in Nigeria. Household and individual characteristics associated with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure were determined using bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. Results showed that irrespective of the threshold for the two concepts of total household expenditure and non-food expenditure, having household members aged between 6 and 14 years, having household members aged between 15 and 24 years, having household members aged between 25 and 54 years, having no education, having primary education, having secondary education, lack of health insurance coverage, visiting a private health facility, households living in north central zone, households living in north east zone and having household members with non-chronic illnesses were factors that increase the risk of incurring <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure among households. Policy-makers and political actors need to design equitable health financing policies that will increase financial risk protection for people in both the formal and informal sectors of the economy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27401464','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27401464"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> health expenditure and impoverishment in Mongolia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dorjdagva, Javkhlanbayar; Batbaatar, Enkhjargal; Svensson, Mikael; Dorjsuren, Bayarsaikhan; Kauhanen, Jussi</p> <p>2016-07-11</p> <p>The social health insurance coverage is relatively high in Mongolia; however, escalation of out-of-pocket payments for health care, which reached 41 % of the total health expenditure in 2011, is a policy concern. The aim of this study is to analyse the incidence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures and to measure the rate of impoverishment from health care payments under the social health insurance scheme in Mongolia. We used the data from the Household Socio-Economic Survey 2012, conducted by the National Statistical Office of Mongolia. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> health expenditures are defined an excess of out-of-pocket payments for health care at the various thresholds for household total expenditure (capacity to pay). For an estimate of the impoverishment effect, the national and The Wold Bank poverty lines are used. About 5.5 % of total households suffered from <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures, when the threshold is 10 % of the total household expenditure. At the threshold of 40 % of capacity to pay, 1.1 % of the total household incurred <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures. About 20,000 people were forced into poverty due to paying for health care. Despite the high coverage of social health insurance, a significant proportion of the population incurred <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures and was forced into poverty due to out-of-pocket payments for health care.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27146111','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27146111"><span>GDP-to-GTP exchange on the microtubule end can contribute to the frequency of <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Piedra, Felipe-Andrés; Kim, Tae; Garza, Emily S; Geyer, Elisabeth A; Burns, Alexander; Ye, Xuecheng; Rice, Luke M</p> <p>2016-11-07</p> <p>Microtubules are dynamic polymers of αβ-tubulin that have essential roles in chromosome segregation and organization of the cytoplasm. <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span>-the switch from growing to shrinking-occurs when a microtubule loses its stabilizing GTP cap. Recent evidence indicates that the nucleotide on the microtubule end controls how tightly an incoming subunit will be bound (trans-acting GTP), but most current <span class="hlt">models</span> do not incorporate this information. We implemented trans-acting GTP into a computational <span class="hlt">model</span> for microtubule dynamics. In simulations, growing microtubules often exposed terminal GDP-bound subunits without undergoing <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. Transient GDP exposure on the growing plus end slowed elongation by reducing the number of favorable binding sites on the microtubule end. Slower elongation led to erosion of the GTP cap and an increase in the frequency of <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. Allowing GDP-to-GTP exchange on terminal subunits in simulations mitigated these effects. Using mutant αβ-tubulin or modified GTP, we showed experimentally that a more readily exchangeable nucleotide led to less frequent <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. Current <span class="hlt">models</span> for microtubule dynamics do not account for GDP-to-GTP exchange on the growing microtubule end, so our findings provide a new way of thinking about the molecular events that initiate <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. © 2016 Piedra et al. This article is distributed by The American Society for Cell Biology under license from the author(s). Two months after publication it is available to the public under an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 Unported Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhA...50x5001C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhA...50x5001C"><span><span class="hlt">Cusping</span>, transport and variance of solutions to generalized Fokker-Planck equations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Carnaffan, Sean; Kawai, Reiichiro</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>We study properties of solutions to generalized Fokker-Planck equations through the lens of the probability density functions of anomalous diffusion processes. In particular, we examine solutions in terms of their <span class="hlt">cusping</span>, travelling wave behaviours, and variance, within the framework of stochastic representations of generalized Fokker-Planck equations. We give our analysis in the cases of anomalous diffusion driven by the inverses of the stable, tempered stable and gamma subordinators, demonstrating the impact of changing the distribution of waiting times in the underlying anomalous diffusion <span class="hlt">model</span>. We also analyse the cases where the underlying anomalous diffusion contains a Lévy jump component in the parent process, and when a diffusion process is time changed by an uninverted Lévy subordinator. On the whole, we present a combination of four criteria which serve as a theoretical basis for <span class="hlt">model</span> selection, statistical inference and predictions for physical experiments on anomalously diffusing systems. We discuss possible applications in physical experiments, including, with reference to specific examples, the potential for <span class="hlt">model</span> misclassification and how combinations of our four criteria may be used to overcome this issue.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26761387','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26761387"><span>Does changing pain-related knowledge reduce pain and improve function through changes in <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lee, Hopin; McAuley, James H; Hübscher, Markus; Kamper, Steven J; Traeger, Adrian C; Moseley, G Lorimer</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Evidence from randomized controlled studies shows that reconceptualizing pain improves patients' knowledge of pain biology, reduces <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> thoughts, and improves pain and function. However, causal relationships between these variables remain untested. It is hypothesized that reductions in <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> could mediate the relationship between improvements in pain knowledge and improvements in pain and function. To test this causal mechanism, we conducted longitudinal mediation analyses on a cohort of 799 patients who were exposed to a pain education intervention. Patients provided responses to the neurophysiology of pain questionnaire, <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> thoughts about pain scale, visual analogue pain scale, and the patient specific functional scale, at baseline, 1-month, 6-month, and 12-month follow-up. With adjustment for potential confounding variables, an improvement in pain biology knowledge was significantly associated with a reduction in pain intensity (total effect = -2.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -2.96 to -1.44). However, this effect was not mediated by a reduction in <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> (indirect effect = -0.16, 95% CI = -0.36 to 0.02). This might be due to a weak, nonsignificant relationship between changes in <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and pain intensity (path b = 0.19, 95% CI = -0.03 to 0.41). Similar trends were found in <span class="hlt">models</span> with function as the outcome. Our findings indicate that change in <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> did not mediate the effect of pain knowledge acquisition on change in pain or function. The strength of this conclusion is moderated, however, if patient-clinician relational factors are conceptualized as a consequence of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, rather than a cause.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22024378','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22024378"><span>Vaginismus: heightened harm avoidance and pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> cognitions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Borg, Charmaine; Peters, Madelon L; Schultz, Willibrord Weijmar; de Jong, Peter J</p> <p>2012-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> appraisal of experienced pain may promote hypervigilance and intense pain, while the personality trait of harm avoidance (HA) might prevent the occurrence of correcting such experiences. Women inflicted with vaginismus may enter a self-perpetuating downward spiral of increasing avoidance of (anticipated) pain. In vaginismus the anticipation of pain may give rise to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> pain ideation. This may establish hypervigilance toward painful sexual stimuli, which consequently results in negative appraisal of sexual cues. This process could impair genital and sexual responding, intensify pain and trigger avoidance, which in turn may contribute to the onset and persistence of symptoms in vaginismus and to certain extent also in dyspareunia. To investigate whether women suffering from vaginismus are characterized by heightened levels of habitual pain <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> cognitions, together with higher levels of HA. This study consisted of three groups: a lifelong vaginismus group (N = 35, mean age = 28.4; standard deviation [SD] = 5.8), a dyspareunia group (N = 33, mean age = 26.7; SD = 6.8), and women without sexual complaints (N = 54, mean age = 26.5; SD = 6.7). HA scale of Cloninger's tridimensional personality questionnaire, and the pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> scale. Specifically women inflicted with vaginismus showed significantly heightened levels of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> pain cognitions compared with the other two groups, as well as significant enhanced HA vs. the control group, and a trend vs. the dyspareunia group. Both traits were shown to have cumulative predictive validity for the presence of vaginismus. This study focused on the personality traits of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> pain cognitions and HA in women with lifelong vaginismus. Our findings showed that indeed, women suffering from vaginismus are characterized by trait of HA interwoven with habitual pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> cognitions. This study could help in the refinement of the current conceptualization and might shed</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25210822','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25210822"><span>Socioeconomic inequality in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure in Brazil.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Boing, Alexandra Crispim; Bertoldi, Andréa Dâmaso; Barros, Aluísio Jardim Dornellas de; Posenato, Leila Garcia; Peres, Karen Glazer</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>To analyze the evolution of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure and the inequalities in such expenses, according to the socioeconomic characteristics of Brazilian families. Data from the National Household Budget 2002-2003 (48,470 households) and 2008-2009 (55,970 households) were analyzed. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> health expenditure was defined as excess expenditure, considering different methods of calculation: 10.0% and 20.0% of total consumption and 40.0% of the family's capacity to pay. The National Economic Indicator and schooling were considered as socioeconomic characteristics. Inequality measures utilized were the relative difference between rates, the rates ratio, and concentration index. The <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure varied between 0.7% and 21.0%, depending on the calculation method. The lowest prevalences were noted in relation to the capacity to pay, while the highest, in relation to total consumption. The prevalence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure increased by 25.0% from 2002-2003 to 2008-2009 when the cutoff point of 20.0% relating to the total consumption was considered and by 100% when 40.0% or more of the capacity to pay was applied as the cut-off point. Socioeconomic inequalities in the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure in Brazil between 2002-2003 and 2008-2009 increased significantly, becoming 5.20 times higher among the poorest and 4.17 times higher among the least educated. There was an increase in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure among Brazilian families, principally among the poorest and those headed by the least-educated individuals, contributing to an increase in social inequality.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3244204','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3244204"><span>Positive Traits Linked to Less Pain through Lower Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hood, Anna; Pulvers, Kim; Carrillo, Janet; Merchant, Gina; Thomas, Marie</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The present study examined the association between positive traits, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, and pain perceptions. We hypothesized that pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> would mediate the relationship between positive traits and pain. First, participants (n = 114) completed the Trait Hope Scale, the Life Orientation Test- Revised, and the Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> Scale. Participants then completed the experimental pain stimulus, a cold pressor task, by submerging their hand in a circulating water bath (0º Celsius) for as long as tolerable. Immediately following the task, participants completed the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ-SF). Pearson correlation found associations between hope and pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> (r = −.41, p < .01) and MPQ-SF scores (r = −.20, p < .05). Optimism was significantly associated with pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> (r = −.44, p < .01) and MPQ-SF scores (r = −.19, p < .05). Bootstrapping, a non-parametric resampling procedure, tested for mediation and supported our hypothesis that pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> mediated the relationship between positive traits and MPQ-SF pain report. To our knowledge, this investigation is the first to establish that the protective link between positive traits and experimental pain operates through lower pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>. PMID:22199416</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040082368&hterms=open+source&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dopen%2Bsource','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040082368&hterms=open+source&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dopen%2Bsource"><span><span class="hlt">Cusp</span> and LLBL as Sources of the Isolated Dayside Auroral Feature During Northward IMF</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Chang, S.; Gallagher, D. L.; Spann, J. F., Jr.; Mende, S.; Greenwald, R.; Newell, P. T.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>An intense dayside proton aurora was observed by IMAGE FUV for an extensive period of northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) on 17 and 18 September, 2000. This aurora partially coincided with the auroral oval and intruded farther poleward into the polar cap, and it showed longitudinal motions in response to IMF $B-y$ variation. Intense magnetosheath-like electron and ion precipitations have been simultaneously detected by DMSP above the poleward portion of the high-latitude dayside aurora. They resemble the typical plasmas observed in the low-altitude <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. However, less intense electrons and more intense energetic ions were detected over the equatorward part of the aurora. These plasmas are closer to the low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) plasmas. Under strongly northward IMF, global ionospheric convection derived from SuperDARN radar measurements showed a 4-cell pattern with sunward convection in the middle of the dayside polar cap and the dayside aurora corresponded to two different convection cells. This result further supports two source regions for the aurora. The <span class="hlt">cusp</span> proton aurora is on open magnetic field lines convecting sunward whereas the LLBL proton aurora is on closed field lines convecting antisunward. These IMAGE, DMSP and SuperDARN observations reveal the structure and dynamics of the aurora and provide strong evidence for magnetic merging occurring at the high-latitude magnetopause poleward from the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. This merging process was very likely quasi-stationary.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291952','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291952"><span><span class="hlt">Modeling</span> quality of life in patients with rheumatic diseases: the role of pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, fear-avoidance beliefs, physical disability, and depression.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shim, Eun-Jung; Hahm, Bong-Jin; Go, Dong Jin; Lee, Kwang-Min; Noh, Hae Lim; Park, Seung-Hee; Song, Yeong Wook</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>To examine factors in the fear-avoidance <span class="hlt">model</span>, such as pain, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, fear-avoidance beliefs, physical disability, and depression and their relationships with physical and psychological quality of life in patients with rheumatic diseases. The data were obtained from 360 patients with rheumatic diseases who completed self-report measures assessing study variables. Structural equation <span class="hlt">modeling</span> was used to examine the hypothesized relationships among factors specified in the fear-avoidance <span class="hlt">model</span> predicting physical and psychological quality of life. Final <span class="hlt">models</span> fit the data well, explaining 96% and 82% of the variance in physical and psychological quality of life, respectively. Higher pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was related to stronger fear-avoidance beliefs that had a direct negative association with physical disability and depression, which, in turn, negatively affected physical quality of life. Pain severity was also directly related to physical disability. Physical disability also affected physical quality of life indirectly through depression. The hypothesized relationships specified in the <span class="hlt">model</span> were also confirmed for psychological quality of life. However, physical disability had an indirect association with psychological quality of life via depression. The current results underscore the significant role of cognitive, affective, and behavioral factors in perceived physical disability and their mediated detrimental effect on physical and psychological quality of life in patients with rheumatic diseases. Implications for rehabilitation The fear-avoidance <span class="hlt">model</span> is applicable to the prediction of quality of life in patients with rheumatic diseases. As pain-<span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and fear-avoidance beliefs are important factors linked to physical disability and depression, intervening these cognitive factors is necessary to improve physical function and depression in patients with rheumatic diseases. Considering the strong association between depression and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29225847','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29225847"><span>Coexistence of true talon <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and double dens invaginatus in a single tooth: a rare case report and review of the literature.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nu Nu Lwin, Hnin; Phyo Kyaw, Pyae; Wai Yan Myint Thu, Sai</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Co-occurrence of a talon <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and double dens invaginatus is an extremely rare developmental dental anomaly. This case report represents a talon <span class="hlt">cusp</span> with two dens invaginatus on a maxillary right lateral incisor. Early identification is needed for prevention of potential problems on the affected or opposing tooth.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26713422','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26713422"><span>Dyadic analysis of child and parent trait and state pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> in the process of children's pain communication.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Birnie, Kathryn A; Chambers, Christine T; Chorney, Jill; Fernandez, Conrad V; McGrath, Patrick J</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>When explored separately, child and parent <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> thoughts about child pain show robust negative relations with child pain. The objective of this study was to conduct a dyadic analysis to elucidate intrapersonal and interpersonal influences of child and parent pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> on aspects of pain communication, including observed behaviours and perceptions of child pain. A community sample of 171 dyads including children aged 8 to 12 years (89 girls) and parents (135 mothers) rated pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> (trait and state versions) and child pain intensity and unpleasantness following a cold pressor task. Child pain tolerance was also assessed. Parent-child interactions during the cold pressor task were coded for parent attending, nonattending, and other talk, and child symptom complaints and other talk. Data were analyzed using the actor-partner interdependence <span class="hlt">model</span> and hierarchical multiple regressions. Children reporting higher state pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> had greater symptom complaints regardless of level of parent state pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>. Children reporting low state pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> had similar high levels of symptom complaints, but only when parents reported high state pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>. Higher child and parent state and/or trait pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> predicted their own ratings of higher child pain intensity and unpleasantness, with child state pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> additionally predicting parent ratings. Higher pain tolerance was predicted by older child age and lower child state pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>. These newly identified interpersonal effects highlight the relevance of the social context to children's pain expressions and parent perceptions of child pain. Both child and parent pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> warrant consideration when managing child pain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25162739','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25162739"><span>Households encountering with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures in Ferdows, Iran.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ghoddoosinejad, Javad; Jannati, Ali; Gholipour, Kamal; Baghban Baghestan, Elham</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>Out-of-pocket payments are the main sources of healthcare financing in most developing countries. Healthcare services can impose a massive cost burden on households, especially in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to calculate households encountered with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> healthcare expenditures in Ferdows, Iran. The sample included 100 households representing 20% of all households in Ferdows, Iran. The data were collected using self-administered questionnaire. The ability to pay of households was calculated, and then if costs of household health were at least 40% of their ability to pay, it was considered as <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditures. Rate of households encountered to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures was estimated to be 24%, of which dentistry services had the highest part in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures. Low ability to pay of households should be supported against these expenditures. More equitable health system would solve the problem, although more financial aid should be provided for households encountered to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> costs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=sensitivity+AND+scale&pg=7&id=EJ769512','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=sensitivity+AND+scale&pg=7&id=EJ769512"><span>Personality and Temperament Correlates of Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> in Young Adolescents</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Muris, Peter; Meesters, Cor; van den Hout, Anja; Wessels, Sylvia; Franken, Ingmar; Rassin, Eric</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> is generally viewed as an important cognitive factor underlying chronic pain. The present study examined personality and temperament correlates of pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> in a sample of young adolescents (N = 132). Participants completed the Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> Scale for Children, as well as scales for measuring sensitivity of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000coca.book.....W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000coca.book.....W"><span>Cosmic <span class="hlt">Catastrophes</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wheeler, J. Craig</p> <p>2000-07-01</p> <p>In this tour de force of the ultimate and extreme in astrophysics, renowned astrophysicist and author J. Craig Wheeler takes us on a breathtaking journey to supernovae, black holes, gamma-ray bursts and adventures in hyperspace. This is no far-fetched science fiction tale, but an enthusiastic exploration of ideas at the cutting edge of current astrophysics. Wheeler follows the tortuous life of a star from birth to evolution and death, and goes on to consider the complete collapse of a star into a black hole, worm-hole time machines, the possible birth of baby bubble universes, and the prospect of a revolutionary view of space and time in a ten-dimensional string theory. Along the way he offers evidence that suggests the Universe is accelerating and describes recent developments in understanding gamma-ray bursts--perhaps the most <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> cosmic events of all. With the use of lucid analogies, simple language and crystal-clear cartoons, Cosmic <span class="hlt">Catastrophes</span> makes accessible some of the most exciting and mind-bending objects and ideas in the Universe. J. Craig Wheeler is currently Samuel T. and Fern Yanagisawa Regents Professor of Astronomy at the University of Texas at Austin and Vice President of the American Astronomical Society as of 1999.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000APS..DPPGP1035S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000APS..DPPGP1035S"><span><span class="hlt">Cusp</span>-Gun Sixth-Harmonic Slotted Gyrotron</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stutzman, R. C.; McDermott, D. B.; Hirata Luhmann, Y., Jr.; Gallagher, D. A.; Spencer, T. A.</p> <p>2000-10-01</p> <p>A high-harmonic slotted gyrotron has been constructed at UC Davis to be driven by a 70 kV, 3.5 A, axis-encircling electron beam from a Northrop Grumman <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> gun. The 94 GHz, slotted sixth-harmonic gyrotron is predicted to generate 50 kW with an efficiency of 20%. Using the profile of the adiabatic field reversal from the UC Davis superconducting test-magnet, EGUN simulations predict that an axis-encircling electron beam will be generated with an axial velocity spread of Δ v_z/v_z=10% for the desired velocity ratio of α =v_z/v_z=1.5. The design will also be presented for an 8th-harmonic W-band gyrotron whose magnetic field can be supplied by a lightweight permanent magnet.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19192835','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19192835"><span>Ceramic inlays and partial ceramic crowns: influence of remaining <span class="hlt">cusp</span> wall thickness on the marginal integrity and enamel crack formation in vitro.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Krifka, Stephanie; Anthofer, Thomas; Fritzsch, Marcus; Hiller, Karl-Anton; Schmalz, Gottfried; Federlin, Marianne</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>No information is currently available about what the critical cavity wall thickness is and its influence upon 1) the marginal integrity of ceramic inlays (CI) and partial ceramic crowns (PCC) and 2) the crack formation of dental tissues. This in vitro study of CI and PCC tested the effects of different remaining <span class="hlt">cusp</span> wall thicknesses on marginal integrity and enamel crack formation. CI (n = 25) and PCC (n = 26) preparations were performed in extracted human molars. Functional <span class="hlt">cusps</span> of CI and PCC were adjusted to a 2.5 mm thickness; for PCC, the functional <span class="hlt">cusps</span> were reduced to a thickness of 2.0 mm. Non-functional <span class="hlt">cusps</span> were adjusted to wall thicknesses of 1) 1.0 mm and 2) 2.0 mm. Ceramic restorations (Vita Mark II, Cerec3 System) were fabricated and adhesively luted to the cavities with Excite/Variolink II. The specimens were exposed to thermocycling and central mechanical loading (TCML: 5000 x 5 degrees C-55 degrees C; 30 seconds/cycle; 500000 x 72.5N, 1.6Hz). Marginal integrity was assessed by evaluating a) dye penetration (fuchsin) on multiple sections after TCML and by using b) quantitative margin analysis in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) before and after TCML. Ceramic- and tooth-luting agent interfaces (LA) were evaluated separately. Enamel cracks were documented under a reflective light microscope. The data were statistically analyzed with the Mann Whitney U-test (alpha = 0.05) and the Error Rates Method (ERM). Crack formation was analyzed with the Chi-Square-test (alpha = 0.05) and ERM. In general, the remaining <span class="hlt">cusp</span> wall thickness, interface, cavity design and TCML had no statistically significant influence on marginal integrity for both CI and PCC (ERM). Single pairwise comparisons showed that the CI and PCC of Group 2 had a tendency towards less microleakage along the dentin/LA interface than Group 1. Cavity design and location had no statistically significant influence on crack formation, but the specimens with 1.0 mm of remaining wall</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21095558','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21095558"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> events and older adults.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cloyd, Elizabeth; Dyer, Carmel B</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>The plight of older adults during <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events is a societal concern. Older persons have an increased prevalence of cognitive disorders, chronic illnesses, and mobility problems that limit their ability to cope. These disorders may result in a lack of mental capacity and the ability to discern when they should evacuate or resolve problems encountered during a <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. Some older persons may have limited transportation options, and many of the elderly survivors are at increased risk for abuse, neglect, and exploitation. Recommendations for future <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events include the development of a federal tracking system for elders and other vulnerable adults, the designation of separate shelter areas for elders and other vulnerable adults, and involvement of gerontological professionals in all aspects of emergency preparedness and care delivery, including training of frontline workers. Preparation through preevent planning that includes region-specific social services, medical and public health resources, volunteers, and facilities for elders and vulnerable adults is critical. Elders need to be protected from abuse and fraud during <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events. A public health triage system for elders and other vulnerable populations in pre- and postdisaster situations is useful, and disaster preparedness is paramount. Communities and members of safety and rescue teams must address ethical issues before an event. When older adults are involved, consideration needs to be given to triage decision making, transporting those who are immobile, the care of older adults who receive palliative care, and the equitable distribution of resources. Nurses are perfectly equipped with the skills, knowledge, and training needed to plan and implement disaster preparedness programs. In keeping with the tradition of Florence Nightingale, nurses can assume several crucial roles in disaster preparedness for older adults. Nurses possess the ability to participate and lead community</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29925580','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29925580"><span>Exploiting delayed transitions to sustain semiarid ecosystems after <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> shifts.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vidiella, Blai; Sardanyés, Josep; Solé, Ricard</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Semiarid ecosystems (including arid, semiarid and dry-subhumid ecosystems) span more than 40% of extant habitats and contain a similar percentage of the human population. Theoretical <span class="hlt">models</span> and palaeoclimatic data predict a grim future, with rapid shifts towards a desert state, with accelerated diversity losses and ecological collapses. These shifts are a consequence of the special nonlinearities resulting from ecological facilitation. Here, we investigate a simple <span class="hlt">model</span> of semiarid ecosystems identifying the so-called ghost, which appears after a <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> transition from a vegetated to a desert state once a critical rate of soil degradation is overcome. The ghost involves a slowdown of transients towards the desert state, making the ecosystem seem stable even though vegetation extinction is inevitable. We use this <span class="hlt">model</span> to show how to exploit the ecological ghosts to avoid collapse. Doing so involves the restoration of small fractions of desert areas with vegetation capable of maintaining a stable community once the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> shift condition has been achieved. This intervention method is successfully tested under the presence of demographic stochastic fluctuations. © 2018 The Author(s).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4181092','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4181092"><span>Socioeconomic inequality in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure in Brazil</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Boing, Alexandra Crispim; Bertoldi, Andréa Dâmaso; de Barros, Aluísio Jardim Dornellas; Posenato, Leila Garcia; Peres, Karen Glazer</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>OBJECTIVE To analyze the evolution of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure and the inequalities in such expenses, according to the socioeconomic characteristics of Brazilian families. METHODS Data from the National Household Budget 2002-2003 (48,470 households) and 2008-2009 (55,970 households) were analyzed. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> health expenditure was defined as excess expenditure, considering different methods of calculation: 10.0% and 20.0% of total consumption and 40.0% of the family’s capacity to pay. The National Economic Indicator and schooling were considered as socioeconomic characteristics. Inequality measures utilized were the relative difference between rates, the rates ratio, and concentration index. RESULTS The <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure varied between 0.7% and 21.0%, depending on the calculation method. The lowest prevalences were noted in relation to the capacity to pay, while the highest, in relation to total consumption. The prevalence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure increased by 25.0% from 2002-2003 to 2008-2009 when the cutoff point of 20.0% relating to the total consumption was considered and by 100% when 40.0% or more of the capacity to pay was applied as the cut-off point. Socioeconomic inequalities in the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure in Brazil between 2002-2003 and 2008-2009 increased significantly, becoming 5.20 times higher among the poorest and 4.17 times higher among the least educated. CONCLUSIONS There was an increase in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure among Brazilian families, principally among the poorest and those headed by the least-educated individuals, contributing to an increase in social inequality. PMID:25210822</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26333586','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26333586"><span>A Rare Bilateral Presentation of Multiple Dens Invaginatus, Shovel-Shaped Incisor and Talon <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> With Mesiodens.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hegde, S; Jain, M; Shubha, A B</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The aim of this paper is to describe a unique and unusual case of concomitant appearance of morphological dental anomalies in the maxillary anterior region, along with its management in a patient with no systemic abnormality. This case report describes the clinical and radiographic features of talon <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, dens invaginatus, shovel-shaped incisors and a supernumerary tooth occurring in a single patient, which is a rare presentation. All 4 permanent maxillary incisors had dens invaginatus, the permanent maxillary canines showed the presence of talon <span class="hlt">cusps</span>, the permanent maxillary central incisors were shovel-shaped and an erupted mesiodens was also observed. Treatment included restorative, surgical and orthodontic approaches.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhA...50q4004C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhA...50q4004C"><span>Central charge from adiabatic transport of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> singularities in the quantum Hall effect</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Can, Tankut</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>We study quantum Hall (QH) states on a punctured Riemann sphere. We compute the Berry curvature under adiabatic motion in the moduli space in the large N limit. The Berry curvature is shown to be finite in the large N limit and controlled by the conformal dimension of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> singularity, a local property of the mean density. Utilizing exact sum rules obtained from a Ward identity, we show that for the Laughlin wave function, the dimension of a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> singularity is given by the central charge, a robust geometric response coefficient in the QHE. Thus, adiabatic transport of curvature singularities can be used to determine the central charge of QH states. We also consider the effects of threaded fluxes and spin-deformed wave functions. Finally, we give a closed expression for all moments of the mean density in the integer QH state on a punctured disk.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26919233','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26919233"><span>Does <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> thinking enhance oesophageal pain sensitivity? An experimental investigation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Martel, M O; Olesen, A E; Jørgensen, D; Nielsen, L M; Brock, C; Edwards, R R; Drewes, A M</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a major health problem that is frequently accompanied by debilitating oesophageal pain symptoms. The first objective of the study was to examine the association between <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and oesophageal pain sensitivity. The second objective was to examine whether <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was associated with the magnitude of acid-induced oesophageal sensitization. Twenty-five healthy volunteers (median age: 24.0 years; range: 22-31) were recruited and were asked to complete the Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> Scale (PCS). During two subsequent study visits, mechanical, thermal, and electrical pain sensitivity in the oesophagus was assessed before and after inducing oesophageal sensitization using a 30-min intraluminal oesophageal acid perfusion procedure. Analyses were conducted based on data averaged across the two study visits. At baseline, <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was significantly associated with mechanical (r = -0.42, p < 0.05) and electrical (r = -0.60, p < 0.01) pain thresholds. After acid perfusion, <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was also significantly associated with mechanical (r = -0.58, p < 0.01) and electrical (r = -0.50, p < 0.05) pain thresholds. <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> was not significantly associated with thermal pain thresholds. Subsequent analyses revealed that <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was not significantly associated with the magnitude of acid-induced oesophageal sensitization. Taken together, findings from the present study suggest that <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> thinking exerts an influence on oesophageal pain sensitivity, but not necessarily on the magnitude of acid-induced oesophageal sensitization. WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD?: <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> is associated with heightened pain sensitivity in the oesophagus. This was substantiated by assessing responses to noxious stimulation of the oesophagus using an experimental paradigm mimicking features and symptoms experienced by patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). © 2016 European Pain Federation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5935143','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5935143"><span>Relationship Between <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Health Expenditures and Income Quintile Decline</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kang, Jeong-Hee; Kim, Chul-Woung</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Objectives The aims of this study were to investigate the proportion of households facing <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures based on household income quintiles, and to analyze the relationship between expenditures and household income quintile decline. Methods Study data were obtained from an annually conducted survey of the 2012–2013 Korean health panel. There were 12,909 subjects aged 20–64 years from economically active households, whose income quintile remained unchanged or declined by more than one quintile from 2012 to 2013. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine whether <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures in 2012 were related to more than one quintile income decline in 2013. Results Households facing <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures of ≥ 40%, ≥ 30%, and ≥ 10% of a household’s capacity to pay, were 1.58 times (p < 0.003), 1.75 times (p < 0.000), and 1.23 times (p < 0.001) more likely to face a decline in income quintile, respectively. Conclusion Over a 1 year period, the proportion of households facing more than one quintile income decline was 16.4%, while 2.1% to 2.5% of households in Korea faced <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> health expenditure experienced in 2012 was significantly associated with income quintile decline 1 year later. Therefore, lowering the proportion of households with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure may reduce the proportion of households with income quintiles decline. PMID:29740531</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28050482','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28050482"><span>Headache Disability, Suicidality and Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophization</span> - Are They Related.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rathod, Harshal; Ram, Dushad; Sundarmurthy, Harsha; Rathod, Snehal; John, Deepa</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Studies have found that headache is associated with suicidality. Some demographic and clinical features have been reported to be associated with suicidality. Pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and disability may also have bearing on suicidality in patients with headache. To evaluate the relationship between pain disability and <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> in headache and suicidal behaviour. Patients diagnosed with headache were recruited from neurology Out-Patient Department (OPD). With ethical approval and informed consent, patients were subjected to a structured interview. Headache disability and pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was assessed with the Henry Ford Hospital Headache Disability Inventory (HDI) and Pain Catastrophy Scale (PCS) respectively. For evaluation of suicidal ideation and behaviour, MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI Plus) scale and The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) were applied. Data was analysed with Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test using appropriate statistical programs. In 200 patients of headache, male: female ratio was 0.48: 1. Headache disability was significantly higher in females (p=0.060) and unemployed (p=0.019) patients whereas, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was significant in patients belonging to low socioeconomic class (p=0.045). Headache disability and pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> had significant association with suicidal ideation. Disability score was significantly associated with the score of deterrents (p=0.067) and controllability (p=0.039) subscale of intensity of suicidal ideation. There were four patients who actually attempted suicide. Pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was significantly associated with non-suicidal self injurious behaviour (p=0.041). Disability due to headache and pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> is associated with increased suicidal tendencies, behaviour and suicidal attempts. Headache in females and patients in rural habitat, unemployed individuals belonging to low socioeconomic class need special attention to reduce high risk suicidal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4329018','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4329018"><span>Heritability of Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> and Associations with Experimental Pain Outcomes: A Twin Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Trost, Zina; Strachan, Eric; Sullivan, Michael; Vervoort, Tine; Avery, Ally R.; Afari, Niloofar</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The current study employed a twin paradigm to examine the genetic and environmental contributions to pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> as well as the observed association between pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and cold pressor task (CPT) outcomes. Male and female monozygotic (n=206) and dizygotic twins (n=194) from the University of Washington Twin Registry completed a measure of pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and performed a CPT challenge. As expected, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> emerged as a significant predictor of several CPT outcomes, including cold pressor immersion tolerance, pain tolerance, and delayed pain rating. The heritability estimate for pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was found to be 37% with the remaining 63% of variance attributable to unique environmental influence. Additionally, the observed associations between pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and CPT outcomes were not found attributable to shared genetics or environmental exposure, suggesting a direct relationship between <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and experimental pain outcomes. This study is the first to examine the heritability of pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and potential processes by which pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> is related to experimental pain response. PMID:25599234</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28088506','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28088506"><span>Linguistic Indicators of Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> in Patients With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Junghaenel, Doerte U; Schneider, Stefan; Broderick, Joan E</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>The present study examined markers of pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> in the word use of patients with chronic pain. Patients (N = 71) completed the Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> Scale and wrote about their life with pain. Quantitative word count analysis examined whether the essays contained linguistic indicators of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>. Bivariate correlations showed that <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was associated with greater use of first person singular pronouns, such as "I" (r = .27, P ≤ .05) and pronouns referencing other people (r = .28, P ≤ .05). <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> was further significantly associated with greater use of sadness (r = .35, P ≤ .01) and anger (r = .30, P ≤ .05) words. No significant relationships with positive emotion and cognitive process words were evident. Controlling for patients' engagement in the writing task, gender, age, pain intensity, and neuroticism in multiple regression, the linguistic categories together uniquely explained 13.6% of the variance in <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> (P ≤ .001). First person singular pronouns (β = .24, P ≤ .05) and words relating to sadness (β = .25, P ≤ .05) were significant, and pronouns referencing other people (β = .19, P ≤ .10) were trending. The results suggest that pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> is associated with a "linguistic fingerprint" that can be discerned from patients' natural word use. Quantitative word count analysis examined whether pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> is reflected in patients' written essays about living with pain. <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> was associated with more first person singular pronouns, more pronouns referencing other people, and more expressions of sadness and anger. The results can help understand how <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> translates into communicative behaviors. Copyright © 2017 American Pain Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25495010','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25495010"><span>Examination of ceramic restoration adhesive coverage in <span class="hlt">cusp</span>-replacement premolar using acoustic emission under fatigue testing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chang, Yen-Hsiang; Yu, Jin-Jie; Lin, Chun-Li</p> <p>2014-12-13</p> <p>This study investigates CAD/CAM ceramic <span class="hlt">cusp</span>-replacing restoration resistance with and without buccal <span class="hlt">cusp</span> replacement under static and dynamic cyclic loads, monitored using the acoustic emission (AE) technique. The cavity was designed in a typical MODP (mesial-occlusal-distal-palatal) restoration failure shape when the palatal <span class="hlt">cusp</span> has been lost. Two ceramic restorations [without coverage (WOC) and with (WC) buccal cuspal coverage with 2.0 mm reduction in cuspal height] were prepared to perform the fracture and fatigue tests with normal (200 N) and high (600 N) occlusal forces. The load versus AE signals in the fracture and fatigue tests were recorded to evaluate the restored tooth failure resistance. The results showed that non-significant differences in load value in the fracture test and the accumulated number of AE signals under normal occlusal force (200 N) in the fatigue test were found between with and without buccal cuspal coverage restorations. The first AE activity occurring for the WOC restoration was lower than that for the WC restoration in the fracture test. The number of AE signals increased with the cyclic load number. The accumulated number of AE signals for the WOC restoration was 187, higher than that (85) for the WC restoration under 600 N in the fatigue test. The AE technique and fatigue tests employed in this study were used as an assessment tool to evaluate the resistances in large CAD/CAM ceramic restorations. Non-significant differences in the tested fracture loads and accumulated number of AE signals under normal occlusal force (200 N) between different restorations indicated that aggressive treatment (with coverage preparation) in palatal <span class="hlt">cusp</span>-replacing ceramic premolars require more attention for preserving and protecting the remaining tooth.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AAS...22514209C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AAS...22514209C"><span>The Stellar <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> in the Galactic Center: Three-Dimensional Orbits of Stars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chappell, Samantha; Ghez, Andrea M.; Boehle, Anna; Yelda, Sylvana; Sitarski, Breann; Witzel, Gunther; Do, Tuan; Lu, Jessica R.; Morris, Mark; Becklin, Eric E.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>We present new findings from our long term study of the nuclear star cluster around the Galaxy's central supermassive blackhole (SMBH). Measurements where made using speckle and laser guided adaptive optics imaging and integral field spectroscopy on the Keck telescopes. We report 13 new measurable accelerating sources around the SMBH, down to ~17 mag in K band, only 4 of which are known to be young stars, the rest are either known to be old stars or have yet to be spectral typed. Thus we more than double the number of measured accelerations for the known old stars and unknown spectral type population (increasing the number from 6 to 15). Previous observations suggest a flat density profile of late-type stars, contrary to the theorized Bahcall-Wolf <span class="hlt">cusp</span> (Bahcall & Wolf 1976, 1977; Buchholz et al. 2009; Do et al. 2009; Bartko et al. 2010). With three-dimensional orbits of significantly accelerating sources, we will be able to better characterize the stellar <span class="hlt">cusp</span> in the Galactic center, including the slope of the stellar density profile.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvE..91e2704J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvE..91e2704J"><span>Effects of aging in <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> on the steady state and dynamics of a microtubule population</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jemseena, V.; Gopalakrishnan, Manoj</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>Several independent observations have suggested that the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> transition in microtubules is not a first-order process, as is usually assumed. Recent in vitro observations by Gardner et al. [M. K. Gardner et al., Cell 147, 1092 (2011), 10.1016/j.cell.2011.10.037] showed that microtubule <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> takes place via multiple steps and the frequency increases with the age of the filament. Here we investigate, via numerical simulations and mathematical calculations, some of the consequences of the age dependence of <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> on the dynamics of microtubules as a function of the aging rate, for two different <span class="hlt">models</span> of aging: exponential growth, but saturating asymptotically, and purely linear growth. The boundary demarcating the steady-state and non-steady-state regimes in the dynamics is derived analytically in both cases. Numerical simulations, supported by analytical calculations in the linear <span class="hlt">model</span>, show that aging leads to nonexponential length distributions in steady state. More importantly, oscillations ensue in microtubule length and velocity. The regularity of oscillations, as characterized by the negative dip in the autocorrelation function, is reduced by increasing the frequency of rescue events. Our study shows that the age dependence of <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> could function as an intrinsic mechanism to generate oscillatory dynamics in a microtubule population, distinct from hitherto identified ones.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...844...64A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...844...64A"><span>Deadly Dark Matter <span class="hlt">Cusps</span> versus Faint and Extended Star Clusters: Eridanus II and Andromeda XXV</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Amorisco, Nicola C.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>The recent detection of two faint and extended star clusters in the central regions of two Local Group dwarf galaxies, Eridanus II and Andromeda XXV, raises the question of whether clusters with such low densities can survive the tidal field of cold dark matter halos with central density <span class="hlt">cusps</span>. Using both analytic arguments and a suite of collisionless N-body simulations, I show that these clusters are extremely fragile and quickly disrupted in the presence of central <span class="hlt">cusps</span> ρ ˜ {r}-α with α ≳ 0.2. Furthermore, the scenario in which the clusters were originally more massive and sank to the center of the halo requires extreme fine tuning and does not naturally reproduce the observed systems. In turn, these clusters are long lived in cored halos, whose central regions are safe shelters for α ≲ 0.2. The only viable scenario for hosts that have preserved their primordial <span class="hlt">cusp</span> to the present time is that the clusters formed at rest at the bottom of the potential, which is easily tested by measurement of the clusters proper velocity within the host. This offers means to readily probe the central density profile of two dwarf galaxies as faint as {L}V˜ 5× {10}5 {L}⊙ and {L}V˜ 6× {10}4 {L}⊙ , in which stellar feedback is unlikely to be effective.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22489988-anode-current-density-distribution-cusped-field-thruster','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22489988-anode-current-density-distribution-cusped-field-thruster"><span>Anode current density distribution in a <span class="hlt">cusped</span> field thruster</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wu, Huan, E-mail: wuhuan58@qq.com; Liu, Hui, E-mail: hlying@gmail.com; Meng, Yingchao</p> <p>2015-12-15</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">cusped</span> field thruster is a new electric propulsion device that is expected to have a non-uniform radial current density at the anode. To further study the anode current density distribution, a multi-annulus anode is designed to directly measure the anode current density for the first time. The anode current density decreases sharply at larger radii; the magnitude of collected current density at the center is far higher compared with the outer annuli. The anode current density non-uniformity does not demonstrate a significant change with varying working conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17311356','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17311356"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> payments for health care in Asia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>van Doorslaer, Eddy; O'Donnell, Owen; Rannan-Eliya, Ravindra P; Somanathan, Aparnaa; Adhikari, Shiva Raj; Garg, Charu C; Harbianto, Deni; Herrin, Alejandro N; Huq, Mohammed Nazmul; Ibragimova, Shamsia; Karan, Anup; Lee, Tae-Jin; Leung, Gabriel M; Lu, Jui-Fen Rachel; Ng, Chiu Wan; Pande, Badri Raj; Racelis, Rachel; Tao, Sihai; Tin, Keith; Tisayaticom, Kanjana; Trisnantoro, Laksono; Vasavid, Chitpranee; Zhao, Yuxin</p> <p>2007-11-01</p> <p>Out-of-pocket (OOP) payments are the principal means of financing health care throughout much of Asia. We estimate the magnitude and distribution of OOP payments for health care in fourteen countries and territories accounting for 81% of the Asian population. We focus on payments that are <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span>, in the sense of severely disrupting household living standards, and approximate such payments by those absorbing a large fraction of household resources. Bangladesh, China, India, Nepal and Vietnam rely most heavily on OOP financing and have the highest incidence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> payments. Sri Lanka, Thailand and Malaysia stand out as low to middle income countries that have constrained both the OOP share of health financing and the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> impact of direct payments. In most low/middle-income countries, the better-off are more likely to spend a large fraction of total household resources on health care. This may reflect the inability of the poorest of the poor to divert resources from other basic needs and possibly the protection of the poor from user charges offered in some countries. But in China, Kyrgyz and Vietnam, where there are no exemptions of the poor from charges, they are as, or even more, likely to incur <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> payments. (c) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24264332','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24264332"><span>Environmental stress increases variability in the expression of dental <span class="hlt">cusps</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Riga, Alessandro; Belcastro, Maria Giovanna; Moggi-Cecchi, Jacopo</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>Teeth are an important <span class="hlt">model</span> for developmental studies but, despite an extensive literature on the genetics of dental development, little is known about the environmental influences on dental morphology. Here we test whether and to what extent the environment plays a role in producing morphological variation in human teeth. We selected a sample of modern human skulls and used dental enamel hypoplasia as an environmental stress marker to identify two groups with different stress levels, referred to as SG ("stressed" group) and NSG ("nonstressed" group). We collected data on the occurrence and the relative development of 15 morphological traits on upper molars using a standard methodology (ASU-DAS system) and then we compared the frequencies of the traits in the two groups. Overall, the results suggest that (a) stressors like malnutrition and/or systemic diseases have a significant effect on upper molar morphology; (b) stress generates a developmental response which increases the morphological variability of the SG; and (c) the increase in variability is directional, since individuals belonging to the SG have more developed and extra <span class="hlt">cusps</span>. These results are consistent with the expectations of the current <span class="hlt">model</span> of dental development. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5198435','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5198435"><span>Headache Disability, Suicidality and Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophization</span> - Are They Related</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ram, Dushad; Sundarmurthy, Harsha; Rathod, Snehal; John, Deepa</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Introduction Studies have found that headache is associated with suicidality. Some demographic and clinical features have been reported to be associated with suicidality. Pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and disability may also have bearing on suicidality in patients with headache. Aim To evaluate the relationship between pain disability and <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> in headache and suicidal behaviour. Materials and Methods Patients diagnosed with headache were recruited from neurology Out-Patient Department (OPD). With ethical approval and informed consent, patients were subjected to a structured interview. Headache disability and pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was assessed with the Henry Ford Hospital Headache Disability Inventory (HDI) and Pain Catastrophy Scale (PCS) respectively. For evaluation of suicidal ideation and behaviour, MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI Plus) scale and The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) were applied. Data was analysed with Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test using appropriate statistical programs. Results In 200 patients of headache, male: female ratio was 0.48: 1. Headache disability was significantly higher in females (p=0.060) and unemployed (p=0.019) patients whereas, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was significant in patients belonging to low socioeconomic class (p=0.045). Headache disability and pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> had significant association with suicidal ideation. Disability score was significantly associated with the score of deterrents (p=0.067) and controllability (p=0.039) subscale of intensity of suicidal ideation. There were four patients who actually attempted suicide. Pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was significantly associated with non-suicidal self injurious behaviour (p=0.041). Conclusion Disability due to headache and pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> is associated with increased suicidal tendencies, behaviour and suicidal attempts. Headache in females and patients in rural habitat, unemployed individuals belonging to low socioeconomic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23520108','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23520108"><span>Simple scaling of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> landslide dynamics.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ekström, Göran; Stark, Colin P</p> <p>2013-03-22</p> <p><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> landslides involve the acceleration and deceleration of millions of tons of rock and debris in response to the forces of gravity and dissipation. Their unpredictability and frequent location in remote areas have made observations of their dynamics rare. Through real-time detection and inverse <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of teleseismic data, we show that landslide dynamics are primarily determined by the length scale of the source mass. When combined with geometric constraints from satellite imagery, the seismically determined landslide force histories yield estimates of landslide duration, momenta, potential energy loss, mass, and runout trajectory. Measurements of these dynamical properties for 29 teleseismogenic landslides are consistent with a simple acceleration <span class="hlt">model</span> in which height drop and rupture depth scale with the length of the failing slope.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApPhL..96n1501D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApPhL..96n1501D"><span>A <span class="hlt">cusp</span> electron gun for millimeter wave gyrodevices</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Donaldson, C. R.; He, W.; Cross, A. W.; Li, F.; Phelps, A. D. R.; Zhang, L.; Ronald, K.; Robertson, C. W.; Whyte, C. G.; Young, A. R.</p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>The experimental results of a thermionic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> electron gun, to drive millimeter and submillimeter wave harmonic gyrodevices, are reported in this paper. Using a "smooth" magnetic field reversal formed by two coils this gun generated an annular-shaped, axis-encircling electron beam with 1.5 A current, and an adjustable velocity ratio α of up to 1.56 at a beam voltage of 40 kV. The beam cross-sectional shape and transported beam current were measured by a witness plate technique and Faraday cup, respectively. These measured results were found to be in excellent agreement with the simulated results using the three-dimensional code MAGIC.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MSSP..104..494Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MSSP..104..494Z"><span>Predicting <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> of non-autonomous networks with visibility graphs and horizontal visibility</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Haicheng; Xu, Daolin; Wu, Yousheng</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Prediction of potential <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> in engineering systems is a challenging problem. We first attempt to construct a complex network to predict <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> of a multi-modular floating system in advance of their occurrences. Response time series of the system can be mapped into an virtual network by using visibility graph or horizontal visibility algorithm. The topology characteristics of the networks can be used to forecast <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> of the system. Numerical results show that there is an obvious corresponding relationship between the variation of topology characteristics and the onset of <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>. A <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Index (CI) is proposed as a numerical indicator to measure a qualitative change from a stable state to a <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> state. The two approaches, the visibility graph and horizontal visibility algorithms, are compared by using the index in the reliability analysis with different data lengths and sampling frequencies. The technique of virtual network method is potentially extendable to <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> predictions of other engineering systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24979565','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24979565"><span>Hospitalization and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> medical payment: evidence from hospitals located in Tehran.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ghiasvand, Hesam; Sha'baninejad, Hossein; Arab, Mohammad; Rashidian, Arash</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>Hospitalized patients constitute the main fraction of users in any health system. Financial burden of reimbursement for received services and cares by these users is sometimes unbearable and may lead to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> medical payments. So, designing and implementing effective health prepayments schemes appear to be an effective governmental intervention to reduce <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> medical payments and protect households against it. We aimed to calculate the proportion of hospitalized patients exposed to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> medical payments, its determinant factors and its distribution. We conducted a cross sectional study with 400 samples in five hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). A self-administered questionnaire was distributed among respondents. Data were analyzed by logistic regression and χ(2) statistics. Also, we drew the Lorenz curve and calculated the Gini coefficient in order to present the distribution of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> medical payments burden on different income levels. About 15.05% of patients were exposed to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> medical payments. Also, we found that the educational level of the patient's family head, the sex of the patient's family head, hospitalization day numbers, having made any out of hospital payments linked with the same admission and households annual income levels; were linked with a higher likelihood of exposure to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> medical payments. Also, the Gini coefficient is about 0.8 for <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> medical payments distribution. There is a high level of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> medical payments in hospitalized patients. The weakness of economic status of households and the not well designed prepayments schemes on the other hand may lead to this. This paper illustrated a clear picture for <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> medical payments at hospital level and suggests applicable notes to Iranian health policymakers and planners.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4987175','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4987175"><span>Signatures of subacute potentially <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> illness in the intensive care unit: <span class="hlt">model</span> development and validation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Moss, Travis J.; Lake, Douglas E.; Forrest Calland, J; Enfield, Kyle B; Delos, John B.; Fairchild, Karen D.; Randall Moorman, J.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Objective Patients in intensive care units are susceptible to subacute, potentially <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> illnesses such as respiratory failure, sepsis, and hemorrhage that present as severe derangements of vital signs. More subtle physiologic signatures may be present before clinical deterioration, when treatment might be more effective. We performed multivariate statistical analyses of bedside physiologic monitoring data to identify such early, subclinical signatures of incipient life-threatening illness. Design We report a study of <span class="hlt">model</span> development and validation of a retrospective observational cohort using resampling (TRIPOD Type 1b internal validation), and a study of <span class="hlt">model</span> validation using separate data (Type 2b internal/external validation). Setting University of Virginia Health System (Charlottesville), a tertiary-care, academic medical center. Patients Critically ill patients consecutively admitted between January 2009 and June 2015 to either the neonatal, surgical/trauma/burn, or medical intensive care units with available physiologic monitoring data. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results We analyzed 146 patient-years of vital sign and electrocardiography waveform time series from the bedside monitors of 9,232 ICU admissions. Calculations from 30-minute windows of the physiologic monitoring data were made every 15 minutes. Clinicians identified 1,206 episodes of respiratory failure leading to urgent, unplanned intubation, sepsis, or hemorrhage leading to multi-unit transfusions from systematic, individual chart reviews. Multivariate <span class="hlt">models</span> to predict events up to 24 hours prior had internally-validated C-statistics of 0.61 to 0.88. In adults, physiologic signatures of respiratory failure and hemorrhage were distinct from each other but externally consistent across ICUs. Sepsis, on the other hand, demonstrated less distinct and inconsistent signatures. Physiologic signatures of all neonatal illnesses were similar. Conclusions Subacute, potentially</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29248367','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29248367"><span>Progress on <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health spending in 133 countries: a retrospective observational study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wagstaff, Adam; Flores, Gabriela; Hsu, Justine; Smitz, Marc-François; Chepynoga, Kateryna; Buisman, Leander R; van Wilgenburg, Kim; Eozenou, Patrick</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The goal of universal health coverage (UHC) requires inter alia that families who get needed health care do not suffer undue financial hardship as a result. This can be measured by the percentage of people in households whose out-of-pocket health expenditures are large relative to their income or consumption. We aimed to estimate the global incidence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health spending, trends between 2000 and 2010, and associations between <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health spending and macroeconomic and health system variables at the country level. We did a retrospective observational study of health spending using data obtained from household surveys. Of 1566 potentially suitable household surveys, 553 passed quality checks, covering 133 countries between 1984 and 2015. We defined health spending as <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> when it exceeded 10% or 25% of household consumption. We estimated global incidence by aggregating up from every country, using a survey for the year in question when available, and interpolation and <span class="hlt">model</span>-based estimates otherwise. We used multiple regression to explore the relation between a country's incidence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> spending and gross domestic product (GDP) per person, the Gini coefficient for income inequality, and the share of total health expenditure spent by social security funds, other government agencies, private insurance schemes, and non-profit institutions. The global incidence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> spending at the 10% threshold was estimated as 9·7% in 2000, 11·4% in 2005, and 11·7% in 2010. Globally, 808 million people in 2010 incurred <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health spending. Across 94 countries with two or more survey datapoints, the population-weighted median annual rate of change of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> payment incidence was positive whatever <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> payment incidence measure was used. Incidence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> payments was correlated positively with GDP per person and the share of GDP spent on health, and incidence correlated negatively with the share of total</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25630028','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25630028"><span>Remembering pain after surgery: a longitudinal examination of the role of pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> in children's and parents' recall.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Noel, Melanie; Rabbitts, Jennifer A; Tai, Gabrielle G; Palermo, Tonya M</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>Children's memories for pain play a powerful role in their pain experiences. Parents' memories may also influence children's pain experiences, by influencing parent-child interactions about pain and children's cognitions and behaviors. Pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> of children and parents has been implicated as a factor underlying memory biases; however, this has not been empirically examined. The current longitudinal study is the first to examine the role of pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> of children and parents in the development of their pain memories after surgery. Participants were 49 youth (32 girls) aged 10 to 18 years undergoing major surgery and their parents. One week before surgery, children and parents completed measures of pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>. Two weeks after surgery (the acute recovery period), children and parents completed measures of child pain intensity and affect. Two to 4 months after surgery, children's and parents' memories of child pain intensity and affect were elicited. Hierarchical linear regression <span class="hlt">models</span> revealed that over and above covariates, parent <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> about their child's pain (magnification, rumination) accounted for a significant portion of variance in children's affective and parents' sensory pain memories. Although parent <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> had a direct effect on pain memories, mediation analyses revealed that child <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> (helplessness) indirectly influenced children's and parents' pain memories through the child's postoperative pain experience. Findings highlight that aspects of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> thinking about child pain before surgery are linked to distressing pain memories several months later. Although both child and parent <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> influence pain memory development, parent <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> is most influential to both children's and parents' evolving cognitions about child pain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7863358','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7863358"><span>Should <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> risks be included in a regulated competitive health insurance market?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>van de Ven, W P; Schut, F T</p> <p>1994-11-01</p> <p>In 1988 the Dutch government launched a proposal for a national health insurance based on regulated competition. The mandatory benefits package should be offered by competing insurers and should cover both non-<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> risks (like hospital care, physician services and drugs) and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> risks (like several forms of expensive long-term care). However, there are two arguments to exclude some of the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> risks from the competitive insurance market, at least during the implementation process of the reforms. Firstly, the prospects for a workable system of risk-adjusted payments to the insurers that should take away the incentives for cream skimming are, at least during the next 5 years, more favorable for the non-<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> risks than for the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> risks. Secondly, even if a workable system of risk-adjusted payments can be developed, the problem of quality skimping may be relevant for some of the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> risks, but not for non-<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> risks. By 'quality skimping' we mean the reduction of the quality of care to a level which is below the minimum level that is acceptable to society. After 5 years of health care reforms in the Netherlands new insights have resulted in a growing support to confine the implementation of the reforms to the non-<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> risks. In drawing (and redrawing) the exact boundaries between different regulatory regimes for <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> and non-<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> risks, the expected benefits of a cost-effective substitution of care have to be weighted against the potential harm caused by cream skimming and quality skimping.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27586411','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27586411"><span>Distress tolerance is linked to unhealthy eating through pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Emami, Ashley S; Woodcock, Anna; Swanson, Heidi E; Kapphahn, Teresa; Pulvers, Kim</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Low distress tolerance, an important component of emotion regulation, is a risk factor for unhealthy eating. Identifying factors which explain the link between distress tolerance and unhealthy eating can advance the understanding of problematic eating and inform prevention and treatment of obesity and eating disorders. The present study examines pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> as a mediator between distress tolerance and unhealthy eating in a nonclinical population, which has received little attention despite being a risk factor for unhealthy eating behaviors. The Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> Scale (PCS), and the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), were administered to 171 college students (62.6% female, 38.6% White, 28.1% Hispanic). There was no evidence of a significant direct effect of distress tolerance on unhealthy eating. However, as hypothesized, there was a significant indirect or mediated effect of pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> on the relationship between distress tolerance and unhealthy eating. Individuals low in distress tolerance reported higher pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, and a result, these individuals also reported higher levels of unhealthy eating. These findings introduce pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> as an influential variable in the link between distress tolerance and unhealthy eating. Findings suggest that reducing <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> thinking about pain may be a worthy target of intervention in reducing unhealthy eating. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12925252','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12925252"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> spine injuries in American football, 1977-2001.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cantu, Robert C; Mueller, Frederick O</p> <p>2003-08-01</p> <p>Cervical spinal cord injuries have been the most common <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> football injury and the second leading direct cause of death attributable to football skills. This study looks at the 25-year (1977-2001) experience with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> neck injuries and examines not only the incidence but also the cause of injury and variables that have either increased or decreased these injuries. Data were collected on a national level from all organized football programs, including public school, college, professional, and youth programs, through personal contact and questionnaires on each <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> football injury. Funded by the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the National Federation of State High School Associations, and the American Football Coaches Association, data were collected by the National Center for <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Sports Injury Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (Frederick O. Mueller, Director, and Robert C. Cantu, Medical Director). Teaching the fundamental techniques of the game, equipment standards, and improved medical care both on and off the playing field have led to a 270% reduction in permanent spinal cord injury from a peak of 20 per year during the period 1971 to 1975 to 7.2 per year during the past 10 years. The type of injury, activity at the time of injury, level of play, and whether the injury was incurred in a game or practice are presented. On the basis of the data, recommendations are given for reducing <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> cervical spine injury in football.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title7-vol6/pdf/CFR-2011-title7-vol6-sec402-4.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title7-vol6/pdf/CFR-2011-title7-vol6-sec402-4.pdf"><span>7 CFR 402.4 - <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Risk Protection Endorsement Provisions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... 7 Agriculture 6 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Risk Protection Endorsement Provisions. 402.4 Section 402.4 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) FEDERAL CROP INSURANCE CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE <span class="hlt">CATASTROPHIC</span> RISK PROTECTION ENDORSEMENT § 402.4...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23092753','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23092753"><span>Microtubule <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> and rescue.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gardner, Melissa K; Zanic, Marija; Howard, Jonathon</p> <p>2013-02-01</p> <p>Microtubules are long cylindrical polymers composed of tubulin subunits. In cells, microtubules play an essential role in architecture and motility. For example, microtubules give shape to cells, serve as intracellular transport tracks, and act as key elements in important cellular structures such as axonemes and mitotic spindles. To accomplish these varied functions, networks of microtubules in cells are very dynamic, continuously remodeling through stochastic length fluctuations at the ends of individual microtubules. The dynamic behavior at the end of an individual microtubule is termed 'dynamic instability'. This behavior manifests itself by periods of persistent microtubule growth interrupted by occasional switching to rapid shrinkage (called microtubule '<span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>'), and then by switching back from shrinkage to growth (called microtubule 'rescue'). In this review, we summarize recent findings which provide new insights into the mechanisms of microtubule <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> and rescue, and discuss the impact of these findings in regards to the role of microtubule dynamics inside of cells. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29908058','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29908058"><span>Dynamic Effects of Performance-Avoidance Goal Orientation on Student Achievement in Language and Mathematics.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Stamovlasis, Dimitrios; Gonida, Sofia-Eleftheria N</p> <p>2018-07-01</p> <p>The present study used achievement goal theory (AGT) as a theoretical framework and examined the role of mastery and performance goals, both performance-approach and performance-avoidance, on school achieve-ment within the nonlinear dynamical systems (NDS) perspective. A series of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">models</span> were applied on students' achievement in a number of school subjects, such as mathematics and language for elementary school and algebra, geometry, ancient and modern Greek language for high school, using achievement goal orientations as control variables. The participants (N=224) were students attending fifth and eighth grade (aged 11 and 14, respectively) in public schools located in northern Greece. <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> analysis based on the probability density function was carried out by two procedures, the maximum likelihood and the least squares. The results showed that performance-approach goals had no linear effect on achievement, while the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> <span class="hlt">models</span> implementing mastery goals as the asymmetry factor and performance-avoidance as the bifurcation, proved superior to their linear alternatives. The results of the study based on NDS support the multiple goal perspective within AGT. Theoretical issues, educational implications and future directions are discussed.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27737663','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27737663"><span>Socioeconomic inequalities in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure and impoverishment associated with non-communicable diseases in urban Hanoi, Vietnam.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kien, Vu Duy; Van Minh, Hoang; Giang, Kim Bao; Dao, Amy; Tuan, Le Thanh; Ng, Nawi</p> <p>2016-10-13</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure and impoverishment indices offer guidance for developing appropriate health policies and intervention programs to decrease financial inequity. This study assesses socioeconomic inequalities in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure and impoverishment in relation to self-reported non-communicable diseases (NCD) in urban Hanoi, Vietnam. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from February to March 2013 in Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam. We estimated <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure and impoverishment using information from 492 slum household and 528 non-slum households. We calculated concentration indexes to assess socioeconomic inequalities in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure and impoverishment. Factors associated with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure and impoverishment were <span class="hlt">modelled</span> using logistic regression analysis. The poor households in both slum and non-slum areas were at higher risk of experiencing <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure, while only the poor households in slum areas were at higher risk of impoverishment because of healthcare spending. Households with at least one member reporting an NCD were significantly more likely to face <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure (odds ratio [OR] = 2.4; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.8-4.0) and impoverishment (OR = 2.3; 95 % CI, 1.1-6.3) compared to households without NCDs. In addition, households in slum areas, with people age 60 years and above, and belonging to the poorest socioeconomic group were significantly associated with increased <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure, while only households that lived in slum areas, and belonging to the poor or poorest socioeconomic groups were significantly associated with increased impoverishment because of healthcare spending. Financial interventions to prevent <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure and impoverishment should target poor households, especially those with family members suffering from NCDs, with older members and those located in slum</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050163121&hterms=open+source&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dopen%2Bsource','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050163121&hterms=open+source&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dopen%2Bsource"><span><span class="hlt">Cusp</span> and LLBL as Sources of the Isolated Dayside Auroral Feature During Northward IMF</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Chang, S.-W.; Gallagher, D. L.; Spann, J. F.; Mende, S. B.; Greenwald, R. A.; Newell, P. T.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>An intense dayside proton aurora was observed by Imager for Magnetopause-to- Aurora Global Exploration Far Ultra-Violet imager (IMAGE FUV) for an extensive period of northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) on 17 and 18 September 2000. This aurora partially coincided with the auroral oval and intruded farther poleward into the polar cap, and it showed longitudinal motions in response to IMF By variation. Intense magnetosheath-like electron and ion precipitations have been simultaneously detected by Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) above the poleward portion of the high-latitude dayside aurora. They resemble the typical plasmas observed in the low-altitude <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. However, less intense electrons and more energetic ions were detected over the equatonvard part of the aurora. These plasmas are closer to the low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) plasmas. Under strongly northward IMF, global ionospheric convection derived from Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radar measurements showed a four-cell pattern with sunward convection in the middle of the dayside polar cap and the dayside aurora corresponded to two different convection cells. This result further supports two source regions for the aurora. The <span class="hlt">cusp</span> proton aurora is on open magnetic field lines convecting sunward whereas the LLBL proton aurora is on closed field lines convecting antisunward. These IMAGE, DMSP, and SuperDARN observations reveal the structure and dynamics of the aurora and provide strong evidence for magnetic merging occurring at the high-latitude magnetopause poleward from the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. This merging process was very likely quasi-stationary.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3979676','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3979676"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Health Expenditure and Rural Household Impoverishment in China: What Role Does the New Cooperative Health Insurance Scheme Play?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wu, Qunhong; Liu, Chaojie; Jiao, Mingli; Liu, Guoxiang; Hao, Yanhua; Ning, Ning</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Objective To determine whether the New Cooperative Medical Insurance Scheme (NCMS) is associated with decreased levels of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure and reduced impoverishment due to medical expenses in rural households of China. Methods An analysis of a national representative sample of 38,945 rural households (129,635 people) from the 2008 National Health Service Survey was performed. Logistic regression <span class="hlt">models</span> used binary indicator of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure as dependent variable, with household consumption, demographic characteristics, health insurance schemes, and chronic illness as independent variables. Results Higher percentage of households experiencing <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure and medical impoverishment correlates to increased health care need. While the higher socio-economic status households had similar levels of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure as compared with the lowest. Households covered by the NCMS had similar levels of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure and medical impoverishment as those without health insurance. Conclusion Despite over 95% of coverage, the NCMS has failed to prevent <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure and medical impoverishment. An upgrade of benefit packages is needed, and effective cost control mechanisms on the provider side needs to be considered. PMID:24714605</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24761890','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24761890"><span>Changes in economic status of households associated with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures for cancer in South Korea.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Choi, Jae-Woo; Cho, Kyoung-Hee; Choi, Young; Han, Kyu-Tae; Kwon, Jeoung-A; Park, Eun-Cheol</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Cancer imposes significant economic challenges for individuals, families, and society. Households of cancer patients often experience income loss due to change in job status and/or excessive medical expenses. Thus, we examined whether changes in economic status for such households is affected by <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures. We used the Korea Health Panel Survey (KHPS) Panel 1st-4th (2008- 2011 subjects) data and extracted records from 211 out of 5,332 households in the database for this study. To identify factors associated with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures and, in particular, to examine the relationship between change in economic status and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures, we conducted a generalized linear <span class="hlt">model</span> analysis. Among 211 households with cancer patients, 84 (39.8%) experienced <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures, while 127 (40.2%) did not show evidence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> medical costs. If a change in economic status results from a change in job status for head of household (job loss), these households are more likely to incur <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure than households who have not experienced a change in job status (odds ratios (ORs)=2.17, 2.63, respectively). A comparison between households with a newly-diagnosed patient versus households with patients having lived with cancer for one or two years, showed the longer patients had cancer, the more likely their households incurred <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> medical costs (OR=1.78, 1.36, respectively). Change in economic status of households in which the cancer patient was the head of household was associated with a greater likelihood that the household would incur <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health costs. It is imperative that the Korean government connect health and labor policies in order to develop economic programs to assist households with cancer patients.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910071862&hterms=environnement&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Denvironnement','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910071862&hterms=environnement&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Denvironnement"><span>A case study of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> electrodynamics by the Aureol-3 satellite - Evidence for FTE signatures?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bosqued, Jean M.; Berthelier, Annick; Berthelier, Jean J.; Escoubet, Christophe P.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Particle and field data from a pass of the Aureol-3 satellite through the polar <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, several minutes after the southward turning of the IMF, are analyzed in detail. Superposed on the classical <span class="hlt">cusp</span>, characterized by the typical ion and electron precipitations, several very narrow arcs are detected where large fluxes of electrons and ions, accelerated to 2-4 keV, precipitate simultaneously. These localized arcs correspond to the upward current sheets of a succession in latitude of narrow, alternatively upward and downward field-aligned current sheets. The data suggest that the satellite has crossed the ionospheric footprints of 2 adjacent flux transfer events separated by 100-150 km in latitude. Electric spikes and electromagnetic turbulence are typically associated with the region of downward currents.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRA..12110466S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRA..12110466S"><span>Reverse flow events and small-scale effects in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> ionosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Spicher, A.; Ilyasov, A. A.; Miloch, W. J.; Chernyshov, A. A.; Clausen, L. B. N.; Moen, J. I.; Abe, T.; Saito, Y.</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>We report in situ measurements of plasma irregularities associated with a reverse flow event (RFE) in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> F region ionosphere. The Investigation of <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Irregularities 3 (ICI-3) sounding rocket, while flying through a RFE, encountered several regions with density irregularities down to meter scales. We address in detail the region with the most intense small-scale fluctuations in both the density and in the AC electric field, which were observed on the equatorward edge of a flow shear, and coincided with a double-humped jet of fast flow. Due to its long-wavelength and low-frequency character, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) alone cannot be the source of the observed irregularities. Using ICI-3 data as inputs, we perform a numerical stability analysis of the inhomogeneous energy-density-driven instability (IEDDI) and demonstrate that it can excite electrostatic ion cyclotron waves in a wide range of wave numbers and frequencies for the electric field configuration observed in that region, which can give rise to the observed small-scale turbulence. The IEDDI can seed as a secondary process on steepened vortices created by a primary KHI. Such an interplay between macroprocesses and microprocesses could be an important mechanism for ion heating in relation to RFEs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ThApC.129..363H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ThApC.129..363H"><span>Bifurcations and <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> in a nonlinear dynamical <span class="hlt">model</span> of the western Pacific subtropical high ridge line index and its evolution mechanism</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hong, Mei; Zhang, Ren; Li, Ming; Wang, Shuo; Zeng, Wenhua; Wang, Zhengxin</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Despite much previous effort, the establishment of an accurate <span class="hlt">model</span> of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and analysis of its chaotic behavior has proved to be difficult. Based on a phase-space technique, a nonlinear dynamical <span class="hlt">model</span> of the WPSH ridge line and summer monsoon factors is constructed here from 50 years of data. Using a genetic algorithm, <span class="hlt">model</span> inversion and parameter optimization are performed. The Lyapunov spectrum, phase portraits, time history, and Poincaré surface of section of the <span class="hlt">model</span> are analyzed and an initial-value sensitivity test is performed, showing that the <span class="hlt">model</span> and data have similar phase portraits and that the <span class="hlt">model</span> is robust. Based on equilibrium stability criteria, four types of equilibria of the <span class="hlt">model</span> are analyzed. Bifurcations and <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> of the equilibria are studied and related to the physical mechanism and actual weather phenomena. The results show that the onset and enhancement of the Somali low-level jet and the latent heat flux of the Indian monsoon are among the most important reasons for the appearance and maintenance of the double-ridge phenomenon. Violent breakout and enhancement of the Mascarene cold high will cause the WPSH to jump northward, resulting in the "empty plum" phenomenon. In the context of bifurcation and <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> in the dynamical system, the influence of the factors considered here on the WPSH has theoretical and practical significance. This work also opens the way to new lines of research on the interaction between the WPSH and the summer monsoon system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22552564','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22552564"><span>[Bioethics in <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> situations such as earthquakes].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>León, C Francisco Javier</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> of the magnitude of the earthquake and tsunami that hit Chile not long ago, forces us to raise some questions that we will try to answer from a philosophical, ethical and responsibility viewpoints. An analysis of the basic principles of bioethics is also justified. A natural <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> is not, by itself, moral or immoral, fair or unfair. However, its consequences could certainly be regarded as such, depending on whether they could have been prevented or mitigated. We will identify those individuals, who have the ethical responsibility to attend the victims and the ethical principles that must guide the tasks of healthcare and psychological support teams. The minimal indispensable actions to obtain an adequate social and legal protection of vulnerable people, must be defined according to international guidelines. These reflections are intended to improve the responsibility of the State and all the community, to efficiently prevent and repair the material and psychological consequences of such a <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1827b0005N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1827b0005N"><span>Pricing the property claim service (PCS) <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> insurance options using gamma distribution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Noviyanti, Lienda; Soleh, Achmad Zanbar; Setyanto, Gatot R.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events like earthquakes, hurricanes or flooding are characteristics for some areas, a properly calculated annual premium would be closely as high as the loss insured. From an actuarial perspective, such events constitute the risk that are not insurable. On the other hand people living in such areas need protection. In order to securitize the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> risk, futures or options based on a loss index could be considered. Chicago Board of Trade launched a new class of <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> insurance options based on new indices provided by Property Claim Services (PCS). The PCS-option is based on the Property Claim Service Index (PCS-Index). The index are used to determine and payout in writing index-based insurance derivatives. The objective of this paper is to price PCS <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Insurance Option based on PCS <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> index. Gamma Distribution is used to estimate PCS <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> index distribution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25727680','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25727680"><span>Anxiety sensitivity, <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> misinterpretations and panic self-efficacy in the prediction of panic disorder severity: towards a tripartite cognitive <span class="hlt">model</span> of panic disorder.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sandin, Bonifacio; Sánchez-Arribas, Carmen; Chorot, Paloma; Valiente, Rosa M</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>The present study examined the contribution of three main cognitive factors (i.e., anxiety sensitivity, <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> misinterpretations of bodily symptoms, and panic self-efficacy) in predicting panic disorder (PD) severity in a sample of patients with a principal diagnosis of panic disorder. It was hypothesized that anxiety sensitivity (AS), <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> misinterpretation of bodily sensations, and panic self-efficacy are uniquely related to panic disorder severity. One hundred and sixty-eight participants completed measures of AS, <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> misinterpretations of panic-like sensations, and panic self-efficacy prior to receiving treatment. Results of multiple linear regression analyses indicated that AS, <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> misinterpretations and panic self-efficacy independently predicted panic disorder severity. Results of path analyses indicated that AS was direct and indirectly (mediated by <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> misinterpretations) related with panic severity. Results provide evidence for a tripartite cognitive account of panic disorder. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA508916','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA508916"><span>Mass Care (ESF-6) Preparedness for <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Disasters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2009-09-01</p> <p>seismic event along the New Madrid fault zone resulting in an earthquake with a Richter scale reading approximating 7.7 or higher to determine the...shelter, mass feeding, bulk distribution, <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> disaster response, New Madrid earthquake, long-term recovery process, National Shelter...<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> seismic event along the New Madrid fault zone resulting in an earthquake with a Richter scale reading approximating 7.7 or higher to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA52A..05C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA52A..05C"><span>Do Transient Electrodynamic Processes Support Enhanced Neutral Mass Densities in Earth's <span class="hlt">Cusp</span>-Region Thermosphere via Divergent Upward Winds?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Conde, M.; Larsen, M. F.; Troyer, R.; Gillespie, D.; Kosch, M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Satellite accelerometer measurements show that Earth's thermosphere contains two substantial and permanent regions of enhanced mass density that are located at around 400 km altitude near the footprints of the north and south geomagnetic <span class="hlt">cusps</span>. The additional mass in these regions must be supported against gravity, which requires that similarly localized perturbations must occur in one or more of the other fields (beyond mass density) that appear in the momentum conservation equation for the thermospheric neutral fluid. However more than a decade after the density enhancements were first discovered, there are still no observations of any other corresponding perturbations to terms appearing directly in this equation that would indicate what is supporting the extra mass. To date, most candidate mechanisms involve high-altitude transient electrodynamic heating (at 250 km and above) that drives upwelling and associated horizontal divergence. Indeed, there are very few viable mechanisms that don't ultimately cause substantial localized neutral wind perturbations to occur near the density anomalies. Thus, we report here on a study to search for signatures of these localized perturbations in winds, using several data sources. These are the WATS instrument that flew aboard the DE-2 spacecraft, the C-REX-1 rocket flight through the <span class="hlt">CUSP</span> in 2014, and two ground-based Fabry-Perot instruments that are located in Antarctica at latitudes that pass under the geomagnetic <span class="hlt">cusps</span> - i.e. at McMurdo and South Pole stations. Using these data, we will present both climatological averages and also individual case studies to illustrate what localized signatures occur (if any) in the neutral wind fields near the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>-region density anomalies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...93a2081I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...93a2081I"><span>New solar cell and clean unit system platform (<span class="hlt">CUSP</span>) for earth and environmental science</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ishibashi, A.; Matsuoka, T.; Enomoto, R.; Yasutake, M.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>We have investigated InGaN-based multi-striped orthogonal photon-photocarrier propagation solar cell (MOP3SC) in which sunlight propagates in a direction being orthogonal to that of photocarriers generated by the sunlight. Thanks to the orthogonality, in MOP3SC, absorption of the sunlight and collection of the photocarriers can be simultaneously and independently optimized with no trade-off. Furthermore, by exploiting the degree of freedom along the photon propagation and using multi-semiconductor stripes in which the incoming photons first encounter the widest gap semiconductor, and the narrowest at last, we can convert the whole solar spectrum into electricity resulting in the high conversion efficiency. For processing MOP3SC, we have developed Clean Unit System Platform (<span class="hlt">CUSP</span>), which turns out to be able to serve as clean versatile environment having low power-consumption and high cost-performance. <span class="hlt">CUSP</span> is suitable not only for processing devices, but also for cross-disciplinary fields, including medical/hygienic applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890011916','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890011916"><span>Global <span class="hlt">Catastrophes</span> in Earth History: An Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcanism, and Mass Mortality</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>Topics addressed include: Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinctions; geologial indicators for meteorite collisions; carbon dioxide <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>; volcanism; climatic changes; geochemistry; mineralogy; fossil records; biospheric traumas; stratigraphy; mathematical <span class="hlt">models</span>; and ocean dynamics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29076568','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29076568"><span>The reciprocal relationship between daily fatigue and <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> following cancer treatment: Affect and physical activity as potential mediators.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Müller, Fabiola; Stephenson, Ellen; DeLongis, Anita; Smink, Ans; Van Ginkel, Robert J; Tuinman, Marrit A; Hagedoorn, Mariët</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Fatigue is a distressing symptom many cancer patients experience even after completion of treatment. Although theory and empirical evidence indicate that negative cognitions perpetuate fatigue after completion of treatment, insight into how this process unfolds in daily life is limited. This study used an intensive longitudinal design to investigate the reciprocal relationship between <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and fatigue in daily life and whether affective and behavioral processes mediate these relationships. Post-treatment colorectal cancer patients (n = 101) completed daily diaries (14 days, 3 times daily) regarding their fatigue, <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, positive and negative affect, and physical activity. Multilevel <span class="hlt">modeling</span> was applied to investigate within-person associations within days. Analyses revealed a positive reciprocal relationship between fatigue and <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> throughout the day. That is, high levels of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> were associated with increases in fatigue within patients. In turn, but to a lesser extent, high levels of fatigue predicted increases in <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> at the next assessment. Low positive affect and high negative affect mediated the effect of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> on increases in fatigue. Only negative affect mediated the reverse relationship. Physical activity did not mediate either relationship. This study provides evidence for a mutually reinforcing relationship between <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and fatigue in daily life, which might explain the perpetuation of fatigue after completion of cancer treatment. Fatigue-specific cognitive behavior therapy could be improved by educating patients about this daily reciprocal relationship, train them to quickly replace <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> thoughts in daily life, and help them to cope with affective changes induced by fatigue. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSM51D2585E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSM51D2585E"><span>Distinct sources of particles near the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and the dusk flank of the magnetosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Escoubet, C. P.; Grison, B.; Berchem, J.; Trattner, K. J.; Lavraud, B.; Pitout, F.; Soucek, J.; Richard, R. L.; Laakso, H. E.; Masson, A.; Dunlop, M.; Dandouras, I. S.; Rème, H.; Fazakerley, A. N.; Daly, P. W.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>At the magnetopause, the location of the magnetic reconnection sites depends on the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) in the solar wind: on the dayside magnetosphere for an IMF southward, on the lobes for an IMF northward and on the flanks for an IMF in the East-West direction. Since most of observations of reconnection events have sampled a limited region of space simultaneously it is still not yet know if the reconnection line is extended over large regions of the magnetosphere or if is patchy and made of many reconnection lines. We report a Cluster crossing on 5 January 2002 near the exterior <span class="hlt">cusp</span> on the southern dusk side where we observe multiple sources of reconnection/injections. The IMF was mainly azimuthal (IMF-By around -5 nT), the solar wind speed lower than usual around 280 km/s with the density of order 5 cm-3. The four Cluster spacecraft had an elongated configuration near the magnetopause. C4 was the first spacecraft to enter the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> around 19:52:04 UT, followed by C2 at 19:52:35 UT, C1 at 19:54:24 UT and C3 at 20:13:15 UT. C4 and C1 observed two ion energy dispersions at 20:10 UT and 20:40 UT and C3 at 20:35 UT and 21:15 UT. Using the time of flight technique on the upgoing and downgoing ions, which leads to energy dispersions, we obtain distances of the ion sources between 14 and 20 RE from the spacecraft. The slope of the ion energy dispersions confirmed these distances. Using Tsyganenko <span class="hlt">model</span>, we find that these sources are located on the dusk flank, past the terminator. The first injection by C3 is seen at approximately the same time as the 2nd injection on C1 but their sources at the magnetopause were separated by more than 7 RE. This would imply that two distinct sources were active at the same time on the dusk flank of the magnetosphere. In addition, a flow reversal was observed at the magnetopause on C4 which would be an indication that reconnection is also taking place near the exterior <span class="hlt">cusp</span> quasi-simultaneously. A</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..121d2007L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..121d2007L"><span><span class="hlt">Modeling</span>, numerical simulation, and nonlinear dynamic behavior analysis of PV microgrid-connected inverter with capacitance <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Sichen; Liao, Zhixian; Luo, Xiaoshu; Wei, Duqu; Jiang, Pinqun; Jiang, Qinghong</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The value of the output capacitance (C) should be carefully considered when designing a photovoltaic (PV) inverter since it can cause distortion in the working state of the circuit, and the circuit produces nonlinear dynamic behavior. According to Kirchhoff’s laws and the characteristics of an ideal operational amplifier for a strict piecewise linear state equation, a circuit simulation <span class="hlt">model</span> is constructed to study the system parameters (time, C) for the current passing through an inductor with an inductance of L and the voltage across the capacitor with a capacitance of C. The developed simulation <span class="hlt">model</span> uses Runge-Kutta methods to solve the state equations. This study focuses on predicting the fault of the circuit from the two aspects of the harmonic distortion and simulation results. Moreover, the presented <span class="hlt">model</span> is also used to research the working state of the system in the case of a load capacitance <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. The nonlinear dynamic behaviors in the inverter are simulated and verified.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Psychology+AND+Psychosomatics&pg=5&id=EJ684644','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Psychology+AND+Psychosomatics&pg=5&id=EJ684644"><span>Relationship of <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> to Fatigue Among Women Receiving Treatment for Breast Cancer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Jacobsen, Paul B.; Andrykowski, Michael A.; Thors, Christina L.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>This study examined the relationship of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> to fatigue in 80 women receiving chemotherapy (CT) or radiotherapy (RT) for treatment of early stage breast cancer. Findings revealed expected relationships between <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and fatigue among women receiving RT but not CT. Among RT patients, those high in <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> reported…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvP...9e4049L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvP...9e4049L"><span>Tunable Resistance or Magnetoresistance <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> and Extremely Large Magnetoresistance in Defect-Engineered HfTe5 -δ Single Crystals</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lv, Yang-Yang; Li, Xiao; Cao, Lin; Lin, Dajun; Yao, Shu-Hua; Chen, Si-Si; Dong, Song-Tao; Zhou, Jian; Chen, Y. B.; Chen, Yan-Feng</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The electrical transport behaviors of novel materials under the external magnetic field B , especially the large or tunable magnetoresistance (MR) effect, are of broad importance in both fundamental science and applications. Here three kinds of HfTe5 crystals with varied Te-deficiency concentrations are synthesized under different growth conditions, and they demonstrate distinct electrical and magnetotransport properties. The temperatures of the resistivity <span class="hlt">cusp</span> or MR <span class="hlt">cusp</span> of the as-grown HfTe5 -δ (δ =0.02 , 0.08, 0.13) crystals are tuned from 25 to 90 K. The maximum MR of these three HfTe5 -δ crystals, under 2 K and 9 T B , are 1.52 ×103% , 2.63 ×104% , and 6.91 ×103% for sample SI (HfTe4.98 ), SII (HfTe4.92 ), and SIII (HfTe4.87 ), respectively. The fitting of Hall data by the two-carrier <span class="hlt">model</span> suggests that the extremely large MR effect of sample HfTe4.92 measured at 2 K is attributed to the cooperative action of the high mobility and the coexistence of the electron and hole carriers. Our work provides a viable route to tune superior MR properties in similar compounds through defect engineering, which may be promising to develop magnetic memory sensor devices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21310095','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21310095"><span>Reassessing <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health-care payments with a Nigerian case study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ataguba, John Ele-Ojo</p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>Health financing reforms have recently received much attention in developing countries. However, out-of-pocket payments remain substantial. When such payments involve expenditures above some given proportion of household resources, they are often deemed '<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span>'. The research literature on defining <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> leaves open a number of important questions and as a result there still exists a lack of consensus on the issue. This paper argues that there is a need to examine the question of what might constitute fair indices of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> payment, which explicitly recognize diminishing marginal utility of income as reflected in some principle of vertical equity. It proposes the use of rank-dependent weights to allow variations in threshold payment levels across individuals on the income ladder. These are then applied to a Nigerian data set. It emerged that the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> headcount (positive gap) obtained using a fixed threshold - weighted or not by the concentration index - is lower (higher) than that predicted by the rank-dependent threshold. More fundamentally there is a need for more research effort to take the ideas in this paper further and examine in various different contexts what a fair construct of <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> might look like.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5810379','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5810379"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Health Expenditure in Iran: A Review Article</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>ARYANKHESAL, Aidin; ETEMADI, Manal; MOHSENI, Mohammad; AZAMI-AGHDASH, Saber; NAKHAEI, Majid</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Background: One of the main challenges of healthcare systems is to protect people from consequences of health expenditures. Such expenditures may lead to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> financial loss in families so that many people deny demanding necessary healthcare services, which results in harms to their health status. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures trend and its related factors in Iran. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on studies conducted between 1984 and 2014. Data were collected through searching electronic databases and searching engines of PubMed, Scopus, EconLit, Google Scholar, Science Direct, MagIran, and Scientific Information Database (SID). The random effects were used with 95% confidence interval for the meta-analysis. Results: Out of 561 initially retrieved articles, finally 42 were included in the final analysis. The studies were conducted between 1984 and 2014. The overall proportion of exposure to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure in Iran was 7.5% (95% CI, 6.2 – 9.1). In the urban and rural areas, the proportion was 2.3% (95% CI, 1.8 – 2.9) and 3.4% (95% CI, 2.8 – 4.1) respectively. The overall proportion of exposure to the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure in hospitals was 35.9% (95% CI, 23.5 – 54.3). Conclusion: The <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditures proportion of healthcare is relatively high in Iran and the government is expected to adopt effective measures in this regard, especially for the inpatient care. There are needs for special supporting policies for the financial protection of specific patients, the poor and villagers. PMID:29445626</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3032329','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3032329"><span>An automated fluorescence videomicroscopy assay for the detection of mitotic <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Rello-Varona, S; Kepp, O; Vitale, I; Michaud, M; Senovilla, L; Jemaà, M; Joza, N; Galluzzi, L; Castedo, M; Kroemer, G</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Mitotic <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> can be defined as a cell death mode that occurs during or shortly after a prolonged/aberrant mitosis, and can show apoptotic or necrotic features. However, conventional procedures for the detection of apoptosis or necrosis, including biochemical bulk assays and cytofluorometric techniques, cannot discriminate among pre-mitotic, mitotic and post-mitotic death, and hence are inappropriate to monitor mitotic <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. To address this issue, we generated isogenic human colon carcinoma cell lines that differ in ploidy and p53 status, yet express similar amounts of fluorescent biosensors that allow for the visualization of chromatin (histone H2B coupled to green fluorescent protein (GFP)) and centrosomes (centrin coupled to the Discosoma striata red fluorescent protein (DsRed)). By combining high-resolution fluorescence videomicroscopy and automated image analysis, we established protocols and settings for the simultaneous assessment of ploidy, mitosis, centrosome number and cell death (which in our <span class="hlt">model</span> system occurs mainly by apoptosis). Time-lapse videomicroscopy showed that this approach can be used for the high-throughput detection of mitotic <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> induced by three mechanistically distinct anti-mitotic agents (dimethylenastron (DIMEN), nocodazole (NDZ) and paclitaxel (PTX)), and – in this context – revealed an important role of p53 in the control of centrosome number. PMID:21364633</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvE..91c2705H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvE..91c2705H"><span>Error <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> and phase transition in the empirical fitness landscape of HIV</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hart, Gregory R.; Ferguson, Andrew L.</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>We have translated clinical sequence databases of the p6 HIV protein into an empirical fitness landscape quantifying viral replicative capacity as a function of the amino acid sequence. We show that the viral population resides close to a phase transition in sequence space corresponding to an "error <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>" beyond which there is lethal accumulation of mutations. Our <span class="hlt">model</span> predicts that the phase transition may be induced by drug therapies that elevate the mutation rate, or by forcing mutations at particular amino acids. Applying immune pressure to any combination of killer T-cell targets cannot induce the transition, providing a rationale for why the viral protein can exist close to the error <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> without sustaining fatal fitness penalties due to adaptive immunity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28598902','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28598902"><span>Child and parent pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and pain from presurgery to 6 weeks postsurgery: examination of cross-sectional and longitudinal actor-partner effects.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Birnie, Kathryn A; Chorney, Jill; El-Hawary, Ron</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Child and parent pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> are reported preoperative risk factors for children's acute and persistent postsurgical pain. This study examined dyadic relations between child and parent pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and child and parent ratings of child pain prior to (M = 4.01 days; "baseline") and following surgery (M = 6.5 weeks; "acute follow-up"), as well changes in pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> during this time in 167 youth (86% female; Mage = 14.55 years) undergoing spinal fusion surgery and 1 parent (89% mothers). Actor-partner interdependence <span class="hlt">models</span> assessed cross-sectional and longitudinal intra- and interpersonal effects. Cross-sectionally, child pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was positively associated with child pain at baseline and acute follow-up (actor effects: βbaseline = 0.288 and βfollow-up = 0.262; P < 0.01), and parents' ratings of child pain at baseline (partner effect: βbaseline = 0.212; P < 0.01). Parent pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was not cross-sectionally associated with ratings of child pain. Longitudinally, higher pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> at baseline predicted higher pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> at acute follow-up for children (actor effect: β = 0.337; P < 0.01) and parents (actor effect: β = 0.579; P < 0.01) with a significantly smaller effect for children (respondent × actor interaction: β = 0.121; P < 0.05). No longitudinal partner effects for <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> were observed. Baseline child and parent pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> did not predict child pain at acute follow-up. In conclusion, child, not parent, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was associated with children's pre- and postsurgical pain, and showed significantly less stability over time. There is a need to better understand contributors to the stability or changeability of pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, the prospective relation of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> to pain, and contexts in which child vs parent pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> is most influential for pediatric postsurgical pain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17793659','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17793659"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> volcanic collapse: relation to hydrothermal processes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>López, D L; Williams, S N</p> <p>1993-06-18</p> <p><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> volcanic collapse, without precursory magmatic activity, is characteristic of many volcanic disasters. The extent and locations of hydrothermal discharges at Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia, suggest that at many volcanoes collapse may result from the interactions between hydrothermal fluids and the volcanic edifice. Rock dissolution and hydrothermal mineral alteration, combined with physical triggers such as earth-quakes, can produce volcanic collapse. Hot spring water compositions, residence times, and flow paths through faults were used to <span class="hlt">model</span> potential collapse at Ruiz. Caldera dimensions, deposits, and alteration mineral volumes are consistent with parameters observed at other volcanoes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25157','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25157"><span>Dissociation of the Tubulin-sequestering and Microtubule <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span>-promoting Activities of Oncoprotein 18/Stathmin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Howell, Bonnie; Larsson, Niklas; Gullberg, Martin; Cassimeris, Lynne</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Oncoprotein 18/stathmin (Op18) has been identified recently as a protein that destabilizes microtubules, but the mechanism of destabilization is currently controversial. Based on in vitro microtubule assembly assays, evidence has been presented supporting conflicting destabilization <span class="hlt">models</span> of either tubulin sequestration or promotion of microtubule <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>. We found that Op18 can destabilize microtubules by both of these mechanisms and that these activities can be dissociated by changing pH. At pH 6.8, Op18 slowed microtubule elongation and increased <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> at both plus and minus ends, consistent with a tubulin-sequestering activity. In contrast, at pH 7.5, Op18 promoted microtubule <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>, particularly at plus ends, with little effect on elongation rates at either microtubule end. Dissociation of tubulin-sequestering and <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>-promoting activities of Op18 was further demonstrated by analysis of truncated Op18 derivatives. Lack of a C-terminal region of Op18 (aa 100–147) resulted in a truncated protein that lost sequestering activity at pH 6.8 but retained <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>-promoting activity. In contrast, lack of an N-terminal region of Op18 (aa 5–25) resulted in a truncated protein that still sequestered tubulin at pH 6.8 but was unable to promote <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> at pH 7.5. At pH 6.8, both the full length and the N-terminal–truncated Op18 bound tubulin, whereas truncation at the C-terminus resulted in a pronounced decrease in tubulin binding. Based on these results, and a previous study documenting a pH-dependent change in binding affinity between Op18 and tubulin, it is likely that tubulin sequestering observed at lower pH resulted from the relatively tight interaction between Op18 and tubulin and that this tight binding requires the C-terminus of Op18; however, under conditions in which Op18 binds weakly to tubulin (pH 7.5), Op18 stimulated <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> without altering tubulin subunit association or dissociation rates, and Op18 did not</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20887691','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20887691"><span><span class="hlt">Modeling</span> early sexual initiation among young adolescents using quantum and continuous behavior change methods: implications for HIV prevention.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, Xinguang; Lunn, Sonja; Harris, Carole; Li, Xiaoming; Deveaux, Lynette; Marshall, Sharon; Cottrell, Leslie; Stanton, Bonita</p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>Behavioral research and prevention intervention science efforts have largely been based on hypotheses of linear or rational behavior change. Additional advances in the field may result from the integration of quantum behavior change and <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">models</span>. Longitudinal data from a randomized trial for 1241 pre-adolescents 9-12 years old who self-described as virgin were analyzed. Data for 469 virgins in the control group were included for linear and <span class="hlt">cusp</span> <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">models</span> to describe sexual initiation; data for the rest in the intervention group were added for program effect assessment. Self-reported likelihood to have sex was positively associated with actual initiation of sex (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.43-2.06, R² = 0.13). Receipt of a behavioral prevention intervention based on a cognitive <span class="hlt">model</span> prevented 15.6% (33.0% vs. 48.6%, OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.24-1.11) of the participants from initiating sex among only those who reported 'very likely to have sex.' The beta coefficients for the cubic term of the usp assessing three bifurcating variables (planning to have sex, intrinsic rewards from sex and self-efficacy for abstinence) were 0.0726, 0.1116 and 0.1069 respectively; R² varied from 0.49 to 0.54 (p < 0.001 for all). Although an intervention based on a <span class="hlt">model</span> of continuous behavior change did produce a modest impact on sexual initiation, quantum change has contributed more than continuous change in describing sexual initiation among young adolescents, suggesting the need for quantum change and chaotic <span class="hlt">models</span> to advance behavioral prevention of HIV/AIDS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3966462','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3966462"><span>Tackling the Global Challenge: Humanitarian <span class="hlt">Catastrophes</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Iserson, Kenneth V.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>“Humanitarian <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>,” conflicts and calamities generating both widespread human suffering and destructive events, require a wide range of emergency resources. This paper answers a number of questions that humanitarian <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> generate: Why and how do the most-developed countries—those with the resources, capabilities, and willingness to help—intervene in specific types of disasters? What ethical and legal guidelines shape our interventions? How well do we achieve our goals? It then suggests a number of changes to improve humanitarian responses, including better NGO-government cooperation, increased research on the best disaster response methods, clarification of the criteria and roles for humanitarian (military) interventions, and development of post-2015 Millennium Development Goals with more accurate progress measures. PMID:24672618</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27605117','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27605117"><span>Berm design to reduce risks of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> slope failures at solid waste disposal sites.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>De Stefano, Matteo; Gharabaghi, Bahram; Clemmer, Ryan; Jahanfar, M Ali</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Existing waste disposal sites are being strained by exceeding their volumetric capacities because of exponentially increasing rates of municipal solid waste generation worldwide, especially in densely populated metropolises. Over the past 40 years, six well-documented and analyzed disposal sites experienced <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure. This research presents a novel analysis and design method for implementation of a series of in-situ earth berms to slow down the movement of waste material flow following a <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure. This is the first study of its kind that employs a dynamic landslide analysis <span class="hlt">model</span>, DAN-W, and the Voellmy rheological <span class="hlt">model</span> to approximate solid waste avalanche flow. A variety of single and multiple berm configuration scenarios were developed and tested to find an optimum configuration of the various earth berm geometries and number of berms to achieve desired energy dissipation and reduction in total waste material runout length. The case study application of the novel mitigation measure shows that by constructing a series of six relatively inexpensive 3 m high earth berms at an optimum distance of 250 m from the slope toe, the total runout length of 1000 m and associated fatalities of the Leuwigajah dumpsite <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure in Bandung, Indonesia, could have been reduced by half. © The Author(s) 2016.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014coca.book.....W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014coca.book.....W"><span>Cosmic <span class="hlt">Catastrophes</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wheeler, J. Craig</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>Preface; 1. Setting the stage: star formation and hydrogen burning in single stars; 2. Stellar death: the inexorable grip of gravity; 3. Dancing with stars: binary stellar evolution; 4. Accretion disks: flat stars; 5. White Dwarfs: quantum dots; 6. Supernovae: stellar <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>; 7. Supernova 1987A: lessons and enigmas; 8. Neutron stars: atoms with attitude; 9. Black holes in theory: into the abyss; 10. Black holes in fact: exploring the reality; 11. Gamma-ray bursts, black holes and the universe: long, long ago and far, far away; 12. Supernovae and the universe; 13. Worm holes and time machines: tunnels in space and time; 14. Beyond: the frontiers; Index.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007coca.book.....W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007coca.book.....W"><span>Cosmic <span class="hlt">Catastrophes</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wheeler, J. Craig</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Preface; 1. Setting the stage: star formation and hydrogen burning in single stars; 2. Stellar death: the inexorable grip of gravity; 3. Dancing with stars: binary stellar evolution; 4. Accretion disks: flat stars; 5. White Dwarfs: quantum dots; 6. Supernovae: stellar <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>; 7. Supernova 1987A: lessons and enigmas; 8. Neutron stars: atoms with attitude; 9. Black holes in theory: into the abyss; 10. Black holes in fact: exploring the reality; 11. Gamma-ray bursts, black holes and the universe: long, long ago and far, far away; 12. Supernovae and the universe; 13. Worm holes and time machines: tunnels in space and time; 14. Beyond: the frontiers; Index.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4802182','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4802182"><span>Main Determinants of <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Health Expenditures: A Bayesian Logit Approach on Iranian Household Survey Data (2010)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Fazaeli, Ali Akbar; Ghaderi, Hossein; Fazaeli, Amir Abbas; Lotfi, Farhad; Salehi, Masoud; Mehrara, Mohsen</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Background: During recent decades, increase in both health care expenditures and improvement of the awareness as well as health expectations have created some problems with regard to finance healthcare expenditures so that the issue of health financing by households has been determined as a major challenge in health sector. According to the definition by the World Health Organization, <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure is considered if financial contribution for health service is more than 40% of income remaining after subsistence needs have been met. Objectives: The purpose of our study was determination of Main factors on <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures in Iranian households. Patients and Methods: In this study, using an econometrics Bayesian logit <span class="hlt">model</span>, determinants of the appearance of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure based on household budget data collected in 2010 were evaluated. Results: Among Iranian households, the following groups were more likely to encounter with unsustainable health expenditures: rural households, households with the numbers of the elderly more than 65 years, illiterate householders, unemployed householders, households with some unemployed persons, households in upper rank and households with larger equivalent household size were higher than the average of community could significantly predict <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures. Conclusions: About 2.1% of households were faced with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures in 2010. Thus, the implemented policies could not make considerable and significant change in improving justice in financing in health systems. PMID:25946936</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25946936','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25946936"><span>Main determinants of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures: a Bayesian logit approach on Iranian household survey data (2010).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fazaeli, Ali Akbar; Ghaderi, Hossein; Abbas Fazaeli, Amir; Lotfi, Farhad; Salehi, Masoud; Mehrara, Mohsen</p> <p>2015-01-26</p> <p>During recent decades, increase in both health care expenditures and improvement of the awareness as well as health expectations have created some problems with regard to finance healthcare expenditures so that the issue of health financing by households has been determined as a major challenge in health sector. According to the definition by the World Health Organization, <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure is considered if financial contribution for health service is more than 40% of income remaining after subsistence needs have been met. The purpose of our study was determination of Main factors on <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures in Iranian households. In this study, using an econometrics Bayesian logit <span class="hlt">model</span>, determinants of the appearance of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure based on household budget data collected in 2010 were evaluated. Among Iranian households, the following groups were more likely to encounter with unsustainable health expenditures: rural households, households with the numbers of the elderly more than 65 years, illiterate householders, unemployed householders, households with some unemployed persons, households in upper rank and households with larger equivalent household size were higher than the average of community could significantly predict <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures. About 2.1% of households were faced with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures in 2010. Thus, the implemented policies could not make considerable and significant change in improving justice in financing in health systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH41B2776W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH41B2776W"><span>Solar Energetic Electrons detected in the Earth's <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region by the BD-IES instrument</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, L.; Zong, Q. G.; Shi, Q.; Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. F.; He, J.; Bale, S. D.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Here we present a comprehensive study of three solar energetic electron events observed in the Earth's <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region by the BeiDa Image Electron Spectrometer (BD-IES) instrument onboard an inclined (55°) geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) satellite, respectively, in 2015 October, 2015 November and 2016 January. In all the three events at 50-200 keV, the omnidirectional differential fluxes from the BD-IES show a strong ( 0.7-0.9) correlation with the electron fluxes measured by the WIND 3DP instrument in the solar wind, but with a generally smaller intensity (especially at lower energies). Compared to the WIND 3DP electron flux versus energy spectra, the BD-IES electron spectra also fit well to a power-law function, J E-γ, but the observed spectral index γ appears to be smaller and decrease with time, for all the three events. These results suggest that solar energetic electrons can continuously enter the planets' <span class="hlt">cusp</span> and get trapped there, probably leading to a contribution to the energetic electrons in the magnetosphere, e.g., in the radiation belts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5797459','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5797459"><span>Clinimetric properties of the Nepali version of the Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> Scale in individuals with chronic pain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Thibault, Pascal; Abbott, J Haxby; Jensen, Mark P</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Background Pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> is an exaggerated negative cognitive response related to pain. It is commonly assessed using the Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> Scale (PCS). Translation and validation of the scale in a new language would facilitate cross-cultural comparisons of the role that pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> plays in patient function. Purpose The aim of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the PCS into Nepali (Nepali version of PCS [PCS-NP]) and evaluate its clinimetric properties. Methods We translated, cross-culturally adapted, and performed an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the PCS-NP in a sample of adults with chronic pain (N=143). We then confirmed the resulting factor <span class="hlt">model</span> in a separate sample (N=272) and compared this <span class="hlt">model</span> with 1-, 2-, and 3-factor <span class="hlt">models</span> previously identified using confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs). We also computed internal consistencies, test–retest reliabilities, standard error of measurement (SEM), minimal detectable change (MDC), and limits of agreement with 95% confidence interval (LOA95%) of the PCS-NP scales. Concurrent validity with measures of depression, anxiety, and pain intensity was assessed by computing Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Results The PCS-NP was comprehensible and culturally acceptable. We extracted a two-factor solution using EFA and confirmed this <span class="hlt">model</span> using CFAs in the second sample. Adequate fit was also found for a one-factor <span class="hlt">model</span> and different two- and three-factor <span class="hlt">models</span> based on prior studies. The PCS-NP scores evidenced excellent reliability and temporal stability, and demonstrated validity via moderate-to-strong associations with measures of depression, anxiety, and pain intensity. The SEM and MDC for the PCS-NP total score were 2.52 and 7.86, respectively (range of PCS scores 0–52). LOA95% was between −15.17 and +16.02 for the total PCS-NP scores. Conclusion The PCS-NP is a valid and reliable instrument to assess pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> in Nepalese individuals with chronic pain</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27518491','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27518491"><span>Effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on Brain Connectivity Supporting <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> in Fibromyalgia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lazaridou, Asimina; Kim, Jieun; Cahalan, Christine M; Loggia, Marco L; Franceschelli, Olivia; Berna, Chantal; Schur, Peter; Napadow, Vitaly; Edwards, Robert R</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic, common pain disorder characterized by hyperalgesia. A key mechanism by which cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) fosters improvement in pain outcomes is via reductions in hyperalgesia and pain-related <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, a dysfunctional set of cognitive-emotional processes. However, the neural underpinnings of these CBT effects are unclear. Our aim was to assess CBT's effects on the brain circuitry underlying hyperalgesia in FM patients, and to explore the role of treatment-associated reduction in <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> as a contributor to normalization of pain-relevant brain circuitry and clinical improvement. In total, 16 high-<span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> FM patients were enrolled in the study and randomized to 4 weeks of individual treatment with either CBT or a Fibromyalgia Education (control) condition. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans evaluated functional connectivity between key pain-processing brain regions at baseline and posttreatment. Clinical outcomes were assessed at baseline, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up. <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> correlated with increased resting state functional connectivity between S1 and anterior insula. The CBT group showed larger reductions (compared with the education group) in <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> at posttreatment (P<0.05), and CBT produced significant reductions in both pain and <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> at the 6-month follow-up (P<0.05). Patients in the CBT group also showed reduced resting state connectivity between S1 and anterior/medial insula at posttreatment; these reductions in resting state connectivity were associated with concurrent treatment-related reductions in <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>. The results add to the growing support for the clinically important associations between S1-insula connectivity, clinical pain, and <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, and suggest that CBT may, in part via reductions in <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, help to normalize pain-related brain responses in FM.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4933384','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4933384"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Health Care Expenditure among Older People with Chronic Diseases in 15 European Countries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Arsenijevic, Jelena; Pavlova, Milena; Rechel, Bernd; Groot, Wim</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Introduction It is well-known that the prevalence of chronic diseases is high among older people, especially those who are poor. Moreover, chronic diseases can result in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure. The relationship between chronic diseases and their financial burden on households is thus double-sided, as financial difficulties can give rise to, and result from, chronic diseases. Our aim was to examine the levels of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure imposed by private out-of-pocket payments among older people diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and cancer in 15 European countries. Methods The SHARE dataset for individuals aged 50+ and their households, collected in 2010–2012 was used. The total number of participants included in this study was N = 51,661. The sample consisted of 43.8% male and 56.2% female participants. The average age was 67 years. We applied an instrumental variable approach for binary instrumented variables known as a treatment-effect <span class="hlt">model</span>. Results We found that being diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases was associated with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure among older people even in comparatively wealthy countries with developed risk-pooling mechanisms. When compared to the Netherlands (the country with the lowest share of out-of-pocket payments as a percentage of total health expenditure in our study), older people diagnosed with diabetes mellitus in Portugal, Poland, Denmark, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, the Czech Republic and Hungary were more likely to experience <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure. Similar results were observed for diagnosed cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, cancer was not associated with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure. Discussion Our study shows that older people with diagnosed chronic diseases face <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure even in some of the wealthiest countries in Europe. The effect differs across chronic diseases and countries. This may be due to different socio</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.6888H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.6888H"><span>Assessment and Survey of Potential <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Landslides by Using Geomorphometric Analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hsieh, Yu-Chung; Hou, Chin-Shyong; Hu, Jyr-Ching; Chan, Yu-Chang; Fei, Li-Yuan; Chen, Hung-Jen; Chiu, Cheng-Lung</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>In recent years, extreme weather events have induced more frequent geological hazards in Taiwan. The heavy rainfall brought by the Typhoon Morakot has triggered a large amount of landslides. The most unfortunate case occurred in the Hsiaolin village which was totally demolished by a <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> landslide in less than a minute. The study of such <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> landslides is urgently needed to mitigate loss of lives and properties in the future. Traditionally, the study of landslides usually includes shallow landslides, rockslide, and debris flow etc. and is commonly made use of satellite images, aerial photos, coupled with field surveys. It is considered that the creep phase of a landslide is a progressive stage of failure and gives sufficient signals before turning into a <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> landslide. Due to lack of high quality terrain data, however, the research of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> landslides has been time consuming with often unsatisfactory results. This study used high-resolution airborne LiDAR-derived DEM data from the Central Geological Survey, MOEA. Different geomorphometric analyses were applied to process the high resolution and high accuracy DEM data including the hillshade, aspect, slope, eigenvalue ratio (ER) & openness. Among the geomorphometric analyses, combining the characteristics of openness, slope and hillshade gives a clear advantage to distinguish and analyze regions of potential <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> landslides in many cases. Statistical and image processing techniques to quantify morphological and other aspects of the terrain surface are also employed. Our results indicate that over hundreds of potential <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> landslides may present in southern Taiwan after the Typhoon Morakot event. The quantitative methods used in this study highlight the terrain features of the creep phase of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> landslides and is helpful for landslide feature interpretation and hazard assessment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5690421','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5690421"><span>Diffusion-based neuromodulation can eliminate <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> forgetting in simple neural networks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Clune, Jeff</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>A long-term goal of AI is to produce agents that can learn a diversity of skills throughout their lifetimes and continuously improve those skills via experience. A longstanding obstacle towards that goal is <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> forgetting, which is when learning new information erases previously learned information. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> forgetting occurs in artificial neural networks (ANNs), which have fueled most recent advances in AI. A recent paper proposed that <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> forgetting in ANNs can be reduced by promoting modularity, which can limit forgetting by isolating task information to specific clusters of nodes and connections (functional modules). While the prior work did show that modular ANNs suffered less from <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> forgetting, it was not able to produce ANNs that possessed task-specific functional modules, thereby leaving the main theory regarding modularity and forgetting untested. We introduce diffusion-based neuromodulation, which simulates the release of diffusing, neuromodulatory chemicals within an ANN that can modulate (i.e. up or down regulate) learning in a spatial region. On the simple diagnostic problem from the prior work, diffusion-based neuromodulation 1) induces task-specific learning in groups of nodes and connections (task-specific localized learning), which 2) produces functional modules for each subtask, and 3) yields higher performance by eliminating <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> forgetting. Overall, our results suggest that diffusion-based neuromodulation promotes task-specific localized learning and functional modularity, which can help solve the challenging, but important problem of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> forgetting. PMID:29145413</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22380156','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22380156"><span>Generation of high charge state metal ion beams by electron cyclotron resonance heating of vacuum arc plasma in <span class="hlt">cusp</span> trap.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nikolaev, A G; Savkin, K P; Oks, E M; Vizir, A V; Yushkov, G Yu; Vodopyanov, A V; Izotov, I V; Mansfeld, D A</p> <p>2012-02-01</p> <p>A method for generating high charge state heavy metal ion beams based on high power microwave heating of vacuum arc plasma confined in a magnetic trap under electron cyclotron resonance conditions has been developed. A feature of the work described here is the use of a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> magnetic field with inherent "minimum-B" structure as the confinement geometry, as opposed to a simple mirror device as we have reported on previously. The <span class="hlt">cusp</span> configuration has been successfully used for microwave heating of gas discharge plasma and extraction from the plasma of highly charged, high current, gaseous ion beams. Now we use the trap for heavy metal ion beam generation. Two different approaches were used for injecting the vacuum arc metal plasma into the trap--axial injection from a miniature arc source located on-axis near the microwave window, and radial injection from sources mounted radially at the midplane of the trap. Here, we describe preliminary results of heating vacuum arc plasma in a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> magnetic trap by pulsed (400 μs) high power (up to 100 kW) microwave radiation at 37.5 GHz for the generation of highly charged heavy metal ion beams.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Icar..296...91M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Icar..296...91M"><span>Laboratory tests of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> disruption of rotating bodies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Morris, A. J. W.; Burchell, M. J.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The results of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> disruption experiments on static and rotating targets are reported. The experiments used cement spheres of diameter 10 cm as the targets. Impacts were by mm sized stainless steel spheres at speeds of between 1 and 7.75 km s-1. Energy densities (Q) in the targets ranged from 7 to 2613 J kg-1. The experiments covered both the cratering and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> disruption regimes. For static, i.e. non-rotating targets the critical energy density for disruption (Q*, the value of Q when the largest surviving target fragment has a mass equal to one half of the pre-impact target mass) was Q* = 1447 ± 90 J kg-1. For rotating targets (median rotation frequency of 3.44 Hz) we found Q* = 987 ± 349 J kg-1, a reduction of 32% in the mean value. This lower value of Q* for rotating targets was also accompanied by a larger scatter on the data, hence the greater uncertainty. We suggest that in some cases the rotating targets behaved as static targets, i.e. broke up with the same <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> disruption threshold, but in other cases the rotation helped the break up causing a lower <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> disruption threshold, hence both the lower value of Q* and the larger scatter on the data. The fragment mass distributions after impact were similar in both the static and rotating target experiments with similar slopes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/1015215','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/1015215"><span>Cross scale interactions, nonlinearities, and forecasting <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Peters, Debra P.C.; Pielke, Roger A.; Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.; Allen, Craig D.; Munson-McGee, Stuart; Havstad, Kris M.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> events share characteristic nonlinear behaviors that are often generated by cross-scale interactions and feedbacks among system elements. These events result in surprises that cannot easily be predicted based on information obtained at a single scale. Progress on <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events has focused on one of the following two areas: nonlinear dynamics through time without an explicit consideration of spatial connectivity [Holling, C. S. (1992) Ecol. Monogr. 62, 447–502] or spatial connectivity and the spread of contagious processes without a consideration of cross-scale interactions and feedbacks [Zeng, N., Neeling, J. D., Lau, L. M. & Tucker, C. J. (1999) Science 286, 1537–1540]. These approaches rarely have ventured beyond traditional disciplinary boundaries. We provide an interdisciplinary, conceptual, and general mathematical framework for understanding and forecasting nonlinear dynamics through time and across space. We illustrate the generality and usefulness of our approach by using new data and recasting published data from ecology (wildfires and desertification), epidemiology (infectious diseases), and engineering (structural failures). We show that decisions that minimize the likelihood of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events must be based on cross-scale interactions, and such decisions will often be counterintuitive. Given the continuing challenges associated with global change, approaches that cross disciplinary boundaries to include interactions and feedbacks at multiple scales are needed to increase our ability to predict <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events and develop strategies for minimizing their occurrence and impacts. Our framework is an important step in developing predictive tools and designing experiments to examine cross-scale interactions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5380101','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5380101"><span>Overcoming <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> forgetting in neural networks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kirkpatrick, James; Pascanu, Razvan; Rabinowitz, Neil; Veness, Joel; Desjardins, Guillaume; Rusu, Andrei A.; Milan, Kieran; Quan, John; Ramalho, Tiago; Grabska-Barwinska, Agnieszka; Hassabis, Demis; Clopath, Claudia; Kumaran, Dharshan; Hadsell, Raia</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The ability to learn tasks in a sequential fashion is crucial to the development of artificial intelligence. Until now neural networks have not been capable of this and it has been widely thought that <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> forgetting is an inevitable feature of connectionist <span class="hlt">models</span>. We show that it is possible to overcome this limitation and train networks that can maintain expertise on tasks that they have not experienced for a long time. Our approach remembers old tasks by selectively slowing down learning on the weights important for those tasks. We demonstrate our approach is scalable and effective by solving a set of classification tasks based on a hand-written digit dataset and by learning several Atari 2600 games sequentially. PMID:28292907</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860030361&hterms=energy+regions+Remote&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Denergy%2Bregions%2BRemote','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860030361&hterms=energy+regions+Remote&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Denergy%2Bregions%2BRemote"><span>Precipitating electron interaction with the atmosphere. II - The dayside <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Prasad, S. S.; Strickland, D. J.; Chiu, Y. T.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>Interaction of precipitating low-energy magnetosheath electrons with the atmosphere in the dayside <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region has been studied. Both pitch angle and energy distributions of the fluxes as well as excitation functions for selected N2 and O UV emissions were obtained by numerically solving the multiangle equations of electron transport. There is some possibility that atmospheric emissions may be used for remote measurements of incident soft energy flux, because the ratios of molecular to atomic emission line intensities in the low-energy region are quite different from those in the high-energy region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17351124','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17351124"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> head injuries in high school and college football players.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Boden, Barry P; Tacchetti, Robin L; Cantu, Robert C; Knowles, Sarah B; Mueller, Frederick O</p> <p>2007-07-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> head injuries in football are rare but tragic events. To update the profile of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> head injuries in high school and college football players and to describe relevant risk factors. Case series; Level of evidence, 4. We reviewed 94 incidents of severe football head injuries reported to the National Center for <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Sports Injury Research during 13 academic years (September 1989 through June 2002). In the study period there were an average of 7.23 (standard deviation = 2.05) direct high school and college <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> head injuries in scholastic football participants per year. There were 0.67 injuries per 100 000 (95% confidence interval: 0.54, 0.81 per 100 000) high school and 0.21 injuries per 100 000 (95% confidence interval: 0.0, 0.49 per 100 000) college participants for a risk ratio of 3.28 (95% confidence interval: 0.81, 13.3). The injuries resulted in subdural hematoma in 75 athletes, subdural hematoma with diffuse brain edema in 10 athletes, diffuse brain edema in 5 athletes, and arteriovenous malformation or aneurysm in 4 athletes. Fifty-nine percent of the contacts reported that the athlete had a history of a previous head injury, of which 71% occurred within the same season as the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> event. Thirty-nine percent of the athletes (21 of 54) were playing with residual neurologic symptoms from the prior head injury. There were 8 (9%) deaths as a result of the injury, 46 (51%) permanent neurologic injuries, and 36 (40%) serious injuries with full recovery. Most players sustained a major impact to the head either from tackling or being tackled. The incidence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> head injuries in football has remained low since the advent of the modern day football helmet in the early 1970s. The incidence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> head injuries in football is dramatically higher at the high school level than at the college level. Although the reason for this discrepancy is unclear, an unacceptably high percentage of high school players were</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Panic+AND+Disorder&id=EJ932321','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Panic+AND+Disorder&id=EJ932321"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Misinterpretations as a Predictor of Symptom Change during Treatment for Panic Disorder</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Teachman, Bethany A.; Marker, Craig D.; Clerkin, Elise M.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Objective: Cognitive <span class="hlt">models</span> of panic disorder suggest that change in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> misinterpretations of bodily sensations will predict symptom reduction. To examine change processes, we used a repeated measures design to evaluate whether the trajectory of change in misinterpretations over the course of 12-week cognitive behavior therapy is related…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=planetary+AND+science&pg=5&id=EJ421923','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=planetary+AND+science&pg=5&id=EJ421923"><span>Cosmic Impacts, Cosmic <span class="hlt">Catastrophes</span>. Part 2.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Chapman, Clark R.; Morrison, David</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Examined is the science of <span class="hlt">catastrophism</span> and its role in planetary and earth science. The effects of impacts on earth with extraterrestrial origins are discussed. Perspectives on the age and dynamics of the earth's crust are presented. (CW)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20954759','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20954759"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> misinterpretations as a predictor of symptom change during treatment for panic disorder.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Teachman, Bethany A; Marker, Craig D; Clerkin, Elise M</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Cognitive <span class="hlt">models</span> of panic disorder suggest that change in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> misinterpretations of bodily sensations will predict symptom reduction. To examine change processes, we used a repeated measures design to evaluate whether the trajectory of change in misinterpretations over the course of 12-week cognitive behavior therapy is related to the trajectory of change in a variety of panic-relevant outcomes. Participants had a primary diagnosis of panic disorder (N = 43; 70% female; mean age = 40.14 years). Race or ethnicity was reported as 91% Caucasian, 5% African American, 2.3% biracial, and 2.3% "other." Change in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> misinterpretations (assessed with the Brief Body Sensations Interpretation Questionnaire; Clark et al., 1997) was used to predict a variety of treatment outcomes, including overall panic symptom severity (assessed with the Panic Disorder Severity Scale [PDSS]; Shear et al., 1997), panic attack frequency (assessed with the relevant PDSS item), panic-related distress/apprehension (assessed by a latent factor, including peak anxiety in response to a panic-relevant stressor-a straw breathing task), and avoidance (assessed by a latent factor, which included the Fear Questionnaire-Agoraphobic Avoidance subscale; Marks & Mathews, 1979). Bivariate latent difference score <span class="hlt">modeling</span> indicated that, as expected, change in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> misinterpretations predicted subsequent reductions in overall symptom severity, panic attack frequency, distress/apprehension, and avoidance behavior. However, change in the various symptom domains was not typically a significant predictor of later interpretation change (except for the distress/apprehension factor). These results provide considerable support for the cognitive <span class="hlt">model</span> of panic and speak to the temporal sequence of change processes during therapy. (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25934082','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25934082"><span>Financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>, treatment discontinuation and death associated with surgically operable cancer in South-East Asia: Results from the ACTION Study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jan, Stephen; Kimman, Merel; Peters, Sanne A E; Woodward, Mark</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>This study assessed the extent to which individuals with surgically operable cancer in Southeast Asia experience financially <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> out-of-pocket costs, discontinuation of treatment, or death. The ACTION study is a prospective, 8-country, cohort study of adult patients recruited consecutively with an initial diagnosis of cancer from public and private hospitals. Participants were interviewed at baseline and 3 months. In this paper, we identified 4,584 participants in whom surgery was indicated in initial treatment plans and assessed the following competing outcomes: death, financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> (out-of-pocket costs of >30% of annual household income), treatment discontinuation, and hospitalization without financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> incurred. We then analyzed a range of predictors using a multinomial regression <span class="hlt">model</span>. Of the participants, 72% were female and 44% had health insurance at baseline. At 3 months, 31% of participants incurred financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>, 8% had died, 23% had discontinued treatment, and 38% were hospitalized but avoided financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. Health insurance status was found to be associated with lower odds of treatment discontinuation (odds ratio [OR], 0.60; 95% CI, 0.47-0.77) relative to hospitalization without financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. Women had greater odds of financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> than men (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.05-1.74), whereas lower socioeconomic status (range of indicators) was generally found to be associated with higher odds of death, treatment discontinuation, and financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. Priority should be given to measures such as programs to extend social health insurance to offset the out-of-pocket costs associated with surgery for cancer faced in particular by women, the uninsured, and individuals of low socioeconomic status in Southeast Asia. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1616258V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1616258V"><span>The reasons for the application of chaos theory to the analysis of <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Valery, Kudin</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>The study of <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> is necessary for understanding the nature of the interaction between the individual and the universal in the process of the development of complex systems. Chaos theory, allowing describing adaptation and bifurcation mechanisms for the development of systems, defines the <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> as a transition of the system into a different state (change of structure). The previous state of the system is destroyed because of fluctuations, which do not play a role in the development of the system until it reaches the instability region that is inherent to any system. The <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> is considered in this theory as a stage in the evolution of the system, and thus emphasizes the importance of <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> for the development of any system. We rarely manage events comprehensively, as events are always subject to changes like gas molecules changing the trajectory of motion each moment under the influence of countless blows. The concept of <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> is much broader and is generally applicable to any final result of collision of opposing aspirations. Philosophical definition of <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> comes down to the destruction of the unity, accompanied by violent collision between different parts, the growing disruption, failure to prevent crossing the dangerous threshold... As a final vertex of action, disaster is not, however, directly its end: the action may continue after the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>, but in the direction that is determined by the character of opposing aspirations. Major <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>, which have already destroyed and continue to ravage the world today, come from a superficial use of the laws of the development of complex systems and, in particular, of individual techniques of the chaos theory.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.U13B..06D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.U13B..06D"><span>Connecting Capital and <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> in a <span class="hlt">Modeled</span> World - How re/insurance and public science interact to manage risk for societal benefit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Douglas, R.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Society, at local and global scales, seeks improved ways of managing the impact and sharing the costs of extreme natural events across populations via public and private mechanisms. Concerns over potential climate change and climate variability are amplifying the importance of these questions among public policy, business and regulatory communities. Through its financial obligations to exposed populations, the international insurance and reinsurance sector is directly affected by the frequency, severity and impact of extreme events. In many jurisdictions insurance contracts are regulated to tolerate the maximum probable loss events which are expected at 1 in 200 year return periods. This risk tolerance requirement renders re/insurers to undertake distinctive risk analysis among financial sector institutions. Natural <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> risk is a major component of re/insurer risk at the 1:200 year return period and a significant driver of the minimum capital requirements imposed on re/insurers. Historic claims records are insufficient on their own to evaluate potential losses at these return periods and over the last twenty years a significant sub-sector of the re/insurance industry has emerged known as <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> risk <span class="hlt">modelling</span>. This has brought a progress and influential approach in applying science to gain a great handle of the expected losses to portfolios by developing increasingly robust analysis of hazards, exposures, vulnerabilities and impacts. As a result of these innovations the re/insurance sector has become more resilient to natural <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>. In recent years there has been an accelerated and deepening interaction between the re/insurance sector and public science across natural hazards risk research. The medium of <span class="hlt">modelling</span> is providing a common vehicle for science and industry communities to collaborate and new supply chains are emerging from blue sky public science, through to applied research and operation <span class="hlt">modelling</span>. Increasingly both sides are sharing</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3439419','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3439419"><span>Discrete <span class="hlt">Model</span> of Opinion Changes Using Knowledge and Emotions as Control Variables</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Sobkowicz, Pawel</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>We present a new <span class="hlt">model</span> of opinion changes dependent on the agents emotional state and their information about the issue in question. Our goal is to construct a simple, yet nontrivial and flexible representation of individual attitude dynamics for agent based simulations, that could be used in a variety of social environments. The <span class="hlt">model</span> is a discrete version of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> of opinion dynamics in which information is treated as the normal factor while emotional arousal (agitation level determining agent receptiveness and rationality) is treated as the splitting factor. Both variables determine the resulting agent opinion, which itself can be in favor of the studied position, against it, or neutral. Thanks to the flexibility of implementing communication between the agents, the <span class="hlt">model</span> is potentially applicable in a wide range of situations. As an example of the <span class="hlt">model</span> application, we study the dynamics of a set of agents communicating among themselves via messages. In the example, we chose the simplest, fully connected communication topology, to focus on the effects of the individual opinion dynamics, and to look for stable final distributions of agents with different emotions, information and opinions. Even for such simplified system, the <span class="hlt">model</span> shows complex behavior, including phase transitions due to symmetry breaking by external propaganda. PMID:22984516</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22984516','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22984516"><span>Discrete <span class="hlt">model</span> of opinion changes using knowledge and emotions as control variables.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sobkowicz, Pawel</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>We present a new <span class="hlt">model</span> of opinion changes dependent on the agents emotional state and their information about the issue in question. Our goal is to construct a simple, yet nontrivial and flexible representation of individual attitude dynamics for agent based simulations, that could be used in a variety of social environments. The <span class="hlt">model</span> is a discrete version of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> of opinion dynamics in which information is treated as the normal factor while emotional arousal (agitation level determining agent receptiveness and rationality) is treated as the splitting factor. Both variables determine the resulting agent opinion, which itself can be in favor of the studied position, against it, or neutral. Thanks to the flexibility of implementing communication between the agents, the <span class="hlt">model</span> is potentially applicable in a wide range of situations. As an example of the <span class="hlt">model</span> application, we study the dynamics of a set of agents communicating among themselves via messages. In the example, we chose the simplest, fully connected communication topology, to focus on the effects of the individual opinion dynamics, and to look for stable final distributions of agents with different emotions, information and opinions. Even for such simplified system, the <span class="hlt">model</span> shows complex behavior, including phase transitions due to symmetry breaking by external propaganda.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Geomo..54...21K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Geomo..54...21K"><span>Forecasting giant, <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> slope collapse: lessons from Vajont, Northern Italy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kilburn, Christopher R. J.; Petley, David N.</p> <p>2003-08-01</p> <p>Rapid, giant landslides, or sturzstroms, are among the most powerful natural hazards on Earth. They have minimum volumes of ˜10 6-10 7 m 3 and, normally preceded by prolonged intervals of accelerating creep, are produced by <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> and deep-seated slope collapse (loads ˜1-10 MPa). Conventional analyses attribute rapid collapse to unusual mechanisms, such as the vaporization of ground water during sliding. Here, <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> collapse is related to self-accelerating rock fracture, common in crustal rocks at loads ˜1-10 MPa and readily catalysed by circulating fluids. Fracturing produces an abrupt drop in resisting stress. Measured stress drops in crustal rock account for minimum sturzstrom volumes and rapid collapse accelerations. Fracturing also provides a physical basis for quantitatively forecasting <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> slope failure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155424','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155424"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Head Injuries in High School and Collegiate Sports</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>Objective: To describe the incidence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> head injuries in a variety of high school and college sports. Design and Setting: Data on <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> head injuries were compiled in a national surveillance system maintained by the National Center for <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Sports Injury Research. The data were compiled with the assistance of coaches, athletic trainers, athletic directors, executive officers of state and national athletic organizations, a national newspaper clipping service, professional associates of the researchers, and national sport organizations. Subjects: Data included all high school and college athletic programs in the United States. Measurements: Background information on the athlete (age, height, weight, experience, previous injury, etc), accident information, immediate and postaccident medical care, type of injury, and equipment involved. Autopsy reports were used when available. Results: A football-related fatality has occurred every year from 1945 through 1999, except for 1990. Head-related deaths accounted for 69% of football fatalities, cervical spinal injuries for 16.3%, and other injuries for 14.7%. High school football produced the greatest number of football head-related deaths. From 1984 through 1999, 69 football head-related injuries resulted in permanent disability. Sixty-three of the injuries were associated with high school football and 6 with college football. Although football has received the most attention, other sports have also been associated with head-related deaths and permanent disability injuries. From 1982 through 1999, 20 deaths and 19 permanent disability injuries occurred in a variety of sports. Track and field, baseball, and cheerleading had the highest incidence of these <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> injuries. Three deaths and 3 injuries resulting in permanent disability have occurred in female participants. Conclusions/Recommendations: Reliable data collection systems and continual analysis of the data can help us to reduce the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT........84M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT........84M"><span>A Study of Reconnection Poleward of <span class="hlt">Cusp</span>: Cluster and Polar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Muzamil, Fathima</p> <p></p> <p>Asymmetries in plasma density and the presence of a guide field significantly alter the structure of the ion diffusion region (IDR) in symmetric, collisionless reconnection. These features have been shown by numerical simulations under moderate density asymmetries ( 10), and theoretical analyses. However, very few studies have addressed these issues with in-situ observations, particularly at high magnetic latitudes. By the structure of the IDR we refer to features such as the non-colocation of the X-line and stagnation line, the distortion of the Hall magnetic and electric fields, outflow speed, outflow density etc. We have compiled a collection of Cluster crossings of the high-latitude magnetopause poleward of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> under northward interplanetary magnetic field in the years 2001-2008. We identified 18 events that fulfilled the criteria that was used as plausible evidence for an IDR crossing. A wide range of guide fields (6 to 74%) and very high density asymmetries (over three orders of magnitude) were present in this event list. The total DC electric field ranged from 10 mV/m-72 mV/m. We compared theoretical predictions for ion outflow speed and density against measured values for events with least magnetic shear and found good agreement. Peak values of both measured quantities agreed better than the average values. The separation between the X and S-lines were measured for two events. The separation was in the order of 2 ion inertial lengths. We presented a detailed analysis of a current sheet crossing hallmarked by a density asymmetry of 2 orders of magnitude ( 140) [Muzamil et al., 2014, JGR]. This event was measured by the Polar spacecraft, also at high latitudes poleward of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. Data agreed well with simulation results, especially the observation of density cavities together with isolated electric fields in the normal direction at both separatrices. This has not been observed in previous observational studies. Effect of the guide field on both sides</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA52A..09S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA52A..09S"><span>Studies of small scale irregularities in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> ionosphere using sounding rockets: recent results</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Spicher, A.; Ilyasov, A. A.; Miloch, W. J.; Chernyshov, A. A.; Moen, J.; Clausen, L. B. N.; Saito, Y.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Plasma irregularities occurring over many scale sizes are common in the ionosphere. Understanding and characterizing the phenomena responsible for these irregularities is not only important from a theoretical point of view, but also in the context of space weather, as the irregularities can disturb HF communication and Global Navigation Satellite Systems signals. Overall, research about the small-scale turbulence has not progressed as fast for polar regions as for the equatorial ones, and for the high latitude ionosphere there is still no agreement nor detailed explanation regarding the formation of irregularities. To investigate plasma structuring at small scales in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> ionosphere, we use high resolution measurements from the Investigation of <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Irregularities (ICI) sounding rockets, and investigate a region associated with density enhancements and a region characterized by flow shears. Using the ICI-2 electron density data, we give further evidence of the importance of the gradient drift instability for plasma structuring inside the polar cap. In particular, using higher-order statistics, we provide new insights into the nature of the resulting plasma structures and show that they are characterized by intermittency. Using the ICI-3 data, we show that the entire region associated with a reversed flow event (RFE), with the presence of meter-scale irregularities, several flow shears and particle precipitation, is highly structured. By performing a numerical stability analysis, we show that the inhomogeneous-energy-density-driven instability (IEDDI) may be active in relation to RFEs at the rocket's altitude. In particular, we show that the presence of particle precipitation decreases the growth rates of IEDDI and, using a Local Intermittency Measure, we observe a correlation between IEDDI growth rates and electric field fluctuations over several scales. These findings support the view that large-scale inhomogeneities may provide a background for the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AcASn..58...55X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AcASn..58...55X"><span>Numerical Experiments Based on the <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">Model</span> of Solar Eruptions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xie, X. Y.; Ziegler, U.; Mei, Z. X.; Wu, N.; Lin, J.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>On the basis of the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> developed by Isenberg et al., we use the NIRVANA code to perform the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) numerical experiments to look into various behaviors of the coronal magnetic configuration that includes a current-carrying flux rope used to <span class="hlt">model</span> the prominence levitating in the corona. These behaviors include the evolution in equilibrium heights of the flux rope versus the change in the background magnetic field, the corresponding internal equilibrium of the flux rope, dynamic properties of the flux rope after the system loses equilibrium, as well as the impact of the referential radius on the equilibrium heights of the flux rope. In our calculations, an empirical <span class="hlt">model</span> of the coronal density distribution given by Sittler & Guhathakurta is used, and the physical diffusion is included. Our experiments show that the deviation of simulations in the equilibrium heights from the theoretical results exists, but is not apparent, and the evolutionary features of the two results are similar. If the flux rope is initially locate at the stable branch of the theoretical equilibrium curve, the flux rope will quickly reach the equilibrium position in the simulation after several rounds of oscillations as a result of the self-adjustment of the system; and the flux rope lose the equilibrium if the initial location of the flux rope is set at the critical point on the theoretical equilibrium curve. Correspondingly, the internal equilibrium of the flux rope can be reached as well, and the deviation from the theoretical results is somewhat apparent since the approximation of the small radius of the flux rope is lifted in our experiments, but such deviation does not affect the global equilibrium in the system. The impact of the referential radius on the equilibrium heights of the flux rope is consistent with the prediction of the theory. Our calculations indicate that the motion of the flux rope after the loss of equilibrium is consistent with which</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10165042','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10165042"><span>Risk-adjusted capitation payments for <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> risks based on multi-year prior costs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>van Barneveld, E M; van Vliet, R C; van de Ven, W P</p> <p>1997-02-01</p> <p>In many countries regulated competition among health insurance companies has recently been proposed or implemented. A crucial issue is whether or not the benefits package offered by competing insurers should also cover <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> risks (like several forms of expensive long-term care) in addition to non-<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> risks (like hospital care and physician services). In 1988 the Dutch government proposed compulsory national health insurance based on regulated competition among insurer as well as among providers of care. The competing insurers should offer a benefits package covering both non-<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> risks and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> risks. The insurers would be largely financed via risk-adjusted capitation payments. The government intended to use a capitation formula that is, besides some demographic variables, based on multi-year prior costs. This paper presents the results of an explorative empirical analysis of the possible consequences of such a capitation formula for <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> risks. The main conclusion is that this formula would be inadequate because it would leave ample room for cream skimming.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24525994','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24525994"><span>Influence of educational attainment on pain intensity and disability in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: mediation effect of pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, Ho-Joong; Kim, Sung-Chan; Kang, Kyoung-Tak; Chang, Bong-Soon; Lee, Choon-Ki; Yeom, Jin S</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Level IV, prospective case series. To investigate the influence of educational attainment on the level of pain intensity and disability in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) and determine how coping behavior, such as <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, may mediate the association between educational attainment and clinical impairments. Educational attainment has been thought to influence disability caused by chronic painful disease, mediated by pain behavior or a coping strategy such as <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>. Nevertheless, little is known about the role of educational attainment on pain intensity or disability related with LSS. A total of 155 patients who were diagnosed as degenerative LSS participated in the study. Data on detailed medical history, physical examination, and series of questionnaires were collected, including pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> scale, Oswestry Disability Index, and visual analogue pain scale for back and leg pain. For measures of socioeconomic status, educational attainment and occupation were assessed. Radiological analysis was performed using magnetic resonance images and computed tomographic scans. After adjustment of covariates, multivariate regression analysis was used to assess each component of the proposed mediation <span class="hlt">models</span> among visual analogue pain scale for back/leg pain, Oswestry Disability Index, the level of education, occupation and pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> scale. Mediation was also assessed by the bootstrapping technique. Educational attainment was negatively correlated with pain intensity, disability, and <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>. Pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> were also significantly correlated with disability and pain intensity for back/leg pain in the patients with LSS. In the relationship among variables, the mediation analysis with bootstrapping clearly showed the role of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> in the mediation between visual analogue pain scale for back pain/leg pain, Oswestry Disability Index, and the level of education. This study demonstrated that lower educational</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3682614','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3682614"><span>The Decline and Rise of Coronary Heart Disease: Understanding Public Health <span class="hlt">Catastrophism</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Greene, Jeremy A.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The decline of coronary heart disease mortality in the United States and Western Europe is one of the great accomplishments of modern public health and medicine. Cardiologists and cardiovascular epidemiologists have devoted significant effort to disease surveillance and epidemiological <span class="hlt">modeling</span> to understand its causes. One unanticipated outcome of these efforts has been the detection of early warnings that the decline had slowed, plateaued, or even reversed. These subtle signs have been interpreted as evidence of an impending public health <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. This article traces the history of research on coronary heart disease decline and resurgence and situates it in broader narratives of public health <span class="hlt">catastrophism</span>. Juxtaposing the coronary heart disease literature alongside the narratives of emerging and reemerging infectious disease helps to identify patterns in how public health researchers create data and craft them into powerful narratives of progress or pessimism. These narratives, in turn, shape public health policy. PMID:23678895</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3242451','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3242451"><span>Chromosome <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> involve replication mechanisms generating complex genomic rearrangements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Liu, Pengfei; Erez, Ayelet; Sreenath Nagamani, Sandesh C.; Dhar, Shweta U.; Kołodziejska, Katarzyna E.; Dharmadhikari, Avinash V.; Cooper, M. Lance; Wiszniewska, Joanna; Zhang, Feng; Withers, Marjorie A.; Bacino, Carlos A.; Campos-Acevedo, Luis Daniel; Delgado, Mauricio R.; Freedenberg, Debra; Garnica, Adolfo; Grebe, Theresa A.; Hernández-Almaguer, Dolores; Immken, LaDonna; Lalani, Seema R.; McLean, Scott D.; Northrup, Hope; Scaglia, Fernando; Strathearn, Lane; Trapane, Pamela; Kang, Sung-Hae L.; Patel, Ankita; Cheung, Sau Wai; Hastings, P. J.; Stankiewicz, Paweł; Lupski, James R.; Bi, Weimin</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>SUMMARY Complex genomic rearrangements (CGR) consisting of two or more breakpoint junctions have been observed in genomic disorders. Recently, a chromosome <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> phenomenon termed chromothripsis, in which numerous genomic rearrangements are apparently acquired in one single <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> event, was described in multiple cancers. Here we show that constitutionally acquired CGRs share similarities with cancer chromothripsis. In the 17 CGR cases investigated we observed localization and multiple copy number changes including deletions, duplications and/or triplications, as well as extensive translocations and inversions. Genomic rearrangements involved varied in size and complexities; in one case, array comparative genomic hybridization revealed 18 copy number changes. Breakpoint sequencing identified characteristic features, including small templated insertions at breakpoints and microhomology at breakpoint junctions, which have been attributed to replicative processes. The resemblance between CGR and chromothripsis suggests similar mechanistic underpinnings. Such chromosome <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events appear to reflect basic DNA metabolism operative throughout an organism’s life cycle. PMID:21925314</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..265a2029S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..265a2029S"><span>Quantitative Evaluation of Heavy Duty Machine Tools Remanufacturing Based on Modified <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Progression Method</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>shunhe, Li; jianhua, Rao; lin, Gui; weimin, Zhang; degang, Liu</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The result of remanufacturing evaluation is the basis for judging whether the heavy duty machine tool can remanufacture in the EOL stage of the machine tool lifecycle management.The objectivity and accuracy of evaluation is the key to the evaluation method.In this paper, the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> progression method is introduced into the quantitative evaluation of heavy duty machine tools’ remanufacturing,and the results are modified by the comprehensive adjustment method,which makes the evaluation results accord with the standard of human conventional thinking.Using the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> progression method to establish the heavy duty machine tools’ quantitative evaluation <span class="hlt">model</span>,to evaluate the retired TK6916 type CNC floor milling-boring machine’s remanufacturing.The evaluation process is simple,high quantification,the result is objective.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/39337','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/39337"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> fires in Russian forests</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>A. I. Sukhinin; D. J. McRae; B. J. Stocks; S. G. Conard; WeiMin Hao; A. J. Soja; D. Cahoon</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>We evaluated the contribution of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> fires to the total burned area and the amount of tree mortality in Russia since the 1970âs. Such fires occurred in the central regions of European Russia (1972, 1976, 1989, 2002, 2010), Khabarovsk krai (1976, 1988, 1998), Amur region (1997-2002), Republics of Yakutia and Tuva (2002), Magadan and Kamchatka oblast (1984, 2001...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29284338','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29284338"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> antiphospholipid syndrome and pregnancy. Clinical report.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Khizroeva, J; Bitsadze, V; Makatsariya, A</p> <p>2018-01-08</p> <p>We have observed the development of a <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) in a pregnant woman hospitalized at 28 weeks of gestation with a severe preeclampsia. On the same day, an eclampsia attack developed, and an emergency surgical delivery was performed. On the third day, multiorgan failure developed. Examination showed a persistent circulation of lupus anticoagulant, high level of antibodies to cardiolipin, b2-glycoprotein I, and prothrombin. The usual diagnosis of the severe preeclampsia masked a <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> antiphospholipid syndrome, exacerbated by the coincident presence of several types of antiphospholipid antibodies. The first pregnancy resulted in a premature birth at 25 weeks, possibly also due to the circulation of antiphospholipid antibodies. The trigger of the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> form development was the pregnancy itself, surgical intervention, and hyperhomocysteinemia. CAPS is the most severe form of antiphospholipid syndrome, manifested in multiple microthrombosis of microcirculation of vital organs and in the development of multiorgan failure against the background of the high level of antiphospholipid antibodies. CAPS is characterized by renal, cerebral, gastrointestinal, adrenal, ovarian, skin, and other forms of microthrombosis. Thrombosis recurrence is typical. Thrombotic microvasculopathy lies at the heart of multiorgan failure and manifests clinically in central nervous system lesions, adrenal insufficiency, and ARDS development. CAPS is a life-threatening condition, therefore, requires an urgent treatment. Optimal treatment of CAPS is not developed. CAPS represent a general medical multidisciplinary problem.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23476093','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23476093"><span>Emergency obstetric care in Mali: <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> spending and its impoverishing effects on households.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Arsenault, Catherine; Fournier, Pierre; Philibert, Aline; Sissoko, Koman; Coulibaly, Aliou; Tourigny, Caroline; Traoré, Mamadou; Dumont, Alexandre</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>To investigate the frequency of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditures for emergency obstetric care, explore its risk factors, and assess the effect of these expenditures on households in the Kayes region, Mali. Data on 484 obstetric emergencies (242 deaths and 242 near-misses) were collected in 2008-2011. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> expenditure for emergency obstetric care was assessed at different thresholds and its associated factors were explored through logistic regression. A survey was subsequently administered in a nested sample of 56 households to determine how the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditure had affected them. Despite the fee exemption policy for Caesareans and the maternity referral-system, designed to reduce the financial burden of emergency obstetric care, average expenses were 152 United States dollars (equivalent to 71 535 Communauté Financière Africaine francs) and 20.7 to 53.5% of households incurred <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditures. High expenditure for emergency obstetric care forced 44.6% of the households to reduce their food consumption and 23.2% were still indebted 10 months to two and a half years later. Living in remote rural areas was associated with the risk of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> spending, which shows the referral system's inability to eliminate financial obstacles for remote households. Women who underwent Caesareans continued to incur <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenses, especially when prescribed drugs not included in the government-provided Caesarean kits. The poor accessibility and affordability of emergency obstetric care has consequences beyond maternal deaths. Providing drugs free of charge and moving to a more sustainable, nationally-funded referral system would reduce <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenses for households during obstetric emergencies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986EnGeo...8...25L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986EnGeo...8...25L"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> subsidence: An environmental hazard, shelby county, Alabama</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lamoreaux, Philip E.; Newton, J. G.</p> <p>1986-03-01</p> <p>Induced sinkholes (<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> subsidence) are those caused or accelerated by human activities These sinkholes commonly result from a water level decline due to pumpage Construction activities in a cone of depression greatly increases the likelihood of sinkhole occurrence Almost all occur where cavities develop in unconsolidated deposits overlying solution openings in carbonate rocks. Triggering mechanisms resulting from water level declines are (1) loss of buoyant support of the water, (2) increased gradient and water velocity, (3) water-level fluctuations, and (4) induced recharge Construction activities triggering sinkhole development include ditching, removing overburden, drilling, movement of heavy equipment, blasting and the diversion and impoundment of drainage Triggering mechanisms include piping, saturation, and loading Induced sinkholes resulting from human water development/management activities are most predictable in a youthful karst area impacted by groundwater withdrawals Shape, depth, and timing of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> subsidence can be predicted in general terms Remote sensing techniques are used in prediction of locations of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> subsidence. This provides a basis for design and relocation of structures such as a gas pipeline, dam, or building Utilization of techniques and a case history of the relocation of a pipeline are described</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12782115','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12782115"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> desert formation in Daisyworld.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ackland, Graeme J; Clark, Michael A; Lenton, Timothy M</p> <p>2003-07-07</p> <p>Feedback between life and its environment is ubiquitous but the strength of coupling and its global implications remain hotly debated. Abrupt changes in the abundance of life for small changes in forcing provide one indicator of regulation, for example, when vegetation-climate feedback collapses in the formation of a desert. Here we use a two-dimensional "Daisyworld" <span class="hlt">model</span> with curvature to show that <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> collapse of life under gradual forcing provides a testable indicator of environmental feedback. When solar luminosity increases to a critical value, a desert forms across a wide band of the planet. The scale of collapse depends on the strength of feedback. The efficiency of temperature regulation is limited by mutation rate in an analogous manner to the limitation of adaptive fitness in evolutionary theories. The final state of the system emerging from single-site rules can be described by two global quantities: optimization of temperature regulation and maximization of diversity, which are mathematically analogous to energy and entropy in thermodynamics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSM51C2509F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSM51C2509F"><span>RENU 2 UV Measurements of Atomic Oxygen in the <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fritz, B.; Lessard, M.; Paxton, L. J.; Cook, T.; Lynch, K. A.; Clemmons, J. H.; Hecht, J. H.; Hysell, D. L.; Crowley, G.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The RENU 2 NASA sounding rocket mission launched from the Andoya Space Center on 13 December, 2015 into the dayside <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region. A UV Photometer (UV PMT) provided by the University of New Hampshire was oriented to look up along the local magnetic field line as the payload passed through a poleward moving auroral form (PMAF). The bandpass filter on the UV PMT isolated emissions of atomic oxygen at both 130.4 nm and 135.6 nm. The instrument measured a clear enhancement in the topside ionosphere as the payload descended through a region of soft electron precipitation. The RENU 2 UV PMT was flown uncalibrated but measured a clear signal with both a major overall structure as well as several smaller peaks of fine structure. An identical spare has been built and calibrated using a Paresce UV light source at UMass-Lowell to compare and correlate with the flight data. An approximation of the flight data luminosity from the spare instrument and other flight data from RENU 2 is used in a radiative transport <span class="hlt">model</span> to infer structure of upwelling neutral atomic oxygen above the PMAF.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=herzberg%27s+AND+two+AND+factor+AND+theory&pg=2&id=EJ382498','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=herzberg%27s+AND+two+AND+factor+AND+theory&pg=2&id=EJ382498"><span>Insights into Participants' Behaviours in Educational Games, Simulations and Workshops: A <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Theory Application to Motivation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Cryer, Patricia</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>Develops <span class="hlt">models</span> for participants' behaviors in games, simulations, and workshops based on <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Theory and Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation. Examples are given of how these <span class="hlt">models</span> can be used, both for describing and understanding the behaviors of individuals, and for eliciting insights into why participants behave as they do. (11…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA225131','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA225131"><span><span class="hlt">Modelling</span> Bathymetric Control of Near Coastal Wave Climate. Report 2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1990-04-01</p> <p>given in Sub (1989), showing that the nonlinearity is important at the transects 4 and 5 where the wave has passed through the caustic <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. Here we...pronounced, especially 22 I 3 on the right side of the caustic <span class="hlt">cusp</span>. The overall shapes of the results of the parabolic <span class="hlt">model</span> for 0, = 450 and 600 are...the positive z direction. The shift becomes severe with increasing angle of incidence, and it is more prominent on the right side of the caustic <span class="hlt">cusp</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSM51C2576S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSM51C2576S"><span><span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Ion Fountain Observations from the e-POP Suprathermal Electron Imager (SEI) with DMSP and RISR-N conjunctions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shen, Y.; Knudsen, D. J.; Burchill, J. K.; Howarth, A. D.; Yau, A. W.; Redmon, R. J.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Low-energy (<10 eV) ion upflows associated with ambipolar ion acceleration in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/cleft and polar cap regions are investigated using conjunctions of the Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (e-POP) satellite, the Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar (RISR-N) and the DMSP satellites in June 2014. e-POP encountered the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/cleft ion fountain at 10-14 MLT and around 1000 km altitude during these experiments. Such intermediate-altitude observations of ion upflow have been sampled only rarely by previous satellite missions and ground-based radars. The Suprathermal Electron Imager (SEI) onboard e-POP measures two-dimensional ion distribution functions with a frame rate of 100 images per second, from which, high-precision energy and angle information of entering ions can be inferred. Large field-aligned ion bulk flow velocities (2.5 km/s) are estimated from the angle information with a resolution of the order of 25 m/s. The ion velocities were, in general, upward in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region and downward in the polar cap region. The ion temperatures have been resolved by investigating the slop shape of the distribution function. It has been found that only weak perpendicular (to B) heating occurred during these events, which when combined with the simultaneous soft electron precipitation observed by the DMSP SSJ/4 instrument, suggests that ambipolar electric fields play a dominant role in accelerating ions upward at and below 1000 km. Also, structured DC field-aligned currents derived from the magnetic field instrument (MGF) onboard e-POP are found to be well-correlated with upflow velocities. In addition, ion composition information is available from e-POP's ion mass spectrometer (IRM). Oxygen ions (O+) were found to dominate (85%) in the identified events, accompanied by a small fraction (15%) of hydrogen ions (H+) and helium ions (He+). We will compare these in situ measurements with RISR-N observations in order to further our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for, and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4461876','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4461876"><span>Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span>, Pain Intensity, and Dyadic Adjustment Influence Patient and Partner Depression in Metastatic Breast Cancer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Badr, Hoda; Shen, Megan J.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Objective Metastatic breast cancer can be challenging for couples given the significant pain and distress caused by the disease and its treatment. While the use of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> (e.g., ruminating, exaggerating) as a pain coping strategy has been associated with depression in breast cancer patients, little is known about the effects of pain intensity on this association. Moreover, even though social relationships are a fundamental resource for couples coping with cancer, no studies have examined whether the quality of the spousal relationship affects the association between <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and depression. This study prospectively examined these associations. Methods Couples (N=191) completed surveys at the start of treatment for metastatic breast cancer (baseline), and 3 and 6 months later. Results Multilevel <span class="hlt">models</span> using the couple as the unit of analysis showed patients and partners (i.e., spouses or significant others) who had high levels (+1SD) of dyadic adjustment (DAS7) experienced fewer depressive symptoms than those who had low levels (−1SD) of dyadic adjustment (ps<.01). Moreover, at low levels of dyadic adjustment, when patients engaged in high levels of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and had high levels of pain, both patients and their partners reported significantly (p=.002) higher levels of depression than when patients engaged in high levels of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> but had low levels of pain. Discussion Findings showed that <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and pain exacerbate depression in couples experiencing marital distress. Programs that seek to alleviate pain and depressive symptoms in metastatic breast cancer may benefit from targeting both members of the couple, screening for marital distress, and teaching more adaptive pain coping strategies. PMID:24402001</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21877097','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21877097"><span>Household <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures: a comparative analysis of twelve Latin American and Caribbean Countries.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Knaul, Felicia Marie; Wong, Rebeca; Arreola-Ornelas, Héctor; Méndez, Oscar</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Compare patterns of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures in 12 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Prevalence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenses was estimated uniformly at the household level using household surveys. Two types of prevalence indicators were used based on out-of-pocket health expense: a) relative to an international poverty line, and b) relative to the household's ability to pay net of their food basket. Ratios of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditures were estimated across subgroups defined by economic and social variables. The percent of households with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures ranged from 1 to 25% in the twelve countries. In general, rural residence, lowest quintile of income, presence of older adults, and lack of health insurance in the household are associated with higher propensity of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures. However, there is vast heterogeneity by country. Cross national studies may serve to examine how health systems contribute to the social protection of Latin American households.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSM51C2508K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSM51C2508K"><span><span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Electron Populations During a Neutral Upwelling Event: Measurements from RENU2 and MMS Conjunction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kenward, D. R.; Lessard, M.; Lynch, K. A.; Hysell, D. L.; Hecht, J. H.; Clemmons, J. H.; Crowley, G.; Cohen, I. J.; Sigernes, F.; Oksavik, K.; Yeoman, T. K.; Lee, S. H.; Burch, J. L.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The Rocket Experiment for Neutral Upwelling (RENU2) NASA sounding rocket mission launched into the dayside <span class="hlt">cusp</span> region from the Andøya Space Center at 07:34 UT on 13 December 2015. The Electron Plasma (EPLAS) instrument provided by University of New Hampshire measured the energy distribution of electrons from 10 eV to 15 keV in 1 ms time steps. This allowed for measurements of small-scale structures within the Poleward Moving Auroral Forms (PMAFs) observed by RENU2. In addition, EPLAS had a 360 degree field of view with 10 degree angular resolution to record pitch angle information of the precipitating electron population. This presentation reports the details and results of a new algorithm developed to define the field-aligned (FA) electron population and determine the precipitating energy flux. Electron energy spectra observations from the rocket are presented along with simultaneous particle and field observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft at the dayside magnetopause. This conjunction between RENU2 and MMS presents a unique and ideal opportunity to study the in situ dynamics of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> along with dayside reconnection.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA41B2634J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA41B2634J"><span>In-situ Measurement of Reversed Flow Event in the <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Ionosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jin, Y.; Moen, J.; Miloch, W. J.; Spicher, A.; Clausen, L. B. N.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Reversed Flow Events (RFEs) are a new category of flow channel that frequently occur in the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> ionosphere. The RFEs are 100-200 km wide and east-west elongated flow channels, in which plasma flow opposes to the background convection direction. The RFEs are thought to be an important source for the rapid development of the ionospheric irregularities. We present an overview of the ionospheric conditions during the launch of the Investigation of <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Irregularities 3 (ICI-3) sounding rockets. The ICI-3 was launched from Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard at 7:21.31 UT on December 3, 2011. The objective of the ICI-3 was to target a RFE. The IMF was characterized by strongly negative Bz and weakly negative By during the time period of interest. The EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) 32m beam was operating in a fast azimuth sweep mode between 180° (south) and 300° (northwest) at an elevation angle of 30°. The ESR observed a series of RFEs as westward flow channels opposing to the eastward normal plasma flow in the prenoon sector. The ICI-3 was shot to cross the first observed RFE in the ESR field of view. The ICI-3 observed flow structures that were consistent with the ESR. Furthermore, the ICI-3 reveals fine-scale of the flow structures inside the RFE observed by the ESR. The high resolution electron density data show intense fluctuations at all scales throughout the RFE region. The GPS TEC and scintillation data inside the same RFE region are used to compare with the in-situ measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3590618','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3590618"><span>Emergency obstetric care in Mali: <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> spending and its impoverishing effects on households</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Fournier, Pierre; Philibert, Aline; Sissoko, Koman; Coulibaly, Aliou; Tourigny, Caroline; Traoré, Mamadou; Dumont, Alexandre</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Abstract Objective To investigate the frequency of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditures for emergency obstetric care, explore its risk factors, and assess the effect of these expenditures on households in the Kayes region, Mali. Methods Data on 484 obstetric emergencies (242 deaths and 242 near-misses) were collected in 2008–2011. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> expenditure for emergency obstetric care was assessed at different thresholds and its associated factors were explored through logistic regression. A survey was subsequently administered in a nested sample of 56 households to determine how the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditure had affected them. Findings Despite the fee exemption policy for Caesareans and the maternity referral-system, designed to reduce the financial burden of emergency obstetric care, average expenses were 152 United States dollars (equivalent to 71 535 Communauté Financière Africaine francs) and 20.7 to 53.5% of households incurred <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditures. High expenditure for emergency obstetric care forced 44.6% of the households to reduce their food consumption and 23.2% were still indebted 10 months to two and a half years later. Living in remote rural areas was associated with the risk of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> spending, which shows the referral system’s inability to eliminate financial obstacles for remote households. Women who underwent Caesareans continued to incur <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenses, especially when prescribed drugs not included in the government-provided Caesarean kits. Conclusion The poor accessibility and affordability of emergency obstetric care has consequences beyond maternal deaths. Providing drugs free of charge and moving to a more sustainable, nationally-funded referral system would reduce <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenses for households during obstetric emergencies. PMID:23476093</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24298655','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24298655"><span>Criteria for a <span class="hlt">catastrophically</span> disabled determination for purposes of enrollment. Final rule.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-12-03</p> <p>The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is amending its regulation concerning the manner in which VA determines that a veteran is <span class="hlt">catastrophically</span> disabled for purposes of enrollment in priority group 4 for VA health care. As amended by this rulemaking, the regulation articulates the clinical criteria that identify an individual as <span class="hlt">catastrophically</span> disabled, instead of using the corresponding International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT[registered trademark]) codes. The revisions ensure that the regulation is not out of date when new versions of those codes are published. The revisions also broaden some of the descriptions for a finding of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> disability. Additionally, the final rule does not rely on the Folstein Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) as a criterion for determining whether a veteran meets the definition of <span class="hlt">catastrophically</span> disabled, because we have determined that the MMSE is no longer a necessary clinical assessment tool.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28173970','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28173970"><span>A comparison of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> injury incidence rates by Provincial Rugby Union in South Africa.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Badenhorst, Marelise; Verhagen, Evert A L M; van Mechelen, Willem; Lambert, Michael I; Viljoen, Wayne; Readhead, Clint; Baerecke, Gail; Brown, James C</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>To compare <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> injury rates between the 14 South African Provincial Rugby Unions. A prospective, population-based study conducted among all South African Unions between 2008-2014. Player numbers in each Union were obtained from South African Rugby's 2013 Census. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> injuries were analysed from BokSmart's serious injury database. Incidence rates with 95% Confidence Intervals were calculated. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> injuries (Acute Spinal Cord Injuries and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> Traumatic Brain Injuries) within Unions were compared statistically, using a Poisson regression with Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR) and a 95% confidence level (p<0.05). <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> injury incidence rates per Union ranged from 1.8 per 100000 players (95% CI: 0.0-6.5) to 7.9 (95% CI: 0.0-28.5) per 100000 players per year. The highest incidence rate of permanent outcome Acute Spinal Cord Injuries was reported at 7.1 per 100000 players (95% CI: 0.0-17.6). Compared to this Union, five (n=5/14, 36%) of the Unions had significantly lower incidence rates of Acute Spinal Cord Injuries. Proportionately, three Unions had more Acute Spinal Cord Injuries and three other Unions had more <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> Traumatic Brain Injuries. There were significant differences in the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> injury incidence rates amongst the Provincial Unions in South Africa. Future studies should investigate the underlying reasons contributing to these provincial differences. Copyright © 2017 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900039403&hterms=ionospheric+modification&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dionospheric%2Bmodification','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900039403&hterms=ionospheric+modification&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dionospheric%2Bmodification"><span>Ionospheric signatures of <span class="hlt">cusp</span> latitude Pc 3 pulsations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Engebretson, M. J.; Anderson, B. J.; Cahill, L. J., Jr.; Arnoldy, R. L.; Rosenberg, T. J.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Search coil magnetometer, riometer, photometer, and ELF-VLF receiver data obtained at South Pole Station and McMurdo, Antarctica during selected days in March and April 1986 are compared. Narrow-band magnetic pulsations in the Pc 3 period range are observed simultaneously at both stations in the dayside sector during times of low IMF cone angle, but are considerably stronger at South Pole, which is located at a latitude near the nominal foot point of the dayside <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/cleft region. Pulsations in auroral light at 427.8 nm wavelength are often observed with magnetic pulsations at South Pole, but such optical pulsations are not observed at McMurdo. The observations suggest that precipitating magnetosheathlike electrons at nominal dayside cleft latitudes are at times modulated with frequencies similar to those of upstream waves. These particles may play an important role, via modification of ionospheric currents and conductivities, in the transmission of upstream wave signals into the magnetosphere and in the generation of dayside high-latitude Pc 3 pulsations.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPSC...11..753M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPSC...11..753M"><span>Short-term variations of Mercury's <span class="hlt">cusps</span> Na emission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Massetti, S.; Mangano, V.; Milillo, A.; Mura, A.; Orsini, S.; Plainaki, C.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>We illustrate the analysis of short-term ground-based observations of the exospheric Na emission (D1 and D2 lines) from Mercury, which was characterized by two high-latitude peaks confined near the magnetospheric <span class="hlt">cusp</span> footprints. During a series of scheduled observations from THEMIS solar telescope, achieved by scanning the whole planet, we implemented a series of extra measurements by recording the Na emission from a narrow north-south strip only, centered above the two emission peaks. Our aim was to inspect the existence of short-term variations, which were never analyzed before from ground-based observations, and their possible correlation with interplanetary magnetic field variations. Though Mercury possesses a miniature magnetosphere, characterized by fast reconnection events that develop on a timescale of few minutes, ground-based observations show that the exospheric Na emission pattern can be globally stable for a prolonged period (some days) and can exhibits fluctuations in the time range of tens of minutes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JHEP...11..058H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JHEP...11..058H"><span>Systematics of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> anomalous dimension</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Henn, Johannes M.; Huber, Tobias</p> <p>2012-11-01</p> <p>We study the velocity-dependent <span class="hlt">cusp</span> anomalous dimension in supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. In a paper by Correa, Maldacena, Sever, and one of the present authors, a scaling limit was identified in which the ladder diagrams are dominant and are mapped onto a Schrödinger problem. We show how to solve the latter in perturbation theory and provide an algorithm to compute the solution at any loop order. The answer is written in terms of harmonic polylogarithms. Moreover, we give evidence for two curious properties of the result. Firstly, we observe that the result can be written using a subset of harmonic polylogarithms only, at least up to six loops. Secondly, we show that in a light-like limit, only single zeta values appear in the asymptotic expansion, again up to six loops. We then extend the analysis of the scaling limit to systematically include subleading terms. This leads to a Schrödinger-type equation, but with an inhomogeneous term. We show how its solution can be computed in perturbation theory, in a way similar to the leading order case. Finally, we analyze the strong coupling limit of these subleading contributions and compare them to the string theory answer. We find agreement between the two calculations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27982383','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27982383"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> expenditure on medicines in Brazil.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Luiza, Vera Lucia; Tavares, Noemia Urruth Leão; Oliveira, Maria Auxiliadora; Arrais, Paulo Sergio Dourado; Ramos, Luiz Roberto; Pizzol, Tatiane da Silva Dal; Mengue, Sotero Serrate; Farias, Mareni Rocha; Bertoldi, Andréa Dâmaso</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>To describe the magnitude of the expenditure on medicines in Brazil according to region, household size and composition in terms of residents in a situation of dependency. Population-based data from the national household survey were used, with probabilistic sample, applied between September 2013 and February 2014 in urban households. The expenditure on medicines was the main outcome of interest. The prevalence and confidence intervals (95%CI) of the outcomes were stratified according to socioeconomic classification and calculated according to the region, the number of residents dependent on income, the presence of children under five years and residents in a situation of dependency by age. In about one of every 17 households (5.3%) <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure was reported and, in 3.2%, the medicines were reported as one of the items responsible for this situation. The presence of three or more residents (3.6%) and resident in a situation of dependency (3.6%) were the ones that most reported expenditure on medicines. Southeast was the region with the lowest prevalence of expenditure on medicines. The prevalence of households with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure and on medicines in relation to the total of households showed a regressive tendency for economic classes. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> health expenditure was present in 5.3%, and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditure on medicines in 3.2% of the households. Multi-person households, presence of residents in a situation of economic dependency and belonging to the class D or E had the highest proportion of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditure on medicines. Although the problem is important, permeated by aspects of iniquity, Brazilian policies seem to be protecting families from <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditure on health and on medicine. Descrever a magnitude do gasto catastrófico em medicamentos no Brasil segundo região, tamanho das famílias e composição familiar em termos de moradores em situação de dependência. Utilizados dados de inqu</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH31C..07C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH31C..07C"><span>Precursory landforms and geologic structures of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> landslides induced by typhoon Talas 2011 Japan (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chigira, M.; Matsushi, Y.; Tsou, C.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Our experience of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> landslides induced by rainstorms and earthquakes in recent years suggests that many of them are preceded by deep-seated gravitational slope deformation. Deep-seated gravitational slope deformation continues slowly and continually and some of them transform into <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failures, which cause devastating damage in wide areas. Some other types, however, do not change into <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure. Deep-seated gravitational slope deformation that preceded <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failures induced by typhoon Talas 2011 Japan, had been surveyed with airborne laser scanner beforehand, of which high-resolution DEMs gave us an important clue to identify which type of topographic features of gravitational slope deformation is susceptible to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure. We found that 26 of 39 deep-seated <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> landslides had small scarps along the heads of future landslides. These scarps were caused by gravitational slope deformation that preceded the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure. Although the scarps may have been enlarged by degradation, their sizes relative to the whole slopes suggest that minimal slope deformation had occurred in the period immediately before the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure. The scarp ratio, defined as the ratio of length of a scarp to that of the whole slope both measured along the slope line, ranged from 1% to 23%. 38% of the landslides with small scarps had scarp ratios less than 4%, and a half less than 8%. This fact suggests that the gravitational slope deformation preceded <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure was relatively small and may suggest that those slopes were under critical conditions just before <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure. The above scarp ratios may be characteristic to accretional complex with undulating, anastomosing thrust faults, which were major sliding surfaces of the typhoon-induced landslides. Eleven of the remaining 13 landslides occurred in landslide scars of previous landslides or occurred as an extension of landslide scars at the lower parts of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSM23A2474L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSM23A2474L"><span>A Antarctic Magnetometer Chain Along the <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Latitude: Preliminary Results</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Y.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>A magnetometer chain from Zhongshan Station to Dome-A in Antarctica has been established since February 2009, consisting in five fluxgate magnetometers, with one regular magnetometer at Zhongshan Station and four low power magnetometers along the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> latitude in the southern hemisphere, over a distance of 1260 Km. It is one part of the magnetometer network in Antarctic continent, filling the void area for magnetic observation over east-southern Antarctica, greatly enlarging the coverage of the Zhongshan Station. It is also magnetically conjugated with Svalbard region in the Arctic, with a leg extending to DNB in east coast Greenland. Conjunction observation among these magnetometers could provide excellent tracing of series of the typical space physical phenomena such as FTE, TCV, MIE, ULF waves, etc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26620359','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26620359"><span>Psychometric Properties of the <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Cognitions Questionnaire-Modified (CCQ-Modified) Among Community Samples in Malaysia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Abdul Khaiyom, Jamilah Hanum; Mukhtar, Firdaus; Ibrahim, Normala; Mohd Sidik, Sherina; Oei, Tian Po Sumantri</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Cognitions Questionnaire-Modified (CCQ-M) is a common instrument for measuring <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> thoughts. In some countries, however, CCQ-M still poses concerns following the lack of appropriate validation among their populations. The current study aimed to examine the factor structure of the CCQ-M, the reliability, and the validity in community samples in Malaysia. The Malay version of CCQ-M and additional measures assessing the symptoms and cognitions relevant to anxiety disorders were completed by 682 university students and general community. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure accounting for 62.2% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the two-factor <span class="hlt">model</span> by deleting four items. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the total and the two subscales were .94, .90, and .92, respectively. Test-retest reliability analysis was conducted on 82 university students in the interval period of 14 days, and the result was r = .58. Evidence supported the concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity. In conclusion, the 17-item CCQ-M-Malaysia is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> cognitions among Malaysian populations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29016160','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29016160"><span>Chronic Pain Under Missile Attacks: Role of Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span>, Media, and Stress-Related Exposure.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Noyman-Veksler, Gal; Shalev, Hadar; Brill, Silviu; Rudich, Zvia; Shahar, Golan</p> <p>2017-10-09</p> <p>We examined the effects of exposure to missile attacks on patients' pain and depressive symptoms, moderated by pain-related <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>. One-hundred Israeli chronic pain patients were assessed both prior and subsequent to military operation "Protective Edge," during which thousands of missiles landed on populated areas across the country. Baseline assessment included pain, depression, and <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, and postwar assessment tapped exposure to missiles, pain, and depression. Media exposure predicted an increase in sensory pain under high levels of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> (1 SD above the mean; unstandardized simple slope = 0.57, p = .01), and depression in the entire sample (b = 0.61, p = .01). Perceived stress related to the missiles exhibited an expected effect, predicting an increase in depressive symptoms (b = 1.45, p = .03). Unexpectedly, perceived stress predicted a decrease in sensory pain under high levels of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> (unstandardized simple slope = -0.49, p = .02). Media exposure to acute stress may render chronic pain patients more vulnerable to experiencing pain and depressive symptoms, depending on their use of pain-based <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>. High <span class="hlt">catastrophizers</span> may attend more to outside threats, amplifying the sensory and affective aspects of pain they experience. Perceived stress also plays a significant role in eliciting depressive symptoms in this population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1028634','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1028634"><span>Quasi-Static Evolution, <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span>, and Failed Eruption of Solar Flux Ropes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2016-12-30</p> <p>Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC 20375-5320 NRL/MR/6794--16-9710 Quasi -Static Evolution, <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span>, and “Failed” Eruption of Solar Flux...TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area code) b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT Quasi -Static Evolution, <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span>...evolution of solar flux ropes subject to slowly increasing magnetic energy, encompassing quasi -static evolution, “catastrophic” transition to an eruptive</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/281127-catastrophe-driven-vs-what','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/281127-catastrophe-driven-vs-what"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span>-driven vs what?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Stever, H.G.</p> <p>1995-12-31</p> <p>The author notes that much has been accomplished by <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>-driven scientific effort. Examples include World War II and the social wars against crime, poverty and hunger and famine. A positive approach is suggested to be more appropriate as the drivers of science. Three tables are presented and outline a positive base for justifying scientific endeavor: (1) Examples of Major Societal Goals to Which Science and Technology Contribute. (2) Policy Areas That Would Benefit from the Articulation of Long-Term S&T Goals; and (3) Major Components of the Science and Technology Base.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22657401','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22657401"><span>Parents who <span class="hlt">catastrophize</span> about their child's pain prioritize attempts to control pain.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Caes, Line; Vervoort, Tine; Eccleston, Christopher; Goubert, Liesbet</p> <p>2012-08-01</p> <p>How parents respond to their child in pain is critically important to how both parent and child attempt to cope with pain. We examined the influence of parental <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> thinking about child pain on their prioritization for pain control. Using a vignette methodology, parents reported, in response to different pain scenarios, on their imagined motivation for 2 competing goals: to control their child's pain (ie, pain control) or to encourage their child's participation in daily activities (ie, activity engagement). The effects of parent gender, pain intensity, and duration on parental goal priority were also explored. Findings indicated that higher levels of parental <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> thoughts were associated with the parents prioritizing child pain control over activity engagement. This effect was significantly moderated by pain duration. Specifically, pain control was more of a priority for those high in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> thinking when the pain was more acute. In contrast, parental <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> thoughts had no effect on the pain control strategy favored by parents in situations with longer-lasting pain. Furthermore, independently of parental <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> thoughts, heightened priority for pain control was observed in highly intense and chronic pain situations. Moreover, in highly intense pain, priority for pain control was stronger for mothers compared with fathers. Theoretical and clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2012 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3745790','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3745790"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> thinking and increased risk for prescription opioid misuse in patients with chronic pain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Martel, MO; Wasan, AD; Jamison, RN; Edwards, RR</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background As a consequence of the substantial rise in the prescription of opioids for the treatment of chronic noncancer pain, greater attention has been paid to the factors that may be associated with an increased risk for prescription opioid misuse. Recently, a growing number of studies have shown that patients with high levels of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> are at increased risk for prescription opioid misuse. Objective The primary objective of this study was to examine the variables that might underlie the association between <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and risk for prescription opioid misuse in patients with chronic pain. Methods Patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain (n = 115) were asked to complete the SOAPP-R, a validated self-report questionnaire designed to identify patients at risk for prescription opioid misuse. Patients were also asked to complete self-report measures of pain intensity, <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, anxiety, and depression. Results Consistent with previous research, we found that <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was associated with an increased risk for prescription opioid misuse. Results also revealed that the association between <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and risk for opioid misuse was partially mediated by patients’ levels of anxiety. Follow-up analyses, however, indicated that <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> remained a significant ‘unique’ predictor of risk for opioid misuse even when controlling for patients’ levels of pain severity, anxiety and depressive symptoms. Discussion Discussion addresses the factors that might place patients with high levels of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> at increased risk for prescription opioid misuse. The implications of our findings for the management of patients considered for opioid therapy are also discussed. PMID:23618767</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4596003','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4596003"><span>Genomic <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> frequently arise in esophageal adenocarcinoma and drive tumorigenesis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Patch, Ann-Marie; Bailey, Peter; Newell, Felicity; Holmes, Oliver; Fink, J. Lynn; Quinn, Michael C.J.; Tang, Yue Hang; Lampe, Guy; Quek, Kelly; Loffler, Kelly A.; Manning, Suzanne; Idrisoglu, Senel; Miller, David; Xu, Qinying; Waddell, Nick; Wilson, Peter J.; Bruxner, Timothy J.C.; Christ, Angelika N.; Harliwong, Ivon; Nourse, Craig; Nourbakhsh, Ehsan; Anderson, Matthew; Kazakoff, Stephen; Leonard, Conrad; Wood, Scott; Simpson, Peter T.; Reid, Lynne E.; Krause, Lutz; Hussey, Damian J.; Watson, David I.; Lord, Reginald V.; Nancarrow, Derek; Phillips, Wayne A.; Gotley, David; Smithers, B. Mark; Whiteman, David C.; Hayward, Nicholas K.; Campbell, Peter J.; Pearson, John V.; Grimmond, Sean M.; Barbour, Andrew P.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) incidence is rapidly increasing in Western countries. A better understanding of EAC underpins efforts to improve early detection and treatment outcomes. While large EAC exome sequencing efforts to date have found recurrent loss-of-function mutations, oncogenic driving events have been underrepresented. Here we use a combination of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and single-nucleotide polymorphism-array profiling to show that genomic <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> are frequent in EAC, with almost a third (32%, n = 40/123) undergoing chromothriptic events. WGS of 22 EAC cases show that <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> may lead to oncogene amplification through chromothripsis-derived double-minute chromosome formation (MYC and MDM2) or breakage-fusion-bridge (KRAS, MDM2 and RFC3). Telomere shortening is more prominent in EACs bearing localized complex rearrangements. Mutational signature analysis also confirms that extreme genomic instability in EAC can be driven by somatic BRCA2 mutations. These findings suggest that genomic <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span> have a significant role in the malignant transformation of EAC. PMID:25351503</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010007049','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010007049"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>This volume contains extended abstracts that have been accepted for presentation at the conference on <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond, July 9-12, 2000, in Vienna, Austria.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EaFut...5.1196B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EaFut...5.1196B"><span>Changing Weather Extremes Call for Early Warning of Potential for <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Fire</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Boer, Matthias M.; Nolan, Rachael H.; Resco De Dios, Víctor; Clarke, Hamish; Price, Owen F.; Bradstock, Ross A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Changing frequencies of extreme weather events and shifting fire seasons call for enhanced capability to forecast where and when forested landscapes switch from a nonflammable (i.e., wet fuel) state to the highly flammable (i.e., dry fuel) state required for <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> forest fires. Current forest fire danger indices used in Europe, North America, and Australia rate potential fire behavior by combining numerical indices of fuel moisture content, potential rate of fire spread, and fire intensity. These numerical rating systems lack the physical basis required to reliably quantify forest flammability outside the environments of their development or under novel climate conditions. Here, we argue that exceedance of critical forest flammability thresholds is a prerequisite for major forest fires and therefore early warning systems should be based on a reliable prediction of fuel moisture content plus a regionally calibrated <span class="hlt">model</span> of how forest fire activity responds to variation in fuel moisture content. We demonstrate the potential of this approach through a case study in Portugal. We use a physically based fuel moisture <span class="hlt">model</span> with historical weather and fire records to identify critical fuel moisture thresholds for forest fire activity and then show that the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> June 2017 forest fires in central Portugal erupted shortly after fuels in the region dried out to historically unprecedented levels.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22325550','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22325550"><span>Intestinal malrotation and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> volvulus in infancy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lee, Henry Chong; Pickard, Sarah S; Sridhar, Sunita; Dutta, Sanjeev</p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>Intestinal malrotation in the newborn is usually diagnosed after signs of intestinal obstruction, such as bilious emesis, and corrected with the Ladd procedure. The objective of this report is to describe the presentation of severe cases of midgut volvulus presenting in infancy, and to discuss the characteristics of these cases. We performed a 7-year review at our institution and present two cases of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> midgut volvulus presenting in the post-neonatal period, ending in death soon after the onset of symptoms. These two patients also had significant laboratory abnormalities compared to patients with more typical presentations resulting in favorable outcomes. Although most cases of intestinal malrotation in infancy can be treated successfully, in some circumstances, patients' symptoms may not be detected early enough for effective treatment, and therefore may result in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> midgut volvulus and death. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24566703','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24566703"><span>Financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> and poverty impacts of out-of-pocket health payments in Turkey.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Özgen Narcı, Hacer; Şahin, İsmet; Yıldırım, Hasan Hüseyin</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>To determine the prevalence of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health payments, examine the determinants of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditures, and assess the poverty impact of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments. Data came from the 2004 to 2010 Household Budget Survey. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> health spending was defined by health payments as percentage of household consumption expenditures and capacity to pay at a set of thresholds. The poverty impact was evaluated by poverty head counts and poverty gaps before and after OOP health payments. The percentage of households that <span class="hlt">catastrophically</span> spent their consumption expenditure and capacity to pay increased from 2004 to 2010, regardless of the threshold used. Households with a share of more than 40% health spending in both consumption expenditure and capacity to pay accounted for less than 1% across years. However, when a series of potential confounders were taken into account, the study found statistically significantly increased risk for the lowest threshold and decreased risk for the highest threshold in 2010 relative to the base year. Household income, size, education, senior and under 5-year-old members, health insurance, disabled members, payment for inpatient care and settlement were also statistically significant predictors of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health spending. Overall, poverty head counts were below 1%. Poverty gaps reached a maximum of 0.098%, with an overall increase in 2010 compared to 2004. <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> and poverty increased from 2004 to 2010. However, given that the realization of some recent policies will affect the financial burden of OOP payments on households, the findings of this study need to be replicated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25d3120Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25d3120Z"><span>Optimization of a triode-type <span class="hlt">cusp</span> electron gun for a W-band gyro-TWA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Liang; Donaldson, Craig R.; He, Wenlong</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>A triode-type <span class="hlt">cusp</span> electron gun was optimized through numerical simulations for a W-band gyrotron traveling wave amplifier. An additional electrode in front of the cathode could switch the electron beam on and off instantly when its electric potential is properly biased. An optimal electron beam of current 1.7 A and a velocity ratio (alpha) of 1.12 with an alpha spread of ˜10.7% was achieved when the triode gun was operated at 40 kV.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5350337','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5350337"><span>Effects of a Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> Induction on Sensory Testing in Women with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Pilot Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Sturgeon, John A.; Johnson, Kevin A.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, a pattern of negative cognitive-emotional responses to actual or anticipated pain, maintains chronic pain and undermines response to treatments. Currently, precisely how pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> influences pain processing is not well understood. In experimental settings, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> has been associated with amplified pain processing. This study sought to clarify pain processing mechanisms via experimental induction of pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>. Forty women with chronic low back pain were assigned in blocks to an experimental condition, either a psychologist-led 10-minute pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> induction or a control (10-minute rest period). All participants underwent a baseline round of several quantitative sensory testing (QST) tasks, followed by the pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> induction or the rest period, and then a second round of the same QST tasks. The <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> induction appeared to increase state pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> levels. Changes in QST pain were detected for two of the QST tasks administered, weighted pin pain and mechanical allodynia. Although there is a need to replicate our preliminary results with a larger sample, study findings suggest a potential relationship between induced pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and central sensitization of pain. Clarification of the mechanisms through which <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> affects pain modulatory systems may yield useful clinical insights into the treatment of chronic pain. PMID:28348505</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28348505','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28348505"><span>Effects of a Pain <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> Induction on Sensory Testing in Women with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Pilot Study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Taub, Chloe J; Sturgeon, John A; Johnson, Kevin A; Mackey, Sean C; Darnall, Beth D</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, a pattern of negative cognitive-emotional responses to actual or anticipated pain, maintains chronic pain and undermines response to treatments. Currently, precisely how pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> influences pain processing is not well understood. In experimental settings, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> has been associated with amplified pain processing. This study sought to clarify pain processing mechanisms via experimental induction of pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>. Forty women with chronic low back pain were assigned in blocks to an experimental condition, either a psychologist-led 10-minute pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> induction or a control (10-minute rest period). All participants underwent a baseline round of several quantitative sensory testing (QST) tasks, followed by the pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> induction or the rest period, and then a second round of the same QST tasks. The <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> induction appeared to increase state pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> levels. Changes in QST pain were detected for two of the QST tasks administered, weighted pin pain and mechanical allodynia. Although there is a need to replicate our preliminary results with a larger sample, study findings suggest a potential relationship between induced pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> and central sensitization of pain. Clarification of the mechanisms through which <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> affects pain modulatory systems may yield useful clinical insights into the treatment of chronic pain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26282128','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26282128"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> health expenditure and 12-month mortality associated with cancer in Southeast Asia: results from a longitudinal study in eight countries.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kimman, Merel; Jan, Stephen; Yip, Cheng Har; Thabrany, Hasbullah; Peters, Sanne A; Bhoo-Pathy, Nirmala; Woodward, Mark</p> <p>2015-08-18</p> <p>One of the biggest obstacles to developing policies in cancer care in Southeast Asia is lack of reliable data on disease burden and economic consequences. In 2012, we instigated a study of new cancer patients in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region - the Asean CosTs In ONcology (ACTION) study - to assess the economic impact of cancer. The ACTION study is a prospective longitudinal study of 9,513 consecutively recruited adult patients with an initial diagnosis of cancer. Twelve months after diagnosis, we recorded death and household financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> (out-of-pocket medical costs exceeding 30% of annual household income). We assessed the effect on these two outcomes of a range of socio-demographic, clinical, and economic predictors using a multinomial regression <span class="hlt">model</span>. The mean age of participants was 52 years; 64% were women. A year after diagnosis, 29% had died, 48% experienced financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>, and just 23% were alive with no financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. The risk of dying from cancer and facing <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> payments was associated with clinical variables, such as a more advanced disease stage at diagnosis, and socioeconomic status pre-diagnosis. Participants in the low income category within each country had significantly higher odds of financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> (odds ratio, 5.86; 95% confidence interval, 4.76-7.23) and death (5.52; 4.34-7.02) than participants with high income. Those without insurance were also more likely to experience financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> (1.27; 1.05-1.52) and die (1.51; 1.21-1.88) than participants with insurance. A cancer diagnosis in Southeast Asia is potentially disastrous, with over 75% of patients experiencing death or financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> within one year. This study adds compelling evidence to the argument for policies that improve access to care and provide adequate financial protection from the costs of illness.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2888946','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2888946"><span>Health insurance for the poor: impact on <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> and out-of-pocket health expenditures in Mexico</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Galárraga, Omar; Salinas-Rodríguez, Aarón; Sesma-Vázquez, Sergio</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The goal of Seguro Popular (SP) in Mexico was to improve the financial protection of the uninsured population against excessive health expenditures. This paper estimates the impact of SP on <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures (CHE), as well as out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditures, from two different sources. First, we use the SP Impact Evaluation Survey (2005–2006), and compare the instrumental variables (IV) results with the experimental benchmark. Then, we use the same IV methods with the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2006). We estimate naïve <span class="hlt">models</span>, assuming exogeneity, and contrast them with IV <span class="hlt">models</span> that take advantage of the specific SP implementation mechanisms for identification. The IV <span class="hlt">models</span> estimated included two-stage least squares (2SLS), bivariate probit, and two-stage residual inclusion (2SRI) <span class="hlt">models</span>. Instrumental variables estimates resulted in comparable estimates against the “gold standard.” Instrumental variables estimates indicate a reduction of 54% in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditures at the national level. SP beneficiaries also had lower expenditures on outpatient and medicine expenditures. The selection-corrected protective effect is found not only in the limited experimental dataset, but also at the national level. PMID:19756796</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19756796','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19756796"><span>Health insurance for the poor: impact on <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> and out-of-pocket health expenditures in Mexico.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Galárraga, Omar; Sosa-Rubí, Sandra G; Salinas-Rodríguez, Aarón; Sesma-Vázquez, Sergio</p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>The goal of Seguro Popular (SP) in Mexico was to improve the financial protection of the uninsured population against excessive health expenditures. This paper estimates the impact of SP on <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures (CHE), as well as out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditures, from two different sources. First, we use the SP Impact Evaluation Survey (2005-2006), and compare the instrumental variables (IV) results with the experimental benchmark. Then, we use the same IV methods with the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2006). We estimate naïve <span class="hlt">models</span>, assuming exogeneity, and contrast them with IV <span class="hlt">models</span> that take advantage of the specific SP implementation mechanisms for identification. The IV <span class="hlt">models</span> estimated included two-stage least squares (2SLS), bivariate probit, and two-stage residual inclusion (2SRI) <span class="hlt">models</span>. Instrumental variables estimates resulted in comparable estimates against the "gold standard." Instrumental variables estimates indicate a reduction of 54% in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditures at the national level. SP beneficiaries also had lower expenditures on outpatient and medicine expenditures. The selection-corrected protective effect is found not only in the limited experimental dataset, but also at the national level.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-08-27/pdf/2013-20800.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-08-27/pdf/2013-20800.pdf"><span>78 FR 52832 - <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Risk Protection Endorsement</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-08-27</p> <p>... comments are as follows: General Comment: A commenter stated there should be zero <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> risk which... ``price election'' to determine the loss. Response: The Special Provisions were not removed from the order... phrase ``price election'' creates uniformity since the phrase has already been replaced in the Common...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29882424','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29882424"><span>Examining the mediational role of psychological flexibility, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, and visceral sensitivity in the relationship between psychological distress, irritable bowel symptom frequency, and quality of life.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cassar, G E; Knowles, S; Youssef, G J; Moulding, R; Uiterwijk, D; Waters, L; Austin, D W</p> <p>2018-06-08</p> <p>The aim of the current study was to use Structural Equation <span class="hlt">Modelling</span> (SEM) to examine whether psychological flexibility (i.e. mindfulness, acceptance, valued-living) mediates the relationship between distress, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptom frequency, and quality of life (QoL). Ninety-two individuals participated in the study (12 male, 80 female, M age = 36.24) by completing an online survey including measures of visceral sensitivity, distress, IBS-related QoL, mindfulness, bowel symptoms, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, acceptance, and valued-living. A final <span class="hlt">model</span> with excellent fit was identified. Psychological distress significantly and directly predicted pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, valued-living, and IBS symptom frequency. Pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> directly predicted visceral sensitivity and acceptance, while visceral sensitivity significantly and directly predicted IBS symptom frequency and QoL. Symptom frequency also had a direct and significant relationship with QoL. The current findings suggest that interventions designed to address unhelpful cognitive processes related to visceral sensitivity, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, and psychological distress may be of most benefit to IBS-related QoL.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160002254','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160002254"><span>Integrating Land Cover <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> and Adaptive Management to Conserve Endangered Species and Reduce <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Fire Risk</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Breininger, David; Duncan, Brean; Eaton, Mitchell; Johnson, Fred; Nichols, James</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Land cover <span class="hlt">modeling</span> is used to inform land management, but most often via a two-step process where science informs how management alternatives can influence resources and then decision makers can use this to make decisions. A more efficient process is to directly integrate science and decision making, where science allows us to learn to better accomplish management objectives and is developed to address specific decisions. Co-development of management and science is especially productive when decisions are complicated by multiple objectives and impeded by uncertainty. Multiple objectives can be met by specification of tradeoffs, and relevant uncertainty can be addressed through targeted science (i.e., <span class="hlt">models</span> and monitoring). We describe how to integrate habitat and fuels monitoring with decision making focused on dual objectives of managing for endangered species and minimizing <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> fire risk. Under certain conditions, both objectives might be achieved by a similar management policy, but habitat trajectories suggest tradeoffs. Knowledge about system responses to actions can be informed by applying competing management actions to different land units in the same system state and by ideas about fire behavior. Monitoring and management integration is important to optimize state-specific management decisions and increase knowledge about system responses. We believe this approach has broad utility for and cover <span class="hlt">modeling</span> programs intended to inform decision making.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25391319','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25391319"><span>Cause and risk of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> eruptions in the Japanese Archipelago.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tatsumi, Yoshiyuki; Suzuki-Kamata, Keiko</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The Japanese Archipelago is characterized by active volcanism with variable eruption styles. The magnitude (M)-frequency relationships of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> caldera-forming eruptions (M ≥ 7) are statistically different from those of smaller eruptions (M ≤ 5.7), suggesting that different mechanisms control these eruptions. We also find that volcanoes prone to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> eruptions are located in regions of low crustal strain rate (<0.5 × 10(8)/y) and propose, as one possible mechanism, that the viscous silicic melts that cause such eruptions can be readily segregated from the partially molten lower crust and form a large magma reservoir in such a tectonic regime. Finally we show that there is a ∼1% probability of a <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> eruption in the next 100 years based on the eruption records for the last 120 ky. More than 110 million people live in an area at risk of being covered by tephra >20 cm thick, which would severely disrupt every day life, from such an eruption on Kyushu Island, SW Japan.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhLA..381.3482D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhLA..381.3482D"><span>Study of the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> discharge phenomenon in a Hall thruster</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ding, Yongjie; Su, Hongbo; Li, Peng; Wei, Liqiu; Li, Hong; Peng, Wuji; Xu, Yu; Sun, Hezhi; Yu, Daren</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>In a 1350-W Hall-effect thruster, in which a technique for pushing down the magnetic field is implemented, a <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> discharge phenomenon is identified by varying the magnetic field strength while keeping all other operating parameters constant. According to experiments, before and after the discharge <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>, the plume changes from focusing state to a divergent state, and discharge parameters such as discharge current and thrust exhibit noticeable changes. The divergence half-angle of the plume increases from 22° to 46°. The oscillation amplitude and mean values of the discharge current significantly increase from 0.8 A to 4 A and from 4.6 A to 6.3 A, respectively, while the thrust increases from 89.3 mN to 91 mN. Analysis of the experimental results shows that as the maximum magnetic field of the thruster we developed is in the plume region, the acceleration occurs in the plume region and a large number of Xe2+ ions appear in the plume area, the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> discharge phenomenon observed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4324926','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4324926"><span>Cause and risk of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> eruptions in the Japanese Archipelago</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>TATSUMI, Yoshiyuki; SUZUKI-KAMATA, Keiko</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The Japanese Archipelago is characterized by active volcanism with variable eruption styles. The magnitude (M)-frequency relationships of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> caldera-forming eruptions (M ≥ 7) are statistically different from those of smaller eruptions (M ≤ 5.7), suggesting that different mechanisms control these eruptions. We also find that volcanoes prone to <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> eruptions are located in regions of low crustal strain rate (<0.5 × 108/y) and propose, as one possible mechanism, that the viscous silicic melts that cause such eruptions can be readily segregated from the partially molten lower crust and form a large magma reservoir in such a tectonic regime. Finally we show that there is a ∼1% probability of a <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> eruption in the next 100 years based on the eruption records for the last 120 ky. More than 110 million people live in an area at risk of being covered by tephra >20 cm thick, which would severely disrupt every day life, from such an eruption on Kyushu Island, SW Japan. PMID:25391319</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880043995&hterms=group+theory&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dgroup%2Btheory','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880043995&hterms=group+theory&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dgroup%2Btheory"><span>Renormalization-group theory for the eddy viscosity in subgrid <span class="hlt">modeling</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Zhou, YE; Vahala, George; Hossain, Murshed</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>Renormalization-group theory is applied to incompressible three-dimensional Navier-Stokes turbulence so as to eliminate unresolvable small scales. The renormalized Navier-Stokes equation now includes a triple nonlinearity with the eddy viscosity exhibiting a mild <span class="hlt">cusp</span> behavior, in qualitative agreement with the test-field <span class="hlt">model</span> results of Kraichnan. For the <span class="hlt">cusp</span> behavior to arise, not only is the triple nonlinearity necessary but the effects of pressure must be incorporated in the triple term. The renormalized eddy viscosity will not exhibit a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> behavior if it is assumed that a spectral gap exists between the large and small scales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP52B..08M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP52B..08M"><span>Topographic stress and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> collapse of volcanic islands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moon, S.; Perron, J. T.; Martel, S. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Flank collapse of volcanic islands can devastate coastal environments and potentially induce tsunamis. Previous studies have suggested that factors such as volcanic eruption events, gravitational spreading, the reduction of material strength due to hydrothermal alteration, steep coastal cliffs, or sea level change may contribute to slope instability and induce <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> collapse of volcanic flanks. In this study, we examine the potential influence of three-dimensional topographic stress perturbations on flank collapses of volcanic islands. Using a three-dimensional boundary element <span class="hlt">model</span>, we calculate subsurface stress fields for the Canary and Hawaiian islands to compare the effects of stratovolcano and shield volcano shapes on topographic stresses. Our <span class="hlt">model</span> accounts for gravitational stresses from the actual shapes of volcanic islands, ambient stress in the underlying plate, and the influence of pore water pressure. We quantify the potential for slope failure of volcanic flanks using a combined <span class="hlt">model</span> of three-dimensional topographic stress and slope stability. The results of our analysis show that subsurface stress fields vary substantially depending on the shapes of volcanoes, and can influence the size and spatial distribution of flank failures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25866942','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25866942"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Thinking Is Associated With Finger Stiffness After Distal Radius Fracture Surgery.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Teunis, Teun; Bot, Arjan G J; Thornton, Emily R; Ring, David</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>To identify demographic, injury-related, or psychologic factors associated with finger stiffness at suture removal and 6 weeks after distal radius fracture surgery. We hypothesize that there are no factors associated with distance to palmar crease at suture removal. Prospective cohort study. Level I Academic Urban Trauma Center. One hundred sixteen adult patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation of their distal radius fractures; 96 of whom were also available 6 weeks after surgery. None. At suture removal, we recorded patients' demographics, AO fracture type, carpal tunnel release at the time of surgery, pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> scale, Whiteley Index, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand questionnaire, 11-point ordinal measure of pain intensity, distance to palmar crease, and active flexion of the thumb through the small finger. At 6 weeks after surgery, we measured motion, disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand, and pain intensity. Prereduction and postsurgery radiographic fracture characteristics were assessed. Female sex, being married, specific surgeons, carpal tunnel release, AO type C fractures, and greater <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> thinking were associated with increased distance to palmar crease at suture removal. At 6 weeks, greater <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> thinking was the only factor associated with increased distance to palmar crease. <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> thinking was a consistent and major determinant of finger stiffness at suture removal and 6 weeks after injury. Future research should assess if treatments that ameliorate <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> thinking can facilitate recovery of finger motion after operative treatment of a distal radius fracture. Prognostic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25971679','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25971679"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> health expenditure and its determinants in Kenya slum communities.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Buigut, Steven; Ettarh, Remare; Amendah, Djesika D</p> <p>2015-05-14</p> <p>In Kenya, where 60 to 80% of the urban residents live in informal settlements (frequently referred to as slums), out-of-pocket (OOP) payments account for more than a third of national health expenditures. However, little is known on the extent to which these OOP payments are associated with personal or household financial <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> in the slums. This paper seeks to examine the incidence and determinants of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure among urban slum communities in Kenya. We use a unique dataset on informal settlement residents in Kenya and various approaches that relate households OOP payments for healthcare to total expenditures adjusted for subsistence, or income. We classified households whose OOP was in excess of a predefined threshold as facing <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures (CHE), and identified the determinants of CHE using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The results indicate that the proportion of households facing CHE varies widely between 1.52% and 28.38% depending on the method and the threshold used. A core set of variables were found to be key determinants of CHE. The number of working adults in a household and membership in a social safety net appear to reduce the risk of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditure. Conversely, seeking care in a public or private hospital increases the risk of CHE. This study suggests that a substantial proportion of residents of informal settlements in Kenya face CHE and would likely forgo health care they need but cannot afford. Mechanisms that pool risk and cost (insurance) are needed to protect slum residents from CHE and improve equity in health care access and payment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ChPhC..34.1900W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ChPhC..34.1900W"><span>SYNCHROTRON RADIATION, FREE ELECTRON LASER, APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY, ETC. Design of a multi-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> ion source for proton therapy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, Xiao-Bing; Huang, Tao; Ouyang, Hua-Fu; Zhang, Hua-Shun; Gong, Ke-Yun</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>The permanent magnets of the discharge chamber in a multi-<span class="hlt">cusp</span> proton source are studied and designed. The three electrode extraction system is adopted and simulated. A method to extract different amounts of current while keeping the beam emittance unchanged is proposed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.7065K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.7065K"><span>Early-warning signals for <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> soil degradation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Karssenberg, Derek</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>Many earth systems have critical thresholds at which the system shifts abruptly from one state to another. Such critical transitions have been described, among others, for climate, vegetation, animal populations, and geomorphology. Predicting the timing of critical transitions before they are reached is of importance because of the large impact on nature and society associated with the transition. However, it is notably difficult to predict the timing of a transition. This is because the state variables of the system show little change before the threshold is reached. As a result, the precision of field observations is often too low to provide predictions of the timing of a transition. A possible solution is the use of spatio-temporal patterns in state variables as leading indicators of a transition. It is becoming clear that the critically slowing down of a system causes spatio-temporal autocorrelation and variance to increase before the transition. Thus, spatio-temporal patterns are important candidates for early-warning signals. In this research we will show that these early-warning signals also exist in geomorphological systems. We consider a <span class="hlt">modelled</span> vegetation-soil system under a gradually increasing grazing pressure causing an abrupt shift towards extensive soil degradation. It is shown that changes in spatio-temporal patterns occur well ahead of this <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> transition. A distributed <span class="hlt">model</span> describing the coupled processes of vegetation growth and geomorphological denudation is adapted. The <span class="hlt">model</span> uses well-studied simple process representations for vegetation and geomorphology. A logistic growth <span class="hlt">model</span> calculates vegetation cover as a function of grazing pressure and vegetation growth rate. Evolution of the soil thickness is <span class="hlt">modelled</span> by soil creep and wash processes, as a function of net rain reaching the surface. The vegetation and soil system are coupled by 1) decreasing vegetation growth with decreasing soil thickness and 2) increasing soil wash with</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1203553-catastrophic-photometric-redshift-errors-weak-lensing-survey-requirements','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1203553-catastrophic-photometric-redshift-errors-weak-lensing-survey-requirements"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> photometric redshift errors: Weak-lensing survey requirements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Bernstein, Gary; Huterer, Dragan</p> <p>2010-01-11</p> <p>We study the sensitivity of weak lensing surveys to the effects of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> redshift errors - cases where the true redshift is misestimated by a significant amount. To compute the biases in cosmological parameters, we adopt an efficient linearized analysis where the redshift errors are directly related to shifts in the weak lensing convergence power spectra. We estimate the number N spec of unbiased spectroscopic redshifts needed to determine the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> error rate well enough that biases in cosmological parameters are below statistical errors of weak lensing tomography. While the straightforward estimate of N spec is ~10 6 we findmore » that using only the photometric redshifts with z ≤ 2.5 leads to a drastic reduction in N spec to ~ 30,000 while negligibly increasing statistical errors in dark energy parameters. Therefore, the size of spectroscopic survey needed to control <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> errors is similar to that previously deemed necessary to constrain the core of the z s – z p distribution. We also study the efficacy of the recent proposal to measure redshift errors by cross-correlation between the photo-z and spectroscopic samples. We find that this method requires ~ 10% a priori knowledge of the bias and stochasticity of the outlier population, and is also easily confounded by lensing magnification bias. In conclusion, the cross-correlation method is therefore unlikely to supplant the need for a complete spectroscopic redshift survey of the source population.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=spearing&id=EJ344653','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=spearing&id=EJ344653"><span>An Update on Football Deaths and <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Injuries.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Mueller, Frederick O.; Blyth, Carl S.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>The latest figures (1985) indicate a continued decline in football deaths and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> injuries, which is credited to a ban on spearing and to a helmet standard. Guidelines for prevention of fatalities and injuries are listed. (Author/MT)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010utic.book..178N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010utic.book..178N"><span>Complexities, <span class="hlt">Catastrophes</span> and Cities: Emergency Dynamics in Varying Scenarios and Urban Topologies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Narzisi, Giuseppe; Mysore, Venkatesh; Byeon, Jeewoong; Mishra, Bud</p> <p></p> <p>Complex Systems are often characterized by agents capable of interacting with each other dynamically, often in non-linear and non-intuitive ways. Trying to characterize their dynamics often results in partial differential equations that are difficult, if not impossible, to solve. A large city or a city-state is an example of such an evolving and self-organizing complex environment that efficiently adapts to different and numerous incremental changes to its social, cultural and technological infrastructure [1]. One powerful technique for analyzing such complex systems is Agent-Based <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> (ABM) [9], which has seen an increasing number of applications in social science, economics and also biology. The agent-based paradigm facilitates easier transfer of domain specific knowledge into a <span class="hlt">model</span>. ABM provides a natural way to describe systems in which the overall dynamics can be described as the result of the behavior of populations of autonomous components: agents, with a fixed set of rules based on local information and possible central control. As part of the NYU Center for <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Preparedness and Response (CCPR1), we have been exploring how ABM can serve as a powerful simulation technique for analyzing large-scale urban disasters. The central problem in Disaster Management is that it is not immediately apparent whether the current emergency plans are robust against such sudden, rare and punctuated <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1954660','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1954660"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> antiphospholipid syndrome during pregnancy and puerperium: maternal and fetal characteristics of 15 cases</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gómez‐Puerta, José A; Cervera, Ricard; Espinosa, Gerard; Asherson, Ronald A; García‐Carrasco, Mario; da Costa, Izaias P; Andrade, Danieli C O; Borba, Eduardo F; Makatsaria, Alexander; Bucciarelli, Silvia; Ramos‐Casals, Manuel; Font, Josep</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Background The <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> variant of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a life‐threatening form of presentation of this syndrome that can be triggered by several factors. Aim To describe the characteristics of patients who developed <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> APS triggered during pregnancy and puerperium. Methods A review of the first 255 cases collected in the website‐based “CAPS Registry” was undertaken. Three new and unpublished cases of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> APS developed during pregnancy and puerperium were added. Results Fifteen cases were identified. The mean (range) age was 27 (17–38) years. Most patients had a previous unsuccessful obstetric history. In 7 of 14 (50%) cases with available medical history, the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> APS appeared during pregnancy, in 6 (43%) during the puerperium and in 1 (7%) after curettage for a fetal death. The main clinical and serological characteristics were similar to those patients with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> APS triggered by other factors, except for a history of a higher prevalence of previous abortions (p<0.01). Several specific features were found, including the HELLP (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome in 8 (53%) patients, placental infarctions in 4 (27%) patients, and pelvic vein thrombosis and myometrium thrombotic microangiopathy in 1 (7%) patient each. Mortality rate was high for the mothers (46%), and for the babies (54%). Conclusions It is important to consider the possibility of the development of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> APS in those patients with signs of HELLP syndrome and multiorgan failure during pregnancy or puerperium, especially in those patients with previous history of abortions and/or thrombosis. PMID:17223653</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUFM.H22G..06P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUFM.H22G..06P"><span>The Remote Detection of Incipient <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Failure in Large Landslides</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Petley, D.; Bulmer, M. H.; Murphy, W.; Mantovani, F.</p> <p>2001-12-01</p> <p>Landslide movement is commonly associated with brittle failure and ductile deformation. Kilburn and Petley (2001) proposed that cracking in landslides occurs due to downslope stress acting on the deforming horizon. If the assumption that a given crack event breaks a fixed distance of unbroken rock or soil the rate of cracking becomes equivalent to the number of crack events per unit time. Where crack growth (not nucleation) is occurring, the inverse rate of displacement changes linearly with time. Failure can be assumed to be the time at which displacement rates become infinitely large. Thus, for a slope heading towards <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure due to the development of a failure plane, this relationship would be linear, with the point at which failure will occur being the time when the line intercepts the x-axis. Increasing rates of deformation associated with ductile processes of crack nucleation would yield a curve with a negative gradient asymptopic to the x-axis. This hypothesis is being examined. In the 1960 movement of the Vaiont slide, Italy, although the rate of movement was accelerating, the plot of 1/deformation against time shows that it was increasing towards a steady state deformation. This movement has been associated with a low accumulated strain ductile phase of movement. In the 1963 movement event, the trend is linear. This was associated with a brittle phase of movement. A plot of 1/deformation against time for movement of the debris flow portion of the Tessina landslide (1998) shows a curve with a negative gradient asymptopic to the x-axis. This indicates that the debris flow moved as a result of ductile deformation processes. Plots of movement data for the Black Ven landslide over 1999 and 2001 also show curves that correlate with known deformation and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> phases. The <span class="hlt">model</span> results suggest there is a definable deformation pattern that is diagnostic of landslides approaching <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> failure. This pattern can be differentiated from</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUSMSA51B..03H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUSMSA51B..03H"><span>Polarization <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> Contributing to Rotation and Tornadic Motion in Cumulo-Nimbus Clouds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Handel, P. H.</p> <p>2007-05-01</p> <p> Electricity", J. Geophysical Research 90, 5857-5863 (1985). P.H. Handel and P.B. James: "Polarization <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> <span class="hlt">Model</span> of Static Electrification and Spokes in the B-Ring of Saturn", Geophys. Res. Lett. 10, 1-4 (1983).</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16101207','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16101207"><span>[Fair health financing and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures: potential impact of the coverage extension of the popular health insurance in Mexico].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Knaul, Felicia; Arreola-Ornelas, Héctor; Méndez, Oscar; Martínez, Alejandra</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>To assess the impact on fair health financing and household <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures of the implementation of the Popular Health Insurance (Seguro Popular de Salud). Data analyzed in this study come from the National Income and Expenditure Household Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares, ENIGH), 2000, and the National Health Insurance and Expenditure Survey, (Encuesta Nacional de Aseguramiento y Gasto en Salud, ENAGS), 2001. Estimations are based on projections of extension of the Popular Health Insurance under different conditions of coverage and out-of-pocket expenditure reductions in the uninsured population. The mathematic simulation <span class="hlt">model</span> assumes applying the new Popular Health Insurance financial structure to the 2000 expenditure values reported by ENIGH, given the probability of affiliation by households. The <span class="hlt">model</span> of determinants of affiliation to the Popular Health Insurance yielded three significant variables: being in income quintiles I and II, being a female head of household, and that a household member had a medical visit in the past year. Simulation results show that important impacts on the performance of the Mexican Health System will occur in terms of fair financing and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditures, even before achieving the universal coverage goal in 2010. A reduction of 40% in out-of-pocket expenditures and a Popular Health Insurance coverage of 100% will decrease <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditures from 3.4% to 1.6%. Our results show that the reduction of out-of-pocket expenditures generated by the new financing and health provision Popular Health Insurance <span class="hlt">model</span>, will improve the financial fairness index and the financial contribution to the health system, and will decrease the percentage of households with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> expenditures, even before reaching universal coverage. A greater impact may be expected due to coverage extension initiating in the poorest communities that have a very restricted and progressive</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=granite&pg=2&id=EJ024588','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=granite&pg=2&id=EJ024588"><span><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> Versus Uniformitarian Geology: Outline for Classroom Debate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Carl, James D.; O'Brien, Neal R.</p> <p>1970-01-01</p> <p>Presents the two positions of the geological debate, as presented in 1796, between the Wernerians (uniformitarians) and the Huttonians (<span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> supporters). Presentations stress importance of earth heat, the origin of granite and basalt, and the cyclic theme of Hutton's earth. (RR)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22617062-coulomb-scatter-diamagnetic-dust-particles-cusp-magnetic-trap-under-microgravity-conditions','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22617062-coulomb-scatter-diamagnetic-dust-particles-cusp-magnetic-trap-under-microgravity-conditions"><span>Coulomb scatter of diamagnetic dust particles in a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> magnetic trap under microgravity conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Myasnikov, M. I., E-mail: miasnikovmi@mail.ru; D’yachkov, L. G.; Petrov, O. F.</p> <p>2017-02-15</p> <p>The effect of a dc electric field on strongly nonideal Coulomb systems consisting of a large number (~10{sup 4}) of charged diamagnetic dust particles in a <span class="hlt">cusp</span> magnetic trap are carried out aboard the Russian segment of the International Space Station (ISS) within the Coulomb Crystal experiment. Graphite particles of 100–400 μm in size are used in the experiments. Coulomb scatter of a dust cluster and the formation of threadlike chains of dust particles are observed experimentally. The processes observed are simulated by the molecular dynamics (MD) method.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28093762','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28093762"><span>Floating worlds and their phantoms in the aftermath of social <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kimbles, Samuel</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>In this paper the author describes certain kinds of images (phantoms) that appear in the aftermath of social <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>. These phantoms come with an underlying narrative structure, which the author describes as phantom narratives. Phantom narratives show how the unconscious, working at the group and individual levels, provides political and social contexts within which the individual may find a different kind of containment for these <span class="hlt">catastrophes</span>. In this way their suffering may be potentially processed psychologically and related to symbolically. © 2017, The Society of Analytical Psychology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3114800','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3114800"><span>Virtual reality exposure therapy as treatment for pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> in fibromyalgia patients: proof-of-concept study (Study Protocol)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Background Albeit exercise is currently advocated as one of the most effective management strategies for fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS); the implementation of exercise as a FMS treatment in reality is significantly hampered by patients' poor compliance. The inference that pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> is a key predictor of poor compliance in FMS patients, justifies considering the alteration of pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> in improving compliance towards exercises in FMS patients. The aim of this study is to provide proof-of-concept for the development and testing of a novel virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) program as treatment for exercise-related pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> in FMS patients. Methods Two interlinked experimental studies will be conducted. Study 1 aims to objectively ascertain if neurophysiological changes occur in the functional brain areas associated with pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, when <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> FMS subjects are exposed to visuals of exercise activities. Study 2 aims to ascertain the preliminary efficacy and feasibility of exposure to visuals of exercise activities as a treatment for exercise-related pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> in FMS subjects. Twenty subjects will be selected from a group of FMS patients attending the Tygerberg Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa and randomly allocated to either the VRET (intervention) group or waiting list (control) group. Baseline neurophysiological activity for subjects will be collected in study 1 using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In study 2, clinical improvement in pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> will be measured using fMRI (objective) and the pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> scale (subjective). Discussion The premise is if exposing FMS patients to visuals of various exercise activities trigger the functional brain areas associated with pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>; then as a treatment, repeated exposure to visuals of the exercise activities using a VRET program could possibly decrease exercise-related pain <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> in FMS patients. Proof</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16..207T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16..207T"><span>Surface water and groundwater water interaction <span class="hlt">model</span> in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> floods and mudslides in the beds of mountain rivers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tulenev, Nikita</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p> atmospheres. Such pressure may be due to various external factors (including seismic character). In the event of a sharp increase in pressure under the influence of external factors, may occur short and violent eruption, which in mountainous terrain can form a mudflow. If pressure builds up gradually, which is more typical of the plains, the release can develop into increasing recharge the riverbed, which in turn may lead to flooding. Thus, even if a <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> flood / mudflow originally formed for other reasons - because of melting glaciers or intensive / heavy rains, the presence on its way sectors fed by groundwater can significantly strengthen it. If we talk about the comparison of these two <span class="hlt">models</span> with the actual events taking place, the first time that may be associated with <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> flooding in Krymsk (July 2012.), And the second - the floods in the Amur River basin (September 2013) in Russia. It is necessary to take into account the spatial extent of these dynamic phenomena. Groundwater resources are essentially spatially distributed. For example, the size of many artesian basins, ranging from hundreds to hundreds of thousands of square kilometers. Thus, the influence on the behavior of groundwater can have events that occur from them at a considerable distance. In particular, are essential earthquake. Consideration of these tasks within the approaches of nonlinear physics can be very</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/1362','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/1362"><span>Timber price dynamics following a natural <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Jeffrey P. Prestemon; Thomas P. Holmes</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> shocks to existing stocks of a renewable resource can cause long-run price shifts. With timber, these long-run price shifts may be accompanied by a short-run price drop due to salvage. Hurricane Hugo damaged 20 percent of southern pine timber in the South Carolina Coastal Plain in 1989. To estimate the...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990JVGR...44..349V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990JVGR...44..349V"><span>The 1985 Nevado del Ruiz volcano <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>: anatomy and retrospection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Voight, Barry</p> <p>1990-12-01</p> <p>This paper seeks to analyze in an objective way the circumstances and events that contributed to the 1985 Nevado del Ruiz <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>, in order to provide useful guidelines for future emergencies. The paper is organized into two principal parts. In the first part, an Anatomy of the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> is developed as a step-by-step chronicle of events and actions taken by individuals and organizations during the period November 1984 through November 1985. This chronicle provides the essential background for the crucial events of November 13. This year-long period is broken down further to emphasize important chapters: the gradual awareness of the awakening of the volcano; a long period of institutional skepticism reflecting an absence of credibility; the closure of the credibility gap with the September 11 phreatic eruption, followed by an intensive effort to gird for the worst; and a detailed account of the day of reckoning. The second part of the paper, Retrospection, examines the numerous complicated factors that influenced the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> outcome, and attempts to cull a few "lessons from Armero" in order to avoid similar occurrences in the future. In a nutshell, the government on the whole acted responsibly but was not willing to bear the economic or political costs of early evacuation or a false alarm. Science accurately foresaw the hazards but was insufficiently precise to render reliable warning of the crucial event at the last possible minute. <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> was therefore a calculated risk, and this combination - the limitations of prediction/detection, the refusal to bear a false alarm and the lack of will to act on the uncertain information available - provided its immediate and most obvious causes. But because the crucial event occurred just two days before the Armero emergency management plan was to be critically examined and improved, the numerous circumstances which delayed progress of emergency management over the previous year also may be said to have</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990JVGR...42..151V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990JVGR...42..151V"><span>The 1985 Nevado del Ruiz volcano <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>: anatomy and retrospection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Voight, Barry</p> <p>1990-07-01</p> <p>This paper seeks to analyze in an objective way the circumstances and events that contributed to the 1985 Nevado del Ruiz <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>, in order to provide useful guidelines for future emergencies. The paper is organized into two principal parts. In the first part, an Anatomy of the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> is developed as a step-by-step chronicle of events and actions taken by individuals and organizations during the period November 1984 through November 1985. This chronicle provides the essential background for the crucial events of November 13. This year-long period is broken down further to emphasize essential chapters: the gradual awareness of the awakening of the volcano; a long period of institutional skepticism reflecting an absence of credibility; the closure of the credibility gap with the September 11 phreatic eruption, followed by an intensive effort to gird for the worst; and a detailed account of the day of reckoning. The second part of the paper, Retrospection, examines the numerous complicated factors that influenced the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> outcome, and attempts to cull a few "lessons from Armero" in order to avoid similar occurrences in the future. In a nutshell, the government on the whole acted responsibly but was not willing to bear the economic or political costs of early evacuation or a false alarm. Science accurately foresaw the hazards but was insufficiently precise to render reliable warning of the crucial event at the last possible minute. <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> was therefore a calculated risk, and this combination — the limitations of predication/detection, the refusal to bear a false alarm and the lack of will to act on the uncertain information available — provided its immediate and most obvious causes. But because the crucial event occurred just two days before the Armero emergency-management plan was to be critically examined and improved, the numerous circumstances which delayed progress of emergency management over the previous year also may be said to have</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23777822','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23777822"><span>Rituximab use in the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> antiphospholipid syndrome: descriptive analysis of the CAPS registry patients receiving rituximab.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Berman, Horacio; Rodríguez-Pintó, Ignasi; Cervera, Ricard; Morel, Nathalie; Costedoat-Chalumeau, Nathalie; Erkan, Doruk; Shoenfeld, Yehuda; Espinosa, Gerard</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> variant of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by thrombosis in multiple organs developing over a short period of time. First-line treatment for the <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> APS is the combination of anticoagulation plus corticosteroids plus plasma exchange and/or intravenous immunoglobulin. Despite this regimen, the mortality remains high and new treatment options are needed. By a systematic review of the <span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> APS Registry (CAPS Registry), we identified 20 patients treated with rituximab. The purpose of this study is to describe the clinical manifestations, laboratory features, and outcomes of rituximab-treated CAPS patients. In addition, the rationale for using rituximab in <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> APS is discussed. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24962128','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24962128"><span>The economic burden of pediatric gastroenteritis to Bolivian families: a cross-sectional study of correlates of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> cost and overall cost burden.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Burke, Rachel M; Smith, Emily R; Dahl, Rebecca Moritz; Rebolledo, Paulina A; Calderón, Maria del Carmen; Cañipa, Beatriz; Chavez, Edgar; Pinto, Rolando; Tamayo, Luis; Terán, Carlos; Veizaga, Angel; Zumaran, Remy; Iñiguez, Volga; Leon, Juan S</p> <p>2014-06-24</p> <p>Worldwide, acute gastroenteritis causes substantial morbidity and mortality in children less than five years of age. In Bolivia, which has one of the lower GDPs in South America, 16% of child deaths can be attributed to diarrhea, and the costs associated with diarrhea can weigh heavily on patient families. To address this need, the study goal was to identify predictors of cost burden (diarrhea-related costs incurred as a percentage of annual income) and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> cost (cost burden ≥ 1% of annual household income). From 2007 to 2009, researchers interviewed caregivers (n = 1,107) of pediatric patients (<5 years old) seeking treatment for diarrhea in six Bolivian hospitals. Caregivers were surveyed on demographics, clinical symptoms, direct (e.g. medication, consult fees), and indirect (e.g. lost wages) costs. Multivariate regression <span class="hlt">models</span> (n = 551) were used to assess relationships of covariates to the outcomes of cost burden (linear <span class="hlt">model</span>) and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> cost (logistic <span class="hlt">model</span>). We determined that cost burden and <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> cost shared the same significant (p < 0.05) predictors. In the logistic <span class="hlt">model</span> that also controlled for child sex, child age, household size, rural residence, transportations taken to the current visit, whether the child presented with complications, and whether this was the child's first episode of diarrhea, significant predictors of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> cost included outpatient status (OR 0.16, 95% CI [0.07, 0.37]); seeking care at a private hospital (OR 4.12, 95% CI [2.30, 7.41]); having previously sought treatment for this diarrheal episode (OR 3.92, 95% CI [1.64, 9.35]); and the number of days the child had diarrhea prior to the current visit (OR 1.14, 95% CI [1.05, 1.24]). Our analysis highlights the economic impact of pediatric diarrhea from the familial perspective and provides insight into potential areas of intervention to reduce associated economic burden.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29273323','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29273323"><span>Durability of Aortic Valve <span class="hlt">Cusp</span> Repair With and Without Annular Support.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zeeshan, Ahmad; Idrees, Jay J; Johnston, Douglas R; Rajeswaran, Jeevanantham; Roselli, Eric E; Soltesz, Edward G; Gillinov, A Marc; Griffin, Brian; Grimm, Richard; Hammer, Donald F; Pettersson, Gösta B; Blackstone, Eugene H; Sabik, Joseph F; Svensson, Lars G</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>To determine the value of aortic valve repair rather than replacement for valve dysfunction, we assessed late outcomes of various repair techniques in the contemporary era. From January 2001 to January 2011, aortic valve repair was planned in 1,124 patients. Techniques involved commissural figure-of-8 suspension sutures (n = 63 [6.2%]), <span class="hlt">cusp</span> repair with commissuroplasty (n = 481 [48%]), debridement (n = 174 [17%]), free-margin plication (n = 271 [27%]) or resection (n = 75) or both, or annulus repair with resuspension (n = 230 [23%]), root reimplantation (n = 252 [25%]), or remodeling (n = 35 [3.5%]). Planned repair was aborted for replacement in 115 patients (10%); risk factors included greater severity of aortic regurgitation (AR; p = 0.0002) and valve calcification (p < 0.0001). In-hospital outcomes for the remaining 1,009 patients included death (12 [1.2%]), stroke (13 [1.3%]), and reoperation for valve dysfunction (14 [1.4%]). Freedom from aortic valve reoperation at 1, 5, and 10 years was 97%, 93%, and 90%, respectively. Figure-of-8 suspension sutures, valve resuspension, and root repair and replacement were least likely to require reoperation; <span class="hlt">cusp</span> repair with commissural sutures, plication, and commissuroplasty was most likely (p < 0.05). Survival at 1, 5, and 10 years was 96%, 92%, and 83%. Immediate postoperative AR grade was none-mild (94%), moderate (5%), and severe (1%). At 10 years after repair, AR grade was none (20%), mild (33%), moderate (26%), and severe (21%). Patients undergoing root procedures were less likely to have higher-grade postoperative AR (p < 0.0001). Valve repair is effective and durable for treating aortic valve dysfunction. Greater severity of AR preoperatively is associated with higher likelihood of repair failure. Commissural figure-of-8 suspension sutures and repair with annular support have the best long-term durability. Copyright © 2018 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70117794','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70117794"><span>Integrating land cover <span class="hlt">modeling</span> and adaptive management to conserve endangered species and reduce <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> fire risk</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Breininger, David; Duncan, Brean; Eaton, Mitchell J.; Johnson, Fred; Nichols, James</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Land cover <span class="hlt">modeling</span> is used to inform land management, but most often via a two-step process, where science informs how management alternatives can influence resources, and then, decision makers can use this information to make decisions. A more efficient process is to directly integrate science and decision-making, where science allows us to learn in order to better accomplish management objectives and is developed to address specific decisions. Co-development of management and science is especially productive when decisions are complicated by multiple objectives and impeded by uncertainty. Multiple objectives can be met by the specification of tradeoffs, and relevant uncertainty can be addressed through targeted science (i.e., <span class="hlt">models</span> and monitoring). We describe how to integrate habitat and fuel monitoring with decision-making focused on the dual objectives of managing for endangered species and minimizing <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> fire risk. Under certain conditions, both objectives might be achieved by a similar management policy; other conditions require tradeoffs between objectives. Knowledge about system responses to actions can be informed by developing hypotheses based on ideas about fire behavior and then applying competing management actions to different land units in the same system state. Monitoring and management integration is important to optimize state-specific management decisions and to increase knowledge about system responses. We believe this approach has broad utility and identifies a clear role for land cover <span class="hlt">modeling</span> programs intended to inform decision-making.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950057064&hterms=recurrence+sequences&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Drecurrence%2Bsequences','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950057064&hterms=recurrence+sequences&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Drecurrence%2Bsequences"><span><span class="hlt">Cusp</span>/cleft auroral activity in relation to solar wind dynamic pressure, interplanetary magnetic field B(sub z) and B(sub y)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sandholt, P. E.; Farrugia, C. J.; Burlaga, L. F.; Holtet, J. A.; Moen, J.; Lybekk, B.; Jacobsen, B.; Opsvik, D.; Egeland, A.; Lepping, R.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Continuous optical observations of <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/cleft auroral activities within approximately equal to 09-15 MLT and 70-76 deg magnetic latitude are studied in relation to changes in solar wind dynamic pressure and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) variability. The observed latitudinal movements of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/cleft aurora in response to IMF B(sub z) changes may be explained as an effect of a variable magnetic field intensity in the outer dayside magnetosphere associated with the changing intensity of region 1 field-aligned currents and associated closure currents. Ground magnetic signatures related to such currents were observed in the present case (January 10, 1993). Strong, isolated enhancements in solar wind dynamic pressure (Delta p/p is greater than or equal to 0.5) gave rise to equatorward shifts of the <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/cleft aurora, characteristic auroral transients, and distinct ground magnetic signatures of enhanced convection at cleft latitudes. A sequence of auroral events of approximately equal to 5-10 min recurrence time, moving eastward along the poleward boundary of the persistent <span class="hlt">cusp</span>/cleft aurora in the approximately equal to 10-14 MLT sector, during negative IMF B(sub z) and B(sub y) conditions, were found to be correlated with brief pulses in solar wind dynamic pressure (0.1 is less than Delta p/p is less than 0.5). Simultaneous photometer observations from Ny Alesund, Svalbard, and Danmarkshavn, Greenland, show that the events often appeared on the prenoon side (approximately equal to 10-12 MLT), before moving into the postnoon sector in the case we study here, when IMF B(sub y) is less than 0. In other cases, similar auroral event sequences have been observed to move westward in the prenoon sector, during intervals of positive B(sub y). Thus a strong prenoon/postnoon asymmetry of event occurence and motion pattern related to the IMF B(sub y) polarity is observed. We find that this category of auroral event sequence is stimulated bursts of electron precipitation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28686644','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28686644"><span>Physical activity and the mediating effect of fear, depression, anxiety, and <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> on pain related disability in people with chronic low back pain.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Marshall, Paul W M; Schabrun, Siobhan; Knox, Michael F</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Chronic low back pain is a worldwide burden that is not being abated with our current knowledge and treatment of the condition. The fear-avoidance <span class="hlt">model</span> is used to explain the relationship between pain and disability in patients with chronic low back pain. However there are gaps in empirical support for pathways proposed within this <span class="hlt">model</span>, and no evidence exists as to whether physical activity moderates these pathways. This was a cross-sectional study of 218 people with chronic low back pain. Multiple mediation analyses were conducted to determine the role of fear, <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, depression, and anxiety in the relationship between pain and disability. Separate analyses were performed with physical activity as the moderator. Individuals were classified as performing regular structured physical activity if they described on average once per week for > 30-minutes an activity classified at least moderate intensity (≥ 4-6 METs), activity prescribed by an allied health professional for their back pain, leisure time sport or recreation, or self-directed physical activity such as resistance exercise. Fear, <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span>, and depression significantly mediated the relationship between pain and disability (p<0.001). However the mediating effect of <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> was conditional upon weekly physical activity. That is, the indirect effect for <span class="hlt">catastrophizing</span> mediating the relationship between pain and disability was only significant for individuals reporting weekly physical activity (B = 1.31, 95% CI 0.44 to 2.23), compared to individuals reporting no weekly physical activity (B = 0.21, 95% CI -0.50 to 0.97). <span class="hlt">Catastrophizing</span> also mediated the relationship between pain and fear (B = 0.37, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.62), with higher scores explaining 53% of the total effect of pain on fear. These results support previous findings about the importance of fear and depression as factors that should be targeted in low back pain patients to reduce back pain related disability. We have</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70015457','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70015457"><span>The role of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> geomorphic events in central Appalachian landscape evolution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Jacobson, R.B.; Miller, A.J.; Smith, J.A.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Catastrophic</span> geomorphic events are taken as those that are large, sudden, and rare on human timescales. In the nonglaciated, low-seismicity central Appalachians, these are dominantly floods and landslides. Evaluation of the role of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events in landscape evolution includes assessment of their contributions to denudation and formation of prominent landscape features, and how they vary through space and time. Tropical storm paths and topographic barriers at the Blue Ridge and Allegheny Front create significant climatic variability across the Appalachians. For moderate floods, the influence of basin geology is apparent in modifying severity of flooding, but for the most extreme events, flood discharges relate mainly to rainfall characteristics such as intensity, duration, storm size, and location. Landslide susceptibility relates more directly to geologic controls that determine what intensity and duration of rainfall will trigger slope instability. Large floods and landslides are not necessarily effective in producing prominent geomorphic features. Large historic floods in the Piedmont have been minimally effective in producing prominent and persistent geomorphic features. In contrast, smaller floods in the Valley and Ridge produced erosional and depositional features that probably will require thousands of years to efface. Scars and deposits of debris slide-avalanches triggered on sandstone ridges recover slowly and persist much longer than scars and deposits of smaller landslides triggered on finer-grained regolith, even though the smaller landslides may have eroded greater aggregate volume. The surficial stratigraphic record can be used to extend the spatial and temporal limits of our knowledge of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events. Many prominent alluvial and colluvial landforms in the central Appalachians are composed of sediments that were deposited by processes similar to those observed in historic <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> events. Available stratigraphic evidence shows two</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24327632','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24327632"><span>Aortic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> extension for surgical correction of rheumatic aortic valve insufficiency in children.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kalangos, Afksendiyos; Myers, Patrick O</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>Surgical management of aortic insufficiency in the young is problematic because of the lack of an ideal valve substitute. Potential advantages of aortic valve repair include low incidences of thromboembolism and endocarditis, avoiding conduit replacements, the maintenance of growth potential, and improved quality of life. Aortic valve repair is still far from fulfilling the three key factors that have allowed the phenomenal development of mitral valve repair (standardization, reproducibility, and stable long-term results); however, techniques of aortic valve repair have been refined, and subsets of patients amenable to repair have been identified. We have focused on the oldest technique of aortic valve repair, <span class="hlt">cusp</span> extension, focusing on children with rheumatic aortic insufficiency. Among 77 children operated from 2003 to 2007, there was one early death from ventricular failure and one late death from sudden cardiac arrhythmia. During a mean follow-up of 12.8 ± 5.9 years, there were 16 (20.5%) reoperations on the aortic valve, at a median of 3.4 years (range, 2 months to 18.3 years) from repair. Freedom from aortic valve reoperation was 96.2% ± 2.2% at 1 year, 94.9% ± 2.5% at 2 years, 88.5% ± 3.6% at 5 years, 81.7% ± 4.4% at 10 years, 79.7% ± 4.8% at 15 years, and 76.2% ± 5.7% at 20 years. Although aortic <span class="hlt">cusp</span> extension is technically more demanding, it remains particularly more suitable in the context of evolving rheumatic aortic insufficiency in children with a small aortic annulus as a bridge surgical approach to late aortic valve replacement with a larger valvular prosthesis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27550941','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27550941"><span>Dinaciclib Induces Anaphase <span class="hlt">Catastrophe</span> in Lung Cancer Cells via Inhibition of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases 1 and 2.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Danilov, Alexey V; Hu, Shanhu; Orr, Bernardo; Godek, Kristina; Mustachio, Lisa Maria; Sekula, David; Liu, Xi; Kawakami, Masanori; Johnson, Faye M; Compton, Duane A; Freemantle, Sarah J; Dmitrovsky, Ethan</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Despite advances in targeted therapy, lung cancer remains the most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Chromosomal instability is a prominent feature in lung cancer and, because it rarely occurs in normal cells, it represents a potential therapeutic target. Our prior work discovered that lung cancer cells undergo anaphase <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> in response to inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), followed by apoptosis and reduced growth. In this study, the effects and mechanisms of the multi-CDK inhibitor dinaciclib on lung cancer cells were investigated. We sought to determine the specificity of CDK-dependent induction of anaphase <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span>. Live cell imaging provided direct evidence that dinaciclib caused multipolar cell divisions resulting in extensive chromosome missegregation. Genetic knockdown of dinaciclib CDK targets revealed that repression of CDK2 and CDK1, but not CDK5 or CDK9, triggered anaphase <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> in lung cancer cells. Overexpression of CP110, which is a mediator of CDK2 inhibitor-induced anaphase <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> (and a CDK1 and 2 phosphorylation substrate), antagonized anaphase <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> and apoptosis following dinaciclib treatment. Consistent with our previous findings, acquisition of activated KRAS sensitized lung cancer cells to dinaciclib-mediated anaphase <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> and cell death. Combining dinaciclib with the mitotic inhibitor taxol augmented anaphase <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> induction and reduced cell viability of lung cancer cells. Thus, the multi-CDK inhibitor dinaciclib causes anaphase <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> in lung cancer cells and should be investigated as a potential therapeutic for wild-type and KRAS-mutant lung cancer, individually or in combination with taxanes. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2758-66. ©2016 AACR. ©2016 American Association for Cancer Research.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22984311','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22984311"><span>Factors affecting <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure and impoverishment from medical expenses in China: policy implications of universal health insurance.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Ye; Wu, Qunhong; Xu, Ling; Legge, David; Hao, Yanhua; Gao, Lijun; Ning, Ning; Wan, Gang</p> <p>2012-09-01</p> <p>To assess the degree to which the Chinese people are protected from <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> household expenditure and impoverishment from medical expenses and to explore the health system and structural factors influencing the first of these outcomes. Data were derived from the Fourth National Health Service Survey. An analysis of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure and impoverishment from medical expenses was undertaken with a sample of 55 556 households of different characteristics and located in rural and urban settings in different parts of the country. Logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure. The rate of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure was 13.0%; that of impoverishment was 7.5%. Rates of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure were higher among households having members who were hospitalized, elderly, or chronically ill, as well as in households in rural or poorer regions. A combination of adverse factors increased the risk of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure. Families enrolled in the urban employee or resident insurance schemes had lower rates of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure than those enrolled in the new rural corporative scheme. The need for and use of health care, demographics, type of benefit package and type of provider payment method were the determinants of <span class="hlt">catastrophic</span> health expenditure. Although China has greatly expanded health insurance coverage, financial protection remains insufficient. Policy-makers should focus on designing improved insurance plans by expanding the benefit package, redesigning cost sharing arrangements and provider payment methods and developing more effective expenditure control strategies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10322E..36Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10322E..36Z"><span>Evaluating core technology capacity based on an improved <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> progression method: the case of automotive industry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhao, Shijia; Liu, Zongwei; Wang, Yue; Zhao, Fuquan</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Subjectivity usually causes large fluctuations in evaluation results. Many scholars attempt to establish new mathematical methods to make evaluation results consistent with actual objective situations. An improved <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> progression method (ICPM) is constructed to overcome the defects of the original method. The improved method combines the merits of the principal component analysis' information coherence and the <span class="hlt">catastrophe</span> progression method's none index weight and has the advantage of highly objective comprehensive evaluation. Through the systematic analysis of the influencing factors of the automotive industry's core technology capacity, the comprehensive evaluation <span class="hlt">model</span> is established according to the different roles that different indices play in evaluating the overall goal with a hierarchical structure. Moreover, ICPM is developed for evaluating the automotive industry's core technology capacity for the typical seven countries in the world, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the method.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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