Poland and Czecho-Slovakia in the 1990's: Social, Political and Economic Transformations. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminars Abroad Program. Summer 1992.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Institute of International Education, New York, NY.

This document features writings and curriculum projects developed by teachers who traveled to Poland and Czechoslovakia in the summer of 1992 as members of a Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminar. The following items are among those included: "Curriculum Project: Women and Work: A Global Perspective" (Joan K. Burton); "The Community College…

Lightcurves and Periods for Asteroids 1081 Reseda 2117 Danmark, 2315 Czechoslovakia, 2871 Schober, 6392 Takashimizuno, and (6409) 1992 VC

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yankov, Arten; Ditteon, Richard

2009-01-01

Ten asteroids were observed at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory on six nights during the months of 2008 July and August. The asteroids were 1081 Reseda, 1421 Esperanto, 2117 Danmark, 2315 Czechoslovakia, 2871 Schober, 6392 Takashimizuno, (6409) 1992 VC, 7046 Reshetnev, (14276) 2000 CF2, and (32219) 2000 OU20.

USSR Report, International Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-02-26

Poland) or prohibiting (as in Bulgaria, Romania , the USSR and Czechoslovakia) the utilization of hired labor, and also with the help of centralized...outside the public sector (not including agriculture), although this practice differs in individual countries, in Hungary and Romania , for example...of private enterprises pay a progressive tax on wages of hired workers. In the remaining countries—Bulgaria, Romania , the USSR and Czechoslovakia

Adult Learning in the Nineteenth Century in the Mirror of Novels and Short Stories: Czech Literature.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kulich, Jindra

Czech novels and short stories dealing with life in the 19th century were reviewed for information about how adults in rural areas of Czechoslovakia learned and the topics that interested them. The literature review confirmed that adults living in rural areas of Czechoslovakia in the 19th century generally had a great desire for education,…

Situation Report--Austria, Cameroon, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, German Federal Republic, Greece, Hungary, Irish Republic, Jamaica, Malta, Norway, Sabah, Sarawak, Spain, Tahiti (French Polynesia), Tonga, Turkey, and United Kingdom.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

International Planned Parenthood Federation, London (England).

Data relating to population and family planning in 21 foreign countries are presented in these situation reports. Countries included are Austria, Cameroon, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, German Federal Republic, Greece, Hungary, Irish Republic, Jamaica, Malta, Norway, Sabah, Sarawak, Spain, Tahiti, Tonga, Turkey, and United…

Some results of hemosorption columns development and usage in Czechoslovakia.

PubMed

Kálal, J; Tlustáková, M

Hemoperfusion columns packed with active charcoal and a synthetic resin have been manufactured in Czechoslovakia since 1983. In both cases the sorption packings are coated with a layer of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). The columns are manufactured in two sizes: for adults (800 ml) and for children (400 ml). The manufacturer is OPS Kolín: the number of columns manufactured so far is 3400.

Pulsed magnetotherapy in Czechoslovakia--a review.

PubMed

Jerabek, J

1994-01-01

Pulsed magnetotherapy has been used in Czechoslovakia for more than one decade. It has been proved that this type of physical therapy is very efficient mainly in rheumatic diseases, in paediatrics (sinusitis, enuresis), and in balneological care of patients suffering from ischaemic disorders of lower extremities. Promising results have also been obtained in neurological diseases (multiple sclerosis, spastic conditions) and in ophthalmology, in degenerative diseases of the retina.

JPRS Report, East Europe

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-11-17

EER-89-126 CONTENTS 17 NOVEMBER 1989 POLITICAL CZECHOSLOVAKIA Havel’s Ideas, Attitudes Characterized [ Paris LE MONDE 13 Oct] 1 HUNGARY...November 1989 POLITICAL CZECHOSLOVAKIA Havel’s Ideas, Attitudes Characterized 90EC0053A Paris LE MONDE in French 13 Oct 89 p 2 [Extracts of address...world. They have philosophized in the catacombs . In Prague the tenuous thread of thought could not be broken. It is not an academic debate on ideas

JPRS Report, East Europe

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-07-09

that business can be done in Czechoslovakia." (The Bata Czechoslovakia company , composed of a network of sales outlets and several plants , is to...and animals suddenly trans- planted from a zoo, where they got minimal attention designed to ensure their formal survival, to the jungle, at the...participation will be limited. For example, one company should not be able to participate in the planned partnership with more than, say, 10 percent

The Soviet Decision to Invade Czechoslovakia

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-09-01

inuary 1976 DDC - ’■’ rv > Canoron Station O T "> 1 ." Mexancria The caveat appearing on the title pi c.r. ol: Center for hib- avanced^earch...Soviets viewed the political developments in Czechoslovakia in 1968 with alarm bordering on paranoia, conditioned by the "dagger" phobia and by...published its Action Program entitled "The Czechoslovak Road to Socialism ," a program described by a Western authority as "a remarkable

A Comparison of Educational Research Organizations and Methods, and Their Respective Influence on Secondary School Practices, in Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and the U.S.S.R. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Johnson, William H.E.

A study conducted in Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and the U.S.S.R. reports how these countries functioned in bridging the traditional gap between the development of theoretical research in education and the achievement of the desired reforms in school policies and practices. The choice of communist dictatorships as study subjects was based…

The Coast Artillery Journal. Volume 70, Number 6, June 1929

DTIC Science & Technology

1929-06-01

Belgium, Poland, and the members of the Little Entente-- Jugo -Slavia, Roumania, and Czechoslovakia. The power and prestige of France are indicated by her...delivered, would over- whelm the disunited forces that might be assembled in opposition. The small states--Poland, Czechoslovakia, Jugo -Slavia, and...Macmillan Company. 1929. 5"x 7%". 322 p. $2.50. Masonary claims for itself rank as the most ancient of professions, but the military profession can

The Soviet Withdrawal from Eastern Europe: A Move in Crisis

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-02-15

90-130, 6 July 1990, pp. 15-16. Lapskiy, V. "Future Germany : European Bridge ." Izvesti[a, 16 July 1990, Morning Edition, p. 3, in FBIS-SOV-90-138...ending it’s military involvement in Czechoslovakia, East Germany , Hungary, and Poland. Accounts of the Soviet military withdrawal need to be studied in...in Czechoslovakia, East Germany , Hungary, and Poland. The cascading accounts of the Soviet military withdrawal need to be studied in order to access

The Psychoprophylactic Method of Painless Childbirth in Socialist Czechoslovakia: from State Propaganda to Activism of Enthusiasts.

PubMed

Hrešanová, Ema

2016-10-01

This paper explores the history of the 'psychoprophylactic method of painless childbirth' in socialist Czechoslovakia, in particular, in the Czech and Moravian regions of the country, showing that it substantially differs from the course that the method took in other countries. This non-pharmacological method of pain relief originated in the USSR and became well known as the Lamaze method in western English-speaking countries. Use of the method in Czechoslovakia, however, followed a very different path from both the West, where its use was refined mainly outside the biomedical frame, and the USSR, where it ceased to be pursued as a scientific method in the 1950s after Stalin's death. The method was imported to Czechoslovakia in the early 1950s and it was politically promoted as Soviet science's gift to women. In the 1960s the method became widespread in practice but research on it diminished and, in the 1970s, its use declined too. However, in the 1980s, in the last decade of the Communist regime, the method resurfaced in the pages of Czechoslovak medical journals and underwent an exciting renaissance, having been reintroduced by a few enthusiastic individuals, most of them women. This article explores the background to the renewed interest in the method while providing insight into the wider social and political context that shaped socialist maternity and birth care in different periods.

STAGES: A Short Term Travel Grant for Educators. A Report on a Curriculum Development Experience for Ten Ohio Community and Two-Year College Faculty in Czechoslovakia, Poland and Romania during the Summer of 1992.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cook, Jean, Ed.; Mitchner, Gary, Ed.

During a 4-week period in June and July of 1992, 10 faculty members from two-year colleges in Ohio traveled to Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Romania as part of the Building the Capacity for International Competitiveness (BCIC) program, a partnership of three Ohio community colleges. Focusing on gathering information to assist in the development of…

Selected Economic Translations on Czechoslovakia (9th in the Series).

DTIC Science & Technology

1960-09-01

and Its Development in the Third Five-Year Plan.,. 1 Gas Production and the Tasks of the Third Five-Year Plan» *<, <,*••..«........ e...USE ONLY C7.ECH0 SLOVAKIA Coal Processing In Czechoslovakia, and Its Development in the Third Flve-Year^laiT [The following is a translation of...struction during the Third Five-Year Plari in the coal- processing sectors which in size and scope ;has never been matched by our country before. The

Impact of diffuse nitrate pollution sources on groundwater quality--some examples from Czechoslovakia.

PubMed Central

Benes, V; Pĕkný, V; Skorepa, J; Vrba, J

1989-01-01

In several regions of Czechoslovakia with intensive agricultural production, the correlation between the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied and the nitrate content in groundwater has been recognized. Nitrate pollution of groundwater is considered to be the most serious source of nonpoint pollution in Czechoslovakia. A program of research into the effects of farming activities on groundwater quality in Czechoslovakia is under way on experimental fields (20 to 30 hectares) and, simultaneously, in regions in which shallow, vulnerable aquifers occur. The importance of the soil organic matter's stability for maintaining the groundwater quality is emphasized. Research based on nitrogen and organic carbon balance has shown that the restoration of a soil-groundwater system is a complicated process that usually requires changes in the extent and intensity of agricultural activities and consistent attention to the effects produced by natural conditions. Regional investigation of the impact of farming on shallow aquifers in the fluvial deposits of the Elbe River in Bohemia has proved the hydrochemical instability and vertical hydrochemical heterogeneity of these aquifers. The WASTEN deterministic model was used for modeling the transport and transformation of various types of inorganic fertilizers. The input data is based on laboratory and field measurements. Special topics are the verification of model calculations and the time and spatial variability of input data with respect to the unsaturated zone. The research results are being used for making regional and national agro-groundwater managerial schemes more precise, as well as for decision-making. PMID:2559844

The Psychoprophylactic Method of Painless Childbirth in Socialist Czechoslovakia: from State Propaganda to Activism of Enthusiasts

PubMed Central

Hrešanová, Ema

2016-01-01

This paper explores the history of the ‘psychoprophylactic method of painless childbirth’ in socialist Czechoslovakia, in particular, in the Czech and Moravian regions of the country, showing that it substantially differs from the course that the method took in other countries. This non-pharmacological method of pain relief originated in the USSR and became well known as the Lamaze method in western English-speaking countries. Use of the method in Czechoslovakia, however, followed a very different path from both the West, where its use was refined mainly outside the biomedical frame, and the USSR, where it ceased to be pursued as a scientific method in the 1950s after Stalin’s death. The method was imported to Czechoslovakia in the early 1950s and it was politically promoted as Soviet science’s gift to women. In the 1960s the method became widespread in practice but research on it diminished and, in the 1970s, its use declined too. However, in the 1980s, in the last decade of the Communist regime, the method resurfaced in the pages of Czechoslovak medical journals and underwent an exciting renaissance, having been reintroduced by a few enthusiastic individuals, most of them women. This article explores the background to the renewed interest in the method while providing insight into the wider social and political context that shaped socialist maternity and birth care in different periods. PMID:27628861

Post-War Development of Housing Estates in the Sorela Style Joint with the Boom of Mining and Metallurgy in the Ostrava-Karviná Coal District and their Current Significance for Geotourism

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duraj, Miloš; Cheng, Xianfeng; Niemiec, Dominik; Arencibia Montero, Orlando; Koleňák, Petr

2017-10-01

The post-war Czechoslovakia needed to deal with a complex and urgent problem of rebuilding the destroyed industry after the Second World War. The complicated circumstances shortly after the war divided Europe into two antagonistic units. The former Czechoslovakia fell under the influence of the Soviet Union. Apart from the political and many other changes, the influence of this power also affected the style of the contemporary architecture. A new style called social realism (sorela) evolved and dominated also the culture and arts. The initial ornateness and exaggerated grandeur of the buildings gradually faded out due to economic reasons. The classical ornamental sorela is irregularly represented in many localities of the former Czechoslovakia. It takes form of discrete buildings or whole blocks. Among the most interesting and extensive units to house tens of thousands of citizens employed in mining and metallurgy, there are the buildings in Ostrava-Poruba and Havířov. The localities are nowadays conservation zones due to their significance.

[Nutrition and metabolic diseases with a mass incidence].

PubMed

Sobra, J

1990-07-20

Metabolic diseases with a mass incidence (simple obesity, arterial hypertension, hyperlipoproteinaemia, type II diabetes and gout) are the main risk factors for the manifestation of cardiovascular diseases which can be influenced, as has been reliably proved. They are at present the cause of 56% of all deaths in Czechoslovakia. It is important to emphasize that we are living and dying in an epidemic of cardiovascular diseases. The founder of morbid anatomy, Rudolf Virchow, stated more than 100 years ago: "If the prevalence of a certain disease in a population becomes epidemic, it reflects always a disorder of human culture". It is a fact that a great proportion of the population in Czechoslovakia has adopted during the past decades and still practices an unsound dietary regime and there are other negative lifestyle factors (obesity, smoking, little exercise, high alcohol consumption) for which we pay at present by a declining life expectancy, unnecessary human suffering and the nation as a whole by immense economic losses. The question arises: who and what prevents us from starting in Czechoslovakia as rapidly as possible expedient, comprehensively conceived prevention on a wide front, making use of all findings and advances of world science in this field?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zahradnik, R.

Science in Czechoslovakia suffered severely under successive periods of Nazi and communist domination. The system inherited by the current government was rigid and centralized. Scientists suffered throughout this period from poorly equipped laboratories, obsolete instruments, depressingly inadequate libraries, and negligible computer equipment. The university system has suffered so much - due to the lack of attention, incentive, resources, and prestige - that the training of young scientists has been greatly jeopardized. Nevertheless, although many of Czechoslovakia's research institutes are oversized, they also contain some excellent scientists - a tribute to the country's earlier heritage of excellent scientific and technical education.more » In the process of reforming the system, especially during this period of economic uncertainty, it is critical to support and preserve these pockets of excellence in order to make the most of any hopes of attaining Western' standards of living. Tight, multiple, wide contacts should be established between university and academy institutes. In this rebuilding effort, the universities have an extraordinarily important role. Czechoslovakia's recent efforts have shown some progress in this area. Yet much remains to be accomplished. Reforms must be carried out rapidly, given the time-lag before improvements will begin to bear fruit. 1 refs.« less

Eastern Europe: pronatalist policies and private behavior.

PubMed

David, H P

1982-02-01

Fertility trends in the 9 Eastern European socialist countries (Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, USSR, Yugoslavia) are reviewed. Official policy in all these countries but Yugoslavia is explicitly pronatalist to varying degrees. Attention is directed to the following areas: similarities and differences; fertility trends (historical trends, post World War 2 trends, and family size); abortion trends (abortion legislation history, current legislation, abortion data, impact on birth rates, abortion seekers, health risks, and psychological aftereffects); contraceptive availability and practice; pronatal economic incentives (impact on fertility); women's position; and marriage, divorce, and sexual attitudes. The fact that fertility was generally higher in the Eastern European socialist countries than in Western Europe in the mid-1970s is credited to pronatalist measures undertaken when fertility fell or threatened to fall below replacement level (2.1 births/woman) after abortion was liberalized in all countries but Albania, following the lead of the USSR in 1955. Fertility increased where access to abortion was again restricted (mildly in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary at various times, and severely in Romania in 1966) and/or economic incentives such as birth grants, paid maternity leave, family and child care allowances, and low interest loans to newlyweds were substantially increased (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland to some extent, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and the German Democratic Republic in 1976). Subsequent declines in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Romania suggest that policy induced increases in fertility are short-lived. Couples respond to abortion restrictions by practicing more efficient contraception or resorting to illegal abortion. It is evident that the region's low birth rate is realized mainly with abortion, for withdrawal remains the primary contraceptive method in all countries but Hungary and the German Democratic Republic. It seems that cash incentives have advanced the timing of 1st and 2nd births without substantially increasing the 3rd births required to keep national fertility above replacement level. Demographic factors alone will most likely keep birth rates low in several Eastern European countries during the 1980s and the 1990s. Due to the low birth rates in the 1960s, there will be fewer women in the prime childbearing ages of 20-29 in at least Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Hungary. It becomes clear that policy efforts to influence private reproductive behavior can only be moderately successful if the living conditions are such that women are determined not to have more than 1 or 2 children.

[Statistical surveys].

PubMed

1981-01-01

Data are included on fertility and mortality projections for Czechoslovakia, 1981-2000; population projections, 1981-2000; population of reproductive age, 1981-2000; and natural growth of population, 1975-1980

International Physics Olympiad still alive

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Polma, Richard; Kříž, Jan

2017-01-01

The International Physics Olympiad (IPhO) is an annual physics competition for high school students. In our article, we will discuss its development and results of research among former contestants from Czechoslovakia, resp. from Czech Republic.

[Recent trends in divorce in France: some comparisons with the Czechoslovak republics].

PubMed

Dittgen, A

1992-11-01

The first part of this article presents a demographic analysis of differences in divorce patterns between France and Czechoslovakia. The second part examines social factors affecting divorce in France.

Technical Report: The Development and Experience with UAV Research Applications in Former Czechoslovakia (1960s-1990s)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kolejka, Jaromír; Plánka, Ladislav

2018-02-01

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles in a number of fields of human activity represents the second wave of interest in the development and application of automated flying remotely controlled machines to collect aerial data. The former Czechoslovakia was one of the world's leading countries in the 1960s-1990s in terms of an unprecedented boom of development and applications of flying machines for imaging the Earth's surface. The reasons for their use were the same as today. Since the mid-1960s, radio-controlled (RC) models of aircraft carrying various types of photographic cameras have been developed. In spite of many administrative constraints, kite helicopters, fixed-wing aircrafts, and rogallo-wing aircrafts gradually began to be used in research. The photographic cameras for 1, 2, 4, and 6 bands carried by RC-aircraft models were developed in cooperation with leading Czech companies. These cameras used colour and black-and-white films, positive and negative films, and panchromatic, spectrozonal, and multispectral films. The general methodology and the RC-aircraft model application rules were both developed. The dominant processing method was the visual image interpretation, with and without the assistance of instruments. Optical and digital image mixers were used in Czechoslovakia, so it was possible to use natural and unnatural colour composites to highlight the studied phenomenon. A number of examples of the techniques and the scientific applications are presented in the article.

[Statistical surveys].

PubMed

1980-01-01

Tables are included on territory and population of Czechoslovakia; population development, 1869-1970; mortality by selected causes, 1960-1978; life expectancy by age, 1920-1978; live birth, death, abortion, marriage, and divorce rates, 1975-1980; and natural movement of the population, 1975-1980

Occupational Health in Eastern Europe

PubMed Central

Malan, R. M.

1963-01-01

Progress may be fostered as much by spreading information as by research. The aim of this review is to add to the existing knowledge of the pattern of occupational health services in the socialist countries of Eastern Europe. The work consists of two main parts. Part I is based on official information issued by government departments or typewritten reports prepared by government officials, and relates mostly to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and to Czechoslovakia. Part II is largely based on direct observation, discussion, and comparison of the occupational health services in Czechoslovakia, of which I have more extensive knowledge than of the other countries of Eastern Europe. This part embodies a number of conclusions and is followed by a list of bibliographical references. Throughout the review I have endeavoured to show how problems which exist all over the world are dealt with in Eastern Europe. PMID:13932439

The role of coal in the economy of the Czech Republic

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Doruska, J.

1995-12-01

The Czech Republic ranks among the countries with high total reserves of hard coal and lignite. Therefore coal always had and still has a significant role in covering the power demand of the Czech Republic. Transition of the national economy, based on the principles of the market economy and private ownership, affects among others also behavior of the mining companies. A strong emphasis is also aimed at the environmental aspects concerning both the process of coal mining and the process of its utilization. Within these intentions the power policy of the Czech Republic is formulated. The Czech Republic, which hasmore » 10 mil. inhabitants, ranks among the countries with a high share of industry in the process of creating the gross national product. This state has its historical roots as on the present territory of the Czech Republic there had been concentrated a majority of industrial and mining capacities of the Hapsburg Empire. The First World War resulted among others in the decline of the Hapsburg Empire. Within this process Czechoslovak Republic was established (apart from other things the center of democracy in the Central Europe). In that republic the industry had an important position. The industrial potential had been expanded even during the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany in the years 1939 - 1945. After the Second World War when Europe was divided into two political spheres Czechoslovakia became a significant industrial base of so called East Bloc. Such a development and the needs of the Eastern Bloc resulted in the intensive development of the heavy industry on the territory of Czechoslovakia.« less

Survey of Nutrition Knowledge as a Part of Nutrition Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Adamec, Cenek

1972-01-01

Surveys of nutritional knowledge were made before and after a national nutrition education campaign in Czechoslovakia. The surveys were used as an integral part of the campaign as well as for evaluation of the campaign. (BL)

The world's air transportation services : data as to passengers, mail, and goods carried by American and European transportation services

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1922-01-01

This report presents detailed descriptions, statistics, and graphs on European and American air transport. The European countries listed are Belgium, Czecho-Slovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, and Italy.

USSR Report, International Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-04-28

such processes as thermal processing, welding, assembly, painting, application of paint and lacquer coatings and other operations in various branches...the rubric "International Panorama ": "The Responsibility of the Shipper According to the Laws of Bulgaria, East Germany and Czechoslovakia"] [Text

JPRS Report, East Europe

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-05-06

1991 POLITICAL INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Foreign Ministry Criticizes Loncar Meeting [Sofia Radio... INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Norwegian Firm Expands Activity to East Europe [Oslo AFTENPOSTEN 22 Mar] ..................... 33 CZECHOSLOVAKIA Deputy Minister on...1991 POLITICAL INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS ALBANIA Foreign Ministry Criticizes Loncar Meeting Former Political Prisoner’s Experiences Described A

Work, Leisure Time and Adult Education in Technically Advanced Industrial Countries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

European Centre for Leisure and Education, Prague (Czechoslovakia).

An outline of the increasing amount of change required of modern man, specifically in Czechoslovakia, to cope with the demands of a rapidly advancing technology is presented. Consideration is given to leisure time, work requirements, and educational needs. (CK)

My Holocaust Journey.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Glanz, Jeffrey

2000-01-01

An education professor whose father was a Holocaust survivor recounts a journey to visit World War II concentration camps in Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Germany. He realized that Nazis were systematic exterminators, and cities had been sanitized to banish unseemly memories. Today vigilance and character education are essential. (MLH)

Eastern European National Minorities, 1919-1980. A Handbook.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Horak, Stephan M.; And Others

Historical summaries and annotated bibliographies are provided for chapters focusing on national minorities in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, Italy and Austria, Bulgaria, and Albania between 1919 and 1980. Chapter 1, "Eastern European National Minorities, 1919-1980" (Stephen M. Horak), includes an historical…

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SEMICONDUCTOR INJECTION LASERS SELCO-87: Simple pulsed semiconductor lasers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hulicius, E.; Abrahám, A.; Sĭmeček, T.

1988-11-01

A brief review is given of the main characteristics of pulsed GaAlAs/GaAs lasers made in Czechoslovakia. A description is given of laser structures with large optical cavities and their electrical, optical, and service life characteristics are reported.

Bacteriological Controls at Czechoslovakia Blood Transfusion Centers.

DTIC Science & Technology

1961-07-01

and are followed by a steep rise in temperature. 3. The third phase is characterized by extreme distension of the arteries well visible in the mucous...by increased muscular rigidity. 4. The fourth phase is of shock, disappearance of vasomotor regulation, strong orthostatic hypotension with peripheral

Towards a Generative Phonology of the Modern Irish Noun

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wigger, Arndt

1973-01-01

Revised version of Komplexe Regelmerkmale in der Morphologie des Irischen'' (Complex Rule Characteristics in Irish Morphology), a paper presented at a meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea, Prague, Czechoslovakia, October 10, 1970; present paper presented at the Dublin Linguistic Circle, January 10, 1971. (DD)

Self-experimentations with psychedelics among mental health professionals: LSD in the former Czechoslovakia.

PubMed

Winkler, Petr; Csémy, Ladislav

2014-01-01

This article enquires into auto-experiments with psychedelics. It is focused on the experiences and current attitudes of mental health professionals who experimented with LSD in the era of legal research of this substance in the former Czechoslovakia. The objective of the follow-up study presented was to assess respondents' long-term views on their LSD experience(s). A secondary objective was to capture the attitude of the respondents toward the use of psychedelics within the mental health field. A total of 22 individuals participated in structured interviews. None of the respondents reported any long-term negative effect and all of them except two recorded enrichment in the sphere of self-awareness and/or understanding to those with mental disorder(s). Although there were controversies with regard to the ability of preventing possible negative consequences, respondents were supportive towards self-experiments with LSD in mental health sciences. This article is the first systematic examination of the self-experimentation with psychedelics that took place east of the Iron Curtain.

Changing life expectancy in central Europe: is there a single reason?

PubMed

Chenet, L; McKee, M; Fulop, N; Bojan, F; Brand, H; Hort, A; Kalbarczyk, P

1996-09-01

During the 1980s, at a time that life expectancy at birth in western Europe has increased by 2.5 years, it has stagnated or, for some groups, declined in the former socialist countries of central and eastern Europe. A study was carried out to ascertain the contribution of deaths at different age groups and from different causes to changes in life expectancy at birth in Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland between 1979 and 1990. Improvements in infant mortality have been counteracted by deteriorating death rates among young and middle-aged people, with the deterioration commencing as young as late childhood in Hungary but in the thirties or forties in Czechoslovakia and Poland. The leading contributors to this deterioration are cancer and circulatory disease but, in Hungary, cirrhosis and accidents have also been of great importance. The patterns observed in each country differ in the age groups affected and the causes of death. Further work is required to explain these differences.

Egypt’s Air War in Yemen

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-01

transports. 15 They also had Yak -11 piston-engine fighters, which were often used for reconnaissance, and Mi-4 transport helicopters in theater...happened with 20 Yak aircraft received from Czechoslovakia. Most remained on the airfields to rust, with some never leaving their crates. In the late

Assessment of the Potential Operational Consequences of Russia Joining NATO

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

popular public support, such as Lech Walesa. The transition was also supported by domestic organizations such as the Catholic Church and the...Havel in the Czech Republic or Lech Walesa in Poland, the tension in politics increased after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. After the Velvet

Reading Disabilities: An International Perspective.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tarnopol, Lester, Ed.; Tarnopol, Muriel, Ed.

This volume includes essays on reading disabilities in such places as Argentina, Austria, Belgium, China, Canada, Denmark, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Norway, The Netherlands, Rhodesia, Republic of South Africa, and the United States. Most of the 20 essays include the background of special education in the…

Concept for the Strategic Use of Special Operations Forces in the 1990’s and Beyond

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-05-22

the KGB and GRU have run a series of schools for foreigners staffed by Spetsnaz personnel ... in Czechoslovakia.. .Hungary... East Germany...the...contained by USSR hegemony, most of these countries ethnocentric and nationalistic disputes, fueled by ancient rivalries, animosities, and racism, have

Democracy: What It Is, How To Teach It.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ravitch, Diane

The historic events of 1989 changed the political map of the world. Students and workers in China rose up to demand democracy. Democracy bloomed in Chile, Brazil, and other Latin American countries where freely elected governments replaced repressive rulers. Communist dictatorships in Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Rumania were…

Ethics and Truth in Archival Research

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tesar, Marek

2015-01-01

The complexities of the ethics and truth in archival research are often unrecognised or invisible in educational research. This paper complicates the process of collecting data in the archives, as it problematises notions of ethics and truth in the archives. The archival research took place in the former Czechoslovakia and its turbulent political…

Foreign Language Needs: Theory and Empirical Evidence in Czechoslovakia.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Prucha, Jan

Foreign language (FL) needs is a new interdisciplinary area of research developing between applied linguistics, sociolinguistics, and educational planning and evaluation. FL needs consist of the demands, wishes, and expectations of the whole society, its groups and individuals, reflecting the relationship of their contemporary and future existence…

After the Fall: A Conflict Management Program to Foster Open Society

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shapiro, Daniel L.

2004-01-01

The fall of the Berlin Wall rocked the sociopolitical equilibrium of eastern and central Europe. Communism lost its grip over much of Europe. The USSR, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia divided along ethnic, religious, and historical lines. Ethnopolitical tensions surfaced across the region, and in Yugoslavia, tensions combusted. Whereas democracy…

Extra-Curricular and out-of-School Education in European Socialist Countries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wegerich, Hans-Joachim

1988-01-01

Describes extra-curricular activities in East Germany, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, and the USSR, and provides an annotated bibliography that covers activities in the social sciences; science and technology; natural sciences; arts and culture; sports; tourism; mass media; after school centers; holiday activities; and youth…

Social Structure and Social Change in Eastern Europe.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fischer, George; Schenkel, Walter

This specialized bibliography of scholarly writings since 1945 on Eastern Europe covers the countries of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia. Distinct entries number about 700 and cover works published in English in the United States and Great Britain and also sources in French and German published…

The Japanese Copula: A Dummy?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wenck, G.

1973-01-01

Discussion of whether the Japanese copula can adequately be described as a dummy, i.e., as an element which although existing in the surface structure can be dispensed with in the deep structure of a sentence; based on a paper read at the 1970 meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea, Prague, Czechoslovakia. (RS)

Translations on USSR Science and Technology, Physical Sciences and Technology, Number 39

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-06-30

11111111111111 \\"-m Twice-Awarded Hero of the Soviet Union, USSR Pilot-Cosmonaut A. A. Leonov exercises on a trampoline . Training cannot be limited to a...Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, and Czechoslovakia participated in the conference. The Soviet delegation was headed by Academician B. N. Petrov

USSR and Eastern Europe Scientific Abstracts, Geophysics, Astronomy and Space, Number 413.

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-01-17

weightlessness conditions. It is especial- ly timely now, when, as is well known, citizens of Czechoslovakia, Poland , GDR are in training for manned...consider Georgiy Grechko to be one of our specialists," says L. V. Des- inov . "He thoroughly knows these problems. He visited the Nurekskaya Hydro

World Perspective Case Descriptions on Educational Programs for Adults: Czechoslovakia.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Skoda, Kamil; Hartl, Pavel

This document contains two case studies of Czechoslovakian adult education: (1) Czechoslovakian Adult Education (Skoda) and (2) the House of Culture and Its Function in Adult Education (Hartl). Each study begins with a "face sheet" on which is recorded basic information about the entity studied and the case study itself. About half of…

Specific Learning Disabilities and the Concept of Psychological Subdeprivation: The Czechoslovak Experience.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Matejcek, Zdenek; Dytrych, Zdenek

1993-01-01

The main outcomes of the Prague (Czechoslovakia) longitudinal studies following over 1,000 children for almost 30 years are summarized. The children were either born from unwanted pregnancies, with alcoholic fathers, born out-of-wedlock, or in divorced families. A theory of psychological subdeprivation is offered and applied to children with…

Education in Czechoslovakia. Bulletin, 1922, No. 39

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bach, Teresa

1923-01-01

The Czecho-Slovak Republic, proclaimed independent October 28, 1918, comprises an area of 54,000 square miles. It is inhabited by Czechs and Slovaks, two branches of the western Slavs, from whom the Republic derived its name. The new State reunites the Provinces of Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and Slovakia, and the autonomous territory of Carpathian…

Diagnosis of Hearing Loss.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

World Federation of the Deaf, Rome (Italy).

Seven conference papers from the U.S.S.R., India, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia consider the diagnosis of hearing loss. They are "Examination of Hearing of Children, Aged from 2 to 5, by Means of Playing Audiometry" by A. P. Kossacheva, "A Study of the Etiology and Pattern of Deafness in a School for the Deaf in Madras,…

The Courtship and Consequences of Liberalization: A Snapshot of Educational Restructuring in Central East Europe.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tibbitts, Felisa

Trends of educational change in (formerly) East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Bulgaria are examined as restructuring takes place during the establishment of democratic political processes. These trends are culled from over 50 onsite semistructured interviews in August 1990, as part of a longitudinal study to document educational…

Differences between recalculated and original Dobson total ozone data from Hradec Kralove, Czechoslovakia, 1962-1990

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vanicek, Karel

1994-01-01

Backward reevaluation of long-term total ozone measurements from the Solar and Ozone Observatory of Czech Hydrometeorological Institute at Hradec Kralove, Czechoslovakia, was performed for the period 1962-1990. The homogenization was carried out with respect to the calibration level of the World Primary Standard Spectrophotometer No. 83 - WPSS by means of day-by-day recalculations of more than 25,000 individual measurements using the R-N tables reconstructed after international comparisons and regular standard lamp tests of the Dobson spectrophotometer No. 74. The results showed significant differences among the recalculated data and those original ones published in the bulletins Ozone Data for the World. In the period 1962-1979 they reached 10-19 D.U. (3.0-5.5%) for annual averages and even 26 D.U. (7.0%) for monthly averages of total ozone. Such differences exceed several times accuracy of measuring and can significantly influence character of trends of total ozone in Central Europe. Therefore the results from Hradec Kralove support the calls for reevaluation of all historical Dobson total ozone data sets at individual stations of Global Ozone Observing System.

Differences between Czech and Slovak Economic Higher Education from 1945 to 1953

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chalupecký, Petr; Johnson, Zdenka

2016-01-01

This paper discusses the development of economic higher education in Czechoslovakia from 1945 to 1953, ie before the emergence of new economic universities with the same name: University of Economics (Vysoká škola ekonomická) in Prague and Bratislava. Its aim is to determine possible similarities and differences in economic education between the…

Aesthetic Empathy in Teaching Art to Children: The Work of Friedl Dicker-Brandeis in Terezin

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wix, Linney

2009-01-01

This article examines the teaching approach of art educator Friedl Dicker-Brandeis as a historical antecedent to the art therapy profession. Dicker-Brandeis's philosophy and her specific methods of teaching art to children in the Terezin concentration camp in Czechoslovakia between 1942 and 1944 are described. The influence of the Bauhaus…

Summary of experimental releases of exotic microsporidia: conclusions and recommendations

Treesearch

J. V. Maddox; M. R. Jeffords; M. L. McManus; R. E. Webb

1991-01-01

During a 1985 European expedition, 5 species of microsporidia were obtained from gypsy moth collected in Portugal Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria. From 1986-1989, we released all 5 species of these microsporidia into gypsy moth populations in isolated woodlots in Maryland. This presentation is a summary of the conclusions and recommendations based on the results of our...

ONR Europe Reports. Computer Science/Computer Engineering in Central Europe: A Report on Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-08-01

Rychlik J.: Simulation of distributed control systems. Research report of Institute of Technology in 22 Pilsen no. 209-07-85, Jun. 1985 Kocur P... Kocur P.: Sensitivity analysis of reliability parameters. Proceedings of conf. FTSD, Brno, Jun. 1986, pp. 97-101 Smrha P., Kocur P., Racek S.: A

Trade Remedies: A Primer

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-05-01

Turkmenistan Turkey Trinidad Tajikistan Pakistan Philippines Malaysia Lithuania Latvia Estonia Ecuador Czechoslovakia Bangladesh Poland Norway Moldova Iran...while continuing domestic production of more high-end items. Many furniture retailers reportedly became furious with furniture industry petitioners...because they feared that the higher prices caused by possible AD duties would depress sales and result in the layoffs of retail employees. Furniture

[Statistical surveys].

PubMed

1982-01-01

Data are included on natural increase in Czechoslovakia, 1972-1981 and 1976-1982; number of women aged 15-29, 1979-1981; nuptiality, divorce rate, abortions, and live births and fertility, 1979-1981; population over age 60, 1979-1981; mortality, life expectancy, and infant mortality, 1979-1981; causes of death, 1980-1981; internal and international migration, 1979-1981; and sex ratio, 1979-1981.

JPRS Report, East Europe

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-05-03

Selecting Army Generals Detailed [OSMICA I Feb] .................................................... 26 ECONOMIC CZECHOSLOVAKIA Past, Future Industrial ... disadvantageous . Our public order, defend the legal rights and property of our goal is to restore the harmony of our society with its citizens and...state." 4. We shall oppose all attempts to monopolize political 10. We demand a fundamental reform of the security power, attempts that we must confront

Cultivating a "Slavic Modern": Yugoslav Beekeeping, Schooling and Travel in the 1920s and 1930s

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sobe, Noah W.

2005-01-01

This article presents research on the foreign travel of Yugoslav teachers, students and beekeepers in the 1920s and 1930s. It focuses on Yugoslavs' travels to Czechoslovakia and examines the role that notions of the "Slavic" played in the international circulation of ideas within these particular networks. During this period one finds…

Hybrid Practices Meet Nation-State Language Policies: Transcarpathia in the Twentieth Century and Today

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Csernicskó, István; Laihonen, Petteri

2016-01-01

From the early twentieth century to the present day, Transcarpathia has belonged to several states: the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy, Czechoslovakia, the Hungarian Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and finally to Ukraine. The status of what counts as a minority and a majority language has changed each time the state affiliation has been changed. Based on…

Abstracts of Papers Presented at the International Symposium on Time, Frequency and Dating in Geomorphology Held in Bratislava (Czechoslovakia) on 16- 21 June 1992

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-06-21

and slope erosion. The catastrophe in Arosa (1981) .............. 42 STANKOVIANSKY, M., LEHOTSKI, M.: Utilization of the pedo-geomorphic approach in...University, Jerusalem, Israel 41 MAN’S ACTION AND SLOPE EROSION. THE CATASTROPHE IN AROSA (1981) de SERPA MARQUES, B., de SOUSA PEDROSA, A. When a

Informationstechnische Weiterbildung Fur Frauen Von Frauen: Internationaler Workshop = Education in Informatics for Women By Women: International Workshop (Hamburg, Germany, November 30-December 3, 1992).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ellebrecht, Ingrid, Ed.; And Others

This document presents workshop results and participants' reports from the international conference "Train the Trainers in Information and Communication Technology." The participants consisted of 18 women and one man from Czechoslovakia, Russia, Latvia, Bulgaria, Romania, Mongolia, Jordan, Egypt, and the Philippines. Eleven reports were presented…

Receptive Multilingualism in "Monolingual" Media: Managing the Presence of Slovak on Czech Websites

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sloboda, Marián; Nábelková, Mira

2013-01-01

This paper investigates how the presence of a minority language closely related to the majority language is received and treated on the World Wide Web. Specifically, it deals with the acceptability and treatment of texts written in Slovak in the .cz domain, which belongs to the Czech Republic, more than a decade after the split of Czechoslovakia.…

"You Have Betrayed Us for a Little Dirty Money!" The Prague Spring as Seen by Primary School Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zounek, Jirí; Šimáne, Michal; Knotová, Dana

2018-01-01

This study focuses on the everyday operation of primary schools in Czechoslovakia during the so-called Prague Spring and the subsequent communist political clampdown after the invasion by the Warsaw Pact forces. The authors focus primarily on the experiences of teachers, how events in this complex period affected their professional lives, and how…

JPRS Report, Environmental Issues

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-06-27

multilateral cooperation in addition to military -political and international legal problems. Special attention was paid to discussing measures to protect the...Aleksandr Kanishchev] [Text] Moscow June 20 TASS—Problems related to the ecological situation around Soviet military bases in Czechoslovakia have...selves—a situation in which they make little or no provision for pollution control facilities. The regulations, expected to be based on the outcome

Emerging Voices: East European Media in Transition. A Gannett Foundation Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dennis, Everette E.; Vanden Heuvel, Jon

This book-length report is the outgrowth of a fact-finding mission (in July and August 1990) from the Gannett Foundation to Central and Eastern Europe to assess the current state and probable future of press freedom there. The report investigates the condition and needs of the print and electronic media of four countries--Poland, Czechoslovakia,…

Comparison of recalculated Dobson and TOMS total ozone at Hradec Kralove, Czechoslovakia, 1978-1990

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stanek, Martin; Vanicek, Karel

1994-01-01

The reevaluated Dobson total ozone data from Hradec Kralove, Czechoslovakia were compared with independent Total Ozone Mapping Spectrophotometer (TOMS) 'version 6' data set. The comparison was performed by means of the parallel daily averages of ground-based and satellite total ozone pairs of the period November 1978 to December 1990. The comparison showed slight differences between both data series. Their average relative difference is 0.48 percent. The similar results have been reached for subsets of direct sun and zenith types of measurements as well. Their relative differences are 0.61 percent and 0.11 percent respectively. These facts indicate not only good mutual relation of both data sources but also reliability and accuracy of the zenith charts of the spectrophotometer No. 74 used at Hradec Kralove. Preliminary assessment of seasonal MU-dependence of the differences between Dobson and TOMS data was made while using total ozones of winter and summer months representing values of MU=2.70-5.20 and MU = 1.12-1.30 respectively. The results did not show systematic underestimation or overestimation of total ozone due to MU-dependence of the instrument at Hradec Kralove in both seasons.

Paleomagnetism and rock magnetism at Liblice-A personal view from a participant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hoffman, Ken

The New Trends and Databases in Paleomagnetism and Rock Magnetism Conference held in Liblice, Czechoslovakia, from June 27 to July 2, 1988, was indeed a most memorable event. In ways seldom experienced at large International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) assemblies, the quality of two-way exchange between “east” and “west” was magical. For 5 days, “home” for most of the 68 participants was the baroque Liblice Castle, a remnant of 18th century Bohemian feudalism. The setting was serene, among acres of wheat produced by the local communal farm, located some 40 km north of Prague. Beyond the physical environment, the uniqueness of the gathering resulted from the demographic makeup of the participants. With small delegations from Scandanavia and the west—just four of us from the United States—the vast majority who descended on the castle came from the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and nearly every other eastern bloc neighbor. Even at IAGA in Prague just 3 years ago, where participation was more uniform, the sheer size of the assembly was to some degree an obstacle toward east-west communication and perhaps tended to promote western views only. Not so at Liblice; we were definitely on different turf!

JPRS Report, Environmental Issues

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-11-14

Government’s Forest Plan [Bangkok BANGKOK POST 22 Oct] 14 MALAYSIA Government To Ratify Marine Pollution Conventions [BERNAMA 29 Oct] 15...Oct] 20 CZECHOSLOVAKIA Mission Finds Bohunice Nuclear Power Plant Poses No Danger [CTK 12 Oct] 21 HUNGARY Institute Develops System for...90-015 14 November 1990 August. In principle, in order to check the reliability of a system it is necessary to perform these tests, and the very

East Europe Report

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-01-24

branches of AlK and its infrastructure. In the CEMA countries, the degree of agricultural intensification has grown as did labor productivity, and the...1.47 percent in 1980 (F. Levcik, J. Skolka: East-West Technology Transfer. Study of Czechoslovakia, Paris [ OECD ] 1984, p 20). Basic Features of...an OECD study in 1984: between 1979 and 1981, export of technological equipment and other investment goods ("engineering products"), price-adjusted

Daily Report East Europe Supplement

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-04-02

Budget Proposals Critically Analyzed [POLITYKA 20 Feb] 31 * Japanese Experts Develop Transportation Plan [RZECZPOSPOLITA 10 Feb] 34 ROMANIA ...Governance and Personal Autonomy"] [Text] 1. Summary of 74 Years of Experience Throughout its existence from 1918 to the end of 1992, Czechoslovakia...partnership could be formed. The primary reasons are as follows: —prior’to 1918 the Hungarians of Slovakia were an integral part of the Hungarian nation

East Europe Report

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-01-16

economic team" means and wondered whether a 12-hour working day is normal in Poland, on Saturdays too, they clearly calmed down when they learned that...Cartoon Commentary on Economic Problems (LUDAS MATYI, 26 Nov 86) 17 - a - POLITICS CZECHOSLOVAKIA Party Daily Criticizes Official U.S...trade volume was recorded. The CSSR has been delivering machine tools and trucks to the PRC since the 1950s. It has also been involved in the

JPRS Report, East Europe.

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-12-07

Chairman of Citizens Economic Initiative Union [168 CHASA 30 Oct] 2 CZECHOSLOVAKIA Schwarzenberg Reported Confident in Face of Complex Tasks [Frankfurt...32 JPRS-EER-90-161 7 December 1990 2 MILITARY HUNGARY Soviet Barracks: Cleanup by U.S. Firm, Funding in Doubt 35 U.S. Official Responds...the balance among four forces that are basic in our case : the United States, Europe, Turkey, and Russia. Make Money and Not Politics Such is our

"Eurotrain for Training." Proceedings of a European Congress on Continuing Education and Training (4th, Berlin, Germany; Warsaw, Poland; Prague, Czechoslovakia; Budapest, Hungary; Vienna, Austria, October 5-9, 1992).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wisser, Ulrike, Ed.; Grootings, Peter, Ed.

1992-01-01

A "travelling" congress was conducted in five European cities (Berlin, Warsaw, Prague, Budapest, and Vienna) to promote a mutual exchange of views between east and west. The participants stressed the growing European Community interest in current examples of cooperation with neighbors in central and eastern Europe. In addition to…

JPRS Report, Arms Control.

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-30

program of 15 January is limited to disar- mament. Work of no less importance is being carried out in other areas. Significant progress has been made in...Views Progress [PRAVDA 15 Jan] 18 ’Proper Perspective’Seen [B. Pvadvshev; PRAVDA 12 Jan] 20 Plan Said " Working Successfully’ [V. Chernyshev...Troop Withdrawals [Berlin ADN 15 Jan] 38 Last Air Force Regiment Leaves Czechoslovakia [A. Shapovalov; TASS 21 Jan] 38 First 93 Tanks Shipped

JPRS Report, East Europe

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-07-30

disposable syringes and needles which the Bul- garian government will set up in the country in conjunc- tion with Medical Stores. Speaking in his...Kam Limited—Plovdiv, a medical stores company in Bulgaria and Cde Vladimir Zlatrov, chairman of the Electroimpex that setting up of the project...discussing the problem of direct supplies that would eliminate middlemen.— ZANA . CZECHOSLOVAKIA CPCZ’s Election Program 90CH0095A Prague RUDE PRA

Translations on Eastern Europe, Political, Sociological, and Military Affairs, Number 1443

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-09-08

and Document Analysis. 17a. Descriptors International Affairs X Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia _X East Germany X... Hungary X...No. 1443 CONTENTS PAGE ALBANIA Comments of Foreign Delegates To Trade Union Congress (PUNA, various dates) 1 EAST GERMANY SED Drive Against...delegation, for the revolutionary workers and revolutionary trade unions of Germany , it has been a great honor to be able to take part in the Eighth

[Some new phenomena of culturally legitimate examples of family formation].

PubMed

Mozny, I

1987-01-01

Recent changes in the process of family formation in Czechoslovakia are described. These include a reversal of the trends toward lower rates of illegitimacy and lower ages at marriage and increases in the number of divorces, the popularity of consensual unions, and the percent of marriages following pregnancy. Factors affecting consensual union are considered, including educational status, birth order, and marital status. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)

JPRS Report, East Europe

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-10-26

leadership teams with com- munist reformers in three countries—Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania —the USSR wanted to keep within its sphere of...national state does not date only from 1918 : The Czech State law has a very ancient history which has not been forgotten. Pithart’s idea that...analogy of a nation that had a rather cool relationship to its own national statehood, the Austrians of 1918 . Czechoslovak con- sciousness, which in

Selected Translations on Public Health in East Germany and Czechoslovakia

DTIC Science & Technology

1961-03-13

EastBerlin, 15 December I960] CONTENTS PAGE - Toxoplasmosis and Pneumocystosis as an 1 Anthropozoonosis Anthrax as a Children’s Disease 2 Chemotherapy...infections from natural foci in the terms of Pavlovskiy. In toxoplasmosis , postnatal infections occur almost exclusively by transmission from...synanthropie mammals and birds which live in the environment of man, or from wild _ animals with which man has closer contact. In congenital toxoplasmosis

Intersectional Discrimination of Romani Women Forcibly Sterilized in the Former Czechoslovakia and Czech Republic

PubMed Central

Albert, Gwendolyn

2017-01-01

Abstract This paper reviews domestic and international activism seeking justice for Romani and other women harmed by coercive, forced, and involuntary sterilization in the former Czechoslovakia and Czech Republic. Framed by Michel Foucault’s theory of biopower, it summarizes the history of these abuses and describes human rights campaigns involving domestic and international litigation, advocacy, and grassroots activism, as well as the responses of the Czech governments. The paper describes how legal and policy work during the past decade has led to recognition of coercive, forced, and involuntary sterilization as a present-day human rights issue worldwide, to the adoption of new guidelines on female sterilization, and to a joint statement on the issue by seven UN agencies. Relying on academic literature, reports by domestic and international human rights groups, state investigations, judgments from Czech courts and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), media reports, and the experience of the authors, who have been allies of the Romani women harmed in the Czech Republic since 2005 and 2012, respectively, the paper describes the current state of play with respect to achieving redress for them, including current conceptual, legal, political, and social obstacles and their antecedents in 20th century notions of population control. PMID:29302160

Mental health consequences of abortion and refused abortion.

PubMed

Watter, W W

1980-02-01

There is no scientific evidence to support the hypothesis put forth by Dr. Philip Ney in a recent article published in the Canadian Journal of Psychiatry that induced abortion is associated with an increase in child abuse. There are, however, numerous studies which support the contention that mandatory motherhood adversely affects the mental health of both the mother and the offspring. Studies conducted in Sweden, Scotland, and Czechoslovakia revealed that women who were refused abortions frequently experienced serious psychosocial difficulties for long periods of time following abortion refusal. Case controlled follow-up studies, conducted in Sweden and Czechoslovakia, of offspring born to women who were refused abortions demonstrated that a higher proportion of the unwanted children required psychiatric services, engaged in criminal behavior, and did less well in school than the controlled children. These studies have implications for the current Canadian law which permits a woman to obtain an abortion if pregnancy continuation will endanger her health. In view of the above statistical evidence, and the fact that mortality and morbidity are known to be lower for abortion than for childbirth, any person who denies a woman the right to have an abortion is increasing the risk that the health of the woman will be endangered. By law, therefore, all abortion requests should be honored.

Pro-natalist population policies in Czechoslovakia.

PubMed

Heitlinger, A

1976-03-01

Summary Given the high rate of women's employment and the lack of labour reserves, other than the natural replacement of the population, pro-natalist population policy in Czechoslovakia should be seen as a response to an anticipated shortage of labour. The rapid post-war decline in the birth rate has been caused by the greatly increased opportunity structure for women in education and employment, and by other policies favouring lower natality - rapid urbanization, inadequate provision of housing, insufficient investment in consumers' goods and services, low wages and relatively free availability of abortion. To reverse this undesirable population trend, the Czechoslovak government has adopted a more restrictive attitude towards abortion, lengthened paid maternity leave, increased family allowances and single grants given at childbirth and introduced the so-called maternity allowance, which is a direct monthly payment given by the state to mothers who wish to stay at home to raise a second or subsequent child, until the child is two years old. The time so spent counts towards the mother's retirement pension and other kinds of seniority, and her job is held open for her. These measures have contributed to the recent increase in the Czechoslovak birth rate, but more time is needed for the assessment of the long-term effectiveness of these measures.

Intersectional Discrimination of Romani Women Forcibly Sterilized in the Former Czechoslovakia and Czech Republic.

PubMed

Albert, Gwendolyn; Szilvasi, Marek

2017-12-01

This paper reviews domestic and international activism seeking justice for Romani and other women harmed by coercive, forced, and involuntary sterilization in the former Czechoslovakia and Czech Republic. Framed by Michel Foucault's theory of biopower, it summarizes the history of these abuses and describes human rights campaigns involving domestic and international litigation, advocacy, and grassroots activism, as well as the responses of the Czech governments. The paper describes how legal and policy work during the past decade has led to recognition of coercive, forced, and involuntary sterilization as a present-day human rights issue worldwide, to the adoption of new guidelines on female sterilization, and to a joint statement on the issue by seven UN agencies. Relying on academic literature, reports by domestic and international human rights groups, state investigations, judgments from Czech courts and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), media reports, and the experience of the authors, who have been allies of the Romani women harmed in the Czech Republic since 2005 and 2012, respectively, the paper describes the current state of play with respect to achieving redress for them, including current conceptual, legal, political, and social obstacles and their antecedents in 20th century notions of population control.

Translations on Eastern Europe, Political, Sociological, and Military Affairs, Number 1421

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-07-22

revolutionary energy, the working class under the leadership of Lenin’s party began, in alliance with the laboring peasantry and with the support of...Czechoslovakia have experienced tremendous joy in connection with the remarkable successes which the Soviet people have achieved under the leadership of...liberation of our motherland by the Soviet Army our people, under the leadership of the CPCZ, had again and again to wage a struggle against the

Selected Translations of Abstracts in Referativnyy Zhurnal - Biologiya, No. 6, 1959.

DTIC Science & Technology

1959-01-01

l/l CZECHOSLOVAKIA/Virology - Viruses of Man and Animals. E The Virus of Infectious Mononucleosis . Abs Jour : Ref Zhur Biol., No 6, 1959, 23852...Author : Kouba, Karel; Mencikova, Eva; Vyberna, Marie Title : About the Etiology of Infectious Mononucleosis . ■Orle Pub : Casop. lekaru ceskych...CZECSOSLOVAKIA/VIrolOßy - Viruses of Man and Animals, . The Virus of Infectious Mononucleosis . Abs Jour Author Inst Title Ref Zhur Diol., No 6, 1959, 23853

Translations on Eastern Europe, Political, Sociological and Military Affairs, Number 1583

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-09-05

Virginia 22151 19. Security Class (This Report) UNCLASSIFIED 20 . Security Class (This Page UNCLASSIFIED 21. No., of Pages 59’ > 22. Price FORM...Honecker; NEUES DEUTSCHLAND , 23 Aug 78) 1 Belgrade Daily Cites ’PRAVDA’ on Czechoslovakia in 1968 (R. Bajalski; POLITIKA, 21 Aug 78) . 3...Aug 78) 9 Curtailment of West Mark Use For Prostitution Threatened (NEUES DEUTSCHLAND , 8 Aug 78) 10 Briefs Aid for Zimbabwe 11 Friendship

Expressing the sense of Congress on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of historic events in Central and Eastern Europe, particularly the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia, and reaffirming the bonds of friendship and cooperation between the United States and the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Mica, John L. [R-FL-7

2009-11-07

Senate - 11/20/2009 Received in the Senate and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status Agreed to in HouseHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Translations on Eastern Europe, Political, Sociological, and Military Affairs, Number 1496.

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-01-19

had to retreat with the ships to Feodosia, where we stayed until the end of March 1918 . "After this I returned to Romania and settled in Bucharest...withdrawn as a result of his release from this position by the Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church . [Bucharest BULETINUL OFICIAL in Romanian Part I No...X International Affairs ■& Albania Bulgaria X Czechoslovakia X East Germany Hungary X Poland X Romania X

Translations on Eastern Europe Political, Sociological, and Military Affairs, Number 1366

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-03-18

Key Words and Document Analysis. 17a. Descriptors X X X X X X International Affairs Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary...TRIBUNA, 29 Dec 76) ’ 11 EAST GERMANY GDR Military Developments Reported (DIE WELT, various dates) 16 Figures on Military...34 conquered Tirgoviste and Giurgiu where "the enemy hit like turbined pigs, destroying the bridge and drowning the Moslems." The author goes on to quote from

Translations on Eastern Europe, Political, Sociological, and Military Affairs, Number 1474

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-11-16

Political Administration ( Kiril Kosev; NARODNA ARMIYA, 21 Oct 77) 30 CZECHOSLOVAKIA Belgrade Speech of Chief Czechoslovak Delegate (Dusan Rovensky...the loyal follower of G. Dimitrov , noted Leninist, leader of the party and the state, and hero of the Soviet Union and of the Bulgarian People’s...20 Colonel General Velko Palin, head of the Military Affairs Department of the BCP Central Committee, Colonel General Kiril Kosev, chief of the Main

Development and Experimental Application of International Affairs Indicators. Volume B. Supportive Research

DTIC Science & Technology

1974-06-01

i INDICATORS Approaches to Early Warning The Quantitative Indicators Approach: A ... 5 Summary Indicators and Early Warning...Indicators for Early ^ Wa rning 3. Quantitative Signs of Unusual or Ominous Activity 9 13 4. Simulated Cables 25 5 . TEXSCAN...Behavior) for Czechoslovakia 1 mmmmm mmm LIST OF FIGURES vi Pa£« 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 . 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. U. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18

Stop the Insanity: Halt NATO Enlargement to Salvage Relations with Russia

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-02-12

America’s Undeclared War, 1918 -1920 (Dulles, VA: Brassey’s, 2003), iii. 9 For further discussion of Nazi operations within Russia, see Colonel...2009). 10 against communist authority, by the year’s end Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Romania had joined East Germany in...Bucharest, Romania , 4 April 2008, http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/text/speeches/2008/04/04/1949_type82915_163150.shtml (accessed December 2008). 57 Adam

Soviet Economic Policy Towards Eastern Europe

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-11-01

high. Without specifying the determinants of Soviet demand for "allegiance" in more detail, the model is not testable; we cannot predict how subsidy...trade inside (Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria). These countries are behaving as predicted by the model . If this hypothesis is true, the pattern of subsidies...also compares the sum of per capita subsidies by country between 1970 and 1982 with the sum of subsidies predicted by the model . Because of the poor

Naval Medical Research and Development News. Volume 7, Issue 5, May 2015

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-05-01

native and Hospital Corpsman 2nd Class Jacob Wilson, from Corona , Calif. field questions from Jesse Alva, of Naval Hospital Bremerton’s Outpatient...satellite camp in Buchenwald. He ended his tour in Plzen, Czechoslovakia. Following his tour in Germany he was discharged and spent several years...rheumatic fever. At the time, the Naval Hospital in Corona , California, had been used for this purpose, but with increased demands for the hospital’s other

JPRS Report, East Europe.

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-10-17

debt imbalance would have been avoided if things had been "acted upon" on time and with the necessary effect . POLITICAL JPRS-EER-90-142 17 October...language and restore the prestige of the country abroad. He is a symbol and a unifying factor. In short, concludes the filmmaker Jiri Menzel, always... filmmaker Jan Nemec, none of the 1968 exiles has returned to the country to help rebuild it. Czechoslovakia has hit some- thing of a low point. But as

JPRS Report, East Europe

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-13

the armies of 5 Warsaw Pact countries in Czechoslovakia in 1968 and Breznev’s document "Lessons From the Crisis ." R.: A question keeps coming up in...Committee and deputy to the Supreme Soviet, whom the author dares to brand "a communist in quotation marks". If this trend continues, and everything so...return once more to the freedom of expression or the policy of glasnost, which I do not consider as identical with a real and full freedom of

Four years of measles elimination in the Czech Socialist Republic.

PubMed

Sejda, J

1987-01-01

In 1982, Czechoslovakia succeeded in eliminating measles infection throughout the country. The paper describes the strategy of the measles immunization program following its introduction in 1969, showing it to reflect the objective epidemiological situation as revealed by the regular immunological surveys carried out in a broad population sample. As it turned out, decisive for achieving and maintaining a permanent measles elimination in the country was the introduction of second vaccination into the regular immunization schedule. Since 1982, its timing of is from 6 to 10 months after primary immunization. Over the 4-year period between 1982 and 1985, confirmed measles occurred only sporadically in the CSR, 115 cases altogether, and of these as many as 67 were classified as imported or their immediate contacts (38 measles patients were tourists from abroad). Of these 115 measles cases, 52 had had vaccination prior to acquiring the disease, 46 were individuals who had never before been vaccinated and in the remaining 17 patients no vaccination data were available. The vaccine failures, at least in 18 cases, could have been explained by the primary immunization prior to reaching 15 months of age. According to the estimates, at least 670 thousand cases of measles, 470 deaths, 100 thousand complications and some 33 thousand hospitalizations had been averted between 1972 and 1985 on the territory of CSR as a result of the introduction of the measles immunization program in Czechoslovakia.

Winds of Change: The Future of the 32D Army Air Defense Command in U.S. Army Europe

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-04-25

EDITION OF INOV S IS. OBSOLETE SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PA.E e’Whe, Pate Fntrrpd) * A SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(’Wlho Dal Entamd...Czechoslovakia and Poland have all announced reductions in their defenses and a reorientation of forces to a national defense role. In addition, these...5,000 tanks (later increased to 5,300 tanks and to include Poland ); *Reduce Soviet forces in Eastern Europe and Western Soviet Union by 10,000 tanks

The Reliability of the Warsaw Treaty Organization: Can the Soviet Union Depend on Its Northern Tier Allies?

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-03-01

main enemy, dn aggressive power only waiting to cross the border by force of arms." [Ref. 124] GDR participation in the invasion of Czechoslovakia was...what- soever. The Poles were saved by t . German attack on Russia in 1941, after which Stalin declared amnesty for Polish prisoners . However, once...from the Comintern, arrested those members living in exile in Russia, executed many, and sent the rest to prison camps, they still looked to Russia for

Excursion Guide-Book: International Symposium: Time Frequency and Dating in Geomorphology Held in Czechoslovakia on 16-21 June 1992,

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-06-21

fauna as well as a small-sized Middle Palaeolithic industry indicating that this travertine body formed itself in a warm phase of the younger half of the... Palaeolithic industry occurs which is at present investigated by systematic excavations of -he Archaeologic Institute of SAS showing in detail the structure of...4 (5) cultural layers with Mid- Palaeolithic instruments in one profile. Based on its fauna analysis the travertine was backdated to the culmination

JPRS Report, East Europe Supplement Czechoslovakia New 1990 Economic Laws.

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-08-29

which the Right of Use was transferred, incurred expenses for investments in fixed assets from its own resources, it may demand compensation for...the investments on the date when the Right of Use is transferred. Para. 2 has not been changed. The former Para. 3 has been deleted, and thus the...mining the amount of the member’s share or of the initial member investment or other property share, the kinds and methods of establishing and utilizing

Soviet News and Propaganda Highlights from Red Star (The Official Newspaper of the Soviet Defense Establishment) for the Period 1-30 April 1981.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-04-01

intended to provide daily guidance to the Soviet military political cadre concerning domestic and international issues/events. Men and women in the Soviet... soldier . PART I. SOVIET PERCEPTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL EVENTS. in April 1981, approximately 30 percent of the total space in Red Star re- ported events...of Husak’s speech was reprinted in Red Star. A great number of articles stressed friendship between the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia. In Bulgaria

Czechoslovakia. Section 23. Weather and Climate

DTIC Science & Technology

1966-07-01

0R RV7 918 l10(96 884 95b 99’ lll0 1O.400 * I 01 921103 1132’ 106 13.900 of 0 1028 1210 1301 1160 4.800 0 1 1 A 14 1 3 1 .0 13 6 2 WIND SPEED SCALL ...8-7 Eustern Mountalnst Kasprowy Wieroh**,,, 1900 a 8 1 * 1 * 0 1 1 1 1 4 17 7-8 Lotnniok$ ttt ....... 1000 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 4 19 5-7 Sia

Comments on the Development of Computational Mathematics in Czechoslovakia and in the USSR.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-03-01

ACT (COusduMe an reverse .eld NE 4040604W SWi 1410011 6F 660" ambe The talk is an Invited lecture at Ale Conference on the History of Scientific and...Numeric Computations, May 13-15, 1987, Princeton, New Jersey. It present soon basic subjective observations about the history of numerical methods in...invited lecture at ACH Conference on the History of Scientific and Numeric Computations, May 13’-15, 1987, Princeton, New Jersey. It present some basic

Civil-Military Roles of Indigenous Armed Forces (CRIAF). Volume 1. Executive Summary. Volume 2. Main Report. Volume 3. Appendixes

DTIC Science & Technology

1974-07-01

requirements. For example, the navy shipyard at Guanabara Bay has built vessels of 5,000 tons displace- ment for coimercial firms engaged in...Pakistan Argentina Mexico Brazil 10180 10230 .10300 17500 23U30 33000 35440 198 266 990 134 989 651 372 Cuba Israel Nigeria Thailand...Rep. 357 Japan 1907 Togo 141 Albania 364 Austria 1932 Kenya 141 Brazil 372 USSR 2047 P.R. China 144 Taiwan 374 Czechoslovakia 2103 Mauritania 150

Evaluation of possible health risk associated with occupational exposure to formaldehyde

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vargova, Maria; Janota, Stanislav; Karelova, Jarmila; Barancokova, Maria; Sulcova, Margita

1993-03-01

Widespread us of formaldehyde in a variety of applications is known to result in appreciable exposure of workers and large segments of the general population. Because of possible genotoxic and immunotoxic effects, we investigated the health condition of people occupationally exposed to formaldehyde in a plant in which woodsplinter materials are manufactured. The concentration of formaldehyde in the workplace was greater than the average and peak concentrations of formaldehyde in Czechoslovakia (0.5 mg/m3 and 1 mg/m3 respectively). Selected parameters of genotoxicity (cytogenetic analysis, nucleolus test) and immunotoxocity (serum immunoglobulin G, A, M; complement C3, C4; alpha-1-anti-trypsine, alpha-2 macroglobulin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, prealbumin, orosomucoid levels) were determined. The results of the evaluation of mitotic indices and the blastogen transformation point to an effect of the exposure to formaldehyde on r-RNA synthesis inhibition and lymphocyte maturation decrease. The frequency of aberrant cells in the peripheral blood lymphocytes was increased in both, exposed and control group and was above 1.2 - 2% of aberrant cells observed in the normal population in Czechoslovakia. There was no significant differences in the values of natural immunity and specific humoral immunity. Significant differences were observed in the values of mitogen-induced proliferation of lymphocytes between the exposed and the matching and background control groups. These changes are considered to be sensitive indicators of the potential effects on the integrity of a more important immunologic function.

The Insurgent Movement in Ukraine During 1940s-1950s: Lessons Learned from the Case Study of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (OUN-UPA)

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-08

partitioned between several major powers; the Soviet Union in the East, Romania in the South and Southwest, and Poland and Czechoslovakia in the West. Anti...effective, what aspects could be considered as effective activities and why the insurgency was ultimately succumbed to defeat by the Soviet Union ...the most radical OUN wing decided to wage an uncompromising war on “two fronts;” against Nazi Germany and Communist Soviet Union . The OUN became the

Warnings in the International Event Flow: EFI and ROZ as Threat Indicators

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-07-15

INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING PORN ) RECIPIENT’S CATALOG NUMBCR S TY^E OF «C^OdT * PimoD COVCRtO 7-1-75 to 9-30-76 Technical Report PCft’ORMINC...Kingdom initiated i*.S%, France k%, Poland 5.2%, Czechoslovakia k%, Italy 2.k%, Rumania 1.2%, the Soviet Union 15.91, the United Arab Republic 5.2...being 19.2^). So, too, were the United Arab Republic (3.8| 10 year average) and North Vietnam (6.7%). A little "above par" were the United Kingdom

Geodetic results from ISAGEX data. [for obtaining center of mass coordinates for geodetic camera sites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Marsh, J. G.; Douglas, B. C.; Walls, D. M.

1974-01-01

Laser and camera data taken during the International Satellite Geodesy Experiment (ISAGEX) were used in dynamical solutions to obtain center-of-mass coordinates for the Astro-Soviet camera sites at Helwan, Egypt, and Oulan Bator, Mongolia, as well as the East European camera sites at Potsdam, German Democratic Republic, and Ondrejov, Czechoslovakia. The results are accurate to about 20m in each coordinate. The orbit of PEOLE (i=15) was also determined from ISAGEX data. Mean Kepler elements suitable for geodynamic investigations are presented.

Five HSFA telescopes and spectrographs - family silver or Greek gift?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kotrč, P.

2010-12-01

A quarter-century ago five horizontal solar telescopes were delivered to Czechoslovakia from the Carl Zeiss Jena Company. Two of them have been installed in Ondrejov and one each in Hurbanovo, and Stará Lesná, with the last one reaching a mountain observatory near Alma Ata, Kazakhstan. The paper summarizes the brief history and characteristics of the instruments, different ways of their use, and realistic plans for their development. The users of the equipment received a dozen questions. The answers help us understand the importance of these instruments for the individual observatories.

Ontogenesis of mammals in microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gazenko, O. G. (Editor)

1993-01-01

This report is an English translation of a Russian report prepared by a group of authors from the USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, and the USA. It presents results of the first microgravity experiment on mammalian embryology performed during the flight of the biosatellite Cosmos-1514 and in ground-based simulation studies. An overview is provided of the data available about the role of gravity in animal growth and development, and future studies into this problem are discussed. A new introduction has been provided for the English version.

Government Libraries. A Periodicals Bibliography, Together with List of Bibliographies and Indexes.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-07-04

ASTRAcr (cautous ao revrse slaw If nrec.eary an Idenify by block number) D AN ~73 47 EDITION OF INOV 651 IS 0OLETE SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PA 7E...ADA114920 5 Jun 1982. *87 Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and 1-13 Poland , A Bibliography of Books and Periodical ADA115094 Articles, 7 Jun 1982. *88 . Military...Periddcals Cited 11,14,30,34,39,41-50,53,54,56-59,Index 1, 2,3,61-66,68,70-75,77-80,82-89,92-115 Pershing, John J. 26 Poland 87 Posts, U.S. Army 49

Justice Delayed

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Abstract Tens of thousands of women were coercively sterilized in Czechoslovakia and its successor states. Romani women were particularly targeted for these measures. These practices stopped only in 2004, as a result of international pressure. Although some measures have been taken to ensure that these practices are not repeated, to date neither the Czech Republic nor Slovakia have completed the work of providing effective remedy to victims, as is their right. This article focusses on efforts in the Czech Republic. It concludes that, inter alia, an administrative mechanism is needed to provide financial compensation to victims, since the road to remedy via courts is effectively blocked. PMID:29302159

[Treatment of kidney stones using shock-wave lithotripsy with sonographic control].

PubMed

Benes, J; Chmel, J; Simon, V; Stuka, C; Flejsar, P

1991-10-01

Lithotripsy by means of an extracorporeal shock-wave was performed in 128 patients with urolithiasis. In this group for the first time in Czechoslovakia ultrasound control of kidney stones was used in 44 patients; in the remainder X-ray control was used. The authors used equipment designed and manufactured locally. The ultrasonic probe is laterally connected with the shock-wave applicator. Disappearance of the fragments after lithotripsy was achieved in 39 patients where ultrasonic control was used. The paper presents the results, discusses the advantages and limitations of ultrasonic control in extracorporeal lithotripsy of urolithiasis.

[Treatment of kidney calculi using shock-wave lithotripsy with ultrasonic guidance].

PubMed

Benes, J; Chmel, J; Simon, V; Stuka, C; Flejsar, P

1991-01-01

Lithotripsy by means of an extracorporeal shock-wave was performed in 128 patients with urolithiasis. In this group for the first time in Czechoslovakia ultrasound control of kidney stones was used in 44 patients; in the remainder X-ray control was used. The authors used equipment designed and manufactured locally. The ultrasonic probe is laterally connected with the shock-wave applicator. Disappearance of the fragments after lithotripsy was achieved in 39 patients where ultrasonic control was used. The paper presents the results, discusses the advantages and limitations of ultrasonic control in extracorporeal lithotripsy of urolithiasis.

[Statistical surveys].

PubMed

1981-01-01

Data are included on territory and population in Czechoslovakia; population development, 1869-1980; resident population by sex, 1970 and 1980; population by broad age group, 1970 and 1980; population by nationality, 1980; economic activity; housing; population density; natural increase, 1971-1980; number of women aged 15-29, 1978-1980; marriage and divorce, 1978-1980; abortion, live births, and reproduction rate, 1978-1980; population over age 60, 1978-1980; mortality and life expectancy, 1978-1980; infant and neonatal mortality, 1978-1980; mortality and causes of death, 1979-1980; infant mortality by cause, 1979-1980; internal and international migration, 1978-1980; sex ratio, 1978-1980; and natural increase, 1975-1981.

[The beginnings of cybernetics and its introduction into the biomedical arena in the Czech Republic].

PubMed

Wünsch, Z

1998-01-01

During fifties at most few tens of persons were in Czechoslovakia who believed in the future of computers and cybernetics. At the sixties, the Czechoslovak Cybernetics was established and in 1962 the Main Problem Committee for the Medical Cybernetics was founded at the Ministry of Health. The first tentative lectures on this topics at the Charles University Medical faculty were introduced in the late sixties. The growing interest enabled to hold national and international conferences since the middle of seventies. There is mentioned the whole spectrum of these goal-directed activities so important for the future.

Czechoslovak Replica X-Ray Mirrors for Astronomical Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hudec, R.; Valnicek, B.

Imaging X-ray mirrors has been developed in Czechoslovakia since 1970 by a way of two different replica technologies based on galvanoplastics and reactoplastics as a natural part of Czechoslovak X-ray astronomy program. Until now about 30 mirros with diameters between 1.7 and 24 cm were manufactured. Seven mirrors were flown in space experiments. The new technology used since 1981 allows to produce light-weight X-ray mirrors at relatively very low cost. The technology offers interesting possibilities in construction of (1) large arrays of identical optical systems, (2) very small (microscopic) mirros and (3) lobster-eye type optics. Advantages and drawbacks of replica techology are discussed.

Identification of Staphylococcus and Micrococcus species with the STAPHYtest system.

PubMed

Sedlácek, I; Kocur, M

1991-01-01

A collection of 216 well-characterized strains of Staphylococcus, Micrococcus and Stomatococcus was examined by a commercially available STAPHYtest system (Lachema, Brno, Czechoslovakia). The results of STAPHYtest agreed with those of conventional tests. The STAPHYtest permitted a clear-cut separation of Staphylococcus from Micrococcus and Stomatococcus strains and correctly identified 104 of 145 (72%) Staphylococcus strains after 24 h of incubation. However, it allowed the identification only of 19 of 29 validly published Staphylococcus species. The STAPHYtest proved to be a simple and rapid system for the separation of staphylococci from micrococci and for the identification of most frequent clinically significant staphylococci.

Comparison of the effect of acridine derivatives and similar substances on the dimerization of thymine in mammalian DNA in situ and isolated (in Russian)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Klimek, M.; Shevchikova, P.

1973-01-01

From international conference on the bases of the biological effects of ultraviolet radiation; Brno, Czechoslovakia (2 Oct If the cells were exposed to the effect of varying concentrations of proflavine, acridine orange, riboflavine, and methyl green before uv irradiatlon, the most effective of these substances was proflavine, which reduced the yield of dimerization in vivo by 50%. The other substances were much less effective and accounted for a maximum 20% decrease of the dimer yield. The different results in the thymidine dimerization rate, obtained with isolated DNA and DNA in situ, are discussed. (auth)

Spalled, aerodynamically modified moldavite from Slavice, Moravia, Czechoslovakia

USGS Publications Warehouse

Chao, E.C.T.

1964-01-01

A Czechoslovakian tektite or moldavite shows clear, indirect evidence of aerodynamic ablation. This large tektite has the shape of a teardrop, with a strongly convex, deeply corroded, but clearly identifiable front and a planoconvex, relatively smooth, posterior surface. In spite of much erosion and corrosion, demarcation of the posterior and the anterior part of the specimen (the keel) is clearly preserved locally. This specimen provides the first tangible evidence that moldavites entered the atmosphere cold, probably at a velocity exceeding 5 kilometers per second; the result was selective heating of the anterior face and perhaps ablation during the second melting. This provides evidence of the extraterrestial origin of moldavites.

World Energy Data System (WENDS). Volume II. Country data, CZ-KS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

1979-06-01

The World Energy Data System contains organized data on those countries and international organizations that may have critical impact on the world energy scene. Included in this volume, Vol. II, are Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany (East), Germany (West), Greece, Guinea, India, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Japan, and Korea (South). The following topics are covered for most of the countries: economic, demographic, and educational profiles; energy policy; indigenous energy resources and uses; forecasts, demand, exports, imports of energy supplies; environmental considerations of energy use; power production facilities; energy industries; commercial applications of energy; research and development activities of energy; andmore » international activities.« less

Modeling and simulation in biomedicine.

PubMed Central

Aarts, J.; Möller, D.; van Wijk van Brievingh, R.

1991-01-01

A group of researchers and educators in The Netherlands, Germany and Czechoslovakia have developed and adapted mathematical computer models of phenomena in the field of physiology and biomedicine for use in higher education. The models are graphical and highly interactive, and are all written in TurboPascal or the mathematical simulation language PSI. An educational shell has been developed to launch the models. The shell allows students to interact with the models and teachers to edit the models, to add new models and to monitor the achievements of the students. The models and the shell have been implemented on a MS-DOS personal computer. This paper describes the features of the modeling package and presents the modeling and simulation of the heart muscle as an example. PMID:1807745

The Czechoslovak legal regulation of family relations affected by development in medicine.

PubMed

Dragonec, J

1990-01-01

Medicine has developed rapidly during the last decades. Transplantation, sex-change surgery in transsexual or heterosexual persons, interference in the process of reproduction of human species and procedures like lobotomy have remarkably expanded the possibilities of contemporary medicine. This, at the same time gives rise to unprecedented legal problems. A number of them have not yet been solved in many countries, though legislative solutions are sought. The road to their solution, however, is full of blind curves: no sooner does the law offer an answer to one problem than medicine demands the answer to another, brand new one. This is why knowledge of these problems' regulation in different countries might be of use. That article gives an outline of their regulation in Czechoslovakia.

The development of microalgal biotechnology in the Czech Republic.

PubMed

Masojídek, Jiří; Prášil, Ondřej

2010-12-01

Microscopic algae and cyanobacteria are excellent sources of numerous compounds, from raw biomass rich in proteins, oils, and antioxidants to valuable secondary metabolites with potential medical use. In the former Czechoslovakia, microalgal biotechnology developed rapidly in the 1960s with the main aim of providing industrial, high-yield sources of algal biomass. Unique cultivation techniques that are still in use were successfully developed and tested. Gradually, the focus changed from bulk production to more sophisticated use of microalgae, including production of bioactive compounds. Along the way, better understanding of the physiology and cell biology of productive microalgal strains was achieved. Currently, microalgae are in the focus again, mostly as possible sources of bioactive compounds and next-generation biofuels for the 21st century.

The Making and Breaking of Yugoslavia and Its Impact on Health

PubMed Central

Kunitz, Stephen J.

2004-01-01

The creation of nation-states in Europe has generally been assumed to be intrinsic to modernization and to be irreversible. The disintegration of Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia demonstrates that the process is not irreversible. I argue that in the case of Yugoslavia, (1) disintegration was caused by the interaction between domestic policies with regard to nationalities and integration into the global economy and (2) the impact of the disintegration of the federation on health care and public health systems has been profound. Improving and converging measures of mortality before the collapse gave way to increasing disparities afterward. The lesson is that processes of individual and social modernization do not result in improvements in health and well-being that are necessarily irreversible or shared equally. PMID:15514224

Monitoring genotoxic exposure in uranium mines.

PubMed Central

Srám, R J; Dobiás, L; Rössner, P; Veselá, D; Veselý, D; Rakusová, R; Rericha, V

1993-01-01

Recent data from deep uranium mines in Czechoslovakia indicated that mines are exposed to other mutagenic factors in addition to radon daughter products. Mycotoxins were identified as a possible source of mutagens in these mines. Mycotoxins were examined in 38 samples from mines and in throat swabs taken from 116 miners and 78 controls. The following mycotoxins were identified from mines samples: aflatoxins B1 and G1, citrinin, citreoviridin, mycophenolic acid, and sterigmatocystin. Some mold strains isolated from mines and throat swabs were investigated for mutagenic activity by the SOS chromotest and Salmonella assay with strains TA100 and TA98. Mutagenicity was observed, especially with metabolic activation in vitro. These data suggest that mycotoxins produced by molds in uranium mines are a new genotoxic factor for uranium miners. PMID:8143610

Monitoring genotoxic exposure in uranium mines

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sram, R.J.; Vesela, D.; Vesely, D.

1993-10-01

Recent data from deep uranium mines in Czechoslovakia indicated that miners are exposed to other mutagenic factors in addition to radon daughter products. Mycotoxins were identified as a possible source of mutagens in these mines. Mycotoxins were examined in 38 samples from mines and in throat swabs taken from 116 miners and 78 controls. The following mycotoxins were identified from mines samples: aflatoxins B{sub 1} and G1, citrinin, citreoviridin, mycophenolic acid, and sterigmatocystin. Some mold strains isolated from mines and throat swabs were investigated for mutagenic activity by the SOS chromotest and Salmonella assay with strains TA100 and TA98. Mutagenicitymore » was observed, especially with metabolic activation in citro. These data suggest that mycotoxins produced by molds in uranium mines are a new genotoxic factor im uranium miners. 17 refs., 4 tabs.« less

Meteor Observation in a Group

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zimnikoval, Peter

2010-08-01

Observation in former Czechoslovakia has more than 100 years tradition. These activities started in Czech part of the republic, mostly. More serious and systematic observations began in second half of the 20-th century. Important role played the International Geophysical Year 1957/58. Part of this event was International Meteor Year. Czechoslovakian astronomers were accredited as main organisers of the IMY. It was improved observe methods for this reason. High role in meteor observations has establishment of public observatories in Slovakia in 70-ties, too. Beside of popularization of astronomy one of main task was to organise amateur observations. Important role had collaboration of Copernicus Observatory and planetarium Brno (now Czech republic) and observatory Banská Bystrica from 1972. Main purpose of the collaboration was organising of so-called National Meteor Expeditions. These expeditions runs till 1988. Tradition of expeditions continues in Slovakia until today.

Decrease of total activity with time at long distances from a nuclear accident or explosion.

PubMed

Dolejs, Josef

2005-05-01

Two data groups were analyzed: (1) the exposure rate in the former Czechoslovakia after the Chernobyl accident in 1986, and (2) the decrease of beta activity of an atmospheric fallout sample taken in Bratislava during 24 h on 30 May 1965. Both quantities decreased with the first power of time. This pattern of decrease is explained by applying the same mathematical formalism as is also used to describe the decrease in postnatal mortality with age. Following this formalism, the decrease of total activity with the first power of time could be seen as a consequence of a log-normal distribution of decay constants in the fallout. This differs slightly from earlier results that show the total activity decreasing with a power of 1.2 immediately after the nuclear explosion.

Flow visualization V; Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium, Prague, Czechoslovakia, Aug. 21-25, 1989

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reznicek, R.

The present conference on flow visualization encompasses methods exploiting tracing particles, surface tracing methods, methods exploiting the effects of streaming fluid on passing radiation/field, computer-aided flow visualization, and applications to fluid mechanics, aerodynamics, flow devices, shock tubes, and heat/mass transfer. Specific issues include visualizing velocity distribution by stereo photography, dark-field Fourier quasiinterferometry, speckle tomography of an open flame, a fast eye for real-time image analysis, and velocity-field determination based on flow-image analysis. Also addressed are flows around rectangular prisms with oscillating flaps at the leading edges, the tomography of aerodynamic objects, the vapor-screen technique applied to a delta-wing aircraft, flash-lamp planar imaging, IR-thermography applications in convective heat transfer, and the visualization of marangoni effects in evaporating sessile drops.

Coal feedstock base of the Yenakievo Coke and Chemical Plant

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Savchuk, S.V.; Grinval'd, M.A.; Litvinenko, A.M.

1978-01-01

After comparing the data given, one can conclude that the vitrinite reflectivity index permits more precise determination of the rank and, with consideration of the proximate composition, it permits a more detailed classification of coals for carbonization; using this parameter one can also determine the regularity of supply of coals for coke and chemical plants and the composition of the charges. Poland and Czechoslovakia have developed a systematization of coals by vitrinite reflectivity index to monitor the supply and composition of charges by types. Some experience in the use of the reflectivity index for these purposes has been accumulated inmore » the USSR. In our opinion, this index is the most reliable parameter for separation of coals by class and may be used to create a unified industrial-genetic classification of the coals produced.« less

Effect of berberine on the yield of pyrimidine dimers in uv-irradiated DNA

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Klimek, M.; Sevcikova, P.; Pidra, M.

1973-01-01

From international conference on the bases of the biological effects of ultraviolet radiation; Brno, Czechoslovakia (2 Oct The effect of berberine on the yield of thymine dimers produced by uv light in DNA isolated from mouse leukemic cells and in DNA within irradiated cells was investigated. In solutions of isolated DNA the complete inhibition of thynnine dimerization was found at the concentration of berberine equal to 2 x 10/sup -3M/. However, in the cells inhibition of dimerization by berberine was never complete. In L cells a pronounced decrease in the intensity of DNA synthesis was found in cells treated withmore » berberine, dependent on berberine concentration used. But despite the presence of berberine in cell nuclei, no inhibition of pyrimidine dimerization in uv irradiated cells could be established. (auth)« less

Water pollution in the USSR and other Eastern European countries*

PubMed Central

Litvinov, N.

1962-01-01

The condition of water bodies and measures taken to prevent their pollution in the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria and Romania are the main subjects of this paper. For each of these countries information is given on population and area, physical features, rain-fall and rivers, the distribution of population and industry, water supply and sewerage, the condition of surface and ground waters, the authorities and legislation concerned with the protection of water resources, and research on pollution. The author draws attention to the experience gained in these countries in the setting up of special State bodies to take charge of water resources and in classifying rivers according to the uses to which they are put, a factor which determines the regulations governing the discharge of effluent into them. A plea is also made for the convening of specialized international conferences on problems connected with the protection of European water resources from pollution. PMID:14465925

Monitoring of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in Czechoslovak human sera by immunoassay

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fukal, L.; Reisnerova, H.

1990-03-01

Since a level of food contamination with aflatoxins and ochratoxin A has been found low in Czechoslovakia, human exposure to these mycotoxins may not be negligible. However, analysis of food samples provides only indirect evidence of mycotoxin ingestion and no evidence about mycotoxin absorption. Direct evidence can only be obtained by analysis of human body fluids. Therefore, the authors decided to carry out a monitoring of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A level in human sera. In general, TLC and HPLC are most commonly used to analyze mycotoxins and its metabolites. The recent development of immunochemical techniques opens the possibility of determiningmore » individual exposure in a relatively large human population. These assays have the advantage of high specificity and sensitivity. Sample through-put is high, and the methods are technically simple and can be performed at low cost.« less

Scientific Cooperation Between the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin (DAW) and Cuba in the 1960s and 1970s

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wendt, Helge

After the ratification of its constitution in 1959, the young Cuban Republic sought new cooperation partners in a number of different fields. One of these fields was scientific cooperation. It seems the Cubans quickly found partners in the academies of science of the USSR, Czechoslovakia and China, whereas the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin (DAW) was reluctant to engage in long-term cooperative projects. In the early 1960s, the universities of East Germany (GDR) began to send docents and scientists to Cuba where they participated in the summer schools, taught for one semester or more in one of the universities and undertook research that would be useful for their home institutions. However, the DAW carefully observed the reestablishment of Cuba's own academy of science before becoming involved in common projects with Cuban partners.

Cadmium, lead and mercury levels in feeding yeast produced in Czechoslovakia.

PubMed

Cibulka, J; Turecki, T; Miholová, D; Mader, P; Száková, J; Brabec, M

1992-04-01

Ninety-six samples of the feeding yeast known as VITEX were analyzed for Cd, Pb and Hg content during 1987-1989. Cadmium content ranged from 0.30 to 5.12 mg/kg(-1), lead content from 0.21 to 3.01 mg/kg(-1) and mercury content from 0.008 to 0.187 mg/kg(-1). Our findings meet the current government standards (max. allowed Pb = 5.00, Cd = 0.50 and Hg = 0.100 mg/kg(-1)) only for lead, and with five exceptions, for mercury. With two exceptions, all cadmium levels found in the samples exceeded the limit. One raw material - the wood chips - was shown to be the main source of cadmium in the technological process. Relatively high Hg contents were measured in the wood chips (up to 0.155 mg/kg(-1)); the highest Hg level (1.105 mg/kg(-1)) however was found in a sample of KOH.

Electron Microscopy of Ultrathin Sections of Sporosarcina ureae

PubMed Central

Mazanec, K.; Kocur, M.; Martinec, T.

1965-01-01

Mazanec, K. (J. E. Purkyně University, Brno, Czechoslovakia), M. Kocur, and T. Martinec. Electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of Sporosarcina ureae. J. Bacteriol. 90:808–816. 1965.—Ultrathin sections of Sporosarcina ureae cells were studied by means of electron microscopy. The cell wall consists of several layers and is 340 A thick. The cytoplasm is of globular structure and includes ribosomelike structures, occasional mesosomes, and inclusions not precisely identifiable. The nuclear area has various shapes and is formed by filaments 10 to 20 A thick which proceed in various directions. Cell division occurs similarly to that of sarcinate. Both synchronic and asynchronic cell division was observed. The spores of S. ureae consist of an outer coat having several layers, a cortex, a spore wall, and cytoplasm. The results of the present investigation substantiate our previous suggestion that S. ureae should be transferred from the family Micrococcaceae to the family Bacillaceae. Images PMID:16562085

A Bohemian-type Silurian (Wenlockian) pelecypod faunule from Arctic Canada.

USGS Publications Warehouse

Pojeta, J.; Norford, B.S.

1987-01-01

The pelecypod genera Slava and Rhombopteria are reported for the first time from Canada, where they occur in a limestone concretion within the Cape Phillips Formation, Cornwallis Island, Arctic Archipelago. These genera are characteristic of Silurian rocks in Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. Graptolites from the same concretion indicate the Monograptus ludensis Zone (uppermost Wenlockian); this age is substantiated by associated conodonts, trilobites, vertebrates, and pelecypods but with less precision. It is difficult to explain the occurrence of Slava and Rhombopteria in the middle of Laurentia on the basis of some map reconstructions of the Wenlockian world. The Canadian material of Slava novaterra n. sp. and Rhombopteria cf. R. mira (Barrande) is described. Leptodesma (Leptodesma) sp. A and an indeterminate grammysiid pelecypod from the same concretion are illustrated. Information is provided to show that Newsomella Foerste, from Wenlockian-Ludlovian rocks of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Tennessee, is not a subgenus of Rhombopteria Jackson. -Authors

Fungi from interior organs of free-living small mammals in Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

PubMed

Hubálek, Z; Rosický, B; Otcenásek, M

1980-01-01

A total of 308 fungi was isolated from interior organs (lungs, spleen, liver) of 529 small mammals belonging to 21 species, 7 families and 3 orders (Insectivora, Chiroptera, Rodentia), some of these being potentially pathogenic to vertebrates (e.g. Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, Geotrichum candidum, Mucor pusillus, Rhizopus arrhizus). In one vole (Microtus arvalis) captured in South Moravia, adiaspiromycosis (Emmonsia crescens) was demonstrated. Comparison of mycoflora of hair and that of interior organs of wild small mammals revealed that out of the total number of isolates the following fungi were represented in a higher proportion from visceral organs than from the hair: Aspergillus (A. amstelodami, A. flavus, A. repens), Aureobasidium (A. pullulans), Candida, Cladosporium (C. herbarum), Cryptococcus, Fusarium, Gliocladium (G. deliquescens), Helminthosporium, Kloeckera, Mucor (M. fragilis, M. hiemalis, M. pusillus), Paecilomyces marquandii, Penicillium (P. purpurogenum), Phoma, Rhizopus arrhizus, Scopulariopsis (S. candida, S. koningii) and Torulopsis.

Crohns disease in Slovakia: prevalence, socioeconomic and psychological analysis.

PubMed

Príkazka, M; Letkovicová, M; Matejíckova, V

1998-01-01

The need for a basic epidemiological study, according to international standards, of the prevalence of IBD in Slovakia was increased by the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. This paper presents the results of CD prevalence to 30 April 1994 in Slovakia. To evaluate the statistical data of the prevalence of the disease according to age, sex, regions and districts, the authors employed the multi-dimensional Kruskal-Wallis test and cluster analysis and determined that the prevalence of CD in Slovakia is 6.75/100.000 inhabitants. The distribution differences indicate the need for further investigations of environmental differences. The socio-economic and psychological evaluation of the patients examined revealed some interesting associations. The psychological reaction to the disease is neurotic and depressive and a higher occurrence of affective symptomatology was observed in patients with permanent partnership and with children. On the other hand, the educational level and knowledge concerning the disease on the part of the patient had a positive influence on the reaction to the disease.

Software and languages for microprocessors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Williams, David O.

1986-08-01

This paper forms the basis for lectures given at the 6th Summer School on Computing Techniques in Physics, organised by the Computational Physics group of the European Physics Society, and held at the Hotel Ski, Nové Město na Moravě, Czechoslovakia, on 17-26 September 1985. Various types of microprocessor applications are discussed and the main emphasis of the paper is devoted to 'embedded' systems, where the software development is not carried out on the target microprocessor. Some information is provided on the general characteristics of microprocessor hardware. Various types of microprocessor operating system are compared and contrasted. The selection of appropriate languages and software environments for use with microprocessors is discussed. Mechanisms for interworking between different languages, including reasonable error handling, are treated. The CERN developed cross-software suite for the Motorola 68000 family is described. Some remarks are made concerning program tools applicable to microprocessors. PILS, a Portable Interactive Language System, which can be interpreted or compiled for a range of microprocessors, is described in some detail, and the implementation techniques are discussed.

Minerals yearbook: Mineral industries of Europe and central Eurasia. Volume 3. 1992 international review

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1992-01-01

Volume III, Minerals Yearbook -- International Review contains the latest available mineral data on more than 175 foreign countries and discusses the importance of minerals to the economies of these nations. Since the 1989 International Review, the volume has been presented as six reports. The report presents the Mineral Industries of Europe and Central Eurasia. The report incorporates location maps, industry structure tables, and an outlook section previously incorporated in the authors' Minerals Perspectives Series quinquennial regional books, which are being discontinued. This section of the Minerals Yearbook reviews the minerals industries of 45 countries: the 12 nations of themore » European Community (EC); 6 of the 7 nations of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA); Malta; the 11 Eastern European economies in transition (Albania, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, and Slovenia); and the countries of Central Eurasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan).« less

[BCG vaccination in low risk tuberculosis; first experiences after the suspension of BCG vaccination of newborns in Czechoslovakia].

PubMed

Trnka, L; Danková, D

1989-01-01

With the steadily declining risk of tuberculosis infection in CSR the question arose whether vaccination of infants remains worthwhile considering not only resources spent but also complications to vaccination vis-a-vis benefits derived. A prospective study has been designed in which BCG vaccination of newborns is discontinued in an area with 30,000 newborns yearly. In the period from April 1, 1986 to January 31, 1988 there were not vaccinated 43,428 children (84.8% of the newborns). The collaboration of mothers was good. The one year old non-vaccinated children were tested with 2 TU PPD RT 23 with Tween 80. The distribution of positive tuberculin reactions appears unimodal, relatively large reactions being absent. 8 children had reactions with 6 or more mm induration. That corresponds to a risk of infection of 0.04%. The project continues in the research area and might be extended to another area.

COMMITTEES: SQM 2007 - International Conference On Strangeness In Quark Matter SQM 2007 - International Conference On Strangeness In Quark Matter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

2008-04-01

Local Organising Committee Ivan Králik (IEP SAS, Košice) Vojtěch Petráček (Czechoslovakia Technical University, Prague) Ján Pišút (Comenius University, Bratislava) Emanuele Quercigh (CERN) Karel Šafařík (CERN), Co-chair Ladislav v Sándor (IEP SAS, Košice), Co-chair Boris Tomášik (Mateja Bela University, Banská Bystrica) Jozef Urbán (UPJŠ Košice) International Advisory Committee Jörg Aichelin, Nantes Federico Antinori, Padova Tamás Biró, Budapest Peter Braun-Munzinger, GSI Jean Cleymans, Cape Town László Csernai, Bergen Timothy Hallman, BNL Huan Zhong Huang, UCLA Sonja Kabana, Nantes Roy A Lacey, Stony Brook Carlos Lourenço, CERN Yu-Gang Ma, Shanghai Jes Masden, Aarhus Yasuo Miake, Tsukuba Berndt Müller, Duke Grazyna Odyniec, LBNL Helmut Oeschler, Darmstadt Jan Rafelski, Arizona Hans Georg Ritter, LBNL Jack Sandweiss, Yale George S F Stephans, MIT Horst Stöcker, Frankfurt Thomas Ullrich, BNL Orlando Villalobos-Baillie, Birmingham William A Zajc, Columbia

Monitoring genotoxic exposure in uranium miners

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sram, R.J.; Binkova, B.; Dobias, L.

1993-03-01

Recent data from deep uranium mines in Czechoslovakia indicated that in addition to radon daughter products, miners are also exposed to chemical mutagens. Mycotoxins were identified as a possible source of mutagenicity present in the mines. Various methods of biomonitoring were used to examine three groups of miners from different uranium mines. Cytogenetic analysis of peripheral lymphocytes, unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in lymphocytes, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in both plasma and lymphocytes were studied on 66 exposed miners and 56 controls. Throat swabs were taken from 116 miners and 78 controls. Significantly increased numbers of aberrant cells were found inmore » all groups of miners, as well as decreased UDS values in lymphocytes and increased LPO plasma levels in comparison to controls. Molds were detected in throat swabs from 27% of miners, and 58% of these molds were embryotoxic. Only 5% of the control samples contained molds and none of them was embryotoxic. The following mycotoxins were isolated from miners' throat swab samples: rugulosin, sterigmatocystin, mycophenolic acid, brevianamid A, citreoviridin, citrinin, penicilic acid, and secalonic acid. These data suggest that mycotoxins are a genotoxic factor affecting uranium miners.« less

Monitoring genotoxic exposure in uranium miners.

PubMed Central

Srám, R J; Binková, B; Dobiás, L; Rössner, P; Topinka, J; Veselá, D; Veselý, D; Stejskalová, J; Bavorová, H; Rericha, V

1993-01-01

Recent data from deep uranium mines in Czechoslovakia indicated that in addition to radon daughter products, miners are also exposed to chemical mutagens. Mycotoxins were identified as a possible source of mutagenicity present in the mines. Various methods of biomonitoring were used to examine three groups of miners from different uranium mines. Cytogenetic analysis of peripheral lymphocytes, unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in lymphocytes, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in both plasma and lymphocytes were studied on 66 exposed miners and 56 controls. Throat swabs were taken from 116 miners and 78 controls. Significantly increased numbers of aberrant cells were found in all groups of miners, as well as decreased UDS values in lymphocytes and increased LPO plasma levels in comparison to controls. Molds were detected in throat swabs from 27% of miners, and 58% of these molds were embryotoxic. Only 5% of the control samples contained molds and none of them was embryotoxic. The following mycotoxins were isolated from miners' throat swab samples: rugulosin, sterigmatocystin, mycophenolic acid, brevianamid A, citreoviridin, citrinin, penicilic acid, and secalonic acid. These data suggest that mycotoxins are a genotoxic factor affecting uranium miners. PMID:8319649

Beyond Versailles: Recovering the Voices of-Nurses in Post-World War I U.S.-European Relations.

PubMed

Irwin, Julia F

2016-01-01

From late 1918 to 1922, the American Red Cross (ARC) enlisted roughly six hundred American nurses and scores of female auxiliary staff to labor in post-World War I continental Europe, Russia, and the Near East, mostly stationed in Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Balkan states, and Siberia. The ARC nurses ran health clinics, made home visits, and opened nurse training schools. Close readings of letters, diaries, official reports, and published articles help recover the place of these women in postwar European history and the history of U.S. foreign relations. Their writings reveal their perceptions about eastern European and Russian politics and culture, their assumptions about the proper U.S. role in the region's affairs, and their efforts to influence popular U.S. discourse on these topics. This article argues that American nurses and support staff are central-yet neglected-players in the history of U.S.-European affairs. Through its bottom-up approach, it offers a more personal and intimate perspective on the history of U.S. international relations during this time.

The water, deuterium, gas and uranium content of tektites

USGS Publications Warehouse

Friedman, I.

1958-01-01

The water content, deuterium concentration of the water, total gas and uranium contents were determined on tektite samples and other glass samples from Texas, Australia, Philippine Islands, Java, French Indo-China, Czechoslovakia, Libyan Desert, Billiton Island, Thailand, French West Africa, Peru, and New Mexico. The water content ranges from 0.24 per cent for the Peru tektite, to 0.0002 per cent for a moldavite. The majority of the tektites have less than 0.05 per cent water, and average 0.005 per cent H2O by weight. No other gases were detected, the lower detection limit being about 1 p.p.m. by weight. The deuterium content of the water in tektites is in the same range as that in terrestrial waters, and varies from 0.010 mole per cent to 0.0166 mole per cent deuterium. The uranium content is about from 1 to 3 p.p.m. The possible origin of tektites is discussed. The experimental data presented favour their being originally terrestrial, but produced by some catastrophic event. An extra-terrestrial source is not ruled out. ?? 1958.

Results of international Dobson spectrophotometer calibrations at Arosa, Switzerland, 1990

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grass, R. D.; Komhyr, W. D.; Koenig, G. L.; Evans, R. D.

1994-01-01

An international comparison of Dobson ozone spectrophotometers, organized and partially funded by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), was held at the Lichtklimatisches Observatorium (LKO) in Arosa, Switzerland, July-August 1990. Countries participating with a total of 18 Dobson instruments were Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the United Soviet Socialist Republics. The reference standard instrument for the comparison was U.S.A. Secondary Standard Dobson Spectrophotometer 65 maintained by the NOAA Climate and Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado. The mean difference in ozone obtained with the Dobson instruments relative to Dobson instrument 65, calculated from ADDSGQP observations in the air mass range 1.15-3.2, was minus 1.0 plus or minus 1.2 (1 sigma) percent. The WMO Standard Brewer Spectrometer 39 also participated. In the mean, the Brewer instrument measured 0.6 plus or minus 0.2 (1 sigma) percent more ozone than did Dobson instrument 65. Results are presented, also, of ozone vertical profile measurements made with the Dobson instruments, two Brewer spectrometers, a LIDAR, a balloon ozonesonde flown from Hohenpeissenberg, Germany, and balloon ozonesondes flown from Payerne, Switzerland.

[Let us not underestimate the importance of good long-term programming and competent administration of health care].

PubMed

Holcík, J

2009-01-01

The origin of Social Medicine is in the theories on the health services in the 18th and 19th centuries. The first step was establishing so-called State Medicine. Socio-medical thinking, the beginnings of which were determined by the process of the industrial revolution and the increasing social differences, led at the beginning of 20th century to the first attempts to establish Social Medicine as a separate medical discipline. In the history of Social Medicine in the Czech Republic the important personalities were mainly professors Frantisek Procházka, Frantisek Hamza, Hynek Pelc, and Adolf Zácek. The main motivation of qualitative changes of Social Medicine in Czechoslovakia after 1989 were great political, economic and social changes, documents of the World Health Organization and the European health policy. Present health care reform brings new opportunities, challenges, and problems. As a tool of its implementation a long-term programming based on human values should be used in a larger scale. The adequate professional skills in health care administration are indispensable. Article presents concise information on the work of the Society of Social Medicine and Health Care Administration of the Czech Medical Society of J. E. Purkynje.

Population drinking and fatal injuries in Eastern Europe: a time-series analysis of six countries.

PubMed

Landberg, Jonas

2010-01-01

To estimate to what extent injury mortality rates in 6 Eastern European countries are affected by changes in population drinking during the post-war period. The analysis included injury mortality rates and per capita alcohol consumption in Russia, Belarus, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria and the former Czechoslovakia. Total population and gender-specific models were estimated using auto regressive integrated moving average time-series modelling. The estimates for the total population were generally positive and significant. For Russia and Belarus, a 1-litre increase in per capita consumption was associated with an increase in injury mortality of 7.5 and 5.5 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The estimates for the remaining countries ranged between 1.4 and 2.0. The gender-specific estimates displayed national variations similar to the total population estimates although the estimates for males were higher than for females in all countries. The results suggest that changes in per capita consumption have a significant impact on injury mortality in these countries, but the strength of the association tends to be stronger in countries where intoxication-oriented drinking is more common. Copyright 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel.

[Once upon a time there was a medical faculty--a brief history of the Medical Faculty of the Erzsébet University in Pressburg (1914-1919)].

PubMed

Kiss, László

2010-01-01

Despite the fact that the idea of expanding the medical faculties of Budapest and Kolozsvár was formed in the 1870s, it only came true in the 1910s. The XXXVI. Law of 1912 ensured establishing new faculties in Pozsony and Debrecen. The medical faculty of Erzsébet University in Pozsony opened in 1914. The first three professors, i.e. Lajos Bakay, Ferenc Herzog and Dezső Velits, who formerly worked as head physicians for the State Hospital in Pozsony and the Institute for Midwives, were appointed then. The appointment of further professors and launching the 3rd, 4th and 5th forms were delayed by the outbreak of the war until 1918. After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy the newly formed Czechoslovakia dissolved the Hungarian university in 1919. The clinics and institutes of the medical faculty were passed to Czechoslovak ownership, the Hungarian lecturers were dismissed. It is worth mentioning though that Albert Szent-Györgyi and Carl Ferdinand Cori (both Nobel Prize winners) started their scientific career in Pozsony.

Beginnings of rocket development in the czech lands (Czechoslovakia)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Plavec, Michal

2011-11-01

Although the first references are from the 15th Century when both Hussites and crusaders are said to have used rockets during the Hussite Wars (also known as the Bohemian Wars) there is no strong evidence that rockets were actually used at that time. It is worth noting that Konrad Kyeser, who described several rockets in his Bellifortis manuscript written 1402-1405, served as advisor to Bohemian King Wenceslas IV. Rockets were in fact used as fireworks from the 16th century in noble circles. Some of these were built by Vavřinec Křička z Bitý\\vsky, who also published a book on fireworks, in which he described how to build rockets for firework displays. Czech soldiers were also involved in the creation of a rocket regiment in the Austrian (Austro-Hungarian) army in the first half of the 19th century. The pioneering era of modern rocket development began in the Czech lands during the 1920s. The first rockets were succesfully launched by Ludvík Očenášek in 1930 with one of them possibly reaching an altitude of 2000 metres. Vladimír Mandl, lawyer and author of the first book on the subject of space law, patented his project for a stage rocket (vysokostoupající raketa) in 1932, but this project never came to fruition. There were several factories during the so-called Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in 1939-1945, when the Czech lands were occupied by Nazi Germany, where parts for German Mark A-4/V-2 rockets were produced, but none of the Czech technicians or constructors were able to build an entire rocket. The main goal of the Czech aircraft industry after WW2 was to revive the stagnant aircraft industry. There was no place to create a rocket industry. Concerns about a rocket industry appeared at the end of the 1950s. The Political Board of the Central Committee of the Czechoslovak Communist Party started to study the possibilities of creating a rocket industry after the first flight into space and particularly after US nuclear weapons were based in Italy and West Germany in 1957 and 1959. The first project involved the meteorological rockets Sokol I and Sokol II in 1960, which were never completed, as the rocket industry came under the exclusive sphere of interest of the Soviet Union. In Czechoslovakia only a Rocket Research and Test Institute was created by the Czechoslovak Ministry of Defence in 1963. The first Czechoslovak rockets to find practical use were launched in 1965. This study has been created as a part of the scientific project: Výzkumný záměr MSM 0021620827 České země uprostřed Evropy v minulosti a dnes, blok V/d: Česká vysoko\\vskolská vzdělanost.

The First School for Young Astronomers Organized by ESO and the Astronomical Council of the USSR Acadeny of Sciences

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

D'Odorico, S.

1987-12-01

The first international school for young astronomers organized jointly by ESO and the Astronomical Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences took place from the 22nd to the 29th of September at the Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory of the Academy of Sciences of Armenia and was dedicated to "Observations with Large Telescopes". It was appropriately closed with a oneday visit to the Special Astrophysical Observatory at Zelenchukskaja, in northern Caucasus, home of the 6-m telescope, the largest in the world. The lecturers came from ESO and from the Soviet Union; the 45 participants were from ESO member states, from Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Poland, Spain and the USSR. After the welcome addresses by Academician V.A. Ambartsumian and by E. Ye Khachikian, Chairman of the Local Organizing Committee, the school was opened by M. Tarenghi of ESO who spoke on the characteristics of existing ESO telescopes and on the innovative features of the ESO 3.5-m New Technology Telescope, to be erected at La Silla next year. H. A. Abrahamian and J.A. Stepanian of the Byurakan Observatory presented the Byurakan 2.6-m telescope and the 1-m Schmidt respectively, illustrating the scientific programmes carried out in the recent past and presently at these two facilities.

The Romani Minority, Coercive Sterilization, and Languages of Denial in the Czech Lands

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Abstract Sterilizations of Romani women in socialist Czechoslovakia, either carried out without proper consent, or coerced through substantial financial incentive, were first reported in 1978. Yet these practices did not end with the fall of communism, and it took until 2005 for this to be officially acknowledged by the Czech government. This article draws on published and unpublished documents, as well as oral history interviews, to trace the history of efforts to expose such practices, ‘come to terms’ with their existence, and change social attitudes in relation to the Romani minority in the Czech lands. These exposures have uncovered instances of denial, and have also offered up a variety of ways of understanding the mental and social mechanisms that might have enabled silences, refusals or disavowals with regard to human rights abuses. Under Communism, dissidents associated with Charter 77 elaborated these through the philosophical concepts of phenomenology; after the transition to democracy, a more psychological and therapeutic language came to the fore. I argue that the Czech case suggests that the historiography of denial and disavowal could be enriched by looking beyond the framework of psychoanalysis: by taking into account how historical actors, sometimes with opposing worldviews, have comprehended these processes within the languages of their own culture and period. PMID:29695946

Tri-axial square Helmholtz coil system at the Alibag Magnetic Observatory: upgraded to a magnetic sensor calibration facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mahavarkar, Prasanna; John, Jacob; Dhapre, Vijay; Dongre, Varun; Labde, Sachin

2018-04-01

A tri-axial square Helmholtz coil system for the study of palaeomagnetic studies, manufactured by GEOFYZIKA (former Czechoslovakia), was successfully commissioned at the Alibag Magnetic Observatory (IAGA code: ABG) in the year 1985. This system was used for a few years, after which the system encountered technical problems with the control unit. Rectification of the unit could not be undertaken, as the information document related to this system was not available, and as a result the system had been lying in an unused state for a long time, until 2015, when the system was recommissioned and upgraded to a test facility for calibrating the magnetometer sensors. We have upgraded the system with a constant current source and a data-logging unit. Both of these units have been designed and developed in the institute laboratory. Also, re-measurements of the existing system have been made thoroughly. The upgraded system is semi-automatic, enabling non-specialists to operate it after a brief period of instruction. This facility is now widely used at the parent institute and external institutions to calibrate magnetometers and it also serves as a national facility. Here the design of this system with the calibration results for the space-borne fluxgate magnetometers is presented.

[Zdeněk Mařatka and his share in the founding of the Czech Gastroenterological Society and its journal. Gastroenterological Society in Czech and Slovac republics].

PubMed

Kment, Milan

2014-01-01

Zdeněk Mařatka (1914-2010) was a leading person in a Czech and Slovak gastroenterology in spite of the infavourable approach of the official communist policy to him.. He was one of the founders of gastroenterology in Czechoslovakia. He had been habilitated in 1948 for thesis Ulcerative colitis. Mařatka stood at the first steps of foundation of Czech Gastroenterology Society very soon after the WW2 and followed with the preparation as a secretary ge-neral of the 8th ASNEMGE Congress in Prague 1968 and as a president the 1st Congress of Endoscopy in the very optimistic atmosphere of ,,Prague Spring". He was nominated or elected by several international gastroenterology organisations, during 1976-1980 had been President of ESGE. He started with editoring of Czech gastroenterology Association journal as a member of editorial board and had been its main editor between 1969-1999. His well appreciated novelty in the magazine was a short remarks in one or two sentences from the world scientific literature which appeared in every copy. As an editor emeritus he supported the quality of the journal by many advices and contributions including articles.

Bohemian circular structure, Czechoslovakia: Search for the impact evidence

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rajlich, Petr

1992-01-01

Test of the impact hypothesis for the origin of the circular, 260-km-diameter structure of the Bohemian Massif led to the discovery of glasses and breccias in the Upper Proterozoic sequence that can be compared to autogeneous breccias of larger craters. The black recrystallized glass contains small exsolution crystals of albite-oligoclase and biotite, regularly dispersed in the matrix recrystallized to quartz. The occurrence of these rocks is limited to a 1-sq-km area. It is directly underlain by the breccia of the pelitic and silty rocks cemented by the melted matrix, found on several tens of square kilometers. The melt has the same chemistry as rock fragments in major and in trace elements. It is slightly impoverished in water. The proportion of melted rocks to fragments varies from 1:5 to 10:1. The mineralogy of melt viens is the function of later, mostly contact metamorphism. On the contact of granitic plutons it abounds on sillimanite, cordierite, and small bullets of ilmenite. Immediately on the contact with syenodiorites it contains garnets. The metamorphism of the impact rock melt seems the most probable explanation of the mineralogy and the dry total fusion of rocks accompanied by the strong fragmentation. Other aspects of this investigation are discussed.

Bohemian circular structure, Czechoslovakia: Search for the impact evidence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rajlich, Petr

Test of the impact hypothesis for the origin of the circular, 260-km-diameter structure of the Bohemian Massif led to the discovery of glasses and breccias in the Upper Proterozoic sequence that can be compared to autogeneous breccias of larger craters. The black recrystallized glass contains small exsolution crystals of albite-oligoclase and biotite, regularly dispersed in the matrix recrystallized to quartz. The occurrence of these rocks is limited to a 1-sq-km area. It is directly underlain by the breccia of the pelitic and silty rocks cemented by the melted matrix, found on several tens of square kilometers. The melt has the same chemistry as rock fragments in major and in trace elements. It is slightly impoverished in water. The proportion of melted rocks to fragments varies from 1:5 to 10:1. The mineralogy of melt viens is the function of later, mostly contact metamorphism. On the contact of granitic plutons it abounds on sillimanite, cordierite, and small bullets of ilmenite. Immediately on the contact with syenodiorites it contains garnets. The metamorphism of the impact rock melt seems the most probable explanation of the mineralogy and the dry total fusion of rocks accompanied by the strong fragmentation. Other aspects of this investigation are discussed.

Politics and care: a study of Czech Americans within Leininger's theory of culture care diversity and universality.

PubMed

Miller, J

1997-01-01

The domain of inquiry for this study was the influence of the American political environmental context on professional and generic care patterns, expressions, and meanings of Czech American immigrants. The purpose of the research was to document, describe, interpret, and analyze the diversities and universalities of professional and generic care for this cultural group, to provide culturally congruent care to Czech Americans, and to explicate the role of politics as an influence on care patterns, health, and well being. The researcher's former transcultural ethnonursing study in Prague, Czechoslovakia in 1991 served as a stimulus for this in-depth study on politics and care. Twelve key and twenty general informants were interviewed. Five major themes were identified. The researcher discovered that the capitalist economic market structure of the United States influenced informant lifeways in all dimensions of Leininger's Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality, as depicted in the Sunrise Model. Specific care patterns discovered included care as choice, care as responsibility, and care as helping each other. Findings related to professional and generic care supported researcher predictions that generic culture care patterns would be important to immigrants. Provisions for culturally congruent nursing care were articulated based on research findings.

Women's reproductive rights in Eastern Europe.

PubMed

1992-01-01

The women of Eastern Europe currently face the enormous challenges of limited resources, religious opposition to family planning, and negative attitudes towards contraception in an attempt to gain reproductive freedom. These women need to become involved with the policy development and political processes that have recently come to be. Recently these issues were discussed during a workshop held in Prague, Czechoslovakia. Women's health and reproductive rights were highlighted. A representative of the International Planned Parenthood Foundation (IPPF), Karen Newman, attended the workshops and indicated that this meeting of women's organizations emphasized the importance for national development in the region to be led from within. The living conditions of the women of the region are such that this type of organization is severely hampered. There is a lot of effort being expended by these women, but unfortunately they have little or no experience in these matters. Networks and leaders must be found to combat the forces from, the Catholic Church and from government officials that have given these issues a low priority because of financial considerations. Lack of hard currency in countries like the Soviet Union and Poland have made contraceptive availability very scare. The result in both countries has been the use of abortion as a primary method of child spacing. Education and communication are not enough because without the service delivery the raised awareness will only crate disappointment and distrust in family planning.

Leo Eitinger MD: tribute to a Holocaust survivor, humane physician and friend of mankind.

PubMed

Chelouche, Tessa

2014-04-01

Born in Czechoslovakia, psychiatrist Leo Eitinger (1912-1996) became internationally recognized for research on his fellow concentration camp inmates. He graduated as an MD in 1937, but being Jewish was prohibited from practicing as a doctor. When the Nazis occupied the area he was forced to flee to Norway, where in 1940 he was again deprived of his right to practice medicine. In 1942 he was arrested and deported to Auschwitz. There, as a physician inmate, he was able to help and in many cases save his fellow prisoners, not only with his medical skills but by falsifying prisoners' documents and hiding them from their Nazi captors. One of his patients was Elie Wiesel. Eitinger survived the camps but was forced to join a "death march." After the war he resumed medical practice in Norway, specializing in psychiatry. With his personal experience and knowledge of the suffering of camp survivors, he dedicated his life to studying the psychological effects of traumatic stress in different groups. Eitinger's academic contributions were crucial in the development of this area of research--namely, the effects of excessive stress, laying the foundations for the definition of post-traumatic stress disorder and the post-concentration camp syndrome, thus facilitating recognition of the medical and psychological post-war conditions of the survivors and their resultant disability pensions.

To breathe free

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

DeBardeleben, J.

1991-01-01

This book was organized by the Center's East European program and supported primarily by a grant from the Rockefeller Brothers' Fund. This book reports on the new political forces that swept Communist regimes from power throughout the region in 1989 and are now struggling to set up post-Communist governments and institutions. Nor need they do so. This volume does not attempt to be a current account of the state of environmental policy and official institutions in Eastern Europe. New institutions are only slowly taking shape. In the meantime, much of the old apparatus remains in place. The new leaders andmore » parties have found it difficult to cover the economic cost or accept the political risk of imposing expensive environmental controls on the large industrial enterprises that are the principal polluters. In Poland and Hungary we see the real threat of a political backlash from workers facing unemployment when such enterprises lose even part of their state budget subsidy, let alone face new charges for pollution control or penalties for its absence. The separate environmental movement that played a prominent part in the overthrow of Communist power has not, moreover, survived as a powerful separate political party anywhere in Eastern Europe. Its chances appeared greatest in East Germany and Czechoslovakia but in neither place has the Green political organization expanded or even maintained its pre-1989 leverage.« less

History of the International Society of Sexual Medicine (ISSM)--the beginnings.

PubMed

Lewis, Ronald; Wagner, Gorm

2008-03-01

This is the first article in a series of articles outlining the history of what became the International Society for Sexual Medicine (ISSM). This first article deals with the beginning meetings of the group of world scientists who first met to discuss corpus cavernosal revascularization and other new ideas regarding the etiology and treatment for impotence (as it was known then) in New York City in 1978, and subsequently in Monaco in 1980. Strict adherence to documented historical sources including books published from the meeting, published peer review literature where appropriate, programs from the actual meetings, detailed written notes by the authors taken at the time of the meetings, and letters of correspondence between key members of these meetings were used in preparing this historical review. The memories of the two authors, although still good in their opinion, did not serve as the source of the material that is presented. This first meeting was the impetus for the third meeting to be held 2 years later in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1982. This meeting and the subsequent meetings in 1984 and 1986 in Paris, France and Prague, Czechoslovakia, respectively, became the formative years for the budding society, which will serve as the time format for the authors' next article. This article outlines the discussions that occurred at these two meetings and presents a history of this early society that would eventually become the ISSM.

[Confrontation of knowledge on alcohol concentration in blood and in exhaled air].

PubMed

Bauer, Miroslav; Bauerová, Jiřina; Šikuta, Ján; Šidlo, Jozef

2015-01-01

The authors of the paper give a brief historical overview of the development of experimental alcohology in the former Czechoslovakia. Enhanced attention is paid to tests of work quality control of toxicological laboratories. Information on results of control tests of blood samples using the method of gas chromatography in Slovakia and within a world-wide study "Eurotox 1990" is presented. There are pointed out the pitfalls related to objective evaluation of the analysis results interpreting alcohol concentration in biological materials and the associated need to eliminate a negative influence of the human factor. The authors recommend performing analyses of alcohol in biological materials only at accredited workplaces and in the case of samples storage to secure a mandatory inhibition of phosphorylation process. There are analysed the reasons of numerical differences of analyses while taking evidence of alcohol in blood and in exhaled air. The authors confirm analysis accuracy using the method of gas chromatography along with breath analysers of exhaled air. They highlight the need for making the analysis results more objective also through confrontation with the results of clinical examination and with examined circumstances. The authors suggest a method of elimination of the human factor, the most frequently responsible for inaccuracy, to a tolerable level (safety factor) and the need of sample analysis by two methods independent of each other or the need of analysis of two biological materials.

[The beginnings of orthopedic surgery in Israel].

PubMed

Tauber, Chanan

2013-08-01

In early mandatory Israel, orthopedics was mainly conservative, The first modern orthopedic surgeon was Ernst Spira from Czechoslovakia who established an orthopedic service at the Beilinson Hospital in Petah Tikva and left in 1948 to establish the Orthopedic Department and the Rehabilitation Center in Tel Hashomer, which treated the War of Independence casualties including amputees and victims of spinal cord injuries. A second orthopedic department was opened in Tel Hashomer by Shmuel Weissman who left in 1961 to open the Orthopedic Department at the Ichilov hospital in Tel Aviv. Shmuel Weissman became the first Chairman of Orthopedic Surgery at the Tel Aviv University medical school. In 1955, Myer Makin opened a modern orthopedic department in the Hadassah Hospital in Jerusalem and the Alyn Hospital for crippled children. In 1951, Assaf Harofeh Hospital opened the Department of Orthopedic Surgery headed by Anatol Axer who specialized in the treatment and rehabilitation of polio patients. The majority of the second generation of orthopedic department directors was trained by these four surgeons. Major developments in the 1960s and 1970s were the introduction of the AO system revolutionizing fracture treatment from conservative to operative treatment, the advent of total hip and knee replacements, Harrington instrumentation in spinal surgery and arthroscopy were major advances in orthopedic patient care brought to Israel by the aforementioned second generation of orthopedic surgeons. Hand surgery became an independent subspecialty of orthopedics and was lead by the internationally renowned hand surgeon, Isidore Kessler.

Oral Histories in Meteoritics and Planetary Science - XX: Dale Cruikshank

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sears, Derek W. G.

2013-04-01

In this interview, Dale Cruikshank (Fig. 1) explains how as an undergraduate at Iowa State University he was a summer student at Yerkes Observatory where he assisted Gerard Kuiper in work on his Photographic Lunar Atlas. Upon completing his degree, Dale went to graduate school at the University of Arizona with Kuiper where he worked on the IR spectroscopy of the lunar surface. After an eventful 1968 trip to Moscow via Prague, during which the Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia, Dale assumed a postdoc position with Vasili Moroz at the Sternberg Astronomical Institute and more observational IR astronomy. Upon returning to the United States and after a year at Arizona, Dale assumed a position at the University of Hawai'i that he held for 17 years. During this period Dale worked with others on thermal infrared determinations of the albedos of small bodies beyond the asteroid Main Belt, leading to the recognition that low-albedo material is prevalent in the outer solar system that made the first report of complex organic solids on a planetary body (Saturn's satellite Iapetus). After moving to Ames Research Center, where he works currently, he continued this work and became involved in many outer solar system missions. Dale has served the community through his involvement in developing national policies for science-driven planetary exploration, being chair of the DPS 1990-1991 and secretary/treasurer for 1982-1985. He served as president of Commission 16 (Physics of Planets) of the IAU (2001-2003). He received the Kuiper prize in 2006.

Psychosocial aspects of cardiac rehabilitation in Europe.

PubMed

Maes, S

1992-11-01

While the present objectives of cardiac rehabilitation include recovery or restoration of everyday behaviour and secondary prevention, the effects of the traditional exercise-based, cardiac rehabilitation programmes are quite modest. It is argued that psychological interventions may affect these targets more easily, since there is evidence from controlled studies that psychological interventions may have beneficial effects on psychosocial recovery, compliance with medical advice and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. As a consequence one may expect that psychologists would be at least part-time members of most cardiac rehabilitation teams in European countries. In order to get an impression of the position of psychologists and the share of psychosocial care in cardiac rehabilitation in Europe, a questionnaire was sent out to two or three individuals in each European country. Health care professionals from 16 European countries returned their completed questionnaires on time. Among other things, the results show that in general social workers and psychologists, who may be considered the main potential agents for psychosocial care, are largely underrepresented in cardiac rehabilitation teams. As far as psychologists are concerned, the number involved in cardiac rehabilitation varies significantly from country to country. Three groups of countries could be distinguished: a group consisting of The Netherlands, Austria, and Italy, where psychologists are fairly well represented; a second one consisting of Norway, Finland and Belgium, where small numbers of psychologists are involved in cardiac rehabilitation; and a third group (the largest) consisting of Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Ireland, Sweden, the UK, Greece, Portugal and Turkey, where the number of psychologists is negligible.

Safety and protection of 8T NbTi gyrotron magnet in persistent mode

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Usak, P.; Kokavec, J.; Chovanec, F.

1993-09-01

Successful series of 5T cryomagnetic systems for additional high frequency plasma heating in Tokamaks T10 and T15, produced in Czechoslovakia during the last decade with the authors participation in magnet design and testing encouraged them to continue in further development of gyrotron magnets for further generation with operational field B[sub 0] = 8T. Approximately of the size and dimensions as was the case of previous 5T series, the 8T gyrotron magnet was designed as a part of preliminary work with preparations for ITER project. To achieve high mechanical stability of the superconducting winding, numerical stress-strain analyzes of winding structure andmore » appropriate technology of epoxy impregnation were applied. To improve winding mechanical stability, initially round [phi]1 mm varnish insulated conductor was flattened to race track'' cross section (1.25 [times] 0.75 mm[sup 2] for inner section, respectively, 1.31 [times] 0.65 mm[sup 2] for the rest of magnet). Stainless steel road ([phi]1mm) of the bandage was flattened in the same way too (up to 1.14 [times] 0.77 mm[sup 2]). Danger of creating a hot spot region has been limited by radial magnet sectioning and sections shunting by low ohmic shunts. Superconducting switch was protected by couple of antiparallel silicon diodes mounted between magnet flanges in parallel to it. High threshold voltages of diodes at 4.2K allow to run up system with relatively high speed without any limitation on sign of magnet field polarity.« less

Persistence of Clostridium botulinum type C toxin in blow fly (Calliphoridae) larvae as a possible cause of avian botulism in spring.

PubMed

Hubálek, Z; Halouzka, J

1991-01-01

Diverse samples were examined at a site of water-bird mortality, caused by Clostridium botulinum type C toxin in southern Moravia (Czechoslovakia). The toxin was detected in high concentrations in mute swan (Cygnus olor) carcasses (less than or equal to 1 x 10(6) LD50/g) as well as in necrophagous larvae and pupae of the blow flies Lucilia sericata and Calliphora vomitoria (less than or equal to 1 x 10(5) LD50/g) collected from them. It was detected in lower concentrations (less than or equal to 1 x 10(3) LD50/g) in other invertebrates (ptychopterid fly larvae, leeches, sow-bugs) associated with these carcasses, and occasionally in water samples (8 LD50/ml) close to the carrion. The toxin was not detected in the samples of water, mud or invertebrates collected at a distance greater than or equal to 5 m from the carcasses. The toxin-bearing larvae of L. sericata and C. vomitoria, containing 80,000 LD50/g of type C toxin, were exposed in the mud at the study site for 131 days from November to March. Although the toxin activity decreased 25-fold and 40-fold in the two samples of maggots exposed during this period, it remained very high (less than or equal to 3,200 LD50/g). Birds ingesting a relatively low number of these toxic larvae (or pupae) in the spring could receive a lethal dose of the toxin.

Podhradem Interstadial; A critical review of the middle and late MIS 3 (Denekamp, Hengelo) in Moravia, Czech Republic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lisá, Lenka; Neruda, Petr; Nerudová, Zdeňka; Nejman, Ladislav

2018-02-01

Knowledge of global climatic fluctuations in the last glacial period has been instrumental for understanding evolution of the landscape and human behavior. Regional environmental responses to these fluctuations are influenced by many factors and their identification at the regional level usually results in local chronostratigraphic schemes. The term Podhradem Interstadial was introduced to the scientific community in 1966 on the basis of the results of an interdisciplinary excavation at Pod Hradem Cave in the Moravian Karst (Czech Republic). Brown soil horizons preserved in the upper part of the section were interpreted as evidence for a warmer period in the last glacial period. The upper part of this soil complex contained fauna remains and lithic artefacts indirectly dated to the time range 28.2-33.3 14C ka BP. Although based on contemporary state of knowledge, the Podhradem Interstadial had no stratigraphic equivalent in loess profiles of former Czechoslovakia and Lower Austria, the term was occasionally used in the European literature. The new interdisciplinary excavations of Pod Hradem Cave (2011-2016) yielded new data, which we use to re-evaluate the concept of the Podhradem Interstadial. In light of the new results, it seems that the original definition of Podhradem Interstadial has a number of problems. It does not fulfill stratigraphic standards and it is evident that the contemporaneous sediments differ lithologically in different parts of the cave. Furthermore, when we take into account the current availability of sophisticated climatostratigraphic schemes for the MIS 3 period, the continuing use of the Podhradem Interstadial should be considered redundant.

John Whitridge Williams' contribution to democracy abroad. (The fetus treated as a patient).

PubMed

Vasicka, A

1999-04-01

The idealism of American pioneers was a driving force in the development of science, democracy, and sociology in the United States. It also served as a model for the development of new democracies abroad. The first American grafted democracy was established in Czechoslovakia in 1918, under Thomas Garrigue Masaryk as President. As a former professor of philosophy, at Charles University in Prague, he built the foundation of Czechoslovakian democracy on the historical principles of Jan Hus' search for the truth (1415), Jan Amos Komensky's use of Science and Humanism (1630), and on the values of American democracy as he conceived it from multiple visits to the United States and from the practical philosophy of his American wife. His major educational means was the use of science. He became a founder of political science. As president he recognized, that democracy, as a state form, does not educate people, they educate themselves through family, school, church, physician and life experience. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, on the eve of the opening of John Hopkin's University Hospital, a young American scientist by the name John Whitridge Williams came to Prague, Vienna, and other Europeans cities for the purpose of studying scientific obstetrics. He believed in the power of the truth in the power of the truth equally as Masaryk did and used science uncompromisingly in his speciality. He became the founder of American scientific obstetrics. He was shy of political science and ethnic problems. There was no personal connection between Masaryk and Williams. In 1903, John Whitridge Williams published his review of European and American obstetrics: he abolished the craft of obstetrics and worked the science of physiology and pathology into the practice of obstetrics. For Czechoslovaks the political democracy coming out of America through Masaryk was attractive, but of particular interest was native and personal democracy of Americans as a way of life. John Whitridge Williams' book contributed to European families, even though only through obstetricians, the knowledge about American pioneering, optimism, humanism, and a sense of freedom Williams considered the fetus as a patient and thought of education of the physician and patient of equal and fundamental importance: the mother was to participate in the process and the physician to understand the process. He himself understood feto-placental circulation, maternal metabolism, and the need of maternal participation on fetal development. He commanded physicians' respect of the patient and committed the obstetrician to the life long study of his patients. He considered research inseparable from intelligent care, and his book a guide of how and what to study, not a manual of procedures. Williams' greatest contribution to mankind was abolishing the craft of obstetrics and replacing it by sciences that brought to obstetrics humanism, selflessness, and knowledge. He was the first physician in the history of obstetrics who achieved a balance of science and humanism. The second contribution, of equal importance, was his undertaking a scientific review of European and American obstetrics which served the world as a window of the values of America's pioneer civilization. It made obstetrics a scientific discipline, attracted innumerable new students abroad, and through them promoted American democracy in their relations with patients. Williams' impact on European society was considerable. However, subtle at first, it was not included in the literature. He did not participate personally in the establishment of democracy in Czechoslovakia, but strengthened Masaryk's teaching programs through those Czechoslovakian obstetricians who adapted his scientific teachings and made him a model of American democracy as a view on life. Masaryk himself had in his presidential emblem a sign, veritas vincit, and through it, he accomplished twenty years of the most extraordinary democracy in the world.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hanzel, A.; Holubec, J.; Ursiny, J.

The Slovak Republic is the country with very insufficient amounts of primary sources. That is why almost 90% of used fuel has to be imported. In addition Slovakia does not have direct access to the sea and cheap tankers transportation is not available. The only possibility for Slovakia in the near future from the point of needs and increasing electricity generation is nuclear power. As part of the former Czechoslovakia, Slovakia started to build the second nuclear power plant in the Mochovce village. Consequently with huge political and social changes in November 1989 and essential deficiency of investment money constructionmore » of nuclear power plant was stopped. Under considerable press by the non-governmental organizations (i.e. Greenpeace etc.) one of the main reason was to find out the formulation of feasibility and economic advantages of Mochovce completion very thoroughly and precisely even though the first unit has been completed approximately by 80%. As a grant from the European Union some financial sources were given to promote training process. Some financial sources obtained from the grant by the European Union have been given to promote the training process in the Slovak Republic. A brief description of methods which have been carried out to determine the best economic option for development of the company is part of material. Result is the only reasonable option is to complete nuclear power plant Mochovce not only from economic point of view. Several international pre operational audit team reviews by nuclear safety teams were sent by IAAE Vienna. Goals of these teams were to examine if safety is at the appropriate and accepted level and if the next operation would be acceptable. Models which are presently used in Slovenske elektrarne, a.s. have all the features of integrated resource planning.« less

Scientific Migration in Central Europe in the Context of the Cold War

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hoffmann, Dieter

2011-03-01

As a way of intellectual reparations the Allies tried in 1945 to capture German scientists to undertake research in their own R& D and military research projects. The Soviet Occupied Zone of Germany was particularly strongly affected by this seizure of its scientific elite. Among the displaced were a group of leading German physicists, who were assigned to specific laboratories in the Caucasus, where they were kept like precious birds in a golden cage advancing the Soviet atomic bomb project. These included the Nobel Laureate Gustav Hertz, Manfred von Ardenne, Peter Adolf Thiessen and Max Steenbeck, to name but a few. In contrast to many others in similar circumstances, the fate of these scientists was directly influenced by the nuclear race and the Cold War as a result of which they were unable to return to Germany before 1955. Many German returnee scientists settled in East Germany, but some enjoyed successful careers in the West. Remarkably, one of the most instrumental inventions of the nuclear age -- the ultracentrifuge used for uranium enrichment -- emerged from this ``gilded cage.'' However, the 1950s were also marked by other migrations as well as by processes of science and technology transfer. In particular, there was an exodus of many scientists from East to West, which was driven by a lack of political freedom and prospertity and exacerbated by political turmoil in Central Europe during this period (1953/1956/1961/1968). My talk will provide a brief account of these migratory processes with a focus on Germany. Migrations concerning other Central European countries such as Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland will be also briefly described in a comparative perspective and illustrated with examples about the life and work of several physicists.

Citation for Vladimir Cermak: 1995 AGU Flinn Award

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pollack, Henry N.; Cermák, Vladìmír

“Vladimìr Cermák, Director of the Geophysical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences in Prague, has for many years played a most remarkable role in bringing Earth scientists from the Eastern and Western Bloc countries together for scientific interactions. However anachronistic the concept of East and West political divisions may seem today, there are many who remember the nearly insuperable obstacles that prevented scientific exchange between those groups for decades prior to 1989. Vladimìr Cermák, through his organizing of small conferences and workshops in Czechoslovakia, accomplished the impossible. Through some extraordinarily deft diplomacy, Cermák obtained funding, secured visas, and mastered arcane currency regulations to enable small groups to meet in splendid castles and elegant country homes in rural Bohemia, facilities without urban distractions which had been placed under the custodianship of the Czech Academy of Science to serve as scientific retreats. Three meetings in the course of a decade stand out: at Liblice in 1982, and at Bechyne in 1987 and 1991, all dealing in general with heat flow and thermal aspects of lithospheric structure. These meetings were not just for prominent senior scientists, though of course many were in attendance. Of special significance were the opportunities for younger researchers to surmount the barriers that had been erected by forces well beyond the sphere of science. As one West German remarked as a graduate student in 1982, ‘I remember well how impressed I was…to learn the details of the daily personal and scientific life of an east German colleague of my own age.’ Cermák knew intuitively that the future belonged to the young, and he wanted to nurture their enthusiasm and stimulate their creativity.

The uranium-bearing nickel-cobalt-native silver deposits in the Black Hawk district, Grant County, New Mexico

USGS Publications Warehouse

Gillerman, Elliot; Whitebread, Donald H.

1953-01-01

The Black Hawk (Bullard Peak) district, Grant County, N. Mex., is 21 miles by road west of Silver City. From 1881 to 1893 more than $1,000,000.00 of high-grade silver ore is reported to have been shipped from the district. Since 1893 there has been no mining in the district except during a short period in 1917 when the Black Hawk mine was rehabilitated. Pre-Cambrian quartz diorite gneiss, which contains inclusions of quartzite, schist, monzonite, and quartz monzonite, is the most widespread rock in the district. The quartz diorite gneiss is intruded by many pre-Cambrian and younger rocks, including diorite granite, diabase, monzonite porphyry and andesite and is overlain by the Upper Cretaceous Beartooth quartzite. The monzonite porphyry, probably of late Cretaceous or early Tertiary age, forms a small stock along the northwestern edge of the district and numerous dikes and irregular masses throughout the district. The ore deposits are in fissure veins that contain silver, cobalt, and uranium. The ore minerals, which include native silver, niccolite, millerite, skutterudite, nickel skutterudite, bismuthinite, pitchblende, and sphalerite, are in a carbonate gangue in narrow, persistent veins, most of which trend northeasterly. Pitchblende has been identified in the Black Hawk and the Alhabra deposits and unidentified radioactive minerals were found at five other localities. The deposits that contain the radioactive minerals constitude a belt 600 to 1,500 feet wide that trends about N. 45° E., and is approximately parallel to the southeastern boundary of the monzonite porphyry stock. All the major ore deposits are in the quartz diorite gneiss in close proximity to the monzonite porphyry. The ore deposits are similar to the deposits at Great Bear Lake, Canada, and Joachimstahl, Czechoslovakia.

The lawyer, legal education and population policies in Africa.

PubMed

Uche, U U

1976-09-01

This paper analyses the relationship of the lawyer and legal education to policies of population dynamics in Africa. Lawyers have been reluctant to enter effectively into population studies and consequently are peripheral in influencing the formulation and implementation of population policies in Africa. This "unfortunate" situation reflects the varying attitudes of the lawyer to some aspects of population dynamics. The concept of Human Rights is examined as offering a suitable avenue for increased participation of lawyers into the formulation of population policies. The paper examines the structure of laws affecting parameters of population dynamics in Kenya and the extent to which Kenya's legal structure, as in some other African countries, is pegged to the legal system of their colonial governments. This factor, reinforced by traditional practices and socioeconomic factors, frustrate lawyers' attitudes. These attitudes can be changed by making population law an integral part of legal educational curricula. Breakdowns are given of lawyer's attitudes to fertility and abortion under specified conditions and descriptions of various case studies in Kenya, Sweden, Prague, Czechoslovakia, and England involving abortion laws. Contraception laws in Africa and health codes are detailed in order to trace how people's attitudes tend to frustrate the law, especially concerning veneral diseases. Laws concerning drugs, and especially spatial distribution (urban and rural migration) are described to show how lawyers can become involved in population law. The author's recommended law curriculum is given which emphasizes introductory preparation in the sociological, economic, demographic, health and sex education dimensions of the subject of population law in addition to study of all statutory provisions, orders, regulations, by laws and judicial decisions that have any bearing on population matters. Categories to be studied should include fertility regulation, family law, children and child welfare, criminal offence and penology, public welfare, public health, education, property and economic factors.

Results of ozone measurements in Northern Germany: A case study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schmidt, Manfred

1994-01-01

At most of the German ozone recording stations which have records over a sufficiently long period, the results of the summer months of 1989 showed the highest values since the beginning of the measurements. One of the reasons for this phenomenon was the high duration of sunshine in that summer; for example, in Potsdam near Berlin in May 1989 the sunshine duration was the highest in May since the beginning of the records in 1893. For that reason we selected this summer for a case study. The basis for the study was mainly the ozone measuring stations of the network of Lower Saxony and the Federal Office of Environment (Umweltbundesamt). The results of these summer measurements point to intense sources of ozone, probably in form of gaseous precursors, in the Middle German industrial areas near Leipzig and Halle and in Northwestern Czechoslovakia, with coal-mining, chemical and petrochemical industries, coking plants and others. The maps of average ozone concentrations, number or days with high ozone maxima, ozone-windroses of the stations, etc., suggest that these areas could be a main source of precursors and of photochemical ozone production in summer smog episodes in Central Europe. Stations on the North Sea coast, at which early ozone measurements were made by our institute in 1973/74 are compared with similarly located stations of the Lower Saxon network in 1989 and the results show a reversal of the ozone-windroses. In 1973/74, the highest ozone concentrations were correlated with wind directions from the sea while in 1989 these concentrations were correlated with directions from the continent. In the recent years, photochemical ozone production on the continent is probably predominant, while in former years the higher ozone content of the maritime subpolar air masses has been explained by stratospheric-tropospheric exchange.

Full genome sequences and molecular characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus strains isolated from human patients.

PubMed

Formanová, Petra; Černý, Jiří; Bolfíková, Barbora Černá; Valdés, James J; Kozlova, Irina; Dzhioev, Yuri; Růžek, Daniel

2015-02-01

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) causes tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), one of the most important human neuroinfections across Eurasia. Up to date, only three full genome sequences of human European TBEV isolates are available, mostly due to difficulties with isolation of the virus from human patients. Here we present full genome characterization of an additional five low-passage TBEV strains isolated from human patients with severe forms of TBE. These strains were isolated in 1953 within Central Bohemia in the former Czechoslovakia, and belong to the historically oldest human TBEV isolates in Europe. We demonstrate here that all analyzed isolates are distantly phylogenetically related, indicating that the emergence of TBE in Central Europe was not caused by one predominant strain, but rather a pool of distantly related TBEV strains. Nucleotide identity between individual sequenced TBEV strains ranged from 97.5% to 99.6% and all strains shared large deletions in the 3' non-coding region, which has been recently suggested to be an important determinant of virulence. The number of unique amino acid substitutions varied from 3 to 9 in individual isolates, but no characteristic amino acid substitution typical exclusively for all human TBEV isolates was identified when compared to the isolates from ticks. We did, however, correlate that the exploration of the TBEV envelope glycoprotein by specific antibodies were in close proximity to these unique amino acid substitutions. Taken together, we report here the largest number of patient-derived European TBEV full genome sequences to date and provide a platform for further studies on evolution of TBEV since the first emergence of human TBE in Europe. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Incidence of stroke and stroke subtypes in Malmö, Sweden, 1990-2000: marked differences between groups defined by birth country.

PubMed

Khan, Farhad Ali; Zia, Elisabet; Janzon, Lars; Engstrom, Gunnar

2004-09-01

The proportion of immigrants has increased in Sweden markedly during the last decades, as in many other Western countries. Incidence of stroke has increased during this period. However, it is primarily unknown whether incidence of stroke and stroke subtypes in Sweden is related to country of birth. Incidence of first-ever stroke was followed during 10 years in a cohort consisting of all 40- to 89-year-old inhabitants in the city of Malmö, Sweden (n=118,134). Immigrants from 12 different countries were compared with native-born Swedes. Adjusted for age, sex, marital status, and socioeconomic indicators, the incidence of stroke (all subtypes) was significantly higher among immigrants from former Yugoslavia (relative risk [RR], 1.31; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.6) and Hungary (RR, 1.33; CI, 1.02 to 1.7). A significantly increased incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage was observed in immigrants from Peoples Republic of China or Vietnam (RR, 4.2; CI, 1.7 to 10.4) and the former Soviet Union (RR, 2.7; CI, 1.01 to 7.3). Immigrants from Finland had a significantly higher incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage (RR, 2.8; CI, 1.1 to 6.8). A significantly lower incidence of stroke was observed in the group from Romania (RR, 0.14; CI, 0.04 to 0.6). Immigrants from Denmark, Norway, Germany, Chile, Czechoslovakia, and Poland had approximately the same risk as citizens born in Sweden. In this urban population from Sweden, there are substantial differences in stroke incidence and stroke subtypes between immigrants from different countries. To what extent this could be accounted for by exposure to biological risk factors remains to be explored.

Impaired Heme Binding and Aggregation of Mutant Cystathionine β-Synthase Subunits in Homocystinuria

PubMed Central

Janošík, Miroslav; Oliveriusová, Jana; Janošíková, Bohumila; Sokolová, Jitka; Kraus, Eva; Kraus, Jan P.; Kožich, Viktor

2001-01-01

During the past 20 years, cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency has been detected in the former Czechoslovakia with a calculated frequency of 1:349,000. The clinical manifestation was typical of homocystinuria, and about half of the 21 patients were not responsive to pyridoxine. Twelve distinct mutations were detected in 30 independent homocystinuric alleles. One half of the alleles carried either the c.833 T→C or the IVS11−2A→C mutation; the remaining alleles contained private mutations. The abundance of five mutant mRNAs with premature stop codons was analyzed by PCR-RFLP. Two mRNAs, c.828_931ins104 (IVS7+1G→A) and c.1226 G→A, were severely reduced in the cytoplasm as a result of nonsense-mediated decay. In contrast, the other three mRNAs—c.19_20insC, c.28_29delG, and c.210_235del26 (IVS1−1G→C)—were stable. Native western blot analysis of 14 mutant fibroblast lines showed a paucity of CBS antigen, which was detectable only in aggregates. Five mutations—A114V (c.341C→T), A155T (c.463G→A), E176K (c.526G→A), I278T (c.833T→C), and W409_G453del (IVS11−2A→C)—were expressed in Escherichia coli. All five mutant proteins formed substantially more aggregates than did the wild-type CBS, and no aggregates contained heme. These data suggest that abnormal folding, impaired heme binding, and aggregation of mutant CBS polypeptides may be common pathogenic mechanisms in CBS deficiency. PMID:11359213

[Perspectives in the development of health care in Czechoslovakia].

PubMed

Zácek, A

1989-08-01

The finding that the health status of the population is shaped in particular by social and cultural conditions is accepted not only by health workers but also by political and executive authorities of the State. For the further development health care of the people is of revolutionary importance. If society will find adequate political will to take the appropriate measures, we may expect radical changes in all spheres of national economy, social life, science and culture. The basic demand is that health workers must acquire new sociomedical thinking which supplements and at the same time replaces the out-dated biomedical pattern. Structural changes will pertain in particular to mechanisms and organizational measures which will ensure the implementation of the health policy beyond the framework of the health services. In the system of health services we may anticipate that the centre of gravity in health care will shift from the traditional hospital to out-patient facilities with emphasis on the newly conceived function of primary health care. Training of health workers will have to be modified to the effect that graduates will be better prepared to meet actual needs of health care focused on prevention, economy, effectiveness and quality. It will be necessary to create favourable conditions for the development of socio-ecological, epidemiological and operational research. The democratization of health care will call for greater interest and initiative on the part of the public as regards collective and individual health. Our partial health projects should be re-arranged into a single comprehensive nation-wide programme which will include all spheres of health care in the sense of the WHO programme in its modification for Europe.

Projections of alcohol- and tobacco-related cancer mortality in Central Europe.

PubMed

Bray, I; Brennan, P; Boffetta, P

2000-07-01

Central European mortality rates for cancer sites related to tobacco and alcohol have increased rapidly in recent decades. From a public health point of view, it is of considerable interest to know whether these past increases in cancer mortality will continue into the future. Cancer mortality rates for the period 1965-1994 in Bulgaria, Czech Republic and Slovakia (analysed together), Hungary, Poland, and Romania were analysed for cancers of the larynx, oral cavity and pharynx, oesophagus, bladder, kidney, and pancreas. Using a Bayesian age-period-cohort approach, we have calculated smoothed observed rates. The effects of period and cohort were extrapolated to estimate mortality projections for 1995-99, 2004-09, and 2005-09. Mortality rates for all sites are projected to increase in most countries. Hungary has the highest projected rates for most sites, and particularly rapid increases are expected for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx and of the larynx in Hungarian men. The smoothed 1990-94 male mortality rates for these two sites of 16. 32/100,000 and 8.70/100,000, respectively, are projected to reach 35. 17/100,000 for cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx and 14.12/100, 000 for cancer of the larynx by the period 2000-04. For kidney cancer, former Czechoslovakia has the highest observed and projected mortality rates. The smoothed 1990-94 rate of 8.37/100,000 is expected to increase 24% to 10.38/100,000 by 2000-04. Our results indicate that further increases may be expected on top of the already high cancer mortality levels in Central Europe. Policies to reduce alcohol consumption and prevent smoking in younger generations are necessary to reduce mortality as these cohorts age. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Out from behind the contraceptive Iron Curtain.

PubMed

Jacobson, J L

1990-01-01

In the early 1950s, the Soviet Union and several of its Eastern European satellites completed their transition from high to low fertility before the US and Western Europe. They did this even though there were not enough modern contraceptives available to meet the needs of its citizens. As late as 1990, the Soviet Union had no factories manufacturing modern contraceptives. A gynecologist in Poland described domestically produced oral contraceptives (OCs) as being good for horses, but not for humans. The Romanian government under Ceaucescu banned all contraceptives and safe abortion services. Therefore, women relied on abortion as their principal means of birth control, even in Catholic Poland. The legal abortion rates in the Soviet Union and Romania stood at 100/1000 (1985) and 91/1000 (1987) as compared to 18/1000 in Denmark and 13/1000 in France. All too often these abortion were prohibited and occurred under unsafe conditions giving rise to complications and death. Further, the lack of contraceptives in the region precipitated and increase in AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. On the other hand, abortion rates were minimalized in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and Hungary due to the availability of modern contraceptives and reproductive health services. Hungary and East Germany even manufactured OCs. OC use in these 2 nations rated as among the world's highest. East Germany also treated infertility and sexually transmitted diseases. The region experienced a political opening in latecomer 1989. In 1989, IPPF gave approximately 15 million condoms and 3000 monthly OC packets to the Soviet Union to ease the transition. More international assistance for contraceptive supplies and equipment and training to modernize abortion practices is necessary.

Neurological diseases associated with viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections

PubMed Central

Assaad, F.; Gispen, R.; Kleemola, M.; Syrůček, L.; Esteves, K.

1980-01-01

In 1963 the World Health Organization established a system for the collection and dissemination of information on viral infections and by 1976, laboratories in 49 countries were participating in this scheme. The present study is in two parts: part 1 is an analysis of almost 60 000 reports on neurological disease associated with viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections reported during the 10-year period 1967-76. This analysis showed a steady increase in the yearly number of reports of viral neurological diseases, which closely followed the general increase in the overall reporting of virus diseases. Likewise, the seasonal pattern was similar to that seen in general for any given virus. Over 75% of the cases were in children. Over half of all viral neurological diseases were associated with enteroviruses, while the myxoviruses accounted for almost 30%. Among the myxoviruses, mumps virus was by far the most frequently reported. The polioviruses were the agents most commonly detected in cases of paralytic disease. The other enteroviruses, mumps virus, and the herpesviruses were the most frequently reported viruses in cases of aseptic meningitis or encephalitis. On the other hand, one-third to over one-half of the reports on the myxoviruses (excluding mumps and measles) related to ill-defined clinical conditions. Part 2 of the study deals in particular with viruses whose role in neurological disease is less well documented. One laboratory reported an outbreak of adenoviral aseptic meningitis in Czechoslovakia, while another described neurological disease associated with M. pneumoniae infection in Finland. Part 2 also includes a detailed appraisal of viral infections diagnosed in the Netherlands during the period 1973-76. The results are very similar to those routinely reported. PMID:6249511

[Medical cybernetics in Czechoslovakia--the first steps].

PubMed

Wünsch, Z

1998-09-01

During fifties there were at most few tens of persons in this country who believed in the future of computers and cybernetics. One group of such enthusiasts, headed by Antonín Svoboda, was working at a construction of the first Czech computer SAPO. The other group tried to analyse, anticipate, and prepare in advance various applications for the new systemic conceptions and for the information processing machines. Members of both groups met for discussions which opened prospects to the future and influenced many of other activities for a long time. At the early sixties, the Czechoslovak Cybernetic Society was established at the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and in 1962 the Main Problem Committee for the Medical Cybernetics was founded at the Department of Health. It coordinated majority of the research programmes in the medical cybernetics and informatics. In 1967-1969 the Committee prepared an extensive project of a medical information system (ZIS), but its accomplishment was finally blocked by the then authorities. However, interests for that topics kept growing and the new working places equipped with available computer technology were formed at the health and clinical centres. The first tentative lectures in medical cybernetics and biocybernetics at our faculty were introduced into the students curricula in the late sixties. Thematically, medical cybernetics subsequently differentiated into the medical informatics, simulations of biological and medical systems, and the biosignal analysis. The growing interest enabled to hold conferences since the middle of seventies, some of which were held periodically, sometimes with international participation. It is not possible in brevity to include the whole spectrum to those goal-directed activities nor to appraise adequately their future significance.

Selected legal developments in reproductive health in 1991.

PubMed

Boland, R

1992-01-01

Because of American preoccupation with abortion, worldwide reproductive health issues in 1991 received scant attention, despite many important changes. With the fall of Communism, Eastern European governments struggle in the legislatures and the courts to regulate abortion, particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and the newly unified Federal Republic of Germany. Two international tribunals ruled narrowly on the restrictive Irish abortion law and international treaties ratified by Ireland protecting freedom of speech, leaving the Irish law intact. Spain's Supreme Court relaxed restrictions on abortion and for the 1st time allowed abortions for social reasons. Frances' highest administrative court ruled that the French government exceeded its authority in ordering the distribution of RU 497 (mifepristone), but ruled that French abortion law, allowing abortions in the 1st 10 weeks in "situations of distress," did not violate international treaties guaranteeing the "right to life." England approved use of RU 486 under English abortion law, with medical restrictions. The Canadian Supreme Court agreed to review a province's legislation that had the effect of limiting access to abortions via medical and hospital regulations. The Islamic, developing countries of Pakistan and the Sudan replaced colonial laws with more liberal abortion rules tailored to Islamic law. Pakistan decriminalized early abortions when given to provide (undefined) "necessary treatment" the Sudan allows abortions during the 1st 90 days. Peru reduced the penalties for some abortions. In Latin America, only Cuba allows abortions on request in early pregnancy. Iran, China, and the former USSR tightened and encouraged compliance with their family planning regulations. Fear of AIDS prompted several countries to tighten condom regulations. Artificial insemination, embryo research and surrogate motherhood also received attention.

Schizophrenia and birthplace of paternal and maternal grandfather in the Jerusalem perinatal cohort prospective study.

PubMed

Harlap, S; Perrin, M C; Deutsch, L; Kleinhaus, K; Fennig, S; Nahon, D; Teitelbaum, A; Friedlander, Y; Malaspina, D

2009-06-01

Some forms of epigenetic abnormalities transmitted to offspring are manifested in differences in disease incidence that depend on parent-of-origin. To explore whether such phenomena might operate in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, we estimated the relative incidence of these conditions in relation to parent-of-origin by considering the two grandfathers' countries of birth. In a prospective cohort of 88,829 offspring, born in Jerusalem in 1964-76 we identified 637 cases through Israel's psychiatric registry. Relative risks (RR) were estimated for paternal and maternal grandfathers' countries of birth using proportional hazards methods, controlling for parents' ages, low social class and duration of marriage. After adjusting for multiple observations, we found no significant differences between descendants of maternal or paternal grandfathers born in Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Syria, Yemen, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya/Egypt, Poland, USSR, Czechoslovakia, Germany or the USA. Those with paternal grandfathers from Romania (RR=1.9, 95% CI=1.3-2.8) or Hungary (1.6, 1.0-2.6) showed an increased incidence; however, those with maternal grandfathers from these countries experienced reduced incidence (RR=0.5, 0.3-0.8 and 0.4, 0.2-0.8). In post-hoc analyses we found that results were similar whether the comparison groups were restricted to descendants of other Europeans or included those from Western Asia and North Africa; and effects of paternal grandfathers from Romania/Hungary were more pronounced in females, while effects of maternal grandfathers from these countries were similar in males and females. These post-hoc "hypothesis-generating" findings lead one to question whether some families with ancestors in Romania or Hungary might carry a variant or mutation at a parentally imprinted locus that is altering susceptibility to schizophrenia. Such a locus, if it exists, might involve the X chromosome.

Human stones.

PubMed

Lonsdale, K

1968-03-15

X-ray diffraction studies have shown that there are several different kinds of human urinary calculi, with different age, sex, period, and geographical distributions. Juvenile bladder stones are typically urate and oxalate in small boys in certain stone belts. They have disappeared in some areas, particularly in Britain, but are still common in Thailand. India. and Turkey. Their cause is unknown. Adult bladder stones, formerly common in elderly men, were largely of uric acid and were due to a faulty diet. Juvenile kidney stones are rare, except in Turkey where they are similar to juvenile bladder stones. Adult kidney stones are by far the most universally common, especially in technically developed communities. They are found in both sexes (equally at postmortem), and in the United States and in Czechoslovakia the average number of hospital entries for stones, relative to the whole population, is about 1 per 1000 per annum (increasing) although the incidence in different districts varies by 4 to 1 or more. Such stones are mainly calcium oxalates and calcium and MgNH(4) phosphates. The incidence among the administrative class is at least 20 times that among agricultural workers, relative to their numbers. Stones are reported also to be an occupational hazard for air pilots. It is probably that much more exercise and the drinking of more water to prevent kidney dehydration (spirits and coffee are not effective for this purpose) would lower the high rate of incidence. Moderate acidification would prevent phosphate supersaturation of the urine, but is not effective for oxalates. It seems certain that, once a suitable seed is formed, epitaxy is largely responsible for deposition from urines that would otherwise remain supersaturated until voided. This would explain the curioLls radial and layered texture of many stones. Laboratory experiments might suggest ways of preventing orientated overgrowth.

Virus-neutralizing antibody response of mice to consecutive infection with human and avian influenza A viruses.

PubMed

Janulíková, J; Stropkovská, A; Bobišová, Z; Košík, I; Mucha, V; Kostolanský, F; Varečková, E

2015-06-01

In this work we simulated in a mouse model a naturally occurring situation of humans, who overcame an infection with epidemic strains of influenza A, and were subsequently exposed to avian influenza A viruses (IAV). The antibody response to avian IAV in mice previously infected with human IAV was analyzed. We used two avian IAV (A/Duck/Czechoslovakia/1956 (H4N6) and the attenuated virus rA/Viet Nam/1203-2004 (H5N1)) as well as two human IAV isolates (virus A/Mississippi/1/1985 (H3N2) of medium virulence and A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) of high virulence). Two repeated doses of IAV of H4 or of H5 virus elicited virus-specific neutralizing antibodies in mice. Exposure of animals previously infected with human IAV (of H3 or H1 subtype) to IAV of H4 subtype led to the production of antibodies neutralizing H4 virus in a level comparable with the level of antibodies against the human IAV used for primary infection. In contrast, no measurable levels of virus-neutralizing (VN) antibodies specific to H5 virus were detected in mice infected with H5 virus following a previous infection with human IAV. In both cases the secondary infection with avian IAV led to a significant increase of the titer of VN antibodies specific to the corresponding human virus used for primary infection. Moreover, cross-reactive HA2-specific antibodies were also induced by sequential infection. By virtue of these results we suggest that the differences in the ability of avian IAV to induce specific antibodies inhibiting virus replication after previous infection of mice with human viruses can have an impact on the interspecies transmission and spread of avian IAV in the human population.

Comparative magnetic and thermoanalytical study of two enstatite chondrites: Adhi Kot and Atlanta

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krol, Elizabeth; Lang, Bruno

1993-03-01

With allowance for the discussion of classification of enstatite chondrites and their relation to aubrites, the obtained magnetic and thermoanalytical data is submitted to be considered as additive arguments. Our study covered the Adhi Kot (EH4) and Atlanta (EL6). meteorites belonging to two distinct groups of enstatite chondrites. Applying AF demagnetization the intensity of natural remanent magnetization (NRM) was measured and the mean magnetic susceptibility of the samples was determined. The differential thermal (DTA) and thermogravimetric (TG) curves were obtained for meteorites under study. For measurements of the intensity of NRM, a superconducting cryomagnetometer SQUID (2 G Enterprise, USA), while magnetic susceptibility Kappabridge KLY-2 (Czechoslovakia) were used. The abbreviated magnetic data sheets are given. The values 786 x 10-4A/mkg and 196.1 x 10-4A/mkg were obtained as NRM intensities for Atlanta and Adhi Kot respectively, while 17.4 x 10-6 SIu/kg and 43.4 x 10-6 SIu/kg for their susceptibilities. Both meteorites proved to be strongly magnetized. The demagnetization down to 3.2 percent of NMR was received for Atlanta at AF field intensity of 250 Oe. For Adhi Kot at this level rested 13.2 percent of NRM intensity, this sample being demagnetized without change of direction till 750 Oe field. The demagnetization curves are similar to those obtained for Abee (EL4) chondrite by Sugiura and Strangway. Against Abee the Adhi Kot exhibited a little bit steeper downfall, and in both cases dominate one component of magnetization. The DTA and TG curves were obtained with Rigaku-Denki thermoanalytical instrument. The DTA curves exhibit striking similarity in their shape and relatively close temperature values for various features. The same is valid for TG curves. The higher values for TG for Adhi Kot express its higher content of oxydable (Fe, Ni) whose oxidation in air is reached at 1000-1200 C.

Comparative magnetic and thermoanalytical study of two enstatite chondrites: Adhi Kot and Atlanta

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Krol, Elizabeth; Lang, Bruno

1993-01-01

With allowance for the discussion of classification of enstatite chondrites and their relation to aubrites, the obtained magnetic and thermoanalytical data is submitted to be considered as additive arguments. Our study covered the Adhi Kot (EH4) and Atlanta (EL6). meteorites belonging to two distinct groups of enstatite chondrites. Applying AF demagnetization the intensity of natural remanent magnetization (NRM) was measured and the mean magnetic susceptibility of the samples was determined. The differential thermal (DTA) and thermogravimetric (TG) curves were obtained for meteorites under study. For measurements of the intensity of NRM, a superconducting cryomagnetometer SQUID (2 G Enterprise, USA), while magnetic susceptibility Kappabridge KLY-2 (Czechoslovakia) were used. The abbreviated magnetic data sheets are given. The values 786 x 10(exp -4)A/mkg and 196.1 x 10(exp -4)A/mkg were obtained as NRM intensities for Atlanta and Adhi Kot respectively, while 17.4 x 10(exp -6) SIu/kg and 43.4 x 10(exp -6) SIu/kg for their susceptibilities. Both meteorites proved to be strongly magnetized. The demagnetization down to 3.2 percent of NMR was received for Atlanta at AF field intensity of 250 Oe. For Adhi Kot at this level rested 13.2 percent of NRM intensity, this sample being demagnetized without change of direction till 750 Oe field. The demagnetization curves are similar to those obtained for Abee (EL4) chondrite by Sugiura and Strangway. Against Abee the Adhi Kot exhibited a little bit steeper downfall, and in both cases dominate one component of magnetization. The DTA and TG curves were obtained with Rigaku-Denki thermoanalytical instrument. The DTA curves exhibit striking similarity in their shape and relatively close temperature values for various features. The same is valid for TG curves. The higher values for TG for Adhi Kot express its higher content of oxydable (Fe, Ni) whose oxidation in air is reached at 1000-1200 C.

Cross-cultural perspectives on sexuality education.

PubMed

Friedman, J

1992-01-01

In the Netherlands the discussion of sexuality has been open since the sexual revolution of the 1960s and includes heterosexuality, sex within marriage, sexuality of the elderly, and homosexuality. Formal sexuality education is lacking for young people despite the openness. 3/4 of teenage girls use the pill, and AIDS-motivated condom availability has increased. Teenage pregnancy and abortion rates are low. Belgium also lacks standardized sexuality education because of Catholic and state school systems influenced by local politics. Family planning organizations date back to 1955 despite a strong Catholic boycott. Abstinence and withdrawal was practiced by most until the 1970s. In 1990 abortion during the 1st trimester was legalized. High rates of teenage pregnancies induced sexuality education in the past 2 decades, although there is no universal program, and young people do not discuss sexuality with their parents. Contraceptives are readily available. In Czechoslovakia under communist rule puritanical views dominated, and sex education was virtually nonexistent. In the postcommunist state the Catholic Church strongly opposes sex education, family planning, and abortions that are still available free, although a charge is contemplated. Pill use is low, nonlubricated condoms are available, and the IUD and sterilization are available only for multiparas. In both Denmark and Sweden sexuality is open and natural from the youngest ages with official sex education, family planning clinics are numerous, abortion is available and the teenager rate is fairly high, pill use is high, the teenage pregnancy rate is low, extramarital childbirth is popular, and the divorce rate is high. In the former Soviet Union there is lack of birth control, increased sexual violence, the increase of HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases, homophobia, high abortion rate (6.5 million reported and 3 million unreported in 1988), lack of contraceptives and knowledge about them (only 10-15% contraceptive prevalence rate), and practically nonexistent sex education until the early 1980s.

SCHIZOPHRENIA AND BIRTHPLACE OF PATERNAL AND MATERNAL GRANDFATHER IN THE JERUSALEM PERINATAL COHORT PROSPECTIVE STUDY

PubMed Central

Harlap, S; Perrin, M C; Deutsch, L; Kleinhaus, K; Fennig, S; Nahon, D; Teitelbaum, A; Friedlander, Y; Malaspina, D

2009-01-01

Some forms of epigenetic abnormalities transmitted to offspring are manifest in differences in disease incidence that depend on parent-of-origin. To explore whether such phenomena might operate in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, we estimated the relative incidence of these conditions in relation to parent-of-origin by considering the two grandfathers' countries of birth. In a prospective cohort of 88,829 offspring, born in Jerusalem in 1964–76 we identified 637 cases through Israel's psychiatric registry. Relative risks (RR) were estimated for paternal and maternal grandfathers' countries of birth using proportional hazards methods, controlling for parents' ages, low social class and duration of marriage. After adjusting for multiple observations, we found no significant differences between descendants of maternal or paternal grandfathers born in Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Syria, Yemen, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya/Egypt, Poland, USSR, Czechoslovakia, Germany or the USA. Those with paternal grandfathers from Romania (RR=1.9, 95% CI=1.3–2.8) or Hungary (1.6, 1.0–2.6) showed an increased incidence; however, those with maternal grandfathers from these countries experienced reduced incidence (RR=0.5, 0.3–0.8 and 0.4, 0.2–0.8). In post-hoc analyses we found that results were similar whether the comparison groups were restricted to descendants of other Europeans or included those from Western Asia and North Africa; and effects of paternal grandfathers from Romania/Hungary were more pronounced in females, while effects of maternal grandfathers from these countries were similar in males and females. These post-hoc “hypothesis-generating” findings lead one to question whether some families with ancestors in Romania or Hungary might carry a variant or mutation at a parentally imprinted locus that is altering susceptibility to schizophrenia. Such a locus, if it exists, might involve the X chromosome. PMID:19361958

Occupational viral hepatitis in the Slovak and the Czech Republic.

PubMed

Buchancová, Jana; Svihrová, Viera; Legáth, L'ubomir; Osina, Oto; Urban, Pavel; Fenclová, Zdenka; Zibolenová, Jana; Rosková, Dana; Murajda, Lukás; Hudecková, Henrieta

2013-06-01

The proportion of occupational infectious diseases (ID) in the total number of occupational diseases reported in the Slovak Republic (SR) and the Czech Republic (CR) was decreasing from 1973 to 2010. Our study presents a longitudinal analysis of the occurrence of occupational infectious diseases in the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic in the period from 1973-2010 with special focus on viral hepatitis. The sources of data were national health statistics of Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. Descriptive statistical methods were used for data analysis. Incidence rate of reported diseases was calculated per 100,000 general population or per 100,000 people insured. During the studied period, a total of 2,931 and 8,318 cases of occupational viral hepatitis (VH) were reported in the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic, respectively. The incidence culminated in the late 1970s when hepatitis represented almost 50% of all reported occupational infectious diseases. Most cases of occupational hepatitis occurred in health and social services. Since the early 1980s, a steep decrease in the incidence of hepatitis has been observed due to the gradual implementation of mandatory vaccination against hepatitis A and B in risk groups. In SR in 1973, the incidence rate of occupational infectious diseases and that of occupational viral hepatitis was 10.85/100,000 and 1.86/100,000, respectively. In 2010, these rates decreased to 0.74/100,000 and 0.20/100,000, respectively. In CR, the incidence rates of occupational infectious diseases and that of occupational viral hepatitis reported in 1973 were 11.75/100,000 and 3.69/100,000. In 2010, reported incidence rates were 1.71/100,000 and 0.10/100,000, respectively. Although the incidence of occupational viral hepatitis has dramatically decreased in the Slovak and the Czech Republic as well as in other Visegrad group countries during the studied period, we emphasize the necessity of continuing epidemiological surveillance of hepatitis, especially with regard to the recent incidence increase of viral hepatitis C.

[New projections for the world population to the year 2025].

PubMed

Srb, V

1988-03-01

The 1982 and 1984 population projection program of the United Nations containing estimations for the world's population for 2000-2025 had 3 variations: the median projection figure for 2000 was 6.122 billion and for 2025 8.025 billion. The respective figures of the high estimate were 6.340 and 9.088 billion, and the low estimate envisioned 5.927 and 7.358 billion people, respectively. THe corresponding rate of growth is expected to slow down from 1.67% during 1980-1985 to 1.38% during 2000- 2005, and to drop to 0.96% during 2020-2025. The rate of growth of the global population is to decrease from 37.6% during 1980-2000 to 27.4% during 2000-2020. The difference of the projections of 1982 and 1984 is only 29 million people (8.177 and 8.206, respectively). During the period 2000-2020 the population of Africa is expected to grow to make up 11.5% of the world's population, Europe would make up 10.20% and Asia 58.2%. By 2025 the respective figures would be 19.7%, 6.4%, and 55.3%. The rate of growth of 4 European regions would vary during 1980-2000 and 2000-2025: in Eastern Europe 10% and 7.3%, respectively, in Western Europe 2.0% and 0.0%, in Southern Europe 9.2% and 3.9%, and in Northern Europe 1.6% and -2.8%, respectively. The negative growth figures of the German Democratic Republic were revised from 1982 estimates to show a 2.5% and 2.4% increase during the respective periods. The slight increases (1.8% and 0.2%) projected for Hungary were reversed to zero or negative growth (0.0% and -0.8%). During these periods the growth figures for Czechoslovakia would be 8.3% and 8.0%, for Poland 14.7% and 9.2%, for Romania 15.2% and 11.4%, and for Bulgaria 7.6% and 4.6%, respectively. Life expectancy for the periods 1985-1990 and 2010-2025 is estimated at 61.1 and 70.5 years for the world, and 74.0 and 77.2 years for Europe.

[Results of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia treatment in the Slovak Republic in the years from 1993 to 2012].

PubMed

Korbeľ, M; Šufliarsky, J; Danihel, Ľ; Vojtaššák, J; Nižňanská, Z

2016-01-01

Analysis and epidemiology of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia treatment in the Slovak Republic in the years 1993-2012. Retrospective epidemiological national study. Centre for gestational trophoblastic disease Ministry of Health the Slovak Republic, Bratislava. Retrospective analysis results of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia treatment according to prognostic scoring and staging system FIGO/WHO in Centre for gestational trophoblastic disease Ministry of Health the Slovak Republic Bratislava in the years 1993-2012. The treatment of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) in the Czech and Slovak Republics started in 1955 and lasted till 1993. After the split of the former Czechoslovakia the Centre for gestational trophoblastic disease was created in Slovakia. 75 patients were treated in this Centre in the years 1993-2012. According to prognostic scoring and staging system FIGO/WHO 56 (75%) patients had low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia and 19 (25%) of patients had high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. There were 41 patients (55%), 2 (3%), 24 (32%) and 8 (11%) in stage I., II., III. and IV. respectively. Total curability rate was 94.7% and mortality rate was 5.3%. Curability rate 100% was achieved in stage I & II and all placental site trophoblastic tumours (PSTT), 98.3% in stage III and 50% stage IV. In the years 1993-2012 the incidence of choriocarcinoma was one in 76 273 pregnancies and one in 53 203 deliveries. The incidence of other gestational trophoblastic neoplasia in the same years was for PSTT one in 533 753 pregnancies and one in 372 422 deliveries, invasive mole one in 145 611 pregnancies and one in 101 569 deliveries, and persistent GTN one in 40 043 pregnancies and one in 27 932 deliveries. 225-241 patients were treated in the same period of time in the Czech Republic with curability rate 98.2-98. 3%. Early detection and treatment in the centre for trophoblastic disease are crucial points in the manage-ment of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, because the effective therapy of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia with high curability rate is available.

Fertility response to abortion reform in Eastern Europe: demographic and economic implications: comment.

PubMed

Lindley, J T

1972-01-01

Rumania provides the opportunity to determine the effects of change in abortion laws by comparing it to Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary with whom it has a similar background, government, and growth pattern. Rumania had legalized abortion in 1957 but reversed its decision in 1966. 3 years later when compared with the other countries where legalized abortion continued, there was a significant increase in the crude birthrate of Rumania, a notable increase resulting mainly from the change in its abortion law. This same conclusion can also be reached by applying microeconomic theory using the concept that children are, on the margin, the result of a maximizing process. The decision to have an abortion in the countries in question is voluntary. No one is coerced and even when abortion is illegal it can be seen as an increase in price. By doing this the decision of whether to have an abortion can be analyzed as a microeconomic decision. The birth decision is made on the margin where the expected cost of a child is compared with the expected return. Traditional analysis implies that there is no cost involved in not having children, but there are both monetary and nonmonetary costs, the latter being physical and psychological. All forms of birth control involve costs, and the following analysis could be used on any of them. By combining the cost of preventing birth with the concept of traditional theory, there is now a threefold margin of decision rather than a twofold one. The cost of prevention must be included. If the amount that will have to be expended for prevention exceeds the net cost of having the child, the ultimate decision will be to have the child. The demand curve for abortion shows that as abortion is legalized the supply curve will shift out and the price will fall, with the opposite case if abortion is again made illegal. The demand curve might also shift as abortion was legalized or made illegal as the desire for abortion could change. It could be altered by such concepts as obeying the law and social acceptance. With abortion legal and the cost of prevention lower, fewer people will decide to have children. This microanalysis explains well why the crude birthrate rose so abrubtly in Rumania.

Obituary: Albert G. Petschek, 1928-2004

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Colgate, Stirling A.; Petschek, Rolfe G.; Libersky, Larry D.

2005-12-01

Albert G. Petschek died suddenly 8 July 2004. He enjoyed good health and was very active professionally and personally until his death. He was highly respected, particularly in theoretical physics, for his deep, broad-ranging analytical powers, which resulted in contributions to nuclear physics, astrophysics, atmospheric physics, quantum mechanics, and quantum computing. Albert was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia in 1928. His extended family left Czechoslovakia when its sovereignty was threatened by Germany in 1938 and settled throughout the Western Hemisphere. Albert's father, a banker, settled in Scarsdale, near New York City. Albert graduated from White Plains High School and obtained his BS from MIT in a program accelerated during World War II. While getting his masters degree at the University of Michigan, Albert met his wife, Marilyn, also a physics masters student. In 1953, Albert obtained his PhD from the University of Rochester working with Robert Marshak on aspects of nuclear theory, and joined Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), then Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Soon thereafter, Albert's younger brother, Harry, also became a PhD physicist. Harry is now well known in plasma physics for reconnection theory. At Los Alamos, Albert worked closely with Carson Mark, Marshall Rosenbluth, and Conrad Longmire designing the first thermonuclear weapons. His derivation of several radiation diffusion solutions, later published as LAMS 2421, remains a classic in its field, as does work on nuclear theory done with Baird Brandow and Hans Bethe during a sabbatical at Cornell in 1961. Bethe was a frequent visitor to Los Alamos and a close friend. A devoted family man, Albert also valued Los Alamos as a safe, stimulating environment for raising an active family. Like many of the scientists at Los Alamos, Albert enjoyed its ready access to outdoor activities such as hiking and skiing. Albert often combined his passions for intellectual activity and the outdoors - discussing Lie groups around a camp fire or the controversies concerning the origin of lightning in electrical storms while hiking through a high mountain pass, watching a thundercloud form. Albert's son Rolfe was inspired in part by such outings to become a professional physicist. For more than a decade following his PhD, Albert's primary scientific work was secret, contributing to the security of his adopted country, and he published little in the open literature. However, by the time of his death, Albert's broad interests and scientific rigor had resulted in 69 cited papers on such diverse topics as nuclear theory, plasma physics, radiation, numerical hydrodynamics and plastic flow, astrophysics (supernovae, quasars, gamma-ray bursts), chemical kinetics, atmospheric physics (plumes, electrification), geotectonics, nuclear weapons effects, inertial fusion and quantum computing. Even this list understates Albert's intellectual breadth: while his scientific publications are all in physics, he was also very knowledgeable in some aspects of biology and finance, and his broad-ranging analytical powers were appreciated by practitioners of many professions. In an increasingly specialized world, Albert's broad interests, wide knowledge, and willingness to think deeply about many problems are inspiring. In 1966 Albert joined the faculty of New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (New Mexico Tech) in Socorro, New Mexico, as a full professor. In 1968 he left Tech to spend three years at Science, Systems and Software, a scientific consulting firm in San Diego California, and then returned to New Mexico Tech. Albert's intellectual leadership, the courses he taught in theoretical physics, and his frequent, insightful questions at seminars will long be remembered by those with whom he interacted at New Mexico Tech. Of his 69 published works, 39 were published in collaboration with Stirling Colgate. Colgate, at that time New Mexico Tech's president, had helped recruit Albert there. Albert's PhD students at New Mexico Tech keenly remember his patience, kindness and availability. His office door was always open, and he was eager to lead them through difficulties in their research. Albert maintained his connection to LANL while at New Mexico Tech, consulting at LANL during many holidays and summers. In 1981 he became one of the first Fellows of Los Alamos National Laboratories. Albert also enjoyed service to the science community, editing a book on supernovae (1990), routinely judging local and regional science fairs, and advising LANL on the recipients of the Los Alamos prize. In 1987, Albert retired from New Mexico Tech and returned full time to Los Alamos in the Physics division. Although he subsequently retired from LANL in 1994, he remained very active at LANL until his death, spending three to four days there most weeks as an emeritus fellow, consultant, and frequent attendee of, and questioner at, seminars and colloquia. During this period his published scientific contributions were primarily to quantum computing and numerical hydrodynamics. While he was retired Albert's part time status allowed him to spend yet more time with his family and he explored many parts of the world with them. Albert was an avid hiker, cross country skier, mushroom gatherer, gardener, and bicyclist. He commuted by bicycle between his home in La Senda and the Lab, an elevation change of 200 meters, in almost any weather, until his death. He is survived by Marilyn, his wife of 55 years, his brother Harry, his four children, Evelyn, Rolfe, Elaine, and Mark and three grandchildren.

A comparison of lead pollution record in Sphagnum peat with known historical Pb emission rates in the British Isles and the Czech Republic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Novak, Martin; Erel, Yigal; Zemanova, Leona; Bottrell, Simon H.; Adamova, Marie

Vertical Pb concentration gradients and isotope ratios ( 206Pb/ 207Pb, 208Pb/ 207Pb) are reported for five 210Pb-dated Sphagnum peat profiles. The studied peat bogs are in the British Isles (Thorne Moors, England; Mull, Scotland; and Connemara, Eire) and central Europe (Ocean, northern Czech Republic; Rybarenska slat, southern Czech Republic). Both the U.K. and the Czech Republic experienced maximum Pb emissions from Ag-Pb smelting around 1880. Pb emissions from coal burning peaked in 1955 in the U.K. and in the 1980s in the Czech Republic. In both countries, use of alkyl-lead additives to gasoline resulted in large Pb emissions between 1950 and 2000. We hypothesized that peaks in Pb emissions from smelting, coal burning and gasoline burning, respectively, should be mirrored in the peat profiles. However, a more complicated pattern emerged. Maximum annual Pb accumulation rates occurred in 1870 at Ocean, 1940 at Thorne Moors, 1988 at Rybarenska slat, and 1990 at Mull and Connemara. Atmospheric Pb inputs decreased in the order Thorne Moors ≥ Ocean > Rybarenska slat > Mull > Connemara. The Ocean bog was unique in the central European region in that its maximum Pb pollution dated back to the 19th century and coincided with maximum Pb smelting at Freiberg and Pribram. In contrast, numerous previously studied sites showed no Pb accumulation maximum in the 19th century, but increasing pollution until the 1980s. It remains unclear why Ocean did not record the regional peak in Pb emissions caused by high coal and gasoline burning around 1980, while an array of nearby bogs studied previously did record the 1980 coal/gasoline peak, but no 1880 smelting peak. Mean 206Pb/ 207Pb ratios of potential pollution sources were 1.07 and 1.11 for gasoline, 1.17 and 1.17 for local ores, and 1.18 and 1.19 for coal in the U.K. and the Czech Republic, respectively. The calculated percentages of gasoline-derived Pb in peat (≤55% for the British Isles and ≤63% for the Czech Republic) were surprisingly low. An explanation for the low percentage of gasoline-derived Pb in peat can be more easily found for the Czech sites (until 1989 Czechoslovakia was the third largest lignite producer in the world). Regional differences in deposition rates of gasoline-derived Pb in the U.K. need further study.

Immune response of mice to non-adapted avian influenza A virus.

PubMed

Stropkovská, A; Mikušková, T; Bobišová, Z; Košík, I; Mucha, V; Kostolanský, F; Varečková, E

2015-12-01

Human infections with avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) without or with clinical symptoms of disease were recently reported from several continents, mainly in high risk groups of people, who came into the contact with infected domestic birds or poultry. It was shown that avian IAVs are able to infect humans directly without previous adaptation, however, their ability to replicate and to cause a disease in this new host can differ. No spread of these avian IAVs among humans has been documented until now, except for one case described in Netherlands in the February of 2003 in people directly involved in handling IAV (H7N7)-infected poultry. The aim of our work was to examine whether a low pathogenic avian IAV can induce a virus-specific immune response of biological relevancy, in spite of its restricted replication in mammals. As a model we used a low pathogenic virus A/Duck/Czechoslovakia/1956 (H4N6) (A/Duck), which replicated well in MDCK cells and produced plaques on cell monolayers, but was unable to replicate productively in mouse lungs. We examined how the immune system of mice responds to the intranasal application of this non-adapted avian virus. Though we did not prove the infectious virus in lungs of mice following A/Duck application even after its multiple passaging in mice, we detected virus-specific vRNA till day 8 post infection. Moreover, we detected virus-specific mRNA and de novo synthesized viral nucleoprotein (NP) and membrane protein (M1) in lungs of mice on day 2 and 4 after exposure to A/Duck. Virus-specific antibodies in sera of these mice were detectable by ELISA already after a single intranasal dose of A/Duck virus. Not only antibodies specific to the surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) were induced, but also antibodies specific to the NP and M1 of IAV were detected by Western blot and their titers increased after the second exposure of mice to this virus. Importantly, antibodies neutralizing virus A/Duck were proved in mouse immune sera after the second dose of virus and a slight increase of mRNA expression of immune mediators tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IP10 has been observed in lungs of these mice 48 hr after the infection. These observations correspond to the limited replication ability of the virus in mice and provided an important information about its ability to induce virus-specific antibodies, including those neutralizing virus, even without the previous virus adaptation to the new mammalian host. Such antibodies could consequently influence the immune potential of exposed individuals and their defensive capability against the newly emerged, even more virulent IAV.

[Maternal and perinatal health].

PubMed

1991-01-01

After a year-long diagnosis of Chile's health situation, the Ministry of Health in 1991 formulated a new maternal-child health program designed to assure that all pregnancies would be desired and would occur under optimal conditions. Orientation for responsible parenthood will be an important part of the process. Other objectives include reducing the incidence of adolescent pregnancy and of sexually transmitted diseases. The pregnancy rate for young women 15-19 changed very little in Chile between 1952-82, because of the lack of sex education and family planning services. Family planning programs designed especially for adolescents would help to combat unwanted pregnancies and could offer the methods most suitable for young women. The well-known longitudinal study in Czechoslovakia which followed the development of children whose mothers were denied legal abortions in the 1960s showed the children to be at increased risk of unsatisfactory social adjustment in later life and suggested some consequences of unwanted pregnancy. A study of unwanted pregnancy in Chile was initiated in 4 prenatal care centers in a working class area of Santiago in 1984. 2485 women in the 6th or 7th month of pregnancy were classified according to their existing family sizes. Only 33.1% of the women desired the pregnancy at that time and 38.4% desired it but at a later time. 28.5% did not desire it at all. Women who did not desire the pregnancy waited significantly longer to obtain prenatal care than women who desired it. Age, economic problems, being single, family conflicts, already having the desired number of children, and short intervals since the most recent birth were associated with not desiring the current pregnancy. Of the 1663 women who did not desire the pregnancy, only 13.1% of those single, 35.8% of those in union, and 44.0% of those married used a contraceptive method. 2133 of the mothers were interviewed 6 months and 1977 12 months after delivery. Birth weights did not vary according to the mother's expressed desire for the child. Low birth weights were significantly more common in children of nulliparas and women with 3 or more previous births. Of the 2133 women reinterviewed at 6 months, 72 had not yet reported the child's birth to the Civil Register, 132 were registered by the mother only, 482 were registered as illegitimate but recognized by the father, and 1447 were registered as legitimate. The proportion of mothers not initially desiring the pregnancy who stated that if they were able to decide they would not have had the pregnancy or would be indifferent declined form 58.4% at 6 months to 42.0% at 12 months. Mothers initially desiring the pregnancy had higher rates of attendance at routine well-child clinic appointments and of completion of immunization requirements. The proportion of women not using a contraceptive method declined form 54.9% at the prenatal interview to 14.1% among 1879 women interviewed at 12 months.

Revitalization of Lightweight Cladding of Buildings and Its Impact on Environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liška, Pavel; Nečasová, Barbora; Kovářová, Barbora; Novotný, Michal

2017-12-01

The presented study reveals that the revitalization of lightweight claddings installed before 1990 can have a positive impact on the environment and on the reduction of greenhouse gases in particular. The main focus is placed on the revitalization of a structural system known as OD-001, commonly called the ‘Boleticky panel’ system, which was frequently utilised all around the Czech Republic in the period before 1990. Only revitalization methods utilizing contemporary structural designs and current materials were verified during this study. The ‘Boleticky panel’ system was the type of façade cladding most frequently installed on administrative buildings in what was then Czechoslovakia. It is a panel system where load-bearing structure of the panel itself consists of closed profiles that are suspended from the building’s load-bearing structure. This type of system saw a great deal of use for more than 20 years. From today’s point of view, its thermal and technical properties are completely unsatisfactory and the gradual structural degradation of such systems, with a direct impact on their mechanical resistance, has been monitored over the last few years. However, these defects can be completely eliminated by the selection of a suitable type of revitalization. Cladding revitalization can be divided into three main categories. Each category represents a different level of impact on the structure of the above described cladding system. The first category only involves the replacement of windows, while the second consists in the replacement both of the windows and the existing panel sections. The third category of revitalization entails the complete removal of the existing cladding system and its replacement with a new one. The Life Cycle Assessment method (LCA) was used for environmental impact assessment. The aims and intentions of this method are not to search for the most economical or technically perfect product, service or technology, but to find the most environmentally friendly product with properties that can be guaranteed to last throughout its whole service life. The obtained results showed that revitalization has a positive impact on the environment. It can significantly reduce the consumption of energy that is used to heat the building in the winter, and thus reduces greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, it will cause a slight increase in the demand for cooling energy in the summer, which is mainly due to the reduction of the air permeability of the structure, making it more difficult to cool the interior of the building down, e.g. during the night, causing inhabitants to make greater use of air-conditioning. However, the revitalization itself, even if this term is taken to include the installation of the new cladding system, its maintenance and its future demolition, has a negligible impact on the environment compared with the old system. Therefore, based on the evaluated data the authors of the presented paper can highly recommend and encourage the revitalization of OD-001 lightweight cladding systems.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aaron, Adam M.; Cunningham, Richard Burns; Fugate, David L.

Effective high-temperature thermal energy exchange and delivery at temperatures over 600°C has the potential of significant impact by reducing both the capital and operating cost of energy conversion and transport systems. It is one of the key technologies necessary for efficient hydrogen production and could potentially enhance efficiencies of high-temperature solar systems. Today, there are no standard commercially available high-performance heat transfer fluids above 600°C. High pressures associated with water and gaseous coolants (such as helium) at elevated temperatures impose limiting design conditions for the materials in most energy systems. Liquid salts offer high-temperature capabilities at low vapor pressures, goodmore » heat transport properties, and reasonable costs and are therefore leading candidate fluids for next-generation energy production. Liquid-fluoride-salt-cooled, graphite-moderated reactors, referred to as Fluoride Salt Reactors (FHRs), are specifically designed to exploit the excellent heat transfer properties of liquid fluoride salts while maximizing their thermal efficiency and minimizing cost. The FHR s outstanding heat transfer properties, combined with its fully passive safety, make this reactor the most technologically desirable nuclear power reactor class for next-generation energy production. Multiple FHR designs are presently being considered. These range from the Pebble Bed Advanced High Temperature Reactor (PB-AHTR) [1] design originally developed by UC-Berkeley to the Small Advanced High-Temperature Reactor (SmAHTR) and the large scale FHR both being developed at ORNL [2]. The value of high-temperature, molten-salt-cooled reactors is also recognized internationally, and Czechoslovakia, France, India, and China all have salt-cooled reactor development under way. The liquid salt experiment presently being developed uses the PB-AHTR as its focus. One core design of the PB-AHTR features multiple 20 cm diameter, 3.2 m long fuel channels with 3 cm diameter graphite-based fuel pebbles slowly circulating up through the core. Molten salt coolant (FLiBe) at 700°C flows concurrently (at significantly higher velocity) with the pebbles and is used to remove heat generated in the reactor core (approximately 1280 W/pebble), and supply it to a power conversion system. Refueling equipment continuously sorts spent fuel pebbles and replaces spent or damaged pebbles with fresh fuel. By combining greater or fewer numbers of pebble channel assemblies, multiple reactor designs with varying power levels can be offered. The PB-AHTR design is discussed in detail in Reference [1] and is shown schematically in Fig. 1. Fig. 1. PB-AHTR concept (drawing taken from Peterson et al., Design and Development of the Modular PB-AHTR Proceedings of ICApp 08). Pebble behavior within the core is a key issue in proving the viability of this concept. This includes understanding the behavior of the pebbles thermally, hydraulically, and mechanically (quantifying pebble wear characteristics, flow channel wear, etc). The experiment being developed is an initial step in characterizing the pebble behavior under realistic PB-AHTR operating conditions. It focuses on thermal and hydraulic behavior of a static pebble bed using a convective salt loop to provide prototypic fluid conditions to the bed, and a unique inductive heating technique to provide prototypic heating in the pebbles. The facility design is sufficiently versatile to allow a variety of other experimentation to be performed in the future. The facility can accommodate testing of scaled reactor components or sub-components such as flow diodes, salt-to-salt heat exchangers, and improved pump designs as well as testing of refueling equipment, high temperature instrumentation, and other reactor core designs.« less

Obituary

PubMed

Khalil

1998-09-01

Sheila Willmott, (1921-1998)CAB International and the Editor, Assistant Editor and Editorial Board of the Journal of Helminthology wish to express their deepest sympathy to the family and friends of Sheila Willmott who died on 8 May 1998 after a very short illness. Sheila served as Editor of the Journal of Helminthology from 1980 to 1986.Dr Lotfi Khalil, formerly Deputy Director of the International Institute of Parasitology at St Albans, worked closely with Sheila and has written the following tribute.John W. Lewis, EditorSheila Willmott was a leading contributor to the dissemination of parasitic information before the development of computerization and information technology. She was born on 8 June, 1921, in London, and was educated at Tollington High School for Girls, Chelsea Polytechnic and University College, London. She did her PhD at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine under the supervision of Professor John Buckley, the subject of her thesis being the study of amphistome digeneans. Her studies were interrupted as a result of the Second World War when she was 'drafted' as a Rodent Instructor at the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. After completing her PhD, she was appointed Assistant Lecturer in Zoology at the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, Cardiff. In 1951, Professor R.T. Leiper, the Director of the Bureau of Agricultural Parasitology (Helminthology) recruited her as a Scientific Information Officer. She was appointed Assistant Director of the Bureau in 1954, and Director in 1961, where she stayed until her retirement in 1980.During her period as Director of the Bureau, which was sited in the White House in the centre of St Albans, she maintained and improved the high quality of Helminthological Abstracts and, in 1976, accepted the extra burden of starting and producing Protozoological Abstracts. In 1979, she initiated and edited a primary journal, Systematic Parasitology, devoted to papers on the taxonomy and systematics of parasites, published by Junk. The activities of the Bureau were greatly expanded and she initiated the taxonomic laboratories to provide a worldwide service for the identification of animal helminths and plant-parasitic nematodes and to undertake taxonomic research. A vast helminth reference collection was started, and the Bureau became a recognized centre for the deposition of type specimens. The library of the Bureau accumulated an enormous number of reference books, journals and reprints, and provided a photocopying service supplying, at short notice, copies of papers and publications. A number of books and other publications, including the CIH Keys to the Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates, were produced and edited by her and others. She also persuaded the Natural Environment Research Council to finance the Fisheries Helminthology Unit which she established at the Bureau in 1960, where it remained until it was transferred to Plymouth as part of the Institute for Marine Environmental Research. The Bureau's name and status were changed to the Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology, Commonwealth Institute of Parasitology and, finally, the International Institute of Parasitology.As Director, she travelled extensively and visited Commonwealth and other countries, where she gave a number of seminars on information services and the work of the Institute and the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux (CAB) as a whole. She encouraged contact with Eastern Europe and visited Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and the USSR. She initiated the system of exchange publications with these countries, and this resulted in the exposure of the literature from these countries to other research workers when abstracts of these papers appeared in Helminthological Abstracts in English. Her links with Eastern Europe resulted in her editing three volumes of taxonomic monographs produced in English by Czech and Russian scientists. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

Preface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karetnikov, Valentin G.

The publication of the 'Izvestiya' (Publications) of the Astronomical Observatory of the Odessa State University is continued now, after a 30-year time interval. The publishing activity of the University was stopped in 1963, with the Volume 5 of the 'Proceedings'. It consisted of two issues, and contained the results on the meteor investigation during the Programme of the International Geophysical Year (1957- 1958). Since the beginning in 1947, ten issues of the 'Publications' were edited by Professor V.P.Tsessevich (1907-1983), the Corresponding Member of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. They consisted of 74 scientific papers written by the Observatory's research workers, and of the monography 'Investigation of the eclipsing variable stars' (vol.4) written by V.P.Tsessevich on the base of the observations of 252 objects. During the recent three decades, the scientific image, the research facilities and the staff have markedly changed. Nearly 130 staff members work now at the Observatory, in the close collaboration with the staff of the Astronomical Chair of the Odessa State University. Among them there are 4 doctors of sciences and 23 candidates of sciences, several doctorants and research students. During 10 recent years, more than 500 scientific papers were published, 60 of them - in the prestige translated journals, 70 - directly in the foreign journals. More than 30 astronomical telescopes are designed and created at the Observatory, of which two are 80-cm ones are working successfully at our observational stations. Some telescopes manufactured in Odessa are working in different astronomical institutions of our country, three are located in Baya (Hungary), Svidnik (Czecho-Slovakia) and at the observational station of the Moscow Institute of Astronomy (Equador). All the telescopes are equipped with the modern instrumentation for the photometric and spectral observations, including TV technique and computers. The oldest scientific directions are the following: -astrometry based on the meridian circle observations; -photometric comet and meteor investigation; -visual and photometric observations of the light curves of eclipsing and physically variable stars, determination of the elements of orbits. In the recent decades, new methods and scientific directions were developed, such as the precise electrophotometry, middle-dispersion stellar electrospectroscopy. The high-dispersion and CCD spectroscopy and multicolor polarimetry are being obtained in other observatories of our country and are being reduced in Odessa. The investigation of the physics of the cold stars, of the structure and evolution of the eclipsing and cataclysmic binary stars, of the spectral classification and and magnetic field of the pulsating variables, of the chromospheric activity and multiperiodicity, of the emission of the artificial satellites, of the density fluctuations and the atmospheric extinction, are being developed during the recent decades. The catalogue work was carried out on the photometric properties of the stars, interstellar extinction and spacial distribution of the stars, photometric and cinematic properties of the asteroids. The study of the meteor matter enabled us to discover the transplanetary meteor radiants, to compile the catalogues of the orbital elements and light curves of more than 500 meteors. Twenty one astrometric catalogues of the precise positions were published during 30 years, as well as the catalogues of the spectral energy distribution for 500 stars in the range 320-900 nm. The collection of the patrol photographic and photovisual plates consists of more than 80 000 negatives, and is third in the World. There is a Depository of the unpublished photoelectric observations of the variable stars. The library receives the main astronomical editions and has more than 50 000 entries. Thus, the Observatory possesses a necessary scientific and engineering potential for its advanced work. In the nearest future, a new 1-m telescope (built in Odessa) will be put into operation, the 1.5m telescope is being constructed, as well as other modern equipment. One may expect the further increase of the efficiency of the investigations, the main results of which will be published in the present 'Publications'.

IN MY OPINION: Taking part matters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stone, Christine

2000-09-01

For a week last July, the University of Leicester played host to the 31st International Physics Olympiad. Sixty-three countries sent teams of five students, accompanied by two Leaders who were professors or teachers. The students faced two five-hour exams, one theory and one practical, woven into a week of visits and fun. The International Physics Olympiad has been held since 1967. The idea originated at a conference of the Czechoslovak Physical Society in Prague and the first competition was in Warsaw with teams from Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Romania participating. The competition has grown in size and scope over the decades, and in 1991 it was awarded the medal of the International Commission on Physics Education. The citation reads `the International Physics Olympiad has become an achievement of world wide impact, and physics educators from various countries around the world have attested to the strong influence it has had in stimulating interests in physics among both students and teachers in their countries'. The British Physics Olympiad team was chosen from Year 13 students who had come through the selection procedure. Schools are invited to challenge their best pupils with a preliminary paper, sat and marked at school. Students gaining above a given threshold are encouraged to sit a second, three-hour paper, which is centrally marked and graded. From among the Gold-medal winners in this exam, the team of five is selected. Amid the pressures of A-levels, some practical and theory tuition is fitted in before the competition. The different countries use a variety of selection methods and coaching. The Australians managed a week of scientific and cultural education in Vienna prior to arriving at Leicester, and several teams talked of pre-competition work-camps. How much Physics can be crammed into a week? Countries that have institutions selecting pupils highly gifted in Maths and Science have a great start, as do those with the most demanding syllabuses for pre-university exams. In years gone by, some of our most gifted students happened to be taught by some of our most able teachers, and together they tackled the old Scholarship-level papers. The old O-level work gave students a solid grounding in classical mechanics, electricity and magnetism, with lots of sums on which to anchor the concepts. Those who enjoyed this aspect of the science could launch into A-level studies of Maths, Physics, Chemistry and/or Further Maths, and relish the challenges hidden in the syllabuses. Advanced level aims have changed. Mathematical elements have been played down; traditional proofs and applications may be referred to but are no longer required learning for the candidates. The modular system allows less repetitive revision and consolidation of ideas so that students are not required to immerse themselves in the subject in the same way as a generation ago. Does this matter? The `new way' hopes to attract some students into Physics and Engineering who would have been intimidated by the rigour and commitment required to do well in the old system. The single-minded student has a wealth of information available to further his or her studies and will not be limited by the dictates of any syllabus. However, without the need to meet exam requirements, many of our most able students have been deprived of the pleasure of advancing their knowledge so far at school, and must wait for a degree course to take up the story. (We should worry if many of these potential scientists get deflected from Physics.) The change in A-level targets inevitably means that the UK is slipping down the IPhO medal table, but in the Olympic tradition it is the taking part that matters. The 31st Olympiad was won by the People's Republic of China, with five gold medals out of five. Heartiest congratulations to them and to Russia, who came second with two gold, two silver and a bronze. The other gold medals went to Hungary (2), India (2), Taiwan (2), Bulgaria (1) and Switzerland (1). The UK team won two bronze medals. Who will be lucky enough to go to IPhO 2001, to be held in Turkey next summer, and will the teams include more than 13 girls? All the very able young people gathered in Leicester had a wealth of experiences beyond Physics. Friendships made may last a lifetime and, funding permitting, the UK may be lucky enough to welcome some of them back as students or graduate students. For further information on IPhO see: www.star.le.ac.uk/IPhO-2000 or contact Dr C Isenberg at Physics Laboratory, University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury CT2 7NR (e-mail C.Isenberg@ukc.ac.uk).

To development of analytical theory of rotational motion of the Moon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barkin, Yu. V.; Ferrandiz, J. M.; Navarro, J. F.

2009-04-01

Resume. In the work the analytical theory of forced librations of the Moon considered as a celestial body with a liquid core and rigid non-spherical mantle is developed. For the basic variables: Andoyer, Poincare and Eulerian angles, and also for various dynamic characteristics of the Moon the tables for amplitudes, periods and phases of perturbations of the first order have been constructed. Resonant periods of free librations have been estimated. The influence of a liquid core results in decreasing of the period of free librations in longitude approximately on 0.316 day, and in change of the period of free pole wobble of the Moon on 25.8 days. In the first approximation the liquid core does not render influence on the value of Cassini's inclination and on the period of precession of the angular momentum vector. However it causes an additional "quasi-diurnal" librations with period about 27.165 days. In comparison with model of rigid non-spherical of the Moon the presence of a liquid core should result in increase of amplitudes of the Moon librations in longitude on 0.06 %. 1 Development of analytical theory of rotational motion of the Moon with liquid core and rigid mantle. The work has been realized in following stages. 1. Canonical equations of rotation of the Moon with liquid core and elastic mantle in Andoyer and Poincare variables have been constructed. Developments of second harmonic of force function of the Moon in pointed variables have been obtained for accurate trigonometric presentation of perturbations of the Moon orbital motion. 2. Two approaches (two methods) of construction of analytical theory have been developed. These approaches use different principles for eliminating of singularities for axial rotation of the Moon. One is based on direct application of Andoyer variables by changing of notations of moments of inertia [1]. Second is based on application of Poincare elements. For comparison both approaches are developed. 3. The main equation for determination of Cassini's inclination and its solution has been obtained in the case of accurate orbit of the Moon. An dynamical explanation of Cassini's laws has been done for model of the Moon with liquid core [2]. 4. Compact formulae for perturbations of the first (and second) order have been constructed for general used variables and for different kinematical and dynamical characteristics of the Moon (23 variables and characteristics: Andoyer-Poincare variables, classical variables, components of angular velocity and angular momentums of the Moon and its core). 5. Analytical formulae for 4 periods of free librations of the Moon have been constructed: for librations in longitude, in pole wobble, for free precession, and "quasi-diurnal" librations, caused by the liquid core. 6. The dynamical effects in the Moon rotation, caused by secular orbital perturbations of the Earth and Sun, have been studied. 2 Structure perturbations of the first order and their tabulation. For example, perturbations (periodic and of mixed type) in inclination ?and in node h of angular momentum of the Moon are determined by formulae: ? = ?0 + ‘ ???(1) cosθv, h = ? + ‘ ¥?¥h?(1) sinθ?. Here ?0 = 1033′50" is the Cassini's inclination of the Moon; ??(1), h?(1)are constant coefficients; θv = v1lM + v2lS + v3F + v4D, ? = (v1,v2,v3,v4)Tare combinations of known classical arguments of the Moon orbital theory; v1,v2,v3 and v4 are integer. 3 Influence of the liquid core and its ellipticity ɛ on amplitudes of the Moon forced and free librations. An influence of the liquid core and its ellipticity is determined by positive correction to amplitudes of librations for model of the rigid Moon. If the amplitudes of librations of rigid Moon we note as 1, so the corresponding amplitudes of librations of the Moon with the liquid core will be characterized by parameter 1 + L, where correction for liquid core is determined by formula L = Cc(1- ɛ2)•C ? Cc•C = 0.5996 × 10-3, where Cand Ccis the polar moments of inertia of the Moon and its core;ɛ = (a2 - b2)• (a2 + b2)? (a - b)•a is an ellipticity of equatorial ellipse of core cavity with semi-axes a and b. So all amplitudes of librations in longitude due to the liquid core are increased on 0.06%. A small effect of ellipticity has more smaller order. Here as example we present formula for perturbations of the first order of the Moon in longitude: (1) 21-+-L λ = 6n0 I C22Ã- ‘ ‘ D (1) (? )- D(-1) (? ) Ã- (- 1)?5-?1.?2.?3+2.?4.?5--0----?1.?2.?3-2.?4.?25-0-sin(v1lM + v2lS + v3F + v4D ) ¥?¥>0 ?5 (v1nM + v2nS + v3nF + v4nD) I = C•(mr2) is the dimensionless moment of inertia of the Moon (m and rare it's the mass and mean radius). Kinoshita's inclination functions D?1.?2.?3.?4.?5(±1)(? 0) are determined by known formulae through the value of Cassini's angle? = 1033′50". v1nM + v2nS + v3nF + v4nD = ˙θv1,v2,v3,v4 are derivatives with respect to the time of corresponding linear combinations of classical arguments of lunar orbit theory; nM,nS,nF and nD are velocities of changes of these arguments; C22 is the selenopotential coefficient; n02 = fm⊕•a3, a is an unperturbed value of semi-axis major of lunar orbit, fis a gravitational constant. The perturbations of the first order for others variables and considered dynamical characteristics have the structure similar to the formula for ˜λ(1). In given table 1 we present amplitudes of forced librations in longitude of intermediate Andoyer plane λ?1,?2,?3,?4 (in arc seconds) and perturbations of angular velocity of the Moon axial rotation ??1,?2,?3,?4 (in units10-4nF). T?1,?2,?3,?4are periods of corresponding perturbations. Table 1. Main perturbations in the Moon librations in longitude. ?1 ?2 ?3 ?4 T?1,?2,?3,?4 λ?1,?2,?3,?4 0 1 0 0 365.26 81"02 1 0 0 0 27.555 -15"65 1 -1 0 -1 -3232.9 9"85 2 0 0 -2 205.89 9"69 1 0 0 -2 31.81 4"15 1 0 0 -1 411.78 -2"98 2 0 -2 0 -1095.2 -1"86 2 -1 0 -2 471.89 0"74 0 0 0 2 14.77 -0"61 The results of tabulations of amplitudes of perturbations in the Moon rotation give good agreement with earlier constructed theories for its rigid model. Barkin's work partially was financially accepted by Spanish grants, Japanese-Russian grant N-07-02-91212 and by RFBR grant N 08-02-00367. References [1] Barkin, Yu. (1987) An Analytical Theory of the Lunar Rotational Motion. In: Figure and Dynamics of the Earth, Moon and Planets/ Proceedings of the Int. Symp. (Prague, Czechoslovakia, Sept. 15-20, 1986)/ Monogr. Ser. of UGTK, Prague. pp. 657-677. [2] Ferrandiz, J., Barkin, Yu. (2003) New approach to development of Moon rotation theory. Procced. of Inter. Conf. "Astrometry, Geodynamics and Solar System Dynamics". Journees 2003 (Sept. 22-25, 2003, St. Peters., Russia). IPA RAS, 199-200.