31 CFR 560.509 - Certain transactions related to patents, trademarks, and copyrights authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... intellectual property protection in the United States or Iran are authorized, including importation of or dealing in Iranian-origin services, payment for such services, and payment to persons in Iran directly... Government or the Government of Iran, or of the reasonable and customary fees and charges currently due to...

Proclamation No. R. 151, Natal Code of Zulu Law, 3 September 1987.

PubMed

1988-01-01

This document contains major provisions of the 1987 South African Proclamation amending the Natal Code of Zulu Law. Chapter 4 of these provisions covers personal status, property rights, the age of majority, and houses or families of which children become members. Chapter 5 deals with family heads in general, the earnings of minor children, the ownership and control of family property, the control of family members, and the responsibilities and privileges of family heads. The seventh chapter regulates customary marriages in general, the investigation of complaints about unreasonable withholding of consent on the part of a father or guardian, reporting of the arranged marriage date and payment of fees, the appointment and duties of official witnesses, the payment of "lobolo," the registration of customary marriages, issuance of the certificate of customary marriage, grounds for divorce, grounds for a declaration of nullity, duties of the party seeking the divorce, return of lobolo, child custody, and "ukungena" unions. The provisions of the eight chapter include the date of payment and delivery of lobolo and death of the lobolo cattle, the women who may receive lobolo, the constitution of lobolo, the amount of lobolo paid for women of varying social ranks, claims relative to lobolo payments, and the claiming of a ngquthu beast. Chapter 9 details the family system in terms of the establishment of senior or affiliated houses, the status of the first wife, the status of wives taken by a commoner subsequent to the first wife, a formal declaration of intention to divide a family home into sections, the declaration of the status of a second and subsequent wives, the declaration of the status of a third wife as a qade wife, junior houses affiliated with senior houses, the status of wives of the hereditary chief, the circumstances when members may leave a family home, and the property of a girl entering a customary marriage. The tenth chapter contains the laws of inheritance and succession, including testate and intestate inheritance of certain property, the rule of primogeniture, and cases of customary marriage. Chapter 12 defines actionable wrongs, which include damage to the reputation of an unmarried girl, the seduction of an unmarried female, adultery, and the abduction of a wife, child, or ward. Finally, Chapter 13 decrees that Black females are not to be considered chattels or property.

Episode-Based Payment and Direct Employer Purchasing of Healthcare Services: Recent Bundled Payment Innovations and the Geisinger Health System Experience.

PubMed

Slotkin, Jonathan R; Ross, Olivia A; Newman, Eric D; Comrey, Janet L; Watson, Victoria; Lee, Rachel V; Brosious, Megan M; Gerrity, Gloria; Davis, Scott M; Paul, Jacquelyn; Miller, E Lynn; Feinberg, David T; Toms, Steven A

2017-04-01

One significant driver of the disjointed healthcare often observed in the United States is the traditional fee-for-service payment model which financially incentivizes the volume of care delivered over the quality and coordination of care. This problem is compounded by the wide, often unwarranted variation in healthcare charges that purchasers of health services encounter for substantially similar episodes of care. The last 10 years have seen many stakeholder organizations begin to experiment with novel financial payment models that strive to obviate many of the challenges inherent in customary quantity-based cost paradigms. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act has allowed many care delivery systems to partner with Medicare in episode-based payment programs such as the Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) initiative, and in patient-based models such as the Medicare Shared Savings Program. Several employer purchasers of healthcare services are experimenting with innovative payment models to include episode-based bundled rate destination centers of excellence programs and the direct purchasing of accountable care organization services. The Geisinger Health System has over 10 years of experience with episode-based payment bundling coupled with the care delivery reengineering which is integral to its ProvenCare® program. Recent experiences at Geisinger have included participation in BPCI and also partnership with employer-purchasers of healthcare through the Pacific Business Group on Health (representing Walmart, Lowe's, and JetBlue Airways). As the shift towards value-focused care delivery and patient experience progresses forward, bundled payment arrangements and direct purchasing of healthcare will be critical financial drivers in effecting change. Copyright © 2017 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.

Getting Medical Directors Out of the C-Suite and Closer to Points of Care.

PubMed

Schlosser, Michael

2016-11-01

Physicians, more than anyone else, can influence peers when it comes to talking about evidence-based care, even when it runs counter to customary, but costly, practice patterns. The timing couldn't be better to put physicians in this leadership role because of the growing use of value-based payment models.

Women, customary law and equality: lessons from research in southern Africa.

PubMed

Armstrong, A

1994-03-01

The Women and Law in Southern Africa Research Project (WSLA) has concluded, after 6 years of study in Zimbabwe, Zambia, Swaziland, Mozambique, Lesotho, and Botswana, that the deconstruction of customary law rather than an emphasis on the concept of equality represents the most promising strategy for producing justice for women. An historical analysis indicates that customary law was, before colonialism, a family-centered, flexible system of law that favored the negotiation and settlement of disputes rather than a rigid state-centered application of a rule. Traditionally, the unifying value base of customary law was preservation of the family and protection of women and children. Marriage was viewed as a joint partnership rather than a guardian-minor relationship. Polygyny, which today constitutes a source of female subordination, was originally developed to provide the protection of marriage to women at a time when there were not enough men to go around and an unmarried woman was vulnerable. Moreover, under true customary law, family property was the norm and widows remained on the land. The responsiveness of true customary law to changing socioeconomic conditions is illustrated by the newly developed practice of Chiefs in Botswana to allow women to speak and represent themselves in court; another example is the Chief's modification of seduction damages law to stipulate payment directly to the young mother rather than to her parents. After the introduction of colonialism, customary law was reconstructed to serve the political interests of capital; even now, post-independence governments use the law as a tool to oppress women. WLSA research suggests that an emphasis on gender-neutral, equality-based laws and statutes can lead to the further oppression of women. For example, such laws have made unemployed divorced women responsible for the maintenance of their ex-husband, and could be used to promote women, as well as men, having several spouses. Needed instead is an emphasis on the concept of social justice, including assurance that a women's choices are informed and her interests are promoted.

42 CFR 413.74 - Payment to a foreign hospital.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... services. (c) Submittal of claims. The hospital must establish its customary charges for the services by submitting an itemized bill with each claim it files in accordance with its election under § 424.104 of this... §§ 409.80 through 409.83. [51 FR 34793, Sept. 30, 1986, as amended at 51 FR 41351, Nov. 14, 1986; 53 FR...

42 CFR 413.74 - Payment to a foreign hospital.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... services. (c) Submittal of claims. The hospital must establish its customary charges for the services by submitting an itemized bill with each claim it files in accordance with its election under § 424.104 of this... §§ 409.80 through 409.83. [51 FR 34793, Sept. 30, 1986, as amended at 51 FR 41351, Nov. 14, 1986; 53 FR...

42 CFR 413.74 - Payment to a foreign hospital.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... services. (c) Submittal of claims. The hospital must establish its customary charges for the services by submitting an itemized bill with each claim it files in accordance with its election under § 424.104 of this... §§ 409.80 through 409.83. [51 FR 34793, Sept. 30, 1986, as amended at 51 FR 41351, Nov. 14, 1986; 53 FR...

42 CFR 413.74 - Payment to a foreign hospital.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... services. (c) Submittal of claims. The hospital must establish its customary charges for the services by submitting an itemized bill with each claim it files in accordance with its election under § 424.104 of this... §§ 409.80 through 409.83. [51 FR 34793, Sept. 30, 1986, as amended at 51 FR 41351, Nov. 14, 1986; 53 FR...

42 CFR 413.74 - Payment to a foreign hospital.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... services. (c) Submittal of claims. The hospital must establish its customary charges for the services by submitting an itemized bill with each claim it files in accordance with its election under § 424.104 of this... §§ 409.80 through 409.83. [51 FR 34793, Sept. 30, 1986, as amended at 51 FR 41351, Nov. 14, 1986; 53 FR...

'Good culture, bad culture': polygyny, cultural change and structural drivers of HIV in Papua New Guinea.

PubMed

Shih, Patti; Worth, Heather; Travaglia, Joanne; Kelly-Hanku, Angela

2017-09-01

Culture is often problematised as a key structural driver of HIV transmission in Papua New Guinea. Official HIV programmes, as well as church teachings, tend to focus on customary marital practices of polygyny and bride price payments as 'harmful traditions'. This focus can oversimplify the effects of current and historical nuances of cultural, political and economic change on sexual concurrency and gender inequality. Community-based healthcare workers in Southern Highlands Province explain that customary marital practices are now highly reconfigured from their traditional forms. A recent mining boom has financially advantaged local and travelling men, who are driving an increase of sexual concurrency, transactional sex and inflation of bride price payments. Healthcare workers suggest that the erosion of important social relationships and kinship obligations by the expanding cash economy has caused an intensification of individual male power while enhancing the vulnerability of women. Yet without the means to challenge the effects of uneven economic development, healthcare workers are left to target 'culture' as the central influence on individual behaviours. A commitment to address structural inequality by political leadership and in HIV prevention programmes and a careful contextualisation of cultural change is needed.

48 CFR 52.232-16 - Progress Payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Progress Payments. 52.232... Progress Payments. As prescribed in 32.502-4(a), insert the following clause: Progress Payments (AUG 2010) The Government will make progress payments to the Contractor when requested as work progresses, but...

48 CFR 32.503-2 - Supervision of progress payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Supervision of progress... GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.503-2 Supervision of progress payments. (a) The extent of progress payments supervision, by prepayment review or...

48 CFR 32.503-2 - Supervision of progress payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Supervision of progress... GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.503-2 Supervision of progress payments. (a) The extent of progress payments supervision, by prepayment review or...

48 CFR 32.503-2 - Supervision of progress payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Supervision of progress... GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.503-2 Supervision of progress payments. (a) The extent of progress payments supervision, by prepayment review or...

48 CFR 32.503-2 - Supervision of progress payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Supervision of progress... GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.503-2 Supervision of progress payments. (a) The extent of progress payments supervision, by prepayment review or...

1984 Defense Financial and Investment Review (DFAIR). Survey of Defense Procurement Personnel Results and Findings

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-12-01

to be neither too high, nor too low. They agreed that the flexible progress payment model is too complex to administer, Very few agreed that the flow...Progress Payment Rate ....................... 133 Flexible Progress Payment Model ................... 146 Flow Down of Financing Provisions...Flexible Progress Payment Model A plurality (45%) of all respondents agreed that the flexible progress payment model is too

Administration of Progress Payments at Defense Contract Management District-West

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-08-05

the progress payment is calculated from the contractor’s incurred cost, the actual amount payable is always limited by the fair value of the...progress payments exceed the fair value of undelivered work. In addition to assessing the validity of the EAC relative to the progress payment request...were overpaid because Air Force Plant Representative Offices incorrectly calculated progress payment reductions for fair value of remaining work

Defense Financial and Investment Review. Appendix 4. Part 2. Survey of Defense Procurement Personnel Narrative Comments.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-12-01

business contractor which is receiving 100% flexible progress payments as computed by Progress Payment Model and approved by Headquarters. o The present...EPA clauses or indemnification. A request for increased progress payments wias motivated by the new flexible progress payments model . Both requests...Capital investment. * 40. The flexible progress payment model is: a) ___Too complex to administer. b) ___Too beneficial to the contractor. c

Defense Financial and Investment Review. Appendix 4. Part 1. Survey of Defense Procurement Personnel Results and Findings,

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-12-01

133 Flexible Progress Payment Model ...................... 146 Flow Down of Financing Provisions .................... 155 Use of...34 . . .. . -- .. . .. * "." . .. . . .. .. .. ". .’ . . Flexible Progress Payment Model A plurality (45%) of all respondents agreed that the flexible progress payment model is too...would result in higher prices to DoD. -; Flexible Progress Payment Model In addition to the standard progress payment approach to contract financing, DoD

48 CFR 32.503-6 - Suspension or reduction of payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.503-6 Suspension or reduction of payments. (a) General. The Progress Payments clause provides a Government right to reduce or suspend progress payments, or to increase the liquidation rate, under specified conditions...

40 CFR 35.938-6 - Progress payments to contractors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Progress payments to contractors. 35... § 35.938-6 Progress payments to contractors. (a) Policy. EPA policy is that, except as State law otherwise provides, grantees should make prompt progress payments to prime contractors and prime contractors...

Advantageous and disadvantageous impacts of tourism development on the living of Li ethnic minority villagers in Hainan Island, China.

PubMed

Liang, Jing-yu; Umezaki, Masahiro; Ohtsuka, Ryutaro

2003-06-01

Around the Mt. Wuzhishan in Hainan Island, China, tourism development has been rapidly progressed by the government and private companies since the 1980s, especially since the late 1990s, and consequently the living conditions of the Li ethnic minority people in Shuiman village, located in its center, have been drastically changing. As expected by the government, the villagers' income has increased by means of wage labors, selling the local products to the tourists, and compensatory payments for crops grown in the customary land when its use right was transferred to the company. Various changes in their lifestyle have contributed to the release from poverty and the overall improvement in basic human needs and primary health care. The villagers' flexible decision-makings on their living and environment use, with application of their traditional knowledge for resource uses, have been effective for sustainable human-environment relations, though further changes due to orders and requests of the government and companies may lead to environmental deterioration. Furthermore, inter-household differentiation in income and the perception on tourism development and agricultural development has been enlarged. These situations are discussed from the viewpoint of community-based sustainable development.

76 FR 81942 - Federal Acquisition Regulation; Information Collection; Progress Payments (SF-1443)

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-29

...; Information Collection; Progress Payments (SF-1443) AGENCIES: Department of Defense (DOD), General Services... DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE... requirement concerning progress payments. Public comments are particularly invited on: Whether this collection...

77 FR 19287 - Federal Acquisition Regulation; Submission for OMB Review; Progress Payments (SF-1443)

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-30

...; Submission for OMB Review; Progress Payments (SF-1443) AGENCY: Department of Defense (DOD), General Services... DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE... requirement concerning progress payments. A notice was published in [[Page 19288

40 CFR 35.938-6 - Progress payments to contractors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... FEDERAL ASSISTANCE STATE AND LOCAL ASSISTANCE Grants for Construction of Treatment Works-Clean Water Act... should make prompt progress payment to subcontractors and suppliers for eligible construction, material... under a contract under an EPA construction grant. (b) Conditions of progress payments. For purposes of...

48 CFR 32.501-3 - Contract price.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract price. 32.501-3... REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.501-3 Contract price. (a) For the purpose of making progress payments and determining the limitation on progress payments, the contract price...

48 CFR 32.103 - Progress payments under construction contracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... contractor during any period for which a progress payment is to be made, a percentage of the progress payment may be retained. Retainage should not be used as a substitute for good contract management, and the contracting officer should not withhold funds without cause. Determinations to retain and the specific amount...

Indigenous Peoples Involment At The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Process in Tabi Mamta Area Of Papua Province

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dhiksawan, Ferdinand Saras; Hadi, Sudharto P.; Samekto, Adji; Sasongko, Dwi P.

2018-02-01

The purpose of this study is to find a picture of the involvement of Indigenous Peoples of Tabi Mamta in the process of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in Tabi Mamta customary territory. The method and type of research used is non-ethnographic qualitative research with data collection techniques using limited observation techniques. Data and information in the field will be analyzed using constructivism paradigm. The paradigm of constructivism is based on an interpretive understanding called hermeneutics (hermeneuien) in the sense of interpreting, giving understanding, translating data and information obtained in the research location as a result of social reality. The results of this study indicate that the customary community of Tabi Mamta is a unit of customary community that still has territorial customary territory, has a customary leadership structure, still visible relationship of kinship, cultural values as well as customary norms and sanctions, and has environmental wisdom in maintaining existence Natural resources. In the socio-cultural system of customary communities there are components such as customary stratification, permissiveness, communication, reciprocity, past history, cultural values, customary norms and sanctions, religious and customary leadership. Components in the socio-cultural system of indigenous and tribal peoples play a role in the EIA process in the Tabi Mamta customary area especially in the environmental feasibility decision making process. The components of custom stratification, cultural values and customary norms play a role in the EIA process. In customary stratification there is uncustomary structure in the ondoafi, Iram and Tribal Leadership. Components in a sociual cultural system is a unity resulting from interaction between individuals and groups to prevent environmental damage and disturbance of natural resources. Natural resources are considered as ancestral symbols passed down by ancestors from generation to generation

The Existence of Customary Rights of Customary Law Community and Its Regulation in the Era of Special Autonomy of Papua

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hammar, Roberth Kurniawan Ruslak

2018-01-01

The protection and recognition of customary rights of Customary Law Community is a constitutional imperative according to the implementation of Article 18B of the 1945 Constitution. In order to minimize the conflict between government, employers and the community, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of customary rights of each tribe…

Child Development and the Coworking of Doctor and Teacher: A Waldorf School Doctor's Perspective.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Karnow, Gerald F.

This paper draws on the nearly 20 years' experiences of a school doctor working with teachers at the Rudolf Steiner School in New York City to describe general principles of assessing child development in relation to educational progress. The paper contrasts the customary role of school doctors (related to conducting physical examinations for…

48 CFR 32.503-3 - Initiation of progress payments and review of accounting system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... payments and review of accounting system. 32.503-3 Section 32.503-3 Federal Acquisition Regulations System... on Costs 32.503-3 Initiation of progress payments and review of accounting system. (a) For..., (2) possessed of an adequate accounting system and controls, and (3) in sound financial condition...

Defense Contracting: Key Data Not Routinely Used in Progress Payment Reviews

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-14

the amount of pay- By .ments based on the fair value of undelivered work. Contractors may Distibtion ] submit requests for progress payments monthly and...exceed the Federal Acquisition Regulation limitations. These checks are based on contractor data and include the fair value and the loss ratio tests. The... fair value test is intended to ensure that progress payments for work in process do not exceed the value of that work. The loss ratio test is intended

10 CFR 603.1100 - Contracting officer's post-award responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... technical progress, financial status, and future program plans. (b) Tracking and processing of reports... progress reports, and patent reports. (c) Handling payment requests and related matters. For a TIA using advance payments, that includes reviews of progress to verify that there is continued justification for...

Customary law row looming.

PubMed

Khumalo, B

1993-11-01

Married women under customary law in South Africa are perpetual minors; customary law marriages are not of equal status to civil law marriages; women are denied inheritance access to land and property and excluded from decision making in their homes and communities; and Muslim women do not have equal rights under Muslim personal law. As political and civil reforms loom on the horizon in South Africa, however, calls are being made for customary law to be included under the scrutiny of the Bill of Rights. Women under customary law would therefore be protected under an uniform Bill of Rights. Members of the Congress of Traditional Leaders are staunchly opposed to such a move. They argue instead that women under customary law should not be protected in the Bill of Rights. Customary law will therefore be insulated from legislative reform. This paper briefly presents segments of the ongoing debate between law academics, women's pressure groups, and religious and cultural bodies on the issue.

Equity in out-of-pocket payment in Chile

PubMed Central

Mondaca, Alicia Lorena Núñez; Chi, Chunhuei

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess the distribution of financial burden in Chile, with a focus on the burden and progressivity of out-of-pocket payment. METHODS Based on the principle of ability to pay, we explore factors that contribute to inequities in the health system finance and issues about the burden of out-of-pocket payment, as well as the progressivity and redistributive effect of out-of-pocket payment in Chile. Our analysis is based on data from the 2006 National Survey on Satisfaction and Out-of-Pocket Payments. RESULTS Results from this study indicate evidence of inequity, in spite of the progressivity of the healthcare system. Our analysis also identifies relevant policy variables such as education, insurance system, and method of payment that should be taken into consideration in the ongoing debates and research in improving the Chilean system. CONCLUSIONS In order to reduce the detected disparities among income groups, healthcare priorities should target low-income groups. Furthermore, policies should explore changes in the access to education and its impact on equity. PMID:28492762

Equity in out-of-pocket payment in Chile.

PubMed

Mondaca, Alicia Lorena Núñez; Chi, Chunhuei

2017-05-04

To assess the distribution of financial burden in Chile, with a focus on the burden and progressivity of out-of-pocket payment. Based on the principle of ability to pay, we explore factors that contribute to inequities in the health system finance and issues about the burden of out-of-pocket payment, as well as the progressivity and redistributive effect of out-of-pocket payment in Chile. Our analysis is based on data from the 2006 National Survey on Satisfaction and Out-of-Pocket Payments. Results from this study indicate evidence of inequity, in spite of the progressivity of the healthcare system. Our analysis also identifies relevant policy variables such as education, insurance system, and method of payment that should be taken into consideration in the ongoing debates and research in improving the Chilean system. In order to reduce the detected disparities among income groups, healthcare priorities should target low-income groups. Furthermore, policies should explore changes in the access to education and its impact on equity.

10 CFR 603.805 - Payment methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Payment methods. 603.805 Section 603.805 Energy DEPARTMENT... Other Administrative Matters Payments § 603.805 Payment methods. A TIA may provide for: (a... progress. A fixed-support TIA must use this payment method (this does not preclude use of an initial...

10 CFR 603.805 - Payment methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Payment methods. 603.805 Section 603.805 Energy DEPARTMENT... Other Administrative Matters Payments § 603.805 Payment methods. A TIA may provide for: (a... progress. A fixed-support TIA must use this payment method (this does not preclude use of an initial...

10 CFR 603.805 - Payment methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Payment methods. 603.805 Section 603.805 Energy DEPARTMENT... Other Administrative Matters Payments § 603.805 Payment methods. A TIA may provide for: (a... progress. A fixed-support TIA must use this payment method (this does not preclude use of an initial...

10 CFR 603.805 - Payment methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Payment methods. 603.805 Section 603.805 Energy DEPARTMENT... Other Administrative Matters Payments § 603.805 Payment methods. A TIA may provide for: (a... progress. A fixed-support TIA must use this payment method (this does not preclude use of an initial...

10 CFR 603.805 - Payment methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Payment methods. 603.805 Section 603.805 Energy DEPARTMENT... Other Administrative Matters Payments § 603.805 Payment methods. A TIA may provide for: (a... progress. A fixed-support TIA must use this payment method (this does not preclude use of an initial...

Socioeconomic thresholds that affect use of customary fisheries management tools.

PubMed

Cinner, Joshua E; Sutton, Stephen G; Bond, Trevor G

2007-12-01

Customary forms of resource management, such as taboos, have received considerable attention as a potential basis for conservation initiatives in the Indo-Pacific. Yet little is known about how socioeconomic factors influence the ability of communities to use customary management practices and whether socioeconomic transformations within communities will weaken conservation initiatives with a customary foundation. We used a comparative approach to examine how socioeconomic factors may influence whether communities use customary fisheries management in Papua New Guinea. We examined levels of material wealth (modernization), dependence on marine resources, population, and distance to market in 15 coastal communities. We compared these socioeconomic conditions in 5 communities that used a customary method of closing their fishing ground with 10 communities that did not use this type of management. There were apparent threshold levels of dependence on marine resources, modernization, distance to markets (<16.5 km), and population (>600 people) beyond which communities did not use customary fisheries closures. Nevertheless, economic inequality, rather than mean modernization levels seemed to influence the use of closures. Our results suggest that customary management institutions are not resilient to factors such as population growth and economic modernization. If customary management is to be used as a basis for modern conservation initiatives, cross-scale institutional arrangements such as networks and bridging organizations may be required to help filter the impacts of socioeconomic transformations.

48 CFR 32.503-5 - Administration of progress payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... considered desirable by the ACO to determine the validity of progress payments already made and expected to... resources to complete the contract; and (4) There is reason to doubt the adequacy and reliability of the...

Physician losses from Medicare and Medicaid discounts: How real are they?

PubMed Central

Cromwell, Jerry; Burstein, Philip

1985-01-01

Physicians' claims that extensive Medicare and Medicaid fee discounting imposes an inequitable burden on them are examined using survey data from the Health Care Financing Administration on 5,000 primary care physicians. A definite fee hierarchy is documented, with the physician's usual charge at the top and Medicare and Medicaid allowables at the bottom. Under usual, customary, and reasonable methods, physicians can use fees to maximize payment, and insurer attempts to control fees result in both sides participating in a revenue maximization-expenditure control game. Raising Medicare and Medicaid allowables to the physician's usual fee is shown to result in large windfall gains that are unnecessary and unjustified in terms of work effort, human capital investment, or eliciting an adequate supply of practitioners. PMID:10311339

48 CFR 32.113 - Customary contract financing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... financing. 32.113 Section 32.113 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Non-Commercial Item Purchase Financing 32.113 Customary contract financing. The solicitation must specify the customary contract financing offerors may...

48 CFR 432.113 - Customary contract financing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... financing. 432.113 Section 432.113 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Non-Commercial Item Purchase Financing 432.113 Customary contract financing. The contracting officer may determine the necessity for customary contract financing. The...

23 CFR 635.122 - Participation in progress payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... OPERATIONS CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE Contract Procedures § 635.122 Participation in progress payments. (a..., based on a request for reimbursement submitted by State transportation departments. When the contract... value of the stockpiled material shall not exceed the appropriate portion of the value of the contract...

Inequity in Health Care Financing in Iran: Progressive or Regressive Mechanism?

PubMed

Rad, Enayatollah Homaie; Khodaparast, Marzie

2016-06-01

Having progressive health finance mechanism is very important to decrease inequity in health systems. Revenue collection is one of the aspects of health care financing. In this study, taxation system and health insurance contribution of Iranians were assessed. Data of 2012 household expenditures survey were used in this study, and payments of the families for health insurances and tax payments were extracted from the study. Kakwani index was calculated for assessing the progressivity of these payments. At the end, a model was designed to find the effective factors. We found that taxation mechanism was progressive, but insurance contribution mechanism was very regressive. The portion of people living in urban regions was higher in the payments of insurance and tax. Less educated families had lower contribution in health insurance and families with more aging persons paid more for health insurance. Policy makers must pay more attention to the health insurance contribution and change the laws in favour of the poor.

Inequity in Health Care Financing in Iran: Progressive or Regressive Mechanism?

PubMed Central

Rad, Enayatollah Homaie; Khodaparast, Marzie

2016-01-01

Objective: Having progressive health finance mechanism is very important to decrease inequity in health systems. Revenue collection is one of the aspects of health care financing. In this study, taxation system and health insurance contribution of Iranians were assessed. Materials and Methods: Data of 2012 household expenditures survey were used in this study, and payments of the families for health insurances and tax payments were extracted from the study. Kakwani index was calculated for assessing the progressivity of these payments. At the end, a model was designed to find the effective factors. Results: We found that taxation mechanism was progressive, but insurance contribution mechanism was very regressive. The portion of people living in urban regions was higher in the payments of insurance and tax. Less educated families had lower contribution in health insurance and families with more aging persons paid more for health insurance. Conclusion: Policy makers must pay more attention to the health insurance contribution and change the laws in favour of the poor. PMID:27551174

48 CFR 52.232-13 - Notice of Progress Payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... be inoperative during any time the contractor's accounting system and controls are determined by the... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Notice of Progress Payments. 52.232-13 Section 52.232-13 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION...

48 CFR 32.503-2 - Supervision of progress payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., quality of management, and financial strength, and with the adequacy of the contractor's accounting system... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Supervision of progress payments. 32.503-2 Section 32.503-2 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION...

24 CFR 202.12 - Title II.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...) General requirements—(i) Prohibition against excess variation. The customary lending practices of a mortgagee for its single family insured mortgages shall not provide for a variation in mortgage charge rates... section. (ii) Customary lending practices. The customary lending practices of a mortgagee include all...

22 CFR 201.24 - Progress and advance payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... are payments to a supplier prior to, and in anticipation of, performance under a procurement contract. They are not based on actual performance or actual costs incurred. (b) Progress payments—(1) Conditions... predelivery costs that may have a material impact on a suppliers's working capital; (iii) The total FAS...

48 CFR 252.232-7002 - Progress payments for foreign military sales acquisitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Progress payments for... System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CLAUSES AND FORMS SOLICITATION... distributed to each country's requirements; and (2) Total price per contract line item applicable to each...

Who pays for healthcare in Bangladesh? An analysis of progressivity in health systems financing.

PubMed

Molla, Azaher Ali; Chi, Chunhuei

2017-09-06

The relationship between payments towards healthcare and ability to pay is a measure of financial fairness. Analysis of progressivity is important from an equity perspective as well as for macroeconomic and political analysis of healthcare systems. Bangladesh health systems financing is characterized by high out-of-pocket payments (63.3%), which is increasing. Hence, we aimed to see who pays what part of this high out-of-pocket expenditure. To our knowledge, this was the first progressivity analysis of health systems financing in Bangladesh. We used data from Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey, 2010. This was a cross sectional and nationally representative sample of 12,240 households consisting of 55,580 individuals. For quantification of progressivity, we adopted the 'ability-to-pay' principle developed by O'Donnell, van Doorslaer, Wagstaff, and Lindelow (2008). We used the Kakwani index to measure the magnitude of progressivity. Health systems financing in Bangladesh is regressive. Inequality increases due to healthcare payments. The differences between the Gini coefficient and the Kakwani index for all sources of finance are negative, which indicates regressivity, and that financing is more concentrated among the poor. Income inequality increases due to high out-of-pocket payments. The increase in income inequality caused by out-of-pocket payments is 89% due to negative vertical effect and 11% due to horizontal inequity. Our findings add substantial evidence of health systems financing impact on inequitable financial burden of healthcare and income. The heavy reliance on out-of-pocket payments may affect household living standards. If the government and people of Bangladesh are concerned about equitable financing burden, our study suggests that Bangladesh needs to reform the health systems financing scheme.

48 CFR 252.217-7007 - Payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Section 252.217-7007 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CLAUSES AND FORMS SOLICITATION PROVISIONS AND CONTRACT CLAUSES Text of Provisions And...) (a) Progress payments, as used in this clause, means payments made before completion of work in...

48 CFR 252.217-7007 - Payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Section 252.217-7007 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CLAUSES AND FORMS SOLICITATION PROVISIONS AND CONTRACT CLAUSES Text of Provisions And...) (a) Progress payments, as used in this clause, means payments made before completion of work in...

48 CFR 252.217-7007 - Payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Section 252.217-7007 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CLAUSES AND FORMS SOLICITATION PROVISIONS AND CONTRACT CLAUSES Text of Provisions And...) (a) Progress payments, as used in this clause, means payments made before completion of work in...

48 CFR 252.217-7007 - Payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Section 252.217-7007 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CLAUSES AND FORMS SOLICITATION PROVISIONS AND CONTRACT CLAUSES Text of Provisions And...) (a) Progress payments, as used in this clause, means payments made before completion of work in...

48 CFR 252.217-7007 - Payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Section 252.217-7007 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CLAUSES AND FORMS SOLICITATION PROVISIONS AND CONTRACT CLAUSES Text of Provisions And...) (a) Progress payments, as used in this clause, means payments made before completion of work in...

23 CFR 635.122 - Participation in progress payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...) Federal funds will participate in the costs to the STD of construction accomplished as the work progresses... receiving payment from the STD; and (3) The quantity of a stockpiled material eligible for Federal... the contractor at a location not in the vicinity of the project, if the STD determines that because of...

23 CFR 635.122 - Participation in progress payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...) Federal funds will participate in the costs to the STD of construction accomplished as the work progresses... receiving payment from the STD; and (3) The quantity of a stockpiled material eligible for Federal... the contractor at a location not in the vicinity of the project, if the STD determines that because of...

23 CFR 635.122 - Participation in progress payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...) Federal funds will participate in the costs to the STD of construction accomplished as the work progresses... receiving payment from the STD; and (3) The quantity of a stockpiled material eligible for Federal... the contractor at a location not in the vicinity of the project, if the STD determines that because of...

23 CFR 635.122 - Participation in progress payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...) Federal funds will participate in the costs to the STD of construction accomplished as the work progresses... receiving payment from the STD; and (3) The quantity of a stockpiled material eligible for Federal... the contractor at a location not in the vicinity of the project, if the STD determines that because of...

48 CFR 32.503-16 - Risk of loss.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Risk of loss. 32.503-16... CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.503-16 Risk of loss. (a) Under the Progress Payments clause, and except for normal spoilage, the contractor bears the risk for lost...

42 CFR 405.506 - Charges higher than customary or prevailing charges or lowest charge levels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Charges higher than customary or prevailing charges... prevailing charges or lowest charge levels. A charge which exceeds the customary charge of the physician or other person who rendered the medical or other health service, or the prevailing charge in the locality...

36 CFR 13.1504 - Customary trade.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Customary trade. 13.1504 Section 13.1504 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM UNITS IN ALASKA Special Regulations-Kobuk Valley National Park § 13.1504 Customary trade. In addition to the exchange of furs for...

36 CFR 13.1006 - Customary trade.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Customary trade. 13.1006 Section 13.1006 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM UNITS IN ALASKA Special Regulations-Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve § 13.1006 Customary trade. In the Gates of the...

36 CFR 13.1006 - Customary trade.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Customary trade. 13.1006 Section 13.1006 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM UNITS IN ALASKA Special Regulations-Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve § 13.1006 Customary trade. In the Gates of the...

36 CFR 13.1504 - Customary trade.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Customary trade. 13.1504 Section 13.1504 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM UNITS IN ALASKA Special Regulations-Kobuk Valley National Park § 13.1504 Customary trade. In addition to the exchange of furs for...

36 CFR 13.1504 - Customary trade.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Customary trade. 13.1504 Section 13.1504 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM UNITS IN ALASKA Special Regulations-Kobuk Valley National Park § 13.1504 Customary trade. In addition to the exchange of furs for...

36 CFR 13.1504 - Customary trade.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Customary trade. 13.1504 Section 13.1504 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM UNITS IN ALASKA Special Regulations-Kobuk Valley National Park § 13.1504 Customary trade. In addition to the exchange of furs for...

36 CFR 13.1504 - Customary trade.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Customary trade. 13.1504 Section 13.1504 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM UNITS IN ALASKA Special Regulations-Kobuk Valley National Park § 13.1504 Customary trade. In addition to the exchange of furs for...

12 CFR 1408.6 - Demand for payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Demand for payment. 1408.6 Section 1408.6 Banks and Banking FARM CREDIT SYSTEM INSURANCE CORPORATION COLLECTION OF CLAIMS OWED THE UNITED STATES Administrative Collection of Claims § 1408.6 Demand for payment. (a) A total of three progressively stronger...

25 CFR 900.132 - Once a contract and/or grant is awarded, how will the Indian tribe or tribal organization receive...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... schedule for advance payments shall be developed based on progress, need, and other considerations in... project based on progress and need. (b) Payments shall be made to the Indian tribe or tribal organization... amounts measured by time or measured by phase of the project (e.g., planning, design, construction). (d...

An analysis of equity in Brazilian health system financing.

PubMed

Ugá, Maria Alicia Domínguez; Santos, Isabela Soares

2007-01-01

Health care in Brazil is financed from many sources--taxes on income, real property, sales of goods and services, and financial transactions; private insurance purchased by households and firms; and out-of-pocket payments by households. Data on household budgets and tax revenues allow the burden of each source except firms' insurance purchases for their employees to be allocated across deciles of adjusted per capita household income, indicating the progressivity or regressivity of each kind of payment. Overall, financing is approximately neutral, with progressive public finance offsetting regressive payments. This last form of finance pushes some households into poverty.

Ordering policy for stock-dependent demand rate under progressive payment scheme: a comment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Glock, Christoph H.; Ries, Jörg M.; Schwindl, Kurt

2015-04-01

In a recent paper, Soni and Shah developed a model for finding the optimal ordering policy for a retailer facing stock-dependent demand and a supplier offering a progressive payment scheme. In this comment, we correct several errors in the formulation of the models of Soni and Shah and modify some assumptions to increase the model's applicability. Numerical examples illustrate the benefits of our modifications.

Construction Management Activities of Governmental Agencies in the New England Area During the Construction Phase.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-02-01

automatic data exchange ... 56 There are currently 12 Data Systems available: I. Integrated Disbursing and Accounting (IDA) 2. Integrated Program Management...construction project progress through the use of a CPM scheduling and progress reporting system . It automatically generates invoices for payment and payment...posted on the project. Water will be drained daily from tanks of vehicle air brake systems . Rtigging, hooks, pendants and slings will be examined

How Well Are American Students Learning? With Sections on Reading and Math in the Common Core Era, Tracking and Advanced Placement (AP), and Principals as Instructional Leaders. The 2016 Brown Center Report on American Education. Volume 3, Number 5

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Loveless, Tom

2016-01-01

The 2016 edition of the Brown Center Report (BCR) is number five in the third volume and the 15th issue overall. As is customary, this year's BCR contains three studies. Part one is on the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) and instruction in math and reading. National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) data indicate that nonfiction is…

Finance issue brief: health care claims payment: prompt payment: year end report-2003.

PubMed

MacEachern, Lillian

2003-12-31

Since the mid 1990's state legislators and regulators have worked to resolve the complex issue of timely payment of health care claims. They have been challenged with bridging the communication gap between provider and payor and forced to address such base problems as what determines a correctly billed service. As time has progressed it is ever apparent that the completion of payment for services is dependent on many variables, not just simply timely processing of a claim.

20 CFR 411.210 - What happens if I do not make timely progress toward self-supporting employment?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... may continue participating in the Ticket to Work program. Your EN (including a State VR agency which... under § 411.500 et seq. If you are working with a State VR agency which elected payment under the cost reimbursement payment system, your State VR agency may receive payment for which it is eligible under the cost...

20 CFR 411.210 - What happens if I do not make timely progress toward self-supporting employment?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... may continue participating in the Ticket to Work program. Your EN (including a State VR agency which... under § 411.500 et seq. If you are working with a State VR agency which elected payment under the cost reimbursement payment system, your State VR agency may receive payment for which it is eligible under the cost...

20 CFR 411.210 - What happens if I do not make timely progress toward self-supporting employment?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... may continue participating in the Ticket to Work program. Your EN (including a State VR agency which... under § 411.500 et seq. If you are working with a State VR agency which elected payment under the cost reimbursement payment system, your State VR agency may receive payment for which it is eligible under the cost...

20 CFR 411.210 - What happens if I do not make timely progress toward self-supporting employment?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... may continue participating in the Ticket to Work program. Your EN (including a State VR agency which... under § 411.500 et seq. If you are working with a State VR agency which elected payment under the cost reimbursement payment system, your State VR agency may receive payment for which it is eligible under the cost...

20 CFR 411.210 - What happens if I do not make timely progress toward self-supporting employment?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... may continue participating in the Ticket to Work program. Your EN (including a State VR agency which... under § 411.500 et seq. If you are working with a State VR agency which elected payment under the cost reimbursement payment system, your State VR agency may receive payment for which it is eligible under the cost...

36 CFR 13.1006 - Customary trade.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM UNITS IN ALASKA Special Regulations-Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve § 13.1006 Customary trade. In the Gates of the Arctic National Preserve unit which contains the Kobuk...

36 CFR 13.1006 - Customary trade.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM UNITS IN ALASKA Special Regulations-Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve § 13.1006 Customary trade. In the Gates of the Arctic National Preserve unit which contains the Kobuk...

23 CFR 140.609 - Progress and final vouchers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Progress and final vouchers. 140.609 Section 140.609 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PAYMENT PROCEDURES REIMBURSEMENT Reimbursement for Bond Issue Projects § 140.609 Progress and final vouchers. (a) Progress vouchers may be...

23 CFR 140.609 - Progress and final vouchers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Progress and final vouchers. 140.609 Section 140.609 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PAYMENT PROCEDURES REIMBURSEMENT Reimbursement for Bond Issue Projects § 140.609 Progress and final vouchers. (a) Progress vouchers may be...

23 CFR 140.609 - Progress and final vouchers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Progress and final vouchers. 140.609 Section 140.609 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PAYMENT PROCEDURES REIMBURSEMENT Reimbursement for Bond Issue Projects § 140.609 Progress and final vouchers. (a) Progress vouchers may be...

23 CFR 140.609 - Progress and final vouchers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Progress and final vouchers. 140.609 Section 140.609 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PAYMENT PROCEDURES REIMBURSEMENT Reimbursement for Bond Issue Projects § 140.609 Progress and final vouchers. (a) Progress vouchers may be...

Bariatric surgery and the financial reimbursement cycle.

PubMed

Schoenthal, Anna R; Getzen, Thomas E

2005-01-01

Financial reimbursement for new health care services tends to progress through a predictable cycle. Initially, requests for payment are often honored in full based on the assumption that generous reimbursement is necessary to bring about an expansion of supply, and that pioneering providers have incurred losses while the technology was developed and disseminated. As total third-party payments escalate, concerns regarding the relationship between costs and price are pushed to the fore. Allegations of profiteering, overuse, and abuse spread. These concerns often lead to a set of externally imposed restrictions on payment, with limits placed first on prices, and then usually on quantities and/or aggregate totals as well. In this article, we examine how one new technology, bariatric surgery, is progressing through the reimbursement cycle. Key words: bariatric surgery, obesity, reimbursement.

10 CFR 603.1100 - Contracting officer's post-award responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... advance payments, that includes reviews of progress to verify that there is continued justification for advancing funds, as discussed in § 603.1105(b). For a TIA using milestone payments, it includes making any... the terms and conditions of the award. (e) Coordinating audit requests and reviewing audit reports for...

48 CFR 232.503-6 - Suspension or reduction of payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... also 242.7503. (g) Loss contracts. Use the following loss ratio adjustment procedures for making... subsection, the contracting officer must prepare a supplementary analysis of the contractor's request for progress payments and calculate the loss ratio adjustment using the procedures in FAR 32.503-6(g). (ii) The...

22 CFR 512.9 - Demand for payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... administrative offset, demand for payment will be made as follows: (a) Written demands will be made promptly upon... three progressively stronger written demands at not more than 30-day intervals will normally be made... Goverment's interests (e.g., to prevent the statute of limitations, 28 U.S.C. 2415, from expiring) written...

48 CFR 52.232-16 - Progress Payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... payments for supplies and services purchased directly for the contract are limited to the amounts that have... considered to be the supplies and services required by this contract, for which delivery and invoicing by the... shall repay the amount of such excess to the Government on demand. (8) Notwithstanding any other terms...

32 CFR 199.7 - Claims submission, review, and payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 32 National Defense 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Claims submission, review, and payment. 199.7 Section 199.7 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE... patient's treatment and progress. Accurate and timely completion of orders, notes, etc., enable different...

48 CFR 32.102 - Description of contract financing methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Description of contract financing methods. (a) Advance payments are advances of money by the Government to a... payments based on costs are made on the basis of costs incurred by the contractor as work progresses under..., contract financing. When appropriate, contract statements of work and pricing arrangements must permit...

Who pays for health care in Ghana?

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background Financial protection against the cost of unforeseen ill health has become a global concern as expressed in the 2005 World Health Assembly resolution (WHA58.33), which urges its member states to "plan the transition to universal coverage of their citizens". An important element of financial risk protection is to distribute health care financing fairly in relation to ability to pay. The distribution of health care financing burden across socio-economic groups has been estimated for European countries, the USA and Asia. Until recently there was no such analysis in Africa and this paper seeks to contribute to filling this gap. It presents the first comprehensive analysis of the distribution of health care financing in relation to ability to pay in Ghana. Methods Secondary data from the Ghana Living Standard Survey (GLSS) 2005/2006 were used. This was triangulated with data from the Ministry of Finance and other relevant sources, and further complemented with primary household data collected in six districts. We implored standard methodologies (including Kakwani index and test for dominance) for assessing progressivity in health care financing in this paper. Results Ghana's health care financing system is generally progressive. The progressivity of health financing is driven largely by the overall progressivity of taxes, which account for close to 50% of health care funding. The national health insurance (NHI) levy (part of VAT) is mildly progressive and formal sector NHI payroll deductions are also progressive. However, informal sector NHI contributions were found to be regressive. Out-of-pocket payments, which account for 45% of funding, are regressive form of health payment to households. Conclusion For Ghana to attain adequate financial risk protection and ultimately achieve universal coverage, it needs to extend pre-payment cover to all in the informal sector, possibly through funding their contributions entirely from tax, and address other issues affecting the expansion of the National Health Insurance. Furthermore, the pre-payment funding pool for health care needs to grow so budgetary allocation to the health sector can be enhanced. PMID:21708026

Who pays for health care in Ghana?

PubMed

Akazili, James; Gyapong, John; McIntyre, Diane

2011-06-27

Financial protection against the cost of unforeseen ill health has become a global concern as expressed in the 2005 World Health Assembly resolution (WHA58.33), which urges its member states to "plan the transition to universal coverage of their citizens". An important element of financial risk protection is to distribute health care financing fairly in relation to ability to pay. The distribution of health care financing burden across socio-economic groups has been estimated for European countries, the USA and Asia. Until recently there was no such analysis in Africa and this paper seeks to contribute to filling this gap. It presents the first comprehensive analysis of the distribution of health care financing in relation to ability to pay in Ghana. Secondary data from the Ghana Living Standard Survey (GLSS) 2005/2006 were used. This was triangulated with data from the Ministry of Finance and other relevant sources, and further complemented with primary household data collected in six districts. We implored standard methodologies (including Kakwani index and test for dominance) for assessing progressivity in health care financing in this paper. Ghana's health care financing system is generally progressive. The progressivity of health financing is driven largely by the overall progressivity of taxes, which account for close to 50% of health care funding. The national health insurance (NHI) levy (part of VAT) is mildly progressive and formal sector NHI payroll deductions are also progressive. However, informal sector NHI contributions were found to be regressive. Out-of-pocket payments, which account for 45% of funding, are regressive form of health payment to households. For Ghana to attain adequate financial risk protection and ultimately achieve universal coverage, it needs to extend pre-payment cover to all in the informal sector, possibly through funding their contributions entirely from tax, and address other issues affecting the expansion of the National Health Insurance. Furthermore, the pre-payment funding pool for health care needs to grow so budgetary allocation to the health sector can be enhanced.

Strategic Customary Village Leadership in the Context of Marine Conservation and Development in Southeast Maluku, Indonesia.

PubMed

Steenbergen, Dirk J

This article critically examines engagements of village leaders in an NGO-facilitated participatory conservation program in eastern Indonesia. It explores how the program's implementation strengthened leadership legitimacy of a dominant customary social group. Customary leaders ensured distribution according to particular norms, and in organizing village governance upheld specific interests and claims over natural resources. Villagers outside of the customary group remained marginalized in village governance, despite being important stakeholders. Findings reveal complex relationships between leaders and villagers that were strongly framed by orders of power and cultural history, which influenced how and to what extent peripheral groups participated. The case study concludes that village leaders can form effective avenues to deliver on conservation outcomes. However, in their preoccupation with maintaining leadership legitimacy, they may inadequately address dynamic intra-community tensions that could jeopardize long-term outcomes. Co-management partners can play significant roles in adapting management and prompting more inclusive governance processes.

Customary Homicides in Diyarbakir Province.

PubMed

Yilmaz, Eyyup; Canturk, Nergis; Erkol, Zerrin; Kumral, Bahadir; Okumus, Ali M

2015-09-01

This study presents an analysis of the causes of so-called honor killings in the context of "customary homicide" and a discussion of preventive measures. Finalized case files of customary homicide between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2012 were retrospectively examined in Diyarbakir Province, Turkey. Of a total of 28 case victims, 17 (60.7%) were females and 11 (39.3%) were males. All perpetrators were male. There was a significant difference between male and female victims in terms of economic independence (p=0.000). A direct blood relationship or relationship by marriage (such as brother-in-law) was found to have a significant association with the gender of the victim (p<0.001). Multilevel educational activities targeting a transformation of the perception of women by society, replacement of patriarchal models with more modern attitudes, and encouragement of individuality may represent effective strategies that may help reduce the number of customary homicide, which represents a multifaceted problem. © 2015 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.

Improving equity in health care financing in China during the progression towards Universal Health Coverage.

PubMed

Chen, Mingsheng; Palmer, Andrew J; Si, Lei

2017-12-29

China is reforming the way it finances health care as it moves towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) after the failure of market-oriented mechanisms for health care. Improving financing equity is a major policy goal of health care system during the progression towards universal coverage. We used progressivity analysis and dominance test to evaluate the financing channels of general taxation, pubic health insurance, and out-of-pocket (OOP) payments. In 2012 a survey of 8854 individuals in 3008 households recorded the socioeconomic and demographic status, and health care payments of those households. The overall Kakwani index (KI) of China's health care financing system is 0.0444. For general tax KI was -0.0241 (95% confidence interval (CI): -0.0315 to -0.0166). The indices for public health schemes (Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance, Urban Resident's Basic Medical Insurance, New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme) were respectively 0.1301 (95% CI: 0.1008 to 0.1594), -0.1737 (95% CI: -0.2166 to -0.1308), and -0.5598 (95% CI: -0.5830 to -0.5365); and for OOP payments KI was 0.0896 (95%CI: 0.0345 to 0.1447). OOP payments are still the dominant part of China's health care finance system. China's health care financing system is not really equitable. Reducing the proportion of indirect taxes would considerably improve health care financing equity. The flat-rate contribution mechanism is not recommended for use in public health insurance schemes, and more attention should be given to optimizing benefit packages during China's progression towards UHC.

24 CFR 248.121 - Annual authorized return and aggregate preservation rents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... for the project, assuming a market rate of interest and customary terms; (3) Debt service on the... rehabilitation loan for the project, assuming a market rate of interest and customary terms; (3) Debt service on... local governments and assuming market rate interest rates. ...

36 CFR 13.1006 - Customary trade.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Customary trade. 13.1006 Section 13.1006 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM UNITS IN ALASKA Special Regulations-Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve...

Effects of Escalating and Descending Schedules of Incentives on Cigarette Smoking in Smokers without Plans to Quit

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Romanowich, Paul; Lamb, R. J.

2010-01-01

Contingent incentives can reduce substance abuse. Escalating payment schedules, which begin with a small incentive magnitude and progressively increase with meeting the contingency, increase smoking abstinence. Likewise, descending payment schedules can increase cocaine abstinence. The current experiment enrolled smokers without plans to quit in…

24 CFR 968.135 - Contracting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... indicated by poor performance, a PHA may be required to submit to HUD periodic progress reports and, for... to 5% of the bid price; and one of the following: (1) A performance and payment bond for 100 percent of the contract price; or (2) Separate performance and payment bonds, each for 50% or more of the...

17 CFR 230.141 - Definition of “commission from an underwriter or dealer not in excess of the usual and customary...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... or dealer a margin of profit not in excess of what is usual and customary in such transactions. (b... commissions paid by an underwriter or dealer directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by, or under...

31 CFR 341.8 - Payment or redemption during lifetime of owner.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... chores. (4) Cancer which is inoperable and progressive. (5) Damage to the brain or brain abnormality...) Certain progressive diseases which have resulted in the physical loss or atrophy of a limb, such as...

31 CFR 341.8 - Payment or redemption during lifetime of owner.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... progressive. (5) Damage to the brain or brain abnormality which has resulted in severe loss of judgment... substantial, gainful activity: (1) Loss of use of two limbs. (2) Certain progressive diseases which have...

31 CFR 341.8 - Payment or redemption during lifetime of owner.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... progressive. (5) Damage to the brain or brain abnormality which has resulted in severe loss of judgment... substantial, gainful activity: (1) Loss of use of two limbs. (2) Certain progressive diseases which have...

31 CFR 341.8 - Payment or redemption during lifetime of owner.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... progressive. (5) Damage to the brain or brain abnormality which has resulted in severe loss of judgment... substantial, gainful activity: (1) Loss of use of two limbs. (2) Certain progressive diseases which have...

50 CFR 100.17 - Determining priorities for subsistence uses among rural Alaska residents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Determining priorities for subsistence uses among rural Alaska residents. 100.17 Section 100.17 Wildlife and Fisheries UNITED STATES FISH AND..., community, or individual determined to have customary and traditional use, as necessary: (1) Customary and...

50 CFR 100.17 - Determining priorities for subsistence uses among rural Alaska residents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Determining priorities for subsistence uses among rural Alaska residents. 100.17 Section 100.17 Wildlife and Fisheries UNITED STATES FISH AND..., community, or individual determined to have customary and traditional use, as necessary: (1) Customary and...

50 CFR 100.17 - Determining priorities for subsistence uses among rural Alaska residents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Determining priorities for subsistence uses among rural Alaska residents. 100.17 Section 100.17 Wildlife and Fisheries UNITED STATES FISH AND..., community, or individual determined to have customary and traditional use, as necessary: (1) Customary and...

50 CFR 100.17 - Determining priorities for subsistence uses among rural Alaska residents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Determining priorities for subsistence uses among rural Alaska residents. 100.17 Section 100.17 Wildlife and Fisheries UNITED STATES FISH AND..., community, or individual determined to have customary and traditional use, as necessary: (1) Customary and...

50 CFR 100.17 - Determining priorities for subsistence uses among rural Alaska residents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 8 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Determining priorities for subsistence uses among rural Alaska residents. 100.17 Section 100.17 Wildlife and Fisheries UNITED STATES FISH AND..., community, or individual determined to have customary and traditional use, as necessary: (1) Customary and...

48 CFR 831.7001-4 - Medical services and hospital care.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... and Procedures 831.7001-4 Medical services and hospital care. (a) VA may pay the customary student... Government. (b) When the customary student's health fee does not cover medical services or hospital care, but... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Medical services and...

Changes in Equity in Out-of-pocket Payments during the Period of Health Care Reforms: Evidence from Hungary

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background At the beginning of 2007, health care reforms were implemented in Hungary in order to decrease public expenditure on health care. Reforms involved the increase of co-payments for pharmaceuticals and the introduction of co-payments for health care services. Objective The objective of this paper is to examine the progressivity of household expenditure on health care during the reform period, separately for expenditures on pharmaceuticals and medical devices, as well as for formal and informal patient payments for health care services. Methods We use data on household expenditure from the Household Budget Survey carried out by the Central Statistical Office of Hungary. We present household expenditure as a percentage of household income across different income quintiles and calculate Kakwani indexes as a measure of progressivity for a four years period (2005–2008): before, during and after the implementation of the health care reforms. Results We find that out-of-pocket payments on health care are highly regressive in Hungary with a Kakwani index of −0.22. In particular, households from the lowest income quintile spend an about three times larger share of their income on out-of-pocket payments (6–7 %) compared to households in the highest income quintile (2 %). Expenditures on pharmaceuticals and medical devices are the most regressive types of expenditure (Kakwani index −0.23/-0.24), and at the same time they represent a major part of the total household expenditure on health care (78–85 %). Informal payments are also regressive while expenditures on formal payments for services are the most proportional to income. We find that expenditures on formal payments became regressive after the introduction of user fees (Kakwani index −0.1). At the same time, we observe that expenditures on informal payments became less regressive during the reform period (Kakwani index increases from −0.20/-0.18 to −0.12.) Conclusions More attention should be paid on the protection of low-income social groups when increasing or introducing co-payments especially for pharmaceuticals but also for services. Also, it is important to eliminate the practice of informal payments in order to improve equity in health care financing. PMID:22828250

Equity in health care financing: The case of Malaysia.

PubMed

Yu, Chai Ping; Whynes, David K; Sach, Tracey H

2008-06-09

Equitable financing is a key objective of health care systems. Its importance is evidenced in policy documents, policy statements, the work of health economists and policy analysts. The conventional categorisations of finance sources for health care are taxation, social health insurance, private health insurance and out-of-pocket payments. There are nonetheless increasing variations in the finance sources used to fund health care. An understanding of the equity implications would help policy makers in achieving equitable financing. The primary purpose of this paper was to comprehensively assess the equity of health care financing in Malaysia, which represents a new country context for the quantitative techniques used. The paper evaluated each of the five financing sources (direct taxes, indirect taxes, contributions to Employee Provident Fund and Social Security Organization, private insurance and out-of-pocket payments) independently, and subsequently by combined the financing sources to evaluate the whole financing system. Cross-sectional analyses were performed on the Household Expenditure Survey Malaysia 1998/99, using Stata statistical software package. In order to assess inequality, progressivity of each finance sources and the whole financing system was measured by Kakwani's progressivity index. Results showed that Malaysia's predominantly tax-financed system was slightly progressive with a Kakwani's progressivity index of 0.186. The net progressive effect was produced by four progressive finance sources (in the decreasing order of direct taxes, private insurance premiums, out-of-pocket payments, contributions to EPF and SOCSO) and a regressive finance source (indirect taxes). Malaysia's two tier health system, of a heavily subsidised public sector and a user charged private sector, has produced a progressive health financing system. The case of Malaysia exemplifies that policy makers can gain an in depth understanding of the equity impact, in order to help shape health financing strategies for the nation.

Mitigating delay and non-payment in the Malaysian construction industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohamad, N.; Suman, A. S.; Harun, H.; Hashim, H.

2018-02-01

Construction industry is one of the industries that have contributed towards the rapid growth of development and economics in Malaysia. However, the industry is inundated with delay and non-payment issues between the two parties in contract that is the clients and contractors Even though there are contractual and administrative provisions in the standard forms of contract in Malaysia regarding payments, delay and non-payment issues still occur between them. The aim of the study is to develop measures to mitigate delay and non-payment issues between contractors and clients in the Malaysian construction industry. Questionnaire survey was conducted with clients and contractors in Klang Valley. Results from data analysis identified significant measures to mitigate delay and non-payment issues between contractors and clients which include contractors should submit their progress work invoicing with adequate documents; contractors should follow up constantly with client regarding payment; proper understanding of requirements with regards to payment; mutual discussion of problems with client to address problems in a timely manner and proper use of payment provisions in the standard form of contract. This study is significant to contractors and clients and to other construction players in order to reduce and minimise delay and non-payment issues for the growth of economy in the Malaysian construction industry.

Infant Manipulative Actions upon Customary and Uncustomary Objects in Independent and Joint Activity.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aureli, Tiziana; De Tommasi, Emilia

1999-01-01

Observed 12-month olds, with their mothers and independently, acting on objects from home and objects brought by the experimenter as new exemplars of previous toys. Found that conventional actions were more frequent in joint than in independent activity. In independent activity, conventional actions were more frequent with customary than with…

48 CFR 4.803 - Contents of contract files.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...) Cost or price analysis. (20) Audit reports or reasons for waiver. (21) Record of negotiation. (22... them. (13) Documents supporting advance or progress payments. (14) Progressing, expediting, and production surveillance records. (15) Quality assurance records. (16) Property administration records. (17...

Metabolomic Profiling of Prostate Cancer Progression During Active Surveillance

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-10-01

reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215...aggressive disease. 10. Payment and Remuneration a. Detail compensation for participants including possible total compensation, proposed bonus, and any...proposed reductions or penalties for not completing the protocol. Participants did not receive payment or remuneration for their original donation of

Metabolomic Profiling of Prostate Cancer Progression During Active Surveillance

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-10-01

reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215...Payment and Remuneration a. Detail compensation for participants including possible total compensation, proposed bonus, and any proposed reductions...or penalties for not completing the protocol. Participants did not receive payment or remuneration for their original donation of specimens or consent

32 CFR 37.1105 - What additional duties do I have as the administrator of a TIA with advance payments or payable...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Department of Defense OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE DoD GRANT AND AGREEMENT REGULATIONS TECHNOLOGY... payments, consult with the program official and consider whether program progress reported in periodic... 32 National Defense 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false What additional duties do I have as the...

32 CFR 37.1105 - What additional duties do I have as the administrator of a TIA with advance payments or payable...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Department of Defense OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE DoD GRANT AND AGREEMENT REGULATIONS TECHNOLOGY... payments, consult with the program official and consider whether program progress reported in periodic... 32 National Defense 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false What additional duties do I have as the...

32 CFR 37.1105 - What additional duties do I have as the administrator of a TIA with advance payments or payable...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Department of Defense OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE DoD GRANT AND AGREEMENT REGULATIONS TECHNOLOGY... payments, consult with the program official and consider whether program progress reported in periodic... 32 National Defense 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false What additional duties do I have as the...

32 CFR 37.1105 - What additional duties do I have as the administrator of a TIA with advance payments or payable...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Department of Defense OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE DoD GRANT AND AGREEMENT REGULATIONS TECHNOLOGY... payments, consult with the program official and consider whether program progress reported in periodic... 32 National Defense 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What additional duties do I have as the...

32 CFR 37.1105 - What additional duties do I have as the administrator of a TIA with advance payments or payable...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Department of Defense OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE DoD GRANT AND AGREEMENT REGULATIONS TECHNOLOGY... payments, consult with the program official and consider whether program progress reported in periodic... 32 National Defense 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What additional duties do I have as the...

Cross-Cultural Study of Understanding of Scale and Measurement: Does the Everyday Use of US Customary Units Disadvantage US Students?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Delgado, Cesar

2013-01-01

Following a sociocultural perspective, this study investigates how students who have grown up using the SI (Systeme International d'Unites) (metric) or US customary (USC) systems of units for everyday use differ in their knowledge of scale and measurement. Student groups were similar in terms of socioeconomic status, curriculum, native language…

The convergence of HIV/AIDS and customary tenure on women's access to land in rural Malawi.

PubMed

Tschirhart, Naomi; Kabanga, Lucky; Nichols, Sue

2015-01-01

This paper examines the convergence of HIV/AIDS and the social processes through which women access customary land in rural Malawi. Data were collected from focus group discussions with women in patrilineal and matrilineal communities. Women's land tenure is primarily determined through kinship group membership, customary inheritance practices and location of residence. In patrilineal communities, land is inherited through the male lineage and women access land through relationships with male members who are the rightful heirs. Conversely in matrilineal matrilocal communities, women as daughters directly inherit the land. This research found that in patrilineal communities, HIV/AIDS, gendered inequalities embedded in customary inheritance practices and resource shortages combine to affect women's access to land. HIV/AIDS may cause the termination of a woman's relationship with the access individual due to stigma or the individual's death. Termination of such relationships increases tenure insecurity for women accessing land in a community where they do not have inheritance rights. In contrast to the patrilineal patrilocal experience, research on matrilineal matrilocal communities demonstrates that where women are the inheritors of the land and have robust land tenure rights, they are not at risk of losing their access to land due to HIV/AIDS.

Opportunities and Challenges for Payment Reform: Observations from Massachusetts.

PubMed

Mechanic, Robert E

2016-08-01

Policy makers and private health plans are expanding their efforts to implement new payment models that will encourage providers to improve quality and deliver health care more efficiently. Over the past five years, payment reforms have progressed faster in Massachusetts than in any other state. The reasons include a major effort by Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts to implement global payment, the presence of large integrated systems willing to take on financial risk, and a supportive state policy environment. By 2014, thirty-seven percent of Massachusetts's residents enrolled in health plans were covered under risk-based payment models tied to global budgets. But the expansion of payment reform in Massachusetts slowed between 2012 and 2015 because some commercial enrollment shifted from risk-based health maintenance organization products to fee-for-service preferred provider organization (PPO) plans, and the state Medicaid program fell short of its payment reform goals. Provider groups will not fully commit to population-based clinical models if they believe it will result in large reductions in fee-for-service revenue. The use of alternative payment models will accelerate in 2016 when Blue Cross begins implementing PPO payment reforms, but it is unknown how quickly other payers will follow. Massachusetts's experience illustrates the complexity of payment reform in pluralistic health care markets and the need for complementary efforts by public and private stakeholders. Copyright © 2016 by Duke University Press.

Las bases y fundamentos del derecho indigena del pueblo maya de Guatemala (The Foundations and Principles of Indigenous Rights of the Maya People of Guatemala).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tovar, Marcela; Chavajay, Miriam

2000-01-01

The Guatemalan peace accord recognizes the institutions and local authorities of indigenous peoples, as well as their customs, common lands, and the "customary right" (common law) that structures intracommunity relations. However, it is difficult to define "customary right" and its applications and limits. A systematic study of…

An Educational Stance on Relationships of Cognitive Organization, Affective States, Reasoning, Creativity, and Customary Productivity in Age of 13-16.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Laasonen, Raimo J.

The objective of this study was to find variables that are related to creativity and customary productivity dynamically. The subjects were 86 pupils of a secondary comprehensive school differentiated into age groups of 13, 14, 15, and 16 in southern Finland. Three tests and a matrix questionnaire were constructed for the variables. The data were…

Walking speed related joint kinetic alterations in trans-tibial amputees: impact of hydraulic 'ankle' damping.

PubMed

De Asha, Alan R; Munjal, Ramesh; Kulkarni, Jai; Buckley, John G

2013-10-17

Passive prosthetic devices are set up to provide optimal function at customary walking speed and thus may function less effectively at other speeds. This partly explains why joint kinetic adaptations become more apparent in lower-limb amputees when walking at speeds other than customary. The present study determined whether a trans-tibial prosthesis incorporating a dynamic-response foot that was attached to the shank via an articulating hydraulic device (hyA-F) lessened speed-related adaptations in joint kinetics compared to when the foot was attached via a rigid, non-articulating attachment (rigF). Eight active unilateral trans-tibial amputees completed walking trials at their customary walking speed, and at speeds they deemed to be slow-comfortable and fast-comfortable whilst using each type of foot attachment. Moments and powers at the distal end of the prosthetic shank and at the intact joints of both limbs were compared between attachment conditions. There was no change in the amount of intact-limb ankle work across speed or attachment conditions. As speed level increased there was an increase on both limbs in the amount of hip and knee joint work done, and increases on the prosthetic side were greater when using the hyA-F. However, because all walking speed levels were higher when using the hyA-F, the intact-limb ankle and combined joints work per meter travelled were significantly lower; particularly so at the customary speed level. This was the case despite the hyA-F dissipating more energy during stance. In addition, the amount of eccentric work done per meter travelled became increased at the residual knee when using the hyA-F, with increases again greatest at customary speed. Findings indicate that a trans-tibial prosthesis incorporating a dynamic-response foot reduced speed-related changes in compensatory intact-limb joint kinetics when the foot was attached via an articulating hydraulic device compared to rigid attachment. As differences between attachment conditions were greatest at customary speed, findings indicate a hydraulic ankle-foot device is most effectual at the speed it is set-up for.

Modelling Participatory Geographic Information System for Customary Land Conflict Resolution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gyamera, E. A.; Arko-Adjei, A.; Duncan, E. E.; Kuma, J. S. Y.

2017-11-01

Since land contributes to about 73 % of most countries Gross Domestic Product (GDP), attention on land rights have tremendously increased globally. Conflicts over land have therefore become part of the major problems associated with land administration. However, the conventional mechanisms for land conflict resolution do not provide satisfactory result to disputants due to various factors. This study sought to develop a Framework of using Participatory Geographic Information System (PGIS) for customary land conflict resolution. The framework was modelled using Unified Modelling Language (UML). The PGIS framework, called butterfly model, consists of three units namely, Social Unit (SU), Technical Unit (TU) and Decision Making Unit (DMU). The name butterfly model for land conflict resolution was adopted for the framework based on its features and properties. The framework has therefore been recommended to be adopted for land conflict resolution in customary areas.

RITUALS OF INFANT DEATH: DEFINING LIFE AND ISLAMIC PERSONHOOD

PubMed Central

SHAW, ALISON

2014-01-01

This article is about the recognition of personhood when death occurs in early life. Drawing from anthropological perspectives on personhood at the beginnings and ends of life, it examines the implications of competing religious and customary definitions of personhood for a small sample of young British Pakistani Muslim women who experienced miscarriage and stillbirth. It suggests that these women's concerns about the lack of recognition given to the personhood of their fetus or baby constitute a challenge to customary practices surrounding burial as a Muslim. The article suggests that these women's concerns cannot be adequately glossed as a clash of Islamic belief versus Western medicine. Rather, they represent a renegotiation of Islamic opinion and customary practices within the broader context of changes in the medical and social norms surrounding pregnancy loss and infant death in multi-ethnic British society. PMID:23906387

Equity in health care financing: The case of Malaysia

PubMed Central

Yu, Chai Ping; Whynes, David K; Sach, Tracey H

2008-01-01

Background Equitable financing is a key objective of health care systems. Its importance is evidenced in policy documents, policy statements, the work of health economists and policy analysts. The conventional categorisations of finance sources for health care are taxation, social health insurance, private health insurance and out-of-pocket payments. There are nonetheless increasing variations in the finance sources used to fund health care. An understanding of the equity implications would help policy makers in achieving equitable financing. Objective The primary purpose of this paper was to comprehensively assess the equity of health care financing in Malaysia, which represents a new country context for the quantitative techniques used. The paper evaluated each of the five financing sources (direct taxes, indirect taxes, contributions to Employee Provident Fund and Social Security Organization, private insurance and out-of-pocket payments) independently, and subsequently by combined the financing sources to evaluate the whole financing system. Methods Cross-sectional analyses were performed on the Household Expenditure Survey Malaysia 1998/99, using Stata statistical software package. In order to assess inequality, progressivity of each finance sources and the whole financing system was measured by Kakwani's progressivity index. Results Results showed that Malaysia's predominantly tax-financed system was slightly progressive with a Kakwani's progressivity index of 0.186. The net progressive effect was produced by four progressive finance sources (in the decreasing order of direct taxes, private insurance premiums, out-of-pocket payments, contributions to EPF and SOCSO) and a regressive finance source (indirect taxes). Conclusion Malaysia's two tier health system, of a heavily subsidised public sector and a user charged private sector, has produced a progressive health financing system. The case of Malaysia exemplifies that policy makers can gain an in depth understanding of the equity impact, in order to help shape health financing strategies for the nation. PMID:18541025

48 CFR 32.503-4 - Approval of progress payment requests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... contractor's accounting system and controls have been established (see 32.503-3 above) the ACO may, in... that accounting system and upon the contractor's certification, without requiring audit or review of... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Approval of progress...

Thin-Film Power Transformers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Katti, Romney R.

1995-01-01

Transformer core made of thin layers of insulating material interspersed with thin layers of ferromagnetic material. Flux-linking conductors made of thinner nonferromagnetic-conductor/insulator multilayers wrapped around core. Transformers have geometric features finer than those of transformers made in customary way by machining and mechanical pressing. In addition, some thin-film materials exhibit magnetic-flux-carrying capabilities superior to those of customary bulk transformer materials. Suitable for low-cost, high-yield mass production.

Experimental study of main rotor/tail rotor/airframe interactions in hover. Volume 1: Text and figures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Balch, D. T.; Saccullo, A.; Sheehy, T. W.

1983-01-01

To assist in identifying and quantifying the relevant parameters associated with the complex topic of main rotor/fuselage/tail rotor interference, a model scale hover test was conducted in the Model Rotor Hover Facility. The test was conducted using the basic model test rig, fuselage skins to represent a UH-60A BLACK HAWK helicopter, 4 sets of rotor blades of varying geometry (i.e., twist, airfoils and solidity) and a model tail rotor that could be relocated to give changes in rotor clearance (axially, laterally, and vertically), can't angle and operating model (pusher or tractor). The description of the models and the tests, data analysis and summary (including plots) are included. The customary system of units gas used for principal measurements and calculations. Expressions in both SI units and customary units are used with the SI units stated first and the customary units afterwords, in parenthesis.

Rituals of infant death: defining life and Islamic personhood.

PubMed

Shaw, Alison

2014-02-01

This article is about the recognition of personhood when death occurs in early life. Drawing from anthropological perspectives on personhood at the beginnings and ends of life, it examines the implications of competing religious and customary definitions of personhood for a small sample of young British Pakistani Muslim women who experienced miscarriage and stillbirth. It suggests that these women's concerns about the lack of recognition given to the personhood of their fetus or baby constitute a challenge to customary practices surrounding burial as a Muslim. The article suggests that these women's concerns cannot be adequately glossed as a clash of Islamic belief versus Western medicine. Rather, they represent a renegotiation of Islamic opinion and customary practices within the broader context of changes in the medical and social norms surrounding pregnancy loss and infant death in multi-ethnic British society. © 2013 The Author. Bioethics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Global rights, local realities: negotiating gender equality and sexual rights in the Caprivi Region, Namibia.

PubMed

Thomas, Felicity

2007-01-01

Gender inequalities are frequently cited as a major reason for high HIV-prevalence rates in southern Africa. While steps have been taken to promote and pass legislation that upholds equal rights for women, this paper examines the ways in which discourses of gender equality and ensuing sexual rights can have complex, contradictory and even adverse implications when they are mobilised, resisted and reinterpreted at local level. Drawing upon research undertaken in the Caprivi Region of Namibia, this paper examines this ways in which men and women respond to ideas about gender equality, and seeks to place these responses within the wider context of socioeconomic change and understandings of morality prevalent within the region. The tendency of many young women to seek out relationships with older men and the increasing costs of bride-wealth payments play a key role in reinforcing patriarchal attitudes and fuelling disrespect for women's rights both before and within marriage. In addition, a failure to adhere to customary norms, which uphold men's dominant role, continues to threaten the support networks and assets available to women. The consequences of this situation are examined with particular focus on implications for the future transmission of HIV.

The incidence of health financing in South Africa: findings from a recent data set.

PubMed

Ataguba, John E; McIntyre, Di

2018-01-01

There is an international call for countries to ensure universal health coverage. This call has been embraced in South Africa (SA) in the form of a National Health Insurance (NHI). This is expected to be financed through general tax revenue with the possibility of additional earmarked taxes including a surcharge on personal income and/or a payroll tax for employers. Currently, health services are financed in SA through allocations from general tax revenue, direct out-of-pocket payments, and contributions to medical scheme. This paper uses the most recent data set to assess the progressivity of each health financing mechanism and overall financing system in SA. Applying standard and innovative methodologies for assessing progressivity, the study finds that general taxes and medical scheme contributions remain progressive, and direct out-of-pocket payments and indirect taxes are regressive. However, private health insurance contributions, across only the insured, are regressive. The policy implications of these findings are discussed in the context of the NHI.

20 CFR 437.50 - Closeout.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...) Final request for payment (SF-270) (if applicable). (iv) Invention disclosure (if applicable). (v... are not limited to: (i) Final performance or progress report. (ii) Financial Status Report (SF 269) or...

The Best Defense Is a Good Offense: Conducting Offensive Cyberoperations and the Law of Armed Conflict

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-02-13

Bradley and Goldsmith note that “despite its relatively amorphous nature, CIL [customary international law] has essentially the same binding force under...and Jack L. Goldsmith , Customary International Law as Federal Common Law: A Critique of the Modern Position, Harvard Law Review vol. 110, no. 4: 815...Law Institute, 1989), §102(2). 28 Bradley and Goldsmith , 818, citing Restatement of the Law Third, The Foreign Relations Law of the United States

45 CFR 1157.50 - Closeout.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...). (3) Final request for payment (SF-270) (if applicable). (4) Invention disclosure (if applicable). (5... include but are not limited to: (1) Final performance or progress report. (2) Financial Status Report (SF...

43 CFR 12.90 - Closeout.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

....) (3) Final request for payment (SF-270) (if applicable). (4) Invention disclosure (if applicable). (5... include but are not limited to: (1) Final performance or progress report. (2) Financial Status Report (SF...

49 CFR 18.50 - Closeout.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...). (3) Final request for payment (SF-270) (if applicable). (4) Invention disclosure (if applicable). (5... include but are not limited to: (1) Final performance or progress report. (2) Financial Status Report (SF...

45 CFR 1183.50 - Closeout.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...). (3) Final request for payment (SF-270) (if applicable). (4) Invention disclosure (if applicable). (5... include but are not limited to: (1) Final performance or progress report. (2) Financial Status Report (SF...

45 CFR 1174.50 - Closeout.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...). (3) Final request for payment (SF-270) (if applicable). (4) Invention disclosure (if applicable). (5... include but are not limited to: (1) Final performance or progress report. (2) Financial Status Report (SF...

28 CFR 66.50 - Closeout.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....) (3) Final request for payment (SF-270) (if applicable). (4) Invention disclosure (if applicable). (5... include but are not limited to: (1) Final performance or progress report. (2) Financial Status Report (SF...

21 CFR 1403.50 - Closeout.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...). (3) Final request for payment (SF-270) (if applicable). (4) Invention disclosure (if applicable). (5... include but are not limited to: (1) Final performance or progress report. (2) Financial Status Report (SF...

22 CFR 135.50 - Closeout.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...). (3) Final request for payment (SF-270) (if applicable). (4) Invention disclosure (if applicable). (5... include but are not limited to: (1) Final performance or progress report. (2) Financial Status Report (SF...

48 CFR 919.7011 - Developmental assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...) Engineering and other technical assistance; (3) Noncompetitive award of subcontracts under DOE or other... activities; (5) Progress payments based on costs; (6) Rent-free use of facilities and/or equipment owned or...

10 CFR 600.250 - Closeout.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Programs (SF-271) (as applicable). (3) Final request for payment (SF-270) (if applicable). (4) Invention... extend this timeframe. These may include but are not limited to: (1) Final performance or progress report...

13 CFR 143.50 - Closeout.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Programs (SF-271) (as applicable). (3) Final request for payment (SF-270) (if applicable). (4) Invention... extend this timeframe. These may include but are not limited to: (1) Final performance or progress report...

15 CFR 24.50 - Closeout.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Programs (SF-271) (as applicable). (3) Final request for payment (SF-270) (if applicable). (4) Invention... extend this timeframe. These may include but are not limited to: (1) Final performance or progress report...

14 CFR 1273.50 - Closeout.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Programs (SF-271) (as applicable). (3) Final request for payment (SF-270) (if applicable). (4) Invention... extend this timeframe. These may include but are not limited to: (1) Final performance or progress report...

Who Pays for Health Care in China? The Case of Heilongjiang Province

PubMed Central

Chen, Mingsheng; Zhao, Yuxin; Si, Lei

2014-01-01

Background Health spending by the Chinese government has declined and traditional social health insurance collapsed after economic reforms in the early 1980s; accordingly, the low-income population is exposed to potentially significant healthcare costs. Financing an equitable healthcare system represents a major policy objective in China’s current healthcare reform efforts. The current research presents an examination of the distribution of healthcare financing in a north-eastern Chinese province to compare equity status between urban and rural areas at two different times. Methods To analyze the progressivity of healthcare financing in terms of ability-to-pay, the Kakwani index was used to assess four healthcare financing channels: general taxes, social and commercial health insurance, and out-of-pocket payments. Two rounds of surveys were conducted in 2003 (11,572 individuals in 3841 households) and 2008 (15,817 individuals in 5530 households). Household socioeconomic status, healthcare payment, and utilization information were recorded using household interviews. Results China’s healthcare financing equity is unsound. Kakwani indices for general taxation were -0.0212 (urban) and -0.0297 (rural) in 2002, and -0.0097 (urban) and -0.0112 (rural) in 2007. Social health insurance coverage has expanded, however different financing distributions were found with respect to urban (0.0969 in 2002 vs. 0.0984 in 2007) and rural (0.0283 in 2002 vs. -0.3119 in 2007) areas. While progressivity of out-of-pocket payments decreased in both areas, the equity of financing was found to have improved among poorer respondents. Conclusions Overall, China’s healthcare financing distribution is unequal. Given the inequity of general taxes, decreasing the proportion of indirect taxes would considerably improve healthcare financing equity. Financial contribution mechanisms to social health insurance are equally significant to coverage extension. The use of flat rate contributions for healthcare funding places a disproportionate pressure upon the poor. Out-of-pocket payments have become equitable, but progressivity has decreased. PMID:25271768

The progressivity of health-care financing in Kenya.

PubMed

Munge, Kenneth; Briggs, Andrew Harvey

2014-10-01

Health-care financing should be equitable. In many developing countries such as Kenya, changes to health-care financing systems are being implemented as a means of providing equitable access to health care with the aim of attaining universal coverage. Vertical equity means that people of dissimilar ability to pay make dissimilar levels of contribution to the health-care financing system. Vertical equity can be analysed by measuring progressivity. The aim of this study was to analyse progressivity by measuring deviations from proportionality in the relationship between sources of health-care financing and ability to pay using Kakwani indices applied to data from the Kenya Household Health Utilisation and Expenditure Survey 2007. Concentration indices and Kakwani indices were obtained for the sources of health-care financing: direct and indirect taxes, out of pocket (OOP) payments, private insurance contributions and contributions to the National Hospital Insurance Fund. The bootstrap method was used to analyse the sensitivity of the Kakwani index to changes in the equivalence scale or the use of an alternative measure of ability to pay. The overall health-care financing system was regressive. Out of pocket payments were regressive with all other payments being proportional. Direct taxes, indirect taxes and private insurance premiums were sensitive to the use of income as an alternative measure of ability to pay. However, the overall finding of a regressive health-care system remained. Reforms to the Kenyan health-care financing system are required to reduce dependence on out of pocket payments. The bootstrap method can be used in determining the sensitivity of the Kakwani index to various assumptions made in the analysis. Further analyses are required to determine the equity of health-care utilization and the effect of proposed reforms on overall equity of the Kenyan health-care system. Published by Oxford University Press in association with The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine © The Author 2013; all rights reserved.

31 CFR 346.8 - Payment or redemption during lifetime of owner.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... transportation, or doing small chores. (iv) Cancer which is inoperable and progressive. (v) Damage to the brain or brain abnormality which has resulted in severe loss of judgment, intellect, orientation, or memory...

Twenty years of workers' compensation costs due to falls from height among union carpenters, Washington state.

PubMed

Lipscomb, Hester J; Schoenfisch, Ashley L; Cameron, Wilfrid; Kucera, Kristen L; Adams, Darrin; Silverstein, Barbara A

2014-09-01

Falls from height (FFH) are a longstanding, serious problem in construction. We report workers' compensation (WC) payments associated with FFH among a cohort (n = 24,830; 1989-2008) of carpenters. Mean/median payments, cost rates, and adjusted rate ratios based on hours worked were calculated using negative-binomial regression. Over the 20-year period FFH accounted for $66.6 million in WC payments or $700 per year for each full-time equivalent (2,000 hr of work). FFH were responsible for 5.5% of injuries but 15.1% of costs. Cost declines were observed, but not monotonically. Reductions were more pronounced for indemnity than medical care. Mean costs were 2.3 times greater among carpenters over 50 than those under 30; cost rates were only modestly higher. Significant progress has been made in reducing WC payments associated with FFH in this cohort particularly through 1996; primary gains reflect reduction in frequency of falls. FFH that occur remain costly. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A Report On Eight Early-Stage State And Regional Projects Testing Value-Based Payment

PubMed Central

Conrad, Douglas; Grembowski, David; Gibbons, Claire; Marcus-Smith, Miriam; Hernandez, Susan E.; Chang, Judy; Renz, Anne; Lau, Bernard; Cruz, Erin dela

2014-01-01

To help contain health care spending and improve the quality of care, practitioners and policy makers are trying to move away from fee-for-service toward value-based payment, which links providers’ reimbursement to the value, rather than the volume, of services delivered. With funding from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, eight grantees across the country are designing and implementing value-based payment reform projects. For example, in Salem, Oregon, the Physicians Choice Foundation is testing “Program Oriented Payments,” which include incentives for providers who follow a condition-specific program of care designed to meet goals set jointly by patient and provider. In this article we describe the funding rationale and the specific objectives, strategies, progress, and early stages of implementation of the eight projects. We also share some early lessons and identify prerequisites for success, such as ensuring that providers have broad and timely access to data so they can meet patients’ needs in cost-effective ways. PMID:23650332

Outsourcing critical financial system operations.

PubMed

Cox, Nora; Pilbauer, Jan

2018-01-01

Payments Canada provides Canada's national payments systems and is responsible for the clearing and settlement infrastructure, processes and rules that underpin the exchange of billions of dollars each day through the Canadian economy. Strategic sourcing is a reality for this small organisation with a broad scope of national regulations and global standards to comply with. This paper outlines Payments Canada's approach to outsourcing its critical financial system operations, which centres on four key principles: strong relationship management; continuous learning, recording and reporting; evaluating the business landscape; and a commitment to evolving the organisation to greater resilience. This last point is covered in detail with an exploration of the organisation's resilience and security strategy as well as its risk appetite. As Payments Canada progresses to its future state, which includes modernising its core payment systems, underlying rules and standards, risk management for the industry as a whole will remain at the forefront of its collective mind. The expectation is that outsourcing will remain a fundamental element of its operating model in future, a strategy that will ensure the organisation can focus on its core business competencies and eliminate the need to develop and support in-house expertise in commodity areas.

Economic incentives to promote innovation in healthcare delivery.

PubMed

Luft, Harold S

2009-10-01

Economics influences how medical care is delivered, organized, and progresses. Fee-for-service payment encourages delivery of services. Fee-for-individual-service, however, offers no incentives for clinicians to efficiently organize the care their patients need. Global capitation provides such incentives; it works well in highly integrated practices but not for independent practitioners. The failures of utilization management in the 1990s demonstrated the need for a third alternative to better align incentives, such as bundling payment for an episode of care. Building on Medicare's approach to hospital payment, one can define expanded diagnosis-related groups that include all hospital, physician, and other costs during the stay and appropriate preadmission and postdischarge periods. Physicians and hospitals voluntarily forming a new entity (a care delivery team) would receive such bundled payments along with complete flexibility in allocating the funds. Modifications to gainsharing and antikickback rules, as well as reforms to malpractice liability laws, will facilitate the functioning of the care delivery teams. The implicit financial incentives encourage efficient care for the patient; the episode focus will facilitate measuring patient outcomes. Payment can be based on the resources used by those care delivery teams achieving superior outcomes, thereby fostering innovation improving outcomes and reducing waste.

How to do (or not to do) … a health financing incidence analysis

PubMed Central

Asante, Augustine D; Limwattananon, Supon; Wiseman, Virginia

2018-01-01

Abstract Financing incidence analysis (FIA) assesses how the burden of health financing is distributed in relation to household ability to pay (ATP). In a progressive financing system, poorer households contribute a smaller proportion of their ATP to finance health services compared to richer households. A system is regressive when the poor contribute proportionately more. Equitable health financing is often associated with progressivity. To conduct a comprehensive FIA, detailed household survey data containing reliable information on both a cardinal measure of household ATP and variables for extracting contributions to health services via taxes, health insurance and out-of-pocket (OOP) payments are required. Further, data on health financing mix are needed to assess overall FIA. Two major approaches to conducting FIA described in this article include the structural progressivity approach that assesses how the share of ATP (e.g. income) spent on health services varies by quantiles, and the effective progressivity approach that uses indices of progressivity such as the Kakwani index. This article provides some detailed practical steps for analysts to conduct FIA. This includes the data requirements, data sources, how to extract or estimate health payments from survey data and the methods for assessing FIA. It also discusses data deficiencies that are common in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The results of FIA are useful in designing policies to achieve an equitable health system. PMID:29346547

How to do (or not to do) … a health financing incidence analysis.

PubMed

Ataguba, John E; Asante, Augustine D; Limwattananon, Supon; Wiseman, Virginia

2018-04-01

Financing incidence analysis (FIA) assesses how the burden of health financing is distributed in relation to household ability to pay (ATP). In a progressive financing system, poorer households contribute a smaller proportion of their ATP to finance health services compared to richer households. A system is regressive when the poor contribute proportionately more. Equitable health financing is often associated with progressivity. To conduct a comprehensive FIA, detailed household survey data containing reliable information on both a cardinal measure of household ATP and variables for extracting contributions to health services via taxes, health insurance and out-of-pocket (OOP) payments are required. Further, data on health financing mix are needed to assess overall FIA. Two major approaches to conducting FIA described in this article include the structural progressivity approach that assesses how the share of ATP (e.g. income) spent on health services varies by quantiles, and the effective progressivity approach that uses indices of progressivity such as the Kakwani index. This article provides some detailed practical steps for analysts to conduct FIA. This includes the data requirements, data sources, how to extract or estimate health payments from survey data and the methods for assessing FIA. It also discusses data deficiencies that are common in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The results of FIA are useful in designing policies to achieve an equitable health system.

48 CFR 242.7502 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 242.7502 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACT MANAGEMENT CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION AND AUDIT SERVICES Contractor Accounting Systems and...-materials, or labor-hour contracts, or contracts which provide for progress payments based on costs or on a...

48 CFR 242.7502 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 242.7502 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACT MANAGEMENT CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION AND AUDIT SERVICES Contractor Accounting Systems and...-materials, or labor-hour contracts, or contracts which provide for progress payments based on costs or on a...

48 CFR 242.7502 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 242.7502 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACT MANAGEMENT CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION AND AUDIT SERVICES Contractor Accounting Systems and...-materials, or labor-hour contracts, or contracts which provide for progress payments based on costs or on a...

48 CFR 242.7502 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 242.7502 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACT MANAGEMENT CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION AND AUDIT SERVICES Contractor Accounting Systems and...-materials, or labor-hour contracts, or contracts which provide for progress payments based on costs or on a...

New evidence on financing equity in China's health care reform - A case study on Gansu province, China

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background In the transition from a planned economy to a market-oriented economy, China’s state funding for health care declined and traditional coverage plans collapsed, leaving China’s poor exposed to potentially ruinous health care costs. In reforming health care for the 21st century, equity in health care financing has become a major policy goal. To assess progress towards this goal, this paper examines the equity characteristics of health care financing in a province of northwestern China, comparing the equity performance between urban and rural areas at two different points in time. Methods Analysis of whether health care financing contributions were progressive according to income were made using the Kakwani index for each of the four health care financing channels of general taxes, public and private health insurance, and out-of-pocket payments. Two rounds of surveys were conducted, the first in 2003 (13,619 individuals in 3946 households) and the second in 2008 (12,973 individuals in 3958 households). Household socio-economic, health care payment, and utilization information were recorded in household interviews. Results Low-income households have undertaken a larger share of the health care financing burden in recent years, reflected by negative Kakwani indices, which indicate a regressive system. We found that the indices for general taxation were −0.0024 (urban) and −0.0281 (rural) in 2002, and −0.0177 (urban) and −0.0097 (rural) in 2007. Public health insurance presented different financing distributions in urban and rural areas (urban: 0.0742 in 2002, 0.0661 in 2007; rural: –0.0615 in 2002,–0.1436 in 2007.). Out-of-pocket payments were progressive but not equitable. Public health insurance coverage has expanded but financing equity has decreased. Conclusions Health care financing policies in China need ongoing reform. Given the inequity of general consumption taxes, elimination of these would improve financing equity considerably. Optimizing benefit packages in public health insurance is as important as expanding coverage, both for health care financing and for utilization management as well. Although they are progressive, out-of-pocket payments are not equitable in China and have the effect of excluding the poor from health care as they cannot afford to pay for medical care and so withdraw from treatment. PMID:23244513

United States Health Care Reform Progress to Date and Next Steps

PubMed Central

Obama, Barack

2016-01-01

IMPORTANCE The Affordable Care Act is the most important health care legislation enacted in the United States since the creation of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. The law implemented comprehensive reforms designed to improve the accessibility, affordability, and quality of health care. OBJECTIVES To review the factors influencing the decision to pursue health reform, summarize evidence on the effects of the law to date, recommend actions that could improve the health care system, and identify general lessons for public policy from the Affordable Care Act. EVIDENCE Analysis of publicly available data, data obtained from government agencies, and published research findings. The period examined extends from 1963 to early 2016. FINDINGS The Affordable Care Act has made significant progress toward solving long-standing challenges facing the US health care system related to access, affordability, and quality of care. Since the Affordable Care Act became law, the uninsured rate has declined by 43%, from 16.0% in 2010 to 9.1% in 2015, primarily because of the law’s reforms. Research has documented accompanying improvements in access to care (for example, an estimated reduction in the share of nonelderly adults unable to afford care of 5.5 percentage points), financial security (for example, an estimated reduction in debts sent to collection of $600–$1000 per person gaining Medicaid coverage), and health (for example, an estimated reduction in the share of nonelderly adults reporting fair or poor health of 3.4 percentage points). The law has also begun the process of transforming health care payment systems, with an estimated 30% of traditional Medicare payments now flowing through alternative payment models like bundled payments or accountable care organizations. These and related reforms have contributed to a sustained period of slow growth in per-enrollee health care spending and improvements in health care quality. Despite this progress, major opportunities to improve the health care system remain. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Policy makers should build on progress made by the Affordable Care Act by continuing to implement the Health Insurance Marketplaces and delivery system reform, increasing federal financial assistance for Marketplace enrollees, introducing a public plan option in areas lacking individual market competition, and taking actions to reduce prescription drug costs. Although partisanship and special interest opposition remain, experience with the Affordable Care Act demonstrates that positive change is achievable on some of the nation’s most complex challenges. PMID:27400401

United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps.

PubMed

Obama, Barack

2016-08-02

The Affordable Care Act is the most important health care legislation enacted in the United States since the creation of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. The law implemented comprehensive reforms designed to improve the accessibility, affordability, and quality of health care. To review the factors influencing the decision to pursue health reform, summarize evidence on the effects of the law to date, recommend actions that could improve the health care system, and identify general lessons for public policy from the Affordable Care Act. Analysis of publicly available data, data obtained from government agencies, and published research findings. The period examined extends from 1963 to early 2016. The Affordable Care Act has made significant progress toward solving long-standing challenges facing the US health care system related to access, affordability, and quality of care. Since the Affordable Care Act became law, the uninsured rate has declined by 43%, from 16.0% in 2010 to 9.1% in 2015, primarily because of the law's reforms. Research has documented accompanying improvements in access to care (for example, an estimated reduction in the share of nonelderly adults unable to afford care of 5.5 percentage points), financial security (for example, an estimated reduction in debts sent to collection of $600-$1000 per person gaining Medicaid coverage), and health (for example, an estimated reduction in the share of nonelderly adults reporting fair or poor health of 3.4 percentage points). The law has also begun the process of transforming health care payment systems, with an estimated 30% of traditional Medicare payments now flowing through alternative payment models like bundled payments or accountable care organizations. These and related reforms have contributed to a sustained period of slow growth in per-enrollee health care spending and improvements in health care quality. Despite this progress, major opportunities to improve the health care system remain. Policy makers should build on progress made by the Affordable Care Act by continuing to implement the Health Insurance Marketplaces and delivery system reform, increasing federal financial assistance for Marketplace enrollees, introducing a public plan option in areas lacking individual market competition, and taking actions to reduce prescription drug costs. Although partisanship and special interest opposition remain, experience with the Affordable Care Act demonstrates that positive change is achievable on some of the nation's most complex challenges.

New evidence on financing equity in China's health care reform--a case study on Gansu province, China.

PubMed

Chen, Mingsheng; Chen, Wen; Zhao, Yuxin

2012-12-18

In the transition from a planned economy to a market-oriented economy, China's state funding for health care declined and traditional coverage plans collapsed, leaving China's poor exposed to potentially ruinous health care costs. In reforming health care for the 21st century, equity in health care financing has become a major policy goal. To assess progress towards this goal, this paper examines the equity characteristics of health care financing in a province of northwestern China, comparing the equity performance between urban and rural areas at two different points in time. Analysis of whether health care financing contributions were progressive according to income were made using the Kakwani index for each of the four health care financing channels of general taxes, public and private health insurance, and out-of-pocket payments. Two rounds of surveys were conducted, the first in 2003 (13,619 individuals in 3946 households) and the second in 2008 (12,973 individuals in 3958 households). Household socio-economic, health care payment, and utilization information were recorded in household interviews. Low-income households have undertaken a larger share of the health care financing burden in recent years, reflected by negative Kakwani indices, which indicate a regressive system. We found that the indices for general taxation were -0.0024 (urban) and -0.0281 (rural) in 2002, and -0.0177 (urban) and -0.0097 (rural) in 2007. Public health insurance presented different financing distributions in urban and rural areas (urban: 0.0742 in 2002, 0.0661 in 2007; rural: -0.0615 in 2002,-0.1436 in 2007.). Out-of-pocket payments were progressive but not equitable. Public health insurance coverage has expanded but financing equity has decreased. Health care financing policies in China need ongoing reform. Given the inequity of general consumption taxes, elimination of these would improve financing equity considerably. Optimizing benefit packages in public health insurance is as important as expanding coverage, both for health care financing and for utilization management as well. Although they are progressive, out-of-pocket payments are not equitable in China and have the effect of excluding the poor from health care as they cannot afford to pay for medical care and so withdraw from treatment.

Effects of a caregiver-inclusive assistive technology intervention: a randomized controlled trial.

PubMed

Ben Mortenson, W; Demers, Louise; Fuhrer, Marcus J; Jutai, Jeffrey W; Bilkey, Jessica; Plante, Michelle; DeRuyter, Frank

2018-04-18

The principal aim of this study was to investigate whether a caregiver-inclusive assistive technology intervention improved older care recipients' functional autonomy and decreased the perceived burden of their family caregivers compared to customary care. The study was a single-blind, mixed-methods, randomized controlled trial with baseline data collection and follow-ups at 6-, 22-, and 58-weeks after baseline evaluation, which was prospectively registered ( ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01640470. Registered 11/21/2011). Dyads comprising a care recipient and family caregiver were randomly assigned to either a caregiver-inclusive experimental group (N = 44) or a customary-care comparison group (N = 46). Eligible care recipients were aged ≥55 years and had one or more limitations with mobility or daily activities, and family caregivers provided at least four hours per week of assistance. Outcome measures were administered to both groups at baseline and at the three follow-up time points. The data collectors were blinded regarding participants' intervention group. The primary outcome measures were the Functional Autonomy Measurement System to assess care recipients' functional performance, and the Caregiver Assistive Technology Outcome Measure to assess caregivers' burden. Qualitative interviews examined participants' perceptions of the caregiver-inclusive and customary care interventions. The experimental intervention addressed significantly more dyad-identified problematic activities, but caregiver involvement was evident in both groups and outcomes were not significantly different over time. In both groups, care recipients' functional autonomy declined significantly (P < .01), and caregivers' activity-specific and overall burden decreased significantly (P < .01). Given the unintended congruence between the caregiver-inclusive and customary care interventions, the overall findings lend support for the provision of assistive technology to reduce caregiver burden.

Designing marine reserves to reflect local socioeconomic conditions: lessons from long-enduring customary management systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cinner, J. E.

2007-12-01

Coral reef conservation strategies such as marine protected areas have met limited success in many developing countries. Some researchers attribute part of these shortcomings to inadequate attention to the social context of conserving marine resources. To gain insights into applying Western conservation theory more successfully in the socioeconomic context of developing countries, this study examines how long-enduring, customary reef closures appear to reflect local socioeconomic conditions in two Papua New Guinean communities. Attributes of the customary management (including size, shape, permanence, and gear restrictions) are examined in relation to prevailing socioeconomic conditions (including resource users’ ability to switch gears, fishing grounds, and occupations). Customary closures in the two communities appear to reflect local socioeconomic circumstances in three ways. First, in situations where people can readily switch between occupations, full closures are acceptable with periodic harvests to benefit from the closure. In comparison, communities with high dependence on the marine resources are more conducive to employing strategies that restrict certain gear types while still allowing others. Second, where there is multiple clan and family spatial ownership of resources, the communities have one closure per clan/family; one large no-take area would have disproportionate affect on those compared to the rest of the community. In contrast, communities that have joint ownership can establish one large closure as long as there are other areas available to harvest. Third, historical and trade relationships with neighboring communities can influence regulations by creating the need for occasional harvests to provide fish for feasts. This study further demonstrates the importance of understanding the socioeconomic context of factors such as community governance and levels of dependence for the conservation of marine resources.

48 CFR 52.232-32 - Performance-Based Payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... is endangered by the Contractor's (i) failure to make progress, or (ii) unsatisfactory financial... title; (iii) Nondurable (i.e., noncapital) tools, jigs, dies, fixtures, molds, patterns, taps, gauges... Government access. The Contractor shall promptly furnish reports, certificates, financial statements, and...

29 CFR 97.50 - Closeout.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... limited to: (1) Final performance or progress report. (2) Financial Status Report (SF 269) or Outlay Report and Request for Reimbursement for Construction Programs (SF-271) (as applicable.) (3) Final request for payment (SF-270) (if applicable). (4) Invention disclosure (if applicable). (5) Federally...

36 CFR 1207.50 - Closeout.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... limited to: (1) Final performance or progress report. (2) Financial Status Report (SF 269) or Outlay Report and Request for Reimbursement for Construction Programs (SF-271) (as applicable). (3) Final request for payment (SF-270) (if applicable). (4) Invention disclosure (if applicable). (5) Federally...

48 CFR 232.102 - Description of contract financing methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... financing methods. 232.102 Section 232.102 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Non-Commercial Item Purchase Financing 232.102 Description of contract financing methods. (e)(2) Progress payments...

Assessment of the European Union's illicit trade agreements with the four major Transnational Tobacco Companies

PubMed Central

Joossens, Luk; Gilmore, Anna B; Stoklosa, Michal; Ross, Hana

2016-01-01

To address the illicit cigarette trade, the European Union (EU) has signed agreements with the four major Transnational Tobacco Companies (TTCs) that involve establishing extensive systems of cooperation. All agreements foresee two types of payments: annual payments (totalling US$ 1.9 billion over 20 years) and supplementary seizure payments, equivalent to 100% of the evaded taxes in the event of seizures of their products. While limited by the fundamental lack of transparency in this area, our analysis suggests that these agreements have served largely to secure the TTCs’ interests and are threatening progress in tobacco control. The seizure payments are paltry and a wholly inadequate deterrent to TTC involvement in illicit trade. Despite the agreements, growing evidence indicates the TTCs remain involved in the illicit trade or are at best failing to secure their supply chains as required by the agreements. The intention of the seizure-based payments to deter the tobacco industry from further involvement in the illicit cigarette trade has failed because the agreements contain too many loopholes that provide TTCs with both the incentive and opportunity to classify seized cigarettes as counterfeit. In addition, the shifting nature of cigarette smuggling from larger to smaller consignments often results in seizures that are too small to qualify for the payments. Consequently, the seizure payments represent a tiny fraction of the revenue lost from cigarette smuggling, between 2004 and 2012, 0.08% of the estimated losses due to illicit cigarette trade in the EU. Our evidence suggests the EU should end these agreements. PMID:26022741

[Payment mechanisms and financial resources management for consolidation of Ecuador's health system].

PubMed

Villacrés, Tatiana; Mena, Ana Cristina

2017-06-08

Analyze the proposal by the Ministry of Public Health to reform the public financing model in Ecuador with regard to pooling of funds and payment mechanisms. A literature review was done of the financing model, the current legal framework, and the budgetary bases in Pubmed, SciELO, LILACS Ecuador, and regional LILACS using the key words health financing, health financing systems, capitation, pooling of funds, health system reform Ecuador, health system Ecuador, and health payment mechanisms. Books and other documents suggested by health systems experts were also included. Review of the financing model enabled identifying the historical segmentation of Ecuador's health system; out of this, the Ministry of Public Health conceived its proposal to reform the financing model. The Ministry's proposed solutions are pooling of funds and payment of services at the first level of care through payment per capita adjusted for socioeconomic and demographic risks. Progress made in reforming the financing model includes design of the proposals and their implementation mechanisms, and discussions with stakeholders. Implementation of these changes may produce improvements for the health system in efficiency, spreading of risks, incentives for meeting health objectives, as well as contribute to its sustainability and advance toward universal health coverage. Nevertheless, legal, political, and operational constraints are hampering their implementation.

7 CFR 3016.50 - Closeout.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... are not limited to: (1) Final performance or progress report. (2) Financial Status Report (SF 269) or Outlay Report and Request for Reimbursement for Construction Programs (SF-271) (as applicable.) (3) Final request for payment (SF-270) (if applicable). (4) Invention disclosure (if applicable). (5) Federally...

48 CFR 832.502 - Pre-award matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Pre-award matters. 832.502 Section 832.502 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 832.502 Pre-award matters. ...

48 CFR 832.502 - Pre-award matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Pre-award matters. 832.502 Section 832.502 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 832.502 Pre-award matters. ...

48 CFR 832.502 - Pre-award matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pre-award matters. 832.502 Section 832.502 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 832.502 Pre-award matters. ...

48 CFR 832.502 - Pre-award matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Pre-award matters. 832.502 Section 832.502 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 832.502 Pre-award matters. ...

48 CFR 832.502 - Pre-award matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Pre-award matters. 832.502 Section 832.502 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 832.502 Pre-award matters. ...

48 CFR 45.600 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Section 45.600 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION CONTRACT MANAGEMENT... property for which the Government has a lien or title solely as a result of advance, progress, or performance-based payments that have been liquidated. [72 FR 27389, May 15, 2007] ...

48 CFR 1432.102 - Description of contract financing methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... financing methods. 1432.102 Section 1432.102 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Non-Commercial Item Purchase Financing 1432.102 Description of contract financing methods. Use of progress payments based on a percentage or stage...

48 CFR 432.102 - Description of contract financing methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... financing methods. 432.102 Section 432.102 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Non-Commercial Item Purchase Financing 432.102 Description of contract financing methods. Progress payments based on a percentage or stage of completion are...

48 CFR 1532.102 - Description of contract financing methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... financing methods. 1532.102 Section 1532.102 Federal Acquisition Regulations System ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING General 1532.102 Description of contract financing methods. Progress payments based on a percentage or stage of completion are authorized for use as...

48 CFR 932.102 - Description of contract financing methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... financing methods. 932.102 Section 932.102 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Non-Commercial Item Purchase Financing 932.102 Description of contract financing methods. (e)(2) Progress payments based on a percentage or stage of...

The redistributive effect of health care finance in twelve OECD countries.

PubMed

van Doorslaer, E; Wagstaff, A; van der Burg, H; Christiansen, T; Citoni, G; Di Biase, R; Gerdtham, U G; Gerfin, M; Gross, L; Häkinnen, U; John, J; Johnson, P; Klavus, J; Lachaud, C; Lauritsen, J; Leu, R; Nolan, B; Pereira, J; Propper, C; Puffer, F; Rochaix, L; Schellhorn, M; Sundberg, G; Winkelhake, O

1999-06-01

The OECD countries finance their health care through a mixture of taxes, social insurance contributions, private insurance premiums and out-of-pocket payments. The various payment sources have very different implications for both vertical and horizontal equity and on redistributive effect which is a function of both. This paper presents results on the income redistribution consequences of the health care financing mixes adopted in twelve OECD countries by decomposing the overall income redistributive effect into a progressivity, horizontal inequity and reranking component. The general finding of this study is that the vertical effect is much more important than horizontal inequity and reranking in determining the overall redistributive effect but that their relative importance varies by source of payment. Public finance sources tend to have small positive redistributive effects and less differential treatment while private financing sources generally have (larger) negative redistributive effects which are to a substantial degree caused by differential treatment.

Equity in out-of-pocket payments for hospital care: evidence from India.

PubMed

Roy, Kakoli; Howard, David Hill

2007-02-01

The lack of formal health insurance and inadequate social safety nets cause families in most low-income countries to finance health spending through out-of-pocket (OOP) payments, leaving poor families unable to insure their consumption during periods of major illnesses. To examine how well the Indian healthcare system protects households of differing living standards against the financial consequences of unanticipated health shocks. The data are drawn from the 52nd round of National Sample Survey, a nationally representative socioeconomic and health survey conducted in 1995-1996. The sample comprises 24,379 (3.84%) households where a member was hospitalized during the 1-year reference period. We estimate, using ordinary least squares, the relationship between household consumption (proxy for ability to pay) and OOP payments for hospitalization. We also estimate the relationship between consumption and OOP share in consumption. Our results indicate that both utilization (payments) and the consequent financial burden (payment share) increases with increasing ability to pay (ATP). While this relationship is retained across the different subgroups (e.g., gender, social code, region, etc.), comparisons across groups indicate horizontal inequities including differences in both degrees of progressivity and the redistributive effect. The finding that OOP payments do not decline with ATP could be an indication of: (1) the lack of insurance which implies that the better-off must pay from OOP to secure quality health care and (2) the absence of risk-pooling or prepayments mechanisms which poses financial impediments to the consumption of health care by the poor.

22 CFR 1506.5 - Demand for payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... total of three progressively stronger written demands at approximately 30-day intervals will normally be made, unless a response or other information indicates that additional written demands would either be unnecessary or futile. When necessary to protect the Government's interest, written demand may be preceded by...

48 CFR 253.209-1 - Responsible prospective contractors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... contracts, or contracts which provide for progress payments based on costs or on a percentage or stage of...) Packaging. An assessment of the prospective contractor's ability to meet all contractual packaging...)). (E) Plant safety. An assessment of the prospective contractor's ability to meet the safety...

48 CFR 32.502 - Preaward matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Preaward matters. 32.502... REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.502 Preaward matters. This section covers matters that generally are relevant only before contract award. This does not preclude taking actions...

48 CFR 32.502 - Preaward matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Preaward matters. 32.502... REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.502 Preaward matters. This section covers matters that generally are relevant only before contract award. This does not preclude taking actions...

48 CFR 32.502 - Preaward matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Preaward matters. 32.502... REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.502 Preaward matters. This section covers matters that generally are relevant only before contract award. This does not preclude taking actions...

48 CFR 32.502 - Preaward matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Preaward matters. 32.502... REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.502 Preaward matters. This section covers matters that generally are relevant only before contract award. This does not preclude taking actions...

48 CFR 32.502 - Preaward matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Preaward matters. 32.502... REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.502 Preaward matters. This section covers matters that generally are relevant only before contract award. This does not preclude taking actions...

48 CFR 32.503-12 - Maximum unliquidated amount.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Maximum unliquidated amount. 32.503-12 Section 32.503-12 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.503-12 Maximum...

48 CFR 970.3200-1 - Reduction or suspension of advance, partial, or progress payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Reduction or suspension of... System DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AGENCY SUPPLEMENTARY REGULATIONS DOE MANAGEMENT AND OPERATING CONTRACTS... receiving, assessing, and making recommendations to the Senior Procurement Executive. ...

VALUING WATER QUALITY MONITORING: AN ECONOMIC EXPERIMENT INVOLVING HYPOTHETICAL AND REAL PAYMENTS. (R825307)

EPA Science Inventory

The perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Concl...

Assessment of the European Union's illicit trade agreements with the four major Transnational Tobacco Companies.

PubMed

Joossens, Luk; Gilmore, Anna B; Stoklosa, Michal; Ross, Hana

2016-05-01

To address the illicit cigarette trade, the European Union (EU) has signed agreements with the four major Transnational Tobacco Companies (TTCs) that involve establishing extensive systems of cooperation. All agreements foresee two types of payments: annual payments (totalling US$ 1.9 billion over 20 years) and supplementary seizure payments, equivalent to 100% of the evaded taxes in the event of seizures of their products. While limited by the fundamental lack of transparency in this area, our analysis suggests that these agreements have served largely to secure the TTCs' interests and are threatening progress in tobacco control. The seizure payments are paltry and a wholly inadequate deterrent to TTC involvement in illicit trade. Despite the agreements, growing evidence indicates the TTCs remain involved in the illicit trade or are at best failing to secure their supply chains as required by the agreements. The intention of the seizure-based payments to deter the tobacco industry from further involvement in the illicit cigarette trade has failed because the agreements contain too many loopholes that provide TTCs with both the incentive and opportunity to classify seized cigarettes as counterfeit. In addition, the shifting nature of cigarette smuggling from larger to smaller consignments often results in seizures that are too small to qualify for the payments. Consequently, the seizure payments represent a tiny fraction of the revenue lost from cigarette smuggling, between 2004 and 2012, 0.08% of the estimated losses due to illicit cigarette trade in the EU. Our evidence suggests the EU should end these agreements. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/

The research on electronic commerce security payment system based on set protocol

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Hongliang

2012-04-01

With the rapid development of network technology, online transactions have become more and more common. In this paper, we firstly introduce the principle and the basic principal and technical foundation of SET, and then we analyze the progress of designing a system in the foundation of the procedure of the electronic business based on SET. On this basis, we design a system of the Payment System for Electronic Business. It will not only take on crucial realism signification for large-scale, medium-sized and mini-type corporations, but also provide guide meaning with programmer and design-developer to realize Electronic Commerce (EC).

48 CFR 209.104-1 - General standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

....104-1 General standards. (e) For cost-reimbursement or incentive type contracts, or contracts which provide for progress payments based on costs or on a percentage or stage of completion, the prospective...) Applicable laws and regulations are complied with; (ii) The accounting system and cost data are reliable...

48 CFR 32.503-8 - Liquidation rates-ordinary method.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... method. 32.503-8 Section 32.503-8 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION... rates—ordinary method. The Government recoups progress payments through the deduction of liquidations... price of contract items delivered and accepted. The ordinary method is that the liquidation rate is the...

48 CFR 32.503-8 - Liquidation rates-ordinary method.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... method. 32.503-8 Section 32.503-8 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION... rates—ordinary method. The Government recoups progress payments through the deduction of liquidations... price of contract items delivered and accepted. The ordinary method is that the liquidation rate is the...

48 CFR 28.106-6 - Furnishing information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Furnishing information. 28... information. (a) The surety on the bond, upon its written request, may be furnished information on the..., general information concerning the work progress, payments, and the estimated percentage of completion may...

48 CFR 232.501-3 - Contract price.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract price. 232.501-3... 232.501-3 Contract price. (b) The contracting officer may approve progress payments when the contract price exceeds the funds obligated under the contract, provided the contract limits the Government's...

48 CFR 32.503-12 - Maximum unliquidated amount.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... should be fully utilized, along with the services of qualified cost analysis and engineering personnel... GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.503-12 Maximum... described in paragraph (a) above is most likely to arise under the following circumstances: (1) The costs of...

48 CFR 32.103 - Progress payments under construction contracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... REGULATION GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Non-Commercial Item Purchase Financing 32.103... to be withheld shall be made by the contracting officer on a case-by-case basis. Such decisions will... other factors. Upon completion of all contract requirements, retained amounts shall be paid promptly...

48 CFR 32.503 - Postaward matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Postaward matters. 32.503... REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.503 Postaward matters. This section covers matters that are generally relevant only after award of a contract. This does not preclude taking actions...

48 CFR 32.503 - Postaward matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Postaward matters. 32.503... REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.503 Postaward matters. This section covers matters that are generally relevant only after award of a contract. This does not preclude taking actions...

48 CFR 32.503 - Postaward matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Postaward matters. 32.503... REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.503 Postaward matters. This section covers matters that are generally relevant only after award of a contract. This does not preclude taking actions...

48 CFR 32.503 - Postaward matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Postaward matters. 32.503... REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.503 Postaward matters. This section covers matters that are generally relevant only after award of a contract. This does not preclude taking actions...

46 CFR 380.24 - Schedule of retention periods and description of records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... bonds, salvage data, and claim files; (4) Contracts, agreements, franchises, licenses, etc., such as subsidy, charter, ship construction, and pooling agreements; (5) Vessel operating records such as log... Administration: (1) Ship construction or reconversion records such as bids, plans, progress payments, and...

46 CFR 380.24 - Schedule of retention periods and description of records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... bonds, salvage data, and claim files; (4) Contracts, agreements, franchises, licenses, etc., such as subsidy, charter, ship construction, and pooling agreements; (5) Vessel operating records such as log... Administration: (1) Ship construction or reconversion records such as bids, plans, progress payments, and...

46 CFR 380.24 - Schedule of retention periods and description of records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... bonds, salvage data, and claim files; (4) Contracts, agreements, franchises, licenses, etc., such as subsidy, charter, ship construction, and pooling agreements; (5) Vessel operating records such as log... Administration: (1) Ship construction or reconversion records such as bids, plans, progress payments, and...

46 CFR 380.24 - Schedule of retention periods and description of records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... bonds, salvage data, and claim files; (4) Contracts, agreements, franchises, licenses, etc., such as subsidy, charter, ship construction, and pooling agreements; (5) Vessel operating records such as log... Administration: (1) Ship construction or reconversion records such as bids, plans, progress payments, and...

46 CFR 380.24 - Schedule of retention periods and description of records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... bonds, salvage data, and claim files; (4) Contracts, agreements, franchises, licenses, etc., such as subsidy, charter, ship construction, and pooling agreements; (5) Vessel operating records such as log... Administration: (1) Ship construction or reconversion records such as bids, plans, progress payments, and...

Is a structured, manualized, evidence-based treatment protocol culturally competent and equivalently effective among American Indian parents in child welfare?

PubMed

Chaffin, Mark; Bard, David; Bigfoot, Dolores Subia; Maher, Erin J

2012-08-01

In a statewide implementation, the manualized SafeCare home-based model was effective in reducing child welfare recidivism and producing high client satisfaction. Concerns about the effectiveness and acceptability of structured, manualized models with American Indians have been raised in the literature, but have rarely been directly tested. This study tests recidivism reduction equivalency and acceptability among American Indian parents. A subpopulation of 354 American Indian parents was drawn from a larger trial that compared services with versus without modules of the SafeCare model. Outcomes were 6-year recidivism, pre/post/follow-up measures of depression and child abuse potential, and posttreatment consumer ratings of working alliance, service satisfaction, and cultural competency. Recidivism reduction among American Indian parents was found to be equivalent for cases falling within customary SafeCare inclusion criteria. When extended to cases outside customary inclusion boundaries, there was no apparent recidivism advantage or disadvantage. Contrary to concerns, SafeCare had higher consumer ratings of cultural competency, working alliance, service quality, and service benefit. Findings support using SafeCare with American Indians parents who meet customary SafeCare inclusion criteria. Findings do not support concerns in the literature that a manualized, structured, evidence-based model might be less effective or culturally unacceptable for American Indians.

Implementation Study of Restorative Justice for Juvenile Criminal Justice System by Customary Court in Mainland Sulawesi

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rochaeti, Nur; Pujiyono, Pujiyono

2018-05-01

Children’s rights are specifically different from adult human rights. In all circumstances the rights of children must take precedence over other interests, namely the existence of legal protection for them and the existence of special protection aimed at children who violate the law. Act No.11 of 2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System requires restorative justice efforts as a form of protection for children, which emphasizes restoring the harm caused or incurred by criminal acts. Restorative justice has long been practiced in indigenous community of Indonesia, i.e. where a criminal act occurs by its citizens (including juvenile delinquency), the dispute settlement is conducted within the indigenous community internally without involving the State apparatus. The formulation of the problem is, firstly, how is the policy of restorative justice formulation of juvenile criminal justice system in handling the juvenile with conflict of law, secondly how is implementation of restorative justice of juvenile justice system by customary court in Makassar. The results of the study indicate that customary court in Makassar has legal and cultural characteristics, moral values that can solve problems by deliberation, involving various parties in litigation such as in restorative justice mechanism in the juvenile criminal justice system.

Is a Structured, Manualized, Evidence-Based Treatment Protocol Culturally Competent and Equivalently Effective Among American Indian Parents in Child Welfare?

PubMed Central

Chaffin, Mark; Bard, David; Bigfoot, Dolores Subia; Maher, Erin J.

2015-01-01

In a statewide implementation, the manualized SafeCare home–based model was effective in reducing child welfare recidivism and producing high client satisfaction. Concerns about the effectiveness and acceptability of structured, manualized models with American Indians have been raised in the literature, but have rarely been directly tested. This study tests recidivism reduction equivalency and acceptability among American Indian parents. A subpopulation of 354 American Indian parents was drawn from a larger trial that compared services with versus without modules of the SafeCare model. Outcomes were 6-year recidivism, pre/post/follow-up measures of depression and child abuse potential, and posttreatment consumer ratings of working alliance, service satisfaction, and cultural competency. Recidivism reduction among American Indian parents was found to be equivalent for cases falling within customary SafeCare inclusion criteria. When extended to cases outside customary inclusion boundaries, there was no apparent recidivism advantage or disadvantage. Contrary to concerns, SafeCare had higher consumer ratings of cultural competency, working alliance, service quality, and service benefit. Findings support using SafeCare with American Indians parents who meet customary SafeCare inclusion criteria. Findings do not support concerns in the literature that a manualized, structured, evidence-based model might be less effective or culturally unacceptable for American Indians. PMID:22927674

48 CFR 22.1309 - Actions because of noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Veterans. These sanctions (see 41 CFR 60-300.66) may include— (a) Withholding progress payments; (b) Termination or suspension of the contract; or (c) Debarment of the contractor. [66 FR 53488, Oct. 22, 2001, as... possible upon notification by the appropriate agency official to implement any sanctions imposed on a...

48 CFR 752.242-70 - Periodic progress reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... interpreted as “task order” or “delivery order” when this clause is used in an indefinite-delivery contract... may be used by USAID personnel or their authorized representatives when evaluating the contractor's... contracting officer may withhold from payment an amount not to exceed US$25,000 (or local currency equivalent...

The Morning After.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Taylor, John H.

1996-01-01

After a college or university has received the large gift it has solicited, there are still a variety of follow-through tasks to attend to, including considering an appropriate sign of appreciation, notifying campus officials and encouraging them to send thank-you notes, creating a payment schedule, keeping the donor apprised of progress toward…

48 CFR 32.503-10 - Establishing alternate liquidation rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... price of all authorized work or the funds obligated for the contract. (3) The following are examples of... REGULATION GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.503-10 Establishing alternate liquidation rates. (a) The contracting officer must ensure that the liquidation rate is...

48 CFR 32.503-14 - Protection of Government title.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Protection of Government... of Government title. (a) Since the Progress Payments clause gives the Government title to all of the... ensure that the Government title to these inventories is not compromised by other encumbrances...

48 CFR 32.503-9 - Liquidation rates-alternate method.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... with the successive changes to the contract price or target profit when— (i) The target profit is changed under a fixed-price incentive contract with successive targets; or (ii) A redetermined price... modification to specify the new rate in the Progress Payments clause. Adequate consideration for these contract...

48 CFR 42.703-1 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Policy. 42.703-1 Section... CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION AND AUDIT SERVICES Indirect Cost Rates 42.703-1 Policy. (a) A single agency (see 42... indirect costs under cost-reimbursement contracts and in determining progress payments under fixed-price...

48 CFR 832.502-2 - Contract finance office clearance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract finance office clearance. 832.502-2 Section 832.502-2 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 832.502-2 Contract finance office clearance. Contracting...

48 CFR 32.502-2 - Contract finance office clearance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract finance office clearance. 32.502-2 Section 32.502-2 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 32.502-2 Contract finance office clearance. The contracting...

12 CFR 213.4 - Content of disclosures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... mathematical progression of how the scheduled periodic payment is derived, in a format substantially similar to... the end of the lease term; and the amount or a description of the method for determining the amount of... specify the amount or method for determining any charge for excess mileage. (i) Purchase option. A...

48 CFR 32.503-14 - Protection of Government title.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Protection of Government... of Government title. (a) Since the Progress Payments clause gives the Government title to all of the... ensure that the Government title to these inventories is not compromised by other encumbrances...

Equity in health care financing in Palestine: the value-added of the disaggregate approach.

PubMed

Abu-Zaineh, Mohammad; Mataria, Awad; Luchini, Stéphane; Moatti, Jean-Paul

2008-06-01

This paper analyzes the redistributive effect and progressivity associated with the current health care financing schemes in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, using data from the first Palestinian Household Health Expenditure Survey conducted in 2004. The paper goes beyond the commonly used "aggregate summary index approach" to apply a more detailed "disaggregate approach". Such an approach is borrowed from the general economic literature on taxation, and examines redistributive and vertical effects over specific parts of the income distribution, using the dominance criterion. In addition, the paper employs a bootstrap method to test for the statistical significance of the inequality measures. While both the aggregate and disaggregate approaches confirm the pro-rich and regressive character of out-of-pocket payments, the aggregate approach does not ascertain the potential progressive feature of any of the available insurance schemes. The disaggregate approach, however, significantly reveals a progressive aspect, for over half of the population, of the government health insurance scheme, and demonstrates that the regressivity of the out-of-pocket payments is most pronounced among the worst-off classes of the population. Recommendations are advanced to improve the performance of the government insurance schemes to enhance its capacity in limiting inequalities in health care financing in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.

48 CFR 15.407-1 - Defective certified cost or pricing data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Defective certified cost or pricing data. (a) If, before agreement on price, the contracting officer learns... based on an agreement about the total cost of the contract and there was no agreement about the cost of..., based on prime contract progress billings or deliveries, which included payments for a completed and...

29 CFR 1450.9 - Demand for payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... below: (a) Written demands shall be made promptly upon a debtor in terms which inform the debtor of the consequences of failure to cooperate. A total of three progressively stronger written demands at not more than..., 28 U.S.C. 2415, from expiring), written demand may be preceded by other appropriate actions under...

The Incidence of the Property Tax on Homeowners: Evidence from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ihlanfeldt, Keith Ray

1979-01-01

The direct estimates of the relationship between permanent income and property tax payments presented here suggest that the property tax on homeowners is progressive at the national level and generally proportional at the local level. Available from NTA-TIA, 21 East State Street, Columbus, OH 43215. (Author)

48 CFR 2452.216-70 - Estimated cost, base fee and award fee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...] increments on the schedule set forth in the Performance Evaluation Plan established by the government. The amount payable shall be based on the progress toward completion of contract tasks as determined by the... payments of the award fee in accordance with the schedule established in the Performance Evaluation Plan...

30 CFR 285.521 - Do my financial assurance requirements change as activities progress on my limited lease or grant?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... separate decommissioning bond or other financial assurance instrument must meet the requirements specified... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Do my financial assurance requirements change... EXISTING FACILITIES ON THE OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF Payments and Financial Assurance Requirements Financial...

48 CFR 1432.502-2 - Contract finance office clearance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract finance office clearance. 1432.502-2 Section 1432.502-2 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Progress Payments Based on Costs 1432.502-2 Contract finance office clearance. The CO shall...

29 CFR 20.4 - Determination of delinquency; notice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... appropriate written demands for payment in terms which inform the debtor of the consequences of failure to... progressively stronger written demands at not more than 30-day intervals will normally be made unless a response to the first or second demand indicates that a further demand would be futile and the debtor's...

Financial protection from health spending in the Philippines: policies and progress.

PubMed

Bredenkamp, Caryn; Buisman, Leander R

2016-09-01

The objective of this article is to assess the progress of the Philippines health sector in providing financial protection to the population, as measured by estimates of health insurance coverage, out-of-pocket spending, catastrophic payments and impoverishing health expenditures. Data are drawn from eight household surveys between 2000 and 2013, including two Demographic and Health Surveys, one Family Health Survey and five Family Income and Expenditure Surveys. We find that out-of-pocket spending increased by 150% (real) from 2000 to 2012, with the sharpest increases occurring in recent years. The main driver of health spending is medicines, accounting for almost two-thirds of total health spending, and as much as three-quarters among the poor. The incidence of catastrophic payments has tripled since 2000, from 2.5% to 7.7%. The percentage of people impoverished by health spending has also increased and, in 2012, out-of-pocket spending on health added 1.5 percentage points to the poverty rate, pushing more than 1.5 million people into poverty. In light of these findings, recent policies to enhance financial risk protection-such as the expansion of government-subsidized health insurance from the poor to the near-poor, a policy of zero copayments for the poor, a deepening of the benefit package and provider payment reform aimed at cost-containment-are to be commended. Indeed, between 2008 and 2013, self-reported health insurance coverage increased across all quintiles and its distribution became more pro-poor. To speed progress toward financial protection goals, quick wins could include issuing health insurance cards to the poor to increase awareness of coverage and limiting out-of-pocket spending by clearly defining a clear copayment structure for non-poor members. An in-depth analysis of the pharmaceutical sector would help to shed light on why medicines impose such a large financial burden on households. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Changes in out-of-pocket payments for healthcare in Vietnam and its impact on equity in payments, 1992-2002.

PubMed

Chaudhuri, Anoshua; Roy, Kakoli

2008-10-01

Economic reforms in Vietnam initiated in the late 1980s included deregulation of the health system resulting in extensive changes in health care delivery, access, and financing. One aspect of the health sector reform was the introduction of user fees at both public and private health facilities, which was in stark contrast to the former socialized system of free medical care. Subsequently, health insurance and free health care cards for the poor were introduced to mitigate the barriers to seeking care and financial burden imposed by out-of-pocket (OOP) health payments as a result of the user fees. To examine the determinants of seeking care and OOP payments as well as the relationship between individual out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditures and household ability to pay (ATP) during 1992-2002. The data are drawn from 1992-93 and 1997-98 Vietnam Living Standard Surveys (VLSS) and 2002 Vietnam Household and Living Standards Survey (VHLSS). We use a two-part model where the first part is a probit model that estimates the probability that an individual will seek treatment. The second part is a truncated non-linear regression model that uses ordinary least-squares and fixed effects methods to estimate the determinants of OOP payments that are measured both as absolute as well as relative expenditures. Based on the analysis, we examine the relationship between the predicted shares of individual OOP health payments and household's ATP as well as selected socioeconomic characteristics. Our results indicate that payments increased with increasing ATP, but the consequent financial burden (payment share) decreased with increasing ATP, indicating a regressive system during the first two periods. However, share of payments increased with ATP, indicating a progressive system by 2002. When comparing across years, we find horizontal inequities in all the years that worsened between 1992 and 1998 but improved by 2002. The regressivity in payments noted during 1992 and 1998 might be because the rich could avail of health insurance more than those at lower incomes and as a consequence, were able to use the healthcare system more effectively without paying a high OOP payment. In contrast, the poor either incurred higher OOP payments or were discouraged from seeking treatments until their ailment became serious. This inequality becomes exacerbated in 1998 when insurance take-up rates were not high, but the impact of privatization and deregulation was already occurring. By 2002, insurance take-up rates were much higher, and poverty alleviation policies (e.g., free health insurance and health fund membership targeted for the poor) were instituted, which may have resulted in a less regressive system.

7 CFR 762.148 - Bankruptcy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... all the necessary papers and pleadings; (2) Attending, and where necessary, participating in meetings..., customary, and provide a demonstrated economic benefit to the lender and the Agency. (ii) Lender's in-house...

Activity-based funding for National Health Service hospitals in England: managers' experience and expectations.

PubMed

Sussex, Jonathan; Farrar, Shelley

2009-05-01

Activity-based funding of hospital services has been introduced progressively since 2003 in the National Health Service (NHS) in England, under the name 'Payment by Results' (PbR). It represents a major change from previous funding arrangements based on annual "block" payments for large bundles of services. We interviewed senior local NHS managers about their experience and expectations of the impact of PbR. A high degree of 'NHS solidarity' was apparent, and competition between NHS hospitals was muted. PbR has been introduced against a background of numerous other efficiency incentives, and managers did not detect a further PbR-specific boost to efficiency. No impact on care quality, either positive or negative, is yet evident.

Capitation and risk adjustment in health care financing: an international progress report.

PubMed

Rice, N; Smith, P C

2001-01-01

In every system of health care, capitation payments have become the accepted tool used by health care purchasers in much of the developed world to determine prospective budgets. The policy prescription of capitation is perceived to address both equity objectives (of great importance in publicly funded systems of health care) and efficiency objectives (the dominant concern in competitive insurance markets). An examination of the current state of the art in 20 countries outside the United States in which health care capitation has been implemented confirms that capitation has assumed central importance within diverse systems of health care. In practice, however, the setting of capitation payments has been heavily constrained to date by poor data availability and unsatisfactory analytic methodology.

The Corrosion Behavior of Pure Iron under Solid Na₂SO₄ Deposit in Wet Oxygen Flow at 500 °C.

PubMed

Tang, Yanbing; Liu, Li; Fan, Lei; Li, Ying; Wang, Fuhui

2014-08-27

The corrosion behavior of pure Fe under a Na₂SO₄ deposit in an atmosphere of O₂ + H₂O was investigated at 500 °C by thermo gravimetric, and electrochemical measurements, viz . potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and surface characterization methods viz . X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS). The results showed that a synergistic effect occurred between Na₂SO₄ and O₂ + H₂O, which significantly accelerated the corrosion rate of the pure Fe. Briefly, NaFeO₂ was formed in addition to the customary Fe oxides; at the same time, H₂SO₄ gas was produced by introduction of water vapor. Subsequently, an electrochemical corrosion reaction occurred due to the existence of Na₂SO₄, NaFeO₂, and H₂O. When this coupled to the chemical corrosion reaction, the progress of the chemical corrosion reaction was promoted and eventually resulted in the acceleration of the corrosion of the pure Fe.

50 CFR 100.4 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., including the recognition that local rural residents engaged in subsistence uses may be a natural part of.... Customary and traditional use means a long-established, consistent pattern of use, incorporating beliefs and...

50 CFR 100.4 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., including the recognition that local rural residents engaged in subsistence uses may be a natural part of.... Customary and traditional use means a long-established, consistent pattern of use, incorporating beliefs and...

48 CFR 32.504 - Subcontracts under prime contracts providing progress payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... contractor shall not delete the references to “Contracting Officer” and “Government” in adapting paragraph (g... “Contracting Officer” may be changed to “Contracting Officer or Prime Contractor.” (ii) The term “the Government” may be changed to “the Government or Prime Contractor.” (3) The subcontract special terms...

32 CFR 37.1100 - What are my responsibilities generally as an administrative agreements officer for a TIA?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 32 National Defense 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false What are my responsibilities generally as an administrative agreements officer for a TIA? 37.1100 Section 37.1100 National Defense Department of Defense... status reports, programmatic progress reports, and patent reports. (d) Handling payment requests and...

32 CFR 37.1100 - What are my responsibilities generally as an administrative agreements officer for a TIA?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 32 National Defense 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false What are my responsibilities generally as an administrative agreements officer for a TIA? 37.1100 Section 37.1100 National Defense Department of Defense... status reports, programmatic progress reports, and patent reports. (d) Handling payment requests and...

32 CFR 37.1100 - What are my responsibilities generally as an administrative agreements officer for a TIA?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 32 National Defense 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false What are my responsibilities generally as an administrative agreements officer for a TIA? 37.1100 Section 37.1100 National Defense Department of Defense... status reports, programmatic progress reports, and patent reports. (d) Handling payment requests and...

32 CFR 37.1100 - What are my responsibilities generally as an administrative agreements officer for a TIA?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What are my responsibilities generally as an administrative agreements officer for a TIA? 37.1100 Section 37.1100 National Defense Department of Defense... status reports, programmatic progress reports, and patent reports. (d) Handling payment requests and...

32 CFR 37.1100 - What are my responsibilities generally as an administrative agreements officer for a TIA?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What are my responsibilities generally as an administrative agreements officer for a TIA? 37.1100 Section 37.1100 National Defense Department of Defense... status reports, programmatic progress reports, and patent reports. (d) Handling payment requests and...

The Impact of the Federal Budget Deficit on Student Aid Funding.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Frances, Carol; Harrison, Jim

1993-01-01

This newsletter discusses factors that shape federal education funding policies. It examines the size of the federal deficit and its progress, as well as the factors affecting the resources available for education. The 1993 interest on the federal debt is projected to be $314 billion and payments such as these have held down funding for student…

Who pays for and who benefits from health care services in Uganda?

PubMed

Kwesiga, Brendan; Ataguba, John E; Abewe, Christabel; Kizza, Paul; Zikusooka, Charlotte M

2015-02-01

Equity in health care entails payment for health services according to the capacity to pay and the receipt of benefits according to need. In Uganda, as in many African countries, although equity is extolled in government policy documents, not much is known about who pays for, and who benefits from, health services. This paper assesses both equity in the financing and distribution of health care benefits in Uganda. Data are drawn from the most recent nationally representative Uganda National Household Survey 2009/10. Equity in health financing is assessed considering the main domestic health financing sources (i.e., taxes and direct out-of-pocket payments). This is achieved using bar charts and standard concentration and Kakwani indices. Benefit incidence analysis is used to assess the distribution of health services for both public and non-public providers across socio-economic groups and the need for care. Need is assessed using limitations in functional ability while socioeconomic groups are created using per adult equivalent consumption expenditure. Overall, health financing in Uganda is marginally progressive; the rich pay more as a proportion of their income than the poor. The various taxes are more progressive than out-of-pocket payments (e.g., the Kakwani index of personal income tax is 0.195 compared with 0.064 for out-of-pocket payments). However, taxes are a much smaller proportion of total health sector financing compared with out-of-pocket payments. The distribution of total health sector services benefitsis pro-rich. The richest quintile receives 19.2% of total benefits compared to the 17.9% received by the poorest quintile. The rich also receive a much higher share of benefits relative to their need. Benefits from public health units are pro-poor while hospital based care, in both public and non-public sectors are pro-rich. There is a renewed interest in ensuring equity in the financing and use of health services. Based on the results in this paper, it would seem that in order to safeguard such equity, there is a need for policy that focuses on addressing the health needs of the poor while continuing to ensure that the burden of financing health services does not rest disproportionately on the poor.

Influence of the prospective payment system on speech-language pathology services.

PubMed

Frymark, Tobi B; Mullen, Robert C

2005-01-01

The present study was performed to determine the clinical effects of the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment System (IRF PPS) on speech and language intervention services and to examine the feasibility of using the federally mandated FIM instrument to establish resource allocation to patients with cognitive, communication, and swallowing disorders. A pre-IRF PPS and post-IRF PPS comparative study was conducted over a 1-yr time interval using data from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's National Outcomes Measurement System. Toward this end, the National Outcomes Measurement System's Functional Communication Measures were used to obtain data from 2,631 patients residing in 96 freestanding rehabilitation hospitals or hospitals with rehabilitation units implementing the prospective payment system on or after January 1, 2002. To ensure reliable retrospective and prospective data comparisons, all sites were active participants within the National Outcomes Measurement System program before the introduction of IRF PPS within their facilities. Findings revealed changes in both the utilization of speech-language pathologists and patient outcomes. Under the IRF PPS, there was a clear decline in speech- and language-related lengths of stay. However, clinicians attempted to compensate for these decrements in lengths of stay by increasing the intensity and frequency of their speech and language services. Despite these compensatory efforts, further analyses of the data revealed that under the IRF PPS, fewer patients achieved multiple levels of functional progress in speech and language abilities than before this payment system was implemented. This trend was most noteworthy in the treatment areas of swallowing, motor speech, and memory. In addition, this study revealed that, compared with the National Outcomes Measurement System's Functional Communication Measures, the FIM instrument significantly under-represented and undervalued the extent of a patient's overall progress in recovering from their cognitive, communication, or swallowing disabilities. These findings support the notion that the introduction of the IRF PPS has, perhaps unintentionally, caused more patients with cognitive, communication, and swallowing disorders to be discharged from inpatient rehabilitative care with less than adequate functional skill levels. The discouraging results in speech-language pathology utilization and patient outcomes will be useful for clinicians in the future when facing the ongoing challenges of maintaining quality care while streamlining services under the prospective payment system.

26 CFR 301.6111-2 - Confidential corporate tax shelters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... customary commercial practice (a transaction involving the acquisition, disposition, or restructuring of a... accounting purposes and as debt giving rise to allowable interest deductions for Federal income tax purposes...

26 CFR 301.6111-2 - Confidential corporate tax shelters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... customary commercial practice (a transaction involving the acquisition, disposition, or restructuring of a... accounting purposes and as debt giving rise to allowable interest deductions for Federal income tax purposes...

26 CFR 301.6111-2 - Confidential corporate tax shelters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... customary commercial practice (a transaction involving the acquisition, disposition, or restructuring of a... accounting purposes and as debt giving rise to allowable interest deductions for Federal income tax purposes...

Payment to healthcare professionals for patient recruitment to trials: systematic review and qualitative study.

PubMed

Raftery, J; Bryant, J; Powell, J; Kerr, C; Hawker, S

2008-04-01

To review UK guidelines regarding the use of financial incentives for healthcare professionals to become involved in clinical trials, and to survey perceptions and current practice. Electronic databases were searched from inception to June 2006. Interviews were held with NHS healthcare professionals, research managers from the pharmaceutical industry and members of the public. From the searches, 634 identified studies were assessed for inclusion in the systematic review, but only three met the criteria for data extraction. Fifty-eight individuals were interviewed: 38 chief investigators, six non-research active clinicians, eight public and six pharmaceutical managers. Investigators were selected from those funded by the HTA Programme, the other by 'snowballing' and personal contact. The evidence from the literature was limited and inconclusive. In UK guidelines, the issues around payments to clinicians or patients were implied rather than stated, usually linked to discussion of conflict of interest and disclosure of any such conflicts. Developments in NHS research governance had led to increased transparency in all payments for research participation and for payments to be made to NHS Trusts rather than individual clinicians. While reimbursement of costs incurred by research was strongly supported by the interviewees, payments to incentivise recruitment were not. A code of practice was suggested for payments in publicly funded trials, which was closely linked to the principles of Good Clinical Practice in research. Factors such as interest in the topic, scope for patient benefit and good communication were considered more important than payment. Interviews with the general public indicated low levels of awareness of the existence of payments to clinicians linked to patient recruitment in trials, and unanimous support for full disclosure. Interviews with managers in the pharmaceutical industry showed greater familiarity with payments for research involvement. GPs were seen as the only group for whom scope existed for individual payments. Concerns were expressed by the pharmaceutical company interviewees at the rising cost of research and unnecessary bureaucracy. The ethical stances outlined in Good Clinical Practice in research were widely endorsed by the three groups interviewed. These allow reasonable payments to clinicians, subject to disclosure of any possible conflicts of interest. The potential for incentivising clinicians to recruit was limited as any payments should be based on the cost of inputs and should not be made to individuals but to their host organisation. NHS professionals were concerned that payments could damage the quality of research and also considered full disclosure to patients as challenging. Patients and members of the public favoured full disclosure and payment of expenses to patients involved in research. Pharmaceutical company interviewees viewed payment to the NHS for all research activities as normal and highly regulated. They complained that the prices charged were high and so variable that they required benchmarking. Considerable scope exists for compiling data on the factors that help and hinder the progress of clinical trials and also for experimenting with different incentives to encourage involvement in clinical research. Further research should focus on improved reporting of those organisational aspects of trials that are known to affect recruitment; retrospective analysis of the factors associated with different levels of recruitment to RCTs; prospective comparative research on trial recruitment; qualitative research on participants' experiences of being involved in different kinds of trials, and proposals to include within trials experiments with payments methods.

7 CFR 764.351 - Emergency loan uses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., processing, or marketing purposes; (ii) Pay customary costs associated with obtaining and closing a loan that..., which include, but are not limited to, feed, seed, fertilizer, pesticides, farm supplies, and cash rent...

7 CFR 764.351 - Emergency loan uses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., processing, or marketing purposes; (ii) Pay customary costs associated with obtaining and closing a loan that..., which include, but are not limited to, feed, seed, fertilizer, pesticides, farm supplies, and cash rent...

24 CFR 203.387 - Acceptability of customary title evidence.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... AUTHORITIES SINGLE FAMILY MORTGAGE INSURANCE Contract Rights and Obligations Property Title Transfers and... Secretary and shall be considered as good and marketable. In cases of disagreement, the Secretary will make...

25 CFR 161.301 - What will a grazing permit contain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...) Animal identification requirements (i.e., brand, microchip, freeze brand, earmark, tattoo, etc.); (6..., unless the customary use area extends beyond the range unit boundary; (10) A provision reserving a right...

HUMAN BODY SHAPE INDEX BASED ON AN EXPERIMENTALLY DERIVED MODEL OF HUMAN GROWTH

PubMed Central

Lebiedowska, Maria K.; Alter, Katharine E.; Stanhope, Steven J.

2009-01-01

Objectives To test the assumption of geometrically similar growth by developing experimentally derived models of human body growth during the age interval of 5–18 years; to use the derived growth models to establish a new Human Body Shape Index (HBSI) based on natural age related changes in HBS; and to compare various metrics of relative body weight (body mass index, ponderal index, HBSI) in a sample of 5–18 year old children. Study design Non-disabled Polish children (N=847) participated in this descriptive study. To model growth, the best fit between body height (H) and body mass (M) was calculated for each sex with the allometric equation M= miHχ. HBSI and HBSI were calculated separately for girls and boys, using sex-specific values for χ and a general HBSI from combined data. The customary body mass and ponderal indices were calculated and compared to HBSI values. Results The models of growth were M=13.11H2.84 (R2=.90) and M=13.64H2.68 (R2=.91) for girls and boys respectively. HBSI values contained less inherent variability and were influenced least by growth (age and height) than customary indices. Conclusion Age-related growth during childhood is sex-specific and not geometrically similar. Therefore, indices of human body shape formulated from experimentally derived models of human growth are superior to customary geometric similarity-based indices for the characterization of human body shape in children during the formative growth years. PMID:18154897

[Association between hematopoietic nutrient intake and the origin of nutritional anemia in women of childbearing age in Colombia].

PubMed

Manjarrés, Luz Mariela; Díaz, Abel; Carriquiry, Alicia

2012-01-01

Compare the nutritional origin of anemia by sociodemographic variables and analyze its association with deficient hematopoietic nutrient intake. The database of Colombia's 2005 National Survey of Nutritional Status was used. The data were obtained through complex representative sampling of the population and processed using SPSS v.15. Anemic women of childbearing age were selected and divided into two groups according to serum ferritin levels. Their customary hematopoietic nutrient intake and risk of deficiency were determined. The proportions of anemia types were compared by sociodemographic variables using the F-distribution, the Rao-Scott second order correction (P < 0.05). The association between the origin of the anemia and classification of the nutrient was analyzed using the odds ratio (OR). 595 women. Non-hypoferric anemia (67.2%) predominated, with no statistical difference by sociodemographic variable, except in the Pacific region (hypoferric anemia, 52.1%). The prevalence of deficiency in the customary intake of hematopoietic nutrients was high. There was no significant association between the deficit in consumption and the origin of the anemia. Non-hypoferric anemia was most common, with no difference by sociodemographic indicators except in the Pacific region. All the women were at high risk of deficiency in their customary hematopoietic nutrient intake, but a statistically significant association between the deficiency and the origin of the nutritional anemia was not observed. Programs to improve nutrient intake and a continued search for causes of nutritional anemia other than iron deficiency are justified.

College Savings Plans: Second Generation Progress and Problems.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Olivas, Michael A.

College savings plans, which operate in 20 states, work on a simple premise: parents or grandparents place a lump sum in a contract or make monthly payments that guarantees the money will be sufficient for an equivalent of tuition and fees in a set period of time in the future. The state can guarantee the return by virtue of pooled assets. States…

ORANGES evaluation test plans : analysis of before data collected for the US DOT sponsored evaluation of the ORANGES electronic payment systems field operational test

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2003-10-02

This document is one of a series of working papers that report on progress for the US DOT evaluation for Phase I of the ORANGES field operational test. Each working paper corresponds to a Phase I task. At the conclusion of Phase I, these documents wi...

Gaining control: reform, reimbursement and politics in New York's community hospitals, 1890--1915.

PubMed Central

Rosner, D

1980-01-01

This is an historical study of an early twentieth century political struggle regarding hospital reimbursement in New York City. During a period called the "Progressive Era" (1895--1915), administrators in the City's Comptroller's office sought to gain control over small, locally run community hospitals by dismantling the long-standing practice of flat-grant payments to institutions. Central office planners felt that these payments gave too much control to trustees. In its place, the Comptroller initiated a system of per-capita, per-diem reimbursement. Inspectors now judged for the institutions which services and which clients were appropriate for municipal reimbursement. From the perspective of the Comptroller's office, this change was an attempt to put rationality into the system of municipal support for charitable institutions. From the perspective of trustees and community representatives, however, this change was a political attack on the rights of institutions and local communities to control their own fate. Within the context of the larger Progressive Era "good government" movement to centralize decision-making in the hands of experts who believed strongly in the efficiency of larger institutions, it was generally the smallest, most financially troubled community institutions which felt the brunt of these changes. PMID:6990801

Redistributive effects of Swedish health care finance.

PubMed

Gerdtham, U G; Sundberg, G

1998-01-01

This paper investigates the redistributive effects of the Swedish health care financing system in 1980 and 1990 for four different financial sources: county council taxes, payroll taxes, direct payments and state grants. The redistributive effects are decomposed into vertical, horizontal and 'reranking' segments for each of the four financial sources. The data used are based on probability samples of the Swedish population, from the Level of Living Survey (LNU) from 1981 and 1991. The paper concludes that the Swedish health care financing system is weakly progressive, although direct payments are regressive. There is some horizontal inequity and 'reranking', which mainly comes from the county council taxes, since those tax rates vary for each county council. The implication is that, to some extent, people with equal incomes are treated unequally.

Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors: Device Physics and Light Coupling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bandara, S. V.; Gunapala, S. D.; Liu, J. K.; Mumolo, J.; Luong, E.; Hong, W.; Sengupta, D. K.

1997-01-01

It is customary to make infrared (IR) detectors in the long wavelength range by utilizing the interband transition which promotes an electron across the band gap (Eg) from the valence band to the conduction.

36 CFR 242.16 - Customary and traditional use determination process.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... generation to generation; (7) A pattern of use in which the harvest is shared or distributed within a... storing fish or wildlife which has been traditionally used by past generations, including consideration of...

SI Notes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nelson, Robert A.

1983-01-01

Discusses legislation related to SI (International Systems of Units) in the United States. Indicates that although SI metric units have been officially recognized by law in the United States, U.S. Customary Units have never received a statutory basis. (JN)

42 CFR 405.503 - Determining customary charges.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... exceptional charges on the high side. A significant clustering of charges in the vicinity of the median amount might indicate that a point of such clustering should be taken as the physician's or other person's...

Load ratings for standard bridges : final report, October 2008.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2008-10-01

A load rating states the load in tons which a vehicle can impose on a bridge. Changes in guidelines, standards, and customary uses of bridges require analyses of bridges to be updated and reevaluated.

Analyzing Space-Based Interferometric Measurements of Stars and Network Measurements of Gamma-Ray Bursts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Taff, L. G.

1998-01-01

Since the announcement of the discovery of sources of bursts of gamma-ray radiation in 1973, hundreds more reports of such bursts have now been published. Numerous artificial satellites have been equipped with gamma-ray detectors including the very successful Compton Gamma Ray Observatory BATSE instrument. Unfortunately, we have made no progress in identifying the source(s) of this high energy radiation. We suspected that this was a consequence of the method used to define gamma-ray burst source "error boxes." An alternative procedure to compute gamma-ray burst source positions, with a purely physical underpinning, was proposed in 1988 by Taff. Since then we have also made significant progress in understanding the analytical nature of the triangulation problem and in computing actual gamma-ray burst positions and their corresponding error boxes. For the former, we can now mathematically illustrate the crucial role of the area occupied by the detectors, while for the latter, the Atteia et al. (1987) catalog has been completely re-reduced. There are very few discrepancies in locations between our results and those of the customary "time difference of arrival" procedure. Thus, we have numerically demonstrated that the end result, for the positions, of these two very different-looking procedures is the same. Finally, for the first time, we provide a sample of realistic "error boxes" whose non-simple shapes vividly portray the difficulty of burst source localization.

Inequalities in financial risk protection in Bangladesh: an assessment of universal health coverage.

PubMed

Islam, Md Rashedul; Rahman, Md Shafiur; Islam, Zobida; Nurs, Cherri Zhang B; Sultana, Papia; Rahman, Md Mizanur

2017-04-04

Financial risk protection and equity are major components of universal health coverage (UHC), which is defined as ensuring access to health services for all citizens without any undue financial burden. We investigated progress towards UHC financial risk indicators and assessed variability of inequalities in financial risk protection indicators by wealth quintile. We further examined the determinants of different financial hardship indicators related to healthcare costs. A cross-sectional, three-stage probability survey was conducted in Bangladesh, which collected information from 1600 households from August to November 2011. Catastrophic health payments, impoverishment, and distress financing (borrowing or selling assets) were treated as financial hardship indicators in UHC. Poisson regression models were used to identify the determinants of catastrophic payment, impoverishment and distress financing separately. Slope, relative and concentration indices of inequalities were used to assess wealth-based inequalities in financial hardship indicators. The study found that around 9% of households incurred catastrophic payments, 7% faced distress financing, and 6% experienced impoverishing health payments in Bangladesh. Slope index of inequality indicated that the incidence of catastrophic health payment and distress financing among the richest households were 12 and 9 percentage points lower than the poorest households respectively. Multivariable Poisson regression models revealed that all UHC financial hardship indicators were significantly higher among household that had members who received inpatient care or were in the poorest quintile. The presence of a member with chronic illness in a household increased the risk of impoverishment by nearly double. This study identified a greater inequality in UHC financial hardship indicators. Rich households in Bangladesh were facing disproportionately less financial hardship than the poor ones. Households can be protected from financial hardship associated with healthcare costs by implementing risk pooling mechanism, increasing GDP spending on health, and properly monitoring subsidized programs in public health facilities.

36 CFR 242.16 - Customary and traditional use determination process.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... specific seasons for many years; (3) A pattern of use consisting of methods and means of harvest which are... which includes the handing down of knowledge of fishing and hunting skills, values, and lore from...

50 CFR 100.16 - Customary and traditional use determination process.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the community or area; (2) A pattern of use recurring in specific seasons for many years; (3) A... handing down of knowledge of fishing and hunting skills, values, and lore from generation to generation...

21 CFR 700.19 - Use of methylene chloride as an ingredient of cosmetic products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... as an ingredient of aerosol cosmetic products, principally hair sprays, at concentrations generally... customary use of hair sprays, the Food and Drug Administration concludes that the use of methylene chloride...

21 CFR 700.19 - Use of methylene chloride as an ingredient of cosmetic products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... as an ingredient of aerosol cosmetic products, principally hair sprays, at concentrations generally... customary use of hair sprays, the Food and Drug Administration concludes that the use of methylene chloride...

21 CFR 700.19 - Use of methylene chloride as an ingredient of cosmetic products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... as an ingredient of aerosol cosmetic products, principally hair sprays, at concentrations generally... customary use of hair sprays, the Food and Drug Administration concludes that the use of methylene chloride...

21 CFR 700.19 - Use of methylene chloride as an ingredient of cosmetic products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... as an ingredient of aerosol cosmetic products, principally hair sprays, at concentrations generally... customary use of hair sprays, the Food and Drug Administration concludes that the use of methylene chloride...

Evaluating the Effects of Flexible Learning about Aseptic Compounding on First-year Students in a Pharmacy Skills Laboratory.

PubMed

Neville, Michael W; Palmer, Russ; Elder, Deborah; Fulford, Michael; Morris, Steve; Sappington, Kellie

2015-08-25

To evaluate how flexible learning via online video review affects the ability and confidence of first-year (P1) pharmacy students to accurately compound aseptic preparations. Customary instructions and assignments for aseptic compounding were provided to students, who were given unlimited access to 5 short review videos in addition to customary instruction. Student self-confidence was assessed online, and faculty members evaluated students' aseptic technique at the conclusion of the semester. No significant difference on final assessment scores was observed between those who viewed videos and those who did not. Student self-confidence scores increased significantly from baseline, but were not significantly higher for those who viewed videos than for those who did not. First-year students performed well on final aseptic compounding assessments, and those who viewed videos had a slight advantage. Student self-confidence improved over the semester regardless of whether or not students accessed review videos.

Einstein's ``Spooky Action at a Distance'' in the Light of Kant's Transcendental Doctrine of Space and Time

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hacyan, Shahen

2006-11-01

Since the famous Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paper, it is clear that there is a serious incompatibility between local realism and quantum mechanics. Einstein believed that a complete quantum theory should be free of what he once called "spooky actions at distance". However, all experiments in quantum optics and atomic physics performed in the last two decades confirm the existence of quantum correlations that seem to contradict local realism. According to Bohr, the apparent contradictions disclose only the inadequacy of our customary concepts for the description of the quantum world. Are space and time such customary concepts? In this presentation, I argue that the Copenhagen interpretation is compatible with Kant's transcendental idealism and that, in particular, EPR type paradoxes are consistent with Kant's transcendental aesthetics, according to which space and time have no objective reality but are pure forms of sensible intuition.

[Determinants of equity in financing medicines in Argentina: an empirical study].

PubMed

Dondo, Mariana; Monsalvo, Mauricio; Garibaldi, Lucas A

2016-01-01

Medicines are an important part of household health spending. A progressive system for financing drugs is thus essential for an equitable health system. Some authors have proposed that the determinants of equity in drug financing are socioeconomic, demographic, and associated with public interventions, but little progress has been made in the empirical evaluation and quantification of their relative importance. The current study estimated quantile regressions at the provincial level in Argentina and found that old age (> 65 years), unemployment, the existence of a public pharmaceutical laboratory, treatment transfers, and a health system orientated to primary care were important predictors of progressive payment schemes. Low income, weak institutions, and insufficient infrastructure and services were associated with the most regressive social responses to health needs, thereby aggravating living conditions and limiting development opportunities.

JPRS Report, East Europe.

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-01-17

Technology Progress and Appli- ponement of payments of Polish debt, compensation to cations. Hence, the "National" background was chiefly Poles for...predatory 19th century capitalism. Nowadays a conservative liberal, "so that I would have someone to we are somewhat better technologically , better...issue in this matter is mostly the development of cost- 26000004B Warsaw TRYBUNA LUDU in Polish effective technologies of materiel repair performed in 23

Validity of the iPhone M7 motion co-processor as a pedometer for able-bodied ambulation.

PubMed

Major, Matthew J; Alford, Micah

2016-12-01

Physical activity benefits for disease prevention are well-established. Smartphones offer a convenient platform for community-based step count estimation to monitor and encourage physical activity. Accuracy is dependent on hardware-software platforms, creating a recurring challenge for validation, but the Apple iPhone® M7 motion co-processor provides a standardised method that helps address this issue. Validity of the M7 to record step count for level-ground, able-bodied walking at three self-selected speeds, and agreement with the StepWatch TM was assessed. Steps were measured concurrently with the iPhone® (custom application to extract step count), StepWatch TM and manual count. Agreement between iPhone® and manual/StepWatch TM count was estimated through Pearson correlation and Bland-Altman analyses. Data from 20 participants suggested that iPhone® step count correlations with manual and StepWatch TM were strong for customary (1.3 ± 0.1 m/s) and fast (1.8 ± 0.2 m/s) speeds, but weak for the slow (1.0 ± 0.1 m/s) speed. Mean absolute error (manual-iPhone®) was 21%, 8% and 4% for the slow, customary and fast speeds, respectively. The M7 accurately records step count during customary and fast walking speeds, but is prone to considerable inaccuracies at slow speeds which has important implications for certain patient groups. The iPhone® may be a suitable alternative to the StepWatch TM for only faster walking speeds.

Effect on maternal and child health services in Rwanda of payment to primary health-care providers for performance: an impact evaluation.

PubMed

Basinga, Paulin; Gertler, Paul J; Binagwaho, Agnes; Soucat, Agnes L B; Sturdy, Jennifer; Vermeersch, Christel M J

2011-04-23

Evidence about the best methods with which to accelerate progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals is urgently needed. We assessed the effect of performance-based payment of health-care providers (payment for performance; P4P) on use and quality of child and maternal care services in health-care facilities in Rwanda. 166 facilities were randomly assigned at the district level either to begin P4P funding between June, 2006, and October, 2006 (intervention group; n=80), or to continue with the traditional input-based funding until 23 months after study baseline (control group; n=86). Randomisation was done by coin toss. We surveyed facilities and 2158 households at baseline and after 23 months. The main outcome measures were prenatal care visits and institutional deliveries, quality of prenatal care, and child preventive care visits and immunisation. We isolated the incentive effect from the resource effect by increasing comparison facilities' input-based budgets by the average P4P payments made to the treatment facilities. We estimated a multivariate regression specification of the difference-in-difference model in which an individual's outcome is regressed against a dummy variable, indicating whether the facility received P4P that year, a facility-fixed effect, a year indicator, and a series of individual and household characteristics. Our model estimated that facilities in the intervention group had a 23% increase in the number of institutional deliveries and increases in the number of preventive care visits by children aged 23 months or younger (56%) and aged between 24 months and 59 months (132%). No improvements were seen in the number of women completing four prenatal care visits or of children receiving full immunisation schedules. We also estimate an increase of 0·157 standard deviations (95% CI 0·026-0·289) in prenatal quality as measured by compliance with Rwandan prenatal care clinical practice guidelines. The P4P scheme in Rwanda had the greatest effect on those services that had the highest payment rates and needed the least effort from the service provider. P4P financial performance incentives can improve both the use and quality of maternal and child health services, and could be a useful intervention to accelerate progress towards Millennium Development Goals for maternal and child health. World Bank's Bank-Netherlands Partnership Program and Spanish Impact Evaluation Fund, the British Economic and Social Research Council, Government of Rwanda, and Global Development Network. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

45 CFR 50.5 - Waivers for the delivery of health care service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Medicaid. (2) May charge no more than the usual and customary rate prevailing in the geographic area in... 200 percent of poverty income level. Persons with third-party insurance may be charged the full fee...

45 CFR 50.5 - Waivers for the delivery of health care service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Medicaid. (2) May charge no more than the usual and customary rate prevailing in the geographic area in... 200 percent of poverty income level. Persons with third-party insurance may be charged the full fee...

45 CFR 50.5 - Waivers for the delivery of health care service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Medicaid. (2) May charge no more than the usual and customary rate prevailing in the geographic area in... 200 percent of poverty income level. Persons with third-party insurance may be charged the full fee...

48 CFR 2912.302 - Tailoring of provisions and clauses for the acquisition of commercial items.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... tailor terms inconsistent with customary commercial practice must be documented in a written justification by the contracting officer, and may be approved by the HCA on an individual or class basis. ...

Load ratings for secondary bridges.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1991-05-01

A load rating states the load in tons which a vehicle can impose on a bridge. : Changes in guidelines, standards, and customary uses of bridges require : analyses of bridges to be updated and re-evaluated. : In this report, twenty-two secondary bridg...

Say "Yes" to Metric Measure.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Monroe, Eula Ewing; Nelson, Marvin N.

2000-01-01

Provides a brief history of the metric system. Discusses the infrequent use of the metric measurement system in the United States, why conversion from the customary system to the metric system is difficult, and the need for change. (Contains 14 resources.) (ASK)

Government Legislation and Regulations in the United States

EPA Science Inventory

For centuries, customary or traditional laws have covered the use of biological resources throughout the world. As human population levels increase in all societies, voluntary actions governed by cultural practices are frequently insufficient to protect biodiversity, leading to...

Early Impact Of CareFirst's Patient-Centered Medical Home With Strong Financial Incentives.

PubMed

Afendulis, Christopher C; Hatfield, Laura A; Landon, Bruce E; Gruber, Jonathan; Landrum, Mary Beth; Mechanic, Robert E; Zinner, Darren E; Chernew, Michael E

2017-03-01

In 2011 CareFirst BlueCross BlueShield, a large mid-Atlantic health insurance plan, implemented a payment and delivery system reform program. The model, called the Total Care and Cost Improvement Program, includes enhanced payments for primary care, significant financial incentives for primary care physicians to control spending, and care coordination tools to support progress toward the goal of higher-quality and lower-cost patient care. We conducted a mixed-methods evaluation of the initiative's first three years. Our quantitative analyses used spending and utilization data for 2010-13 to compare enrollees who received care from participating physician groups to similar enrollees cared for by nonparticipating groups. Savings were small and fully shared with providers, which suggests no significant effect on total spending (including bonuses). Our qualitative analysis suggested that early in the program, many physicians were not fully engaged with the initiative and did not make full use of its tools. These findings imply that this and similar payment reforms may require greater time to realize significant savings than many stakeholders had expected. Patience may be necessary if payer-led reform is going to lead to system transformation. Project HOPE—The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc.

Information environments for supporting consistent registrar medical handover.

PubMed

Alem, Leila; Joseph, Michele; Kethers, Stefanie; Steele, Cathie; Wilkinson, Ross

This study was two-fold in nature. Initially, it examined the information environment and the use of customary information tools to support medical handovers in a large metropolitan teaching hospital on four weekends (i.e. Friday night to Monday morning). Weekend medical handovers were found to involve sequences of handovers where patients were discussed at the discretion of the doctor handing over; no reliable discussion of all patients of concern occurred at any one handover, with few information tools being used; and after a set of weekend handovers, there was no complete picture on a Monday morning without an analysis of all patient progress notes. In a subsequent case study, three information tools specifically designed as intervention that attempted to enrich the information environment were evaluated. Results indicate that these tools did support greater continuity in who was discussed but not in what was discussed at handover. After the intervention, if a doctor discussed a patient at handover, that patient was more likely to be discussed at subsequent handovers. However, the picture at Monday morning remained fragmentary. The results are discussed in terms of the complexities inherent in the handover process.

The Corrosion Behavior of Pure Iron under Solid Na2SO4 Deposit in Wet Oxygen Flow at 500 °C

PubMed Central

Tang, Yanbing; Liu, Li; Fan, Lei; Li, Ying; Wang, Fuhui

2014-01-01

The corrosion behavior of pure Fe under a Na2SO4 deposit in an atmosphere of O2 + H2O was investigated at 500 °C by thermo gravimetric, and electrochemical measurements, viz. potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and surface characterization methods viz. X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS). The results showed that a synergistic effect occurred between Na2SO4 and O2 + H2O, which significantly accelerated the corrosion rate of the pure Fe. Briefly, NaFeO2 was formed in addition to the customary Fe oxides; at the same time, H2SO4 gas was produced by introduction of water vapor. Subsequently, an electrochemical corrosion reaction occurred due to the existence of Na2SO4, NaFeO2, and H2O. When this coupled to the chemical corrosion reaction, the progress of the chemical corrosion reaction was promoted and eventually resulted in the acceleration of the corrosion of the pure Fe. PMID:28788182

Adaptive Comanagement of a Marine Protected Area Network in Fiji

PubMed Central

WEEKS, REBECCA; JUPITER, STACY D

2014-01-01

Adaptive management of natural resources is an iterative process of decision making whereby management strategies are progressively changed or adjusted in response to new information. Despite an increasing focus on the need for adaptive conservation strategies, there remain few applied examples. We describe the 9-year process of adaptive comanagement of a marine protected area network in Kubulau District, Fiji. In 2011, a review of protected area boundaries and management rules was motivated by the need to enhance management effectiveness and the desire to improve resilience to climate change. Through a series of consultations, with the Wildlife Conservation Society providing scientific input to community decision making, the network of marine protected areas was reconfigured so as to maximize resilience and compliance. Factors identified as contributing to this outcome include well-defined resource-access rights; community respect for a flexible system of customary governance; long-term commitment and presence of comanagement partners; supportive policy environment for comanagement; synthesis of traditional management approaches with systematic monitoring; and district-wide coordination, which provided a broader spatial context for adaptive-management decision making. PMID:24112643

7 CFR 30.42 - Class 7; miscellaneous domestic types.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... customary marketing channels for Class 1, flue-cured tobacco; and it shall be identified in accordance with... 30.42 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing Practices), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COMMODITY STANDARDS AND STANDARD...

41 CFR 101-29.202 - Standard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... FEDERAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS SUPPLY AND PROCUREMENT 29-FEDERAL PRODUCT DESCRIPTIONS 29.2... requirements for items, processes, procedures, practices, and methods that have been adopted as customary. Standards may also establish requirements for selection, application, and design criteria so as to achieve...

77 FR 18793 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-28

... customary compensation for their participation. For the quantitative research, the Bureau plans to contract with a consumer research firm to formulate a quantitative testing plan, recruit respondents, as well as... soliciting comments concerning the information collection efforts relating to Quantitative Testing of...

Apollo 16 Mission Report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1972-01-01

Information is provided on the operational and engineering aspects of the Apollo 16 mission. Customary units of measurement are used in those sections of the report pertaining to spacecraft systems and trajectories. The International System of Units is used in sections pertaining to science activities.

JPRS Report, Arms Control

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-05-31

LD1505223589 Budapest MTI in English 2017 GMT 15 May 89 [Text] Budapest, May 15 (MTI)—NATO General Secre- tary Manfred Woerner discussed the missile...Denucle- arization or the Implications of the Interatlantic Crisis "] [Excerpts] While a tremendous majority of the people on earth and all progressive...Avibras is experiencing a financial crisis . At the end of last year, after the Iraqi Government delayed payment on military rocket launchers of

Dietary effect on mixed function P450 1A2 activity assayed by estimation of caffeine metabolism in man.

PubMed

Kall, M A; Clausen, J

1995-10-01

Two studies were performed in order to evaluate cytochrome P450 1A2 mediated caffeine metabolism during different nutritional conditions. 1. In the first study, 23 healthy male non-smokers, mean age 25, changed from a customary mixed diet to a standard diet in 6 days. The 6 day's standard diet was based on bread, potatoes, rice and boiled meat. Thus, broccoli, cabbage and other cruciferous vegetables, spinach, leeks, onion, parsley, grapefruit, toasted bread, fried and charcoal grilled food, smoked fish and meat, ham and sausages were avoided. 2. In the second study, 33 healthy non-smoking subjects, 24 men and nine women mean age 25 years, volunteered. The study was designed to compare a customary home dietary period with the 6 day period of low dietary P450 induction and with a 5 day supplementary dietary period, i.e. ingestion of known dietary inducers. None of the women were using oral contraceptives or were pregnant during the experimental period. In the period of diet supplementation, the volunteers received charcoal grilled hamburger as a supplement to the standard low induction diet for lunch for 5 days. The hamburgers were made with 150 g beef (18-20% fat) and were grilled on charcoal for 10 min on each side until they were 'well done'. In the present study P450 1A2 activity was estimated from the caffeine metabolic ratio, the so-called CYP 1A2 index:(AFMU + 1-MX + 1-MU/ 17 -DMU) of the caffeine metabolites formed after oral ingestion of 200 mg caffeine. Urine was collected 4-8 h after caffeine ingestion in study 1 and 5 h after caffeine ingestion in study 2. In study 1 the CYP 1A2 index decreased from 4.28 +/- 0.98 in the customary home dietary period to 3.87 +/- 0.69 in the standard dietary period corresponding to 10.6% (P < 0.06) decrease in the CYP 1A2 index. In study 2 the CYP 1A2 index decreased from 4.47 +/- 1.76 in the customary home dietary period to 3.90 +/- 1.12 in the standard dietary period corresponding to a 14.6% decrease (P < 0.2) in P450 1A2 activity. The female subjects had a mean index value of 3.89 +/- 1.14 which was 16.8% (P = 0.09) lower than the mean male index value of 4.68 +/- 1.76 during the home dietary period. After the 5 day period with charcoal grilled hamburgers as a dietary supplement, the CYP 1A2 index increased to almost the same level as in the customary home dietary period. The index increased to 4.45 +/- 1.57 in the whole group of volunteers, corresponding to a 14.1% (P < 0.05) increase. The mean increase in the CYP 1A2 index covered a large inter-individual variation in response to ingestion of charcoal grilled meat ranging from a 29% decrease to a 147% increase.

Assessing the impoverishing effects, and factors associated with the incidence of catastrophic health care payments in Kenya.

PubMed

Barasa, Edwine W; Maina, Thomas; Ravishankar, Nirmala

2017-02-06

Monitoring the incidence and intensity of catastrophic health expenditure, as well as the impoverishing effects of out of pocket costs to access healthcare, is a key part of benchmarking Kenya's progress towards reducing the financial burden that households experience when accessing healthcare. The study relies on data from the nationally-representative Kenya Household Expenditure and Utilization Survey conducted in 2013 (n =33,675). We undertook health equity analysis to estimate the incidence and intensity of catastrophic expenditure. Households were considered to have incurred catastrophic expenditures if their annual out of-pocket health expenditures exceeded 40% of their annual non-food expenditure. We assessed the impoverishing effects of out of pocket payments using the Kenya national poverty line. We distinguished between direct payments for healthcare such as payments for consultation, medicines, medical procedures, and total healthcare expenditure that includes direct healthcare payments and the cost of transportation to and from health facilities. We used logistic regression analysis to explore the factors associated with the incidence of catastrophic expenditures. When only direct payments to healthcare providers were considered, the incidence of catastrophic expenditures was 4.52%. When transport costs are included, the incidence of catastrophic expenditure increased to 6.58%. 453,470 Kenyans are pushed into poverty annually as a result of direct payments for healthcare. When the cost of transport is included, that number increases by more than one third to 619,541. Unemployment of the household head, presence of an elderly person, a person with a chronic ailment, a large household size, lower household social-economic status, and residence in marginalized regions of the country are significantly associated with increased odds of incurring catastrophic expenditures. Kenyan policy makers should prioritize extending pre-payment mechanisms to more vulnerable groups, specifically the poor, the elderly, those suffering from chronic ailments and those living in marginalized regions of the country. The range of services covered under these mechanisms should also be extended such that the proportion of direct costs paid to access care is reduced. Policy makers should also prioritize reducing supply side bottlenecks such as availability of healthcare facilities in close proximity to the population, especially in rural and marginalized areas, and improvements in quality of care. For the poor and the vulnerable, initiatives to cover the cost of transport to and from a health facility, such as transport vouchers could also be explored.

Tutoring Students to Achieve Objectives in Reading

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ediger, Marlow

2017-01-01

Tutoring has always been a salient part of education and schooling. When attending elementary school, 1934-1942, selected pupils were tutored after school, free, with no extra salary for teachers. It was then considered customary, evidently, for teachers to tutor those needing extra assistance.

Beyond Rio? The Evolution of International Environmental Law.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brunnee, Jutta

1993-01-01

Discusses the expansion and innovation in the use of international environmental law mechanisms to address the problems of global environmental protection. Presents initiatives involving customary international law, forms of international agreements, nonbinding "soft law," and an example involving Canada's biodiversity commitments. (MDH)

7 CFR 1780.55 - Preliminary engineering reports and Environmental Reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 12 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Preliminary engineering reports and Environmental..., Designing, Bidding, Contracting, Constructing and Inspections § 1780.55 Preliminary engineering reports and Environmental Reports. Preliminary engineering reports (PERs) must conform to customary professional standards...

7 CFR 1780.55 - Preliminary engineering reports and Environmental Reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 12 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Preliminary engineering reports and Environmental..., Designing, Bidding, Contracting, Constructing and Inspections § 1780.55 Preliminary engineering reports and Environmental Reports. Preliminary engineering reports (PERs) must conform to customary professional standards...

7 CFR 1780.55 - Preliminary engineering reports and Environmental Reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 12 2014-01-01 2013-01-01 true Preliminary engineering reports and Environmental..., Designing, Bidding, Contracting, Constructing and Inspections § 1780.55 Preliminary engineering reports and Environmental Reports. Preliminary engineering reports (PERs) must conform to customary professional standards...

7 CFR 1780.55 - Preliminary engineering reports and Environmental Reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Preliminary engineering reports and Environmental..., Designing, Bidding, Contracting, Constructing and Inspections § 1780.55 Preliminary engineering reports and Environmental Reports. Preliminary engineering reports (PERs) must conform to customary professional standards...

7 CFR 1780.55 - Preliminary engineering reports and Environmental Reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 12 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Preliminary engineering reports and Environmental..., Designing, Bidding, Contracting, Constructing and Inspections § 1780.55 Preliminary engineering reports and Environmental Reports. Preliminary engineering reports (PERs) must conform to customary professional standards...

7 CFR 956.7 - Registered handler.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AND ORDERS; FRUITS, VEGETABLES, NUTS), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SWEET ONIONS GROWN IN THE WALLA WALLA... handler means any person with adequate facilities for preparing Walla Walla Sweet Onions for commercial... customary obligations of preparing Walla Walla Sweet Onions for commercial market. The committee may...

7 CFR 956.7 - Registered handler.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AND ORDERS; FRUITS, VEGETABLES, NUTS), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SWEET ONIONS GROWN IN THE WALLA WALLA... handler means any person with adequate facilities for preparing Walla Walla Sweet Onions for commercial... customary obligations of preparing Walla Walla Sweet Onions for commercial market. The committee may...

7 CFR 956.7 - Registered handler.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... and Orders; Fruits, Vegetables, Nuts), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SWEET ONIONS GROWN IN THE WALLA WALLA... handler means any person with adequate facilities for preparing Walla Walla Sweet Onions for commercial... customary obligations of preparing Walla Walla Sweet Onions for commercial market. The committee may...

7 CFR 956.7 - Registered handler.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... and Orders; Fruits, Vegetables, Nuts), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SWEET ONIONS GROWN IN THE WALLA WALLA... handler means any person with adequate facilities for preparing Walla Walla Sweet Onions for commercial... customary obligations of preparing Walla Walla Sweet Onions for commercial market. The committee may...

7 CFR 956.7 - Registered handler.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... and Orders; Fruits, Vegetables, Nuts), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SWEET ONIONS GROWN IN THE WALLA WALLA... handler means any person with adequate facilities for preparing Walla Walla Sweet Onions for commercial... customary obligations of preparing Walla Walla Sweet Onions for commercial market. The committee may...

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Political Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-11-30

initiatives have been born and ideas have matured, and everyday routine work has been carried on to render genuine—and I stress, genu - ine...among workers, in the collective. In my opinion this is hampered quite simply by the customary and unfortunately persistent stereotypical attitude

7 CFR 959.8 - Registered handler.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... facilities within the production area for preparing onions for commercial market, who customarily does so... and Orders; Fruits, Vegetables, Nuts), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ONIONS GROWN IN SOUTH TEXAS Order... production area, and has recorded with the committee his ability and willingness to assume customary...

16 CFR 502.101 - Introductory offers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION RULES, REGULATIONS, STATEMENT OF GENERAL POLICY OR... FAIR PACKAGING AND LABELING ACT Retail Sale Price Representations § 502.101 Introductory offers. (a... retail sale at a price lower than the anticipated ordinary and customary retail sale price. (b) The...

Outcome of physiotherapy after surgery for cervical disc disease: a prospective randomised multi-centre trial

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Background Many patients with cervical disc disease require leave from work, due to long-lasting, complex symptoms, including chronic pain and reduced levels of physical and psychological function. Surgery on a few segmental levels might be expected to resolve disc-specific pain and reduce neurological deficits, but not the non-specific neck pain and the frequent illness. No study has investigated whether post-surgery physiotherapy might improve the outcome of surgery. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a well-structured rehabilitation programme might add benefit to the customary post-surgical treatment for cervical disc disease, with respect to function, disability, work capability, and cost effectiveness. Methods/Design This study was designed as a prospective, randomised, controlled, multi-centre study. An independent, blinded investigator will compare two alternatives of rehabilitation. We will include 200 patients of working age, with cervical disc disease confirmed by clinical findings and symptoms of cervical nerve root compression. After providing informed consent, study participants will be randomised to one of two alternative physiotherapy regimes; (A) customary treatment (information and advice on a specialist clinic); or (B) customary treatment plus active physiotherapy. Physiotherapy will follow a standardised, structured programme of neck-specific exercises combined with a behavioural approach. All patients will be evaluated both clinically and subjectively (with questionnaires) before surgery and at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months after surgery. The main outcome variable will be neck-specific disability. Cost-effectiveness will also be calculated. Discussion We anticipate that the results of this study will provide evidence to support physiotherapeutic rehabilitation applied after surgery for cervical radiculopathy due to cervical disc disease. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01547611 PMID:24502414

Quantum theory and human perception of the macro-world.

PubMed

Aerts, Diederik

2014-01-01

We investigate the question of 'why customary macroscopic entities appear to us humans as they do, i.e., as bounded entities occupying space and persisting through time', starting from our knowledge of quantum theory, how it affects the behavior of such customary macroscopic entities, and how it influences our perception of them. For this purpose, we approach the question from three perspectives. Firstly, we look at the situation from the standard quantum angle, more specifically the de Broglie wavelength analysis of the behavior of macroscopic entities, indicate how a problem with spin and identity arises, and illustrate how both play a fundamental role in well-established experimental quantum-macroscopical phenomena, such as Bose-Einstein condensates. Secondly, we analyze how the question is influenced by our result in axiomatic quantum theory, which proves that standard quantum theory is structurally incapable of describing separated entities. Thirdly, we put forward our new 'conceptual quantum interpretation', including a highly detailed reformulation of the question to confront the new insights and views that arise with the foregoing analysis. At the end of the final section, a nuanced answer is given that can be summarized as follows. The specific and very classical perception of human seeing-light as a geometric theory-and human touching-only ruled by Pauli's exclusion principle-plays a role in our perception of macroscopic entities as ontologically stable entities in space. To ascertain quantum behavior in such macroscopic entities, we will need measuring apparatuses capable of its detection. Future experimental research will have to show if sharp quantum effects-as they occur in smaller entities-appear to be ontological aspects of customary macroscopic entities. It remains a possibility that standard quantum theory is an incomplete theory, and hence incapable of coping ultimately with separated entities, meaning that a more general theory will be needed.

Equity in health financing of Guangxi after China's universal health coverage: evidence based on health expenditure comparison in rural Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region from 2009 to 2013.

PubMed

Qin, Xianjing; Luo, Hongye; Feng, Jun; Li, Yanning; Wei, Bo; Feng, Qiming

2017-09-29

Healthcare financing should be equitable. Fairness in financial contribution and protection against financial risk is based on the notion that every household should pay a fair share. Health policy makers have long been concerned with protecting people from the possibility that ill health will lead to catastrophic financial payments and subsequent impoverishment. A number of studies on health care financing equity have been conducted in some provinces of China, but in Guangxi, we found such observation is not enough. What is the situation in Guagnxi? A research on rural areas of Guangxi can add knowledge in this field and help improve the equity and efficiency of health financing, particularly in low-income citizens in rural countries, is a major concern in China's medical sector reform. Socio-economic characteristics and healthcare payment data were obtained from two rounds of household surveys conducted in 2009 (4634 respondents) and 2013 (3951 respondents). The contributions of funding sources were determined and a progressivity analysis of government healthcare subsidies was performed. Household consumption expenditure and total healthcare payments were calculated and incidence and intensity of catastrophic health payments were measured. Summary indices (concentration index, Kakwani index and Gini coefficient) were obtained for the sources of healthcare financing: indirect taxes, out of pocket payments, and social insurance contributions. The overall health-care financing system was regressive. In 2013, the Kakwani index was 0.0013, the vertical effect of all the three funding sources was 0.0001, and some values exceeded 100%, indicating that vertical inequity had a large influence on causing total health financing inequity. The headcount of catastrophic health payment declined sharply between 2009 and 2013, using total expenditure (from 7.3% to 1.2%) or non-food expenditure (from 26.1% to 7.5%) as the indicator of household capacity to pay. Our study demonstrates an inequitable distribution of government healthcare subsidies in China from 2009 to 2013, and the inequity was reduced, especially in rural areas. Future healthcare reforms in China should not only focus on expanding the coverage, but also on improving the equity of distribution of healthcare benefits.

JPRS Report, Science & Technology, USSR: Science & Technology Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-11-07

progressive taxation to the payments to the centralized fund and to the reserves of the ministry. In addition to deductions from the accounting profit... taxation ." As we see, the decree in no uncertain terms asserted the priority of the state right to the use of inventions. A compulsory procedure of its...corresponding prob- lems and tasks, requiring the receptivity and elasticity of the international socialist division of labor with respect to the new

10 CFR 71.4 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... venting, external cooling by an ancillary system, or operational controls during transport. Natural...: The International System of Units (SI) followed or preceded by U.S. standard or customary units. The U... water as a common, contract, or private carrier, or by civil aircraft. Certificate holder means a person...

10 CFR 71.4 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... venting, external cooling by an ancillary system, or operational controls during transport. Natural...: The International System of Units (SI) followed or preceded by U.S. standard or customary units. The U... water as a common, contract, or private carrier, or by civil aircraft. Certificate holder means a person...

78 FR 25322 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-30

...'') board of directors has adopted procedures reasonably designed to provide that the remuneration to an... Company Act'') deems a remuneration as ``not exceeding the usual and customary broker's commission'' for... the amount and source of the commission, fee, or other remuneration received; the identity of the...

49 CFR 26.69 - What rules govern determinations of ownership?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... DISADVANTAGED BUSINESS ENTERPRISES IN DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS Certification... disadvantaged owners must enjoy the customary incidents of ownership, and share in the risks and profits..., exercises effective control over the management, policy-making, and daily operational activities of the firm...

42 CFR 61.32 - Purpose of service fellowships.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Public Health Service are for the purpose of encouraging and promoting research, studies, and... for a period of limited duration for health-related research, studies, and investigations where the nature of the work or the character of the individual's services render customary employing methods...

23 CFR 635.109 - Standardized changed condition clauses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... anticipated, customary, or inherent to the construction industry) and the contractor believes that additional... OPERATIONS CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE Contract Procedures § 635.109 Standardized changed condition clauses... clauses shall be made part of, and incorporated in, each highway construction project approved under 23 U...

10 CFR 71.4 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... venting, external cooling by an ancillary system, or operational controls during transport. Natural...: The International System of Units (SI) followed or preceded by U.S. standard or customary units. The U... water as a common, contract, or private carrier, or by civil aircraft. Certificate holder means a person...

21 CFR 137.165 - Enriched flour.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...) of this section will be deemed to have been met if reasonable overages of the vitamins and minerals... vitamins and minerals are maintained throughout the expected shelf life of the food under customary conditions of distribution and storage. The quantitative content of the following vitamins shall be...

16 CFR 1304.1 - Scope and application.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... in commerce; (2) that they present an unreasonable risk of injury; and (3) that no feasible consumer... labeled as, marketed, and sold solely for industrial use in non-consumer environments are not subject to..., hospitals, public buildings or other areas where consumers have customary access. ...

48 CFR 12.210 - Contract financing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract financing. 12.210... financing. Customary market practice for some commercial items may include buyer contract financing. The contracting officer may offer Government financing in accordance with the policies and procedures in part 32. ...

Evaluating the Effects of Flexible Learning about Aseptic Compounding on First-year Students in a Pharmacy Skills Laboratory

PubMed Central

Palmer, Russ; Elder, Deborah; Fulford, Michael; Morris, Steve; Sappington, Kellie

2015-01-01

Objective. To evaluate how flexible learning via online video review affects the ability and confidence of first-year (P1) pharmacy students to accurately compound aseptic preparations. Design. Customary instructions and assignments for aseptic compounding were provided to students, who were given unlimited access to 5 short review videos in addition to customary instruction. Student self-confidence was assessed online, and faculty members evaluated students’ aseptic technique at the conclusion of the semester. Assessment. No significant difference on final assessment scores was observed between those who viewed videos and those who did not. Student self-confidence scores increased significantly from baseline, but were not significantly higher for those who viewed videos than for those who did not. Conclusion. First-year students performed well on final aseptic compounding assessments, and those who viewed videos had a slight advantage. Student self-confidence improved over the semester regardless of whether or not students accessed review videos. PMID:26430278

A New Foundation for the Delivery and Financing of American Health Care.

PubMed

Saultz, John W; Jones, Samuel M; McDaniel, Susan H; Bagley, Bruce; McCormally, Terence; Marker, Jason E; Weida, Jane A; Green, Larry A

2015-09-01

For the past decade, primary care practices across America have worked to implement a practice model called the Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) to revitalize practice, better support clinicians and patients, improve efficiency, and facilitate growth in primary care capacity. In spite of substantial progress, this work has not been matched by sufficient change in the payment system to allow these goals to be accomplished. Nevertheless, improving the quality and availability of primary care remains essential to achieving the goals of the Triple Aim (better health care, better population health, and containment of health care costs). For this to occur, the PCMH model of care must be further refined, and the payment system for primary care must be completely restructured. The need for these changes is urgent. In October 2014, the discipline of family medicine announced a comprehensive strategic plan called Family Medicine for America's Health (FMAHealth). FMAHealth proposes to expand the PCMH care model by fully integrating our nation's behavioral/mental health, public health, and primary care systems to create a new foundation for American health care. Accomplishing these ambitious goals will require a broad coalition of private and public interests across the health care disciplines as well as patients, communities, government, and businesses. These changes require additional infrastructure that existing financing systems do not adequately support, so comprehensive payment reform is essential for large-scale dissemination and sustainability of this model. The new payment model must reward value rather than volume of service and must provide a secure financial foundation for practices designed to care for patients and communities at affordable costs.

Health equity in Lebanon: a microeconomic analysis

PubMed Central

2010-01-01

Background The health sector in Lebanon suffers from high levels of spending and is acknowledged to be a source of fiscal waste. Lebanon initiated a series of health sector reforms which aim at containing the fiscal waste caused by high and inefficient public health expenditures. Yet these reforms do not address the issues of health equity in use and coverage of healthcare services, which appear to be acute. This paper takes a closer look at the micro-level inequities in the use of healthcare, in access, in ability to pay, and in some health outcomes. Methods We use data from the 2004/2005 Multi Purpose Survey of Households in Lebanon to conduct health equity analysis, including equity in need, access and outcomes. We briefly describe the data and explain some of its limitations. We examine, in turn, and using standardization techniques, the equity in health care utilization, the impact of catastrophic health payments on household wellbeing, the effect of health payment on household impoverishment, the equity implications of existing health financing methods, and health characteristics by geographical region. Results We find that the incidence of disability decreases steadily across expenditure quintiles, whereas the incidence of chronic disease shows the opposite pattern, which may be an indication of better diagnostics for higher quintiles. The presence of any health-related expenditure is regressive while the magnitude of out-of-pocket expenditures on health is progressive. Spending on health is found to be "normal" and income-elastic. Catastrophic health payments are likelier among disadvantaged groups (in terms of income, geography and gender). However, the cash amounts of catastrophic payments are progressive. Poverty is associated with lower insurance coverage for both private and public insurance. While the insured seem to spend an average of almost LL93,000 ($62) on health a year in excess of the uninsured, they devote a smaller proportion of their expenditures to health. Conclusions The lowest quintiles of expenditures per adult have less of an ability to pay out-of-pocket for healthcare, and yet incur healthcare expenditures more often than the wealthy. They have lower rates of insurance coverage, causing them to spend a larger proportion of their expenditures on health, and further confirming our results on the vulnerability of the bottom quintiles. PMID:20398278

Analysis of the costs and payments of a coordinated stroke center and regional stroke network.

PubMed

Rymer, Marilyn M; Armstrong, Edward P; Meredith, Neil R; Pham, Sissi V; Thorpe, Kevin; Kruzikas, Denise T

2013-08-01

An earlier study demonstrated significantly improved access, treatment, and outcomes after the implementation of a progressive, comprehensive stroke program at a tertiary care community hospital, Saint Luke's Neuroscience Institute (SLNI). This study evaluated the costs associated with implementing such a program. Retrospective analysis of total hospital costs and payments for treating patients with ischemic stroke at SLNI (n=1570) as program enhancement evolved over time (2005, 2007, and 2010) and compared with published national estimates. Analyses were stratified by patient demographic characteristics, patient outcomes, treatments, time, and comorbidities. Controlling for inflation, there was no difference in SLNI total costs between 2005 and either 2007 or 2010, suggesting that while SLNI provided an increased level of services, any additional expenditures were offset by efficiencies. SLNI total costs were slightly lower than published benchmarks. Consistent with previous stroke care cost estimates, the median overall differential between total hospital costs and payments for all ischemic stroke cases was negative. SLNI total costs remained consistent over time and were slightly lower than previously published estimates, suggesting that a focused, streamlined stroke program can be implemented without a significant economic impact. This finding further demonstrates that providing comprehensive stroke care with improved access and treatment may be financially feasible for other hospitals.

10 CFR 71.4 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...: The International System of Units (SI) followed or preceded by U.S. standard or customary units. The U... water as a common, contract, or private carrier, or by civil aircraft. Certificate holder means a person... a shipper for transport. Containment system means the assembly of components of the packaging...

10 CFR 71.4 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...: The International System of Units (SI) followed or preceded by U.S. standard or customary units. The U... water as a common, contract, or private carrier, or by civil aircraft. Certificate holder means a person... a shipper for transport. Containment system means the assembly of components of the packaging...

32 CFR 37.520 - What is my responsibility for determining that the total project funding is reasonable?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... official may have knowledge about customary levels of direct labor charges in the particular industry that... cost rates that exist for many nonprofit and for-profit organizations that have Federal procurement... cost, as many organizations do. Cost Sharing ...

50 CFR 36.2 - What do these terms mean?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... (CONTINUED) THE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM ALASKA NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES Introduction and General... or family consumption; for barter or sharing for personal or family consumption; and, for customary..., or adoption, or any person living within the household on a permanent basis; and (2) Barter means the...

Radical Education Reforms. The Series on Contemporary Educational Issues.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Finn, Chester E., Jr., Ed.; Walberg, Herbert J., Ed.

This book presents a diverse set of unusual and significant departures from customary educational policies and practices. These "radical" ideas range from calling for national standards, to enacting statewide legislative initiatives, to implementing decentralized local initiatives such as charter schools, local school councils, and privatization.…

36 CFR 13.420 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., renewable resources for direct personal or family consumption as food, shelter, fuel, clothing, tools or... wildlife resources taken for personal or family consumption; for barter or sharing for personal or family consumption; and for customary trade. For the purposes of this paragraph, the term— (1) “Family” shall mean...

36 CFR 13.420 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., renewable resources for direct personal or family consumption as food, shelter, fuel, clothing, tools or... wildlife resources taken for personal or family consumption; for barter or sharing for personal or family consumption; and for customary trade. For the purposes of this paragraph, the term— (1) “Family” shall mean...

36 CFR 13.420 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., renewable resources for direct personal or family consumption as food, shelter, fuel, clothing, tools or... wildlife resources taken for personal or family consumption; for barter or sharing for personal or family consumption; and for customary trade. For the purposes of this paragraph, the term— (1) “Family” shall mean...

36 CFR 13.420 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., renewable resources for direct personal or family consumption as food, shelter, fuel, clothing, tools or... wildlife resources taken for personal or family consumption; for barter or sharing for personal or family consumption; and for customary trade. For the purposes of this paragraph, the term— (1) “Family” shall mean...

24 CFR 214.313 - Housing counseling fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Housing counseling fees. 214.313... HOUSING COUNSELING PROGRAM Program Administration § 214.313 Housing counseling fees. (a) Participating agencies may charge reasonable and customary fees for housing education and counseling services, as long as...

24 CFR 214.313 - Housing counseling fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Housing counseling fees. 214.313... HOUSING COUNSELING PROGRAM Program Administration § 214.313 Housing counseling fees. (a) Participating agencies may charge reasonable and customary fees for housing education and counseling services, as long as...

24 CFR 214.313 - Housing counseling fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Housing counseling fees. 214.313... HOUSING COUNSELING PROGRAM Program Administration § 214.313 Housing counseling fees. (a) Participating agencies may charge reasonable and customary fees for housing education and counseling services, as long as...

24 CFR 214.313 - Housing counseling fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Housing counseling fees. 214.313... HOUSING COUNSELING PROGRAM Program Administration § 214.313 Housing counseling fees. (a) Participating agencies may charge reasonable and customary fees for housing education and counseling services, as long as...

24 CFR 214.313 - Housing counseling fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Housing counseling fees. 214.313... HOUSING COUNSELING PROGRAM Program Administration § 214.313 Housing counseling fees. (a) Participating agencies may charge reasonable and customary fees for housing education and counseling services, as long as...

Asian American Education: Identities, Racial Issues, and Languages. Research on the Education of Asian Pacific Americans

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rong, Xue Lan, Ed.; Endo, Russell, Ed.

2011-01-01

Asian American Education--Asian American Identities, Racial Issues, and Languages presents groundbreaking research that critically challenges the invisibility, stereotyping, and common misunderstandings of Asian Americans by disrupting "customary" discourse and disputing "familiar" knowledge. The chapters in this anthology…

A linked land-sea modeling framework to inform ridge-to-reef management in high oceanic islands

EPA Science Inventory

Declining natural resources have led to a cultural renaissance across the Pacific that seeks to revive customary ridge-to-reef management approaches to protect freshwater and restore abundant coral reef fisheries. Effective ridge-to-reef management requires improved understanding...

36 CFR 242.16 - Customary and traditional use determination process.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... wildlife populations have been customarily and traditionally used for subsistence. These determinations shall identify the specific community's or area's use of specific fish stocks and wildlife populations..., excluding interruptions beyond the control of the community or area; (2) A pattern of use recurring in...

36 CFR 242.16 - Customary and traditional use determination process.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... wildlife populations have been customarily and traditionally used for subsistence. These determinations shall identify the specific community's or area's use of specific fish stocks and wildlife populations..., excluding interruptions beyond the control of the community or area; (2) A pattern of use recurring in...

50 CFR 100.16 - Customary and traditional use determination process.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...) The Board shall determine which fish stocks and wildlife populations have been customarily and... of specific fish stocks and wildlife populations. For areas managed by the National Park Service... following factors: (1) A long-term consistent pattern of use, excluding interruptions beyond the control of...

36 CFR 242.16 - Customary and traditional use determination process.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... wildlife populations have been customarily and traditionally used for subsistence. These determinations shall identify the specific community's or area's use of specific fish stocks and wildlife populations..., excluding interruptions beyond the control of the community or area; (2) A pattern of use recurring in...

50 CFR 100.16 - Customary and traditional use determination process.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...) The Board shall determine which fish stocks and wildlife populations have been customarily and... of specific fish stocks and wildlife populations. For areas managed by the National Park Service... following factors: (1) A long-term consistent pattern of use, excluding interruptions beyond the control of...

50 CFR 100.16 - Customary and traditional use determination process.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...) The Board shall determine which fish stocks and wildlife populations have been customarily and... of specific fish stocks and wildlife populations. For areas managed by the National Park Service... following factors: (1) A long-term consistent pattern of use, excluding interruptions beyond the control of...

50 CFR 100.16 - Customary and traditional use determination process.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...) The Board shall determine which fish stocks and wildlife populations have been customarily and... of specific fish stocks and wildlife populations. For areas managed by the National Park Service... following factors: (1) A long-term consistent pattern of use, excluding interruptions beyond the control of...

50 CFR 665.905 - Fishing permit procedures and criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 13 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Fishing permit procedures and criteria... Marianas Trench Marine National Monument § 665.905 Fishing permit procedures and criteria. (a) Marianas... recreational fishing is prohibited. (ii) Monetary reimbursement under customary exchange shall not exceed...

50 CFR 665.905 - Fishing permit procedures and criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 13 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Fishing permit procedures and criteria... Marianas Trench Marine National Monument § 665.905 Fishing permit procedures and criteria. (a) Marianas... recreational fishing is prohibited. (ii) Monetary reimbursement under customary exchange shall not exceed...

7 CFR 1944.52 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... subpart L of part 1940 of this chapter. Complete application package (hereafter called package). The package submitted to the appropriate FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 office which is... the Administrator that equals the customary and reasonable costs incurred in preparing a package for a...

7 CFR 1944.52 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... subpart L of part 1940 of this chapter. Complete application package (hereafter called package). The package submitted to the appropriate FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 office which is... the Administrator that equals the customary and reasonable costs incurred in preparing a package for a...

7 CFR 1944.52 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... subpart L of part 1940 of this chapter. Complete application package (hereafter called package). The package submitted to the appropriate FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 office which is... the Administrator that equals the customary and reasonable costs incurred in preparing a package for a...

7 CFR 1944.52 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... subpart L of part 1940 of this chapter. Complete application package (hereafter called package). The package submitted to the appropriate FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 office which is... the Administrator that equals the customary and reasonable costs incurred in preparing a package for a...

7 CFR 1944.52 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... subpart L of part 1940 of this chapter. Complete application package (hereafter called package). The package submitted to the appropriate FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 office which is... the Administrator that equals the customary and reasonable costs incurred in preparing a package for a...

Soliton quenching NLTL impulse circuit with a pulse forming network at the output

DOEpatents

McEwan, Thomas E.; Dallum, Gregory E.

1998-01-01

An impulse forming circuit is disclosed which produces a clean impulse from a nonlinear transmission line compressed step function without customary soliton ringing by means of a localized pulse shaping and differentiating network which shunts the nonlinear transmission line output to ground.

Fairness in healthcare finance and delivery: what about Tunisia?

PubMed

Abu-Zaineh, Mohammad; Arfa, Chokri; Ventelou, Bruno; Ben Romdhane, Habiba; Moatti, Jean-Paul

2014-07-01

Anecdotal evidence on hidden inequity in health care in North African countries abounds. Yet firm empirical evidence has been harder to come by. This article fills the gap. It presents the first analysis of equity in the healthcare system using the particular case of Tunisia. Analyses are based on an unusually rich source of data taken from the Tunisian HealthCare Utilization and Morbidity Survey. Payments for health care are derived from the total amount of healthcare spending which was incurred by households over the last year. Utilization of health care is measured by the number of physical units of two types of services: outpatient and inpatient. The measurement of need for health care is apprehended through a rich set of ill-health indicators and demographics. Findings are presented and compared at both the aggregate level, using the general summary index approach, and the disaggregate level, using the distribution-free stochastic dominance approach. The overall picture is that direct out-of-pocket payments, which constitute a sizeable share in the current financing mix, emerge to be a progressive means of financing health care overall. Interestingly, however, when statistical testing is applied at the disaggregate level progressivity is retained over the top half of the distribution. Further analyses of the distributions of need for--and utilization of--two types of health care--outpatient and inpatient--reveal that the observed progressivity is rather an outcome of the heavy use, but not need, for health care at the higher income levels. Several policy relevant factors are discussed, and some recommendations are advanced for future reforms of the health care in Tunisia. Published by Oxford University Press in association with The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine © The Author 2013; all rights reserved.

Student Intercultural Proficiency from Study Abroad Programs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clarke, Irvine, III; Flaherty, Theresa B.; Wright, Newell D.; McMillen, Robert M.

2009-01-01

In the past decade, study abroad programs (SAPs) have more than doubled, where today, about 223,000 U.S. college students study abroad, immersing themselves in foreign language, culture, and business practices. It is customary to hear students describe these experiences as "life changing," yet little empirical evidence exists to establish the…

78 FR 41130 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-09

... seq.) (the ``Investment Company Act'') deems a remuneration as ``not exceeding the usual and customary... company's (``fund's'') board of directors has adopted procedures reasonably designed to provide that the remuneration to an affiliated broker is a reasonable and fair amount compared to that received by other brokers...

26 CFR 1.856-4 - Rents from real property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Real Estate Investment Trusts § 1.856-4 Rents from real property. (a) In general... of the real estate investment trust. (b) Amounts specifically included or excluded—(1) Charges for... many geographic marketing areas. Where it is customary, in a particular geographic marketing area, to...

Resistance: A Precondition for Change.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Johnson, Rita

The phenomenon of resistance to change takes several forms. When and whether it should be challenged or encouraged is discussed here. As anticipation of change from customary habits expectably produces anxiety, resistance is mainly protective. The learner may reveal his resistance to or rejection of a new idea by ignorance, doubt, or merely a…

21 CFR 145.110 - Canned applesauce.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... throughout the expected shelf life of the food under customary conditions of distribution. (ix) Color... 21 Food and Drugs 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Canned applesauce. 145.110 Section 145.110 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR...

21 CFR 145.110 - Canned applesauce.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... throughout the expected shelf life of the food under customary conditions of distribution. (ix) Color... 21 Food and Drugs 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Canned applesauce. 145.110 Section 145.110 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR...

21 CFR 145.110 - Canned applesauce.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... throughout the expected shelf life of the food under customary conditions of distribution. (ix) Color... 21 Food and Drugs 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Canned applesauce. 145.110 Section 145.110 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR...

24 CFR 982.4 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... for purchase of the home or reasonable and customary closing costs required in connection with purchase of the home. Fair market rent (FMR). The rent, including the cost of utilities (except telephone... homemaker (as those terms are defined in 12 U.S.C. 12713) who, while married, owned a home with his or her...

24 CFR 92.301 - Project-specific assistance to community housing development organizations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... (including costs of an initial feasibility study), consulting fees, costs of preliminary financial... participating jurisdiction determines to be customary and reasonable project preparation costs allowable under paragraph (a)(2) of this section. All costs must be related to a specific eligible project or projects. (2...

Human Behavior and American Indians.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hanson, Wynne DuBray; Eisenbise, Margaret DeOcampo

Divided into five sections, the monograph is intended to make students aware that the practices customary to social work agencies are not relevant to the needs of most American Indian clientele. The first section provides an overview of the following historical, geographical, and cultural areas of American Indian tribes: California, Plateau, Great…

32 CFR 239.4 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... section 1001(p) of Public Law 111-5). (b) Closing costs. Sellers' closing costs typically include: loan... sellers' closing costs that are customary for the region where the home is located. Applicant's realtor or lender can provide the applicant with the normal closing costs for his/her region. HAP will reimburse the...

32 CFR 239.4 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... section 1001(p) of Public Law 111-5). (b) Closing costs. Sellers' closing costs typically include: loan... sellers' closing costs that are customary for the region where the home is located. Applicant's realtor or lender can provide the applicant with the normal closing costs for his/her region. HAP will reimburse the...

32 CFR 239.4 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... section 1001(p) of Public Law 111-5). (b) Closing costs. Sellers' closing costs typically include: loan... sellers' closing costs that are customary for the region where the home is located. Applicant's realtor or lender can provide the applicant with the normal closing costs for his/her region. HAP will reimburse the...

32 CFR 239.4 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... section 1001(p) of Public Law 111-5). (b) Closing costs. Sellers' closing costs typically include: loan... sellers' closing costs that are customary for the region where the home is located. Applicant's realtor or lender can provide the applicant with the normal closing costs for his/her region. HAP will reimburse the...

Intern Perceptions of Dialect and Regionalism

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

O'Hara, Hunter

2005-01-01

Interns at The University of Tampa investigate how perceptions of dialect and regionalism may impact the learning environment and more precisely, the learner. Regionalism is defined as a belief that one's region of origin is a primary determinant of the quality of one's standards of living, social forms, customary beliefs, levels of…

38 CFR 36.4329 - Hazard insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... located in an area identified by the Federal Emergency Management Agency as having special flood hazards... acquisition or construction of property located in an area identified by the Federal Emergency Management... protect the security against the risks or hazards to which it may be subjected to the extent customary in...

7 CFR 51.912 - Export.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Export. 51.912 Section 51.912 Agriculture Regulations... Standards for Grades of Table Grapes (European or Vinifera Type) 1 Definitions § 51.912 Export. When designated as Export, grapes shall be packed with any of the customary protective materials such as cushions...

The Metric System--An Overview.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hovey, Larry; Hovey, Kathi

1983-01-01

Sections look at: (1) Historical Perspective; (2) Naming the New System; (3) The Metric Units; (4) Measuring Larger and Smaller Amounts; (5) Advantage of Using the Metric System; (6) Metric Symbols; (7) Conversion from Metric to Customary System; (8) General Hints for Helping Children Understand; and (9) Current Status of Metric Conversion. (MP)

19 CFR 212.06 - Allowable fees and expenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Customs Duties UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION INVESTIGATIONS OF UNFAIR PRACTICES IN IMPORT TRADE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EQUAL ACCESS TO JUSTICE ACT General Provisions § 212.06 Allowable fees and...) If the attorney, agent or expert witness is in private practice, his or her customary fee for similar...

36 CFR 242.19 - Special actions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., or temporary changes for subsistence uses on public lands. (g) You may not take fish and wildlife in... coordination with the submitter. In general, changes to Customary and Traditional Use Determinations will only... lands, or close or restrict non-subsistence uses of fish and wildlife on public lands, if necessary to...

Home Education in Russia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Staroverova, T. I.

2011-01-01

From the eighteenth through the early twentieth centuries, home education (home schooling) by tutors and governesses in Russia was a customary form of schooling for an overwhelming majority of members of the nobility. Social and political transformations of the twentieth century led to substantial changes as the state got actively involved with…

On the Role of Engineering in Mathematical Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fernandez, Isabel; Pacheco, Jose

2005-01-01

It is customary for engineering syllabuses to include a substantial amount of mathematics, a fact traditionally justified through their usefulness in the analysis and resolution of many technological problems. In other words, usually the role of mathematics in engineering is emphasized. Nevertheless, the opposite viewpoint could be considered as…

75 FR 68393 - Data Collection Available for Public Comments and Recommendations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-05

... and to properly evaluate the merits of each loan request based on reasonable and customary underwriting criteria such as character, capacity, credit collateral, etc. This information is collected for the purpose of extending credit under the 504 loan program. Title: U.S. Small Business Administration...

Technological Innovation and Change: A Case Study in the Formation of Organizational Conscience.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McMillan, Jill J.; Hyde, Michael J.

2000-01-01

Discusses how Wake Forest university's adoption of campus-wide computer technology exhibited critical elements of conscience formation. Details how the computer revolution challenged the customary morality of the university; describes how the community engaged in moral deliberation about its technological future; and discusses how the…

"Creative" Work Schedules.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blai, Boris

Many creative or flexible work scheduling options are becoming available to the many working parents, students, handicapped persons, elderly individuals, and others who are either unable or unwilling to work a customary 40-hour work week. These options may be broadly categorized as either restructured or reduced work time options. The three main…

7 CFR 800.187 - Conflicts of interest

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... of grain; or (iii) borrowing money from banks or other financial institutions on customary terms. (d... spouses, minor children, or blood relatives who reside in their immediate households to acquire any such... child, or blood relative who is a resident of the immediate household of official personnel shall be...

Full-Featured Web Conferencing Systems

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Foreman, Joel; Jenkins, Roy

2005-01-01

In order to match the customary strengths of the still dominant face-to-face instructional mode, a high-performance online learning system must employ synchronous as well as asynchronous communications; buttress graphics, animation, and text with live audio and video; and provide many of the features and processes associated with course management…

28 CFR 2.36 - Rescission guidelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... the customary time to be served for such behavior which shall be added to the time required by the... presumptive or effective date. If a new concurrent or consecutive sentence is imposed for such behavior, these... considered in accordance with the guidelines set forth below. (2) Escape/new criminal behavior in a prison...

28 CFR 2.36 - Rescission guidelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the customary time to be served for such behavior which shall be added to the time required by the... presumptive or effective date. If a new concurrent or consecutive sentence is imposed for such behavior, these... considered in accordance with the guidelines set forth below. (2) Escape/new criminal behavior in a prison...

28 CFR 2.36 - Rescission guidelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the customary time to be served for such behavior which shall be added to the time required by the... presumptive or effective date. If a new concurrent or consecutive sentence is imposed for such behavior, these... considered in accordance with the guidelines set forth below. (2) Escape/new criminal behavior in a prison...

28 CFR 2.36 - Rescission guidelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... the customary time to be served for such behavior which shall be added to the time required by the... presumptive or effective date. If a new concurrent or consecutive sentence is imposed for such behavior, these... considered in accordance with the guidelines set forth below. (2) Escape/new criminal behavior in a prison...

22 CFR 1203.735-202 - Gifts, entertainment, and favors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...; (2) Acceptance of loans from banks or other financial institutions on customary terms to finance... apply to: Acceptance of food and refreshments of nominal value on infrequent occasions in the ordinary... paragraph (a) of this section do not apply in the following situations: (1) Acceptance of food, refreshments...

16 CFR 502.100 - “Cents-off” representations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 502.100 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION RULES, REGULATIONS, STATEMENT OF GENERAL POLICY... 5(C) OF THE FAIR PACKAGING AND LABELING ACT Retail Sale Price Representations § 502.100 “Cents-off... being offered for sale at a price lower than the ordinary and customary retail sale price. (b) Except as...

77 FR 3037 - Proposed Exemptions From Certain Prohibited Transaction Restrictions

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-20

...-identifiable or confidential business information that you do not want to be publicly-disclosed. All comments... their customary location for examination during normal business hours by: (A) Any duly authorized..., in order to finance the acquisition of securities and secure such borrowings with its assets, at...

Haeckel or Hennig? The Gordian Knot of Characters, Development, and Procedures in Phylogeny.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dupuis, Claude

1984-01-01

Discusses the conditions for validating customary phylogenetic procedures. Concludes that the requisites of homogeneity and completeness for proved short lineages seem satisfied by the Hennigian but not the Haeckelian procedure. The epistemological antinomy of the two procedures is emphasized for the first time. (Author/RH)

20 CFR 725.366 - Fees for representatives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... HEALTH AND SAFETY ACT OF 1969, AS AMENDED CLAIMS FOR BENEFITS UNDER PART C OF TITLE IV OF THE FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT, AS AMENDED Adjudication Officers; Parties and Representatives § 725.366... person performing such work, and the customary billing rate for each such person. The application shall...

77 FR 2131 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-13

.... Abstract: Employers in food or beverage establishments where tipping is customary can claim an income tax... Management and Budget (OMB) for review and clearance in accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995... burden, to (1) Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, Attention...

Brandeis Lawsuit Puts Campus Courts in the Dock.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gose, Ben

2000-01-01

Analyzes the case of a Brandeis University student found guilty of "unwanted sexual activity" by a university judicial panel. The student sued Brandeis, and the Massachusets Appeals Court ruled against Brandeis despite the court's customary deference to the decision making of private institutions. Ten other colleges are supporting…

Soliton quenching NLTL impulse circuit with a pulse forming network at the output

DOEpatents

McEwan, T.E.; Dallum, G.E.

1998-09-08

An impulse forming circuit is disclosed which produces a clean impulse from a nonlinear transmission line compressed step function without customary soliton ringing by means of a localized pulse shaping and differentiating network which shunts the nonlinear transmission line output to ground. 5 figs.

Dowry calculations: daughter's rights in her parental family.

PubMed

Kishwar, M

1993-01-01

The practice of dowry in India has become identified as the primary cause of women's oppression. It sets families apart in the fight over dowry payments and results in violence against daughters including infanticide. Daughter's get their share of inheritance at the time of marriage under traditional Hindu law. The Dowry Prohibition Act outlaws this practice. On the other hand, customary law allowed entitlements to women which Victorian norms bypassed, thereby paving the way for the disinheritance of women. The ownership of land was vested exclusively in men, and, as land became scarce and women's labor became devalued, women came to be treated as mere dependents and considered as a liability. With the entrance of men into government service as policemen and bank and postal clerks, their status increased, while women continued working in the peasant economy. Government job holders received the biggest dowries because of their access to economic opportunities. Under the Hindu Succession Act, fathers were allowed to will away property in whosoever's favor, which led to the disinheritance of daughters in favor of sons. Inheritance laws increasingly moved in favor of men and against women. Changing marriage patterns also emerged, as paying exorbitant dowries was perceived as a way of upward social mobility. The wife inherited everything at the expense of daughters, and widows automatically got a pension after the husband. Therefore, the wife's right had a stronger social sanction than the rights of daughters in parental property, especially the right to live in the parental home and take care of old parents, should be the solution to this injustice. Thus, parents would look at daughters in the same light as sons, and the culture of women's devaluation would come to an end.

Aligning incentives in the management of inguinal hernia: the impact of the payment model.

PubMed

Devarajan, Karthik; Rogers, Loni; Smith, Paul; Schwaitzberg, Steven D

2012-09-01

The Affordable Care Act has stimulated discussion to find feasible, alternate payment models. Adopting a global payment (GP) mechanism may dampen the high number of procedures incentivized by the fee-for-service (FFS) system. The evolving payment mechanism should reflect collaboration between surgeon and system goals. Our aim was to model and perform simulation of a GP system for hernia care and its impact on cost, revenue, and physician reimbursement in an integrated health care system. The results of the 2006 Watchful Waiting (WW) vs Repair of Inguinal Hernia in Minimally Symptomatic Men trial was used as a clinical model for the natural history and progression of inguinal hernia disease Simulations were built using 2009 financial and clinical data from the Cambridge Health Alliance to model costs and revenues in managing care for a 4-year cohort of inguinal hernia patients; FFS, FFS-WW, and the GP-WW were modeled. To build this GP model, surgeons were paid a constant $500 per patient whether herniorrhaphy was performed or not. Compared with the actual combined physician and hospital revenue under the current FFS model ($308,820), implementing the FFS-WW system for 4 years for 139 hernia patients decreased hospital and physician revenues by $93,846 and $19,308, respectively. This resulted in a total savings of $113,154 for the payors only. In contrast, when using WW methodology within a GP model, system savings of $69,174 were observed after 4 years, with preservation of physician and hospital income. Collaboration to achieve shared savings can be accomplished by pooling physician and hospital revenue in order to meet the goals of all parties. Copyright © 2012 American College of Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Paradoxes of maternal mourning.

PubMed

Brice, C W

1991-02-01

It has been customary to conceptualize mourning as a phasic or stage phenomenon (Lindemann 1944; Parkes 1972; Bowlby 1980; Knapp 1986). Such a conceptualization has proved to be of tremendous didactic value, especially in terms of succinctly organizing and communicating the major affects, behaviors, and reactions of mourning. It is, however, my belief, based upon clinical experience with many forms of bereavement, that the phenomenon of mourning is not comprised of clearly delineated stages and phases. I have come to conceptualize the phenomenon of mourning the death of a loved person as involving the bereaved's struggle with a series of more or less unresolvable paradoxes rather than as a progression through stages that possess relatively distinct and predictable beginning and ending points. The specific paradoxes encountered by a bereaved person differ, of course, in accordance with the relationship that was lost (mother, father, spouse, child, or sibling), the developmental stage of the bereaved (childhood, adolescence, adulthood, or maturity), the type of death (sudden or prolonged), and the cause of death (illness, murder, suicide, or accident). In this paper, I will address those paradoxes that seem specific to maternal mourning - that is, to mothers who are mourning the death of a child.

Design of 4D x-ray tomography experiments for reconstruction using regularized iterative algorithms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohan, K. Aditya

2017-10-01

4D X-ray computed tomography (4D-XCT) is widely used to perform non-destructive characterization of time varying physical processes in various materials. The conventional approach to improving temporal resolution in 4D-XCT involves the development of expensive and complex instrumentation that acquire data faster with reduced noise. It is customary to acquire data with many tomographic views at a high signal to noise ratio. Instead, temporal resolution can be improved using regularized iterative algorithms that are less sensitive to noise and limited views. These algorithms benefit from optimization of other parameters such as the view sampling strategy while improving temporal resolution by reducing the total number of views or the detector exposure time. This paper presents the design principles of 4D-XCT experiments when using regularized iterative algorithms derived using the framework of model-based reconstruction. A strategy for performing 4D-XCT experiments is presented that allows for improving the temporal resolution by progressively reducing the number of views or the detector exposure time. Theoretical analysis of the effect of the data acquisition parameters on the detector signal to noise ratio, spatial reconstruction resolution, and temporal reconstruction resolution is also presented in this paper.

[Neuroretinitis. Clinical cases].

PubMed

Valverde-Gubianas, M; Ramos-López, J F; López-Torres, J A; Toribio-García, M; Milla-Peñalver, C; Gálvez Torres-Puchol, J; Medialdea-Marcos, S

2009-08-01

Evaluate the etiology and the most frequent funduscopic alterations of the neuroretinitis. We present the case of a woman 24 years old with a bilateral decrease of visual sharpness (AV), painless and progressive, the funduscopic examination of which reveals a bilateral optical disc edema, with no hemorrhages or exudates, retina edema of the posterior pole and phlebitic areas. The systematic study was normal except for the hemogram (18,000/mm(3) leucocytes with 79% neutrophils) and the positive serology next to a Chlamydia. We also present the case of a 64 years old woman with a decrease of AV at the right eye of one week duration. At the back of the eye a macular star can be seen, and papilla edema. A systematic study gave normal results and positive serology at Bartonella henselae. The illness produced by a cat scratch is the most common cause of neuroretinitis. The customary findings are a loss of AV, discromatopsia, afferent papillary defects and abnormality on the visual field. Other frequent findings at the back of the eye are hemorrhagic nerve fibers, cotton-like exudates, papilla edema, macular star and glassy inflammation. The roll of antibiotic therapy is questionable. Oral ciprofloxacine seems to give good results.

Groundwater-Discharge Wetlands in the Tanana Flats, Interior Alaska

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-07-01

Water *Hemlock Duckweed Bladderwort Bcba Cal a Floating Mat Water 9112214 0 1im For conversion of SI metric units to U.S./British customary units of...Utricularia sp.) and duckweed (Lemna sp,.). classified as "fens" (Gabriel and Talbot 1984). There Mosses do not appear to contribute to the structure

Holy Cards/Immaginette: The Extraordinary Literacy of Vernacular Religion

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

George, Diana; Salvatori, Mariolina Rizzi

2008-01-01

Like other seemingly ordinary materials (cookbooks, street art, scrapbooks, etc.) the subject of our investigation--holy cards or (in Italian) "immaginette"--often function as rich repositories of personal and cultural memory as well as indicators of popular literacy practices. But to relegate them to the category of ephemera, as is customary with…

A Job Analysis for K-8 Principals in a Nationwide Charter School System

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cumings, Laura; Coryn, Chris L. S.

2009-01-01

Background: Although no single technique on its own can predict job performance, a job analysis is a customary approach for identifying the relevant knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAO) necessary to successfully complete the job tasks of a position. Once the position requirements are identified, the hiring process is…

48 CFR 552.236-74 - Working Hours.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Working Hours. 552.236-74... Hours. As prescribed in 536.570-5, insert the following clause: Working Hours (APR 1984) (a) It is contemplated that all work will be performed during the customary working hours of the trades involved unless...

17 CFR 270.17e-1 - Brokerage transactions on a securities exchange.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...)], a commission, fee or other remuneration shall be deemed as not exceeding the usual and customary broker's commission, if: (a) The commission, fee, or other remuneration received or to be received is reasonable and fair compared to the commission, fee or other remuneration received by other brokers in...

Writing a School Constitution: Representative Democracy in Action

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McGarry, Lorraine S.; Stoicovy, Donnan M.

2014-01-01

At the beginning of every school year at Park Forest Elementary School (PFE), it is customary for teachers to invite their students to participate in establishing guidelines for behavior and citizenship in their respective classrooms. Teacher Lorraine McGarry and principal Donnan Stoicovy began the 2012-13 school year, however, by taking this…

78 FR 54682 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission to OMB for Reinstatement, With Change, of a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-05

... governance; the FCU's relationship to members; and the procedures and rules an FCU follows. DATES: Comments... collect and maintain pursuant to their bylaws in their operations and to provide services to members. NCUA... customary business practice, since their initial charter dates, to collect and [[Page 54683

Teaching Leadership in the Russian Federation: Looking through the Post-Soviet Lens

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brouwer, Lynnette F.

2006-01-01

This paper addresses the Fulbright experience of an American faculty member in Eastern Siberia, Russian Federation. Both course content and teaching method are contrasted with what is traditional and customary in that region. The author regularly kept a journal, enabling thoughtful post-experience reflection. Continued emphasis on the…

Selected Mathematics Applications (Level B): Measurement in the Home.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hawaii State Dept. of Education, Honolulu. Office of Instructional Services.

Presented is one of a series of resource guides designed to provide students with an improved mathematics program. This guide emphasizes hands-on experiences for secondary students through real-life situations focusing on measurement in the home. Students are provided with numerous opportunities to use both customary and metric units in…

The Edubarrier: The Demon in the Sky of School Renewal.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Joyce, Bruce R.

1995-01-01

The metaphoric edubarrier (similar to the sound barrier) lies above the customary rates of learning and impedes education. The article suggests that education is tethered more by social-psychological bonds than by actual limitations of the sciences. A discussion of how the edubarrier hinders collegiality, improvement, and teacher education is…

Diagnostic and Treatment Innovations for Mass Casualties

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-08-01

measurement * U.S. Customary Units Multiply by International Units Divide by † Length/ Area /Volume inch (in) 2.54 × 10 –2 meter (m) foot...cal) (thermochemical) 4.184 joule (J) Pressure atmosphere (atm) 1.013 250 × 10 5 pascal (Pa) pound force per square inch (psi) 6.984 757 × 10

16 CFR 2.41 - Reports of compliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... be under oath if so requested. Where the order prohibits the use of a false advertisement of a food, drug, device, or cosmetic which may be injurious to health because of results from its use under the conditions prescribed in the advertisement, or under such conditions as are customary or usual, or if the use...

29 CFR 778.332 - Awards for activities not normally part of employee's job.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Awards for activities not normally part of employee's job. 778.332 Section 778.332 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION... of employee's job. (a) Where the prize is awarded for activities outside the customary working hours...

26 CFR 1.382-4 - Constructive ownership of stock.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... if they have a formal or informal understanding among themselves to make a coordinated acquisition of... (including a purchase money loan), if the arrangement is subject to customary commercial conditions. For this... readily ascertainable fair market value as defined in § 1.83-7(b) on the date the option is issued. (iv...

Structured and Unstructured Homeschooling: A Proposal for Broadening the Taxonomy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Neuman, Ari; Guterman, Oz

2017-01-01

In recent decades, parental involvement in their children's education has been steadily increasing. Perhaps the ultimate form of parental involvement is the phenomenon called elective home education--EHE (also known as homeschooling). It is customary to divide EHE into two categories according to the degree of structure: "structured EHE"…

14 CFR 14.05 - Allowance fees and expenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... which the attorney, agent, or witness ordinarily performs services; (3) The time actually spent in the representation of the applicant; (4) The time reasonably spent in light of the difficulty or complexity of the... private practice, his or her customary fee for similar services, or if an employee of the applicant, the...

Metric Measurement. A Course to Reduce Math Anxiety and Sex-Role Stereotyping in Elementary Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

City Univ. of New York, Flushing, NY. Queens Coll.

This Teacher Education and Mathematics (TEAM) content module focuses on metric measurement. Topics addressed include decimal structure and prefixes, precision in measurement, reference measures, United States customary and metric systems, volume, area, and conversion. The module consists of: (1) an instructor's text; (2) an instructor's guide and…

What Research Says to the Teacher: Metric Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goldbecker, Sheralyn S.

How measurement systems developed is briefly reviewed, followed by comments on the international conversion to the metric system and a lengthier discussion of the history of the metric controversy in the U.S. Statements made by supporters of the customary and metric systems are listed. The role of education is detailed in terms of teacher…

Choosing to Compromise: Women Studying Childcare

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wright, Hazel R.

2013-01-01

Reporting on a study of mature women training to work in childcare, this article demonstrates how some women choose to be part-time mothers, workers and students, wanting "the best of both worlds". It presents a theory of integrated lives that contrasts with customary deficit models and shows how a series of reciprocal links bind the…

National Curriculum Inching Forward

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Manzo, Kathleen Kennedy

2009-01-01

Whether in the business center of Sydney and its suburbs to the east, in the mining and agricultural communities of the remote Kimberley region in the northwest, or elsewhere, most of Australia's 3.3 million K-12 students share the customary features of schooling--from physical structures to academic schedules. The content also has a common…

24 CFR 92.301 - Project-specific assistance to community housing development organizations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... participating jurisdiction determines to be customary and reasonable project preparation costs allowable under paragraph (a)(2) of this section. All costs must be related to a specific eligible project or projects. (2) Allowable costs. A loan may be provided to cover project costs necessary to determine project feasibility...

24 CFR 92.301 - Project-specific assistance to community housing development organizations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... participating jurisdiction determines to be customary and reasonable project preparation costs allowable under paragraph (a)(2) of this section. All costs must be related to a specific eligible project or projects. (2) Allowable costs. A loan may be provided to cover project costs necessary to determine project feasibility...

Charging a Capacitor with a Photovoltaic Module

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aguilar, Horacio Munguía; Maldonado, Rigoberto Franco; Navarro, Luis Barba

2017-01-01

Charging a capacitor with a photovoltaic module is an experiment which reveals a lot about the modules characteristics. It is customary to represent these characteristics with an equivalent circuit whose elements represent its physical parameters. The behavior of a photovoltaic module is very similar to that of a single cell but the electric…

19 CFR 19.7 - Expenses of labor and storage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Expenses of labor and storage. 19.7 Section 19.7....7 Expenses of labor and storage. (a) All merchandise deposited in public stores or in bonded warehouses shall be held liable for the expenses of labor and storage chargeable thereon at the customary...

48 CFR 52.236-1 - Performance of Work by the Contractor.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Performance of Work by the....236-1 Performance of Work by the Contractor. As prescribed in 36.501(b), insert the following clause... the work and customary or necessary specialty subcontracting (see 36.501(a)).] Performance of Work by...

22 CFR 201.64 - Application of the price rules to commodities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... export freight), and other necessary costs customary in the trade. (b) Calculation of commodity prices...) and (e), USAID will subtract transportation cost as calculated by reference to the freight rate, for the type and flag of vessel on which the commodity was shipped, prevailing on the date the purchase...

22 CFR 201.64 - Application of the price rules to commodities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... export freight), and other necessary costs customary in the trade. (b) Calculation of commodity prices...) and (e), USAID will subtract transportation cost as calculated by reference to the freight rate, for the type and flag of vessel on which the commodity was shipped, prevailing on the date the purchase...

22 CFR 201.64 - Application of the price rules to commodities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... export freight), and other necessary costs customary in the trade. (b) Calculation of commodity prices...) and (e), USAID will subtract transportation cost as calculated by reference to the freight rate, for the type and flag of vessel on which the commodity was shipped, prevailing on the date the purchase...

22 CFR 201.64 - Application of the price rules to commodities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... export freight), and other necessary costs customary in the trade. (b) Calculation of commodity prices...) and (e), USAID will subtract transportation cost as calculated by reference to the freight rate, for the type and flag of vessel on which the commodity was shipped, prevailing on the date the purchase...

Referencing the Unreliable

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barden, Dennis M.

2008-01-01

There are two kinds of references in administrative hires. The most customary is the "on list" references which a candidate asks one to provide. The second kind of reference is the "off list" variety, of which there are two types. Typical is the call one receives from an acquaintance at the hiring institution asking for the "dirt" on one's…

49 CFR 805.735-5 - Receipt of gifts, entertainment, and favors by Members or employees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... motivating factors; (2) Acceptance of food and refreshments of nominal value on infrequent occasions in the... of loans from banks or other financial institutions on customary terms to finance proper and usual... transportation, and accept food, lodging, and entertainment incident thereto. (c) Members and employees shall not...

26 CFR 1.274-3 - Disallowance of deduction for gifts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... sign, display rack, or other promotional material to be used on the business premises of the recipient... incidental costs such as for customary engraving on jewelry, or for packaging, insurance, and mailing or... purchase of an ornamental basket for packaging fruit will not be considered an incidental cost of packaging...

26 CFR 1.274-3 - Disallowance of deduction for gifts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

.... (ii) A sign, display rack, or other promotional material to be used on the business premises of the... incidental costs such as for customary engraving on jewelry, or for packaging, insurance, and mailing or... purchase of an ornamental basket for packaging fruit will not be considered an incidental cost of packaging...

Copper Gas Diffusers For Purging Line-Focus Laser Welds

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fonteyne, Steve L.; Hosking, Timothy J.; Shelley, D. Mark

1996-01-01

Modified flow diffusers built for inert-gas purging of welds made with 5-kW CO(2) lasers operating with line-focus optics in conduction mode instead of with point-focus optics in customary keyhole mode. Diffusers made of copper components brazed together, robust enough to withstand strong reflections of line-focused laser energy.

Wspolnoty Europejskie wobec problemow jezykowych (Addressing Language Problems in the European Communities).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zelazny, Walter

2003-01-01

Raises questions about the a European Union commissioned report titled "Les Europeens et les langues," which was prepared in accordance with the customary routine used for a series of report on European public opinion. Issues discussed include the omission of several languages, the use of Esperanto, the languages reportedly used by…

16 CFR 2.41 - Reports of compliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... be under oath if so requested. Where the order prohibits the use of a false advertisement of a food... conditions prescribed in the advertisement, or under such conditions as are customary or usual, or if the use of such advertisement is with intent to defraud or mislead, or in any other case where the...

New Technologies and Emerging Careers. Trends and Issues Alerts.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kerka, Sandra

Technological innovations are giving rise to structural changes in the economy that are in turn creating profound changes in the nature of work and work organizations. Predicted changes are: traditional hierarchical organizations in the workplace will give way to network or weblike forms of organization; customary vertical divisions of labor will…

[Achieving an educative strategy in undergraduate medical interns with respect to patients with diabetes].

PubMed

Medina-Figueroa, Alda María; Espinosa-Alarcón, Patricia Atzimba

2007-01-01

To estimate the achievement of an educative strategy that promoted participation of the development of the clinical aptitude of undergraduate medical students with regard to patients with diabetes. We conducted a quasi-experimental study with two groups of undergraduate medical students. We validated an instrument to explore clinical attitude concerning diabetes mellitus (ACDIME) with 30 items for each of six indicators. The instrument was applied at two general hospitals, before and after carrying out the educative strategies. In the experimental group, we conducted an educative strategy that promotes participation in developing clinical aptitude, while the customary strategy was developed in the control group. ACDIME consistency was 0.80. Both study groups were similar before the educative strategies (p = 0.165). Statistically significant differences existed after the strategies in all indicators were evaluated, in favor of the experimental group. The tendency to change, with a criterion of 50% or more, was only statistically significant in the experimental group (p < 0.0001). The ACDIME instrument is valid and reliable. The educative strategy that promoted participation is clearly superior to the customary strategy with regard to achievement.

Accountable care around the world: a framework to guide reform strategies.

PubMed

McClellan, Mark; Kent, James; Beales, Stephen J; Cohen, Samuel I A; Macdonnell, Michael; Thoumi, Andrea; Abdulmalik, Mariam; Darzi, Ara

2014-09-01

Accountable care--a way to align health care payments with patient-focused reform goals--is currently being pursued in the United States, but its principles are also being applied in many other countries. In this article we review experiences with such reforms to offer a globally applicable definition of an accountable care system and propose a conceptual framework for characterizing and assessing accountable care reforms. The framework consists of five components: population, outcomes, metrics and learning, payments and incentives, and coordinated delivery. We describe how the framework applies to accountable care reforms that are already being implemented in Spain and Singapore. We also describe how it can be used to map progress through increasingly sophisticated levels of reforms. We recommend that policy makers pursuing accountable care reforms emphasize the following steps: highlight population health and wellness instead of just treating illness; pay for outcomes instead of activities; create a more favorable environment for collaboration and coordinated care; and promote interoperable data systems. Project HOPE—The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc.

Natural genetic and induced plant resistance, as a control strategy to plant-parasitic nematodes alternative to pesticides.

PubMed

Molinari, Sergio

2011-03-01

Plant-parasitic nematodes are pests of a wide range of economically important crops, causing severe losses to agriculture. Natural genetic resistance of plants is expected to be a valid solution of the many problems nematodes cause all over the world. Progress in resistance applications is particularly important for the less-developed countries of tropical and subtropical regions, since use of resistant cultivars may be the only possible and economically feasible control strategy in those farming systems. Resistance is being considered of particular importance also in modern high-input production systems of developed countries, as the customary reliance on chemical nematicides has been restricted or has come to an end. This review briefly describes the genetic bases of resistance to nematodes in plants and focuses on the chances and problems of its exploitation as a key element in an integrated management program. Much space is dedicated to the major problem of resistance durability, in that the intensive use of resistant cultivars is likely to increasingly induce the selection of virulent populations able to "break" the resistance. Protocols of pest-host suitability are described, as bioassays are being used to evaluate local nematode populations in their potential to be selected on resistant germplasm and endanger resistant crops. The recent progress in using robust and durable resistances against nematodes as an efficient method for growers in vegetable cropping systems is reported, as well as the possible use of chemicals that do not show any unfavorable impact on environment, to induce in plants resistance against plant-parasitic nematodes.

Uncovering Suitable Reference Proteins for Expression Studies in Human Adipose Tissue with Relevance to Obesity

PubMed Central

Pérez-Pérez, Rafael; López, Juan A.; García-Santos, Eva; Camafeita, Emilio; Gómez-Serrano, María; Ortega-Delgado, Francisco J.; Ricart, Wifredo; Fernández-Real, José M.; Peral, Belén

2012-01-01

Background Protein expression studies based on the two major intra-abdominal human fat depots, the subcutaneous and the omental fat, can shed light into the mechanisms involved in obesity and its co-morbidities. Here we address, for the first time, the identification and validation of reference proteins for data standardization, which are essential for accurate comparison of protein levels in expression studies based on fat from obese and non-obese individuals. Methodology and Findings To uncover adipose tissue proteins equally expressed either in omental and subcutaneous fat depots (study 1) or in omental fat from non-obese and obese individuals (study 2), we have reanalyzed our previously published data based on two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four proteins (12 in study 1 and 12 in study 2) with similar expression levels in all conditions tested were selected and identified by mass spectrometry. Immunoblotting analysis was used to confirm in adipose tissue the expression pattern of the potential reference proteins and three proteins were validated: PARK7, ENOA and FAA. Western Blot analysis was also used to test customary loading control proteins. ENOA, PARK7 and the customary loading control protein Beta-actin showed steady expression profiles in fat from non-obese and obese individuals, whilst FAA maintained steady expression levels across paired omental and subcutaneous fat samples. Conclusions ENOA, PARK7 and Beta-actin are proper reference standards in obesity studies based on omental fat, whilst FAA is the best loading control for the comparative analysis of omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues either in obese and non-obese subjects. Neither customary loading control proteins GAPDH and TBB5 nor CALX are adequate standards in differential expression studies on adipose tissue. The use of the proposed reference proteins will facilitate the adequate analysis of proteins differentially expressed in the context of obesity, an aim difficult to achieve before this study. PMID:22272336

Quantum theory and human perception of the macro-world

PubMed Central

Aerts, Diederik

2014-01-01

We investigate the question of ‘why customary macroscopic entities appear to us humans as they do, i.e., as bounded entities occupying space and persisting through time’, starting from our knowledge of quantum theory, how it affects the behavior of such customary macroscopic entities, and how it influences our perception of them. For this purpose, we approach the question from three perspectives. Firstly, we look at the situation from the standard quantum angle, more specifically the de Broglie wavelength analysis of the behavior of macroscopic entities, indicate how a problem with spin and identity arises, and illustrate how both play a fundamental role in well-established experimental quantum-macroscopical phenomena, such as Bose-Einstein condensates. Secondly, we analyze how the question is influenced by our result in axiomatic quantum theory, which proves that standard quantum theory is structurally incapable of describing separated entities. Thirdly, we put forward our new ‘conceptual quantum interpretation’, including a highly detailed reformulation of the question to confront the new insights and views that arise with the foregoing analysis. At the end of the final section, a nuanced answer is given that can be summarized as follows. The specific and very classical perception of human seeing—light as a geometric theory—and human touching—only ruled by Pauli's exclusion principle—plays a role in our perception of macroscopic entities as ontologically stable entities in space. To ascertain quantum behavior in such macroscopic entities, we will need measuring apparatuses capable of its detection. Future experimental research will have to show if sharp quantum effects—as they occur in smaller entities—appear to be ontological aspects of customary macroscopic entities. It remains a possibility that standard quantum theory is an incomplete theory, and hence incapable of coping ultimately with separated entities, meaning that a more general theory will be needed. PMID:25009510

Human rights for women: battles of culture and power.

PubMed

Poulsen, K

1995-06-01

In Africa, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) focussing on human rights have mushroomed during the past 10-15 years, and, with several of these organizations run by and for women, it is possible to find free legal aid for women in almost every capital city. The collapse of the extended family and, thus, the framework for customary law has meant that women are faced with problems of maintenance and widows with problems of inheritance. Customary law and the protection it afforded women and children has also been weakened by a poverty-driven shift in urban areas from a focus on community support to a focus on individual survival. The vacuum left by this change in legal and social structure is being filled by the human rights NGOs. Paradoxically, in the face of such change, a static, communal, and neutral concept of "culture" was held out by African state representatives at the 1993 UN Conference on Human Rights to justify their opposition to the acceptance of the crosscultural legitimacy of human rights, especially for women. While these arguments were being aired at the Conference, African NGOs were vigorously using examples of the marginalization of women to promote the opposite view. The most important aspect of these conflicting views is which group has the most power and resources to voice its interpretation of the situation. With most African countries governed by a dual system of laws, customary law and common or civil law (left over from colonialism), human rights groups are working to instill human rights principles into common law through the ratification of international conventions. Thus, persons in need could be viewed not as victims but as individuals entitled to enforceable and universal rights. Misuse of the term "culture" can marginalize women even as it is being promoted as a protective device for women. A more useful view of culture is as something which transcends traditional boundaries and locates people and institutions in the global community where they are protected by the acknowledgement of their human rights.

Progress and challenges of the rural cooperative medical scheme in China

PubMed Central

Xu, Ke

2014-01-01

Abstract Problem During China’s transition to a market economy in the 1980s and 1990s, the rural population faced substantial barriers to accessing health care and encountered heavier financial burdens than urban residents in paying for necessary health services. Approach In 2003, China started to implement a rural cooperative medical scheme (RCMS), mainly through government subsidies. The scheme operates at the county level and offers a modest benefit package. Local setting In spite of rapid economic growth since the early 1980s, income disparities in China have increased, particularly between rural and urban populations. In response, the government has put greater emphasis on social development, including health system development. Examples are the prioritization of improved access to health services and the reduction of the burden of payment for necessary services. Relevant changes After 10 years of implementation, the RCMS now provides coverage to the entire rural population and has substantially improved access to health care. Yet despite a drop in out-of-pocket payments as a proportion of total health expenditure, paying for necessary services continues to cause financial hardship for many rural residents. Lessons learnt In its first decade, the RCMS made progress through political mobilization, government subsidies, the readiness of the health-care delivery system, and the availability of a monitoring and evaluation system. Further improving the RCMS will require a focus on cost containment, quality improvement and making the scheme portable. PMID:24940019

29 CFR 37.76 - What are the required elements of a recipient's discrimination complaint processing procedures?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... alternative dispute resolution (ADR), as described in paragraph (c) of this section (5) A written Notice of... procedures the recipient adopts must provide for alternative dispute resolution (ADR). The recipient's ADR procedures must provide that: (1) The choice whether to use ADR or the customary process rests with the...

A Multi-Media CAI Terminal Based upon a Microprocessor with Applications for the Handicapped.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brebner, Ann; Hallworth, H. J.

The design of the CAI interface described is based on the microprocessor in order to meet three basic requirements for providing appropriate instruction to the developmentally handicapped: (1) portability, so that CAI can be taken into the customary learning environment; (2) reliability; and (3) flexibility, to permit use of new input and output…

Landholding systems and resource management in the Sky Islands Borderlands

Treesearch

Diana Hadley

2005-01-01

The Borderlands region of the Madrean Sky Island Archipelago provides an excellent opportunity to compare a variety of landholding systems. During the past four centuries, landholding has been regulated by diverse systems that vary from the customary land distribution practices of native peoples to formalized written land laws imposed by the nation states that...

Student Nomads: Mobility in Ohio's Schools. Ohio Student Mobility Research Project

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thomas B. Fordham Institute, 2012

2012-01-01

Student mobility is the phenomenon of students in grades K-12 changing schools for reasons other than customary promotion from elementary school to middle school or from middle school to high school. This non-promotional school change can occur during the school year or in the summer between school years. It may involve residential change, school…

Quality of Services and Quality of Life from Service Providers' Perspectives: Analysis with Focus Groups

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jenaro, C.; Vega, V.; Flores, N.; Cruz, M.

2013-01-01

Background: Concepts such as support, quality of life and quality of services are customary in services for people with intellectual disabilities. The identification of the different ways of conceiving, prioritising and implementing these concepts by service providers can help to drive changes to achieve better personal outcomes for this…

31 CFR 535.528 - Certain transactions with respect to Iranian patents, trademarks and copyrights authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... currently due to the government of Iran, either directly or through an attorney or representative, in... customary fees currently due to attorneys or representatives in Iran incurred in connection with any of the..., petty patent, design patent, trademark or copyright issued by Iran. [45 FR 29288, May 2, 1980] ...

31 CFR 535.528 - Certain transactions with respect to Iranian patents, trademarks and copyrights authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... currently due to the government of Iran, either directly or through an attorney or representative, in... customary fees currently due to attorneys or representatives in Iran incurred in connection with any of the..., petty patent, design patent, trademark or copyright issued by Iran. [45 FR 29288, May 2, 1980] ...

31 CFR 535.528 - Certain transactions with respect to Iranian patents, trademarks and copyrights authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... currently due to the government of Iran, either directly or through an attorney or representative, in... customary fees currently due to attorneys or representatives in Iran incurred in connection with any of the..., petty patent, design patent, trademark or copyright issued by Iran. [45 FR 29288, May 2, 1980] ...

Customary Assets and Contemporary Artistry: Multimodal Learning and Remote Economic Participation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lovell, Judith

2015-01-01

The role of artistry in transformative maintenance of law and custom is a theme widely researched and discussed in Aboriginal arts related literature. However, it is the aim of this paper to contribute to a wider discourse about learning and economic participation in remote Australia, and in particular the role of multimodality as a significant…

Establishing the Feasibility of Direct Observation in the Assessment of Tics in Children with Chronic Tic Disorders

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Himle, Michael B.; Chang, Susanna; Woods, Douglas W.; Pearlman, Amanda; Buzzella, Brian; Bunaciu, Liviu; Piacentini, John C.

2006-01-01

Behavior analysis has been at the forefront in establishing effective treatments for children and adults with chronic tic disorders. As is customary in behavior analysis, the efficacy of these treatments has been established using direct-observation assessment methods. Although behavior-analytic treatments have enjoyed acceptance and integration…