Canadian Decisions in a Shifting North American Security Landscape

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-04-15

operations. But the biggest bugaboo , National Missile Defense, could change public perceptions, when USSTRATCOM has both the offensive and defensive...Canada and the United States receive a number of benefits out of the close defense relationship. According to the Defense Portfolio 2002, Canadian...Defence, The Defence Portfolio , 2002, 2002. 11, available at http://www.forces.gc.ca. 21 Department of National Defence, 1994 Defence White Paper, 1994

Lower limb injuries in New Zealand Defence Force personnel: descriptive epidemiology.

PubMed

Davidson, Peter L; Chalmers, David J; Wilson, Barry D; McBride, David

2008-04-01

To describe the epidemiology of lower limb injuries in the New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF). Data from all NZDF lower limb injury claims from an 11-month period were examined for type, site, and circumstances of injury. Both injury codes and narratives were analysed, allowing each injury event to be classified according to mechanism of injury, object involvement, and activity at the time of injury, as well as type and site. The commonest lower limb musculoskeletal injuries were ankle sprains or strains (35%) and knee sprains or strains (16%). Most commonly, injuries were due to acute over-exertion (37%), involved no other person (50%), and occurred while running (28%) or playing team sports (25%). The injury rate for recruits was more than five times that of trained personnel. Potential interventions should target ankle sprains primarily, but also knee sprains and fractures. Fractures, while accounting for only 6% of lower limb injuries, should be a priority because of their high medical and time-lost costs. Interventions must also take into account the high incidence of injuries involving individuals alone and sustained during recruit training. The study also demonstrated that analysis of military injury narratives provides valuable extra information on injury causation and the circumstances of injury, and allows more accurate characterisation of the injury process. This study will provide the basis for development of an injury prevention strategy for lower limb training injuries in the NZDF.

Operation Shaddock--the Australian Defence Force response to the tsunami disaster in Papua New Guinea.

PubMed

Taylor, P R; Emonson, D L; Schlimmer, J E

Operation Shaddock was the name given to the deployment of a major field medical unit of 58 Australian Defence Force medical and other personnel to Vanimo, in northwestern Papua New Guinea. Hundreds of victims of the tsunami disaster were treated and more than 200 surgical procedures performed in a 10-day mission.

The dental identification of victims of an aircraft accident in Malaysia.

PubMed

Nambiar, P; Jalil, N; Singh, B

1997-02-01

On 15 September 1995 a Malaysian Airlines (MAS) Fokker 50 plane plunged while descending and crashed, killing thirty-four passengers aboard. The dental disaster victim identification team comprising dental surgeons from the Dental faculty, University of Malaya; Ministry of Health, Sabah; and the Malaysian Defence Forces played an active role in the identification process. Most of the bodies were badly mutilated, disfigured and severely incinerated. Problems were encountered due to inadequate facilities and space at the mortuary. Difficulties were also encountered during the procurement and deciphering of information from dental records. This disaster has however created greater awareness amongst Malaysians of the important role of forensic odontology in mass disasters.

Weapon system simulation in flight (WaSiF)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bartoldus, Klaus H.

2005-05-01

The research and technology demonstration program was co-funded by the Ministries of Defence of five European countries under the framework of the "EUropean Cooperation for the Long term in Defence" (EUCLID) MoU to include Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Portugal and Turkey with considerable financial contribution from the industrial entities. EADS Military Aircraft Munich has led a team of seven industries and research centers, including Aermacchi of Italy, DutchSpace and NLR of The Netherlands, OGMA and INETI of Portugal and Marmara Research Center of Turkey. The purpose of the project was the design, realization and demonstration of an embedded real time simulation system allowing the combat training of operational aircrew in a virtual air defence scenario and threat environment against computer generated forces in the air and on the ground while flying on a real aircraft. The simulated scenario is focused on air-to-air beyond visual range engagements of fighter aircraft. WaSiF represents one of the first demonstrations of an advanced embedded real time training system onboard a fighter/training aircraft. The system is integrated onboard the MB339CX aircraft. The overall flight test activity covered a wide variety of test conditions for a total of 21 test flights; the operational airborne time of the WaSiF amounted to nearly 18 hours. The demonstration and evaluation were quite positive; the five-nation aircrew was very fond of their first encounter with the virtual world in the military flight training. A common view and approach towards Network Centric Warfare is but emerging. WaSiF in a future networked configuration holds lots of promise to serve the needs of Integrated Air Defence: Common training in a virtual environment.

Aerodynamic Test Facility Requirements for Defence R&D to 2000 and Beyond.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-09-01

Defence Force. Following its review of science and technology, the Australian Science and Technology Council ( ASTEC ) reported I that the present pattern...Organisation (DSTO) within the Department of Defence. Accordingly, ASTEC recommended to the Prime Minister that the Department of Defence be asked to develop...DSTO2 as well as by ASTEC 1 . An additional reason for choosing aerodynamics for early consideration in response to ASTEC’s recommendation is that wind

Self-reported tinnitus and ototoxic exposures among deployed Australian Defence Force personnel.

PubMed

Kirk, Katherine M; McGuire, Annabel; Nielsen, Lisa; Cosgrove, Tegan; McClintock, Christine; Nasveld, Peter E; Treloar, Susan A

2011-04-01

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of chemical and environmental exposures during deployment on tinnitus among Australian Defence Force personnel previously deployed to Bougainville and East Timor. Participants were asked to self-report recent occurrence and severity of "ringing in the ears," and identify any chemical and environmental exposures during their deployment. Self-reported exposure to loud noises, heavy metals, intense smoke, engine exhaust, solvents and degreasing agents, and chemical spills increased the risk of self-assessed moderate or severe tinnitus. Daily exposure to 4 or more ototoxic factors was associated with 2- to 4-fold increase in the risk. In addition to loud noises, chemical exposures may also play a role in the development of tinnitus among Australian Defence Force personnel serving overseas.

Australian Naval Procurement Cycles: Lessons for Other Small Countries

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-04-23

56), the project was “Australia’s most ambitious and technically advanced defence project ever” ( McIntosh & Prescott, 1999, p. 5...platform in the single prime contract, with a unique military specification, Defence left itself widen open to […] technological problems” ( McIntosh ...shipbuilding facility in Mobile, Alabama . From this foothold in the US shipbuilding market Austal operates as part of the General Dynamics team building

Transformational Leadership and the New Zealand Defence Force: Supporting Effective Organizational Change

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-10

P] forms. Lastly, “LF” refers to Laissez - Faire Leadership , which by definition is the most inactive and ineffective according to almost all...Test of Their Relative Validity,” Journal of Applied Psychology 89, no. 5 (2004): 756. 28 frequency of use as the Laissez - Faire style is approached...TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND THE NEW ZEALAND DEFENCE FORCE: SUPPORTING EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE A thesis

Comparison of self-reported and audiometrically-measured hearing loss in the Australian Defence Force.

PubMed

Kirk, Katherine M; McGuire, Annabel; Nasveld, Peter E; Treloar, Susan A

2012-04-01

To investigate the relationship between self-reported and audiometrically-measured hearing loss in a sample of Australian Defence Force personnel. Responses to a question regarding hearing problems were compared with contemporaneous audiometric data. 3335 members of the Australian Defence Force for whom anonymised medical records were available. The sensitivity of self-report data to identify higher-frequency hearing loss was lower than sensitivity at other frequencies, and positive predictive values were moderate to poor at all frequencies. Performance characteristics of self-report compared with audiometric data also varied with age, sex, and rank. While self-report hearing loss data have good performance characteristics for estimating prevalence of hearing loss as defined by audiometric criteria, this study indicates that the usefulness of self-report data in identifying individuals with hearing loss may be limited in this population.

Improving the Representation of Human Factors in Operational Analysis

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-10-01

Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S) via Human Factors Integration Defence Technology Centre ( HFI DTC) activities. In particular this study’s Theme...Framework has been exploited in the HFI DTC Social Organisational Framework study, and the study team has provided a short extract for contribution to...the HFI DTC Handbook. The study has also been explicitly referenced in support to future MOD OA research studies. 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS This

A comparison of morbidity in the Australian Defence Force with Australian general practice.

PubMed

Neath, A T; Quail, G G

2001-01-01

This study was designed to examine morbidity patterns among Australian Defence Forces members and to compare them with civilian general practice. The study was conducted in the outpatient departments of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) No. 6 Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. The patients studied were male and female members of the RAAF (66%), Army (25%), and Navy (9%). The problems managed at all primary care consultations during 1993 and 1994 were coded using the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (Clinical Modification). The codes were grouped and compared against a major study of Australian general practice. In the 6 Hospital study, 21,910 problems were managed at 19,909 consultations. The main differences found between the two studies were that service personnel had more medical examinations, more musculoskeletal and respiratory problems, and fewer psychological and cardiovascular problems. Most of the differences observed may reflect the Defence Force's recruitment selection criteria and the emphasis on physical fitness and diet.

Force level EW in the Australian Defence Force

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Finn, Anthony; Chalmers, Greg; Pincombe, Adrian

2001-08-01

The Australian Defence Force is a small force, dependent upon a few high value assets that act as force multipliers. Consequently, it cannot afford to sustain high attrition. The current Concept of Operations for these platforms is to operate them outside the threat envelope. Organic sensors and data links are used to maintain Situational Awareness, Combat Air Patrol is used to intercept hostile missile launch platforms, and Electronic Warfare self-protection is used as a last resort. Unfortunately, it is common for such high value assets to be slowly, non-stealthy, low agility, physically large platforms that follow predictable trajectories. Consequently, they are easy to target and track from a long range and have a high `sitting duck' factor.

Tsunami Simulators in Physical Modelling Laboratories - From Concept to Proven Technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Allsop, W.; Chandler, I.; Rossetto, T.; McGovern, D.; Petrone, C.; Robinson, D.

2016-12-01

Before 2004, there was little public awareness around Indian Ocean coasts of the potential size and effects of tsunami. Even in 2011, the scale and extent of devastation by the Japan East Coast Tsunami was unexpected. There were very few engineering tools to assess onshore impacts of tsunami, so no agreement on robust methods to predict forces on coastal defences, buildings or related infrastructure. Modelling generally used substantial simplifications of either solitary waves (far too short durations) or dam break (unrealistic and/or uncontrolled wave forms).This presentation will describe research from EPI-centre, HYDRALAB IV, URBANWAVES and CRUST projects over the last 10 years that have developed and refined pneumatic Tsunami Simulators for the hydraulic laboratory. These unique devices have been used to model generic elevated and N-wave tsunamis up to and over simple shorelines, and at example defences. They have reproduced full-duration tsunamis including the Mercator trace from 2004 at 1:50 scale. Engineering scale models subjected to those tsunamis have measured wave run-up on simple slopes, forces on idealised sea defences and pressures / forces on buildings. This presentation will describe how these pneumatic Tsunami Simulators work, demonstrate how they have generated tsunami waves longer than the facility within which they operate, and will highlight research results from the three generations of Tsunami Simulator. Of direct relevance to engineers and modellers will be measurements of wave run-up levels and comparison with theoretical predictions. Recent measurements of forces on individual buildings have been generalized by separate experiments on buildings (up to 4 rows) which show that the greatest forces can act on the landward (not seaward) buildings. Continuing research in the 70m long 4m wide Fast Flow Facility on tsunami defence structures have also measured forces on buildings in the lee of a failed defence wall.

Aerial Refueling For NATO’s Smart Defence Initiative

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-01

Rome: NATO Defense College, 2012, 148. 40 David A. Brown , "NATO Studying Development of Dedicated Refueling Unit Similar to Early Warning Force...accessed March 1, 2012). Brown , David A. "NATO Studying Development of Dedicated Refueling Unit Similar to Early Warning Force." Aviation Week...Aircraft. Coulsdon, Surrey: IHS Global Limited, 2011. Jennings, Gareth . "Nations Pool for NATO C-17A Fleet." Jane’s Defence Weekly, October 2008

Planning Australia’s Defense Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-03-01

Force Base, AL: 1980 , pp. 14-18. 3. Glen St J. Barkley, "New National Strategy Needed," Pacific Defence Reporter, August 1988, p. 14-17. 4. Fred...AL: 1980 , p. 14. 101. Peter Gerdes, "Australia: In Search of Identity," Swiss Review of World Affairs, March 1989, p. 16. 102. Norman Harper, A Great...Working Paper Number 271 (Canberra, ACT: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, 1980 ). 115 17. Far East and

Comparison of tafenoquine (WR238605) and primaquine in the post-exposure (terminal) prophylaxis of vivax malaria in Australian Defence Force personnel.

PubMed

Nasveld, Peter; Kitchener, Scott; Edstein, Michael; Rieckmann, Karl

2002-01-01

On return from duty in North Solomons Province (including Bougainville Island), Papua New Guinea, 586 Australian Defence Force personnel received either primaquine (14-d) or tafenoquine (3-d) post-exposure malaria prophylaxis. Within 12 months, 6 of the 214 volunteers receiving primaquine and 7 of 378 receiving tafenoquine had developed vivax malaria. Overall, volunteers preferred the shorter course of tafenoquine.

An Intervention Study Examining the Effects of Condom Wrapper Graphics and Scent on Condom Use in the Botswana Defence Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-01-01

Defence Force Bonnie R. Tran Anne G. Thomas David Kelapile Florin Vaida Richard Haubrich Mooketsi Ditsela Christina Chambers Robert...intervention Introduction Military personnel are at increased risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually trans - mitted infections (STIs...and post-intervention focus groups. Results from the baseline and post-intervention surveys are previously reported ( Tran , Thomas, Ditsela, et al

The Advent of Representative Associations in the Irish Defence Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-06-05

year period from 1975 to 1988. The Submission Group had difficulty finding appropriate groups in the Irish labour market against which to compare the...in the Irish Labour market , the average male industrial worker was chosen. In choosing the male industrial worker, it was not suggested that this...Defence Forces to have all young officers attend University College Galway ( UCG ) or a similar third level institute for the purpose of acquiring a

Assessment of revised recruitment standards for asthma in the Australian Defence Force.

PubMed

Ireland, Renee; Waller, Michael; MacKenzie, Alison; Peake, Jonathan; Nasveld, Peter

2014-11-01

To assess the impact of relaxed asthma recruitment standards adopted by the Australian Defence Force in 2007. A retrospective audit was conducted on clinical and administrative data for recruits, with and without mild asthma, in their first year of service. There was no evidence that mild asthmatics experienced worse outcomes than nonasthmatic recruits. Mild asthmatics had fewer illnesses and restricted duty days and were less costly compared to other recruits. There was no difference in the rate of discharge (attrition) between those with and without mild asthma. The revised recruitment standards for asthma in the Australian Defence Force have not resulted in unanticipated medical or administrative costs to the organization. Health and administrative outcomes differed little between mild asthmatics and nonasthmatic recruits in their first 12 months of service. Reprint & Copyright © 2014 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.

Sexually Transmitted Infections - Prevalence, Knowledge and Behaviours among Professional Defence Forces in Estonia: a Pilot Study.

PubMed

Parker, R. David; Rüütel, Kristi

2017-03-01

Our study assessed sexually transmitted infections (STI) occurrence and risk behaviours from a sample of the defence forces of Estonia. Previous research on military personnel yields various results on the prevalence of STIs and high risk behaviours. The increasing recognition of high risk behaviours among military personnel is evident given increased programmes that focus on education of drug use and risky sexual behaviours. Many militaries conduct routine, periodic screening for diseases such as HIV and viral hepatitis at entry and pre-foreign deployment. Protecting deployed forces from secondary infections is important as persons with chronic viral infections are living longer, healthier lives and are more frequently serving in military forces. A cross sectional study used convenient sampling among professional defence forces. Participation was both voluntary and anonymous. Of 186 participants accounting for 7.3% of all forces (86.6% male, mean age 30 years) at selected bases, there were four cases of chlamydia. No cases of gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, or HIV were found. One person reported ever injecting drugs. These findings indicate a lower STI occurrence among professional defence forces in Estonia compared with the non-military population. While these rates were lower than expected, as a voluntary study, people suspicious of having an STI might opt not to participate, limiting generalizability to the remainder of the military. Militaries without regular screening programmes could consider regular scheduled testing for STIs, HIV and blood borne pathogens, even if voluntary, especially prior to foreign deployment. Consistent testing would align across many militaries who deploy international peace keepers. Copyright© by the National Institute of Public Health, Prague 2017

Defence 2000: Our Future Defence Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-01-01

People are Capability 61 The Dimensions of the Challenge 62 Leadership 63 Retention 63 Recruitment 66 Education and Training 68 Reserves 69 Cadets 72...As part of its strategy to attract and retain high quality people, Defence is investing in modern, effective and efficient education and training...areas like education and health has been limited, and law and order have deteriorated. Many of these problems can be traced to weaknesses in its

The influence of scoring targets and outer-floaters on attacking and defending team dispersion, shape and creation of space during small-sided soccer games.

PubMed

Castellano, Julen; Silva, Pedro; Usabiaga, Oidui; Barreira, Daniel

2016-06-01

The effect of altered game formats on team performances during soccer practice can be harnessed by coaches to stimulate specific tactical behaviours. The aim of the present study was to analyse the influence of using (i) small goals [SG], (ii) goalkeepers [7G] and (iii) floaters [7GF] on the dispersion, shape and available space of teams during small-sided games (SSGs). Twenty-four male soccer players were distributed into four teams composed of five players, two goalkeepers and two floaters that performed six SSG bouts of 6 min, interspersed with 6 min of passive recovery. Offensive and defensive phases were also analysed separately in order to verify the preservation of basic principles of attacking (teams more stretched to create free space) and defending (teams more compact to tie-up space) during SSGs. The variables used to characterize the collective behaviour were: length [L], width [W], team shape [Sh], and team separateness [TS]. Results revealed that the teams showed different collective behaviours depending on SSG format and a playing phase: a) L and W were higher in attack than in defence in all SSGs; b) team shapes were more elongated in defence in all SSGs except SG; c) the space separating players from their closest opponents (TS) was shorter in 7G; and d) SG and 7GF elicited greater defensive openness due to increased team width. The results suggest that manipulating task constraints, such as goal size, presence or absence of goalkeepers and floaters can be harnessed by coaches to shape distinct team tactical behaviours in SSGs while preserving the basic principles of attacking and defending.

The influence of scoring targets and outer-floaters on attacking and defending team dispersion, shape and creation of space during small-sided soccer games

PubMed Central

Silva, Pedro; Usabiaga, Oidui; Barreira, Daniel

2016-01-01

Abstract The effect of altered game formats on team performances during soccer practice can be harnessed by coaches to stimulate specific tactical behaviours. The aim of the present study was to analyse the influence of using (i) small goals [SG], (ii) goalkeepers [7G] and (iii) floaters [7GF] on the dispersion, shape and available space of teams during small-sided games (SSGs). Twenty-four male soccer players were distributed into four teams composed of five players, two goalkeepers and two floaters that performed six SSG bouts of 6 min, interspersed with 6 min of passive recovery. Offensive and defensive phases were also analysed separately in order to verify the preservation of basic principles of attacking (teams more stretched to create free space) and defending (teams more compact to tie-up space) during SSGs. The variables used to characterize the collective behaviour were: length [L], width [W], team shape [Sh], and team separateness [TS]. Results revealed that the teams showed different collective behaviours depending on SSG format and a playing phase: a) L and W were higher in attack than in defence in all SSGs; b) team shapes were more elongated in defence in all SSGs except SG; c) the space separating players from their closest opponents (TS) was shorter in 7G; and d) SG and 7GF elicited greater defensive openness due to increased team width. The results suggest that manipulating task constraints, such as goal size, presence or absence of goalkeepers and floaters can be harnessed by coaches to shape distinct team tactical behaviours in SSGs while preserving the basic principles of attacking and defending. PMID:28149378

The Australian Defence Force Post‑discharge GP Health Assessment.

PubMed

Reed, Richard L; Masters, Stacey; Roeger, Leigh S

2016-03-01

All former serving members of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) can receive a comprehensive health assessment from their general practitioners (GPs). The aim of this article is to describe the ADF Post-discharge GP Health Assessment and introduce a tool that assists GPs in performing the assessment. The ADF Post-discharge GP Health Assessment is intended to promote the early detection and intervention of potential mental or physical health concerns in the veteran population and facilitate the establishment of ongoing care with a GP.

Malaysia’s Participation in a United Nations Standing Force: A Question of National Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-05-31

Armed Forces Defence College and during a key note address at the National Security Conference, Malaysian Defense Minister, Dato’ Najib Tun Razak ...Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 197-198. 9Speech by Dato’ Sri Mohd Najib Tun Abdul Razak , “Regional Insecurity: Preparing For Low to High...Resolution 15, No.2, (1971) Dato’ Sri Mohd Najib Tun Razak . “Executive Interview.” Asian Defence Journal (October 2001): 14-16. General Tan Sri Dato

American Military History: A Selected Bibliography

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-01

34 Defence Studies 5, no. 1 (March 2005): 151-164. Taylor & Francis Haycock, R. G. "The Relevance and Role of the Battlefield Tour and the Staff Ride...for Armed Forces in the 21st Century Introduction." Defence Studies 5, no. 1 (March 2005): 5-14. Taylor & Francis 2 Howard, Michael. "The Use and...Staff Rides: History and Historiography." Defence Studies 5, no. 1 (March 2005): 48-58. Taylor & Francis Lee, Wayne E. "Mind and Matter—Cultural

Discriminatory power of water polo game-related statistics at the 2008 Olympic Games.

PubMed

Escalante, Yolanda; Saavedra, Jose M; Mansilla, Mirella; Tella, Victor

2011-02-01

The aims of this study were (1) to compare water polo game-related statistics by context (winning and losing teams) and sex (men and women), and (2) to identify characteristics discriminating the performances for each sex. The game-related statistics of the 64 matches (44 men's and 20 women's) played in the final phase of the Olympic Games held in Beijing in 2008 were analysed. Unpaired t-tests compared winners and losers and men and women, and confidence intervals and effect sizes of the differences were calculated. The results were subjected to a discriminant analysis to identify the differentiating game-related statistics of the winning and losing teams. The results showed the differences between winning and losing men's teams to be in both defence and offence, whereas in women's teams they were only in offence. In men's games, passing (assists), aggressive play (exclusions), centre position effectiveness (centre shots), and goalkeeper defence (goalkeeper-blocked 5-m shots) predominated, whereas in women's games the play was more dynamic (possessions). The variable that most discriminated performance in men was goalkeeper-blocked shots, and in women shooting effectiveness (shots). These results should help coaches when planning training and competition.

The Singapore Armed Forces: Are Citizen-Soldiers Still Relevant Today?

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-14

Defence and Strategic Studies." Shangri - La Hotel , Singapore: IDSS, January 13, 2005. MINDEF. "News by Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defence... Introduction ............................................................................................................................... ! 1.1 Background of... INTRODUCTION Conscription will remain relevant for Singapore even as global trends indicate more countries are gravitating towards an All-Volunteer

Toward the Defence of Australia

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-04-01

Colonel R. Crawshaw , "Low-Level Conflict - A Closer Scrutiny," Defence Force Journal, No. 69, March/April 1988, pp. 6-9. 6. Air Commodore N. F...Clauswitz, Carl Von, QOn-War, edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret. PrirLcetun : Universi ty Press, 1984. Crawshaw , Lieutenant Colonel P

A literature review of dental casualty rates.

PubMed

Mahoney, G D; Coombs, M

2000-10-01

The ability to determine dental casualty rates for the Australian Defence Force in a given situation is vital for military planners. This article reviews the literature and the available Australian Defence Force data on the subject to give some guide to planners. The review found the studies to be fairly consistent in that a well-prepared dentally fit force can expect 150 to 200 dental casualties per 1,000 soldiers per year. If the force were less prepared, as in the case of a reserve call out, this figure would be likely to increase; in the extreme case of an ill-prepared force or a force assisting in humanitarian aid, the emergency rate could be five times that figure. The literature also indicates a change in the nature of dental casualties. Although maxillofacial cases have remained steady at 25%, dental disease has decreased and endodontic cases have had a corresponding increase.

The Value of an Independent Royal Air Force - Breaking the Oscar Wilde Paradigm in British Defence

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-01

discussion. 11 Ian Drury , Defence Correspondent, "Could this be the end for the RAF? Military chief refuses to rule out merger with Navy as cuts loom...However, would it provide the flexibility to be effective if a different threat emerged in ten years time? In contrast to Smith‟s thesis, Colin ...1984), 88. 25 General Rupert Smith, The Utility of Force – The Art of War in the Modern World (New York, NY: Vintage Books, 2008), 5. 26 Colin

Defence force activities in marine protected areas: environmental management of Shoalwater Bay Training Area, Queensland, Australia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Wen; Wang, Xiaohua; Paull, David; Kesby, Julie

2010-05-01

Environmental management of military activities is of growing global concern by defence forces. As one of the largest landholders in Australia, the Australian Defence Force (ADF) is increasingly concerned with sustainable environmental management. This paper focuses on how the ADF is maintaining effective environmental management, especially in environmentally sensitive marine protected areas. It uses Shoalwater Bay Training Area (SWBTA) as a research example to examine environmental management strategies conducted by the ADF. SWBTA is one of the most significant Defence training areas in Australia, with a large number of single, joint and combined military exercises conducted in the area. With its maritime component contained in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP), the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (GBRWHA), and abutting Queensland’s State Marine Parks, it has high protection values. It is therefore vital for the ADF to adopt environmentally responsible management while they are conducting military activities. As to various tools employed to manage environmental performance, the ISO 14001 Environmental Management System (EMS) is widely used by the ADF. This paper examines military activities and marine environmental management within SWBTA, using the Talisman Saber (TS) exercise series as an example. These are extensive joint exercises conducted by the ADF and the United States defence forces. The paper outlines relevant legislative framework and environmental policies, analyses how the EMS operates in environmental management of military activities, and how military activities comply with these regulations. It discusses the implementation of the ADF EMS, including risk reduction measures, environmental awareness training, consultation and communication with stakeholders. A number of environmental management actions used in the TS exercises are presented to demonstrate the EMS application. Our investigations to this point indicate that the ADF is complying with all relevant legislation and policies. Further research is required to confirm compliance and conclude that military activities have good accord with environmental management objectives.

A critical analysis of the Australian Defence Force policy on maternal health care.

PubMed

Montalban, Maureen

2017-08-01

To critically analyse the Australian Defence Force (ADF) policy on maternal health care: Health Directive No 235 - Management of pregnant members in the Australian Defence Force. Bacchi's 'What's the problem represented to be' framework was used to analyse Health Directive No 235. This paper critically examines the representation of pregnancy and birth, the resulting effects and considers alternate representations. The ADF's policy on maternal healthcare considers pregnancy as a health issue that requires specialist intervention and care, also known as the medicalisation of birth. Current research emphasises women-centred care; a model of care not contained in the ADF policy. The problematisation of pregnancy in the ADF restricts women's choices regarding their maternal healthcare provider. This is contrary to the healthcare rights of Australians and likely contributes to health inequalities of ADF women. Implications for public health: A research gap regarding ADF women's knowledge and wishes regarding their maternal health care has been identified. Future research can inform any alterations to the ADF policy on maternal healthcare. © 2017 The Authors.

Comparative safety and efficacy of subcutaneous and intradermal administration of inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine during predeployment preparations in the Australian Defence Force.

PubMed

Kitchener, Scott; Nasveld, Peter; Brennan, Len; Ward, David

2006-12-01

Japanese encephalitis is a viral disease emerging in areas of influence for the Australian Defence Force immediately north of the continent, including the Torres Strait border of Australia and Papua, New Guinea. Only the mouse brain-derived, inactivated, Nakayama strain vaccine is commercially available to the Australian Defence Force. This vaccine has a high cost and significant adverse event profile, requiring restricted duties after administration. To address these issues, intradermal vaccination (either single intradermal administration or two intradermal injections at two separate sites) was assessed, compared with the conventional subcutaneous vaccination method, in a randomized controlled trial among soldiers preparing for deployment. Dual intradermal vaccination (0.1 mL at two sites) was found to have a slightly more favorable adverse event profile while maintaining comparable serological efficacy and reduced cost. An expansion of the concept and a test of logistics were conducted by vaccinating a battalion formation during predeployment medical preparations. The method of vaccination was well accepted and retained comparable immunogenicity.

Tsunami Simulators in Physical Modelling - Concept to Practical Solutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chandler, Ian; Allsop, William; Robinson, David; Rossetto, Tiziana; McGovern, David; Todd, David

2017-04-01

Whilst many researchers have conducted simple 'tsunami impact' studies, few engineering tools are available to assess the onshore impacts of tsunami, with no agreed methods available to predict loadings on coastal defences, buildings or related infrastructure. Most previous impact studies have relied upon unrealistic waveforms (solitary or dam-break waves and bores) rather than full-duration tsunami waves, or have used simplified models of nearshore and over-land flows. Over the last 10+ years, pneumatic Tsunami Simulators for the hydraulic laboratory have been developed into an exciting and versatile technology, allowing the forces of real-world tsunami to be reproduced and measured in a laboratory environment for the first time. These devices have been used to model generic elevated and N-wave tsunamis up to and over simple shorelines, and at example coastal defences and infrastructure. They have also reproduced full-duration tsunamis including Mercator 2004 and Tohoku 2011, both at 1:50 scale. Engineering scale models of these tsunamis have measured wave run-up on simple slopes, forces on idealised sea defences, pressures / forces on buildings, and scour at idealised buildings. This presentation will describe how these Tsunami Simulators work, demonstrate how they have generated tsunami waves longer than the facilities within which they operate, and will present research results from three generations of Tsunami Simulators. Highlights of direct importance to natural hazard modellers and coastal engineers include measurements of wave run-up levels, forces on single and multiple buildings and comparison with previous theoretical predictions. Multiple buildings have two malign effects. The density of buildings to flow area (blockage ratio) increases water depths and flow velocities in the 'streets'. But the increased building densities themselves also increase the cost of flow per unit area (both personal and monetary). The most recent study with the Tsunami Simulators therefore focussed on the influence of multiple buildings (up to 4 rows) which showed (for instance) that the greatest forces can act on the landward (not seaward) rows of buildings. Studies in the 70m long, 4m wide main channel of the Fast Flow Facility on tsunami defence structures have also measured forces on buildings in the lee of a failed defence wall and tsunami induced scour. Supporting presentations at this conference: McGovern et al on tsunami induced scour at coastal structures and Foster et al on building loads.

Panoramic radiographic survey of hypodontia in Australian Defence Force recruits.

PubMed

Lynham, A

1990-02-01

Comprehensive dental examinations and panoramic radiographs were used to determine the prevalence of hypodontia in 662 Australian Defence Force recruits. Of the sampled population, 6.3 per cent exhibited some degree of hypodontia (third molar agenesis excluded). Previous studies produced similar results. Third molar agenesis occurred in 22.7 per cent of the sample which again is in agreement with other studies. There was no statistical difference between the sexes in third molar agenesis; however, there was a significant difference with upper second premolars. Females exhibited an extremely low incidence of absence of maxillary lateral incisors.

Australian DefenceScience. Volume 13, Number 2, Winter

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-01-01

has been marketing the OAVD technology through its Business and Commercialisation Office (BCO). Marcus Belder, Technology Commercialisation Manager...for ADF organisational structures, and training and education initiatives.” The inquiry process As one line of inquiry, the team has been carrying

A 'mixed reality' simulator concept for future Medical Emergency Response Team training.

PubMed

Stone, Robert J; Guest, R; Mahoney, P; Lamb, D; Gibson, C

2017-08-01

The UK Defence Medical Service's Pre-Hospital Emergency Care (PHEC) capability includes rapid-deployment Medical Emergency Response Teams (MERTs) comprising tri-service trauma consultants, paramedics and specialised nurses, all of whom are qualified to administer emergency care under extreme conditions to improve the survival prospects of combat casualties. The pre-deployment training of MERT personnel is designed to foster individual knowledge, skills and abilities in PHEC and in small team performance and cohesion in 'mission-specific' contexts. Until now, the provision of airborne pre-deployment MERT training had been dependent on either the availability of an operational aircraft (eg, the CH-47 Chinook helicopter) or access to one of only two ground-based facsimiles of the Chinook 's rear cargo/passenger cabin. Although MERT training has high priority, there will always be competition with other military taskings for access to helicopter assets (and for other platforms in other branches of the Armed Forces). This paper describes the development of an inexpensive, reconfigurable and transportable MERT training concept based on 'mixed reality' technologies-in effect the 'blending' of real-world objects of training relevance with virtual reality reconstructions of operational contexts. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

Malaria in the Australian Defence Force during and after participation in the International Force in East Timor (INTERFET).

PubMed

Kitchener, S J; Auliff, A M; Rieckmann, K H

Malaria in Australian Defence Force members has been far more common in East Timor than in other recent overseas deployments. By six months after all 5,500 members of the International Force in East Timor had returned to Australia, 267 malaria infections had been reported to the Army Malaria Institute. Only 64 of those affected had their first clinical episode during their 4-5 months in East Timor, and about two-thirds of these infections were caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The remaining 212 soldiers developed their first symptoms after returning to Australia, and all but two infections were caused by P. vivax. After treatment, 44 soldiers had relapses of their vivax infections; 11 had a second relapse and two had a third relapse. These findings raise several issues about prevention and management of malaria in the ADF.

'Mass allergy': acute scombroid poisoning in a deployed Australian Defence Force health facility.

PubMed

Ward, David Ian

2011-02-01

On the last night of disaster relief operations in Sumatra, Indonesia, a mass casualty event occurred that involved deployed Australian Defence Force personnel. Symptoms of acute urticaria, angioedema, wheeze and gastrointestinal upset were experienced to varying degrees by 16% of the deployed element. The present report describes a presumed scombroid poisoning cluster and demonstrates the difficulties of operating in a deployed environment, the confusion that might be associated with evolving non-kinetic mass casualties, and provides a learning opportunity for an unusual mass casualty incident. © 2011 The Author. EMA © 2011 Australasian College for Emergency Medicine and Australasian Society for Emergency Medicine.

Automated Detection and Classification in High-Resolution Sonar Imagery for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-01

n. , ’>, ,. Australian Government Department of Defence Defence Science and Technology Organisation Automated Detection and Classification in... Organisation DSTO-GD-0537 ABSTRACT Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are increasingly being used by military forces to acquire high-resolution sonar...release Published by Maritime Operations Division DsTO Defrnce sdence and Technology Organisation PO Box 1500 Edinburgh South Australia 5111 Australia

Optimising the Design of Land Force C2 Architectures

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-06-13

5624 Email: brendan.kirby@dsto.defence.gov.au and David Cropley, Systems Engineering & Evaluation Centre University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes...Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia. Report Documentation Page Form ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of...Australia. Email: brendan.kirby@dsto.defence.gov.au *Systems Engineering & Evaluation Centre, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson

Solar power R and D for Air Force space requirements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wise, J. F.

1980-01-01

The requirements for improved solar power system technology for DOD satellites are reported. It is shown that the technology is required in several areas including solar cells, array blanket technology, energy storage and power system operation, and regulation and control. It is further shown that as the missions become more critical to defence, military aspects such as survivability, hardening, and eventually defence must be addressed.

The Use of Match Statistics that Discriminate Between Successful and Unsuccessful Soccer Teams

PubMed Central

Castellano, Julen; Casamichana, David; Lago, Carlos

2012-01-01

Three soccer World Cups were analysed with the aim of identifying the match statistics which best discriminated between winning, drawing and losing teams. The analysis was based on 177 matches played during the three most recent World Cup tournaments: Korea/Japan 2002 (59), Germany 2006 (59) and South Africa 2010 (59). Two categories of variables were studied: 1) those related to attacking play: goals scored, total shots, shots on target, shots off target, ball possession, number of off-sides committed, fouls received and corners; and 2) those related to defence: total shots received, shots on target received, shots off target received, off-sides received, fouls committed, corners against, yellow cards and red cards. Discriminant analysis of these matches revealed the following: (a) the variables related to attacking play that best differentiated between winning, drawing and losing teams were total shots, shots on target and ball possession; and (b) the most discriminating variables related to defence were total shots received and shots on target received. These results suggest that winning, drawing and losing national teams may be discriminated from one another on the basis of variables such as ball possession and the effectiveness of their attacking play. This information may be of benefit to both coaches and players, adding to their knowledge about soccer performance indicators and helping to guide the training process. PMID:23487020

Defending Air Bases in an Age of Insurgency

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-05-01

2007, http://www.defence.gov.au/raaf/adg/; WGCDR John Leo , RAAF, commanding officer, 2AFDS, e-mail correspondence with the author, 1 March–9 April...2007; and WGCDR John Leo , RAAF, commanding offi- cer, 2AFDS, “Airfield Defence Squadron Operations & Support” [Power- Point presentation, 22 February...in- stallations throughout the country: The initial mission of these forces is to secure the base and its internal LOCs [lines of communication

Creating Royal Australian Navy Standard Operating Procedures using Flow Diagrams

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-08-01

DST-Group-TR-3137 UNCLASSIFIED Acronyms 4TQ 4TQ Toolkit ABR Australian Book of Reference ADF Australian Defence Force BPMN Business...steps to perform the activity. Object Management Group’s (OMG) Business Process Model and Notation ( BPMN ) [10] is becoming the standard to use when...Department of Defence 10. Object Management Group, Business Process Model and Notation ( BPMN ), version 2.0. 2011, Object Management Group: http

Deliberating A Contract Type Based Risk Mitigation Strategy For South African Defense Acquisitions

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-01

University of Pretoria, South Africa Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION...Capability RSA-MIL-STD-3 Military Standard 3 SA South Africa SANDF South African National Defence Force SDP Strategic Defence Package SDR...There are two broad categories of contract types namely, Fixed and Cost reimbursement type contract. The two categories are further divided into more

Reaping the benefits of an open systems approach: getting the commercial approach right

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pearson, Gavin; Dawe, Tony; Stubbs, Peter; Worthington, Olwen

2016-05-01

Critical to reaping the benefits of an Open System Approach within Defence, or any other sector, is the ability to design the appropriate commercial model (or framework). This paper reports on the development and testing of a commercial strategy decision support tool. The tool set comprises a number of elements, including a process model, and provides business intelligence insights into likely supplier behaviour. The tool has been developed by subject matter experts and has been tested with a number of UK Defence procurement teams. The paper will present the commercial model framework, the elements of the toolset and the results of testing.

Quantifying the plant actin cytoskeleton response to applied pressure using nanoindentation.

PubMed

Branco, Rémi; Pearsall, Eliza-Jane; Rundle, Chelsea A; White, Rosemary G; Bradby, Jodie E; Hardham, Adrienne R

2017-03-01

Detection of potentially pathogenic microbes through recognition by plants and animals of both physical and chemical signals associated with the pathogens is vital for host well-being. Signal perception leads to the induction of a variety of responses that augment pre-existing, constitutive defences. The plant cell wall is a highly effective preformed barrier which becomes locally reinforced at the infection site through delivery of new wall material by the actin cytoskeleton. Although mechanical stimulation can produce a reaction, there is little understanding of the nature of physical factors capable of triggering plant defence. Neither the magnitude of forces nor the contact time required has been quantified. In the study reported here, mechanical stimulation with a tungsten microneedle has been used to quantify the response of Arabidopsis plants expressing an actin-binding protein tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) to reveal the organisation of the actin cytoskeleton. Using confocal microscopy, the response time for actin reorganisation in epidermal cells of Arabidopsis hypocotyls was shown to be 116 ± 49 s. Using nanoindentation and a diamond spherical tip indenter, the magnitude of the forces capable of triggering an actin response has been quantified. We show that Arabidopsis hypocotyl cells can detect a force as small as 4 μN applied for as short a time as 21.6 s to trigger reorganisation of the actin cytoskeleton. This force is an order of magnitude less than the potential invasive force determined for a range of fungal and oomycete plant pathogens. To our knowledge, this is the first quantification of the magnitude and duration of mechanical forces capable of stimulating a structural defence response in a plant cell.

Pupils' Perceptions of an Alternative Curriculum: Skill Force

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hallam, Susan; Rogers, Lynne; Rhamie, Jasmine; Shaw, Jacqueline; Rees, Emilce; Haskins, Heather; Blackmore, Jenny; Hallam, Jonathan

2007-01-01

Alternative curricula at Key Stage 4 have been implemented to help young people who may be disaffected from school to re-engage with learning. Skill Force is one example of an alternative curriculum. Skill Force is a Ministry of Defence (MoD) sponsored youth initiative which offers 14- to 16-year-old students a key skills based vocational…

The obesity epidemic: implications for recruitment and retention of defence force personnel.

PubMed

McLaughlin, R; Wittert, G

2009-11-01

The primary purpose of fitness and body composition standards in the military has always been to select individuals best suited to the physical demands of military service. Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally, and may have adverse consequences for the military: a worsening prevalence of obesity in young civilian adults could hinder the recruitment and maintenance of military manpower. This review explores the impact of obesity on suitability for employment in defence force careers and any potential impact on long-term occupational health. Studies containing data on obesity and the military were identified from an electronic database. Thirty-eight papers were identified and 17 were included in this review. There is a limited body of evidence available to ascertain whether or not obese individuals are suitable for employment in the military. There are a number of key issues that need to be addressed before a definitive conclusion can be drawn. These include the future health of obese personnel recruited into the military and subsequent implications for health services, costs to the organization and military readiness, and the ability of an obese person to be an active member of the military workforce. Future research should be targeted towards these areas in order to determine the implications of obesity for recruitment and retention of defence force personnel.

The Strategic Development of the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-12

and ecommerce . In combination, these driving forces of change led to an explosion in world trade, an exponential increase in business...the troops into rural communities and assisted villagers in community structural improvements and socialized with them. This was designed to win

Optimizing the utility of military injury surveillance systems: a qualitative study within the Australian Defence Force.

PubMed

McKinnon, Adam D; Ozanne-Smith, Joan; Pope, Rodney

2009-05-01

Injury prevention guided by robust injury surveillance systems (ISS's) can effectively reduce military injury rates, but ISS's depend on human interaction. This study examined experiences and requirements of key users of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) ISS to determine whether the operation of the ISS was optimal, whether there were any shortcomings, and if so, how these shortcomings might be addressed. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 18 Australian Defence Department participants located throughout Australia. Grounded theory methods were used to analyze data by developing an understanding of processes and social phenomena related to injury surveillance systems within the military context. Interviews were recorded and professionally transcribed and information contained in the transcripts was analyzed using NVivo. Key themes relating to the components of an injury surveillance system were identified from the analysis. A range of processes and sociocultural factors influence the utility of military ISS's. These are discussed in detail and should be considered in the future design and operation of military ISS's to facilitate optimal outcomes for injury prevention.

A System-of-Systems Engineering Approach for Australian Land Force Capability Integration

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-01

projects are those that, by their very scale and influence, shape many other projects and existing capabilities. Examples include Land 400 Land...challenges to the inherently single- project acquisition ethos predominant in both the defence and civil sectors. For example , see Henshaw (2012). This is...been applied are SoS- type glue projects , for example Land 19 Phase 7, Ground Based Air Missile Defence, and Land 400, the Land Combat Vehicle System

Canadian Ranger Rifle: Human Factors Requirements Validation

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-08-01

index-eng.asp retrieved 9 February 2010 2 http://www.armee.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/cr-rc/history- histoire -eng.asp retrieved 9 February 2010 3 http... histoire -eng.asp Department of National Defence. (2010). Canadian Ranger Patrol (CRPG). Retrieved June 3, 2010, from http://www.army.forces.gc.ca

JPRS Report, Near East & South Asia.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-03-03

bountiful Biliapal Bhograi area of Balasore district. In its search for a site for the NTR, the Defence Ministry found this area, richly endowed by nature...the original spontaneous movement into "a civil defence force". In fact, "the threatened" area has been made into ’a fortress’. The Uttar Balasore ...Superintendent of Police at Balasore had said about this time last year. To the District Collector it appeared that "people’s courts" had been set up to

Malaria prophylaxis/radical cure: recent experiences of the Australian Defence Force.

PubMed

Edstein, M D; Walsh, D S; Eamsila, C; Sasiprapha, T; Nasveld, P E; Kitchener, S; Rieckmann, K H

2001-01-01

Since the eighties, the Australian Defence Force has deployed soldiers in malaria-endemic areas: Cambodia, Somalia, Rwanda, Bougainville, and East Timor. Currently, doxycycline is used as first line prophylactic drug and mefloquine is recommended for those who cannot tolerate the antibiotic. In 1998, the Australian Defence Force participated in the evaluation of tafenoquine for prophylaxis of both falciparum and vivax malaria in Thai soldiers. At the completion of this six-month study, 29 of 205 soldiers had come down with malaria including eight with falciparum malaria, 20 with vivax malaria, and one with mixed infection. A total of 28 of the 101 soldiers in the placebo group were infected with malaria as compared with only one of the 104 soldiers in the tafenoquine group. In 1999, another study was started on the island of Bougainville to compare the effectiveness a 3-day course of tafenoquine and a 14-day course of primaquine for radical cure of vivax malaria. At the present time, 411 soldiers have completed the study including 201 in tafenoquine arm and 210 in primaquine arm. Seven soldiers in each arm developed vivax malaria after returning to Australia. These results indicate that tafenoquine is not superior to primaquine in preventing vivax malaria. However study participants preferred the shorter course using tafenoquine and operationally it was found to be more suitable than primaquine.

Australian Defence Force Demographic Data and Challenges

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-10-01

Ranks............................................................................... 7 Gender Issues...Air Force 9 Figure 5 Length of Service by Gender (1999 ADF Census) 10 List of Figures ADF Demographic Data and Challenges iv ADF Demographic Data and...part of the report will look at the gender issues, as females are significantly under-represented in the ADF when compared with both the Australian

Vulnerabilities

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-05-04

May 1, 2006)”, http://www.mod.go.jp/e/d_policy/dp13.html (accessed 1 April 2009). 6 ibid 7 Hongo , Jun. “Japan, U.S. sign accord on forces,” The...Jacobs, G. Keith. "Guam Becoming US Pacific Linchpin." Asia-Pacific Defence Reporter 29 (2003): 38-39. Jun, Hongo . "Japan, U.S. sign accord on forces

Risk of adverse health outcomes associated with frequency and duration of deployment with the Australian Defence Force.

PubMed

Bleier, Jonathan; McFarlane, Alexander; McGuire, Annabel; Treloar, Susan; Waller, Michael; Dobson, Annette

2011-02-01

The operational tempo of the Australian Defence Force has increased over the last two decades. We examine the relationship between health of personnel and the frequency and duration of their deployment. Self-reported health measures (number of symptoms, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist) were compared for people who had never deployed to those who had deployed only once and for those who had deployed at least twice with at least one deployment to East Timor and one deployment to Afghanistan or Iraq. Comparisons were also made between people who had deployed for at least one month and those who had deployed for longer periods. Frequency of deployment but not duration of deployment was associated with poorer health.

Asthma and eligibility for the Australian Defence Force.

PubMed

Bailey, Jodi; Williams, Felicity

2009-11-01

Entry to the Australian Defence Force (ADF) for candidates with asthma has recently changed. This article summarises the ADF entry standards for candidates with asthma. It also explains the role of general practitioners in the safe and smooth transition to the military training environment for patients with asthma. Candidates with mild asthma may be considered for entry to the ADF subject to certain criteria which includes normal spirometry and negative bronchial provocation testing. If a candidate with asthma is assessed as fit to enter the ADF, they will need to present to their GP before entry to ensure they are prepared. Assistance from the GP in providing the patient with appropriate Asthma Action Plans, prescriptions, and medications is required to ensure continuity of care during what is often a challenging transition to military life.

Variation in defence strategies in two species of the genus Beilschmiedia under differing soil nutrient and rainfall conditions.

PubMed

Simon, J; Miller, R E; Woodrow, I E

2007-01-01

The relationships between various leaf functional traits that are important in plant growth (e.g., specific leaf area) have been investigated in recent studies; however, research in this context on plants that are highly protected by chemical defences, particularly resource-demanding nitrogen-based defence, is lacking. We collected leaves from cyanogenic (N-defended) Beilschmiedia collina B. Hyland and acyanogenic (C-defended) Beilschmiedia tooram (F. M. Bailey) B. Hyland at high- and low-soil nutrient sites in two consecutive years that varied significantly in rainfall. We then measured the relationships between chemical defence and morphological and functional leaf traits under the different environmental conditions. We found that the two species differed significantly in their resource allocation to defence as well as leaf morphology and function. The N defended species had a higher leaf nitrogen concentration, whereas the C-defended species had higher amounts of C-based chemical defences (i.e., total phenolics and condensed tannins). The C-defended species also tended to have higher force to fracture and increased leaf toughness. In B. collina, cyanogenic glycoside concentration was higher with higher rainfall, but not with higher soil nutrients. Total phenolic concentration was higher at the high soil nutrient site in B. tooram, but lower in B. collina; however, with higher rainfall an increase was found in B. tooram, while phenolics decreased in B. collina. Condensed tannin concentration decreased in both species with rainfall and nutrient availability. We conclude that chemical defence is correlated with leaf functional traits and that variation in environmental resources affects this correlation.

The Australian Medical Support Force in Rwanda.

PubMed

Ramsey, W; Bridgford, L R; Lusby, R J; Pearn, J H

In the aftermath of the Rwandan civil war, Australia's defence forces deployed a medical force to support the United Nations Assistance Mission. In this article, Wayne Ramsey, Commander of the Australian contingent, Lindsay R Bridgford, Officer Commanding Bravo Section, Robert J Lusby, Lt.-Colonel (Surgeon), Australian Medical Support Force Hospital, and John H Pearn, Colonel, and Director of Intensive Care in the Australian Medical Support Force Hospital, describe the Australian effort in the rebuilding of a shattered people and, in particular, of Kigali Central Hospital, the country's major medical facility.

The first interview: Anxieties and research on initiating psychoanalysis.

PubMed

Reith, Bernard

2015-06-01

A qualitative clinical study of preliminary interviews by the Working Party on Initiating Psychoanalysis (WPIP) of the European Psychoanalytic Federation suggests that the unconscious dynamics in first interviews are extraordinarily powerful and that they give rise to deep unconscious anxieties in both patient and analyst, with the corresponding defences against them. Furthermore, the group dynamics observed in the clinical workshops and in the research team doing the study suggest that both the anxieties and the defences are conveyed to these groups in the form of unelaborated 'session residues' provoking renewed anxieties and defences in them. These findings contribute to our understanding of what goes on in first interviews, but also raise interesting questions about the psychoanalytic research process in psychoanalysis and how confrontation with the unknown is dealt with in that context. Rather than as a means to avoid anxiety, method in clinical research can be seen as a way to help the research group to contain its reactions and to tolerate them until the group finds its way to further elaboration. These points are illustrated with a clinical case drawn from the study. Copyright © 2014 Institute of Psychoanalysis.

The Deployment Health Surveillance Program: vision and challenges of health surveillance for Australian military cohorts.

PubMed

Barton, Christopher A; Dobson, Annette; Treloar, Susan A; McClintock, Christine; McFarlane, Alexander C

2008-12-01

The Australian Government has supported the establishment of a Deployment Health Surveillance Program for the Australian Defence Force. Although some health screening mechanisms already exist for Australian Defence Force personnel, until now health data have been used largely for clinical management at an individual level and have not been aggregated to identify trends in health and risk factors in the shorter or longer term. We identify challenges for and potential benefits of health surveillance in the military context, describe features of the Program and progress to date. Retrospective and cross-sectional projects based on deployments to the Near North Area of Influence since 1997 are under way. A planned prospective model of health surveillance for those deploying to the Middle East promises more timely attention to any emerging health problems for military personnel and veterans.

Current dietary supplement use of Australian military veterans of Middle East operations.

PubMed

van der Pols, Jolieke C; Kanesarajah, Jeeva; Bell, Alison; Lui, Chi-Wai

2017-12-01

To assess patterns and levels of dietary supplement use among Australian Defence Forces, previously deployed to the Middle East Area of Operations. A cross-sectional study. Participants of a large survey self-completed questions about dietary supplement use, health status, personal and job-related characteristics, and lifestyle factors. Frequency of current use of supplements was assessed in three categories (bodybuilding, energy and weight loss). Middle East Area of Operations post-deployment health survey. Current and ex-serving Australian Defence Force personnel (n 14 032) who deployed to the Middle East between 2001 and 2009. Bodybuilding supplements were used by 17·5 % of participants, energy supplements by 24·5 % and weight-loss supplements by 7·6 %. Overall, 32·3 % of participants used any of these supplements. Bodybuilding and energy supplements were more often used by men, younger persons and those in the Army, while weight-loss supplements were more commonly used by women and Navy personnel. Supplements in all three categories were more commonly used by persons in lower ranks, active service and combat roles. Users of bodybuilding supplements had healthier lifestyles and better health status, while users of energy and weight-loss supplements had less healthy lifestyles and poorer mental and physical health status. Overall, 11·7 % of participants used supplements containing caffeine and 3·6 % used a creatine-containing product. Use of dietary supplements among Australian Defence Force personnel is common, and patterned by lifestyle factors and health status.

Digital map and situation surface: a team-oriented multidisplay workspace for network enabled situation analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peinsipp-Byma, E.; Geisler, Jürgen; Bader, Thomas

2009-05-01

System concepts for network enabled image-based ISR (intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance) is the major mission of Fraunhofer IITB's applied research in the area of defence and security solutions. For the TechDemo08 as part of the NATO CNAD POW Defence against terrorism Fraunhofer IITB advanced a new multi display concept to handle the shear amount and high complexity of ISR data acquired by networked, distributed surveillance systems with the objective to support the generation of a common situation picture. Amount and Complexity of ISR data demands an innovative man-machine interface concept for humans to deal with it. The IITB's concept is the Digital Map & Situation Surface. This concept offers to the user a coherent multi display environment combining a horizontal surface for the situation overview from the bird's eye view, an attached vertical display for collateral information and so-called foveatablets as personalized magic lenses in order to obtain high resolved and role-specific information about a focused areaof- interest and to interact with it. In the context of TechDemo08 the Digital Map & Situation Surface served as workspace for team-based situation visualization and analysis. Multiple sea- and landside surveillance components were connected to the system.

Sports teams as superorganisms: implications of sociobiological models of behaviour for research and practice in team sports performance analysis.

PubMed

Duarte, Ricardo; Araújo, Duarte; Correia, Vanda; Davids, Keith

2012-08-01

Significant criticisms have emerged on the way that collective behaviours in team sports have been traditionally evaluated. A major recommendation has been for future research and practice to focus on the interpersonal relationships developed between team players during performance. Most research has typically investigated team game performance in subunits (attack or defence), rather than considering the interactions of performers within the whole team. In this paper, we offer the view that team performance analysis could benefit from the adoption of biological models used to explain how repeated interactions between grouping individuals scale to emergent social collective behaviours. We highlight the advantages of conceptualizing sports teams as functional integrated 'super-organisms' and discuss innovative measurement tools, which might be used to capture the superorganismic properties of sports teams. These tools are suitable for revealing the idiosyncratic collective behaviours underlying the cooperative and competitive tendencies of different sports teams, particularly their coordination of labour and the most frequent channels of communication and patterns of interaction between team players. The principles and tools presented here can serve as the basis for novel approaches and applications of performance analysis devoted to understanding sports teams as cohesive, functioning, high-order organisms exhibiting their own peculiar behavioural patterns.

Mapping the Future: Optimizing Joint Geospatial Engineering Support

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-05-16

Environment. Maxwell Air Force Base, AL.: Air University, 1990. Babbage , Ross and Desmond Ball. Geographic Information Systems: Defence Applications...Joint Pub 4-04. Washington, DC: 27 September 2001. Wertz, Charles J. The Data Dictionary, Concepts and Uses. Wellesley, MA: QED Information...Force Defense Mapping for Future Operations, Washington, DC: September 1995, 1-7. 18 Charles J. Wertz, The Data Dictionary, Concepts and Uses

The defence technique in Tai Chi Push Hands: a case study.

PubMed

Chen, Hui-Chuan; Cheng, Kuang-You B; Liu, Yu-Jen; Chiu, Hung-Ta; Cheng, Kuang-Yu

2010-12-01

Developed from traditional Chinese martial arts, Tai Chi exercise includes different forms and interactive Push Hands but biomechanical analyses have focused on the former only. To analyse the techniques of Push Hands, an experienced master was asked to defend pushing by four opponents. Movements were videotaped and digitized using a motion analysis system. Surface electrodes were used to record the electromyographic activity of ten muscle groups. Two force plates were used to measure the ground reaction force on each foot. Inexperienced individuals performed the same procedure to serve as the control group. The results indicate that the master adopted a postural adjustment to maintain balance. A clear shift of body weight from the front to the rear foot and mediolateral displacement of the centre of gravity was observed. Low electromyographic activity was observed in the upper body muscle groups, while high electromyographic activity was observed in the right rectus femoris and very high activity in the left rectus femoris during the defence. All inexperienced participants lost their balance in resisting pushing. It is concluded that the Tai Chi defensive technique includes a subtle postural adjustment that slightly changes the pushing force direction, and allows the rear leg to resist the incoming force.

Uncovering Ultrastructural Defences in Daphnia magna – An Interdisciplinary Approach to Assess the Predator-Induced Fortification of the Carapace

PubMed Central

Rabus, Max; Söllradl, Thomas; Clausen-Schaumann, Hauke; Laforsch, Christian

2013-01-01

The development of structural defences, such as the fortification of shells or exoskeletons, is a widespread strategy to reduce predator attack efficiency. In unpredictable environments these defences may be more pronounced in the presence of a predator. The cladoceran Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Cladocera) has been shown to develop a bulky morphotype as an effective inducible morphological defence against the predatory tadpole shrimp Triopscancriformis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Notostraca). Mediated by kairomones, the daphnids express an increased body length, width and an elongated tail spine. Here we examined whether these large scale morphological defences are accompanied by additional ultrastructural defences, i.e. a fortification of the exoskeleton. We employed atomic force microscopy (AFM) based nanoindentation experiments to assess the cuticle hardness along with tapping mode AFM imaging to visualise the surface morphology for predator exposed and non-predator exposed daphnids. We used semi-thin sections of the carapace to measure the cuticle thickness, and finally, we used fluorescence microscopy to analyse the diameter of the pillars connecting the two carapace layers. We found that D . magna indeed expresses ultrastructural defences against Triops predation. The cuticle in predator exposed individuals is approximately five times harder and two times thicker than in control daphnids. Moreover, the pillar diameter is significantly increased in predator exposed daphnids. These predator-cue induced changes in the carapace architecture should provide effective protection against being crushed by the predator’s mouthparts and may add to the protective effect of bulkiness. This study highlights the potential of interdisciplinary studies to uncover new and relevant aspects even in extensively studied fields of research. PMID:23776711

Conflict Resolution and Optimization of Multiple-Satellite Systems (CROMSAT)

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

Brett N. Laboo Major, Australian Army B.Sc., University of New South Wales (Australian Defence Force Academy), 1994 Submitted in partial...10 a. Transition Diagram ..................................................... 10 b. Languages and Grammars ... Grammars .................................................... 14 6. Language Similarities............................................................ 16

Applications of the IRI in Southern Africa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Coetzee, P. J.

2004-01-01

The IRI forms the basis of the Single Site Location Direction Finding networks of the South African Defence Force as well as theNational Intelligence Agency. It is also used in "Path Analysis" applications where the possible transmitter coverage is calculated. Another application of the IRI is in HF frequency predictions, especially for the South African Defence Force involved in peace keeping duties in Africa. The IRI is either used independently or in conjunction with vertical ionosondes. In the latter case the scaled F2 peak parameters (foF2, hmF2) are used as inputs to the IRI. The IRI thus gets "calibrated" to extend the area covered by the ionosonde(s). The IRI has proved to be a very important tool in South Africa and Africa in the fight against crime, drug trafficking, political instability and maintaining the peace in potentially unstable countries.

Prevalence and characteristics of trauma and post-traumatic stress symptoms in operational members of the South African National Defence Force.

PubMed

Seedat, Soraya; le Roux, Christoff; Stein, Dan J

2003-01-01

The prevalence of traumatic event exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were surveyed in a cohort of 198 full-time operational members of the South African National Defence Force stationed in their "home" unit between deployments. Approximately 90% of members reported having experienced or witnessed trauma in their lifetime (mean number of traumatic events = 4.3 +/- 3.2), whereas 51% reported having inflicted trauma. Twenty-six percent met diagnostic criteria for PTSD on self-report with approximately 29% with PTSD also meeting diagnostic criteria for depression. Few members, however, sought help. PTSD symptom severity was best predicted by trauma type (exposure to physical assault and infliction of life-threatening injury). These findings highlight the high rates of exposure to multiple, noncombat-related trauma in military personnel, the potentially high rates of PTSD, and the role of inflicted trauma as an additional risk factor for PTSD.

[Improvement of medical equipment setting for the hospital link of the medical service during wartime].

PubMed

Miroshnichenko, Yu V; Goryachev, A B; Popov, A A; Rodionov, E O

2016-04-01

One of the priorities of the military health care is to improve the system of rationing medical equipment for the hospital unit of the medical service of the Armed Forces in wartime. This is determined the fact that the effectiveness of measures to provide military field hospitals with medical supplies depends on the quality of medical care for the wounded and sick, as well as the level of their return to duty. The article presents the characteristics of modern standards medical supplies procurement of military field hospitals included in the new regulatory legal act of the Russian Federation Ministry of Defence--"Standards of supplies medical supplies medical and pharmaceutical organizations (units) of the Russian Federation on the wartime armed forces", approved and put into effect in 2015 by order of the Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation.

Combat aircraft operations: Training requirements for the German Air Force tactical flying units and the noise problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jertz, W.

1992-04-01

The deterrence potential of an Air Force, and by that the capability to fulfill their mission in times of war, relies on threat oriented training in peacetime. Low level flying is a major tactical means to help aircrews reduce the anticipated threat imposed to them by enemy air defence systems to an acceptable degree. The demand for this capability applies also to air defence tasks against attacking fighter bombers. Military low level flying requires a high degree of proficiency, which can only be reached and maintained by constant training. A high performance level is then the key to air power. The possibilities for this kind of necessary training are restricted by superior demands concerning, amongst others, flying safety and environmental reasons. Too intensive restrictions might reduce the fighting capability of the wings to such an extent, that mission fulfillment could be seriously endangered.

Training Australian Defence Force Medical Officers to civilian general practice training standards--reflections on military medicine and its links to general practice education and training.

PubMed

Kitchener, Scott J; Rushbrook, Elizabeth; Brennan, Leonard; Davis, Stephen

2011-06-06

This article examines military medicine and its links to civilian general practice education and training, drawing attention to the variations and difficulties in, and successful approaches for, training Australian Defence Force (ADF) Medical Officers. Military medicine has been an area of change over the 10 years of the Australian General Practice Training (AGPT) program. Crisis situations like those in Timor Leste and Afghanistan have focused attention and recognition on the importance of primary health care in the work of the ADF. To train doctors in military medicine, there are several different models at different locations around Australia, as well as large variations in military course and experience recognition and approvals between AGPT regional training providers. At times, the lack of standardisation in training delays the progress of ADF registrars moving through the AGPT program and becoming independently deployable Medical Officers.

The Vital Planning and Analysis (ViPA) ORBAT Data Service Architecture and Design Overview

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-07-01

ORBAT Data Service is a  Web  Service for storing force structures to be used by the ADF. The service is composed into what is known   as   a   Service...DRN) and the Defence Secret Network (DSN) by Defence project JP2030. The ORBAT Data Service is a  Web  Service for storing force structures to be used by...the ADF.    Web  Services are software used to share business logic and data across a network through   application  programming   interfaces   (APIs

Identifying Potential Implications of Technologies on Military and Security Options

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-01

Technology Readiness Level (TRL) ratings. THE DISCUSSION Technology surprise occurs through the use of rapidly-emerging and disruptive technologies by...NATO RTB Systems Analysis and Studies Panel, Exploratory Team on the Impact of Disruptive Technologies The objectives of this task group (TG...Workshop on Emerging Disruptive Technologies and the Implications for Defence advanced the view that TTCP should examine the potential of emerging

NATO Transformation and Operational Support in the Canadian Forces: Part 2: The Military and Institutional Dimensions

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-11-01

Dimensions David Rudd; DRDC CORA TR 2010-246; R & D pour la défense Canada – CORA; Novembre 2010. Contexte: La première décennie du XXIe siècle a...décennie. D’ici novembre 2010, lorsque les chefs d’État et de gouvernement se rassembleront à Lisbonne, il faudrait établir un consensus notamment...12 Jiri Kominek, “Czech Republic and Slovakia look to defence co-operation,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, 13 August 2010, http://www4.janes.com/subscribe

The Morality and Economics of Safety in Defence Procurement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Clement, Tim

Ministry of Defence policy is to conform as closely as possible to UK health and safety legislation in all its operations. We consider the implications of the law and the guidance provided by the Health and Safety Executive for the arguments we need to make for the safety of defence procurements, and extract four general principles to help in answering the questions that arise when considering the safety of systems with complex behaviour. One of these principles is analysed further to identify how case law and the guidance interpret the requirement for risks to be reduced so far as is reasonably practicable. We then apply the principles to answer some questions that have arisen in our work as Independent Safety Auditors, including the limits to the tolerability of risk to armed forces personnel and civilians in wartime, and the acceptability of the transfer of risk from one group to another when controls on risk are introduced.

JPRS Report, Arms Control

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-06-27

defensive position, and we may be forced to also aim our nuclear weapons in self -defense, [end recording] Officials Check Clark Air Force Base...peace in Cambodia, diplomats said. Mr Co said normalisation of ties between the big powers had generated a "growing sense of self -confidence among...in selected branches in May to help national economy, the Czechoslovak defence minister said, adding that all these measures reflect the efforts

The types and management of dental trauma during military service in Finland.

PubMed

Antikainen, Atte; Patinen, Pertti; Päkkilä, Jari; Tjäderhane, Leo; Anttonen, Vuokko

2018-04-01

All Finnish males must attend compulsory military service that lasts from 6 months to 1 year. About 25 000 males (approximately 80% of each age cohort) and 400 volunteer females complete the service annually. The aim of the study was to investigate the types of dental trauma occurring among Finnish conscripts during their military service. The article also focused on how dental trauma is treated in the Finnish Defence Forces. All dental records in the Defence Forces' patient register concerning dental trauma during the years 2011 and 2012 were analysed by tooth number, treatment procedures and number of visits. According to the patient register, 361 conscripts suffered an oral trauma during their military service; thus, the average annual incidence was 7.2 trauma per 1000 conscripts. A total of 483 teeth were traumatized in the 2-year period. The most frequently traumatized teeth were the maxillary central incisors (61%), and the most common findings were enamel or enamel-dentin fractures (63% of all findings). Severe trauma was not common, and the most severe ones occurred during off-duty hours. The most common treatment was direct filling (n = 189 patients). Only 53 patients had soft tissue injuries (bruises, wounds). Among patients with dental trauma, the mean number of visits to the Defence Forces' dental clinic was 1.9. Great variation exists in recording findings concerning dental and oral trauma. Minor trauma is common. In all cases, recording trauma and treatments should be performed carefully. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Spring 2007. Industry Study. Environment Industry

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

Department of Air Force Mr. Ingo Kloss, European Aeronautic Defence, and Space Company, Inc. CAPT Eric Moss, US Navy Mr. Joseph Smith, Department of...Peter Layton , RAAF, Faculty, Department of National Security Studies ii PLACES VISITED Domestic: - Local - British Petroleum Solar

The 2009 A(H1N1) influenza pandemic in the French Armed Forces: epidemiological surveillance and operational management.

PubMed

Pohl, Jean-Baptiste; Mayet, Aurélie; Bédubourg, Gabriel; Duron, Sandrine; Michel, Rémy; Deparis, Xavier; Rapp, Christophe; Godart, Patrick; Migliani, René; Meynard, Jean-Baptiste

2014-02-01

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of a newly implemented daily surveillance system to the management of the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza pandemic by the military decision-makers at different levels in the French Department of Defence. The study sample included all medical advisors in the Ministry of Defence and the French Armed Forces Staff and also the members of the specific committee dedicated to flu pandemic control. The variables studied were mental representation of epidemiology, relevance, usefulness, and real-time use of surveillance data using quantitative questionnaires and qualitative face-to-face semistructured interviews. Among the risk managers of the flu pandemic in the Armed Forces, 84% responded. The data generated by epidemiological surveillance were considered relevant and useful, and were reported as effectively used. On the basis of the information produced, concrete actions were planned and implemented in the French Armed Forces. In a pandemic situation involving low mortality, the daily monitoring of the disease did not target public health issues, but it was mainly used to assess the availability of the Armed Forces in real time. For the military staff, epidemiological surveillance represents an essential information tool for the conduct of operations. Reprint & Copyright © 2014 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.

At the Crossroads of Cyber Warfare: Signposts for the Royal Australian Air Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-01

At the Crossroads of Cyber Warfare : Signposts for the Royal Australian Air Force by Craig Stallard, Squadron leader, Royal...in the conduct of cyber warfare . The 2009 Defence White Paper provided some clarity by indentifying cyber warfare as critical to the maintenance...of national security, but left open the most important issue: should cyber warfare be a joint engagement or a service oriented fight? The RAAF

PEPFAR/DOD/Pharmaccess/Tanzania Peoples Defence Forces HIV/AIDS Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-10-01

institutions share many features of a private company, including a hierarchy of functions, investment in training and responsibility for the health status...institutions share many features of a private company, including a hierarchy of functions, investment in training and responsibility for the health...Decks of cards will be distributed to all TPDF Units, Intelligence, Navy and Air Force bases and schools. 2000 Decks will be shared (under the Global

Comparison of the Size of ADF Aircrew and US Army Personnel

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-01

ABSTRACT Most aircraft that the Australian Defence Force (ADF) acquire are designed using anthropometric data from overseas populations. Often, the...Force (ADF) acquire are designed using anthropometric data from overseas military populations, and for many acquisitions the aircraft’s design has been...guided by United States (US) military anthropometric data . The most recent large scale survey of a US military population for which the data is

Ground reaction force characteristics of Tai Chi push hand.

PubMed

Chang, Yao-Ting; Chang, Jia-Hao; Huang, Chen-Fu

2014-01-01

Push Hand is an advanced training technique for the Yang-style old frame 108 forms Tai Chi Chuan. It is performed by two practitioners. To clarify how people use forces during Push Hand training, it is important to review the ground reaction force (GRF). Here, we quantify the characteristics of the GRF during Push Hand training. Kinematic data and GRF data from 10 Tai Chi Chuan practitioners (29.9 ± 7.87 years) were synchronously recorded using a three-dimensional motion analysis system (200 frames · s(-1)) and three-dimensional force plates (1000 Hz). The resultant GRF for both feet for the 0%, 50% and 100% phases of attack and defence were compared to body weight using a paired-samples t-test. The differences in the resultant GRF between the 0%, 50% and 100% phases of attack and defence were tested by one-way repeated-measures ANOVA. The significance level was set to 0.05. The total resultant GRF was almost equal to the participant's body weight in push hand. This result was consistent throughout the entire push hand process. Our results revealed that the GRF was comparable to the body weight, implying that practitioners do not push or resist their opponents during the push hand process.

Surgical aspects of Operation Bali Assist: initial wound surgery on the tarmac and in flight.

PubMed

Read, David; Ashford, Bruce

2004-11-01

The explosion of three bombs on 12 October 2002 in Kuta, Bali resulted in mass casualties akin to those seen in war. The aim of the present report is to describe the sequence of events of Operation Bali Assist including triage, resuscitation and initial wound surgery in Bali at Sanglah Hospital in the aeromedical staging facility (ASF), Denpasar airport and the evacuation to Darwin. A descriptive report is provided of the event and includes; resuscitation, anaesthesia, initial burns surgery management including escharotomy and fasciotomy, head injury management and importance of supplies and medical records with a description of the evacuation to Darwin. Operation Bali Assist involved five C130 Hercules aircraft and aeromedical evacuation medical and nursing teams managing 66 casualties in the Denpasar area and their evacuation to Royal Darwin Hospital with ketamine the most useful anaesthetic agent and cling film the most useful burns dressing. Twelve procedures were performed at the ASF including seven escharotomies, three fasciotomies and two closed reductions. One escharotomy was performed in flight. The important lessons learnt from the exercise is the inclusion of a surgeon in the aeromedical evacuation team, the importance of debridement and delayed primary closure, the usefulness of cling film as a burns dressing and the importance of continuous assessment. Future disaster planning exercises need to consider a patient age mix that might be expected in a shopping mall, rather than the young adult encountered in Bali, a more familiar age mix for Australian Defence Force medical staff.

Managing runoff and flow pathways in a small rural catchment to reduce flood risk with other multi-purpose benefits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wilkinson, Mark; Welton, Phil; Kerr, Peter; Quinn, Paul; Jonczyk, Jennine

2010-05-01

From 2000 to 2009 there have been a high number of flood events throughout Northern Europe. Meanwhile, there is a demand for land in which to construct homes and businesses on, which is encroaching on land which is prone to flooding. Nevertheless, flood defences usually protect us from this hazard. However, the severity of floods and this demand for land has increased the number of homes which have been flooded in the past ten years. Public spending on flood defences can only go so far which targets the large populations first. Small villages and communities, where in many cases normal flood defences are not cost effective, tend to wait longer for flood mitigation strategies. The Belford Burn (Northumberland, UK) catchment is a small rural catchment that drains an area of 6 km2. It flows through the village of Belford. There is a history of flooding in Belford, with records of flood events dating back to 1877. Normal flood defences are not suitable for this catchment as it failed the Environment Agency (EA) cost benefit criteria for support. There was a desire by the local EA Flood Levy Team and the Northumbria Regional Flood Defence Committee at the Environment Agency to deliver an alternative catchment-based solution to the problem. The EA North East Flood Levy team and Newcastle University have created a partnership to address the flood problem using soft engineered runoff management features. Farm Integrated Runoff Management (FIRM) plans manage flow paths directly by storing slowing and filtering runoff at source on farms. The features are multipurpose addressing water quality, trapping sediment, creating new habitats and storing and attenuating flood flow. Background rainfall and stream stage data have been collected since November 2007. Work on the first mitigation features commenced in July 2008. Since that date five flood events have occurred in the catchment. Two of these flood events caused widespread damage in other areas of the county. However, in Belford only two houses were flooded. Data from the catchment and mitigation features showed that the defence measures resulted in an increase in travel time of the peak and attenuated high flows which would have usually travelled quickly down the channel to the village. For example, the pilot feature appears to have increased the travel time of a flood peak at the top of the catchment from 20 minutes to 35 minutes over a 1 km stretch of channel. There are currently ten active mitigation features present in the catchment. More features are planned for construction this year. Early data from the catchment indicates that the runoff attenuation features are having an impact on reducing flood flows in the channel and also slowing down the flood peak. At the same time the multi-purpose aspects of the features are apparent.

An introduction to intelligent networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Getto, Wolf

1994-02-01

Intelligent networking is a new and developing technology that is already having significant impact on telecommunications architectures. This paper offers a summary of this technology, concluding with a brief discussion of how it is likely to affect the military communications of the Australian Defence Force (ADF).

An introduction to lithium batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Garrard, W. N. C.

1988-09-01

Lithium batteries are being introduced into all three services in the Australian Defence Force. However, general information concerning lithium batteries is not available in a condensed form. This review examines various aspects of lithium batteries, including battery technology, safety aspects, purchasing, packaging, transport, storage and disposal.

A standards-based approach to quality improvement for HIV services at Zambia Defence Force facilities: results and lessons learned.

PubMed

Kols, Adrienne; Kim, Young-Mi; Bazant, Eva; Necochea, Edgar; Banda, Joseph; Stender, Stacie

2015-07-01

The Zambia Defence Force adopted the Standards-Based Management and Recognition approach to improve the quality of the HIV-related services at its health facilities. This quality improvement intervention relies on comprehensive, detailed assessment tools to communicate and verify adherence to national standards of care, and to test and implement changes to improve performance. A quasi-experimental evaluation of the intervention was conducted at eight Zambia Defence Force primary health facilities (four facilities implemented the intervention and four did not). Data from three previous analyses are combined to assess the effect of Standards-Based Management and Recognition on three domains: facility readiness to provide services; observed provider performance during antiretroviral therapy (ART) and antenatal care consultations; and provider perceptions of the work environment. Facility readiness scores for ART improved on four of the eight standards at intervention sites, and one standard at comparison sites. Facility readiness scores for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV increased by 15 percentage points at intervention sites and 7 percentage points at comparison sites. Provider performance improved significantly at intervention sites for both ART services (from 58 to 84%; P < 0.01) and PMTCT services (from 58 to 73%; P = 0.003); there was no significant change at comparison sites. Providers' perceptions of the work environment generally improved at intervention sites and declined at comparison sites; differences in trends between study groups were significant for eight items. A standards-based approach to quality improvement proved effective in supporting healthcare managers and providers to deliver ART and PMTCT services in accordance with evidence-based standards in a health system suffering from staff shortages.

Shaping the military wound: issues surrounding the reconstruction of injured servicemen at the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine

PubMed Central

Evriviades, Demetrius; Jeffery, Steven; Cubison, Tania; Lawton, Graham; Gill, Martin; Mortiboy, Deborah

2011-01-01

The conflict in Afghanistan has produced injuries similar to those produced from military conflicts for generations. What distinguishes the modern casualty of the conflict in Afghanistan from those of other conflicts is the effectiveness of modern field medical care that has led to individuals surviving with injuries, which would have been immediately fatal even a few years ago. These patients present several challenges to the reconstructive surgeon. These injured individuals present early challenges of massive soft-tissue trauma, unstable physiology, complex bony and soft-tissue defects, unusual infections, limited reconstructive donor sites, peripheral nerve injuries and traumatic amputations. Late challenges to rehabilitation include the development of heterotopic ossification in amputation stumps. This paper outlines the approach taken by the reconstructive team at the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine in managing these most difficult of reconstructive challenges. PMID:21149357

Effect of playing tactics on goal scoring in Norwegian professional soccer.

PubMed

Tenga, Albin; Holme, Ingar; Ronglan, Lars Tore; Bahr, Roald

2010-02-01

Methods that include an assessment of opponent interactions are thought to provide a more valid analysis of team match performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of playing tactics on goal scoring by assessing opponent interactions in Norwegian elite soccer. The sample included 203 team possessions leading to goals (cases) and 1688 random team possessions (control group) from 163 of 182 (90%) matches played in the men's professional league during the 2004 season. Multidimensional qualitative data using ten ordered categorical variables were obtained to characterize each team possession. The proportion of goals scored during counterattacks (52%) was higher than during elaborate attacks (48%), while for the control group the proportion using elaborate attacks (59%) was higher than when using counterattacks (41%) (P = 0.002). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that, for the main variable "team possession type", counterattacks were more effective than elaborate attacks when playing against an imbalanced defence (OR = 1.64; 95% confidence interval: 1.03 to 2.61; P = 0.038). Assessment of opponent interactions is critical to evaluate the effectiveness of offensive playing tactics on the probability of scoring goals, and improves the validity of team match-performance analysis in soccer.

Australian DefenceScience. Volume 15, Number 2, Winter

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

sources, including the original builders, Vickers Shipyards, the Royal Australian Navy Archives, the Australian National Archives, the British...South Australia. The trial team also included personnel from the Army 3rd/9th Light Horse as well the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology and Vision...the Austeyr and AK47 weapons. The two torsos presented for testing were made of a 20% strength solution of gelatine jelly , which, at a temperature of

The Human-Electronic Crew: Can We Trust The Team?

DTIC Science & Technology

1995-12-19

operates. Our source for generating and evaluating system design belief in the need for this capability has only grown requirements. In this effort, we...Requirements (Air), Ministry of Defence, UK. SESSION I - MISSION SYSTEMS Synopsis 5 Development and Evaluation of the AH - 1W Supercockpit. 6 by...and we cannot expect a sudden change in the way we go about our business. 4 SESSION I - MISSION SYSTEMS PAPER REFERENCE Development and Evaluation

On Being in the Wrong Place: The Role of Children's Conceptual Understanding and Ballgame Experience When Judging a Football Player's Offside Position

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lange-Küttner, Christiane; Bosco, Giorgia

2016-01-01

We investigated the role of children's conceptual understanding and ballgame experience when judging whether a football player is in an offside position, or not. In the offside position, a player takes advantage of being behind the defence line of the opposing team and just waits for the ball to arrive in order to score a goal. We explained the…

Canadian Forces in Joint Fires Support - Human Factors Analysis: Coalition Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-08-01

mesure/l’estimation des dommages collatéraux (EDC). Outil pour comprendre l’EDC de certains pays comparativement à celle des membres de l’OTAN et...Program (TDP). The TDP is aimed at concept development, evaluation for force design , and the demonstration of technologies fostered by Defence Research...logistics and the designation of targets on the joint targeting list. • Tactical capability / response time / training. The tactical capability of a fire

The Australian Defence Force Mental Health Prevalence and Wellbeing Study: design and methods.

PubMed

Hooff, Miranda Van; McFarlane, Alexander C; Davies, Christopher E; Searle, Amelia K; Fairweather-Schmidt, A Kate; Verhagen, Alan; Benassi, Helen; Hodson, Stephanie E

2014-01-01

The Australian Defence Force (ADF) Mental Health Prevalence and Wellbeing Study (MHPWS) is the first study of mental disorder prevalence in an entire military population. The MHPWS aims to establish mental disorder prevalence, refine current ADF mental health screening methods, and identify specific occupational factors that influence mental health. This paper describes the design, sampling strategies, and methodology used in this study. At Phase 1, approximately half of all regular Navy, Army, and Air Force personnel (n=24,481) completed self-report questionnaires. At Phase 2, a stratified sub-sample (n=1,798) completed a structured diagnostic interview to detect mental disorder. Based on data from non-responders, data were weighted to represent the entire ADF population (n=50,049). One in five ADF members met criteria for a 12-month mental disorder (22%). The most common disorder category was anxiety disorders (14.8%), followed by affective (9.5%) and alcohol disorders (5.2%). At risk ADF sub-groups were Army personnel, and those in the lower ranks. Deployment status did not have an impact on mental disorder rates. This study has important implications for mental health service delivery for Australian and international military personnel as well as contemporary veterans.

32 CFR 245.6 - Abbreviations and acronyms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...—Domestic Event Network DHS—Department of Homeland Security DND—Department of National Defence (Canada) DoD... (NORAD) NORAD—North American Aerospace Defense Command PACAF—Pacific Air Forces SCA—Security Control Authorization SEADS—Southeast Air Defense Sector (NORAD) SUA—Special Use Airspace TSA—Transportation Security...

32 CFR 245.6 - Abbreviations and acronyms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...—Domestic Event Network DHS—Department of Homeland Security DND—Department of National Defence (Canada) DoD... (NORAD) NORAD—North American Aerospace Defense Command PACAF—Pacific Air Forces SCA—Security Control Authorization SEADS—Southeast Air Defense Sector (NORAD) SUA—Special Use Airspace TSA—Transportation Security...

32 CFR 245.6 - Abbreviations and acronyms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...—Domestic Event Network DHS—Department of Homeland Security DND—Department of National Defence (Canada) DoD... (NORAD) NORAD—North American Aerospace Defense Command PACAF—Pacific Air Forces SCA—Security Control Authorization SEADS—Southeast Air Defense Sector (NORAD) SUA—Special Use Airspace TSA—Transportation Security...

32 CFR 245.6 - Abbreviations and acronyms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...—Domestic Event Network DHS—Department of Homeland Security DND—Department of National Defence (Canada) DoD... (NORAD) NORAD—North American Aerospace Defense Command PACAF—Pacific Air Forces SCA—Security Control Authorization SEADS—Southeast Air Defense Sector (NORAD) SUA—Special Use Airspace TSA—Transportation Security...

Smoking prevalence, its determinants and short-term health implications in the Australian Defence Force.

PubMed

Barton, Christopher A; McGuire, Annabel; Waller, Michael; Treloar, Susan A; McClintock, Christine; McFarlane, Alexander C; D'Este, Cate

2010-04-01

The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of smoking, identify the effects of deployment on smoking behavior and risk factors for smoking, and determine the short-term health outcomes associated with smoking in Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel. Participants were randomly sampled from ADF members who deployed to the Solomon Islands between 2003 and 2005 and from a nondeployed comparison group. In total, 435 of 995 (44%) eligible individuals completed the study questionnaires. The prevalence of current smoking was highest in those who had completed less formal education and those who served in the Navy. Nearly two-thirds (63%) of current or former smokers smoked more while on overseas deployment. Current smokers were more likely to report current wheeze, shortness of breath, and persistent cough compared with nonsmokers. The ADF should continue to address cigarette smoking through its health promotion and health review programs and implement activities to reduce cigarette smoking on deployment.

Australian defence requirements and initiatives in smart materials and structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wilson, Alan R.; Galea, Stephen C.; Scala, Christine; Wong, Albert

2002-11-01

The Australian Defence Force is increasingly facing escalating costs on through-life support for major platforms (ships, aircraft and land vehicles). The application of smart materials and structures technologies in platform management systems is seen as a very promising approach to reduce these costs and to potentially achieve significant enhancement of platform capability. A new DSTO Key Initiative, 'Smart Materials and Structures', has been recently developed and funded to address these technologies. The Initiative will build on and grow the current activities within DSTO and promote collaboration with external Australian institutes and industry. This paper will present an overview of the Initiative and the generic sensor and system issues inherent in the 'whole-of-platform' and 'whole-of-life' monitoring and management of major defence platforms. Examples for some particular elements of this will be drawn from current work in DSTO. Other presentations in the conference will cover the technical and scientific aspects of these in more detail.

Effect of fuel concentration and force on collective transport by a team of dynein motors

PubMed Central

Takshak, Anjneya; Roy, Tanushree; Tandaiya, Parag

2016-01-01

Abstract Motor proteins are essential components of intracellular transport inside eukaryotic cells. These protein molecules use chemical energy obtained from hydrolysis of ATP to produce mechanical forces required for transporting cargos inside cells, from one location to another, in a directed manner. Of these motors, cytoplasmic dynein is structurally more complex than other motor proteins involved in intracellular transport, as it shows force and fuel (ATP) concentration dependent step‐size. Cytoplasmic dynein motors are known to work in a team during cargo transport and force generation. Here, we use a complete Monte‐Carlo model of single dynein constrained by in vitro experiments, which includes the effect of both force and ATP on stepping as well as detachment of motors under force. We then use our complete Monte‐Carlo model of single dynein motor to understand collective cargo transport by a team of dynein motors, such as dependence of cargo travel distance and velocity on applied force and fuel concentration. In our model, cargos pulled by a team of dynein motors do not detach rapidly under higher forces, confirming the experimental observation of longer persistence time of dynein team on microtubule under higher forces. PMID:27727483

Australian Defence Force surgical support to peacekeeping operations in East Timor.

PubMed

Chambers, Anthony J; Crozier, John A

2004-07-01

The Australian Defence Force (ADF) has provided surgical support to peacekeeping operations in East Timor since September 1999. The aim of the present paper is to document the wide range of surgical procedures performed by the ADF in East Timor from September 1999 to December 2002 on peacekeeping force personnel and the civilian population. Records of all surgical procedures performed by the ADF in East Timor from their arrival in September 1999 to December 2002 were retrospectively reviewed. Details of the type of procedures performed and anaesthetic administered, the age and sex of the patients and whether they were a member of peacekeeping forces or East Timorese civilian were recorded. There were 702 surgical procedures performed by the ADF in East Timor during this period, of which 401 (57%) were for peacekeeping force personnel and 301 (43%) were for East Timorese or other civilians. The most commonly performed procedures were for the management of non-battle wounds, accounting for 181 cases (26%). Battle-type wounds accounted for only 36 procedures (5%). Obstetric and gynaecology cases accounted for 30 procedures (4%). Fifty-six procedures (8%) were on children 12 years or younger. The wide range of surgical procedures performed by the ADF during peacekeeping operations in East Timor highlights the requirement for deployed surgeons to possess a broad range of clinical skills and has implications for their preparation and training. Battle-type wounds accounted for only a small proportion of procedures.

A Review of the Soldier’s Equipment Burden

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

3 2.2 Participant Demographics ....................................................................................... 3 2.2.1...Australian Defence Force ALICE All-purpose Lightweight Individual Carrying Equipment APC Armoured Personnel Carrier ASLAV Australian Light... Armoured Vehicle ARA Australian Regular Army ARDEC Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center BDE Brigade CBA Combat Body Armour

Modelling the Fracture Behavior of a 350WT Steel

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-05-01

May 2014 © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2014 © Sa...Christopher Bayley DRDC Atlantic Dockyard Laboratory Pacific CFB Esquimalt, Building 199 PO Box 17000, Station Forces Victoria , British Columbia Canada V9A

Is methoxyflurane a suitable battlefield analgesic?

PubMed

McLennan, J V

2007-06-01

Anecdotal reports of mechanical failure of morphine autojets have triggered a review of possible alternatives. Methoxyflurane is one such alternative already widely used by the Australian and New Zealand Defence Forces. The potential benefits and likely significant drawbacks of methoxyflurane are reviewed with the aim of stimulating discussion.

Canadian Air Force Establishment Analysis: Creating a meta-methodology to address integrated questions of force structure, workforce planning and organizational design

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-28

Considerations – Position categories: • Hard • Generic or “ soft ” • Advanced Training – Language requirements – Need for • military, combat and/or field...Analysis (DGMPRA) Presentation to MORS WG Personnel and National Security: A Quantitative Approach 25-28 January 2010 Defence Research and...SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Personnel and National Security: A Quantitative Approach (Unclass), 25-28 January 2010, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics

Atmospheric Corrosivity at Australian and Overseas Airbases and Airports

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-07-01

climatic conditions, the correlation between the GCIA and weight loss data from aluminium alloy coupons exposed in the open at 38 sites in the US...corrosivity. The test consists of an aluminium wire wrapped around a copper bolt exposed in the atmosphere for three months; the weight loss of the wire...Abbreviations/Acronyms AAC Army Aviation Centre AB Air Base ADF Australian Defence Force AFB Air Force Base Al aluminium ANGB Air National Guard Base

The Dibb Report: Three Years After

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-08-01

the Chief of Defence Force/s Conference In Canberra. Ross Babbage and Desmond Ball presented their r e vi e ws of Dibb/s work. Australia did not have...strategic plan. Both Babbage and Ball were generally complimentary of the reveiw, remarking it was long overdue and wei 1 done. However, they also felt...that the review contained fatal flaws for which they had recommended solutions. Babbage theorized that Dibb’s "strategy of denial", as a strictly

The South African Navy and African Maritime Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

under a new name, the South African Sea- ward Defence Force (SDF).8 The service experienced rapid growth , and by 1945 B A K E R 147 the authorized...1,553,000 square kilometers) exclu- sive economic zone (EEZ).42 Exacerbating the situation is a much-eroded South African Air Force maritime patrol...addressed by the government on a very small tax base) and must be set against a realistic assessment of the threat environment that South Africa is

Is climate change an unforeseen, irresistible and external factor - A force majeure in marine environmental law?

PubMed

Saul, Roxanne; Barnes, Richard; Elliott, Michael

2016-12-15

Several environmental laws include provisions on natural causes or force majeure, which except States from their commitments if it can be proven that the failure to meet the commitment is due to factors outside their control. The European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) has a pivotal role in managing EU marine waters. This paper analyses natural causes and force majeure provisions of the MFSD and other marine legislation, and addresses their interaction with climate change and its consequences, especially the effect on the obligation of ensuring seas are in Good Environmental Status. Climate change is an exogenic unmanaged pressure in that it emanates from outside the area being managed but in which the management authority has to respond to the consequences of climate change, such as sea level rise and temperature elevation, rather than its causes. It is suggested that a defence by a Member State of force majeure may be accepted if an event was proven to be due to an externality of control, irresistible and unforeseeable. The analysis contends that countering such a legal defence would centre on the fact that climate change is a well-accepted phenomenon, is foreseen with an accepted level of confidence and probability and is due to human actions. However, as yet, this has not been legally tested. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Effects of Height and Distance on the Force Production and Acceleration in Martial Arts Strikes

PubMed Central

Bolander, Richard P.; Neto, Osmar Pinto; Bir, Cynthia A.

2009-01-01

Almost all cultures have roots in some sort of self defence system and yet there is relatively little research in this area, outside of a sports related environment. This project investigated different applications of strikes from Kung Fu practitioners that have not been addressed before in the literature. Punch and palm strikes were directly compared from different heights and distances, with the use of a load cell, accelerometers, and high speed video. The data indicated that the arm accelerations of both strikes were similar, although the force and resulting acceleration of the target were significantly greater for the palm strikes. Additionally, the relative height at which the strike was delivered was also investigated. The overall conclusion is that the palm strike is a more effective strike for transferring force to an object. It can also be concluded that an attack to the chest would be ideal for maximizing impact force and moving an opponent off balance. Key Points It has been determined that the palm strike is more effective than the punch for developing force and for transferring momentum, most likely the result of a reduced number of rigid links and joints. A strike at head level is less effective than a strike at chest level for developing force and transferring momentum. Distance plays an effect on the overall force and momentum changes, and most likely is dependent on the velocity of the limb and alignment of the bones prior to impact. The teaching of self defence for novices and law enforcement would benefit from including the palm strike as a high priority technique. PMID:24474886

Differences in Game Statistics Between Winning and Losing Rugby Teams in the Six Nations Tournament

PubMed Central

Ortega, Enrique; Villarejo, Diego; Palao, José M.

2009-01-01

The objective of the present study was to analyze the differences in rugby game statistics between winning and losing teams. The data from 58 games of round robin play from the Six Nations tournament from the 2003-2006 seasons were analyzed. The groups of variables studied were: number of points scored, way in which the points were scored; way teams obtained the ball and how the team used it; and technical and tactical aspects of the game. A univariate (t-test) and multivariate (discriminant) analysis of data was done. Winning teams had average values that were significantly higher in points scored, conversions, successful drops, mauls won, line breaks, possessions kicked, tackles completed, and turnovers won. Losing teams had significantly higher averages for the variables scrums lost and line-outs lost. The results showed that: a) in the phases of obtaining the ball and more specifically in scrummage and line-out, winning teams lose fewer balls than losing teams (winning teams have an efficacy of 90% in both actions); b) the winning team tends to play more with their feet when they obtain the ball, to utilize the maul as a way of attacking, and to break the defensive line more often than the losing team does; and c) On defence, winning teams recovered more balls and completed more tackles than losing teams, and the percentage of tackles completed by winning teams was 94%. The value presented could be used as a reference for practice and competition in peak performance teams. Key points This paper increases the knowledge about rugby match analysis. Give normative values to establish practice and match goals. Give applications ideas to connect research with coaches practice. PMID:24149592

Trust in Culturally Diverse Teams

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-01

Humansystems® Incorporated 111 Farquhar St., Guelph, ON N1H 3N4 Project Manager : Barbara D. Adams, Ph.D. (519) 836 5911 PWGSC Contract...on trust in teams and on the management of trust violations within these teams. Reserve force military personnel (n = 106) were recruited to...cultural diversity on trust in teams and on the management of trust violations within these teams. CF reserve force personnel (n = 106) were

Flexible, Smart, and Lethal: Adapting US SEAD Doctrine to Changing Threats

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-01-01

into the format and design of the article. To gain total air supremacy in the modern age, air forces must not only render the enemy’s air force...assets that result in the greatest deg- 68 | Air & Space Power Journal Bucki radation of the enemy’s total system.” The focus is on key C2 nodes...40R6 / S-400 Triumf Self Propelled Air Defence System / SA-21,” Technical Report APA -TR-2009-0503, Air Power Australia, 27 January 2014, http

The Size and Organisation of the Australian Army in the Near Future Given the Australian Defence Force White Paper 2000

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-01-01

Southeast Asia and the Southwest Pacific areas within the region. The Southeast Asia area includes all the nations of the Malaysian Peninsula, including...hub in Singapore. Such are the concerns over this matter that Malaysian Prime Minister Dr Mohammed Mahatir has suggested, “ . . . an expansion to the...Forces against the predominantly Fijian Indian government. The coup resulted in widespread anarchy and lawlessness across the Fijian islands. The coup

The Australian Defence Force Mental Health Prevalence and Wellbeing Study: design and methods

PubMed Central

Hooff, Miranda Van; McFarlane, Alexander C.; Davies, Christopher E.; Searle, Amelia K.; Fairweather-Schmidt, A. Kate; Verhagen, Alan; Benassi, Helen; Hodson, Stephanie E.

2014-01-01

Background The Australian Defence Force (ADF) Mental Health Prevalence and Wellbeing Study (MHPWS) is the first study of mental disorder prevalence in an entire military population. Objective The MHPWS aims to establish mental disorder prevalence, refine current ADF mental health screening methods, and identify specific occupational factors that influence mental health. This paper describes the design, sampling strategies, and methodology used in this study. Method At Phase 1, approximately half of all regular Navy, Army, and Air Force personnel (n=24,481) completed self-report questionnaires. At Phase 2, a stratified sub-sample (n=1,798) completed a structured diagnostic interview to detect mental disorder. Based on data from non-responders, data were weighted to represent the entire ADF population (n=50,049). Results One in five ADF members met criteria for a 12-month mental disorder (22%). The most common disorder category was anxiety disorders (14.8%), followed by affective (9.5%) and alcohol disorders (5.2%). At risk ADF sub-groups were Army personnel, and those in the lower ranks. Deployment status did not have an impact on mental disorder rates. Conclusion This study has important implications for mental health service delivery for Australian and international military personnel as well as contemporary veterans. PMID:25206944

Successful Air Force Source Selections Start with an Effective Empowered Team

DTIC Science & Technology

responsibilities of the team that will conduct a source selection, there is less guidance and focus how to create an effective source selection team and...empower that team to successfully complete a source selection. This purpose of this research was to determine if an increased focus on the formation and...empowerment of source selection teams and not just processes and procedures contribute to the efficiency and success of Air Force source selections

From pilot fish to analyst: Finding a path between symbiotic and autistic defences.

PubMed

Strauss, L Viviana

2016-12-01

This paper presents the clinical case of a patient with autistic features. One of the main difficulties in his treatment was the particular rapid rhythm of his projections, introjections and re-projections that constrained the analyst's capacity for reverie and hindered the use of effective projective identification processes. These alternating defensive constellations lead either to an expelling autistic barrier or to an engulfing symbiotic fusion. Their combination can be seen as the expression of a defence against an unintegrated and undifferentiated early experience of self that was in this way kept at bay to prevent it from invading his whole personality. Maintaining the symbiotic link, in which I kept included by staying partially fused to what was being projected and using my analytic function in a reduced way, helped to relate to what was in the patient's inside. Leaving this symbiotic link let my interpretations appear to 'force' their way through the autistic barrier. Yet as the process developed they allowed to show the patient how he ejected me and what was happening in his inside, behind his autistic barrier. So I found myself on the one hand accepting the symbiotic immobilization and on the other hand interpreting in a way that seemed forced to the patient, because it implied a breaking of the symbiotic position. The inordinate speed of projections and introjections could thus be interrupted, creating a space for awareness, reflection and transformation, and allowed the emergence of a connection between the patient's inside and outside. In the course of treatment I realized that this kind of dual defence system has been described by the late Argentinian analyst José Bleger. He assumes the existence of an early "agglutinated nucleus" that is held together by a psychic structure he calls the "glischro-caric" position, in which projective identification cannot take place because there is no self/object differentiation. I have considered the rapid and fugitive use of projection and re-introjection I met in my patient to be a manifestation of the dual defence system Bleger describes. Although he does not specifically mention this particular vicissitude of operative defences he does give hints about a rhythm in the patients' projections and introjections. Copyright © 2016 Institute of Psychoanalysis.

Does team lifting increase the variability in peak lumbar compression in ironworkers?

PubMed

Faber, Gert; Visser, Steven; van der Molen, Henk F; Kuijer, P Paul F M; Hoozemans, Marco J M; Van Dieën, Jaap H; Frings-Dresen, Monique H W

2012-01-01

Ironworkers frequently perform heavy lifting tasks in teams of two or four workers. Team lifting could potentially lead to a higher variation in peak lumbar compression forces than lifts performed by one worker, resulting in higher maximal peak lumbar compression forces. This study compared single-worker lifts (25-kg, iron bar) to two-worker lifts (50-kg, two iron bars) and to four-worker lifts (100-kg, iron lattice). Inverse dynamics was used to calculate peak lumbar compression forces. To assess the variability in peak lumbar loading, all three lifting tasks were performed six times. Results showed that the variability in peak lumbar loading was somewhat higher in the team lifts compared to the single-worker lifts. However, despite this increased variability, team lifts did not result in larger maximum peak lumbar compression forces. Therefore, it was concluded that, from a biomechanical point of view, team lifting does not result in an additional risk for low back complaints in ironworkers.

To Smack or Not to Smack?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Keown, Robin

2006-01-01

The issue of physical punishment is a particularly controversial one at the moment as child advocates are engaged in a struggle to persuade the New Zealand government to repeal a defence in law (section 59 of the 1961 "Crimes Act") which justifies parents hitting their children provided the force used is "reasonable in the…

The Rising Powers and Collective Security in South East Asia

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-22

unassailable and materializes as an overwhelmingly negative force in the region. As Charles de Gaulle once said ―Alliances are like girls and roses. They...62 Government of India, Indian Defence Policy. 63 ― Naked aggression: China and America spar at sea,‖ The Economist, (Mar 12, 2009) 64 John

Foreign Personnel Exchange Programs: A Supporting Effort in Building Partnership Capacity

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

New Zealand Defence Force Relating to the Conduct ofExercise Long Look, (obtained from Daryl J. Cambell , 16 January, 2008). 45. U.S. Department...Daryl J. Cambell , 16 January, 2008). Commandant of the Marine Corps. 1STHALF CY 2008 A VIATION PERSONNEL EXCHANGE PROGRAM (PEP) AND lINTER-SERVICE

Operation Bali assist.

PubMed

Hampson, Gregory V; Cook, Steven P; Frederiksen, Steven R

Operation Bali Assist was the Australian Defence Force evacuation of injured Australians and other foreign nationals after the Bali terrorist bombing. This operation was the largest Australian aeromedical evacuation since the Vietnam War. It relied on military and civilian cooperation to move the critically injured initially from Denpasar to Darwin, and then on to specialist units around Australia.

The resistance of sour orange to Citrus tristeza virus is mediated by both the salicylic acid and RNA silencing defence pathways.

PubMed

Gómez-Muñoz, Neus; Velázquez, Karelia; Vives, María Carmen; Ruiz-Ruiz, Susana; Pina, José Antonio; Flores, Ricardo; Moreno, Pedro; Guerri, José

2017-12-01

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) induces in the field the decline and death of citrus varieties grafted on sour orange (SO) rootstock, which has forced the use of alternative decline-tolerant rootstocks in affected countries, despite the highly desirable agronomic features of the SO rootstock. Declining citrus plants display phloem necrosis below the bud union. In addition, SO is minimally susceptible to CTV compared with other citrus varieties, suggesting partial resistance of SO to CTV. Here, by silencing different citrus genes with a Citrus leaf blotch virus-based vector, we have examined the implication of the RNA silencing and salicylic acid (SA) defence pathways in the resistance of SO to CTV. Silencing of the genes RDR1, NPR1 and DCL2/DCL4, associated with these defence pathways, enhanced virus spread and accumulation in SO plants in comparison with non-silenced controls, whereas silencing of the genes NPR3/NPR4, associated with the hypersensitive response, produced a slight decrease in CTV accumulation and reduced stunting of SO grafted on CTV-infected rough lemon plants. We also found that the CTV RNA silencing suppressors p20 and p23 also suppress the SA signalling defence, with the suppressor activity being higher in the most virulent isolates. © 2016 BSPP AND JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD.

Audit of annual medical appraisal and revalidation activity across the UK Defence Medical Services 2013-2014.

PubMed

Morris, Louisa E; Withnall, Rdj

2017-02-01

To provide the first annual audit of Defence Medical Services (DMS) medical appraisal and revalidation activity. A questionnaire-based survey of appraisal and revalidation activity within the 2013-2014 appraisal year (1 April 2013 - 1 March 2014) across the Royal Navy (RN), Army, Royal Air Force (RAF) and Ministry of Defence (MOD) and Defence Postgraduate Medical Deanery (DPMD) Designated Bodies (DBs). Mandatory annual medical appraisal of all DMS doctors was introduced in 2002. The General Medical Council (GMC) introduced licences to practise in November 2011. Revalidation went live in December 2012. In the 2013-2014 appraisal year, there were 1379 DMS doctors. The Responsible Officers (ROs) of the RN, Army, RAF, MOD and Defence Postgraduate Medical Deanery (DPMD) provide appraisal and revalidation services for doctors within their DBs. In the 2013-2014 appraisal year, 82% of DMS doctors completed an annual appraisal. ROs provided positive revalidation recommendations for 90% of DMS doctors without the need for additional supporting information. Additional supporting evidence was required for 10% of DMS trained doctors, but ultimately 100% of DMS doctors due revalidation in the 2013-2014 appraisal year received a positive recommendation. To assist DMS compliance with GMC quality assurance requirements, HQ Surgeon General now maintains a central database of appraisal and revalidation data across the five DMS DBs. Appropriately targeted appraiser training and 'revalidation ready top-up' training should be provided to ensure the demand for military appraisers is met, and that DMS appraisers appropriately maintain their skills. MOD now maintains a central live database for ongoing appraisal and revalidation monitoring. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

Too hard to swallow: a secret secondary defence of an aposematic insect.

PubMed

Wang, Lu-Yi; Huang, Wen-San; Tang, Hsin-Chieh; Huang, Lung-Chun; Lin, Chung-Ping

2018-01-25

Anti-predator strategies are significant components of adaptation in prey species. Aposematic prey are expected to possess effective defences that have evolved simultaneously with their warning colours. This study tested the hypothesis of the defensive function and ecological significance of the hard body in aposematic Pachyrhynchus weevils pioneered by Alfred Russel Wallace nearly 150 years ago. We used predation trials with Japalura tree lizards to assess the survivorship of 'hard' (mature) versus 'soft' (teneral) and 'clawed' (intact) versus 'clawless' (surgically removed) weevils. The ecological significance of the weevil's hard body was evaluated by assessing the hardness of the weevils, the local prey insects, and the bite forces of the lizard populations. The existence of toxins or deterrents in the weevil was examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). All 'hard' weevils were instantly spat out after being bitten once and survived attacks by the lizards. In contrast, the 'soft' weevils were chewed and subsequently swallowed. The results were the same regardless of the presence or absence of the weevil's tarsal claws. The hardness of 'hard' Pachyrhynchus weevils was significantly higher than the average hardness of other prey insects in the same habitat and the mean bite forces of the local lizards. The four candidate compounds of the weevil identified by GC-MS had no known toxic or repellent functions against vertebrates. These results reveal that the hardness of aposematic prey functions as an effective secondary defence, and they provide a framework for understanding the spatio-temporal interactions between vertebrate predators and aposematic insect prey. © 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.

Traumatic events, other operational stressors and physical and mental health reported by Australian Defence Force personnel following peacekeeping and war-like deployments

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background The association between stressful events on warlike deployments and subsequent mental health problems has been established. Less is known about the effects of stressful events on peacekeeping deployments. Methods Two cross sectional studies of the Australian Defence Force were used to contrast the prevalence of exposures reported by a group deployed on a peacekeeping operation (Bougainville, n = 1704) and those reported by a group deployed on operations which included warlike and non-warlike exposures (East Timor, n = 1333). A principal components analysis was used to identify groupings of non-traumatic exposures on deployment. Multiple regression models were used to assess the association between self-reported objective and subjective exposures, stressors on deployment and subsequent physical and mental health outcomes. Results The principal components analysis produced four groups of non-traumatic stressors which were consistent between the peacekeeping and more warlike deployments. These were labelled ‘separation’, ‘different culture’, ‘other people’ and ‘work frustration’. Higher levels of traumatic and non-traumatic exposures were reported by veterans of East Timor compared to Bougainville. Higher levels of subjective traumatic exposures were associated with increased rates of PTSD in East Timor veterans and more physical and psychological health symptoms in both deployed groups. In Bougainville and East Timor veterans some non-traumatic deployment stressors were also associated with worse health outcomes. Conclusion Strategies to best prepare, identify and treat those exposed to traumatic events and other stressors on deployment should be considered for Defence personnel deployed on both warlike and peacekeeping operations. PMID:22830494

Traumatic events, other operational stressors and physical and mental health reported by Australian Defence Force personnel following peacekeeping and war-like deployments.

PubMed

Waller, Michael; Treloar, Susan A; Sim, Malcolm R; McFarlane, Alexander C; McGuire, Annabel C L; Bleier, Jonathan; Dobson, Annette J

2012-07-26

The association between stressful events on warlike deployments and subsequent mental health problems has been established. Less is known about the effects of stressful events on peacekeeping deployments. Two cross sectional studies of the Australian Defence Force were used to contrast the prevalence of exposures reported by a group deployed on a peacekeeping operation (Bougainville, n = 1704) and those reported by a group deployed on operations which included warlike and non-warlike exposures (East Timor, n = 1333). A principal components analysis was used to identify groupings of non-traumatic exposures on deployment. Multiple regression models were used to assess the association between self-reported objective and subjective exposures, stressors on deployment and subsequent physical and mental health outcomes. The principal components analysis produced four groups of non-traumatic stressors which were consistent between the peacekeeping and more warlike deployments. These were labelled 'separation', 'different culture', 'other people' and 'work frustration'. Higher levels of traumatic and non-traumatic exposures were reported by veterans of East Timor compared to Bougainville. Higher levels of subjective traumatic exposures were associated with increased rates of PTSD in East Timor veterans and more physical and psychological health symptoms in both deployed groups. In Bougainville and East Timor veterans some non-traumatic deployment stressors were also associated with worse health outcomes. Strategies to best prepare, identify and treat those exposed to traumatic events and other stressors on deployment should be considered for Defence personnel deployed on both warlike and peacekeeping operations.

Timescales for exploratory tactical behaviour in football small-sided games.

PubMed

Ric, Angel; Hristovski, Robert; Gonçalves, Bruno; Torres, Lorena; Sampaio, Jaime; Torrents, Carlota

2016-09-01

The aim of this study was to identify the dynamics of tactical behaviour emerging on different timescales in football small-sided games and to quantify short- and long-term exploratory behaviour according to the number of opponents. Two teams of four professional male footballers played small-sided games against two different teams with a variable number of opponents (3, 5 and 7). Data were collected using a combination of systematic observation and a non-differential global positioning system (15 Hz). The temporal diversity and structural flexibility of the players were determined by calculating the dynamic overlap order parameter q, entropy and trapping strength. Analysis of the exploratory dynamics revealed two different timescales, forming a different metastable landscape of action for each constraint. Fast dynamics lasted on average a few seconds and consisted of changes in tactical patterns. The long timescale corresponded to the shared tasks of offence and defence lasting tens of seconds. The players' tactical diversity decreased with an increasing number of opponents, especially in defence. Manipulating numerical imbalance is likely to promote changes in the diversity, unpredictability and flexibility of tactical solutions. The fact that the temporally nested structure of constraints shaped the emergence of tactical behaviour provides a new rationale for practice task design. The manipulation of numerical imbalance on the timescale of a few tens of seconds, on which the exploratory behaviour of players saturates, may help coaches to optimise the exploratory efficiency of the small-sided games.

The development of a tool to predict team performance.

PubMed

Sinclair, M A; Siemieniuch, C E; Haslam, R A; Henshaw, M J D C; Evans, L

2012-01-01

The paper describes the development of a tool to predict quantitatively the success of a team when executing a process. The tool was developed for the UK defence industry, though it may be useful in other domains. It is expected to be used by systems engineers in initial stages of systems design, when concepts are still fluid, including the structure of the team(s) which are expected to be operators within the system. It enables answers to be calculated for questions such as "What happens if I reduce team size?" and "Can I reduce the qualifications necessary to execute this process and still achieve the required level of success?". The tool has undergone verification and validation; it predicts fairly well and shows promise. An unexpected finding is that the tool creates a good a priori argument for significant attention to Human Factors Integration in systems projects. The simulations show that if a systems project takes full account of human factors integration (selection, training, process design, interaction design, culture, etc.) then the likelihood of team success will be in excess of 0.95. As the project derogates from this state, the likelihood of team success will drop as low as 0.05. If the team has good internal communications and good individuals in key roles, the likelihood of success rises towards 0.25. Even with a team comprising the best individuals, p(success) will not be greater than 0.35. It is hoped that these results will be useful for human factors professionals involved in systems design. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd and The Ergonomics Society. All rights reserved.

Australian Defence Force Nutritional Requirements in the 21st Century (Version 1)

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-05-01

vegetables 240 1200 15 High starch 2 Tortilla bread, Instant beef noodles 100 1500 60 Bf Cereal 1 Fruit muesli mix (with milk powder) 70 1000 40...the thiamin in a wet dish (canned chicken and vegetables) and a dry food (beef noodle soup powder) had been degraded following two years storage at

A Framework to Support S&T Planning for Royal Australian Navy Capability Acquisition

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-01

for guiding policy and assisting with strategic planning innovation processes. At the commencement of a Foresight Planning exercise the...for many Australian Defence Force (ADF) capability projects . Specifically, the methodology could prove beneficial in the development of science and...27 6.4 Selecting Appropriate Foresight Planning Methods ....................................... 28 7. SCIENCE AND

Post-traumatic stress disorder in veterans.

PubMed

Charles, Janice; Harrison, Christopher; Britt, Helena

2014-11-01

Over 2000 general practice encounters per year (2.3%) in BEACH are with repatriation health card holders, referred to here as veterans. The patients are veterans of Australia's defence force or war widows, widowers or dependent children. We compared the rate at which post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was managed among veterans and non-veterans from April 2009 to June 2014.

Talisman Sabre Offers Unique Training in Remote Aussie Towns | DoDLive

Science.gov Websites

. Pacific Command and the Australian Defence Force, helps both countries plan and execute contingency temperatures currently range from 66-86 degrees Fahrenheit. These Australian sites might be small, but they are : Darwin is named after Charles Darwin, the British naturalist who is famous for his theory of natural

Rationalizing NATO’s Defense Posture

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-03-01

together via iaproved C3 to take full advantage of alrpower’s flexibility; ( g ) interopereblllty end compatibility of forces and doctrine aust bs...Dlleana 15 I. NATO Rationaliiatlon Already Hea Its Second Wind .. 21 P. Substantive Guidelines for Retionelization 25 G . Making...Antiener Ce^abilities .... 60 B. Retionelizlng Barrier Operations 67 P. Retionallzing Ground Air Defence 70 G . Conpetibility

Permanent Allies? The Canada-US Defence Relationship in the 21st Century

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

Layton Delves into Uncharted Waters to Keep Harper Afloat,‛ The Globe and Mail, September 19, 2009. 5 Canada and the US have signed 80 treaty-level...Commenting on this prospect, retired Commodore Eric Lehre has warned that "the CF has a force structure that will cost, to maintain all its

Developing Clinical Leaders in Primary Care: The US Air Force Diabetes Champion Course

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-04-03

The US Air Force Diabetes Center of Excellence designed the Diabetes Champion Course (DCC), a semi-annual, 3-day course, to train primary care teams ...and patient flow in a team -based setting. Each team is tasked to identify local deficits and make a Plan of Action (POA) for implementation.

Electro-optic tracking R&D for defense surveillance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sutherland, Stuart; Woodruff, Chris J.

1995-09-01

Two aspects of work on automatic target detection and tracking for electro-optic (EO) surveillance are described. Firstly, a detection and tracking algorithm test-bed developed by DSTO and running on a PC under Windows NT is being used to assess candidate algorithms for unresolved and minimally resolved target detection. The structure of this test-bed is described and examples are given of its user interfaces and outputs. Secondly, a development by Australian industry under a Defence-funded contract, of a reconfigurable generic track processor (GTP) is outlined. The GTP will include reconfigurable image processing stages and target tracking algorithms. It will be used to demonstrate to the Australian Defence Force automatic detection and tracking capabilities, and to serve as a hardware base for real time algorithm refinement.

First response, rehabilitation, and outcomes of hand and upper limb function: survivors of the bali bombing disaster. A case series report.

PubMed

Edgar, Dale Wesley; Wood, F; Goodwin-Walters, A

2006-01-01

In October 2002, two bombs exploded in Bali injuring hundreds, and killing 202 people. The purpose of this paper is to report the organization of the first response, rehabilitation strategies, and outcome of a series of patients evacuated to the Royal Perth Hospital (RPH), a civilian hospital in Australia. The initial medical response in Bali was primarily conducted by holidaying health professionals supporting the hospital on the island. The Australian Defence Force was primarily responsible for the ongoing acute clinical management during the evacuation and repatriation of survivors to all major burn units in Australia. At the RPH, hospital adaptations included novel staffing and treatment strategies to sustain a team effort beyond the acute phase of the disaster to manage the surge of 28 patients (15% of yearly admissions) in 7 days. Data collected were related to service delivery and patient outcomes (shoulder active range of motion, grip strength, and the Burns Specific Health Scale). Data were compared to baseline, similar data collected during normal practice and population norms. Bali patients received 3.2% more therapy treatment sessions and 6.8% less contact hours than usual protocols. Shoulder AROM recovered to normal limits by 3 months postdischarge. Grip strength for women was shown to reach population norms by 1 month after discharge and by 6 months for males. Self-rated physical recovery exceeded major burn population norms at 6 months postdischarge. Physical therapy outcome measures demonstrated upper limb recovery as usual in the Bali group, despite a mass casualty situation. To achieve this required support from the multidisciplinary team, in combination with community, government, and hospital administrative assistance.

Pre-deployment preparation of military nurses of the South African National Defence Force for participation in peace support operations.

PubMed

Jumat, Jennifer D; Bezuidenhout, Marthie C; Neethling, Theodor G

2014-11-25

South Africa has dedicated itself to participate in peace support operations (PSOs). The concept of 'jointness', involving different arms of services, was adopted within the South African National Defence Force, thus involving nurses in PSOs. Combat-readiness being a prerequisite for those involved in PSOs raised questions as to the readiness of forces to participate in these missions. There is a need for specific nursing care during PSOs, but the role and functions of nurses during such operations were not clearly defined; thus their preparation for these missions had very little scientific grounding. These were to explore the pre-deployment preparation needs of military professional nurses during PSOs, and to describe the experience of these nurses whilst being deployed. A quantitative exploratory, descriptive and contextual approach was used. Questionnaires were distributed to 99 professional nurses who had deployment experience, and 72 participated (73% response rate). Relevant peace mission concepts are the environment, jointness, behaviour and mission readiness, which served as the conceptual bases for the study. Findings indicated that the nurses were not fully informed of their responsibilities during deployment or the circumstances under which they would have to work and live. Their preparation is not fully integrated with that of the other armed forces, and deficiencies in their training and development were identified which negatively impact on their mission readiness. Recommendations were made in terms of human resource requirements, psychological training, better integration of jointness training, and content of training and development to ensure mission readiness of nurses.

Operation GRITROCK: the Defence Medical Services' story and emerging lessons from supporting the UK response to the Ebola crisis.

PubMed

Bricknell, Martin; Hodgetts, T; Beaton, K; McCourt, A

2016-06-01

This paper is a record of the UK Defence Medical Services (DMS) contribution to the UK response to the Ebola crisis in West Africa from the start of planning in July 2014 to the closure of the Ministry of Defence Ebola Virus Disease Treatment Unit at the end of June 2015. The context and wider UK government decisions are summarised. This paper describes the decisions and processes that resulted in the deployment of a DMS delivered Ebola Treatment Unit in conjunction with the Department for International Development and Save the Children. It covers arrangements for medical care for disease and non-battle injury, the Air Transportable Isolator and Force Health Protection policy, and finally, considers the medical lessons from this deployment. The core message is that the UK DMS are the only part of the UK health sector that is trained, equipped, manned and available to rapidly deploy and operate a complete medical unit as part of an international response to a health crisis. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/

Signatures of selection acting on the innate immunity gene Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) during the evolutionary history of rodents.

PubMed

Tschirren, B; Råberg, L; Westerdahl, H

2011-06-01

Patterns of selection acting on immune defence genes have recently been the focus of considerable interest. Yet, when it comes to vertebrates, studies have mainly focused on the acquired branch of the immune system. Consequently, the direction and strength of selection acting on genes of the vertebrate innate immune defence remain poorly understood. Here, we present a molecular analysis of selection on an important receptor of the innate immune system of vertebrates, the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), across 17 rodent species. Although purifying selection was the prevalent evolutionary force acting on most parts of the rodent TLR2, we found that codons in close proximity to pathogen-binding and TLR2-TLR1 heterodimerization sites have been subject to positive selection. This indicates that parasite-mediated selection is not restricted to acquired immune system genes like the major histocompatibility complex, but also affects innate defence genes. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of evolutionary processes in host-parasite systems, both innate and acquired immunity thus need to be considered. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Evolutionary Biology © 2011 European Society For Evolutionary Biology.

President Obama Phones Mars Rover Team

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-08-13

President Barack Obama talks on the phone with NASA Curiosity Mars rover team aboard Air Force One during a flight to Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska, Aug. 13, 2012. Official White House Photo by Pete Souza

Condom Use Behaviors and Correlates of Condom Use in the Botswana Defence Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-10-10

female adolescents from Venda, South Africa. Br J Health Psychol 2007; 12: 51 63. 29. Magnani RJ, Karim AM, Weiss LA, et al. Reproductive health risk...and protective factors among youth in Lusaka, Zambia. J Adolesc Health 2002; 30(1): 76 86. 30. Tapia Aguirre V, Arillo Santillán E, Allen B, et al

Comparisons of Reported Sexual and Condom Use Behaviors From a Retrospective Survey Versus a Prospective Diary in the Botswana Defence Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

Schroder et al., 2003). For example, Schroder et al. (2003) suggested that high-frequency events were less sa- lient, which may cause people to forget...collection methods that may increase reporting accuracy. REFERENCES Allen, S., Meinzen-Derr, J., Kautzman, M., Zulu , I., Trask, S., Fideli, U., et al. (2003

Operation Slipper: The Australian Defence Force and Private Military Contractors in Afghanistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-05-21

methodology adopted for this study. 8 Brown, “Guns for Hire.” 6 Section four presents the case...PMCs.”11 Further, Stanley’s research provides an insight into the use of PMCs from a global perspective using the supply and demand framework. Stanley...seminal work is both historical and global while providing a holistic overview of 11 Stanley

Codes of professional conduct for Australian Defence Force military physicians: evenomating the serpent?

PubMed

O'Connor, Mike

2010-09-01

The scandal of health professionals' involvement in recent human rights abuses in United States military detention centres has prompted concern that Australian military physicians should be well protected against similar pressures to participate in harsh interrogations. A framework of military health ethics has been proposed. Would a code of professional conduct be a partial solution? This article examines the utility of professional codes: can they transform unethical behaviour or are they only of value to those who already behave ethically? How should such codes be designed, what support mechanisms should be in place and how should complaints be managed? A key recommendation is that codes of professional conduct should be accompanied by publicly transparent procedures for the investigation of serious infractions and appropriate disciplinary action when proven. The training of military physicians should also aim to develop a sound understanding of both humanitarian and human rights law. At present, both civil and military education of physicians generally lacks any component of human rights law. The Australian Defence Force (ADF) seems well placed to add codes of professional conduct to its existing ethical framework because of strong support at the highest executive levels.

OzBot and haptics: remote surveillance to physical presence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mullins, James; Fielding, Mick; Nahavandi, Saeid

2009-05-01

This paper reports on robotic and haptic technologies and capabilities developed for the law enforcement and defence community within Australia by the Centre for Intelligent Systems Research (CISR). The OzBot series of small and medium surveillance robots have been designed in Australia and evaluated by law enforcement and defence personnel to determine suitability and ruggedness in a variety of environments. Using custom developed digital electronics and featuring expandable data busses including RS485, I2C, RS232, video and Ethernet, the robots can be directly connected to many off the shelf payloads such as gas sensors, x-ray sources and camera systems including thermal and night vision. Differentiating the OzBot platform from its peers is its ability to be integrated directly with haptic technology or the 'haptic bubble' developed by CISR. Haptic interfaces allow an operator to physically 'feel' remote environments through position-force control and experience realistic force feedback. By adding the capability to remotely grasp an object, feel its weight, texture and other physical properties in real-time from the remote ground control unit, an operator's situational awareness is greatly improved through Haptic augmentation in an environment where remote-system feedback is often limited.

A Hybrid Location Method for Missile Security Team Positioning

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A Hybrid Location Method for Missile Security...Bell and Weir A Hybrid Location Method for Missile Security Team Positioning Chief Master Sergeant Michael C. Dawson Air Force Logistics Management...problem oj locating security teams over a geographic area to maintain security Jor US Air Force Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Systems. A

Summary of the Maritime Force Protection Technology Demonstration Project Underwater Threats Component Build 1 Trial

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-01

TM 2009-070 June 2009 Copy No. _____ Defence Research and Development Canada Recherche et développement pour la défense Canada This page intentionally...protection des forces au moyen d’un examen des besoins, des solutions de pointe et des lacunes en matière de capacités, le tout pendant la conduite d’une...série d’essais et d’évaluations sur l’équipement de développement et l’équipement commercial courant. Le volet des menaces sous- marines porte

Influence of field position and phase of play on the physical demands of match-play in professional rugby league forwards.

PubMed

Gabbett, Tim J; Polley, Chris; Dwyer, Dan B; Kearney, Simon; Corvo, Alex

2014-09-01

No study has investigated the influence of field position and phase of play on the physical demands of match-play in professional rugby league forwards. We investigated the physical demands placed on forwards in elite rugby league matches, with special reference to how these demands differed between attack and defence, and in different field positions. Cohort study. Twenty-two rugby league players (26 ± 3 years) from the same professional club participated in this study. Global positioning system (GPS) analysis was completed during 23 matches. Video footage was synchronised with the GPS files and coded for the time spent in attack and defence, and in one of three different field positions (0-30 m, 31-70 m, 71-100 m). The physical demands of defence were consistently greater than attack. Moderate to large differences (ES=0.62-1.41) were found between defence and attack for distance covered (109 ± 16 m/min vs. 82 ± 12 m/min), low speed distance (104 ± 15 m/min vs. 78 ± 11 m/min), frequency of collisions (1.9 ± 0.7/min vs. 0.8 ± 0.3/min), and repeated high-intensity effort bouts (1 every 4.9 ± 5.1 min vs. 1 every 9.4 ± 6.1 min). The running demands and frequency of repeated high-intensity effort bouts were greater when defending in the opposition's 30 m zone (i.e. 71-100 m), with repeated high-intensity effort bouts also occurring more frequently when defending the team's own try-line and when attacking the opposition's try-line. Specific training drills designed to replicate the attacking and defensive demands of different field positional zones are likely to be effective in preparing players for the most demanding activities that occur in professional rugby league match-play. Copyright © 2013 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Does foot pitch at ground contact affect parachute landing technique?

PubMed

Whitting, John W; Steele, Julie R; Jaffrey, Mark; Munro, Bridget J

2009-08-01

The Australian Defence Force Parachute Training School instructs trainees to make initial ground contact using a flat foot whereas United States paratroopers are taught to contact the ground with the ball of the foot first. This study aimed to determine whether differences in foot pitch affected parachute landing technique. Kinematic, ground reaction force and electromyographic data were analyzed for 28 parachutists who performed parachute landings (vertical descent velocity = 3.4 m x s(-1)) from a monorail apparatus. Independent t-tests were used to determine significant (p < 0.05) differences between variables characterizing foot pitch. Subjects who landed flat-footed displayed less knee and ankle flexion, sustained higher peak ground reaction forces, and took less time to reach peak force than those who landed on the balls of their feet. Although forefoot landings lowered ground reaction forces compared to landing flat-footed, further research is required to confirm whether this is a safer parachute landing strategy.

The effect of playing tactics and situational variables on achieving score-box possessions in a professional soccer team.

PubMed

Lago-Ballesteros, Joaquin; Lago-Peñas, Carlos; Rey, Ezequiel

2012-01-01

The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of playing tactics, opponent interaction and situational variables on achieving score-box possessions in professional soccer. The sample was constituted by 908 possessions obtained by a team from the Spanish soccer league in 12 matches played during the 2009-2010 season. Multidimensional qualitative data obtained from 12 ordered categorical variables were used. Sampled matches were registered by the AMISCO PRO system. Data were analysed using chi-square analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis. Of 908 possessions, 303 (33.4%) produced score-box possessions, 477 (52.5%) achieved progression and 128 (14.1%) failed to reach any sort of progression. Multiple logistic regression showed that, for the main variable "team possession type", direct attacks and counterattacks were three times more effective than elaborate attacks for producing a score-box possession (P < 0.05). Team possession originating from the middle zones and playing against less than six defending players (P < 0.001) registered a higher success than those started in the defensive zone with a balanced defence. When the team was drawing or winning, the probability of reaching the score-box decreased by 43 and 53 percent, respectively, compared with the losing situation (P < 0.05). Accounting for opponent interactions and situational variables is critical to evaluate the effectiveness of offensive playing tactics on producing score-box possessions.

Interactive Environment Familiarization and Indicator Trainer: User Evaluation

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-01

data collected as part of this study was approved either by Defence Research and Development Canada’s Human Research Ethics Board or by the Director ...deployment experience in Afghanistan. Participants were not remunerated for their participation as no abnormal stress or discomfort was anticipated (DAOD...Wojtarowicz (DRDC Toronto) Run Director : Cpl Philip Mach (DRDC Toronto) Work breakdown element: 12rr03 ACRONYMS CF Canadian Forces CFB

Asymmetric Warfare in the Simulation and Training Environment: Comprehensive Approach Wanted!

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-10-01

Covering Support to Operations, Human Behaviour Representation, Irregular Warfare, Defence against Terrorism and Coalition Tactical Force Integration...learned behaviours arising from shared knowledge and it is passed on from one generation to the next. The behaviours that have become embedded as part of...symbols and behaviours . While culture changes, the change is usually slow, particularly in terms of military operations timeframes. Urban environments

2001 Australian Defence Force Reserves Survey Report

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-11-01

56 71 Attitudes Towards Reserves Activities Being Part of Member’s Social Life..... 56v i 2...for Social and Economic Modelling NEOC New Entry Officer Course OFFICER CDT Officer Cadet OP GOLD Operation Gold ORs Other Ranks (LS/CPL and below) OSB...Reserve members. An evaluation of the data was undertaken by the National Centre of Social and Economic Modelling (NATSEM) to establish the

A Review of the Capability Options Development and Analysis System and the Role of Risk Management

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-08-01

Development Plan OF Objective Force SME Subject Matter Expertise S&T Science & Technology SWOT strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats...aircraft, or armoured vehicles. Rather it is the combination of people, organisation, equipment, systems and facilities to achieve a desired...Defence policy or Joint Service implications. They include ships, tanks, missile systems, armoured personnel carriers, major electronic systems, and

Near Net Shape Rapid Manufacture & Repair by LENS(registered trademark)

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-05-01

J. Vlcek, “Property Investigation of Laser Cladded , Laser Sintered and Electron Beam Sintered Ti 6Al 4V”, AVT-139 Specialists Meeting on Cost...manufactured from advanced materials such as titanium alloys, superalloys or special steels are critical to the performance of the armed forces...10 years, CAD driven, additive manufacturing technologies have been developed. The leading technology for defence applications is Laser Engineered

Caracterisation Physique des Sols Camp Militaire de Petawawa (Physical Characterization of the Soil in Military Camp of Petawawa).

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-10-01

AD-AO95 392 DEFENCE RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT OTTAWA (ONTARIO) FI6 8/13 CARACTERISATION PHY SI QUE DES SOLS CAMP MILITAIRE DE PETAWAWA (P--ETC(U) OCT 79...defense nationale 2b, GROUP Ottawa, Ontario -KIA-04----- , I D )kI1,vlt Nr Ti fti CARACTERISATION PHYSIQUE DES SOLS, BASE DES FORCES CANADIENNES PETAWAAA I

Conformal Load-Bearing Antenna Structure for Australian Defence Force Aircraft

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-03-01

electrical wiring, thermal management, power storage, armour and weapons. While this approach reduces complexity it does increase weight and limit...the constituents of ballistic armour would have sufficient mechanical stiffness and strength to act as load-bearing structure. Thus, multifunctional...and located where they could detect that degradation. The sensors would then be easily interrogated by the operator at the appropriate time to reveal

Guidance and Control Aspects of Tactical Air-Launched Missiles

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-10-01

information; - Continuously stimulating advances in the aerospace sciences relevant to strengthening the common defence pusture; -- Improving the co...Symposium on Precision Delivery Systems was held at Eglin Air Force Base , Florida. USA. Many important advances in guidance sensor technology, control system...paper concentrates primarily or the US Army Missile Command’s technology base for development of the precision pointing and tracking or fire control

The health and cost implications of high body mass index in Australian defence force personnel.

PubMed

Peake, Jonathan; Gargett, Susan; Waller, Michael; McLaughlin, Ruth; Cosgrove, Tegan; Wittert, Gary; Nasveld, Peter; Warfe, Peter

2012-06-19

Frequent illness and injury among workers with high body mass index (BMI) can raise the costs of employee healthcare and reduce workforce maintenance and productivity. These issues are particularly important in vocational settings such as the military, which require good physical health, regular attendance and teamwork to operate efficiently. The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of injury and illness, absenteeism, productivity, healthcare usage and administrative outcomes among Australian Defence Force personnel with varying BMI. Personnel were grouped into cohorts according to the following ranges for (BMI): normal (18.5 - 24.9 kg/m2; n = 197), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m2; n = 154) and obese (≥30 kg/m2) with restricted body fat (≤28% for females, ≤24% for males) (n = 148) and with no restriction on body fat (n = 180). Medical records for each individual were audited retrospectively to record the incidence of injury and illness, absenteeism, productivity, healthcare usage (i.e., consultation with medical specialists, hospital stays, medical investigations, prescriptions) and administrative outcomes (e.g., discharge from service) over one year. These data were then grouped and compared between the cohorts. The prevalence of injury and illness, cost of medical specialist consultations and cost of medical scans were all higher (p < 0.05) in both obese cohorts compared with the normal cohort. The estimated productivity losses from restricted work days were also higher (p < 0.05) in the obese cohort with no restriction on body fat compared with the normal cohort. Within the obese cohort, the prevalence of injury and illness, healthcare usage and productivity were not significantly greater in the obese cohort with no restriction on body fat compared with the cohort with restricted body fat. The number of restricted work days, the rate of re-classification of Medical Employment Classification and the rate of discharge from service were similar between all four cohorts. High BMI in the military increases healthcare usage, but does not disrupt workforce maintenance. The greater prevalence of injury and illness, greater healthcare usage and lower productivity in obese Australian Defence Force personnel is not related to higher levels of body fat.

Activation Energy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gadeken, Owen

2002-01-01

Teaming is so common in today's project management environment that most of us assume it comes naturally. We further assume that when presented with meaningful and challenging work, project teams will naturally engage in productive activity to complete their tasks. This assumption is expressed in the simple (but false) equation: Team + Work = Teamwork. Although this equation appears simple and straightforward, it is far from true for most project organizations whose reality is a complex web of institutional norms based on individual achievement and rewards. This is illustrated by the very first successful team experience from my early Air Force career. As a young lieutenant, I was sent to Squadron Officer School, which was the first in the series of Air Force professional military education courses I was required to complete during my career. We were immediately formed into teams of twelve officers. Much of the course featured competition between these teams. As the most junior member of my team, I quickly observed the tremendous pressure to show individual leadership capability. At one point early in the course, almost everyone in our group was vying to become the team leader. This conflict was so intense that it caused us to fail miserably in our first outdoor team building exercise. We spent so much time fighting over leadership that we were unable to complete any of the events on the outdoor obstacle course. This complete lack of success was so disheartening to me that I gave our team little hope for future success. What followed was a very intense period of bickering, conflict, and even shouting matches as our dysfunctional team tried to cope with our early failures and find some way to succeed. British physician and researcher Wilfred Bion (Experiences in Groups, 1961) discovered that there are powerful psychological forces inherent in all groups that divert from accomplishing their primary tasks. To overcome these restraining forces and use the potential power of the team, greater emphasis must be placed on establishing and maintaining group cohesiveness. This relationship is expressed in the revised (true) mathematical equation: Team + Work (on the Team) = Teamwork.

Importance of anisotropy in detachment rates for force production and cargo transport by a team of motor proteins.

PubMed

Takshak, Anjneya; Kunwar, Ambarish

2016-05-01

Many cellular processes are driven by collective forces generated by a team consisting of multiple molecular motor proteins. One aspect that has received less attention is the detachment rate of molecular motors under mechanical force/load. While detachment rate of kinesin motors measured under backward force increases rapidly for forces beyond stall-force; this scenario is just reversed for non-yeast dynein motors where detachment rate from microtubule decreases, exhibiting a catch-bond type behavior. It has been shown recently that yeast dynein responds anisotropically to applied load, i.e. detachment rates are different under forward and backward pulling. Here, we use computational modeling to show that these anisotropic detachment rates might help yeast dynein motors to improve their collective force generation in the absence of catch-bond behavior. We further show that the travel distance of cargos would be longer if detachment rates are anisotropic. Our results suggest that anisotropic detachment rates could be an alternative strategy for motors to improve the transport properties and force production by the team. © 2016 The Protein Society.

Using a Delphi approach to develop a strategy for A&E in defence nursing.

PubMed

Kenward, Gary; Berry, Andy; Despres, Julian; McLeod, Judith

The Armed Forces has seen an increase in the number of operational deployments overseas and a greater demand for Accident and Emergency (A&E) trained nurses. This article describes a modified Delphi study used to contribute to the development of a strategy for emergency nursing in the Defence Nursing Services. Twenty-eight A&E specialists took part and the key issues raised were recruitment and retention, staff development, new roles, research priorities, increased internal recruitment of A&E nurses to meet operational demands, and the need for a structured career pathway to help retention. The most pressing areas requiring research were evaluation of the nurse practitioner role, clinical competencies and managing heat injuries in the operational setting. The modified Delphi study provided a valuable and detailed insight into the challenges and aspirations of the military A&E nursing cadre and has assisted in developing a strategy for emergency nursing.

The landing of field mosquitoes on permethrin-treated military uniforms in queensland, australia.

PubMed

Frances, S P; Mackenzie, D O; Sferopoulos, R; Lee, Bin

2014-12-01

A study to evaluate the protection provided by permethrin-treated military fabric following cold-water washing against host-seeking mosquitoes is reported. The landing/probing of native mosquitoes on Australian Defence Force Disruptive Pattern Combat Uniform shirts treated by dipping in 0.6% permethrin emulsion (Perigen Defence®, containing 500 g/l permethrin), and commercial factory treatments in the USA (Factory A) and Europe (Factory B) were recorded after 0, 1, 3, 5, and 10 washes. The study showed that significantly shorter landing/probing times compared with untreated controls were recorded for shirts treated with Factory A treatment after 0 and 1 wash, and for the Factory B treatment after 0 washes, and there were no differences between permethrin treatment and control landing. The study concludes that better methods to assess protection from landing/probing mosquitoes in the field are needed.

The Australian experience in dental classification.

PubMed

Mahoney, Greg

2008-01-01

The Australian Defence Health Service uses a disease-risk management strategy to achieve two goals: first, to identify Australian Defence Force (ADF) members who are at high risk of developing an adverse health event, and second, to deliver intervention strategies efficiently so that maximum benefits for health within the ADF are achieved with the least cost. The present dental classification system utilized by the ADF, while an excellent dental triage tool, has been found not to be predictive of an ADF member having an adverse dental event in the following 12-month period. Clearly, there is a need for further research to establish a predictive risk-based dental classification system. This risk assessment must be sensitive enough to accurately estimate the probability that an ADF member will experience dental pain, dysfunction, or other adverse dental events within a forthcoming period, typically 12 months. Furthermore, there needs to be better epidemiological data collected in the field to assist in the research.

Parasitic scabies mites and associated bacteria joining forces against host complement defence.

PubMed

Swe, P M; Reynolds, S L; Fischer, K

2014-11-01

Scabies is a ubiquitous and contagious skin disease caused by the parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei Epidemiological studies have identified scabies as a causative agent for secondary skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. This is an important notion, as such bacterial infections can lead to serious downstream life-threatening complications. As the complement system is the first line of host defence that confronts invading pathogens, both the mite and bacteria produce a large array of molecules that inhibit the complement cascades. It is hypothesised that scabies mite complement inhibitors may play an important role in providing a favourable micro-environment for the establishment of secondary bacterial infections. This review aims to bring together the current literature on complement inhibition by scabies mites and bacteria associated with scabies and to discuss the proposed molecular link between scabies and bacterial co-infections. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Reduction of female copulatory damage by resilin represents evidence for tolerance in sexual conflict

PubMed Central

Michels, Jan; Gorb, Stanislav N.; Reinhardt, Klaus

2015-01-01

Intergenomic evolutionary conflicts increase biological diversity. In sexual conflict, female defence against males is generally assumed to be resistance, which, however, often leads to trait exaggeration but not diversification. Here, we address whether tolerance, a female defence mechanism known from interspecific conflicts, exists in sexual conflict. We examined the traumatic insemination of female bed bugs via cuticle penetration by males, a textbook example of sexual conflict. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed large proportions of the soft and elastic protein resilin in the cuticle of the spermalege, the female defence organ. Reduced tissue damage and haemolymph loss were identified as adaptive female benefits from resilin. These did not arise from resistance because microindentation showed that the penetration force necessary to breach the cuticle was significantly lower at the resilin-rich spermalege than at other cuticle sites. Furthermore, a male survival analysis indicated that the spermalege did not impose antagonistic selection on males. Our findings suggest that the specific spermalege material composition evolved to tolerate the traumatic cuticle penetration. They demonstrate the importance of tolerance in sexual conflict and genitalia evolution, extend fundamental coevolution and speciation models and contribute to explaining the evolution of complexity. We propose that tolerance can drive trait diversity. PMID:25673297

Reduction of female copulatory damage by resilin represents evidence for tolerance in sexual conflict.

PubMed

Michels, Jan; Gorb, Stanislav N; Reinhardt, Klaus

2015-03-06

Intergenomic evolutionary conflicts increase biological diversity. In sexual conflict, female defence against males is generally assumed to be resistance, which, however, often leads to trait exaggeration but not diversification. Here, we address whether tolerance, a female defence mechanism known from interspecific conflicts, exists in sexual conflict. We examined the traumatic insemination of female bed bugs via cuticle penetration by males, a textbook example of sexual conflict. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed large proportions of the soft and elastic protein resilin in the cuticle of the spermalege, the female defence organ. Reduced tissue damage and haemolymph loss were identified as adaptive female benefits from resilin. These did not arise from resistance because microindentation showed that the penetration force necessary to breach the cuticle was significantly lower at the resilin-rich spermalege than at other cuticle sites. Furthermore, a male survival analysis indicated that the spermalege did not impose antagonistic selection on males. Our findings suggest that the specific spermalege material composition evolved to tolerate the traumatic cuticle penetration. They demonstrate the importance of tolerance in sexual conflict and genitalia evolution, extend fundamental coevolution and speciation models and contribute to explaining the evolution of complexity. We propose that tolerance can drive trait diversity. © 2015 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.

Social forces for team coordination in ball possession game

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yokoyama, Keiko; Shima, Hiroyuki; Fujii, Keisuke; Tabuchi, Noriyuki; Yamamoto, Yuji

2018-02-01

Team coordination is a basic human behavioral trait observed in many real-life communities. To promote teamwork, it is important to cultivate social skills that elicit team coordination. In the present work, we consider which social skills are indispensable for individuals performing a ball possession game in soccer. We develop a simple social force model that describes the synchronized motion of offensive players. Comparing the simulation results with experimental observations, we uncovered that the cooperative social force, a measure of perception skill, has the most important role in reproducing the harmonized collective motion of experienced players in the task. We further developed an experimental tool that facilitates real players' perceptions of interpersonal distance, revealing that the tool improves novice players' motions as if the cooperative social force were imposed.

Associations Between Rate of Force Development Metrics and Throwing Velocity in Elite Team Handball Players: a Short Research Report

PubMed Central

Marques, Mário C.; Saavedra, Francisco J.; Abrantes, Catarina; Aidar, Felipe J.

2011-01-01

Performance assessment has become an invaluable component of monitoring participant’s development in distinct sports, yet limited and contradictory data are available in trained subjects. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between ball throwing velocity during a 3-step running throw in elite team handball players and selected measures of rate of force development like force, power, velocity, and bar displacement during a concentric only bench press exercise in elite male handball players. Fitteen elite senior male team handball players volunteered to participate. Each volunteer had power and bar velocity measured during a concentric only bench press test with 25, 35, and 45 kg as well as having one-repetition maximum strength determined. Ball throwing velocity was evaluated with a standard 3-step running throw using a radar gun. The results of this study indicated significant associations between ball velocity and time at maximum rate of force development (0, 66; p<0.05) and rate of force development at peak force (0,56; p<0.05) only with 25kg load. The current research indicated that ball velocity was only median associated with maximum rate of force development with light loads. A training regimen designed to improve ball-throwing velocity in elite male team handball players should emphasize bench press movement using light loads. PMID:23487363

Associations between rate of force development metrics and throwing velocity in elite team handball players: a short research report.

PubMed

Marques, Mário C; Saavedra, Francisco J; Abrantes, Catarina; Aidar, Felipe J

2011-09-01

Performance assessment has become an invaluable component of monitoring participant's development in distinct sports, yet limited and contradictory data are available in trained subjects. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between ball throwing velocity during a 3-step running throw in elite team handball players and selected measures of rate of force development like force, power, velocity, and bar displacement during a concentric only bench press exercise in elite male handball players. Fitteen elite senior male team handball players volunteered to participate. Each volunteer had power and bar velocity measured during a concentric only bench press test with 25, 35, and 45 kg as well as having one-repetition maximum strength determined. Ball throwing velocity was evaluated with a standard 3-step running throw using a radar gun. The results of this study indicated significant associations between ball velocity and time at maximum rate of force development (0, 66; p<0.05) and rate of force development at peak force (0,56; p<0.05) only with 25kg load. The current research indicated that ball velocity was only median associated with maximum rate of force development with light loads. A training regimen designed to improve ball-throwing velocity in elite male team handball players should emphasize bench press movement using light loads.

Modelling the blast environment and relating this to clinical injury: experience from the 7/7 inquest.

PubMed

Hepper, Alan E; Pope, D J; Bishop, M; Kirkman, E; Sedman, A; Russell, R; Mahoney, P F; Clasper, J

2014-06-01

This paper addresses the computational modelling of a series of specific blast-related incidents and the relationships of clinical and engineering interpretations. The Royal Centre for Defence Medicine and the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory were tasked in 2010 by the UK Ministry of Defence to assist the Coroner's inquests into the 7 July 2005 London bombings. A three phase approach was taken. The first phase included an engineering expert in blast effects on structures reviewing photographs of the damaged carriages and bus to give a view on the likely physical effects on people close to the explosions. The second phase was a clinical review of the evidence by military clinicians to assess blast injury in the casualties. The third phase was to model the blast environment by structural dynamics experts to assess likely blast loading on victims to evaluate the potential blast loading on individuals. This loading information was then assessed by physiology experts. Once all teams (engineering, clinical and modelling/physiological) had separately arrived at their conclusions, the information streams were integrated to arrive at a consensus. The aim of this paper is to describe the methodology used as a potential model for others to consider if faced with a similar investigation, and to show the benefit of the transition of military knowledge to a civilian environment. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Trade-offs between constitutive and induced defences drive geographical and climatic clines in pine chemical defences.

PubMed

Moreira, Xoaquín; Mooney, Kailen A; Rasmann, Sergio; Petry, William K; Carrillo-Gavilán, Amparo; Zas, Rafael; Sampedro, Luis

2014-05-01

There is increasing evidence that geographic and climatic clines drive the patterns of plant defence allocation and defensive strategies. We quantified early growth rate and both constitutive and inducible chemical defences of 18 Pinaceae species in a common greenhouse environment and assessed their defensive allocation with respect to each species' range across climatic gradients spanning 31° latitude and 2300 m elevation. Constitutive defences traded-off with induced defences, and these defensive strategies were associated with growth rate such that slow-growing species invested more in constitutive defence, whereas fast-growing species invested more in inducible defence. The position of each pine species along this trade-off axis was in turn associated with geography; moving poleward and to higher elevations, growth rate and inducible defences decreased, while constitutive defence increased. These geographic patterns in plant defence were most strongly associated with variation in temperature. Climatic and geographical clines thus act as drivers of defence profiles by mediating the constraints imposed by trade-offs, and this dynamic underlays global patterns of defence allocation.

Theater Sustainment Reserve for the Rwanda Defence Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-10

ORGANIZATION NAME( S ) AND ADDRESS(ES) U.S. Army Command and General Staff College ATTN: ATZL-SWD-GD Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027-2301 8. PERFORMING ORG...Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE General Studies by RUKI...PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR( S ) Ruki Karusisi, Major 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING

Norway’s Challenges In the High North

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-02-16

currently a student at the Air War College , Air University, Maxwell AFB, Alabama . iv Abstract Norway has an extensive coastline; facing the North...AIR WAR COLLEGE AIR UNIVERSITY NORWAY’S CHALLENGES IN THE HIGH NORTH by Liv Judith Olsen, Lt Col, Royal Norwegian Air Force A...military education, Lt Col Olsen graduated from the RNoAF Academy and the Norwegian Defence Command and Staff College (2010-2011), a professional

Defence Test and Evaluation Roadmap

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

T&E can be employed to prove, demonstrate or assess the ability of proposed and existing capability systems, new or upgraded, to satisfy specified...t&e T&E is a process to obtain information to support the objective assessment of a Capability System with known confidence, and to confirm whether...for the ADF is a ‘balanced, networked, and deployable force, staffed by dedicated and professional people, that operates within a culture of

Estimating the ROI for Recruitment Marketing and Advertising Expenditure for the Australian Defence Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-01

but requires a minimum of $1.4 million monthly spend. Additionally, every 0.1% increase in the unemployment rate above 6.7% generates 3,422...enlistments targets, national monthly youth unemployment rates and quarterly propensity to enlist in the ADF. Advertising expenditure was found to be...expenditure would increase applications by 1.3%. Youth national unemployment and enlistment targets were positively related to enlistments, while

Hybrid Warfare: Implications for CAF Force Development

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-08-01

of National Defence, 2014 © Sa Majesté la Reine (en droit du Canada), telle que représentée par le ministre de la Défense nationale, 2014...the spirit of international law. Finally, these basic definitions, however flawed, serve an additional purpose. Any investigation into the...Beyond official internal lessons learned reports from various militaries much useful information is contained in, for example, the many and topically

Quantifying the Benefits of NEC

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-04-01

R UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED Quantifying the Benefits of NEC Georgia Court and Lynda CM Sharp Dstl/UK MoD A2 Building, Dstl Farnborough Ively...transformation of UK forces is dependent on exploiting the benefits of Network Enabled Capability (NEC). The white paper notes that NEC, through... benefit to defence; • what can be traded off to pay for it; • what changes are required to processes, structures, equipment etc, to deliver the

PEPFAR/DOD/Pharmaccess/Tanzania Peoples Defence Forces HIV/AIDS Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-09-01

NACP National AIDS Control Program NGO Non Governmental Organization NLTP National Leprosy and TB Program NS National Service OIS...have an ongoing DOT-TB program monitored by the Regional Medical Officer, in line with the guidelines of the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy ...and treatment, according to the guidelines of the NACP TB Unit and the National TB and Leprosy Programme (NTLP). 48 48 C Train medical officers

Vortex Wakes of Conventional Aircraft

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-05-01

Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Ohio 45433, USA This work was prepared at the request of the Fluid Dynamics Panel of AGARD. THE...aerospace sciences relevant to strengthening the common defence posture; - Improving the co-operation among member nations in aerospace research and...two models have been developed to describe the inviscid structure of the vortex wake. The first model was due to Prandtl [10] and is based on the

Defence Reporter. Summer/Autumn 2011

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

of protection afforded by this material was determined against a liquid challenge. R000259AA Cermet Materials for Armour Applications Dstl Porton...initial research, however areas of focus have been identified and a comprehensive plan of study has been developed. R000261FE Force Multipliers in... study was not intended to be a rigorous quantitative analysis of COIN. It has identified six factors that have had an overall positive effect upon the

Provision of healthcare in a remote base of operations in southern Chad.

PubMed

Hickey, J P

2010-09-01

The Irish Defence Forces maintained a presence in south eastern Chad under the authority of the United Nations Security Council from January 2008 until May 2010, operating in a peace support role as the lead contingent in a multinational battalion. In September 2009 the task of establishing a forward operating base in a remote location within the area of operations was ordered by mission headquarters. Irish and Finnish troops duly deployed and began the task of establishing a safe and secure base from which to operate. This involved securing the location, installing accommodation, electricity, lighting and facilities for ablutions, removing natural hazards, establishing secure communications and ensuring rapid access and egress in the event of hostile contact or emergency. The incidence of disease at this location was low, with the notable exception of a limited outbreak of gastroenteritis. The high standard of engineering work carried out around the camp, especially the latrines, washing facilities and other hygiene measures, significantly contributed to minimising the transmission of infectious disease. The past experiences of the Defence Forces in Congo, Lebanon, East Timor, Eritrea and Liberia have led to a high standard of forward planning and logistical awareness within the organisation which served personnel well in this latest mission. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Malaria notifications in the Australian Defence Force from 1998 to 2007.

PubMed

Elmes, Nathan J

2010-06-01

We report here a retrospective analysis of all malaria cases in military personnel reported to the Australian Defence Force (ADF) Central Malaria Register from 1998 to 2007. A total of 637 cases of malaria were notified affecting 487 individuals. Of these 85.9% (547) were infected with Plasmodium vivax malaria and 10.2% (65) with P. falciparum malaria. The majority of cases were from Timor Leste (78.5%, 501/637). Malaria attack rates of 0.9% (369/40 571), 1.1% (52/4776) and 0.4% (20/5345) were seen in Timor Leste, Bougainville and the Solomon Islands, respectively. The median period following departure from a malarious country to presentation of P. falciparum was 17 d (range 1-47 d) and for a primary presentation of P. vivax malaria was 86 d (range 1-505 d). Increasing the dose of primaquine from 22.5 mg daily to 30 mg daily for 14 d for radical cure of P. vivax malaria reduced the failure rate from 46.6% (35/75) to 9.4% (17/181) in subjects returning from Timor Leste. Malaria remains a serious problem for ADF soldiers deploying to malarious areas, particularly the incidence of relapsing vivax malaria and the tolerance of these vivax strains to primaquine.

Malaria Prevention, Mefloquine Neurotoxicity, Neuropsychiatric Illness, and Risk-Benefit Analysis in the Australian Defence Force.

PubMed

McCarthy, Stuart

2015-01-01

The Australian Defence Force (ADF) has used mefloquine for malaria chemoprophylaxis since 1990. Mefloquine has been found to be a plausible cause of a chronic central nervous system toxicity syndrome and a confounding factor in the diagnosis of existing neuropsychiatric illnesses prevalent in the ADF such as posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury. Overall health risks appear to have been mitigated by restricting the drug's use; however serious risks were realised when significant numbers of ADF personnel were subjected to clinical trials involving the drug. The full extent of the exposure, health impacts for affected individuals, and consequences for ADF health management including mental health are not yet known, but mefloquine may have caused or aggravated neuropsychiatric illness in large numbers of patients who were subsequently misdiagnosed and mistreated or otherwise failed to receive proper care. Findings in relation to chronic mefloquine neurotoxicity were foreseeable, but this eventuality appears not to have been considered during risk-benefit analyses. Thorough analysis by the ADF would have identified this long-term risk as well as other qualitative risk factors. Historical exposure of ADF personnel to mefloquine neurotoxicity now also necessitates ongoing risk monitoring and management in the overall context of broader health policies.

Malaria Prevention, Mefloquine Neurotoxicity, Neuropsychiatric Illness, and Risk-Benefit Analysis in the Australian Defence Force

PubMed Central

McCarthy, Stuart

2015-01-01

The Australian Defence Force (ADF) has used mefloquine for malaria chemoprophylaxis since 1990. Mefloquine has been found to be a plausible cause of a chronic central nervous system toxicity syndrome and a confounding factor in the diagnosis of existing neuropsychiatric illnesses prevalent in the ADF such as posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury. Overall health risks appear to have been mitigated by restricting the drug's use; however serious risks were realised when significant numbers of ADF personnel were subjected to clinical trials involving the drug. The full extent of the exposure, health impacts for affected individuals, and consequences for ADF health management including mental health are not yet known, but mefloquine may have caused or aggravated neuropsychiatric illness in large numbers of patients who were subsequently misdiagnosed and mistreated or otherwise failed to receive proper care. Findings in relation to chronic mefloquine neurotoxicity were foreseeable, but this eventuality appears not to have been considered during risk-benefit analyses. Thorough analysis by the ADF would have identified this long-term risk as well as other qualitative risk factors. Historical exposure of ADF personnel to mefloquine neurotoxicity now also necessitates ongoing risk monitoring and management in the overall context of broader health policies. PMID:26793391

The French proposal for a high spatial resolution Hyperspectral mission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carrère, Véronique; Briottet, Xavier; Jacquemoud, Stéphane; Marion, Rodolphe; Bourguignon, Anne; Chami, Malik; Chanussot, Jocelyn; Chevrel, Stéphane; Deliot, Philippe; Dumont, Marie; Foucher, Pierre-Yves; Gomez, Cécile; Roman-Minghelli, Audrey; Sheeren, David; Weber, Christiane; Lefèvre, Marie-José; Mandea, Mioara

2014-05-01

More than 25 years of airborne imaging spectroscopy and spaceborne sensors such as Hyperion or HICO have clearly demonstrated the ability of such a remote sensing technique to produce value added information regarding surface composition and physical properties for a large variety of applications. Scheduled missions such as EnMAP and PRISMA prove the increased interest of the scientific community for such a type of remote sensing data. In France, a group of Science and Defence users of imaging spectrometry data (Groupe de Synthèse Hyperspectral, GSH) established an up-to-date review of possible applications, define instrument specifications required for accurate, quantitative retrieval of diagnostic parameters, and identify fields of application where imaging spectrometry is a major contribution. From these conclusions, CNES (French Space Agency) decided a phase 0 study for an hyperspectral mission concept, named at this time HYPXIM (HYPerspectral-X IMagery), the main fields of applications are vegetation biodiversity, coastal and inland waters, geosciences, urban environment, atmospheric sciences, cryosphere and Defence. Results pointed out applications where high spatial resolution was necessary and would not be covered by the other foreseen hyperspectral missions. The phase A started at the beginning of 2013 based on the following HYPXIM characteristics: a hyperspectral camera covering the [0.4 - 2.5 µm] spectral range with a 8 m ground sampling distance (GSD) and a PAN camera with a 1.85 m GSD, onboard a mini-satellite platform. This phase A is currently stopped due to budget constraints. Nevertheless, the Science team is currently focusing on the preparation for the next CNES prospective meeting (March, 2014), an important step for the future of the mission. This paper will provide an update of the status of this mission and of new results obtained by the Science team.

Dhaksha, the Unmanned Aircraft System in its New Avatar-Automated Aerial Inspection of INDIA'S Tallest Tower

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, K. S.; Rasheed, A. Mohamed; Krishna Kumar, R.; Giridharan, M.; Ganesh

2013-08-01

DHAKSHA, the unmanned aircraft system (UAS), developed after several years of research by Division of Avionics, Department of Aerospace Engineering, MIT Campus of Anna University has recently proved its capabilities during May 2012 Technology demonstration called UAVforge organised by Defence Research Project Agency, Department of Defence, USA. Team Dhaksha with its most stable design outperformed all the other contestants competing against some of the best engineers from prestigi ous institutions across the globe like Middlesex University from UK, NTU and NUS from Singapore, Tudelft Technical University, Netherlands and other UAV industry participants in the world's toughest UAV challenge. This has opened up an opportunity for Indian UAVs making a presence in the international scenario as well. In furtherance to the above effort at Fort Stewart military base at Georgia,USA, with suitable payloads, the Dhaksha team deployed the UAV in a religious temple festival during November 2012 at Thiruvannamalai District for Tamil Nadu Police to avail the instant aerial imagery services over the crowd of 10 lakhs pilgrims and also about the investigation of the structural strength of the India's tallest structure, the 300 m RCC tower during January 2013. The developed system consists of a custom-built Rotary Wing model with on-board navigation, guidance and control systems (NGC) and ground control station (GCS), for mission planning, remote access, manual overrides and imagery related computations. The mission is to fulfill the competition requirements by using an UAS capable of providing complete solution for the stated problem. In this work the effort to produce multirotor unmanned aerial systems (UAS) for civilian applications at the MIT, Avionics Laboratory is presented

Evaluating research for disruptive innovation in the space sector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Summerer, L.

2012-12-01

Many governmental space activities need to be planned with a time horizon that extends beyond the comfort zone of reliable technology development assessments and predictions. In an environment of accelerating technological change, a methodological approach to addressing non-core technology trends and potentially disruptive, game-changing developments not yet linked to the space sector is increasingly important to complement efforts in core technology R&D planning. Various models and organisational setups aimed at fulfilling this purpose are in existence. These include, with varying levels of relevance to space, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC, operational form 1998 to 2007 and recently re-established), the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency of the US Department of Defence, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Medialab, the early versions of Starlab, the Lockheed Skunk Works and the European Space Agency's Advanced Concepts Team. Some of these organisations have been reviewed and assessed individually, though systematic comparison of their methods, approaches and results have not been published. This may be due in part to the relatively sparse scientific literature on organisational parameters for enabling disruptive innovation as well as to the lack of commonly agreed indicators for the evaluation of their performance. Furthermore, innovation support systems in the space sector are organised differently than in traditional, open competitive markets, which serve as the basis for most scholarly literature on the organisation of innovation. The present paper is intended to advance and stimulate discussion on the organisation of disruptive innovation mechanisms specifically for the space sector. It uses the examples of the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts and the ESA Advanced Concepts Team, analyses their respective approaches and compares their results, leading to the proposal of measures for the analysis and eventual evaluation of research for disruptive innovation in the space sector.

Maintenance Assistance and Instruction Team (MAIT) Concept Review (Project LEAP, Issue 104).

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-08-20

Reserve Component forces , to include identification of military and civilian authorized spaces, their associated equipment, salary, and travel costs...5) How many MAIT teams are authorized/assigned to each major command by installation (location)? (6) How many NIAIT are in support of Active Forces ... Forces , the USAR and the National Guard? (12) As a minimum, the following alternative courses of action should be considered: (a) Continue the MAIT

Preventing Task Force Smith: The Need to Return US BCTs to Korea

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-05-12

the last US brigade combat team stationed in Korea cased its colors to be replaced by a rotationally deployed brigade. The departure of this...peninsula reveals the urgent need to return to a force of three US Brigade Combat Teams in Korea. Failure to do so may result in a repeat of Task...Korea have been in general decline since the end of the Korean War. In 2015, the last US brigade combat team stationed in Korea cased its colors to

Air Force Civil Engineer, Volume 16, Number 2, 2008

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

HORSE and Prime BEEF work together to put up a legal complex for JTF Guantanamo 11 Building Information Modeling in the Air Force Going beyond CADD 14...construction team. Engineers from the 823rd RED HORSE Squadron, Hurlburt Field, Fla., were responsible for most of the design work. The 474th...BEEF construction team and a RED HORSE design team, we quickly became known as the “Red Bulls.” The advance party — consisting of the first sergeant

HIFIRE Flight 2 Overview and Status Update 2011

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jackson, Kevin R.; Gruber, Mark R.; Buccellato, Salvatore

2011-01-01

A collaborative international effort, the Hypersonic International Flight Research Experimentation (HIFiRE) Program aims to study basic hypersonic phenomena through flight experimentation. HIFiRE Flight 2 teams the United States Air Force Research Lab (AFRL), NASA, and the Australian Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO). Flight 2 will develop an alternative test technique for acquiring high enthalpy scramjet flight test data, allowing exploration of accelerating hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet performance and dual-to-scram mode transition up to and beyond Mach 8 flight. The generic scramjet flowpath is research quality and the test fuel is a simple surrogate for an endothermically cracked liquid hydrocarbon fuel. HIFiRE Flight 2 will be a first of its kind in contribution to scramjets. The HIFiRE program builds upon the HyShot and HYCAUSE programs and aims to leverage the low-cost flight test technique developed in those programs. It will explore suppressed trajectories of a sounding rocket propelled test article and their utility in studying ramjet-scramjet mode transition and flame extinction limits research. This paper describes the overall scramjet flight test experiment mission goals and objectives, flight test approach and strategy, ground test and analysis summary, development status and project schedule. A successful launch and operation will present to the scramjet community valuable flight test data in addition to a new tool, and vehicle, with which to explore high enthalpy scramjet technologies.

Medical ethics surveillance in the Armed Forces.

PubMed

Pearn, J

2000-05-01

Modern defense services depend on a policy of the vigorous promotion of research to ensure that they retain an advantage in any future operational context. Research involving personnel within the armed forces, however, has certain constraints with respect to contemporary, best-practice medical ethics. Service members are one example of a class of "captive subjects" who require special protection in the context of medical research. (Prisoners, students, children, and the intellectually disabled are other such examples.) The majority of national defense forces now have ethical watchdog groups--institutional ethics committees--that oversee research involving service members. Such groups monitor the special considerations and constraints under which subjects in uniform can volunteer for biological research. These committees audit particularly the ethical themes of confidentiality, equality, and justice. Themes inherent in medical research in the military include the standard Beauchamp-Childress paradigm of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice, to which are added the traditional military values of loyalty, respect, courtesy, and chivalry. Contemporary thinking is that the general principle of affording service members the opportunity to volunteer for research should be maintained within the constraints of compromised training time, national security, and operational necessity. Most biological research (and its outcome) does not in practice compromise confidentiality or military security. This paper presents an audit of the functioning of one national military medical ethics committee, the Australian Defence Medical Ethics Committee, and presents a discussion of its philosophies and influence within the broader military context. The Australian Defence Medical Ethics Committee believes that most research should, as an a priori condition of approval, be intended for open publication in peer-reviewed journals.

The patient experience: measuring the quality of care in the Defence Medical Services.

PubMed

Piper, Neale; Lamb, D

2014-06-01

Healthcare provided by the Defence Medical Services (DMS) is acknowledged to be of a high standard but patients' experiences of it has not been measured and collated in a consistent and meaningful way, which has limited strategic quality improvement initiatives. Responsibility for implementing and delivering a programme of healthcare governance and assurance for the DMS rests with the Inspector General (IG). An important aspect of this role is to nurture a culture of continuous improvement in the DMS and under this leadership the IG team has prioritised a number of projects to address this. The project to improve patient experience data capture was prioritised in the work schedule as it incorporated initiatives that would lead to improved quality in DMS healthcare, information exploitation and ultimately patient safety. This is the first in a series of articles that will document this important work and describe the methodological considerations associated with the initial questionnaire design, collaboration with NHS partners, the pilot study and progress towards the introduction of the definitive DMS tool later this year. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Oxidative stress following traumatic brain injury: enhancement of endogenous antioxidant defense systems and the promise of improved outcome.

PubMed

Eghwrudjakpor, P O; Allison, A B

2010-01-01

Management of brain injury can pose enormous challenges to the health team. There are many studies aimed at discovering or developing pharmacotherapeutic agents targeted at improving outcome of head-injured patients. This paper reviews the role of oxidative stress in neuronal loss following traumatic brain injury and presents experimental and clinical evidence of the role of exogenous antioxidants as neuroprotectants. We reviewed published literature on reactive oxygen species and their role in experimental and clinical brain injuries in journals and the Internet using Yahoo and Google search engines. Traumatic brain injury causes massive production of reactive oxygen species with resultant oxidative stress. In experimental brain injury, exogenous antioxidants are useful in limiting oxidative damage. Results with clinical brain injury are however more varied. Oxidative stress due to excessive generation of reactive oxygen species with consequent impairment of endogenous antioxidant defence mechanisms plays a significant role in the secondary events leading to neuronal death. Enhancement of the defence mechanisms through the use of exogenous antioxidants may be neuroprotective, especially if the agents can penetrate cell membranes, are able to cross the blood-brain barrier and if they are administered within the neuroprotective time window.

Enabling System Management through Process Modeling: The Australian Defence Force Recruiting System

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-09-01

or ongoing treatment in the form of medication or support from specialists such as physiotherapy . In fact, in an average work week, there are...289,038 patient consultations with physiotherapists.77 It is logical to extrapolate that this high incidence of medication and physiotherapy treatments... Physiotherapy Services,” Australian Bureau of Statistics, August 31, 1999, 4. 78 Cooper-Stanbury, Mark “Risk Factors: That’s Life,” presentation at

2005 Defense Economics Conference: Perspectives on the Military Medical Mission

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-09-22

organized, formal level to take certain areas like congestive heart failure, diabetes, asthma, obesity —areas where we see a lot of expenditure of...Australia and overseas, including a tour of Malaysia . Air Vice Marshal Austin was made a member of the Order of Australia in 1997 for services to...provided aviation medicine support to the Australian Defence Force within Australia and overseas, including a tour of Malaysia . Air Vice Marshal

Malware Memory Analysis for Non-specialists: Investigating Publicly Available Memory Image for the Tigger Trojan Horse

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-01

Malware memory analysis for non-specialists Investigating publicly available memory image for the Tigger Trojan horse R...It examines a memory image infected with the Tigger/Syzor Trojan horse . Significance to defence and security Canadian Armed Forces (CAF...additional guidance. The first report written by the author in this series examined the Zeus Trojan horse , found in DRDC Valcartier TM 2013-018 308H[1

A Study of Fire Hazards from Combustible Ammunition: Effects of Scale and Confinement

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-12-01

2268 171 02 Solna, Sweden Major Vincente Garcia Estado Major del Ejercito Division de Logistica Calle Prim. Madrid, Spain ...distance standards and classification test procedures for munition items in storage and transport with particular emphasis on items that present mainly...Operations 3 National Defence Headquarters 191 Colonel By Drive Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K2 Cdt. P. Denecker Centre Logistique de la Force Terrestre

Joint U.S. Defense Science Board, UK Defence Scientific Advisory Council Task Force on Defense Critical Technologies

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-03-01

electrons (e.g., betavoltaics ) in a compact package is emerging as a possible new high energy density power source. Proliferation is not an issue...10 13 10 12 10 11 10 10 10 9 10 8 10 7 10 6 10 5 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 Total Dose [rad) Si )] Strategic Space Strategic Missiles St ra te gi

Nutritional Determination of Bone Health: A Survey of Australian Defence Force (ADF) Trainees

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-07-01

aims to determine the prevalence of key risk factors, including diet, exercise, bone turn-over, bone mineral density and anthropometry , and to relate...incorporated in bone matrix during bone formation. The ratio of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (a protein with low biological activity) to total...serves returned to DSTO- Scottsdale. 2.3 Data Manipulation A ratio of energy intake (EI) to Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) of 0.9 represents the

Nutritional Determinants of Bone Health: A Survey of Australian Defence Force (ADF) Trainees

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-07-01

aims to determine the prevalence of key risk factors, including diet, exercise, bone turn-over, bone mineral density and anthropometry , and to relate...incorporated in bone matrix during bone formation. The ratio of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (a protein with low biological activity) to total...serves returned to DSTO- Scottsdale. 2.3 Data Manipulation A ratio of energy intake (EI) to Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) of 0.9 represents the

An Experimental Investigation Into the Feasibility of Measuring Static and Dynamic Aerodynamic Derivatives in the DSTO Water Tunnel

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-08-01

The SDM was subjected to forced small (0.5) sinusoidal pitching oscillations and derivatives were computed from measured model loads, angles of... aluminium alloy when subjected to both tensile and torsional loading. He joined the Aeronautical Research Laboratories (now called the Defence...oscillations and derivatives were computed from measured model loads, angles of attack, reduced frequency of oscillation and aircraft geometrical parameters

An Australian Land Force for Conflict in a World Without Precedent (Future Warfare Concept Paper)

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

Michael B. Ryan, Australian Army Thesis: The current pace of change in the global security environment and information technology demands that, like...information) Wave societies.6 The current pace of change in the global security environment and information technology demands that, like all...Blue, downloaded from www.defence.gov.au/navy; La Franchi , Peter, “High Level Interoperability: Future Development of t Peter, “Development Role

The Literature Review of Analytical Support to Defence Transformation: Lessons Learned from Turkish Air Force Transformation Activities

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-01

available [11]. Additionally, Table-3 is a guide for DMAIC methodology including 29 different methods [12]. RTO-MP-SAS-081 6 - 4 NATO UNCLASSIFIED NATO...Table 3: DMAIC Methodology (5-Phase Methodology). Define Measure Analyze Improve Control Project Charter Prioritization Matrix 5 Whys Analysis...Methodology Scope [13] DMAIC PDCA Develop performance priorities This is a preliminary stage that precedes specific improvement projects, and the aim

JPRS Report, Proliferation Issues

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-04-16

March 29 [date as received] (YON- HAP)-Foreign Minister Han Sung-chu said Monday Defence Minister Najib Tun Razak said he had no that South Korea and the...company armed forces would have at least six hours of early basis and has nothing to do with the government," Najib warning time, according to...is said to have expressed concern and Najib said he did not believe local firms had the tech- indirect disapproval over the North Korean withdrawal

The role of professionals in the South African chemical and biological warfare programme.

PubMed

Gould, Chandré; Folb, Peter

2002-01-01

This paper provides a short account of the South African Defence Force's chemical and biological warfare programme during apartheid, specifically during the period 1980 to 1994. It examines the circumstances of recruitment of the scientists and physicians and their retention in the programme; details the 'scientific efforts' of the programme and its aberrations; and explores ethical issues in relation to the involvement of scientists in the programme.

International Summer Student Seminar (3S), from Idea to Realization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karpik, A. P.; Peled, A.; Musikhin, L. A.; Deren, L.; Seredovich, V. A.

2012-08-01

The article gives a spotlight on a three universities (Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography, Siberian State Academy of Geodesy, Wuhan University) and ISPRS' cooperation in organizing and holding summer student seminars for undergraduate, master, and PhD students of the universities specializing in photogrammetry, remote sensing, GIS, aerial and space cartography. Principles of topics of the seminar selection, lecture courses delivering and practical training as well as international joint team work on projects and their defence are described. The description of the basic stages of 3S implementation, and the goals of this sort of the international event is given.

Boeing Extrication Team training on Boeing Mock-Up Trainer (BMT)

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-05-25

The Boeing extrication team train on the Boeing Mock-up Trainer from May 25 through May 28, 2018, at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston. The extrication team is comprised of firefighters from various U.S. Boeing sites. Each member of the team brings an expertise in Aerospace Confined Space Rescue, are Emergency Medical Technicians and have years of rescue experience. The team is highly motivated to getting the crew out quickly, safely and efficiently. The training at Johnson included suit training, side hatch egress, and Intravehicular Activity (IVA) rigging and egress. The week included a run for record on IVA egress for a testing requirement. Participants also included NASA Medical, the 45th Operations Group's Detachment 3, based at Patrick Air Force Base, and U.S. Air Force pararescue representation.

Fifth Report of the NASA Advisory Council Task Force on the Shuttle-Mir Rendezvous and Docking Missions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1995-01-01

The NASA Advisory Council Task Force on the Shuttle-Mir rendezvous and docking missions examine a number of specific issues related to the Shuttle-Mir program. Three teams composed of Task Force members and technical advisors were formed to address the follow issues: preliminary results from STS-71 and the status of preparations for STS-74; NASA's presence in Russia; and NASA's automated data processing and telecommunications (ADP/T) infrastructure in Russia. The three review team reports have been included in the fifth report of the Task Force.

Laterality related to the successive selection of Dutch national youth soccer players.

PubMed

Verbeek, Jan; Elferink-Gemser, Marije T; Jonker, Laura; Huijgen, Barbara C H; Visscher, Chris

2017-11-01

In the general population, estimates of left-foot preference are around 20%. In soccer, specific tasks create positional demands, requiring 40% of the players to be left-footed. Whether and how this is related to the selection of players is unknown. To examine the successive selection of soccer players for Dutch national youth teams in relation to foot preference, 280 youth players (age = 16.2 ± 1.08 years) were monitored from the U16 through the U19 teams over the last 5 years. No difference in successive selection between left- and right-footed players was found (p < 0.05). Regardless of foot preference, more than 50% of the selected players were deselected out of a national youth team after 2 years. On average, 31% of the national youth players were left-footed, which is higher than expected, based on population estimates (χ 2 (1) = 37.49, p < 0.001, w = 0.27). However, there was an under-representation of left-footed players, based on expected positional demands (i.e., attack, midfield, defence) (χ 2 (1) = 16.83, p < 0.001, w = 0.18). The conclusion is that left-foot preference increases the probability of selection in Dutch national youth soccer teams.

Group 1 Type: Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) as a Force Multiplier to the Fire Support Team

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-03

2 History ........ : ............................................................. : ...................... 4 The...observer team will effectively put rounds on target with fewer adjustments and better accuracy for first round fire for effect in situations where the...Vision and Strategy 2025 publication,3 We will pursue developments with unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) to widen the force size multiplying

Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV) and Marine Personnel Carrier (MPC): Background and Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-02-28

teams might now have the ability to generate effects once associated with larger forces, the Marines propose that company landing teams ( CLTs ...might now be a more appropriately sized force for most amphibious operations.14 CLTs are viewed as being small enough to be inserted in a single wave but

Supporting the Federal Emergency Management Agency Rescuers: a variation of critical incident stress management.

PubMed

Garcia, Evangeline; Horton, Denise A

2003-02-01

The purpose of this article was to document the efforts of two military installations in facilitating Critical Incident Stress Management teams for Federal Emergency Management Agency Rescue and Recovery Units following the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. McGuire Air Force Base accepted the mission to support the rotating task forces with emotional support, and Fort Dix offered temporary lodging while the teams were in-bound and out-bound to the "Ground Zero" site. A team, comprised of staff from both installations due to the configuration of professional and support staffs, does the Critical Incident Stress Management work. Both installations are within commuting distance of New York City and could provide adequate safety, security, and logistics to the teams. The classic crisis management models were not called into play, as that service was not asked for; however, it was clear to the McGuire Air Force Base/Fort Dix Critical Incident Stress Management team members that the rescue and recovery teams needed their physical presence. Many rescue organizations have their own "debriefing teams," yet it is believed that "outside teams" may be helpful as interim measures to demonstrate the universality of the process of coping with traumatic stress and grief management. It is hoped that this article honors the workers who came together to help in a very difficult time for our country. This article documents the interim measures that were taken for a group of people moving through crisis.

Intraspecific variation in a generalist herbivore accounts for differential induction and impact of host plant defences

PubMed Central

Kant, Merijn R; Sabelis, Maurice W; Haring, Michel A; Schuurink, Robert C

2007-01-01

Plants and herbivores are thought to be engaged in a coevolutionary arms race: rising frequencies of plants with anti-herbivore defences exert pressure on herbivores to resist or circumvent these defences and vice versa. Owing to its frequency-dependent character, the arms race hypothesis predicts that herbivores exhibit genetic variation for traits that determine how they deal with the defences of a given host plant phenotype. Here, we show the existence of distinct variation within a single herbivore species, the spider mite Tetranychus urticae, in traits that lead to resistance or susceptibility to jasmonate (JA)-dependent defences of a host plant but also in traits responsible for induction or repression of JA defences. We characterized three distinct lines of T. urticae that differentially induced JA-related defence genes and metabolites while feeding on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). These lines were also differently affected by induced JA defences. The first line, which induced JA-dependent tomato defences, was susceptible to those defences; the second line also induced JA defences but was resistant to them; and the third, although susceptible to JA defences, repressed induction. We hypothesize that such intraspecific variation is common among herbivores living in environments with a diversity of plants that impose diverse selection pressure. PMID:18055390

The health and cost implications of high body mass index in Australian defence force personnel

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Frequent illness and injury among workers with high body mass index (BMI) can raise the costs of employee healthcare and reduce workforce maintenance and productivity. These issues are particularly important in vocational settings such as the military, which require good physical health, regular attendance and teamwork to operate efficiently. The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of injury and illness, absenteeism, productivity, healthcare usage and administrative outcomes among Australian Defence Force personnel with varying BMI. Methods Personnel were grouped into cohorts according to the following ranges for (BMI): normal (18.5 − 24.9 kg/m2; n = 197), overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2; n = 154) and obese (≥30 kg/m2) with restricted body fat (≤28% for females, ≤24% for males) (n = 148) and with no restriction on body fat (n = 180). Medical records for each individual were audited retrospectively to record the incidence of injury and illness, absenteeism, productivity, healthcare usage (i.e., consultation with medical specialists, hospital stays, medical investigations, prescriptions) and administrative outcomes (e.g., discharge from service) over one year. These data were then grouped and compared between the cohorts. Results The prevalence of injury and illness, cost of medical specialist consultations and cost of medical scans were all higher (p < 0.05) in both obese cohorts compared with the normal cohort. The estimated productivity losses from restricted work days were also higher (p < 0.05) in the obese cohort with no restriction on body fat compared with the normal cohort. Within the obese cohort, the prevalence of injury and illness, healthcare usage and productivity were not significantly greater in the obese cohort with no restriction on body fat compared with the cohort with restricted body fat. The number of restricted work days, the rate of re-classification of Medical Employment Classification and the rate of discharge from service were similar between all four cohorts. Conclusions High BMI in the military increases healthcare usage, but does not disrupt workforce maintenance. The greater prevalence of injury and illness, greater healthcare usage and lower productivity in obese Australian Defence Force personnel is not related to higher levels of body fat. PMID:22716068

Effects of a performance and quality improvement intervention on the work environment in HIV-related care: a quasi-experimental evaluation in Zambia.

PubMed

Bazant, Eva; Sarkar, Supriya; Banda, Joseph; Kanjipite, Webby; Reinhardt, Stephanie; Shasulwe, Hildah; Mulilo, Joyce Monica Chongo; Kim, Young Mi

2014-12-20

Human resource shortages and reforms in HIV-related care make it challenging for frontline health care providers in southern Africa to deliver high-quality services. At health facilities of the Zambian Defence Forces, a performance and quality improvement approach was implemented to improve HIV-related care and was evaluated in 2010/2011. Changes in providers' work environment and perceived quality of HIV-related care were assessed to complement data of provider performance. The intervention involved on-site training, supportive supervision, and action planning focusing on detailed service delivery standards. The quasi-experimental evaluation collected pre- and post-intervention data from eight intervention and comparison facilities matched on defence force branch and baseline client volume. Overall, 101 providers responded to a 24-item questionnaire on the work environment, covering topics of drugs, supplies, and equipment; training, feedback, and supervision; compensation; staffing; safety; fulfilment; and HIV services quality. In bivariate analysis and multivariate analyses, we assessed changes within each study group and between the two groups. In the bivariate analysis, the intervention group providers reported improvements in the work environment on adequacy of equipment, feeling safe from harm, confidence in clinical skills, and reduced isolation, while the comparison group reported worsening of the work environment on supplies, training, safety, and departmental morale.In the multivariate analysis, the intervention group's improvement and the comparison group's decline were significant on perceived adequacy of drugs, supplies, and equipment; constructive feedback received from supervisor and co-workers; and feeling safe from physical harm (all P <0.01, except P <0.04 for equipment). Further, the item "provider lacks confidence in some clinical skills" declined in the intervention group but increased in the comparison group (P = -0.005). In multivariate analysis, changes in perceived quality of HIV care did not differ between study groups. Provider perceptions were congruent with observations of preparing drugs, supplies, equipment, and in service delivery of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and antiretroviral therapy follow-up care. The performance and quality improvement intervention implemented at Zambian Defence Forces' health facilities was associated with improvements in providers' perceptions of work environment consistent with the intervention's focus on commodities, skills acquisition, and receipt of constructive feedback.

[ Modern condition and prospects of development of cardiac surgery in the Armed Forces].

PubMed

Khubulava, G G; Ryzhman, N N; Ovchinnikov, Iu V; Tyrenko, V V; Peleshko, A S

2014-04-01

Authors consider the problem of delivery cardiac surgical care to contingent of the Defence Ministry. Perspective directions of development of cardiac surgery in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are the development of minimally invasive cardio surgery, endovascular development of modern methods of diagnosis and treatment, further development of electrophysiological methods for diagnosis and treatment of disorders of rhythm and conduction, the introduction of various kinds of auxiliary mechanical circulatory support systems in acute and chronic heart failure, development of transplantation in cardiac surgery, improvement of algorithm selection and referral of patients requiring cardiac care by providing primary health care to troop central military medical institutions, creating a single register of cardiac patients as part of the Armed Forces in order to determine the order and place of treatment, etc.

Disruptive technologies and force transformation: a Canadian perspective (Keynote Address)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moen, Ingar O.; Walker, Robert S.

2005-05-01

Transformation of Canada"s military forces is being pursued to ensure their relevancy and impact in light of the new defence and security environment. This environment is characterized by an increasingly complex spectrum of military operations spanning pre- and post-conflict, the emergence of an asymmetric threat that differs substantially from the peer-on-peer threat of the Cold War, and the globalization of science and technology. Disruptive technologies - those that have a profound impact on established practice - are increasingly shaping both the civil and military sectors, with advances in one sector now regularly seeding disruptions in the other. This paper postulates the likely sources of disruptive technologies over the next 10-20 years. It then looks at how science and technology investments can contribute to force transformation either to take advantage of or mitigate the effects of these disruptions.

Changing the Western Alliance in the South Pacific.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-05-01

to subsidize overseas grain and sugar sales in support of an ailing US agric -ultural industry and at the expense of traditional Australian markett;. in...political, and commercial links, as well as close defence cooperation designed to ensure ANZU. forces could operate together quickly and effectively should...onr thte other hand sees thioit s the logic of a nation that is in effect pol itical ly ’ insular ’, and the Reagan Admin- istration is convinced that

Contractors on Deployed Military Operations: United Kingdom Policy and Doctrine

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-09-01

contractor’s workforce than military personnel, and contractors cannot be disciplined for violations of the Uniform Code of Military Justice.101 Moreover...objectives are met.151 The MoD’s “Defence Agencies” currently employ 60 percent of MoD’s civilian workforce and 11 percent of total uniformed personnel...operations by staff drawn from the contractor’s workforce who are reservist members of the Armed Forces.”177 With these initiatives, MoD assumes it has

Nuclear Weapons and NATO, Analytical Survey of Literature

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-06-01

contribution to the current debate on important issues now facing the Alliance." 3 EUROPEAN SECURITY AND THE AT- LANTIC SYSTEM, ed. by William T. R...a good long run ahead of it." (*)—CRISIS IN EUROPEAN DEFENCE: THE NEXT TEN YEARS, by Geoffrey Lee Wil- liams and Alan Lee Williams . London...with its Headquarters at Rhein- dahlen , and Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force with its headquarters at Ramstein." NATO RESHAPING TACTICAL AIR POS

Instrumentation for Airwake Measurements on the Flight Deck of a FFG-7

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-11-01

volatile RAM to the computer hard disk with a unique file name based on time and date. At an opportune time the data file(s) are manually transferred...1967 6 Royal Air Force Manual (Volume D) AP3456D Al-i APPENDIX 1 GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR VADAR VADAR was developed by the Instrumentation and Trials...TTCP HTP -6) N. Matheson N. Pollock DJ. Sherman Materials Research Laboratory Director/Library Defence Science & Technology Organisation Salisbury

Applying Culture to Military Operations: A Review of Foreign Militaries

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-04

with foreign cultures.29 This gap was addressed by the Australian Defence Force’s 39th Personnel Support Battalion ( PSB ) when they began offering...Force Preparation Training to military service members as well as government civilians in advance of deployment.30 In 2010, the 39th PSB determined...to ensure that the training “will continually evolve.” 31 In August of 2011, the 39th PSB began offering a two-part training package. The

Australian Defence Force Requirements for a Group-feeding Ration Pack

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-01

items were instant noodles and pasta (20% and 18% of respondents, respectively). 3.1.6 Items Commonly Discarded Beef and Pasta, Fruit Pudding...sheet). Although not usually required, there is provision to supplement the CR5M with a cereal adjunct such as bread, rice, pasta or noodles [6]. It is...of all the drink items. The Chocolate Drink Powder had the highest acceptability; its consumption was second to that of the Instant Coffee. The

Condom Use Following a Pilot Test of the Popular Opinion Leader Intervention in the Barbados Defence Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

and if it exhibited effects on condom use in the BDF population. The POL intervention was originally designed to reduce sexual risk behavior in...increase condom use in the BDF. We adapted the POL intervention as an improvement to the peer educator model in the context of the BDF’s ongoing prevention...measuring respondent demographics, detailed questions regarding specific sexual behaviors and condom use, alcohol abuse, and psychoso- cial measurements

Topology Model of the Flow around a Submarine Hull Form

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

UNCLASSIFIED Topology Model of the Flow around a Submarine Hull Form S.-K. Lee Maritime Division Defence Science and Technology Group DST-Group–TR...3177 ABSTRACT A topology model constructed from surface-streamer visualisation describes the flow around a generic conventional submarine hull form at...pure yaw angles of 0 ◦, 10 ◦ and 18 ◦. The model is used to develop equations for sway-force and yaw-moment coefficients which relate to the hull - form

Cost-Effective Air Transportation of Australian Defence Force Personnel within Australia

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-09-01

the RAAF scheduled air service system. Cost-Effectiveness William A. Niskanen describes cost-effectiveness as part of the general theory of maximising...positioned somewhere in the middle of the analytic spectrum between the classical theory of the firm at one end and the operations analysis at the...were used in the simulation to assign a rank to each entity . 44 Table VIII Rank Category P Distributions CATEGORY (per cent) LOCATION 1 2 3 4 5

Supporting Australian Defence Force Peacekeepers and Their Families: The Case of East Timor

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-10-01

found further education of families regarding the impact of relief leave be provided in information packs and day care centres, pre-schools and... environmental exposures. The present research will examine in-depth participants’ perceptions of the impact of the East Timor deployment on personnel and...would be valuable to have more education about the impact of relief leave in briefings and information packs as well as flexibility in the timing of

Seeking Shadows in the Sky: The Strategy of Air Guerrilla Warfare

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-11-01

Structuring Air Power for the Small Air Force,” in Air Power Confronts an Unstable World, ed. Richard P. Hallion (London: Brassey’s, 1997), 181. 12...Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 1997), 207. 6. Air Commodore Andrew G. B. Vallance , “The Changing Nature of Air Warfare,” in Air Power Confronts an...Unstable World, ed. Richard P. Hallion (London: Brassey’s, 1997), xv; and Alan Stephens, The Implications of Modern Airpower for Defence Strategy, Air

Pathway to Change? An Appraisal of the Australian Defence Force’s Strategy for Cultural Change

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-12-13

November): 445-463. Schein , Edgar H . 2010. Organizational culture and leadership. 4th ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Sekerka, Leslie E., Justin D...academics in the field of organizational change, including Geert Hofstede and Edgar Schein : “A set of shared mental assumptions that guide interpretation...organization. In Organizational Culture and Leadership, Edgar Schein offers an equally convincing analysis of the nature of an organization’s culture. He

CECA Model of the JSTAFF

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

National Defence. [2] Cook, T . M., Leedom, D. K., Grynovicki, J. O., & Golden, M. G . (2000). Cognitive representativeness of battlespace complexity... planification opérationnelle et la représentation graphique de plans. Le modèle situationnel doit être organisé en un tableau intégré élaboré par le...1. Système de commandement des Forces canadiennes (2002). Modèles de processus pour la planification opérationnelle et stratégique des FC et

The Air Land Sea Bulletin. Issue No. 2006-2, May 2006

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-05-01

THE AIR LAND SEA BULLETIN Issue No. 2006-2 Air Land Sea Application (ALSA) Center May 2006 IN HOUSE Director’s Comments— Final Thoughts...4 US Air Force Predator UAVs Have Moved Into a More Overt Strike Role [Jane’s Defence Weekly Reprint] ........................6...SUBTITLE The Air Land Sea Bulletin. Issue No. 2006-2, May 2006 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT

Leadership and Diversity in the Canadian Forces: A Conceptual Model and Research Agenda

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-09-01

refers both to the four designated groups identified in Employment Equity (EE) legislation (i.e., women, visible minorities, Aboriginals, and...policies/programs and answers directly to the Deputy Minister and the Chief of Defence Staff. There are also advisory groups for each designated ...pour promouvoir l’équilibre entre la vie personnelle et professionnelle. Les FC tirent de l’arrière comparativement aux entreprises privées pour ce qui

Cyber Defence in the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-11-01

undesirable action backward discovery. This solution is based on special tools using NetFlow protocol. Active network elements or specialized hardware...probes attached to the backbone network using a tap can be the sources of NetFlow data. The principal advantage of NetFlow protocol is the fact that it...provides primary data in the open form, which can be easily utilized in the subsequent operations. The FlowMon Probe 4000 is mostly used NetFlow

Injury prevention during physical activity in the Australian Defence Force.

PubMed

Sherrard, J; Lenné, M; Cassell, E; Stokes, M; Ozanne-Smith, J

2004-03-01

Injuries sustained by Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel during non-combat military training and sports activity are associated with increasing costs due to work days lost, medical treatment, compensation, and early retirement. In 2001, the ADF commissioned a systematic review of the evidence-base for reducing injuries associated with physical activity, while at the same time improving physical activity participation rates to sustain a trained, fit and deployable workforce. Literature from on-line library databases, relevant unclassified military reports, and material from previously published sport-specific injury countermeasure reviews were systematically and critically analysed to address the study aims. Modification of intensity, frequency and duration of basic military training activities and improved equipment is likely to reduce injury occurrence. Sports injury countermeasures used for the civilian population have merit for the ADF physical activity program. Injury countermeasures should be designed to minimise any possible deterrent effect on the motivation to participate in regular physical activity. Increasing the participation of ADF personnel in physical activity in the presence of evidence-based injury prevention strategies has the potential to increase health, fitness and deployability with minimal impact on injury frequency. Recommendations arising from the review include injury intervention trials in basic military training and sports. These and other interventions should be supported by refinement to ADF injury surveillance systems. Research should focus on interventions with the greatest gain for fitness, deployability, and cost effectiveness.

Effect of Multiple Deployments on Military Families: A Cross-Sectional Study of Health and Well-Being of Partners and Children.

PubMed

McGuire, Annabel C L; Kanesarajah, Jeeva; Runge, Catherine E; Ireland, Renee; Waller, Michael; Dobson, Annette J

2016-04-01

This study explored the impact of multiple deployments on the health and well-being of the partners (married or de facto) and children of Australian military personnel who have deployed frequently. Permission to contact military partners was sought from a sample of Australian Defence Force (ADF) members. Partners provided data on deployment history, physical health, mental health, and their children's emotions, and behaviors. Associations between multiple deployments and health and well-being of partners and children were assessed using logistic regression. Data were collected from 1,332 Australian Defence Force partners (response rate 36%) with 1,095 children aged between 4 and 17 years. Almost half (47%) of partners had experienced more than one deployment, mainly to Timor-Leste, Iraq, and Afghanistan. There was little evidence of associations between numbers of deployments and the health of the partner. In contrast, more behavioral problems were reported for children who experienced two or more deployments with odds ratios generally greater than 2 and significant trends with increasing numbers of deployment. Although military families who experience multiple deployments may, by selection, be more resilient than those who have fewer deployments, these results suggest that adverse impacts on the children may accrue with increasing parental absences because of deployment. Reprint & Copyright © 2016 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.

A pilot study to evaluate the utility of live training (LIVEX) in the operational preparedness of UK military trauma teams.

PubMed

Smith, J E; Withnall, R D J; Rickard, R F; Lamb, D; Sitch, A; Hodgetts, T J

2016-12-01

With the end of UK military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, it is essential that peacetime training of Defence Medical Services (DMS) trauma teams ensures appropriate future preparedness. A new model of pre-deployment training involves placement of formed military trauma teams into civilian trauma centres. This study evaluates the benefit of 'live training during an exercise period' (LIVEX) for DMS trauma teams. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey of participants was conducted. Quantitative data were collected prior to the start and on the final day. Written reports were collected from the coordinators. Thematic analysis was used to identify emergent themes in a supplementary, qualitative analysis. Each team comprised 13 personnel and results should be interpreted with knowledge of this small sample size. The response rate for both the pre-LIVEX and post-LIVEX questionnaire was 100%. By the end of the week, 89% of participants (n=23) stated LIVEX was an 'appropriate or very appropriate' way of preparing for an operational role compared with 40% (n=9) before the exercise (p<0.01). However, completing LIVEX made no difference to participants' personal perception of their own operational preparedness. Thematic analysis suggested greater training benefit for more junior members of the team; from Regulars and Reservists training together; and from two-way exchange of information between DMS and National Health Service medical staffs. Completing LIVEX made no statistically significant difference to participants' personal perception of their own operational preparedness, but the perception of LIVEX as an appropriate training platform improved significantly after conducting the training exercise. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

Persistence of host defence behaviour in the absence of avian brood parasitism

PubMed Central

Peer, Brian D.; Kuehn, Michael J.; Rothstein, Stephen I.; Fleischer, Robert C.

2011-01-01

The fate of host defensive behaviour in the absence of selection from brood parasitism is critical to long-term host–parasite coevolution. We investigated whether New World Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus that are allopatric from brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater and common cuckoo Cuculus canorus parasitism have retained egg rejection behaviour. We found that egg rejection was expressed by 100 per cent of Bohemian waxwings. Our phylogeny revealed that Bohemian and Japanese waxwings Bombycilla japonica were sister taxa, and this clade was sister to the cedar waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum. In addition, there was support for a split between Old and New World Bohemian waxwings. Our molecular clock estimates suggest that egg rejection may have been retained for 2.8–3.0 Myr since New World Bohemian waxwings inherited it from their common ancestor with the rejecter cedar waxwings. These results support the ‘single trajectory’ model of host–brood parasite coevolution that once hosts evolve defences, they are retained, forcing parasites to become more specialized over time. PMID:21493623

Team Modelling: Literature Review

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-08-01

elucidating this complex topic . The report concludes that four areas of future team research are particularly germane to the needs of the Canadian Forces...provide a shield for team members that are not performing at high levels (Bowers, Pharmer and Salas, 2000),. Some researchers have suggested that...mid level, performance is high . Other research has explored the relationship between team turnover and the accumulation of knowledge within teams

Update: Partnership for the Revitalization of National Wind Tunnel Force Measurement Technology Capability

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rhew, Ray D.

2010-01-01

NASA's Aeronautics Test Program (ATP) chartered a team to examine the issues and risks associated with the lack of funding and focus on force measurement over the past several years, focusing specifically on strain-gage balances. NASA partnered with the U.S. Air Force's Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) to exploit their combined capabilities and take a national level government view of the problem and established the National Force Measurement Technology Capability (NFMTC) project. This paper provides an update on the team's status for revitalizing the government's balance capability with respect to designing, fabricating, calibrating, and using the these critical measurement devices.

Life-history constraints in grassland plant species: a growth-defence trade-off is the norm

Treesearch

E.M. Lind; E.T. Borer; E.W. Seabloom; P.B. Adler; J.D. Bakker; D.M. Blumenthal; M. Crawley; K.F. Davies; J. Firn; D.S. Gruner; S. Harpole; Y. Hautier; H. Hillebrand; J.M.H. Knops; B.A. Melbourne; B. Mortensen; A.C. Risch; M. Schuetz; C.J. Stevens; P.D. Wragg

2013-01-01

Plant growth can be limited by resource acquisition and defence against consumers, leading to contrasting trade-off possibilities. The competition-defence hypothesis posits a trade-off between competitive ability and defence against enemies (e.g. herbivores and pathogens). The growth-defence hypothesis suggests that strong competitors for nutrients are also defended...

Defence electro-optics: European perspective

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hartikainen, Jari

2011-11-01

In 2009 the United States invested in defence R&T 3,6 times and in defence research and development 6,8 times as much as all member states of the European Defence Agency (EDA) combined while the ratio in the total defence expenditure was 2,6 in the US' favour. The European lack of investments in defence research and development has a negative impact on the competitiveness of European defence industry and on the European non-dependence. In addition, the efficiency of investment is reduced due to duplication of work in different member states. The Lisbon Treaty tasks EDA to support defence technology research, and coordinate and plan joint research activities and the study of technical solutions meeting future operational needs. This paper gives an overview how EDA meets the challenge of improving the efficiency of European defence R&T investment with an emphasis on electro-optics and describes shortly the ways that governmental and industrial partners can participate in the EDA cooperation. Examples of joint R&T projects addressing electro-optics are presented.

Conducting qualitative research in the British Armed Forces: theoretical, analytical and ethical implications.

PubMed

Finnegan, Alan

2014-06-01

The aim of qualitative research is to produce empirical evidence with data collected through means such as interviews and observation. Qualitative research encourages diversity in the way of thinking and the methods used. Good studies produce a richness of data to provide new knowledge or address extant problems. However, qualitative research resulting in peer review publications within the Defence Medical Services (DMS) is a rarity. This article aims to help redress this balance by offering direction regarding qualitative research in the DMS with a focus on choosing a theoretical framework, analysing the data and ethical approval. Qualitative researchers need an understanding of the paradigms and theories that underpin methodological frameworks, and this article includes an overview of common theories in phenomenology, ethnography and grounded theory, and their application within the military. It explains qualitative coding: the process used to analyse data and shape the analytical framework. A popular four phase approach with examples from an operational nursing research study is presented. Finally, it tackles the issue of ethical approval for qualitative studies and offers direction regarding the research proposal and participant consent. The few qualitative research studies undertaken in the DMS have offered innovative insights into defence healthcare providing information to inform and change educational programmes and clinical practice. This article provides an extra resource for clinicians to encourage studies that will improve the operational capability of the British Armed Forces. It is anticipated that these guidelines are transferable to research in other Armed Forces and the military Veterans population. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

32 CFR 705.32 - Aviation events and parachute demonstrations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... the officially designated military flight or parachute demonstration teams, flyover by aircraft, a... of military flight and parachute demonstration teams. Armed Forces recruiting teams are available to... support of air show fund raising efforts in the form of provision of military flight and parachute...

32 CFR 705.32 - Aviation events and parachute demonstrations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... the officially designated military flight or parachute demonstration teams, flyover by aircraft, a... of military flight and parachute demonstration teams. Armed Forces recruiting teams are available to... support of air show fund raising efforts in the form of provision of military flight and parachute...

32 CFR 705.32 - Aviation events and parachute demonstrations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the officially designated military flight or parachute demonstration teams, flyover by aircraft, a... of military flight and parachute demonstration teams. Armed Forces recruiting teams are available to... support of air show fund raising efforts in the form of provision of military flight and parachute...

32 CFR 705.32 - Aviation events and parachute demonstrations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the officially designated military flight or parachute demonstration teams, flyover by aircraft, a... of military flight and parachute demonstration teams. Armed Forces recruiting teams are available to... support of air show fund raising efforts in the form of provision of military flight and parachute...

32 CFR 705.32 - Aviation events and parachute demonstrations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the officially designated military flight or parachute demonstration teams, flyover by aircraft, a... of military flight and parachute demonstration teams. Armed Forces recruiting teams are available to... support of air show fund raising efforts in the form of provision of military flight and parachute...

U.S. Air Force Live | The Official Blog of the United States Air Force

Science.gov Websites

. Christopher Uecker, 25th Aircraft Maintenance Unit weapons load crew team chief, tightens a guided bomb unit Uecker, 25th Aircraft Maintenance Unit weapons load crew team chief, tightens a guided bomb unit onto an Maintenance Unit load munitions onto an A-10 Thunderbolt II during the Vigilant Ace 16 exercise on Osan Air

Total Army Cyber Mission Force: Reserve Component Integration

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-02-16

will operate under the control of USCYBERCOM. Many of these 133 teams will also be integrated within Unified Combatant Command ( UCC ) planning and...use of these teams would be as service retained forces capable of filling federal contingency and programed UCC requirements. ii. Army National Guard...confirmation, and validation of RC CMF capabilities.50 Overseas Deployment Training (ODT) facilitates RC participation in external UCC

Implications of a Non-Unified Command System and the Need for a Unified Command System in Zambia

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-12

vein, it is indicated that the concept of Chief of General Staff would have been advantageous in the development of the Defence Forces had it been well...process. For example, British failures during the Crimean War caused the British to look towards the German General Staff system in effect during the...economic and social development . Nevertheless, any meaningful economic and social development needs to be well protected and anchored upon an effective

Expanding the Shield and Facing the Challenges: Integration of Women in Botswana Defence Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-03-01

restrictions on the type of jobs women can do in the service, it is time for them to review their policies so that women can have a choice as to the type of...established by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) based on data provided by national parliaments. As feminism gained ground, women have globally fought...for, and to a large degree, accomplished a reevaluation of the traditional views of the role of women in society. Feminism has helped sensitize the

Warsaw Pact: The Question of Cohesion. Phase II, Volume 1. The Greater Socialist Army: Integration and Reliability,

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-02-01

crystallized, but at the same tIen integrat iVe_ mechanisms have been improved a great deal. The "Allied" Forces Characteristics Outwardly there are few if...32 - military officers ranked low in comparison with other occupations. But the economic and social rewards of a military pi fession improved in...the military unity of the socialist countries and their defence preparedness," and by the need to improve ideological work in socialist armies

Can the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force be Used Successfully as an Instrument of Nation Building in Trinidad and Tobago

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-06-03

were in control in Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Mexico , and Uruguay, with Venezuela showing a strong tendency towards this goal. In all other Latin...by the Portuguese such as small pox , measles, and tuberculosis." This caused the coloiLists to seek 73 alternative labor. They set up trading posts...fruit. Animal husbandry activities concentrate on cattle, hogs, and chicken production with milk and eggs as by-products. The ROK is self-sufficient in

Development of a New Australian Defence Force Fresh Food Provisioning Scale (SUPMAN 4/NAVSUPMAN 5 Review)

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-05-01

paw, pineapple, Raw, Peeled ready to eat 3600 Fruit juice 3600 Banana , Common, Raw, Peeled , Ready to eat 2400 Berry ,Raw, Frozen, Canned...sandwich with small fruit juice  1 wrap sandwich with large cordial drink  1 sport supplement drink and large banana  1 large serve minestrone...pack of savoury snack biscuits plus cream cheese dip, julienne vegetables and fruit juice  banana smoothie made with milk, icecream and banana

The Roots of the Command and Control of Air Power: An Appraisal of Three Air Forces Through 1945

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-09-17

Co., 1927), 121. 33 Joubert de la Ferté, The Third Service, 48. 34 Scot Robertson, The Development of RAF Strategic Bombing Doctrine, 1919-1939...5 Scot Robertson, The Development of RAF Strategic Bombing Doctrine, 1919-1939 (Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1995), 36. 6 Powers, Strategy without...Royal United Services Institution Vol LXXV (February 1930): 109. 36 Collier, The Defence of the United Kingdom, 12.; Derek Wood and Derek D. Dempster

Will the Current Solution Survive the Future Battlespace? An examination of the Combatant Role of the Australian Army’s Protected mobility capability

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-12-10

requirements exist which the Army may need to address as it develops towards ‘Force 2030’? Critically, this paper aims to analyze the future...Defence White Paper , Defending Australia 1994, represented a fundamental shift in Australian strategic defense policy. Historical Background 1 Self...Keating Labour Government in 1993, it was determined that a revision of the previous White Paper (Defending Australia 1987) was to be undertaken. The

Technology Insertion and Management: Options for the Canadian Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

Minister of National Defence, 2010 © Sa Majesté la Reine ( en droit du Canada), telle que représentée par le ministre de la Défense nationale, 2010...semble indiquer qu’un changement de paradigme est en cours dans la façon dont les militaires élaborent et emploient la technologie à utiliser avec leurs...coûts-avantages fondée sur l’optimisation des options en matière d’insertion technologique. ii DRDC CORA TM 2010-015 This page

Enhancing the Jamaica Defence Force Military Intelligence Unit’s Effectiveness to Conduct Counterdrug Missions

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-16

ecstasy and heroin but in quantities that constitute personal use or for local sampling. The apparent sporadic availability of drugs other than...is not just simply to say “fix the problem” and hope that by some stroke of magic all the intervening factors fall into place and the issue is 34...include those that are widely abused, such as Heroin, Cocaine. Ecstasy , LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide), and Magic Mushrooms 2. Class B drugs

Jamaican Maritime Security. What are the Capability Gaps that Limit the Jamaica Defence Force in the Execution of its Roles in Maritime Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-09

revenue was generated from living resources such as fish, non-living resources such as oil, and ecosystems and ecosystem processes such as tourism ...however, based on the size of Jamaica’s tourism industry and other ocean economy related industries it is reasonable to conclude that it is a...and other marine resources eventually leads to damaged beaches and coastlines, and ultimately damages tourism and other industries. Though Jamaicans

Soviet Military Objectives in the Artic Theater and How They Might be Attained

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-09-01

on NATO’s Northern Flank," Armed Forces Journal International, April 1984, 88 ff.; Roy Breivik , "Assuring the Security of Reinforcements to Norway...Publishing Co., 1985), 72-78 passim; Patrick Wall, "The Importance of NATO’s North- em Flank," Defence, vol. 10, no. 1 (January 1979), 9-11. 48. The...Ellingsen, Militaerbalansen 1983-1984; Breivik , "Assuring the Security of Rein- forcements to Norway," 66. 50. The reinforcements include a

Is the Botswana Defence Force Poised to Attain the Level of Military Effectiveness Espoused by Its Vision

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-02-13

powerful adversaries in South Africa and Rhodesia . As southern Africa attained stability and endured the Cold War, there was rise in non-state actor...halt the acts of aggression from Rhodesia and South Africa 5 During wars of liberation, history attributes the country’s survival to the diplomatic...More than any other profession, military turns to history in much broader ways for reference and guidance.” 5 The Selous Scouts of Rhodesia

Was It Really Worth Pain? Refurbishment of Mercedes-Benz Trucks by Botswana Defence Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-12-01

staff, especially those who were involved in rework, was their inability to access the fleet management system Mincom Ellipse database. Access to...CHAPTER IV This chapter analyzes the survey/questionnaires that were sent to the users, the project middle managers, and the CMER. The CMER was a de ...transferred directly to the BDF; they were accessed from a fund set up for the project. This enabled the project manager to have versatility in the

BKCASE(TM) Body of Knowledge and Curriculum to Advance Systems Engineering

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-28

Lawson, Lawson Konsult AB, Sweden Johann Amsenga, Eclipse RDC, South Africa Alex Lee , Defence Science and Technology Agency, Singapore Erik Aslaksen...Engineering Division, US Tim Ferris, University of South Australia and INCOSE, Australia Jean-Claude Roussel, EADS, France Kevin Forsberg, Center for...Systems Management and INCOSE, US Sven-Olaf Schulze, Berner & Mattner Systemtechnik GmbH, Germany Richard Freeman, Air Force Center for Systems

Creating a Joint Approach to New Zealand Defence Force Contemporary Amphibious Operations in the South West Pacific

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-06

Logistics Support. There were no set agreements in place to use military assets to transport donated goods from NGOs and the private sector . This led to... private sector in the future.25 Lessons Learned: Command and Control. The JTF staff had not been exercised in the lead up to the operation...these islands would have been able to survive on their internal produce and subsistence culture, however in a globalised world, some of them are

Overview of radiation effects research in photonics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Webb, Robert C.; Cohn, Lewis M.; Taylor, Edward W.; Greenwell, Roger A.

1995-05-01

A brief overview of ongoing radiation effects research in photonics is presented focusing on integrated optic and acousto-optic components. A short summary of radiation-induced effects in electro-optic modulators, detector arrays, and other photonic technologies is presented along with extensive references. The coordinated radiation effects studies among researchers within the Tri-Service Organizations and international experimental teams are beginning to demonstrate consistent measurements of radiation-induced effects in photonic components and confirming earlier reported data. This paper will present an overview of these coordinated investigations and focus on key research being conducted with the AFMC Phillips Laboratory, Naval Research Laboratory, Defence Nuclear Agency, NATO Nuclear Effects Task Group, and the Tri-Service Photonics Coordinating Committee.

Costs and limits of dosage response to predation risk: to what extent can tadpoles invest in anti-predator morphology?

PubMed

Teplitsky, Céline; Plénet, Sandrine; Joly, Pierre

2005-09-01

Inducible defences have long been considered as a polyphenism opposing defended and undefended morphs. However, in nature, preys are exposed to various levels of predation risk and scale their investment in defence to actual predation risk. Still, among the traits that are involved in the defence, some are specific to one predator type while others act as a more generalised defence. The existence of defence costs could prevent an individual investing in all these traits simultaneously. In this study, we investigate the impact of an increasing level of predator density (stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus) on the expression of morphological inducible defences in tadpoles of Rana dalmatina. In this species, investment in tail length and tail muscle is a stickleback-specific response while increased tail fin depth is a more general defence. As expected, we found a relationship between investment in defence and level of risk through the responses of tail fin depth and tail length. We also found an exponential increase of defence cost, notably expressed by convex decrease of growth and developmental rates. We found a relative independence of investment in the different traits that compose the defence, revealing a high potential for fine tuning the expression of defended phenotypes with respect to local ecological conditions.

Cuckoos versus hosts in insects and birds: adaptations, counter-adaptations and outcomes.

PubMed

Kilner, Rebecca M; Langmore, Naomi E

2011-11-01

Avian parents and social insect colonies are victimized by interspecific brood parasites-cheats that procure costly care for their dependent offspring by leaving them in another species' nursery. Birds and insects defend themselves from attack by brood parasites; their defences in turn select counter-strategies in the parasite, thus setting in motion antagonistic co-evolution between the two parties. Despite their considerable taxonomic disparity, here we show striking parallels in the way that co-evolution between brood parasites and their hosts proceeds in insects and birds. First, we identify five types of co-evolutionary arms race from the empirical literature, which are common to both systems. These are: (a) directional co-evolution of weaponry and armoury; (b) furtiveness in the parasite countered by strategies in the host to expose the parasite; (c) specialist parasites mimicking hosts who escape by diversifying their genetic signatures; (d) generalist parasites mimicking hosts who escape by favouring signatures that force specialization in the parasite; and (e) parasites using crypsis to evade recognition by hosts who then simplify their signatures to make the parasite more detectable. Arms races a and c are well characterized in the theoretical literature on co-evolution, but the other types have received little or no formal theoretical attention. Empirical work suggests that hosts are doomed to lose arms races b and e to the parasite, in the sense that parasites typically evade host defences and successfully parasitize the nest. Nevertheless hosts may win when the co-evolutionary trajectory follows arms race a, c or d. Next, we show that there are four common outcomes of the co-evolutionary arms race for hosts. These are: (1) successful resistance; (2) the evolution of defence portfolios (or multiple lines of resistance); (3) acceptance of the parasite; and (4) tolerance of the parasite. The particular outcome is not determined by the type of preceding arms race but depends more on whether hosts or parasites control the co-evolutionary trajectory: tolerance is an outcome that parasites inflict on hosts, whereas the other three outcomes are more dependent on properties intrinsic to the host species. Finally, our review highlights considerable interspecific variation in the complexity and depth of host defence portfolios. Whether this variation is adaptive or merely reflects evolutionary lag is unclear. We propose an adaptive explanation, which centres on the relative strength of two opposing processes: strategy-facilitation, in which one line of host defence promotes the evolution of another form of resistance, and strategy-blocking, in which one line of defence may relax selection on another so completely that it causes it to decay. We suggest that when strategy-facilitation outweighs strategy-blocking, hosts will possess complex defence portfolios and we identify selective conditions in which this is likely to be the case. © 2011 The Authors. Biological Reviews © 2011 Cambridge Philosophical Society.

Honest sexual signalling mediated by parasite and testosterone effects on oxidative balance.

PubMed

Mougeot, Francois; Martínez-Padilla, Jesús; Webster, Lucy M I; Blount, Jonathan D; Pérez-Rodríguez, Lorenzo; Piertney, Stuart B

2009-03-22

Extravagant ornaments evolved to advertise their bearers' quality, the honesty of the signal being ensured by the cost paid to produce or maintain it. The oxidation handicap hypothesis (OHH) proposes that a main cost of testosterone-dependent ornamentation is oxidative stress, a condition whereby the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) overwhelms the capacity of antioxidant defences. ROS/RNS are unstable, very reactive by-products of normal metabolic processes that can cause extensive damage to key biomolecules (cellular proteins, lipids and DNA). Oxidative stress has been implicated in the aetiology of many diseases and could link ornamentation and genetic variation in fitness-related traits. We tested the OHH in a free-living bird, the red grouse. We show that elevated testosterone enhanced ornamentation and increased circulating antioxidant levels, but caused oxidative damage. Males with smaller ornaments suffered more oxidative damage than those with larger ornaments when forced to increase testosterone levels, consistent with a handicap mechanism. Parasites depleted antioxidant defences, caused oxidative damage and reduced ornament expression. Oxidative damage extent and the ability of males to increase antioxidant defences also explained the impacts of testosterone and parasites on ornamentation within treatment groups. Because oxidative stress is intimately linked to immune function, parasite resistance and fitness, it provides a reliable currency in the trade-off between individual health and ornamentation. The costs induced by oxidative stress can apply to a wide range of signals, which are testosterone-dependent or coloured by pigments with antioxidant properties.

Honest sexual signalling mediated by parasite and testosterone effects on oxidative balance

PubMed Central

Mougeot, Francois; Martínez-Padilla, Jesu´s; Webster, Lucy M.I.; Blount, Jonathan D.; Pérez-Rodríguez, Lorenzo; Piertney, Stuart B.

2008-01-01

Extravagant ornaments evolved to advertise their bearers' quality, the honesty of the signal being ensured by the cost paid to produce or maintain it. The oxidation handicap hypothesis (OHH) proposes that a main cost of testosterone-dependent ornamentation is oxidative stress, a condition whereby the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) overwhelms the capacity of antioxidant defences. ROS/RNS are unstable, very reactive by-products of normal metabolic processes that can cause extensive damage to key biomolecules (cellular proteins, lipids and DNA). Oxidative stress has been implicated in the aetiology of many diseases and could link ornamentation and genetic variation in fitness-related traits. We tested the OHH in a free-living bird, the red grouse. We show that elevated testosterone enhanced ornamentation and increased circulating antioxidant levels, but caused oxidative damage. Males with smaller ornaments suffered more oxidative damage than those with larger ornaments when forced to increase testosterone levels, consistent with a handicap mechanism. Parasites depleted antioxidant defences, caused oxidative damage and reduced ornament expression. Oxidative damage extent and the ability of males to increase antioxidant defences also explained the impacts of testosterone and parasites on ornamentation within treatment groups. Because oxidative stress is intimately linked to immune function, parasite resistance and fitness, it provides a reliable currency in the trade-off between individual health and ornamentation. The costs induced by oxidative stress can apply to a wide range of signals, which are testosterone-dependent or coloured by pigments with antioxidant properties. PMID:19129122

The barley (Hordeum vulgare) cellulose synthase-like D2 gene (HvCslD2) mediates penetration resistance to host-adapted and nonhost isolates of the powdery mildew fungus.

PubMed

Douchkov, Dimitar; Lueck, Stefanie; Hensel, Goetz; Kumlehn, Jochen; Rajaraman, Jeyaraman; Johrde, Annika; Doblin, Monika S; Beahan, Cherie T; Kopischke, Michaela; Fuchs, René; Lipka, Volker; Niks, Rients E; Bulone, Vincent; Chowdhury, Jamil; Little, Alan; Burton, Rachel A; Bacic, Antony; Fincher, Geoffrey B; Schweizer, Patrick

2016-10-01

Cell walls and cellular turgor pressure shape and suspend the bodies of all vascular plants. In response to attack by fungal and oomycete pathogens, which usually breach their host's cell walls by mechanical force or by secreting lytic enzymes, plants often form local cell wall appositions (papillae) as an important first line of defence. The involvement of cell wall biosynthetic enzymes in the formation of these papillae is still poorly understood, especially in cereal crops. To investigate the role in plant defence of a candidate gene from barley (Hordeum vulgare) encoding cellulose synthase-like D2 (HvCslD2), we generated transgenic barley plants in which HvCslD2 was silenced through RNA interference (RNAi). The transgenic plants showed no growth defects but their papillae were more successfully penetrated by host-adapted, virulent as well as avirulent nonhost isolates of the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis. Papilla penetration was associated with lower contents of cellulose in epidermal cell walls and increased digestion by fungal cell wall degrading enzymes. The results suggest that HvCslD2-mediated cell wall changes in the epidermal layer represent an important defence reaction both for nonhost and for quantitative host resistance against nonadapted wheat and host-adapted barley powdery mildew pathogens, respectively. © 2016 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2016 New Phytologist Trust.

Induced defences in plants reduce herbivory by increasing cannibalism.

PubMed

Orrock, John; Connolly, Brian; Kitchen, Anthony

2017-08-01

Plants are attacked by myriad herbivores, and many plants exhibit anti-herbivore defences. We tested the hypothesis that induced defences benefit tomato plants by encouraging insects to eat other members of their species. We found that defences that promote cannibalism benefit tomatoes in two ways: cannibalism directly reduces herbivore abundance, and cannibals eat significantly less plant material. This previously unknown means of defence may alter plant-herbivore dynamics, plant evolution and pathogen transmission.

Running with horizontal pulling forces: the benefits of towing.

PubMed

Grabowski, Alena M; Kram, Rodger

2008-10-01

Towing, or running with a horizontal pulling force, is a common technique used by adventure racing teams. During an adventure race, the slowest person on a team determines the team's overall performance. To improve overall performance, a faster runner tows a slower runner with an elastic cord attached to their waists. Our purpose was to create and validate a model that predicts the optimal towing force needed by two runners to achieve their best overall performance. We modeled the effects of towing forces between two runners that differ in solo 10-km performance time and/or body mass. We calculated the overall time that could be saved with towing for running distances of 10, 20, and 42.2-km based on equations from previous research. Then, we empirically tested our 10-km model on 15 runners. Towing improved overall running performance considerably and our model accurately predicted this performance improvement. For example, if two runners (a 70 kg runner with a 35 min solo 10-km time and a 70-kg runner with a 50-min solo 10-km time) maintain an optimal towing force throughout a 10-km race, they can improve overall performance by 15%, saving almost 8 min. Ultimately, the race performance time and body mass of each runner determine the optimal towing force.

The Czech Provincial Reconstruction Team: Civil-Military Teaming in Logar Province

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-01

which authorized ISAF forces to assist Afghan authorities in providing security through ISAF operations across Afghanistan. Alexandr Vondra, the...Ministry of Defense Alexandr Vondra, web site Provincional Reconstruction Team Logar news, the Czech Republic, http://www.mzv.cz/prtlogar/cz...Meade Avenue, Building 50 Fort Leavenworth, 1-3. 4 Handbook Afghanistan Provincial Reconstruction Team No.11-16, Feb.11 published by Center for

Testing the optimal defence hypothesis for two indirect defences: extrafloral nectar and volatile organic compounds

PubMed Central

Radhika, Venkatesan; Kost, Christian; Bartram, Stefan; Heil, Martin

2008-01-01

Many plants respond to herbivory with an increased production of extrafloral nectar (EFN) and/or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to attract predatory arthropods as an indirect defensive strategy. In this study, we tested whether these two indirect defences fit the optimal defence hypothesis (ODH), which predicts the within-plant allocation of anti-herbivore defences according to trade-offs between growth and defence. Using jasmonic acid-induced plants of Phaseolus lunatus and Ricinus communis, we tested whether the within-plant distribution pattern of these two indirect defences reflects the fitness value of the respective plant parts. Furthermore, we quantified photosynthetic rates and followed the within-plant transport of assimilates with 13C labelling experiments. EFN secretion and VOC emission were highest in younger leaves. Moreover, the photosynthetic rate increased with leaf age, and pulse-labelling experiments suggested transport of carbon to younger leaves. Our results demonstrate that the ODH can explain the within-plant allocation pattern of both indirect defences studied. PMID:18493790

Improving Development Teams to Support Deliberate Development of Air Force Officers

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-01

the USAF Cyber Force (Scott et al., 2010) • Understrength Air Force Officer Career Fields: A Force Management Approach ( Galway et al., 2005...D., “The New Way of Officer Assignments,” Air Force Magazine, June 1998, pp. 64–67. Galway , Lionel A., Richard J. Buddin, Michael R. Thirtle, Peter

Situation awareness system for Canada

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hill, Andrew

1999-07-01

Situation awareness encompasses a knowledge of orders, plans and current knowledge of friendly force actions. Knowing where you are and being able to transmit that information in near real-time to other friendly forces provides the ability to exercise precise command and control over those forces. With respect to current command and control using voice methods, between 40 percent and 60 percent of Combat Net Radio traffic relates to location reporting of some sort. Commanders at Battle Group and below spend, on average, 40 percent of their total time performing position and navigation related functions. The need to rapidly transfer own force location information throughout a force and to process the received information quickly, accurately and reliably provides the rationale for the requirement for an automated situation awareness system. This paper describes the Situation Awareness System (SAS) being developed by Computing Devices Canada for the Canadian Department of National Defence as a component of the Position Determination and Navigation for Land Forces program. The SAS is being integrated with the Iris Tactical Command, Control, Communications System, which is also being developed by Computing Devices. The SAS software provides a core operating environment onto which command and control functionality can be easily added to produce general and specialist battlefield management systems.

ASEAN Combined Forces Command

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-04-03

10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS PROGRAM PROJECT TASK WORK UNIT ELEMENT NO. NO. NO. ACCESSION NO. 11. TITLE (Include Security Classification) ASEAN...region is a consequence of the stability, coordination and team work of ASEAN. With a reduction of U.S. forces presence in the area, the key to securing...fastest-growing regions in the world today. The stability in the region is a consequence of the stability, coordination and team work of ASEAN. With a

Mechanisms and ecological consequences of plant defence induction and suppression in herbivore communities

PubMed Central

Kant, M. R.; Jonckheere, W.; Knegt, B.; Lemos, F.; Liu, J.; Schimmel, B. C. J.; Villarroel, C. A.; Ataide, L. M. S.; Dermauw, W.; Glas, J. J.; Egas, M.; Janssen, A.; Van Leeuwen, T.; Schuurink, R. C.; Sabelis, M. W.; Alba, J. M.

2015-01-01

Background Plants are hotbeds for parasites such as arthropod herbivores, which acquire nutrients and energy from their hosts in order to grow and reproduce. Hence plants are selected to evolve resistance, which in turn selects for herbivores that can cope with this resistance. To preserve their fitness when attacked by herbivores, plants can employ complex strategies that include reallocation of resources and the production of defensive metabolites and structures. Plant defences can be either prefabricated or be produced only upon attack. Those that are ready-made are referred to as constitutive defences. Some constitutive defences are operational at any time while others require activation. Defences produced only when herbivores are present are referred to as induced defences. These can be established via de novo biosynthesis of defensive substances or via modifications of prefabricated substances and consequently these are active only when needed. Inducibility of defence may serve to save energy and to prevent self-intoxication but also implies that there is a delay in these defences becoming operational. Induced defences can be characterized by alterations in plant morphology and molecular chemistry and are associated with a decrease in herbivore performance. These alterations are set in motion by signals generated by herbivores. Finally, a subset of induced metabolites are released into the air as volatiles and function as a beacon for foraging natural enemies searching for prey, and this is referred to as induced indirect defence. Scope The objective of this review is to evaluate (1) which strategies plants have evolved to cope with herbivores and (2) which traits herbivores have evolved that enable them to counter these defences. The primary focus is on the induction and suppression of plant defences and the review outlines how the palette of traits that determine induction/suppression of, and resistance/susceptibility of herbivores to, plant defences can give rise to exploitative competition and facilitation within ecological communities “inhabiting” a plant. Conclusions Herbivores have evolved diverse strategies, which are not mutually exclusive, to decrease the negative effects of plant defences in order to maximize the conversion of plant material into offspring. Numerous adaptations have been found in herbivores, enabling them to dismantle or bypass defensive barriers, to avoid tissues with relatively high levels of defensive chemicals or to metabolize these chemicals once ingested. In addition, some herbivores interfere with the onset or completion of induced plant defences, resulting in the plant’s resistance being partly or fully suppressed. The ability to suppress induced plant defences appears to occur across plant parasites from different kingdoms, including herbivorous arthropods, and there is remarkable diversity in suppression mechanisms. Suppression may strongly affect the structure of the food web, because the ability to suppress the activation of defences of a communal host may facilitate competitors, whereas the ability of a herbivore to cope with activated plant defences will not. Further characterization of the mechanisms and traits that give rise to suppression of plant defences will enable us to determine their role in shaping direct and indirect interactions in food webs and the extent to which these determine the coexistence and persistence of species. PMID:26019168

KSC-99pp0833

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-07-16

Commander of the Air Force Space Command, General Richard B. Myers (left) joins Ed Gormel (center) and Commander of the 45th Space Wing Brig. Gen. F. Randall Starbuck (right) after the presentation of the Hammer Award. The Hammer Award is Vice President Al Gore's special recognition of teams of federal employees who have made significant contributions in support of the principles of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government. Morley Winograd, director of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government, presented the award to the Joint Base Operations and Support Contract (J-BOSC) Source Evaluation Board (SEB). Gormel is a co-chair of the SEB. This Hammer Award acknowledges the accomplishments of a joint NASA and Air Force team that established the J-BOSC SEB. The team developed and implemented the acquisition strategy for establishing a single set of base operations and support service requirements for KSC, Cape Canaveral Air Station and Patrick Air Force Base

The Hammer Award is presented to KSC and 45th Space Wing.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1999-01-01

Commander of the Air Force Space Command, General Richard B. Myers (left) joins Ed Gormel (center) and Commander of the 45th Space Wing Brig. Gen. F. Randall Starbuck (right) after the presentation of the Hammer Award. The Hammer Award is Vice President Al Gore's special recognition of teams of federal employees who have made significant contributions in support of the principles of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government. Morley Winograd, director of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government, presented the award to the Joint Base Operations and Support Contract (J-BOSC) Source Evaluation Board (SEB). Gormel is a co-chair of the SEB. This Hammer Award acknowledges the accomplishments of a joint NASA and Air Force team that established the J-BOSC SEB. The team developed and implemented the acquisition strategy for establishing a single set of base operations and support service requirements for KSC, Cape Canaveral Air Station and Patrick Air Force Base.

Medical support of the Sinai Multinational Force and Observers: an update, 2001.

PubMed

Rowe, John R

2003-02-01

The Multinational Force and Observers is an 11-nation coalition force with the mission of peacekeeping in the Sinai. It commenced operations in 1982 and continues today after two decades of successful enforcement of the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli Treaty of Peace. The fielding of a medical support team for this mission was the first effort of its kind for the U.S. Army Medical Department, resulting in a uniquely organized medical unit. A U.S. Army physician heads the medical team, which includes nine other physicians from six different countries. The team provides health care for the 2,500-person coalition in the remote Sinai desert. This writing compares earlier medical support with that of August 2000 through July 2001 and describes medical conditions and problems encountered during the 12-month tour of duty. This article updates two previous articles on the subject published in Military Medicine in 1983 and 1991.

Scoring mode and age-related effects on youth soccer teams' defensive performance during small-sided games.

PubMed

Almeida, Carlos Humberto; Duarte, Ricardo; Volossovitch, Anna; Ferreira, António Paulo

2016-07-01

This study aimed to examine the scoring mode (line goal, double goal or central goal) and age-related effects on the defensive performance of youth soccer players during 4v4 small-sided games (SSGs). Altogether, 16 male players from 2 age groups (U13, n = 8, mean age: 12.61 ± 0.65 years; U15, n = 8, 14.86 ± 0.47 years) were selected as participants. In six independent sessions, participants performed the three SSGs each during 10-min periods. Teams' defensive performance was analysed at every instant ball possession was regained through the variables: ball-recovery type, ball-recovery sector, configuration of play and defence state. Multinomial logistic regression analysis used in this study revealed the following significant main effects of scoring mode and age: (1) line goal (vs. central goal) increased the odds of regaining possession through tackle and in the defensive midfield sector, and decreased the odds of successful interceptions; (2) double goal (vs. central goal) decreased the odds of regaining possession through turnover won and with elongated playing shapes; (3) the probability of regaining possession through interception significantly decreased with age. Moreover, as youth players move forward in age groups, teams tend to structurally evolve from elongated playing shapes to flattened shapes and, at a behavioural level, from defending in depth to more risky flattened configurations. Overall, by manipulating the scoring mode in SSGs, coaches can promote functional and coadaptive behaviours between teams not only in terms of configurations of play, but also on the pitch locations that teams explore to regain possession.

Leader Delegation and Trust in Global Software Teams

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zhang, Suling

2008-01-01

Virtual teams are an important work structure in global software development. The distributed team structure enables access to a diverse set of expertise which is often not available in one location, to a cheaper labor force, and to a potentially accelerated development process that uses a twenty-four hour work structure. Many software teams…

Analysis of Knowledge-Sharing Evolutionary Game in University Teacher Team

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Huo, Mingkui

2013-01-01

The knowledge-sharing activity is a major drive force behind the progress and innovation of university teacher team. Based on the evolutionary game theory, this article analyzes the knowledge-sharing process model of this team, studies the influencing mechanism of various factors such as knowledge aggregate gap, incentive coefficient and risk…

When killing isn't murder: psychiatric and psychological defences to murder when the insanity defence is not applicable.

PubMed

Samuels, Anthony; O'Driscoll, Colmán; Allnutt, Stephen

2007-12-01

This paper describes psychiatric and psychological defences to murder where the defence of insanity is not applicable. The charges of murder and manslaughter are outlined. Self-defence, sane and insane automatism, provocation, diminished responsibility, duress, necessity and novel defences are discussed. The complexities of psychological and psychiatric expert evidence are highlighted as well as the fact that legal decisions are not always consistent with medical or scientific theory. It is concluded that this is a controversial and evolving area of mental health law and mental health professionals have an educative role and a responsibility to provide testimony that is supported by the best possible evidence.

Express yourself: bold individuals induce enhanced morphological defences

PubMed Central

Hulthén, Kaj; Chapman, Ben B.; Nilsson, P. Anders; Hollander, Johan; Brönmark, Christer

2014-01-01

Organisms display an impressive array of defence strategies in nature. Inducible defences (changes in morphology and/or behaviour within a prey's lifetime) allow prey to decrease vulnerability to predators and avoid unnecessary costs of expression. Many studies report considerable interindividual variation in the degree to which inducible defences are expressed, yet what underlies this variation is poorly understood. Here, we show that individuals differing in a key personality trait also differ in the magnitude of morphological defence expression. Crucian carp showing risky behaviours (bold individuals) expressed a significantly greater morphological defence response when exposed to a natural enemy when compared with shy individuals. Furthermore, we show that fish of different personality types differ in their behavioural plasticity, with shy fish exhibiting greater absolute plasticity than bold fish. Our data suggest that individuals with bold personalities may be able to compensate for their risk-prone behavioural type by expressing enhanced morphological defences. PMID:24335987

A quantitative trait locus for recognition of foreign eggs in the host of a brood parasite.

PubMed

Martín-Gálvez, D; Soler, J J; Martínez, J G; Krupa, A P; Richard, M; Soler, M; Møller, A P; Burke, T

2006-03-01

Avian brood parasites reduce the reproductive output of their hosts and thereby select for defence mechanisms such as ejection of parasitic eggs. Such defence mechanisms simultaneously select for counter-defences in brood parasites, causing a coevolutionary arms race. Although coevolutionary models assume that defences and counter-defences are genetically influenced, this has never been demonstrated for brood parasites. Here, we give strong evidence for genetic differences between ejector and nonejectors, which could allow the study of such host defence at the genetic level, as well as studies of maintenance of genetic variation in defences. Briefly, we found that magpies, that are the main host of the great spotted cuckoo in Europe, have alleles of one microsatellite locus (Ase64) that segregate between accepters and rejecters of experimental parasitic eggs. Furthermore, differences in ejection rate among host populations exploited by the brood parasite covaried significantly with the genetic distance for this locus.

[The contribution of the department of childhood diseases of the S.M.Kirov Military-medical academy to the medical support of students of educational organizations of general education of the Ministry of Defence].

PubMed

Shabalov, N P; Arsentev, V G; Mikheev, A V; Tsiteladze, A A

2015-10-01

The article is devoted to the 150th anniversary of the department of childhood diseases of the S.M.Kirov Military Medical Academy and reflects on important activity of the department - creation of the system of medical support for students of general education institutions of the Ministry of Defense. The authors emphasize the role of professor M.S.Maslov, as well as other members of the department, in the development of manuals for health maintenance organization of first Suvorov military schools (1944, 1947). The authors also summarize results of the methodological and scientific work, training and improvement of professional skills of medical staff for educational institutions, including the heads of medical service of schools. The role of the department in improving the medical support for educational institutions of secondary education institutions f'the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation at the present stage of development of the Armed Forces is described in the given article.

Inflammation in Alzheimer's disease: amyloid-beta oligomers trigger innate immunity defence via pattern recognition receptors.

PubMed

Salminen, Antero; Ojala, Johanna; Kauppinen, Anu; Kaarniranta, Kai; Suuronen, Tiina

2009-02-01

The inflammatory process has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies indicate that inflammation is not merely a bystander in neurodegeneration but a powerful pathogenetic force in the disease process. Increased production of amyloid-beta peptide species can activate the innate immunity system via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and evoke Alzheimer's pathology. We will focus on the role of innate immunity system of brain in the initiation and the propagation of inflammatory process in AD. We examine here in detail the significance of amyloid-beta oligomers and fibrils as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the activation of a wide array of PRRs in glial cells and neurons, such as Toll-like, NOD-like, formyl peptide, RAGE and scavenger receptors along with complement and pentraxin systems. We also characterize the signaling pathways triggered by different PRRs in evoking inflammatory responses. In addition, we will discuss whether AD pathology could be the outcome of chronic activation of the innate immunity defence in the brain of AD patients.

Simple growth patterns can create complex trajectories for the ontogeny of constitutive chemical defences in seaweeds.

PubMed

Paul, Nicholas A; Svensson, Carl Johan; de Nys, Rocky; Steinberg, Peter D

2014-01-01

All of the theory and most of the data on the ecology and evolution of chemical defences derive from terrestrial plants, which have considerable capacity for internal movement of resources. In contrast, most macroalgae--seaweeds--have no or very limited capacity for resource translocation, meaning that trade-offs between growth and defence, for example, should be localised rather than systemic. This may change the predictions of chemical defence theories for seaweeds. We developed a model that mimicked the simple growth pattern of the red seaweed Asparagopsis armata which is composed of repeating clusters of somatic cells and cells which contain deterrent secondary chemicals (gland cells). To do this we created a distinct growth curve for the somatic cells and another for the gland cells using empirical data. The somatic growth function was linked to the growth function for defence via differential equations modelling, which effectively generated a trade-off between growth and defence as these neighbouring cells develop. By treating growth and defence as separate functions we were also able to model a trade-off in growth of 2-3% under most circumstances. However, we found contrasting evidence for this trade-off in the empirical relationships between growth and defence, depending on the light level under which the alga was cultured. After developing a model that incorporated both branching and cell division rates, we formally demonstrated that positive correlations between growth and defence are predicted in many circumstances and also that allocation costs, if they exist, will be constrained by the intrinsic growth patterns of the seaweed. Growth patterns could therefore explain contrasting evidence for cost of constitutive chemical defence in many studies, highlighting the need to consider the fundamental biology and ontogeny of organisms when assessing the allocation theories for defence.

Mechanisms and ecological consequences of plant defence induction and suppression in herbivore communities.

PubMed

Kant, M R; Jonckheere, W; Knegt, B; Lemos, F; Liu, J; Schimmel, B C J; Villarroel, C A; Ataide, L M S; Dermauw, W; Glas, J J; Egas, M; Janssen, A; Van Leeuwen, T; Schuurink, R C; Sabelis, M W; Alba, J M

2015-06-01

Plants are hotbeds for parasites such as arthropod herbivores, which acquire nutrients and energy from their hosts in order to grow and reproduce. Hence plants are selected to evolve resistance, which in turn selects for herbivores that can cope with this resistance. To preserve their fitness when attacked by herbivores, plants can employ complex strategies that include reallocation of resources and the production of defensive metabolites and structures. Plant defences can be either prefabricated or be produced only upon attack. Those that are ready-made are referred to as constitutive defences. Some constitutive defences are operational at any time while others require activation. Defences produced only when herbivores are present are referred to as induced defences. These can be established via de novo biosynthesis of defensive substances or via modifications of prefabricated substances and consequently these are active only when needed. Inducibility of defence may serve to save energy and to prevent self-intoxication but also implies that there is a delay in these defences becoming operational. Induced defences can be characterized by alterations in plant morphology and molecular chemistry and are associated with a decrease in herbivore performance. These alterations are set in motion by signals generated by herbivores. Finally, a subset of induced metabolites are released into the air as volatiles and function as a beacon for foraging natural enemies searching for prey, and this is referred to as induced indirect defence. The objective of this review is to evaluate (1) which strategies plants have evolved to cope with herbivores and (2) which traits herbivores have evolved that enable them to counter these defences. The primary focus is on the induction and suppression of plant defences and the review outlines how the palette of traits that determine induction/suppression of, and resistance/susceptibility of herbivores to, plant defences can give rise to exploitative competition and facilitation within ecological communities "inhabiting" a plant. Herbivores have evolved diverse strategies, which are not mutually exclusive, to decrease the negative effects of plant defences in order to maximize the conversion of plant material into offspring. Numerous adaptations have been found in herbivores, enabling them to dismantle or bypass defensive barriers, to avoid tissues with relatively high levels of defensive chemicals or to metabolize these chemicals once ingested. In addition, some herbivores interfere with the onset or completion of induced plant defences, resulting in the plant's resistance being partly or fully suppressed. The ability to suppress induced plant defences appears to occur across plant parasites from different kingdoms, including herbivorous arthropods, and there is remarkable diversity in suppression mechanisms. Suppression may strongly affect the structure of the food web, because the ability to suppress the activation of defences of a communal host may facilitate competitors, whereas the ability of a herbivore to cope with activated plant defences will not. Further characterization of the mechanisms and traits that give rise to suppression of plant defences will enable us to determine their role in shaping direct and indirect interactions in food webs and the extent to which these determine the coexistence and persistence of species. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

B-52 Stratofortress joins coalition team > U.S. Air Force > Article Display

Science.gov Websites

Speeches Archive Former AF Top 3 Viewpoints and Speeches Air Force Warrior Games 2017 Events 2018 Air Force Strategic Documents Desert Storm 25th Anniversary Observances DoD Warrior Games Portraits in Courage

Race Car Rally.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anthony, Joan L.

1994-01-01

Describes an activity where teams of parents and children work together to solve problems involving matchbox-sized race cars. The teams collect, record, and analyze data; measure distances in metric; and explore concepts related to mass, friction, and force. (PR)

Women (Do Not) Belong Here: Gender-Work Identity Conflict among Female Police Officers

PubMed Central

Veldman, Jenny; Meeussen, Loes; Van Laar, Colette; Phalet, Karen

2017-01-01

The current paper examines antecedents and consequences of perceiving conflict between gender and work identities in male-dominated professions. In a study among 657 employees working in 85 teams in the police force, we investigated the effect of being different from team members in terms of gender on employees’ perception that their team members see their gender identity as conflicting with their work identity. As expected in the police force as a male-dominated field, the results showed that gender-dissimilarity in the team was related to perceived gender-work identity conflict for women, and not for men. In turn, perceiving gender-work identity conflict was related to lower team identification for men and women. Although lowering team identification might enable employees to cope with conflicting social identities and hence protect the self, this may also have its costs, as lower team identification predicted higher turnover intentions, more burn-out symptoms, less extra role behavior, lower job satisfaction, lower work motivation, and lower perceived performance. Additionally, for women, experiencing support from their team members and team leader showed a trend to mitigate the relationship between gender-dissimilarity and perceived gender-work identity conflict, and a positive diversity climate was marginally related to less perceived gender-work identity conflict. The results show the importance of the team context in shaping a climate of (in)compatible identities for numerically underrepresented and historically undervalued social group members in order to hinder or protect their work outcomes. PMID:28220097

Women (Do Not) Belong Here: Gender-Work Identity Conflict among Female Police Officers.

PubMed

Veldman, Jenny; Meeussen, Loes; Van Laar, Colette; Phalet, Karen

2017-01-01

The current paper examines antecedents and consequences of perceiving conflict between gender and work identities in male-dominated professions. In a study among 657 employees working in 85 teams in the police force, we investigated the effect of being different from team members in terms of gender on employees' perception that their team members see their gender identity as conflicting with their work identity. As expected in the police force as a male-dominated field, the results showed that gender-dissimilarity in the team was related to perceived gender-work identity conflict for women, and not for men. In turn, perceiving gender-work identity conflict was related to lower team identification for men and women. Although lowering team identification might enable employees to cope with conflicting social identities and hence protect the self, this may also have its costs, as lower team identification predicted higher turnover intentions, more burn-out symptoms, less extra role behavior, lower job satisfaction, lower work motivation, and lower perceived performance. Additionally, for women, experiencing support from their team members and team leader showed a trend to mitigate the relationship between gender-dissimilarity and perceived gender-work identity conflict, and a positive diversity climate was marginally related to less perceived gender-work identity conflict. The results show the importance of the team context in shaping a climate of (in)compatible identities for numerically underrepresented and historically undervalued social group members in order to hinder or protect their work outcomes.

Analytical model for force prediction when machining metal matrix composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sikder, Snahungshu

Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) offer several thermo-mechanical advantages over standard materials and alloys which make them better candidates in different applications. Their light weight, high stiffness, and strength have attracted several industries such as automotive, aerospace, and defence for their wide range of products. However, the wide spread application of Meal Matrix Composites is still a challenge for industry. The hard and abrasive nature of the reinforcement particles is responsible for rapid tool wear and high machining costs. Fracture and debonding of the abrasive reinforcement particles are the considerable damage modes that directly influence the tool performance. It is very important to find highly effective way to machine MMCs. So, it is important to predict forces when machining Metal Matrix Composites because this will help to choose perfect tools for machining and ultimately save both money and time. This research presents an analytical force model for predicting the forces generated during machining of Metal Matrix Composites. In estimating the generated forces, several aspects of cutting mechanics were considered including: shearing force, ploughing force, and particle fracture force. Chip formation force was obtained by classical orthogonal metal cutting mechanics and the Johnson-Cook Equation. The ploughing force was formulated while the fracture force was calculated from the slip line field theory and the Griffith theory of failure. The predicted results were compared with previously measured data. The results showed very good agreement between the theoretically predicted and experimentally measured cutting forces.

Cooperative Team Networks

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-01

team processes, such as identifying motifs of dynamic communication exchanges which goes well beyond simple dyadic and triadic configurations; as well...new metrics and ways to formulate team processes, such as identifying motifs of dynamic communication exchanges which goes well beyond simple dyadic ...sensing, communication , information, and decision networks - Darryl Ahner (AFIT: Air Force Inst Tech) Panel Session: Mathematical Models of

N/NC team claims three-peat softball championship title > U.S. Northern

Science.gov Websites

base championship trophy to Lt. Gen. Michael Dubie, deputy commander United States Northern Command DOWNLOAD HI-RES / PHOTO DETAILS The NORAD-USNORTHCOM silver softball team presented their base championship FORCE BASE, Colo., Feb. 11, 2015 - The NORAD-USNORTHCOM silver softball team presented their base

78 FR 52560 - Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force-Rebuild-by-Design; Announcement of Selection of Design Teams

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-23

... launch Rebuild by Design and select the 10 teams. NEA has a history of supporting and facilitating design... design teams selected are the following: Interboro Partners with the New Jersey Institute of Technology.... Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for Advanced Urbanism and the Dutch Delta Collaborative by ZUS...

Design of a resistive exercise device for use on the Space Shuttle

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Carlson, Dennis L.; Durrani, Mohammed; Redilla, Christi L.

1992-01-01

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration in conjunction with the Universities Space Research Association sponsored the design of a Resistive Exercise Device (RED) for use on the Space Shuttle. The device must enable the astronauts to perform a number of exercises to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy and neuromuscular deconditioning in microgravity environments. The RED must fit the requirements for limited volume and weight and must provide a means of restraint during exercise. The design team divided the functions of the device into three major groups: methods of supplying force, methods of adjusting force, and methods of transmitting the force to the user. After analyzing the three main functions of the RED and developing alternatives for each, the design team used a comparative decision process to choose the most feasible components for the overall design. The design team selected the constant force spring alternative for further embodiment. The device consists of an array of different sized constant force springs which can be pinned in different combinations to produce the required output forces. The force is transmitted by means of a shaft and gear system. The final report is divided into four sections. An introduction section discusses the sponsor background, problem background and requirements of the device. The second section covers the alternative designs for each of the main functions. The design solution and pertinent calculations comprises the third section. The final section contains design conclusions and recommendations including topics of future work.

Overcoming parochialism: interdisciplinary training of the generalist team.

PubMed

Benson, J A

1997-01-01

The work force that will staff most health care systems of the future will include a complex array of professionals working together in teams. The traditional inpatient model of patient care has been only multidisciplinary--nurses, medical social workers, dietitians, pharmacists, and physicians, all interested in each patient, but with divided responsibilities, training formats, and faculties--whereas interdisciplinary teams openly share decision making, expectations for care, goals for the team, and mutual respect.

Surface soil characterization of explosives and metals at the Land Force Central Area Training Centre (LFCA TC) Meaford, Ontario (Phase 2) Final report

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-10-01

Environment and Director General Environment © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2009 © Sa...Majesté la Reine (en droit du Canada), telle que représentée par le ministre de la Défense nationale , 2009 DRDC Valcartier TR 2009-218 i...evaluation of the soil contamination by explosives and metals. In parallel, the Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS) conducted

A Study of Kofi Annan’s Leadership as the United Nations Secretary General and His Impact on the Implementation and Success of a Sub-Saharan Africa Agenda

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-12-11

some tasks that involve strict adherence to safety demand directive leadership behavior. When a leader wishes to introduce a new marketing strategy , it...NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR( S ) Major Yoram M. Ngwira, Malawi Defence Force 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK...UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME( S ) AND ADDRESS(ES) U.S. Army Command and General Staff College ATTN: ATZL-SWD-GD Fort Leavenworth

The European Political Environment and NATO Maritime Strategy: The Future Role of Naval Forces in the Forward Defense of Western Europe. Volume 2.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-07-10

defence of Malaysia 1964-66 is an example. The actions of Alliance members may be altruistic, but certainly can help to reduce the risks of local...have favoured the Silent Service tradition and had resisted the efforts of the chief censor to provide facilities for newspaper correspondents to visit... Malaysia , New Zealand, Singapore and the United Kingdom is such a one. There are good reasons why as many members as possible should maintain the

Against a sea of troubles: AIDS control in Uganda.

PubMed

Magezi, M G

1991-01-01

HIV infection has spread at an alarming rate in Uganda and is continuing to do so. Polygamy and other long-standing cultural practices on the one hand, and certain life-styles adopted under Western influence on the other, have done much to make the AIDS epidemic so severe. Women are potentially a force for confronting the situation, provided that they are made aware of their rights and empowered to take decisive action in education and other fields in defence of themselves, their children and, indeed, the whole of society.

Influences on the Consumption of Australian Ration Packs: Review of a Contextual Model and Application to Australian Defence Force Data

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-01

to consuming the same product types contained in the ration pack (e.g. instant noodles ). We can speculate that this may be a practice that supports... instant rice. Unpopular items were cheese with bacon, noodles and mulligatawny. Items needing improvement were meat bars cheese and instant milk. 35...complimentary food items (e.g. BBQ Beef might be consumed with rice or noodles ) UNCLASSIFIED 5 UNCLASSIFIED DSTO-TR-2526 the CR5M were found to be of no

The Identification of Butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) Polymorphisms in a Small Australian Defence Force Cohort

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

Table D1: Summary of populations and number of individuals Population Approved individual DNA samples Approved Individual cell cultures Yoruba in...P65S Silent phenotype Protein expressed at low levels in culture . Poor activity 1-2% to BZ, BTC, ACT, PTA [11] rs75995351 N/A C373A F71L Unknown...codon at position 129 No protein expressed [8] BCHE*125F A619T L153F Silent phenotype Protein expressed at low levels in culture . Poor activity 1

The Ability of the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force (TTDF) Logistics Infrastructure to Support Requirements in Response to Humanitarian and Disaster Relief (HADR)

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-09

troops in a Joint Support Group (JSG), the TTDF transported some 1,276 tons of food and water along with 638 tons of construction material to Grenada...mass care services such as shelter, food and first aid. 3. Assisting the Ministry of Local Government (MOLG) Disaster Management Unit (DMU) and the...shelter, food or the bare essentials for their self-sustainment. Thus the regional response, while welcomed, placed a burden on the disaster-afflicted

Lessons from U.S. Allies in Security Cooperation with Third Countries: The Cases of Australia, France, and the United Kingdom

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

Force 2030, Defence White Paper 2009, May 2, 2009c. b Commission du Livre blanc, Défense et Sécurité Nationale: Le Livre Blanc, Paris : Odile Jacob...Australia, France, the UK, and the United States. However, unless an exercise was part of the original training package, many times those skills are not...May 2, 2009c; Commission du Livre blanc, Défense et Sécurité Nationale: Le Livre Blanc, Paris : Odile Jacob/La Documentation Française, June 2008

32 CFR 705.35 - Armed Forces participation in events in the public domain.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) Department of Defense policy prohibits payment by the Armed Forces for rental of exhibit space, connection of... 32 National Defense 5 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Armed Forces participation in events in the... Forces participation in events in the public domain. (a) Requests for bands, troops, units, teams...

32 CFR 705.35 - Armed Forces participation in events in the public domain.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) Department of Defense policy prohibits payment by the Armed Forces for rental of exhibit space, connection of... 32 National Defense 5 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Armed Forces participation in events in the... Forces participation in events in the public domain. (a) Requests for bands, troops, units, teams...

32 CFR 705.35 - Armed Forces participation in events in the public domain.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) Department of Defense policy prohibits payment by the Armed Forces for rental of exhibit space, connection of... 32 National Defense 5 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Armed Forces participation in events in the... Forces participation in events in the public domain. (a) Requests for bands, troops, units, teams...

32 CFR 705.35 - Armed Forces participation in events in the public domain.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) Department of Defense policy prohibits payment by the Armed Forces for rental of exhibit space, connection of... 32 National Defense 5 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Armed Forces participation in events in the... Forces participation in events in the public domain. (a) Requests for bands, troops, units, teams...

32 CFR 705.35 - Armed Forces participation in events in the public domain.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 32 National Defense 5 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Armed Forces participation in events in the... Forces participation in events in the public domain. (a) Requests for bands, troops, units, teams, exhibits and other Armed Forces participation should be addressed to the nearest military installation...

KC-46 team wins DOD environmental award > U.S. Air Force > Article Display

Science.gov Websites

Speeches Archive Former AF Top 3 Viewpoints and Speeches Air Force Warrior Games 2017 Events 2018 Air Force Strategic Documents Desert Storm 25th Anniversary Observances DoD Warrior Games Portraits in Courage

Flight Force Measurements on a Spacecraft to Launch Vehicle Interface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaufman, Daniel S.; Gordon, Scott A.

2012-07-01

For several years we had wanted to measure interface forces between a launch vehicle and the Payload. Finally in July 2006 a proposal was made and funded to evaluate the use of flight force measurements (FFM) to improve the loads process of a Spacecraft in its design and test cycle. A NASA/Industry team was formed, the core Team consisted of 20 people. The proposal identified two questions that this assessment would attempt to address by obtaining the flight forces. These questions were: 1) Is flight correlation and reconstruction with acceleration methods sufficient? 2) How much can the loads and therefore the design and qualification be reduced by having force measurements? The objective was to predict the six interface driving forces between the Spacecraft and the Launch Vehicle throughout the boost phase. Then these forces would be compared with reconstructed loads analyses for evaluation in an attempt to answer them. The paper will present the development of a strain based force measurement system and also an acceleration method, actual flight results, post flight evaluations and lessons learned.

Down-regulation of plant defence in a resident spider mite species and its effect upon con- and heterospecifics.

PubMed

Godinho, Diogo P; Janssen, Arne; Dias, Teresa; Cruz, Cristina; Magalhães, Sara

2016-01-01

Herbivorous spider mites occurring on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cope with plant defences in various manners: the invasive Tetranychus evansi reduces defences below constitutive levels, whereas several strains of T. urticae induce such defences and others suppress them. In the Mediterranean region, these two species co-occur on tomato plants with T. ludeni, another closely related spider mite species. Unravelling how this third mite species affects plant defences is thus fundamental to understanding the outcome of herbivore interactions in this system. To test the effect of T. ludeni on tomato plant defences, we measured (1) the activity of proteinase inhibitors, indicating the induction of plant defences, in those plants, and (2) mite performance on plants previously infested with each mite species. We show that the performance of T. evansi and T. ludeni on plants previously infested with T. ludeni or T. evansi was better than on clean plants, indicating that these two mite species down-regulate plant defences. We also show that plants attacked by these mite species had lower activity of proteinase inhibitors than clean plants, whereas herbivory by T. urticae increased the activity of these proteins and resulted in reduced spider mite performance. This study thus shows that the property of down-regulation of plant defences below constitutive levels also occurs in T. ludeni.

Fighting parasites and predators: how to deal with multiple threats?

PubMed

Hesse, Olivia; Engelbrecht, Wolfgang; Laforsch, Christian; Wolinska, Justyna

2012-07-24

Although inducible defences have been studied extensively, only little is known about how the presence of parasites might interfere with these anti-predator adaptations. Both parasites and predators are important factors shaping community structure and species composition of ecosystems. Here, we simultaneously exposed Daphnia magna to predator cues (released by the tadpole shrimp, Triops, or by a fish) and spores of the yeast parasite Metschnikowia sp. to determine how life history and morphological inducible defences against these two contrasting types of predators are affected by infection. The parasite suppressed some Triops-induced defences: Daphnia lost the ability to produce a greater number of larger offspring, a life-history adaptation to Triops predation. In contrast, the parasite did not suppress inducible defences against fish: induction (resulting in smaller body length of the mothers as well as of their offspring) and infection acted additively on the measured traits. Thus, fish-induced defences may be less costly than inducible defences against small invertebrate predators like Triops; the latter defences could no longer be expressed when the host had already invested in fighting off the parasite. In summary, our study suggests that as specific inducible defences differ in their costs, some might be suppressed if a target prey is additionally infected. Therefore, adding parasite pressure to predator-prey systems can help to elucidate the costs of inducible defences.

Defence White Paper 2013

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

government or private citizens’ information would undermine public and international confidence in Australia as a secure digital environment. 2.86... international defence engagement. This will include the development of a skills-based cadre of ADF and Australian Public Service officers focused on...defence industry. The shortfall in students with these skills is also problematic for the ADF and Australian Public Service, as Defence personnel

Independent Effects of a Herbivore's Bacterial Symbionts on Its Performance and Induced Plant Defences.

PubMed

Staudacher, Heike; Schimmel, Bernardus C J; Lamers, Mart M; Wybouw, Nicky; Groot, Astrid T; Kant, Merijn R

2017-01-18

It is well known that microbial pathogens and herbivores elicit defence responses in plants. Moreover, microorganisms associated with herbivores, such as bacteria or viruses, can modulate the plant's response to herbivores. Herbivorous spider mites can harbour different species of bacterial symbionts and exert a broad range of effects on host-plant defences. Hence, we tested the extent to which such symbionts affect the plant's defences induced by their mite host and assessed if this translates into changes in plant resistance. We assessed the bacterial communities of two strains of the common mite pest Tetranychus urticae . We found that these strains harboured distinct symbiotic bacteria and removed these using antibiotics. Subsequently, we tested to which extent mites with and without symbiotic bacteria induce plant defences in terms of phytohormone accumulation and defence gene expression, and assessed mite oviposition and survival as a measure for plant resistance. We observed that the absence/presence of these bacteria altered distinct plant defence parameters and affected mite performance but we did not find indications for a causal link between the two. We argue that although bacteria-related effects on host-induced plant defences may occur, these do not necessarily affect plant resistance concomitantly.

Collective defence portfolios of ant hosts shift with social parasite pressure

PubMed Central

Jongepier, Evelien; Kleeberg, Isabelle; Job, Sylwester; Foitzik, Susanne

2014-01-01

Host defences become increasingly costly as parasites breach successive lines of defence. Because selection favours hosts that successfully resist parasitism at the lowest possible cost, escalating coevolutionary arms races are likely to drive host defence portfolios towards ever more expensive strategies. We investigated the interplay between host defence portfolios and social parasite pressure by comparing 17 populations of two Temnothorax ant species. When successful, collective aggression not only prevents parasitation but also spares host colonies the cost of searching for and moving to a new nest site. However, once parasites breach the host's nest defence, host colonies should resort to flight as the more beneficial resistance strategy. We show that under low parasite pressure, host colonies more likely responded to an intruding Protomognathus americanus slavemaker with collective aggression, which prevented the slavemaker from escaping and potentially recruiting nest-mates. However, as parasite pressure increased, ant colonies of both host species became more likely to flee rather than to fight. We conclude that host defence portfolios shift consistently with social parasite pressure, which is in accordance with the degeneration of frontline defences and the evolution of subsequent anti-parasite strategies often invoked in hosts of brood parasites. PMID:25100690

Uncertainties and constraints on breaching and their implications for flood loss estimation.

PubMed

Muir Wood, Robert; Bateman, William

2005-06-15

Around the coasts of the southern North Sea, flood risk is mediated everywhere by the performance of natural and man-made flood defences. Under the conditions of extreme surge with tide water levels, the performance of the defences determines the extent of inland flooding. Sensitivity tests reveal the enormous increase in the volume of water that can pass through a defence once breaching is initiated, with a 1m reduction in sill elevation doubling the loss. Empirical observations of defence performance in major storm surges around the North Sea reveal some of the principal controls on breaching. For the same defence type, the maximum size and depth of a breach is a function of the integral of the hydraulic gradient across the defence, which is in turn determined by the elevation of the floodplain and the degree to which water can continue to flow inland away from the breach. The most extensive and lowest floodplains thereby "generate" the largest breaches. For surges that approach the crest height, the weaker the protection of the defence, the greater the number of breaches. Defence reinforcement reduces both the number and size of the breaches.

The role of tobacco advertising and promotion: themes employed in litigation by tobacco industry witnesses

PubMed Central

Goldberg, Marvin E; Davis, Ronald M; O'Keefe, Anne Marie

2006-01-01

Objectives To identify key themes related to tobacco advertising and promotion in testimony provided by tobacco industry‐affiliated witnesses in tobacco litigation, and to present countervailing evidence and arguments. Methods Themes in industry testimony were identified by review of transcripts of testimony in the Tobacco Deposition and Trial Testimony Archive (http://tobaccodocuments.org/datta) from a sample of defence witnesses, including three academic expert witnesses, six senior executives of tobacco companies, and one industry advertising consultant. Counterarguments to the themes embodied in defence testimony were based on information from peer‐reviewed literature, advertising trade publications, government reports, tobacco industry documents, and testimony provided by expert witnesses testifying for plaintiffs. Results Five major themes employed by defence witnesses were identified: (1) tobacco advertising has a relatively weak “share of voice” in the marketing environment and is a weak force in affecting smoking behaviour; (2) tobacco advertising and promotion do not create new smokers, expand markets, or increase total tobacco consumption; (3) the tobacco industry does not target, study, or track youth smoking; (4) tobacco advertising and promotion do not cause smoking initiation by youth; and (5) tobacco companies and the industry adhere closely to relevant laws, regulations, and industry voluntary codes. Substantial evidence exists in rebuttal to these arguments. Conclusions Tobacco industry‐affiliated witnesses have marshalled many arguments to deny the adverse effects of tobacco marketing activities and to portray tobacco companies as responsible corporate citizens. Effective rebuttals to these arguments exist, and plaintiffs' attorneys have, with varying degrees of success, presented them to judges and juries. PMID:17130625

The role of tobacco advertising and promotion: themes employed in litigation by tobacco industry witnesses.

PubMed

Goldberg, Marvin E; Davis, Ronald M; O'Keefe, Anne Marie

2006-12-01

To identify key themes related to tobacco advertising and promotion in testimony provided by tobacco industry-affiliated witnesses in tobacco litigation, and to present countervailing evidence and arguments. Themes in industry testimony were identified by review of transcripts of testimony in the Tobacco Deposition and Trial Testimony Archive (http://tobaccodocuments.org/datta) from a sample of defence witnesses, including three academic expert witnesses, six senior executives of tobacco companies, and one industry advertising consultant. Counterarguments to the themes embodied in defence testimony were based on information from peer-reviewed literature, advertising trade publications, government reports, tobacco industry documents, and testimony provided by expert witnesses testifying for plaintiffs. Five major themes employed by defence witnesses were identified: (1) tobacco advertising has a relatively weak "share of voice" in the marketing environment and is a weak force in affecting smoking behaviour; (2) tobacco advertising and promotion do not create new smokers, expand markets, or increase total tobacco consumption; (3) the tobacco industry does not target, study, or track youth smoking; (4) tobacco advertising and promotion do not cause smoking initiation by youth; and (5) tobacco companies and the industry adhere closely to relevant laws, regulations, and industry voluntary codes. Substantial evidence exists in rebuttal to these arguments. Tobacco industry-affiliated witnesses have marshalled many arguments to deny the adverse effects of tobacco marketing activities and to portray tobacco companies as responsible corporate citizens. Effective rebuttals to these arguments exist, and plaintiffs' attorneys have, with varying degrees of success, presented them to judges and juries.

Medical Response, Search and Recovery during the Space Shuttle Columbia Accident Investigation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stepaniak, Philip C.

2010-01-01

On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle Columbia broke apart during atmospheric re-entry on mission STS-107. After an event such as this, with high visibility and international interest, the operational challenge of recovering the crewmembers could not be underestimated. The Space Shuttle Program is organized to respond to a vehicle mishap using the resources of the Mishap Investigation Team (MIT). On the afternoon of Feb. 1, 2003, the MIT deployed to Barksdale Air Force Base (AFB), Louisiana. This location became the investigative center and interim storage location for crewmembers received from the Lufkin, Texas Disaster Field Office (DFO). The Lufkin DFO served as the primary area for all operations, including staging assets and deploying field teams for search, recovery and security of crewmember remains. More than 2,000 people from numerous organizations were involved with the recovery of the crew. All seven crewmembers of STS-107 were recovered and ceremonial last rights were administered. Astronaut and military personnel escorted the crew with honor to the MIT at Barksdale AFB, Louisiana. At Barksdale AFB a temporary morgue was established in an aircraft hangar and operated for approximately two weeks during which time coordination with the DFO field recovery teams, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) medical personnel, and the crew surgeons was on going. Families of crewmembers and NASA management were notified daily of the current findings. Working under the leadership of the MIT Lead, the medical team developed and executed a short-term plan to identify and relocate the crew with a military honor guard and protocol to the medical examiner at the Armed Forces Port Mortuary, Dover AFB, Delaware. After operations at Barksdale AFB were concluded the medical team transitioned back to Houston and a long-term plan was developed and implemented which involved the Air Force Mortuary Affairs at Randolph AFB, Texas. This plan was coordinated with search teams in the field, Barksdale AFB Mortuary Affairs, KSC security, AFIP, and the crew surgeons at JSC.

Hijacking common mycorrhizal networks for herbivore-induced defence signal transfer between tomato plants

PubMed Central

Song, Yuan Yuan; Ye, Mao; Li, Chuanyou; He, Xinhua; Zhu-Salzman, Keyan; Wang, Rui Long; Su, Yi Juan; Luo, Shi Ming; Zeng, Ren Sen

2014-01-01

Common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) link multiple plants together. We hypothesized that CMNs can serve as an underground conduit for transferring herbivore-induced defence signals. We established CMN between two tomato plants in pots with mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae, challenged a ‘donor' plant with caterpillar Spodoptera litura, and investigated defence responses and insect resistance in neighbouring CMN-connected ‘receiver' plants. After CMN establishment caterpillar infestation on ‘donor' plant led to increased insect resistance and activities of putative defensive enzymes, induction of defence-related genes and activation of jasmonate (JA) pathway in the ‘receiver' plant. However, use of a JA biosynthesis defective mutant spr2 as ‘donor' plants resulted in no induction of defence responses and no change in insect resistance in ‘receiver' plants, suggesting that JA signalling is required for CMN-mediated interplant communication. These results indicate that plants are able to hijack CMNs for herbivore-induced defence signal transfer and interplant defence communication. PMID:24468912

The psychiatric defence and international criminal law.

PubMed

Tobin, John

2007-01-01

Following the development of the International Criminal Court (ICC) the mental state of the perpetrators of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes will become a more important issue in regard to defence and mitigating factors. This article examines how the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in particular has dealt with the mental illness defence to date, and how its judgements can serve as guidance for the ICC as it becomes the major international court of the future. The absence of a mental health defence in the Statutes of the ICTY and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda has led to a reliance on the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the two tribunals. There are major difficulties in using the mental health defence as it is defined in the Statutes of the ICC because of a requirement for the destruction of mental capacity as a valid defence. Fitness to plead and the defence of intoxication are also examined.

Team Leader: An Approach to Mixed-Initiative Agent Team Management and Evaluation

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-03-01

defined on top of Jini (Arnold, et al., 1999). 5.1 MIXED-INITIATIVE MANAGEMENT OF A JOINT TASK FORCE Our simulation of the US Military’s disaster...coalition military operations. Binni is set in the year 2012 and involves three imaginary countries in Africa – Binni, Gao , and Agadez. Due to a...peacekeeping force. For example, the US, UK, and Australia have a high degree of mutual trust whereas Gao , which is also a member of the coalition, is trusted

A saponin-detoxifying enzyme mediates suppression of plant defences

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bouarab, K.; Melton, R.; Peart, J.; Baulcombe, D.; Osbourn, A.

2002-08-01

Plant disease resistance can be conferred by constitutive features such as structural barriers or preformed antimicrobial secondary metabolites. Additional defence mechanisms are activated in response to pathogen attack and include localized cell death (the hypersensitive response). Pathogens use different strategies to counter constitutive and induced plant defences, including degradation of preformed antimicrobial compounds and the production of molecules that suppress induced plant defences. Here we present evidence for a two-component process in which a fungal pathogen subverts the preformed antimicrobial compounds of its host and uses them to interfere with induced defence responses. Antimicrobial saponins are first hydrolysed by a fungal saponin-detoxifying enzyme. The degradation product of this hydrolysis then suppresses induced defence responses by interfering with fundamental signal transduction processes leading to disease resistance.

Cyber as a Team Sport: Operationalizing a Whole-Of-Government Approach to Cyberspace Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-07

July 2010-7 June 2011 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE • -~ ·- ~ I 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER CYBER AS A "TEAM SPORT ": OPERATIONALIZING A WHOLE-OF-GOVERNMENT APPROACH...JOINT FORCES STAFF COLLEGE JOINT ADVANCED WARFIGHTING SCHOOL CYBER AS A “TEAM SPORT ”: OPERATIONALIZING A WHOLE-OF- GOVERNMENT APPROACH...TO CYBERSPACE OPERATIONS by Elizabeth A. Myers Department of Defense CYBER AS A "TEAM SPORT ": OPERATIONALIZING A WHOLE-OF· GOVERNMENT

Aircraft digital flight control technical review

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davenport, Otha B.; Leggett, David B.

1993-01-01

The Aircraft Digital Flight Control Technical Review was initiated by two pilot induced oscillation (PIO) incidents in the spring and summer of 1992. Maj. Gen. Franklin (PEO) wondered why the Air Force development process for digital flight control systems was not preventing PIO problems. Consequently, a technical review team was formed to examine the development process and determine why PIO problems continued to occur. The team was also to identify the 'best practices' used in the various programs. The charter of the team was to focus on the PIO problem, assess the current development process, and document the 'best practices.' The team reviewed all major USAF aircraft programs with digital flight controls, specifically, the F-15E, F-16C/D, F-22, F-111, C-17, and B-2. The team interviewed contractor, System Program Office (SPO), and Combined Test Force (CTF) personnel on these programs. The team also went to NAS Patuxent River to interview USN personnel about the F/A-18 program. The team also reviewed experimental USAF and NASA systems with digital flight control systems: X-29, X-31, F-15 STOL and Maneuver Technology Demonstrator (SMTD), and the Variable In-Flight Stability Test Aircraft (VISTA). The team also discussed the problem with other experts in the field including Ralph Smith and personnel from Calspan. The major conclusions and recommendations from the review are presented.

Carrington-L5: The UK/US Operational Space Weather Monitoring Mission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trichas, Markos; Gibbs, Mark; Harrison, Richard; Green, Lucie; Eastwood, Jonathan; Bentley, Bob; Bisi, Mario; Bogdanova, Yulia; Davies, Jackie; D'Arrigo, Paolo; Eyles, Chris; Fazakerley, Andrew; Hapgood, Mike; Jackson, David; Kataria, Dhiren; Monchieri, Emanuele; Windred, Phil

2015-06-01

Airbus Defence and Space (UK) has carried out a study to investigate the possibilities for an operational space weather mission, in collaboration with the Met Office, RAL, MSSL and Imperial College London. The study looked at the user requirements for an operational mission, a model instrument payload, and a mission/spacecraft concept. A particular focus is cost effectiveness and timelineness of the data, suitable for 24/7 operational forecasting needs. We have focussed on a mission at L5 assuming that a mission to L1 will already occur, on the basis that L5 (Earth trailing) offers the greatest benefit for the earliest possible warning on hazardous SWE events and the most accurate SWE predictions. The baseline payload has been selected to cover all UK Met Office/NOAA's users priorities for L5 using instruments with extensive UK/US heritage, consisting of: heliospheric imager, coronograph, magnetograph, magnetometer, solar wind analyser and radiation monitor. The platform and subsystems are based on extensive re-use from past Airbus Defence and Space spacecraft to minimize the development cost and a Falcon-9 launcher has been selected on the same basis. A schedule analysis shows that the earliest launch could be achieved by 2020, assuming Phase A kick-off in 2015-2016. The study team have selected the name "Carrington" for the mission, reflecting the UK's proud history in this domain.

Change champions at the grassroots level: practice innovation using team process.

PubMed

Scott, J; Rantz, M

1994-01-01

A nursing administrative group recognized the critical value of staff participation in the formulation of a restructuring project and guidance throughout the project. Using a team approach, a task force of three staff nurses, two assistant nurse managers, a nurse clinician, a nursing practice specialist, and a representative from nursing administration came together. They were given responsibility for researching and setting the course for restructuring change. A unit-based team including a unit secretary, a nursing attendant, licensed practical nurse (LPN), and six staff nurses was formed from volunteers from the 40-bed medicine unit to develop that unit's plan for restructuring. The unit-based team analyzed patient care needs and staff member roles. They created a new patient care technician role as well as a nurse care coordinator role. The role of the LPN was envisioned as providing technical support. Staffing mix was also determined by the unit-based team. Both the task force and the unit-based team continue to evaluate, troubleshoot, and take every opportunity to sell their vision to solidify it further as the foundation for the future of patient care services at the hospital. The process will soon move forward to a large surgical unit.

Assessing the influence of biogeographical region and phylogenetic history on chemical defences and herbivory in Quercus species.

PubMed

Moreira, Xoaquín; Abdala-Roberts, Luis; Galmán, Andrea; Francisco, Marta; Fuente, María de la; Butrón, Ana; Rasmann, Sergio

2018-06-07

Biogeographical factors and phylogenetic history are key determinants of inter-specific variation in plant defences. However, few studies have conducted broad-scale geographical comparisons of plant defences while controlling for phylogenetic relationships, and, in doing so, none have separated constitutive from induced defences. This gap has limited our understanding of how historical or large-scale processes mediate biogeographical patterns in plant defences since these may be contingent upon shared evolutionary history and phylogenetic constraints. We conducted a phylogenetically-controlled experiment testing for differences in constitutive leaf chemical defences and their inducibility between Palearctic and Nearctic oak species (Quercus, total 18 species). We induced defences in one-year old plants by inflicting damage by gypsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar), estimated the amount of leaf area consumed, and quantified various groups of phenolic compounds. There was no detectable phylogenetic signal for constitutive or induced levels of most defensive traits except for constitutive condensed tannins, as well as no phylogenetic signal in leaf herbivory. We did, however, find marked differences in defence levels between oak species from each region: Palearctic species had higher levels of constitutive condensed tannins, but less constitutive lignins and less constitutive and induced hydrolysable tannins compared with Nearctic species. Additionally, Palearctic species had lower levels of leaf damage compared with Nearctic species. These differences in leaf damage, lignins and hydrolysable (but not condensed) tannins were lost after accounting for phylogeny, suggesting that geographical structuring of phylogenetic relationships mediated biogeographical differences in defences and herbivore resistance. Together, these findings suggest that historical processes and large-scale drivers have shaped differences in allocation to constitutive defences (and in turn resistance) between Palearctic and Nearctic oaks. Moreover, although evidence of phylogenetic conservatism in the studied traits is rather weak, shared evolutionary history appears to mediate some of these biogeographical patterns in allocation to chemical defences. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of light on direct and indirect defences against herbivores of young plants of Mallotus japonicus demonstrate a trade-off between two indirect defence traits

PubMed Central

Yamawo, Akira; Hada, Yoshio

2010-01-01

Background and Aims Although most studies on plant defence strategies have focused on a particular defence trait, some plant species develop multiple defence traits. To clarify the effects of light on the development of multiple defence traits, the production of direct and indirect defence traits of young plants of Mallotus japonicus were examined experimentally under different light conditions. Methods The young plants were cultivated under three light conditions in the experimental field for 3 months from May to July. Numbers of ants and pearl bodies on leaves in July were examined. After cultivation, the plants were collected and the developments of trichomes and pellucid dots, and extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) on the leaves were examined. On plants without nectar-collecting insects, the size of EFNs and the volume of extrafloral nectar secreted from the EFNs were examined. Key results Densities of trichomes and pellucid dots did not differ significantly among the plants under the different light conditions, suggesting that the chemical and physical defences function under both high and low light availability. The number of EFNs on the leaves did not differ significantly among the plants under the different light conditions, but there appeared to be a trade-off between the size of EFNs and the number of pearl bodies; the largest EFNs and the smallest number of pearl bodies were found under high light availability. EFN size was significantly correlated with the volume of extrafloral nectar secreted for 24 h. The number of ants on the plants was smaller under low light availability than under high and moderate light availability. Conclusions These results suggest that direct defence traits function regardless of light conditions, but light conditions affected the development of indirect defence traits. PMID:20472698

The evolution of inducible defence.

PubMed

Harvell, C D

1990-01-01

Defences against parasites are characterized by inducible, amplifiable responses, often with a memory component. Inducible defences with similar properties are common in a variety of other types of interactions, for example many aquatic invertebrates produce inducible structural defences against their predators and competitors. Most inducible defences have the following properties: (1) a threshold of activation; (2) an amplification of response with increasing stimulus; (3) a memory component. Specificity, amplification and memory are the basis for defining a defence as 'immune' (Klein, 1982), and these properties are present in both the vertebrate and invertebrate internal defence responses to pathogens. Invertebrates differ in the absence of immunoglobulins and therefore in reduced specificity. Although the reduced specificity of invertebrate internal defence systems is often viewed as proof of their 'primitiveness', the differences in defence systems of vertebrates and invertebrates may be more related to their respective selection regimes than to phylogeny. The syngeneic recognition system of vertebrates functions to recognize small departures from self, such as would arise from neoplasia. Are vertebrates under more intense selection from neoplasia, perhaps due to a greater incidence of hormonal imbalance or hypersensitivity reactions? The invertebrate internal defence systems are all less discriminating than the vertebrate, but there are marked differences in degree of discrimination depending on whether the group is colonial or not. Even the phyla of colonial animals with quite simple body plans, the sponges and cnidarians, have a more discriminating recognition system than the phyla of solitary animals with more complex body plans, such as the molluscs and arthropods. The primary effectors of all invertebrate responses to parasites are encapsulation and phagocytosis, although in some phyla there are specific antibacterial proteins than can also be induced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

KSC-99pp0837

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-07-16

At a special presentation in the IMAX 2 Theater in the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, the Hammer Award is presented to Kennedy Space Center and the 45th Space Wing. Present for the awards are (left to right) Commander of the Air Force Space Command General Richard B. Myers, Ed Gormel, Chris Fairey, NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin, and Director of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government, Morley Winograd, who presented the award. The Hammer Award is Vice President Al Gore's special recognition of teams of federal employees who have made significant contributions in support of the principles of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government. This Hammer Award acknowledges the accomplishments of a joint NASA and Air Force team that established the Joint Base Operations and Support Contract (J-BOSC) Source Evaluation Board (SEB). Gormel and Fairey are co-chairs of the SEB. The team developed and implemented the acquisition strategy for establishing a single set of base operations and support service requirements for KSC, Cape Canaveral Air Station and Patrick Air Force Base

Cognitive ability in young adulthood predicts risk of early-onset dementia in Finnish men.

PubMed

Rantalainen, Ville; Lahti, Jari; Henriksson, Markus; Kajantie, Eero; Eriksson, Johan G; Räikkönen, Katri

2018-06-06

To test if the Finnish Defence Forces Basic Intellectual Ability Test scores at 20.1 years predicted risk of organic dementia or Alzheimer disease (AD). Dementia was defined as inpatient or outpatient diagnosis of organic dementia or AD risk derived from Hospital Discharge or Causes of Death Registers in 2,785 men from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study, divided based on age at first diagnosis into early onset (<65 years) or late onset (≥65 years). The Finnish Defence Forces Basic Intellectual Ability Test comprises verbal, arithmetic, and visuospatial subtests and a total score (scores transformed into a mean of 100 and SD of 15). We used Cox proportional hazard models and adjusted for age at testing, childhood socioeconomic status, mother's age at delivery, parity, participant's birthweight, education, and stroke or coronary heart disease diagnosis. Lower cognitive ability total and verbal ability (hazard ratio [HR] per 1 SD disadvantage >1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-2.63) scores predicted higher early-onset any dementia risk across the statistical models; arithmetic and visuospatial ability scores were similarly associated with early-onset any dementia risk, but these associations weakened after covariate adjustments (HR per 1 SD disadvantage >1.57, 95% CI 0.96-2.57). All associations were rendered nonsignificant when we adjusted for participant's education. Cognitive ability did not predict late-onset dementia risk. These findings reinforce previous suggestions that lower cognitive ability in early life is a risk factor for early-onset dementia. © 2018 American Academy of Neurology.

An Intervention Study Examining the Effects of Condom Wrapper Graphics and Scent on Condom Use in the Botswana Defence Force

PubMed Central

Tran, Bonnie Robin; Thomas, Anne Goldzier; Vaida, Florin; Ditsela, Mooketsi; Phetogo, Robert; Kelapile, David; Haubrich, Richard; Chambers, Christina; Shaffer, Richard

2014-01-01

Free condoms provided by the government are often not used by Botswana Defence Force (BDF) personnel due to a perceived unpleasant scent and unattractive wrapper. Formative work with the BDF found that scented condoms and military inspired (camouflage) wrapper graphics were appealing to personnel. A non-randomized intervention study was implemented to determine if condom wrapper graphics and scent improved condom use in the BDF. Four military sites were selected for participation. Two sites in the south received the intervention condom wrapped in a generic wrapper and two sites in the north received the intervention condom wrapped in a military inspired wrapper; intervention condoms were either scented or unscented. 211 male soldiers who ever had sex, aged 18–30 years, and stationed at one of the selected sites consented to participate. Sexual activity and condom use were measured pre- and post-intervention using sexual behavior diaries. A condom use rate (CUR; frequency of protected sex divided by total frequency of sex) was computed for each participant. Mean CURs significantly increased over time (85.7% baseline vs. 94.5% post-intervention). Adjusted odds of condom use over time were higher among participants who received the intervention condom packaged in the military wrapper compared with the generic wrapper. Adjusted odds of condom use were also higher for participants who reported using scented versus unscented condoms. Providing scented condoms and condoms packaged in a miltiary inspired wrapper may help increase condom use and reduce HIV infection among military personnel. PMID:24266459

Determinants of injuries and Road Traffic Accidents amongst service personnel in a large Defence station.

PubMed

Neelakantan, Anand; Kotwal, Brig Atul; Ilankumaran, Mookkiah

2017-07-01

Injuries are assuming epidemic proportions globally; and in India. Also, previous decade witnessed carnage on Indian roads, with nearly 12 lakh people killed and 55 lakhs disabled in road crashes. The trend in Armed Forces is reflective of the aforesaid patterns. Behaviour and socio-demographic background of the victims are significant determinants of injuries and road accidents. Community-based epidemiological information on these aspects is envisaged to contribute in their preventive strategy. Towards this direction, the present study was conducted with aim to generate socio-behavioural profile of injuries and Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) amongst service personnel in a large defence station; and to evaluate their determinants. A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out among 796 Naval personnel onboard warships in large Naval station. Data on socio-behavioural aspects and determinants of injuries and road accidents was collected using a pre-validated questionnaire; and by scrutiny of relevant records. Data was analysed using MSExcel, Epi-info and SPSS 17. Young and middle-aged persons were predominantly involved in injuries and road accidents. Two-wheeler users sustained maximum road accidents. Human factor was a significant determinant in RTAs and injuries. A majority of victims admitted that human factors were the predominant cause of road accidents; and opined that the events were preventable. Age-specific Behavioural Change Communication strategies aimed at refining user outlook are imperative; tailored to sociodemographic milieu of user/victim. Incorporation of a dynamic feedback/reporting mechanism, creation of 'armed forces-specific road safety and injury prevention policy' and safety audits on injuries and road crashes are measures in this direction.

Suicide among emergency and protective service workers: A retrospective mortality study in Australia, 2001 to 2012.

PubMed

Milner, A; Witt, K; Maheen, H; LaMontagne, A D

2017-01-01

Emergency and protective services personnel (e.g., police, ambulance, fire-fighters, defence, prison and security officers) report elevated levels of job stress and health problems. While population-level research is lacking, there has been some research suggesting suicide rates may be elevated in emergency and protective services. This paper compares suicide rates between emergency and protective services occupational groups over a 12-year period (2001-2012) in Australia. Labour force data was obtained from the 2006 Australian Census. Suicide data was obtained from the National Coroners Information System (NCIS). Negative binomial regression was used to estimate the association between suicide and employment as an emergency or protective service worker (including prison and security officers) over the period 2001-2012, as compared to all other occupations. Information on suicide method was extracted from the NCIS. The age-adjusted suicide rate across all emergency and protective service workers was 22.4 (95% CI 19.5 to 25.2) per 100,000 in males and 7.8 in females (95% CI 4.6 to 11.00), compared to 15.5 per 100,000 (95% CI 15.2 to 15.9) for males and 3.4 (95% CI 3.2 to 3.6) for females in other occupations. The highest risk by subgroup was observed among those employed in the defence force, prison officers, and ambulance personnel. The major method of death for all occupational groups was hanging. Our results clearly highlight the need for suicide prevention among emergency and protective service occupations.

Effectiveness of an Anger Intervention for Military Members with PTSD: A Clinical Case Series.

PubMed

Cash, Richard; Varker, Tracey; McHugh, Tony; Metcalf, Olivia; Howard, Alexandra; Lloyd, Delyth; Costello, Jacqueline; Said, David; Forbes, David

2018-03-23

Problematic anger is a significant clinical issue in military personnel, and is further complicated by comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite increasing numbers of military personnel returning from deployment with anger and aggression difficulties, the treatment of problematic anger has received scant attention. There are currently no interventions that directly target problematic anger in the context of military-related PTSD. The aim of this case series is to examine the effectiveness of an intervention specifically developed for treating problematic anger in current serving military personnel with comorbid PTSD. Eight Australian Defence Force Army personnel with problematic anger and comorbid PTSD received a manualized 12-session cognitive behaviorally based anger intervention, delivered one-to-one by Australian Defence Force mental health clinicians. Standardized measures of anger, PTSD, depression, and anxiety were administered pre- and post-treatment. The initial mean severity scores for anger indicated a high degree of pre-treatment problematic anger. Anger scores reduced significantly from pre to post-treatment (d = 1.56), with 88% of participants exhibiting meaningful reduction in anger scores. PTSD symptoms also reduced significantly (d= 0.96), with 63% of participants experiencing a clinically meaningful reduction in PTSD scores. All of those who took part in the therapy completed all therapy sessions. This brief report provides preliminary evidence that an intervention for problematic anger not only significantly reduces anger levels in military personnel, but can also significantly reduce PTSD symptoms. Given that anger can interfere with PTSD treatment outcomes, prioritizing anger treatment may improve the effectiveness of PTSD interventions.

Clinical Audit of Diabetes Care in the Bahrain Defence Forces Hospital

PubMed Central

Al-Baharna, Marwa M.; Whitford, David L.

2013-01-01

Objectives: Primary care audits in Bahrain have consistently revealed a failure to meet recognised standards of delivery of process and outcome measures to patients with diabetes. This study aimed to establish for the first time the quality of diabetes care in a Bahraini hospital setting. Methods: A retrospective clinical audit was conducted of a random sample of patients attending the Diabetes and Endocrine Center at the Bahrain Defence Forces Hospital over a 15-month period which ended in June 2010. The medical records of 287 patients with diabetes were reviewed electronically and manually for process and outcome measures, and a statistical analysis was performed. Results: Of the patients, 47% were male, with a median age of 54 years, and 5% had type 1 diabetes. Measured processes, including haemoglobin A1c, blood pressure, lipids, creatinine and weight, were recorded in over 90% of the patients. Smoking (8%) and the patient’s body mass index (19%) were less frequently recorded. Screening for complications was low, with retinal screening in 42%, foot inspection in 22% and microalbuminuria in 23% of patients. Conclusion: This study shows that the implementation of recognised evidence-based practice continues to pose challenges in routine clinical care. Screening levels for the complications of diabetes were low in this hospital diabetes clinic. It is important to implement a systematic approach to diabetes care to improve the quality of care of patients with diabetes which could lead to a lowering of cardiovascular risk and a reduction in healthcare costs in the long term. PMID:24273661

Gun Control for VBE-E: User Guide and Technical Description

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-11-01

Defence R& D Canada – Atlantic DEFENCE DÉFENSE & Gun Control for VBE-E User Guide and Technical Description Tania E. Wentzell Technical Memorandum...Defence R& D Canada – Atlantic Technical Memorandum DRDC Atlantic TM 2006-245 November 2006 DRDC Atlantic TM 2006-245...component of the distributed experimentation environment used by the Virtual Combat System (VCS) Group at Defence R& D Canada – Atlantic (DRDC Atlantic

Independent Effects of a Herbivore’s Bacterial Symbionts on Its Performance and Induced Plant Defences

PubMed Central

Staudacher, Heike; Schimmel, Bernardus C. J.; Lamers, Mart M.; Wybouw, Nicky; Groot, Astrid T.; Kant, Merijn R.

2017-01-01

It is well known that microbial pathogens and herbivores elicit defence responses in plants. Moreover, microorganisms associated with herbivores, such as bacteria or viruses, can modulate the plant’s response to herbivores. Herbivorous spider mites can harbour different species of bacterial symbionts and exert a broad range of effects on host-plant defences. Hence, we tested the extent to which such symbionts affect the plant’s defences induced by their mite host and assessed if this translates into changes in plant resistance. We assessed the bacterial communities of two strains of the common mite pest Tetranychus urticae. We found that these strains harboured distinct symbiotic bacteria and removed these using antibiotics. Subsequently, we tested to which extent mites with and without symbiotic bacteria induce plant defences in terms of phytohormone accumulation and defence gene expression, and assessed mite oviposition and survival as a measure for plant resistance. We observed that the absence/presence of these bacteria altered distinct plant defence parameters and affected mite performance but we did not find indications for a causal link between the two. We argue that although bacteria-related effects on host-induced plant defences may occur, these do not necessarily affect plant resistance concomitantly. PMID:28106771

Collective defence portfolios of ant hosts shift with social parasite pressure.

PubMed

Jongepier, Evelien; Kleeberg, Isabelle; Job, Sylwester; Foitzik, Susanne

2014-09-22

Host defences become increasingly costly as parasites breach successive lines of defence. Because selection favours hosts that successfully resist parasitism at the lowest possible cost, escalating coevolutionary arms races are likely to drive host defence portfolios towards ever more expensive strategies. We investigated the interplay between host defence portfolios and social parasite pressure by comparing 17 populations of two Temnothorax ant species. When successful, collective aggression not only prevents parasitation but also spares host colonies the cost of searching for and moving to a new nest site. However, once parasites breach the host's nest defence, host colonies should resort to flight as the more beneficial resistance strategy. We show that under low parasite pressure, host colonies more likely responded to an intruding Protomognathus americanus slavemaker with collective aggression, which prevented the slavemaker from escaping and potentially recruiting nest-mates. However, as parasite pressure increased, ant colonies of both host species became more likely to flee rather than to fight. We conclude that host defence portfolios shift consistently with social parasite pressure, which is in accordance with the degeneration of frontline defences and the evolution of subsequent anti-parasite strategies often invoked in hosts of brood parasites. © 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.

Mishap Investigation Team (MIT) - Barksdale AFB, Louisiana

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stepaniak, Philip

2005-01-01

The Shuttle Program is organized to support a Shuttle mishap using the resources of the MIT. The afternoon of Feb. 1, 2003, the MIT deployed to Barksdale AFB. This location became the investigative center and interim storage location for crewmembers received from the Lufkin Disaster Field Office (DFO). Working under the leadership of the MIT Lead, the medical team executed a short-term plan that included search, recovery, and identification including coordination with the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Temporary operations was set up at Barksdale Air Force Base for two weeks. During this time, coordination with the DFO field recovery teams, AFIP personnel, and the crew surgeons was on going. In addition, the crewmember families and NASA management were updated daily. The medical team also dealt with public reports and questions concerning biological and chemical hazards, which were coordinated with SPACEHAB, Inc., Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Medical Operations and the Johnson Space Center (JSC) Space Medicine office. After operations at Barksdale were concluded the medical team transitioned back to Houston and a long-term search, recovery and identification plan was developed.

International Mine Countermeasures Exercise 2013: Role 2 Afloat.

PubMed

Matthews, J J; Heames, R M

2013-01-01

In May 2013 a Role 2 Afloat team was deployed on board the Bay-class Landing Ship Dock (Auxiliary) RFA CARDIGAN BAY as part of the US-led Task Force involved in the International Mine Countermeasures Exercise 2013 (IMCMEX 13). This article introduces a series of papers from the various departments that make up the Role 2 Afloat team explaining the make-up of the team and also the overall capability of the team to deliver Role 2 care in the maritime environment.

The correlated evolution of antipredator defences and brain size in mammals

PubMed Central

Romero, Ashly N.

2017-01-01

Mammals that possess elaborate antipredator defences such as body armour, spines and quills are usually well protected, intermediate in size, primarily insectivorous and live in simple open environments. The benefits of such defences seem clear and may relax selection on maintaining cognitive abilities that aid in vigilance and predator recognition, and their bearers may accrue extensive production and maintenance costs. Here, in this comparative phylogenetic analysis of measurements of encephalization quotient and morphological defence scores of 647 mammal species representing nearly every order, we found that as lineages evolve stronger defences, they suffer a correlated reduction in encephalization. The only exceptions were those that live in trees—a complex three-dimensional world probably requiring greater cognitive abilities. At the proximate level, because brain tissue is extremely energetically expensive to build, mammals may be trading off spending more on elaborate defences and saving by building less powerful brains. At the ultimate level, having greater defences may also reduce the need for advanced cognitive abilities for constant assessment of environmental predation risk, especially in simple open environments. PMID:28077771

The correlated evolution of antipredator defences and brain size in mammals.

PubMed

Stankowich, Theodore; Romero, Ashly N

2017-01-11

Mammals that possess elaborate antipredator defences such as body armour, spines and quills are usually well protected, intermediate in size, primarily insectivorous and live in simple open environments. The benefits of such defences seem clear and may relax selection on maintaining cognitive abilities that aid in vigilance and predator recognition, and their bearers may accrue extensive production and maintenance costs. Here, in this comparative phylogenetic analysis of measurements of encephalization quotient and morphological defence scores of 647 mammal species representing nearly every order, we found that as lineages evolve stronger defences, they suffer a correlated reduction in encephalization. The only exceptions were those that live in trees-a complex three-dimensional world probably requiring greater cognitive abilities. At the proximate level, because brain tissue is extremely energetically expensive to build, mammals may be trading off spending more on elaborate defences and saving by building less powerful brains. At the ultimate level, having greater defences may also reduce the need for advanced cognitive abilities for constant assessment of environmental predation risk, especially in simple open environments. © 2017 The Author(s).

Competition induces allelopathy but suppresses growth and anti-herbivore defence in a chemically rich seaweed

PubMed Central

Rasher, Douglas B.; Hay, Mark E.

2014-01-01

Many seaweeds and terrestrial plants induce chemical defences in response to herbivory, but whether they induce chemical defences against competitors (allelopathy) remains poorly understood. We evaluated whether two tropical seaweeds induce allelopathy in response to competition with a reef-building coral. We also assessed the effects of competition on seaweed growth and seaweed chemical defence against herbivores. Following 8 days of competition with the coral Porites cylindrica, the chemically rich seaweed Galaxaura filamentosa induced increased allelochemicals and became nearly twice as damaging to the coral. However, it also experienced significantly reduced growth and increased palatability to herbivores (because of reduced chemical defences). Under the same conditions, the seaweed Sargassum polycystum did not induce allelopathy and did not experience a change in growth or palatability. This is the first demonstration of induced allelopathy in a seaweed, or of competitors reducing seaweed chemical defences against herbivores. Our results suggest that the chemical ecology of coral–seaweed–herbivore interactions can be complex and nuanced, highlighting the need to incorporate greater ecological complexity into the study of chemical defence. PMID:24403332

Retrospective on the construction and practice of a state-level emergency medical rescue team.

PubMed

Lei, Zhang; Haitao, Guo; Xin, Wang; Yundou, Wang

2014-10-01

For the past few years, disasters like earthquakes, landslides, mudslides, tsunamis, and traffic accidents have occurred with an ever-growing frequency, coverage, and intensity greatly beyond the expectation of the public. In order to respond effectively to disasters and to reduce casualties and property damage, countries around the world have invested more efforts in the theoretical study of emergency medicine and the construction of emergency medical rescue forces. Consequently, emergency medical rescue teams of all scales and types have come into being and have played significant roles in disaster response work. As the only state-level emergency medical rescue force from the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, the force described here has developed, through continuous learning and practice, a characteristic mode in terms of grouping methods, equipment system construction, and training.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a Tool to Facilitate Learning Outcomes for Team Building in the Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Berry, Priscilla; Wood, Cindy; Thornton, Barry

2007-01-01

Globalization and domestic competition are forcing businesses to rethink the human resources utilization process, and one method for considering again this challenge is creating a team culture. One key to this process for human resources development is the understanding of how to create the most successful teams. The use of the Myers-Briggs Type…

KAPSE Interface Team (KIT) Public Report. Volume 7

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-10-01

e E&V STATUS - Ray Szymanski (Wriaht-Patterson) was announced as the new chairman of the Evaluation and Validation Team. Two RFP’s are coming, for...are language interoperability problems (implementations using multiple languages where interoperability problems are experienced such as transferring...visitors were introduced. Ray Szymanski , the Evaluation & Validation Team Leader, is replacing Jinny Castor from Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Dr

America’s Army: The Strength of the Nation. 2010 Army Posture Statement

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-02-19

Task Force ARFORGEN Army Force Generation AFRICOM Africa Command AMAP Army Medical Action Plan AMC Army Material Command APS Army Prepositioned Stocks ...Facilities EBCT Evaluation Brigade Combat Team EOD Explosive Ordnance Disposal ES2 Every Soldier a Sensor ETF Enterprise Task Force FCS Future Combat

Dental health changes in an Australian Defence Force population.

PubMed

Dawson, A S; Smales, R J

1994-08-01

The dental histories of 100 long-term members of the Royal Australian Air Force were obtained from their dental records. Data relating to dental health status, as measured by the DMF indices and the T-Health scores, were tested to determine if there were any correlations present between changes in dental health and certain risk factors which had been identified by previous studies in the General Dental Service in Scotland. These studies had demonstrated positive relationships between the frequency of dental examination and the frequency with which patients changed their dentist, with the amount of dental treatment the patients received. However, within the potential limitations imposed by the sample size, the present long-term study did not detect any significant associations between the frequencies of dental examination or change of dentist, with changes in dental health.

Reproducing butterflies do not increase intake of antioxidants when they could benefit from them

PubMed Central

Bischofberger, Ines; Lorenz, Isabel; Scheelen, Lucie; Fischer, Klaus

2016-01-01

The significance of dietary antioxidants may be limited by the ability of animals to exploit them. However, past studies have focused on the effects of dietary antioxidants after ‘antioxidant forced-feeding’, and have overlooked spontaneous antioxidant intake. Here, we found that reproducing female Bicyclus anynana butterflies had higher antioxidant defences and enhanced fecundity when forced to consume antioxidants (polyphenols). Interestingly, these positive effects were not constant across the oviposition period. When given the choice between food resources with and without antioxidants, reproducing butterflies did not target antioxidants when they could have benefited the most from them. Moreover, they did not consume more antioxidants than non-reproducing butterflies. These results emphasize that, despite potential positive effects of dietary antioxidants, the ability of animals to exploit them is likely to restrict their ecological significance. PMID:26911341

Reproducing butterflies do not increase intake of antioxidants when they could benefit from them.

PubMed

Beaulieu, Michaël; Bischofberger, Ines; Lorenz, Isabel; Scheelen, Lucie; Fischer, Klaus

2016-02-01

The significance of dietary antioxidants may be limited by the ability of animals to exploit them. However, past studies have focused on the effects of dietary antioxidants after 'antioxidant forced-feeding', and have overlooked spontaneous antioxidant intake. Here, we found that reproducing female Bicyclus anynana butterflies had higher antioxidant defences and enhanced fecundity when forced to consume antioxidants (polyphenols). Interestingly, these positive effects were not constant across the oviposition period. When given the choice between food resources with and without antioxidants, reproducing butterflies did not target antioxidants when they could have benefited the most from them. Moreover, they did not consume more antioxidants than non-reproducing butterflies. These results emphasize that, despite potential positive effects of dietary antioxidants, the ability of animals to exploit them is likely to restrict their ecological significance. © 2016 The Author(s).

The mirror has two faces: dissociative identity disorder and the defence of pathological criminal incapacity--a South African criminal law perspective.

PubMed

Stevens, Philip

2013-03-01

Dissociative identity disorder poses numerous medico legal issues whenever the insanity defence emerges. Within the context of the South African criminal law, the impact of dissociative identity disorder on criminal responsibility has only been addressed very briefly in one decided case. Various questions arise as to the impact that the distinctive diagnostic features of dissociative identity disorder could possibly have on the defence of pathological criminal incapacity, or better known as the insanity defence, within the ambit of the South African criminal law. In this contribution the author reflects on the mental disorder known as dissociative identity disorder or multiple personality disorder, against the backdrop of the defence of pathological criminal incapacity. Reflections are also provided pertaining to the various medico legal issues at stake whenever this defence has to be adjudicated upon.

Making strategy: learning by doing.

PubMed

Christensen, C M

1997-01-01

Companies find it difficult to change strategy for many reasons, but one stands out: strategic thinking is not a core managerial competence at most companies. Executives hone their capabilities by tackling problems over and over again. Changing strategy, however, is not usually a task that they face repeatedly. Once companies have found a strategy that works, they want to use it, not change it. Consequently, most managers do not develop a competence in strategic thinking. This Manager's Tool Kit presents a three-stage method executives can use to conceive and implement a creative and coherent strategy themselves. The first stage is to identify and map the driving forces that the company needs to address. The process of mapping provides strategy-making teams with visual representations of team members' assumptions, those pictures, in turn, enable managers to achieve consensus in determining the driving forces. Once a senior management team has formulated a new strategy, it must align the strategy with the company's resource-allocation process to make implementation possible. Senior management teams can translate their strategy into action by using aggregate project planning. And management teams that link strategy and innovation through that planning process will develop a competence in implementing strategic change. The author guides the reader through the three stages of strategy making by examining the case of a manufacturing company that was losing ground to competitors. After mapping the driving forces, the company's senior managers were able to devise a new strategy that allowed the business to maintain a competitive advantage in its industry.

Remodeling Air Force Cyber Command and Control

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-10-10

AIR FORCE CYBERWORX REPORT: REMODELING AIR FORCE CYBER COMMAND & CONTROL COURSE DESIGN PROJECT CONDUCTED 5 Jan – 5 May 17 Produced...For the Air Force Cyber Command and Control (C2) Design Project, CyberWorx brought together 25 cadets from the United States Air Force Academy...warfighting based upon the findings of the design teams. Participants The design course was attended by a diverse group of civilians from industry

Alterations to the orientation of the ground reaction force vector affect sprint acceleration performance in team sports athletes.

PubMed

Bezodis, Neil E; North, Jamie S; Razavet, Jane L

2017-09-01

A more horizontally oriented ground reaction force vector is related to higher levels of sprint acceleration performance across a range of athletes. However, the effects of acute experimental alterations to the force vector orientation within athletes are unknown. Fifteen male team sports athletes completed maximal effort 10-m accelerations in three conditions following different verbal instructions intended to manipulate the force vector orientation. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) were collected from the step nearest 5-m and stance leg kinematics at touchdown were also analysed to understand specific kinematic features of touchdown technique which may influence the consequent force vector orientation. Magnitude-based inferences were used to compare findings between conditions. There was a likely more horizontally oriented ground reaction force vector and a likely lower peak vertical force in the control condition compared with the experimental conditions. 10-m sprint time was very likely quickest in the control condition which confirmed the importance of force vector orientation for acceleration performance on a within-athlete basis. The stance leg kinematics revealed that a more horizontally oriented force vector during stance was preceded at touchdown by a likely more dorsiflexed ankle, a likely more flexed knee, and a possibly or likely greater hip extension velocity.

Role of Host-Defence Peptides in Eye Diseases

PubMed Central

Kolar, Satya S.; McDermott, Alison M.

2013-01-01

The eye and its associated tissues including the lacrimal system and lids have evolved several defence mechanisms to prevent microbial invasion. Included among this armory are several host-defence peptides. These multifunctional molecules are being studied not only for their endogenous antimicrobial properties but also for their potential therapeutic effects. Here the current knowledge of host-defence peptide expression in the eye will be summarized. The role of these peptides in eye disease will be discussed with the primary focus being on infectious keratitis, inflammatory conditions including dry eye and wound healing. Finally the potential of using host-defence peptides and their mimetics/derivatives for the treatment and prevention of eye diseases is addressed. PMID:21584809

Placing Tactical Data into the MIST and LC2IEDM Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-10-01

Defence R& D Canada DEFENCE DÉFENSE & Placing Tactical Data into the MIST and LC2IEDM Systems Anthony W. Isenor Technical Memorandum DRDC Atlantic TM...intentionally left blank. Copy No: Placing Tactical Data into the MIST and LC2IEDM Systems Anthony W. Isenor Defence R& D Canada – Atlantic Technical...currently underway at Defence R& D Canada – Atlantic, as well as international efforts with The Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP). Both groups

Phytoplankton defence mechanisms: traits and trade-offs.

PubMed

Pančić, Marina; Kiørboe, Thomas

2018-05-01

In aquatic ecosystems, unicellular algae form the basis of the food webs. Theoretical and experimental studies have demonstrated that one of the mechanisms that maintain high diversity of phytoplankton is through predation and the consequent evolution of defence mechanisms. Proposed defence mechanisms in phytoplankton are diverse and include physiological (e.g. toxicity, bioluminescence), morphological (e.g. silica shell, colony formation), and behavioural (e.g. escape response) traits. However, the function of many of the proposed defence mechanisms remains elusive, and the costs and benefits (trade-offs) are often unquantified or undocumented. Here, we provide an overview of suggested phytoplankton defensive traits and review their experimental support. Wherever possible we quantify the trade-offs from experimental evidence and theoretical considerations. In many instances, experimental evidence suggests that defences are costless. However, we argue that (i) some costs materialize only under natural conditions, for example, sinking losses, or dependency on the availability of specific nutrients, and (ii) other costs become evident only under resource-deficient conditions where a rivalry for limiting resources between growth and defence occurs. Based on these findings, we suggest two strategies for quantifying the costs of defence mechanisms in phytoplankton: (i) for the evaluation of defence costs that are realized under natural conditions, a mechanistic understanding of the hypothesized component processes is required; and (ii) the magnitude of the costs (i.e. growth reduction) must be assessed under conditions of resource limitation. © 2018 Cambridge Philosophical Society.

Tasting the difference: do multiple defence chemicals interact in Müllerian mimicry?

PubMed

Skelhorn, John; Rowe, Candy

2005-02-07

Müllerian mimicry, where two unpalatable species share a warning pattern, is classically believed to be a form of mutualism, where the species involved share the cost of predator education. The evolutionary dynamics of Müllerian mimicry have recently become a controversial subject, after mathematical models have shown that if minor alterations are made to assumptions about the way in which predators learn and forget about unpalatable prey, this textbook case of mutualism may not be mutualistic at all. An underlying assumption of these models is that Müllerian mimics possess the same defence chemical. However, some Müllerian mimics are known to possess different defence chemicals. Using domestic chicks as predators and coloured crumbs flavoured with either the same or different unpalatable chemicals as prey, we provide evidence that two defence chemicals can interact to enhance predator learning and memory. This indicates that Müllerian mimics that possess different defence chemicals are better protected than those that share a single defence chemical. These data provide insight into how multiple defence chemicals are perceived by birds,and how they influence the way birds learn and remember warningly coloured prey. They highlight the importance of considering how different toxins in mimicry rings can interact in the evolution and maintenance of Müllerian mimicry and could help to explain the remarkable variation in chemical defences found within and between species.

Neurons of self-defence: neuronal innervation of the exocrine defence glands in stick insects.

PubMed

Stolz, Konrad; von Bredow, Christoph-Rüdiger; von Bredow, Yvette M; Lakes-Harlan, Reinhard; Trenczek, Tina E; Strauß, Johannes

2015-01-01

Stick insects (Phasmatodea) use repellent chemical substances (allomones) for defence which are released from so-called defence glands in the prothorax. These glands differ in size between species, and are under neuronal control from the CNS. The detailed neural innervation and possible differences between species are not studied so far. Using axonal tracing, the neuronal innervation is investigated comparing four species. The aim is to document the complexity of defence gland innervation in peripheral nerves and central motoneurons in stick insects. In the species studied here, the defence gland is innervated by the intersegmental nerve complex (ISN) which is formed by three nerves from the prothoracic (T1) and suboesophageal ganglion (SOG), as well as a distinct suboesophageal nerve (Nervus anterior of the suboesophageal ganglion). In Carausius morosus and Sipyloidea sipylus, axonal tracing confirmed an innervation of the defence glands by this N. anterior SOG as well as N. anterior T1 and N. posterior SOG from the intersegmental nerve complex. In Peruphasma schultei, which has rather large defence glands, only the innervation by the N. anterior SOG was documented by axonal tracing. In the central nervous system of all species, 3-4 neuron types are identified by axonal tracing which send axons in the N. anterior SOG likely innervating the defence gland as well as adjacent muscles. These neurons are mainly suboesophageal neurons with one intersegmental neuron located in the prothoracic ganglion. The neuron types are conserved in the species studied, but the combination of neuron types is not identical. In addition, the central nervous system in S. sipylus contains one suboesophageal and one prothoracic neuron type with axons in the intersegmental nerve complex contacting the defence gland. Axonal tracing shows a very complex innervation pattern of the defence glands of Phasmatodea which contains different neurons in different nerves from two adjacent body segments. The gland size correlates to the size of a neuron soma in the suboesophageal ganglion, which likely controls gland contraction. In P. schultei, the innervation pattern appears simplified to the anterior suboesophageal nerve. Hence, some evolutionary changes are notable in a conserved neuronal network.

Efficacy of OK-432 Therapy for the Incisionless Treatment of Head and Neck Cystic Masses

PubMed Central

Hasan, Hesham Y. A.; Rizwan, Muhammad A.

2018-01-01

Head and neck masses can present in different pathologies that usually vary according to the age of the patient. We report five cases of benign head or neck masses occurring among patients of different ages who were managed at the Bahrain Defence Force Royal Medical Services Hospital, Ar-Rifaa, Bahrain, between 2005–2014. All of the patients were treated using the sclerotherapeutic agent OK-432. Although surgical removal is usually considered optimal treatment in the management of such cases, OK-432 appears to be a promising alternative. PMID:29666687

HIFiRE-5 Flight Vehicle Design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kimmel, Roger L.; Adamczak, David; Berger, Karen; Choudhari, Meelan

2010-01-01

The Hypersonic International Flight Research Experimentation (HIFiRE) program is a hypersonic flight test program executed by the Air Force Research Laboratories (AFRL) and Australian Defence Science and Technology Organization (DSTO). HIFiRE flight 5 is devoted to measuring transition on a three-dimensional body. This paper summarizes payload configuration, trajectory, vehicle stability limits and roughness tolerances. Results show that the proposed configuration is suitable for testing transition on a three-dimensional body. Transition is predicted to occur within the test window, and a design has been developed that will allow the vehicle to be manufactured within prescribed roughness tolerances

Development of Norms for the Post-deployment Reintegration Scale

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-09-01

semble pas y avoir de groupes manifestement à risque au sein des FC (Réserve par rapport à Force régulière, femmes par rapport aux hommes , renforts par...which read “j’ ai eu de la difficulté à réconcilier l ’ état de dévastation que j ’ai constaté là- bas et ma vie au Canada” in the French version...Canada. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2010 © Sa Majesté la Reine (en droit du

Field evaluation and user acceptability of repellent formulations containing DEET against mosquitoes in Australia.

PubMed

Frances, Stephen P

2013-09-01

Field efficacy trials comparing 2 formulations of deet against mosquitoes in Redcliffe, Queensland, Australia were conducted in February 2009. A formulation containing 35% deet in a gel (Australian Defence Force deet) provided > 95% protection for 3 h, while a formulation containing 40% deet in ethanol (Bushman) in a spray applicator provided > 95% for 6 h. A user acceptability study showed that 82% of soldiers using the Bushman formulation during contingency operations for 14-28 days in Timor-Leste would recommend this formulation to others and believed that the formulation provided protection against mosquitoes.

Given the Absence of Established Doctrine, are there Concepts and Doctrinal Guidance Available from Varying Sources, Which are Relevant to Shaping the Capabilities of the Jamaica Defence Force to Achieve its Mission in the 21st Century

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-12-10

the ruling People’s National Party (PNP) and Fidel Castro, communist leader of Cuba . The opposition party at the time was the Jamaica Labour Party...Sea. It is approximately, 145 kilometers (90 miles) south of Cuba . Its coastline extends for 1,022 kilometers (634 miles). Jamaica practices a...Qin, Chairman Mao Tse-tung, Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin. The foundation principles of Marxism are revered and built upon by the respective military

Uganda gets set for vaccine trials, but the ethical debate continues.

PubMed

1997-04-01

An HIV vaccine trial scheduled for 1997 involves 2000 male and female members of the Uganda People's Defence Force. The volunteers are 18-40 years old and have been evaluated for 18 months. The trial of Alvac-HIV vaccine developed by Pasteur Manieux Connaught will be conducted by the Joint Clinical Research Council, a joint venture of Makerere University and the Ministries of Health and Defence, in collaboration with the Johns Hopkins University. The vaccine has already been tested on 300 volunteers in France and the US. The initial stage of testing will involve a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial comparing the safety and immunogenicity of four successive injections in 20 HIV-negative and 20 HIV-positive volunteers. Follow-up will continue for a year. While volunteers will get free medical attention if they develop a severe reaction to the vaccine and will receive a full explanation about the experimental nature of the vaccine, it has not been determined how volunteers will be compensated if something unforeseen goes wrong. Additional concerns revolve around Uganda's readiness to institute proper legal controls and ethical standards in cases of biomedical research.

The ecology of cooperative breeding behaviour.

PubMed

Shen, Sheng-Feng; Emlen, Stephen T; Koenig, Walter D; Rubenstein, Dustin R

2017-06-01

Ecology is a fundamental driving force for the evolutionary transition from solitary living to breeding cooperatively in groups. However, the fact that both benign and harsh, as well as stable and fluctuating, environments can favour the evolution of cooperative breeding behaviour constitutes a paradox of environmental quality and sociality. Here, we propose a new model - the dual benefits framework - for resolving this paradox. Our framework distinguishes between two categories of grouping benefits - resource defence benefits that derive from group-defended critical resources and collective action benefits that result from social cooperation among group members - and uses insider-outsider conflict theory to simultaneously consider the interests of current group members (insiders) and potential joiners (outsiders) in determining optimal group size. We argue that the different grouping benefits realised from resource defence and collective action profoundly affect insider-outsider conflict resolution, resulting in predictable differences in the per capita productivity, stable group size, kin structure and stability of the social group. We also suggest that different types of environmental variation (spatial vs. temporal) select for societies that form because of the different grouping benefits, thus helping to resolve the paradox of why cooperative breeding evolves in such different types of environments. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd/CNRS.

Psychic skin: psychotic defences, borderline process and delusions.

PubMed

Schmidt, Martin

2012-02-01

In this paper, I apply the concept of psychic skin to analytic work with people suffering from personality disorders and psychoses. When psychoses emerge, the defensive skin which protects the ego is breached and violent unconscious forces rip through the personality. Some of the patients diagnosed as schizophrenic with whom I work have identified with archetypal characters such as Christ, Satan, John Lennon and the Queen. I attempt to show how the adoption of these inflated personas can serve as secondary psychic skins. Such delusional identifications can provide a protective shield to hide the denuded self and prevent intrusion from the external world. Through clinical example, I try to demonstrate how these archetypal 'second skins' can preserve life until internal and external conditions make it possible for the self to emerge. I contrast such psychotic identifications with 'thin-skinned' and 'thick-skinned' narcissism as well as 'defences of the self' in borderline states where the psychic skin may be damaged but does not disintegrate. I also look at the ways in which Jung's own personal experience was different from this and how he managed to avert psychotic breakdown. © 2012, The Society of Analytical Psychology.

Symbiotic bacteria enable olive fly larvae to overcome host defences

PubMed Central

Ben-Yosef, Michael; Pasternak, Zohar; Jurkevitch, Edouard; Yuval, Boaz

2015-01-01

Ripe fruit offer readily available nutrients for many animals, including fruit fly larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae) and their associated rot-inducing bacteria. Yet, during most of their ontogeny, fruit remain chemically defended and effectively suppress herbivores and pathogens by high levels of secondary metabolites. Olive flies (Bactrocera oleae) are uniquely able to develop in unripe olives. Unlike other frugivorous tephritids, the larvae maintain bacteria confined within their midgut caeca. We examined the interaction between larvae, their associated bacteria, and fruit chemical defence, hypothesizing that bacterial contribution to larval development is contingent on the phenology of fruit defensive chemistry. We demonstrate that larvae require their natural complement of bacteria (Candidatus Erwinia dacicola: Enterobacteriaceae) in order to develop in unripe olives. Conversely, when feeding on ripe fruit, larval development proceeds independently of these bacteria. Our experiments suggest that bacteria counteract the inhibitory effect of oleuropein—the principal phenolic glycoside in unripe olives. In light of these results, we suggest that the unique symbiosis in olive flies, compared with other frugivorous tephritids, is understood by considering the relationship between the fly, bacteria and fruit chemistry. When applied in an evolutionary context, this approach may also point out the forces which shaped symbioses across the Tephritidae. PMID:26587275

Trade-offs between sexual advertisement and immune function in the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca).

PubMed

Kilpimaa, Janne; Alatalo, Rauno V; Siitari, Heli

2004-02-07

Good genes models of sexual selection assume that sexual advertisement is costly and thus the level of advertisement honestly reveals heritable viability. Recently it has been suggested that an important cost of sexual advertisement might be impairment of the functioning of the immune system. In this field experiment we investigated the possible trade-offs between immune function and sexual advertisement by manipulating both mating effort and activity of immune defence in male pied flycatchers. Mating effort was increased in a non-arbitrary manner by removing females from mated males during nest building. Widowed males sustained higher haematocrit levels than control males and showed higher expression of forehead patch height, suggesting that manipulation succeeded in increasing mating effort. Males that were experimentally forced to increase mating effort had reduced humoral immune responsiveness compared with control males. In addition, experimental activation of immune defence by vaccination with novel antigens reduced the expression of male ornament dimensions. To conclude, our results indicate that causality behind the trade-off between immune function and sexual advertisement may work in both directions: sexual activity suppresses immune function but immune challenge also reduces sexual advertisement.

Trade-offs between sexual advertisement and immune function in the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca).

PubMed Central

Kilpimaa, Janne; Alatalo, Rauno V.; Siitari, Heli

2004-01-01

Good genes models of sexual selection assume that sexual advertisement is costly and thus the level of advertisement honestly reveals heritable viability. Recently it has been suggested that an important cost of sexual advertisement might be impairment of the functioning of the immune system. In this field experiment we investigated the possible trade-offs between immune function and sexual advertisement by manipulating both mating effort and activity of immune defence in male pied flycatchers. Mating effort was increased in a non-arbitrary manner by removing females from mated males during nest building. Widowed males sustained higher haematocrit levels than control males and showed higher expression of forehead patch height, suggesting that manipulation succeeded in increasing mating effort. Males that were experimentally forced to increase mating effort had reduced humoral immune responsiveness compared with control males. In addition, experimental activation of immune defence by vaccination with novel antigens reduced the expression of male ornament dimensions. To conclude, our results indicate that causality behind the trade-off between immune function and sexual advertisement may work in both directions: sexual activity suppresses immune function but immune challenge also reduces sexual advertisement. PMID:15058434

Responses to Forces Influencing Cohesion as a Function of Player Status and Level of Male Varsity Basketball Competition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gruber, Joseph J.; Gray, Gary R.

1982-01-01

A study analyzed team cohesion perceptions of 515 male varsity basketball players (10 to 22 years of age) to determine if factors influencing team cohesion were a function of competitive intensity or of the importance of individual players to their team. Players with the most game playing time were more satisfied than those with less playing time.…

NREL, NASA, and UCL Team Up to Make Lithium-Ion Batteries Safer on Earth

Science.gov Websites

and in Space | News | NREL NREL, NASA, and UCL Team Up to Make Lithium-Ion Batteries Safer on Earth and in Space NREL, NASA, and UCL Team Up to Make Lithium-Ion Batteries Safer on Earth and in Space . NREL joined forces with NASA in finding new, more precise ways to trigger internal short circuits

Force Enhancement Packages for Countering Nuclear Threats in the 2022-2027 Time Frame

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-01

characterization methods . • Apply proper radioisotope identification techniques. c. A one-week CNT operations exercise at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Team members...on experiments to seek better methods , holding active teaching until later. The team expects that better methods would involve collection using...conduct more effective wide-area searches than those commonly employed by civil law enforcement agencies. The IDA team suggests that better methods

Discovering frequently recurring movement sequences in team-sport athlete spatiotemporal data.

PubMed

Sweeting, Alice J; Aughey, Robert J; Cormack, Stuart J; Morgan, Stuart

2017-12-01

Athlete external load is typically analysed from predetermined movement thresholds. The combination of movement sequences and differences in these movements between playing positions is also currently unknown. This study developed a method to discover the frequently recurring movement sequences across playing position during matches. The external load of 12 international female netball athletes was collected by a local positioning system during four national-level matches. Velocity, acceleration and angular velocity were calculated from positional (X, Y) data, clustered via one-dimensional k-means and assigned a unique alphabetic label. Combinations of velocity, acceleration and angular velocity movement were compared using the Levenshtein distance and similarities computed by the longest common substring problem. The contribution of each movement sequence, according to playing position and relative to the wider data set, was then calculated via the Minkowski distance. A total of 10 frequently recurring combinations of movement were discovered, regardless of playing position. Only the wing attack, goal attack and goal defence playing positions are closely related. We developed a technique to discover the movement sequences, according to playing position, performed by elite netballers. This methodology can be extended to discover the frequently recurring movements within other team sports and across levels of competition.

Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar, TIF - Report (Phase 1)

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-11-01

Cette recherche permet d’obtenir une compr6hension en profondeur des capacit6s et des difficult6s associ6es aux concepts du ROS bistatique et...Radar (SAR) Bistatic SAR Performance Analysis Defence R&D Canada R & D pour la defense Canada Canada’s Leader in Defence Chef de file au Canada en ...I 1f1 Defence Research and Recherche et developpement Development Canada pour la defense Canada DEFENCE DEFENSE Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar TIF

NASA, Air Force, and Industry Team Up to Improve Flying Safety

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-12-04

The Air Force provided a C-17 Globemaster III for use in the Vehicle Integrated Propulsion Research (VIPR) effort. Researchers are using the airplane for ground testing of new engine health monitoring technologies.

Chemicals on plant surfaces as a heretofore unrecognized, but ecologically informative, class for investigations into plant defence.

PubMed

LoPresti, Eric F

2016-11-01

Plants produce and utilize a great diversity of chemicals for a variety of physiological and ecological purposes. Many of these chemicals defend plants against herbivores, pathogens and competitors. The location of these chemicals varies within the plant, some are located entirely within plant tissues, others exist in the air- (or water-) space around plants, and still others are secreted onto plant surfaces as exudates. I argue herein that the location of a given defensive chemical has profound implications for its ecological function; specifically, I focus on the characteristics of chemical defences secreted onto plant surfaces. Drawing from a broad literature encompassing ecology, evolution, taxonomy and physiology, I found that these external chemical defences (ECDs) are common and widespread in plants and algae; hundreds of examples have been detailed, yet they are not delineated as a separate class from internal chemical defences (ICDs). I propose a novel typology for ECDs and, using existing literature, explore the ecological consequences of the hypothesized unique characteristics of ECDs. The axis of total or proportional investment in ECDs versus ICDs should be considered as one axis of investment by a plant, in the same way as quantitative versus qualitative chemical defences or induced versus constitutive defences is considered. The ease of manipulating ECDs in many plant systems presents a powerful tool to help test plant defence theory (e.g. optimal defence). The framework outlined here integrates various disciplines of botany and ecology and suggests a need for further examinations of exudates in a variety of contexts, as well as recognition of the effects of within-plant localization of defences. © 2015 Cambridge Philosophical Society.

Trade-off among different anti-herbivore defence strategies along an altitudinal gradient

PubMed Central

Dostálek, Tomáš; Rokaya, Maan Bahadur; Maršík, Petr; Rezek, Jan; Skuhrovec, Jiří; Pavela, Roman; Münzbergová, Zuzana

2016-01-01

The type and intensity of plant–herbivore interactions are likely to be altered under climate change as a consequence of differential dispersal rates of plants and their herbivores. Here, we studied variation in herbivore damage on Salvia nubicola in the field and compared its growth and defence strategies against herbivores in controlled conditions using seeds from populations along a broad altitudinal gradient. Our work is one of the first studies to simultaneously measure complex intraspecific variation in plant growth, direct and indirect defences as well as plant tolerance (ability to regrow) as a consequence of herbivore attack simulated by clipping. In the field, we found that plants experienced higher herbivore pressure in lower altitudes. In the greenhouse, plants grown from seeds collected in lower-altitude populations grew better and produced a higher content of phenolic compounds (direct defence) and volatile organic compounds (indirect defence) in response to simulated herbivory. However, there were no differences in tolerance and effect of S. nubicola extracts on the model generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis (direct defence) along the altitudinal gradient. Although we found that S. nubicola developed a range of defence strategies, the strategies do not seem to be used simultaneously in all populations even though most of them are correlated with altitudinal gradient. Our finding is in agreement with the current knowledge that co-expression of multiple defences might be costly for a plant, since investment in defensive traits is assumed to reduce the resource availability for growth and reproduction. Our study thus shows the importance of simultaneous study of different defence strategies since understanding these trade-offs could be necessary for detecting the mechanisms by which plants are able to cope with future climate change. PMID:27169609

Virtual Crack Extension Technique

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-01

the Contractor and the contents do not necessarily have the approval or endorsement of Defence R& D Canada. Contract Report DRDC Atlantic CR 2008-274...the responsibility of the Contractor and the contents do not necessarily have the approval or endorsement of Defence R& D Canada. Defence R& D

"New Sport" in the street: self-defence, security and space in belle epoque Paris.

PubMed

Freundschuh, Aaron

2006-01-01

Near the turn of the twentieth century, traditional self-defence methods (for example, jiu-jitsu) were revamped into a more accessible and practical set of techniques and tactics for everyday use in urban public space. Framed as a "new sport" with broad public utility, early urban self-defence developed against the backdrop of heightening fears of violent crime and a burgeoning politics of security, as well as tensions provoked by the increasingly common appearance of unchaperoned, middle-class women in public. Self-defence masters pitched their innovations in an inclusive rhetoric, always with separate lessons for men and women and their respective spaces of risk. This article places modern self-defence practices in tension with historical transformations in the urban landscape, arguing that urban self-defence posited a certain subjective relation to the city that tapped simultaneously into the desire for empowerment, fantasies of criminal danger and a law-and-order tone that shaded into urban vigilantism.

Terpenoids in plant and arbuscular mycorrhiza-reinforced defence against herbivorous insects

PubMed Central

Sharma, Esha; Anand, Garima

2017-01-01

Background Plants, though sessile, employ various strategies to defend themselves against herbivorous insects and convey signals of an impending herbivore attack to other plant(s). Strategies include the production of volatiles that include terpenoids and the formation of symbiotic associations with fungi, such as arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM). This constitutes a two-pronged above-ground/below-ground attack–defence strategy against insect herbivores. Scope Terpenoids represent an important constituent of herbivore-induced plant volatiles that deter herbivores and/or attract their predators. Terpenoids serve as airborne signals that can induce defence responses in systemic undamaged parts of the plant and also prime defence responses in neighbouring plants. Colonization of roots by AM fungi is known to influence secondary metabolism in plants; this includes alteration of the concentration and composition of terpenoids, which can boost both direct and indirect plant defence against herbivorous insects. Enhanced nutrient uptake facilitated by AM, changes in plant morphology and physiology and increased transcription levels of certain genes involved in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway result in alterations in plant terpenoid profiles. The common mycorrhizal networks of external hyphae have added a dimension to the two-pronged plant defence strategy. These act as conduits to transfer defence signals and terpenoids. Conclusion Improved understanding of the roles of terpenoids in plant and AM defences against herbivory and of interplant signalling in natural communities has significant implications for sustainable management of pests in agricultural ecosystems. PMID:28087662

Australian DefenceScience. Volume 14, Number 1, Winter

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-01-01

with the advent of each new generation of aircraft. Advanced airframe repair technology Nearly all the surface of the JSF is to be constructed from...In December 2004, Defence signed a $1.4 billion contract with Spanish company, European Aeronautic Defence and Space Construcciones Aeronauticas SA

Mental Health Advisory Team (MHAT) 6 -- Operation Enduring Freedom 2009 Afghanistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-11-06

Mental Health Advisory Team (MHAT) 6 Operation Enduring Freedom 2009 Afghanistan 6 November 2009 Office o f the Command Surgeon US Forces...Afghanistan (USFOR-A) and Office o f The Surgeon General United States Army Medical Command The results and opinions presented in this report are...United States Army, or the Office of The Surgeon General. The MHAT 6 team would like to acknowledge the active involvement and in-theater support

U. S. Naval Forces, Vietnam Monthly Historical Supplement for May 1968

DTIC Science & Technology

1968-12-12

COMSEVENTHFLT(Hist, Team ) Pres, NAVWARCOL COMPHIBLANT COYLPHIBPAC COXCBPAC COMCBLANT COMINPAC COXNAVFACENGCOM SUPT~, USNA UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED...an ambush team which netted 5 Vlot Cong killed, I Viet Cong and 3 weapons captured, p. 14o 4- RAG 22 river craft transported an ARVN reconnaissance...ambush teams engaged tht enenrp resulting in one Viet Cong captured and one wounded by Coastal Group 12, three miles southeast of their base at the

U. S. Naval Forces, Vietnam Monthly Historical Supplement for April 1968

DTIC Science & Technology

1968-10-11

CHNAVVLAT (Code 04)(2) COMSEVENTFLT (Hist. Team ) Pres, NAVWARCOL .. ". COMPHIBLANT COMWHIBPAC COMCBPAC COMBLANT COI4NAVFACENGCOM U...ganda Team with a Australian Advisor, about 31 miles north of Vinh Lcng. PbR 87 landed the troops embarked and the Australian 0 Advisor, but when PBR...responded to the situation and apprehended one man who was turned over to the Vietnamese National Police, The Royal Australian diving team at Vung - Tau

School-to-Work Transition in the U.S.: The Case of the Missing Social Partners. A Report of the Governance and Finance Team of the Comparative Learning Teams Project.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Glover, Robert W.; And Others

A team of U.S. business, labor, and public policy representatives visited Denmark, Germany, and Switzerland to investigate the European approach to preparing young people for the work force. It gathered information on the performance of governance and finance systems abroad and identified their key underlying principles and operations. Six common…

Women’s Work: Incorporating Females into the United States Military Strategy to Contain and Degrade Boko Haram

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-09

Facilities, Policies FET Female Engagement Team FINER Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical and Relevant MNJTF Multinational Joint Task Force NMS...Engagement Team: All volunteer female team of appropriate rank, experience, and maturity whose mission is to engage with female members of a community ...incredibly successful and led to the U.S. Military’s recognition of the importance of establishing trust and communication with the female populations

TNT: Teams Need Training.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Centre County Vocational-Technical School, Pleasant Gap, PA. CIU 10 Bi-County Development Center for Adults.

This document includes a final report and curriculum manual from a project to help adult educators teach team training by developing a curriculum for use in teaching teamwork skills in work force literacy programs and by providing two half-day seminars to assist adult educators with effectively using the curriculum. The manual for work force…

Joint Communications Support Element: The Voice Heard Round the World

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

Initial Entry Package ( IEP ), Early Entry Package (EEP), and Joint Mobil- ity Package provide secure and nonsecure voice, video, and data to small mobile...teams operating worldwide. The IEP and EEP can be rapidly scaled to meet force surge require- ments from small dismounted teams up to an advance

The Brigade Combat Team - Stability and Security Force Assistance Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-02-22

it makes absolute sense to embed these transition teams within the brigade, assigned within the brigade. The beauty of this is that it allows the...accessed October 19, 2009). 22 COL Peter Newell, “Department of Defense Bloggers Roundtable with COL Peter Newell, Subject: Completion of Advise and

9/11 Ten Years After: Command, Control, Communications Remain an Issue

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-02-09

must respond, manage forces, and provide critical support as a cohesive team. These organizations span the gamut of local, tribal, state, and federal...and provide critical support as a cohesive team. These organizations span the gamut of local, tribal, state, and federal levels of government and of

KSC-99pp0836

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-07-16

Morley Winograd (right), director of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government, presents the Hammer Award to Ed Gormel (left) and Chris Fairey (center) at a special presentation in the IMAX 2 Theater in the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. The Hammer Award is Vice President Al Gore's special recognition of teams of federal employees who have made significant contributions in support of the principles of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government. This Hammer Award acknowledges the accomplishments of a joint NASA and Air Force team that established the Joint Base Operations and Support Contract (J-BOSC) Source Evaluation Board (SEB). Gormel and Fairey are co-chairs of the SEB. The team developed and implemented the acquisition strategy for establishing a single set of base operations and support service requirements for KSC, Cape Canaveral Air Station and Patrick Air Force Base

KSC-99pp0835

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-07-16

Ed Gormel (left) and Chris Fairey (center) accept the Hammer Award at a special presentation in the IMAX 2 Theater in the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. Presenting the award is Morley Winograd (right), director of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government. The Hammer Award is Vice President Al Gore's special recognition of teams of federal employees who have made significant contributions in support of the principles of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government. This Hammer Award acknowledges the accomplishments of a joint NASA and Air Force team that established the Joint Base Operations and Support Contract (J-BOSC) Source Evaluation Board (SEB). Gormel and Fairey are co-chairs of the SEB. The team developed and implemented the acquisition strategy for establishing a single set of base operations and support service requirements for KSC, Cape Canaveral Air Station and Patrick Air Force Base

The influence of examination frequency and changing dentist on dental treatment provision in an Australian defence force population.

PubMed

Dawson, A S; Smales, R J

1992-10-24

During the early 1980s, a number of studies into dental treatment provision in the General Dental Service were conducted in Scotland. These studies indicated that the frequency with which an individual attended the dentist for treatment, or changed their dentist, influenced the amount of dental treatment that they received. The present study was designed to test these findings in an independent population, in this case, 100 members of the Royal Australian Air Force. While the frequency of attending the dentist did not have any significant effect on restoration longevity or the number of restorations a subject received, it did influence the cost of such treatment, indicating that frequent attenders received more expensive treatments rather than more treatment. Changing dentist did not display any significant influence on any of the parameters used in the present study.

Separation of Target Rigid Body and Micro-Doppler Effects in ISAR/SAR Imaging

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-09-01

tour- nantes et vibrantes de la cible. De nouveaux algorithmes et m~thodes devront donc DRDC Ottawa TM 2006-187 v &tre 6tudi6s plus en profondeur afin...UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF FORM Defence R&D Canada R & D pour la defense Canada Canada’s Leader in Defence Chef de file au Canada en mati~re and...I 1f1 Defence Research and Recherche et developpement Development Canada pour la defense Canada DEFENCE ril DEFENSE Separation of target rigid body

The Galbraith judgment and the defence of diminished responsibility in Scotland.

PubMed

Hodelet, Nicola; Darjee, Rajan

2005-10-01

New case law on diminished responsibility in Scotland (Galbraith v. HM Advocate 2001) re-defined the defence and clarified the role of expert witnesses. We examined how this judgment affected the use of the defence, provision of expert evidence and the outcome of trials. We studied homicide cases in one area of Scotland in the year before and the year after the new judgment. Results indicated little change in the number of cases where the defence was used, but a difference in how psychiatrists set out their opinions.

Long-distance signalling in plant defence.

PubMed

Heil, Martin; Ton, Jurriaan

2008-06-01

Plants use inducible defence mechanisms to fend off harmful organisms. Resistance that is induced in response to local attack is often expressed systemically, that is, in organs that are not yet damaged. In the search for translocated defence signals, biochemical studies follow the physical movement of putative signals, and grafting experiments use mutants that are impaired in the production or perception of these signals. Long-distance signals can directly activate defence or can prime for the stronger and faster induction of defence. Historically, research has focused on the vascular transport of signalling metabolites, but volatiles can play a crucial role as well. We compare the advantages and constraints of vascular and airborne signals for the plant, and discuss how they can act in synergy to achieve optimised resistance in distal plant parts.

Ecological trade-offs between jasmonic acid-dependent direct and indirect plant defences in tritrophic interactions

PubMed Central

Wei, Jianing; Wang, Lizhong; Zhao, Jiuhai; Li, Chuanyou; Ge, Feng; Kang, Le

2011-01-01

Recent studies on plants genetically modified in jasmonic acid (JA) signalling support the hypothesis that the jasmonate family of oxylipins plays an important role in mediating direct and indirect plant defences. However, the interaction of two modes of defence in tritrophic systems is largely unknown. In this study, we examined the preference and performance of a herbivorous leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis) and its parasitic wasp (Opius dissitus) on three tomato genotypes: a wild-type (WT) plant, a JA biosynthesis (spr2) mutant, and a JA-overexpression 35S::prosys plant. Their proteinase inhibitor production and volatile emission were used as direct and indirect defence factors to evaluate the responses of leafminers and parasitoids. Here, we show that although spr2 mutant plants are compromised in direct defence against the larval leafminers and in attracting parasitoids, they are less attractive to adult flies compared with WT plants. Moreover, in comparison to other genotypes, the 35S::prosys plant displays greater direct and constitutive indirect defences, but reduced success of parasitism by parasitoids. Taken together, these results suggest that there are distinguished ecological trade-offs between JA-dependent direct and indirect defences in genetically modified plants whose fitness should be assessed in tritrophic systems and under natural conditions. PMID:21039561

What's in a Rash? Viral Exanthem Versus CBRNE Exposure: Teleconsultation Support for Two Special Forces Soldiers With Diffuse Rash in an Austere Environment.

PubMed

Lee, Howard D; Butterfield, Samuel; Maddry, Joseph; Powell, Douglas; Vasios, William N; Yun, Heather; Ferraro, David; Pamplin, Jeremy C

2018-01-01

Review clinical thought process and key principles for diagnosing weaponized chemical and biologic injuries. Clinical Context: Special Operation Forces (SOF) team deployed in an undisclosed, austere environment. Organic Expertise: Two SOF Soldiers with civilian EMT-Basic certification. Closest Medical Support: Mobile Forward Surgical Team (2 hours away); medical consults available by e-mail, phone, or video-teleconsultation. Earliest Evacuation: Earliest military evacuation from country 12-24 hours. With teleconsultation, patients departed to Germany as originally scheduled without need for Medical Evacuation. 2018.

Air Force Operational Medicine: Using the Estimating Supplies Program to Develop Materiel Solutions for the Operational Clinical Requirements for the U.S. Air Force Otolaryngology Team (FFENT)

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-10-10

Nose and Throat UTC self -sufficient for a 7-day period, and will support tasks like OR Team Preparation and Patient Assessment. Category Weight Cube...These line items would need to be added to the FFENT AS for the FFENT to be self -sufficient for 7 days, as discussed in the current FFENT CONOPS...additions enable the Ear, Nose and Throat UTC to be self -sufficient for a 7-day period and meet its capabilities as stated in the CONOPS. Discussion

Force Measurement on the GLAST Delta II Flight

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gordon, Scott; Kaufman, Daniel

2009-01-01

This viewgraph presentation reviews the interface force measurement at spacecraft separation of GLAST Delta II. The contents include: 1) Flight Force Measurement (FFM) Background; 2) Team Members; 3) GLAST Mission Overview; 4) Methodology Development; 5) Ground Test Validation; 6) Flight Data; 7) Coupled Loads Simulation (VCLA & Reconstruction); 8) Basedrive Simulation; 9) Findings; and 10) Summary and Conclusions.

Improving performance of Zambia Defence Force antiretroviral therapy providers: evaluation of a standards-based approach

PubMed Central

Kim, Young Mi; Banda, Joseph; Kanjipite, Webby; Sarkar, Supriya; Bazant, Eva; Hiner, Cyndi; Tholandi, Maya; Reinhardt, Stephanie; Njobvu, Panganani Dalisani; Kols, Adrienne; Benavides, Bruno

2013-01-01

ABSTRACT Background: The Zambia Defence Force (ZDF) has applied the Standards-Based Management and Recognition (SBM-R®) approach, which uses detailed performance standards, at some health facilities to improve HIV-related services offered to military personnel and surrounding civilian communities. This study examines the effectiveness of the SBM-R approach in improving facility readiness and provider performance at ZDF facilities. Methods: We collected data on facility readiness and provider performance before and after the 2010–2012 intervention at 4 intervention sites selected for their relatively poor performance and 4 comparison sites. Assessors observed whether each facility met 16 readiness standards and whether providers met 9 performance standards during consultations with 354 returning antiretroviral therapy (ART) clients. We then calculated the percentages of criteria achieved for each readiness and performance standard and conducted bivariate and multivariate analyses of provider performance data. Results: Facilities' ART readiness scores exceeded 80% before the intervention at both intervention and comparison sites. At endline, scores improved on 4 facility readiness standards in the intervention group but on only 1 standard in the comparison group. Multivariate analysis found that the overall provider performance score increased significantly in the intervention group (from 58% to 84%; P<.01) but not in the comparison group (from 62% to 70%). The before-and-after improvement in scores was significantly greater among intervention sites than among comparison sites for 2 standards—initial assessment of the client's condition and nutrition counseling. Conclusion: The standards-based approach, which involved intensive and mutually reinforcing intervention activities, showed modest improvements in some aspects of providers' performance during ART consultations. Further research is needed to determine whether improvements in provider performance affect client outcomes such as adherence to ART. PMID:25276534

Partnership for the Revitalization of National Wind Tunnel Force Measurement Capability

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rhew, Ray D.; Skelley, Marcus L.; Woike, Mark R.; Bader, Jon B.; Marshall, Timothy J.

2009-01-01

Lack of funding and lack of focus on research over the past several years, coupled with force measurement capabilities being decentralized and distributed across the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) research centers, has resulted in a significant erosion of (1) capability and infrastructure to produce and calibrate force measurement systems; (2) NASA s working knowledge of those systems; and (3) the quantity of high-quality, full-capability force measurement systems available for use in aeronautics testing. Simultaneously, and at proportional rates, the capability of industry to design, manufacture, and calibrate these test instruments has been eroding primarily because of a lack of investment by the aeronautics community. Technical expertise in this technology area is a core competency in aeronautics testing; it is highly specialized and experience-based, and it represents a niche market for only a few small precision instrument shops in the United States. With this backdrop, NASA s Aeronautics Test Program (ATP) chartered a team to examine the issues and risks associated with the problem, focusing specifically on strain- gage balances. The team partnered with the U.S. Air Force s Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) to exploit their combined capabilities and take a national level government view of the problem. This paper describes the team s approach, its findings, and its recommendations, and the current status for revitalizing the government s balance capability with respect to designing, fabricating, calibrating, and using the instruments.

Force of Choice: Optimizing Theater Special Operations Commands to Achieve Synchronized Effects

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-01

GCC Geographic Combatant Command GFM Global Force Management GSN Global SOF Network (aka EGSN) IA Interagency IATF Interagency Task Force...and through African partners.75 SOCOM NCR was chosen because it is a primary outgrowth of the SOCOM Interagency Task Force ( IATF ), and the...result, SOCOM established the IATF and Special Operations Support Teams (SOST). While the IATF remained at SOCOM Headquarters at MacDill AFB, the

The Official Home Page of the U.S. Air Force

Science.gov Websites

: May 24 Air Force directs one-day operational safety review SecAF LOI SecAF LOI Letter of Intent AF and members using two C-130 and one C-17 training airframes. (U.S. Air Force photo by Richard Eldridge) The Transport Team crew members using two C-130 and one C-17 training airframes. (U.S. Air Force photo by

Empirical Agility

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-01

in World War II. One of its most effective applications is recorded in a very interesting little book entitled Patton’s Air Force ( Spires , 2002...Publishing Company, Amsterdam. 1973. Spires , David N, Patton’s Air Force: Forging a Legendary Air-Ground Team. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington

Beyond the individual victim: multilevel consequences of abusive supervision in teams.

PubMed

Farh, Crystal I C; Chen, Zhijun

2014-11-01

We conceptualize a multilevel framework that examines the manifestation of abusive supervision in team settings and its implications for the team and individual members. Drawing on Hackman's (1992) typology of ambient and discretionary team stimuli, our model features team-level abusive supervision (the average level of abuse reported by team members) and individual-level abusive supervision as simultaneous and interacting forces. We further draw on team-relevant theories of social influence to delineate two proximal outcomes of abuse-members' organization-based self-esteem (OBSE) at the individual level and relationship conflict at the team level-that channel the independent and interactive effects of individual- and team-level abuse onto team members' voice, team-role performance, and turnover intentions. Results from a field study and a scenario study provided support for these multilevel pathways. We conclude that abusive supervision in team settings holds toxic consequences for the team and individual, and offer practical implications as well as suggestions for future research on abusive supervision as a multilevel phenomenon. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).

Environmental Effects on Constitutive and Inducible Resin Defences of Pinus taeda

Treesearch

Maria L. Lombardero; Matthew P. Ayres; Peter L. Lorio; Jonathan J. Ruel

2000-01-01

The ecological literature abounds with studies of environmental effects on plant antiherbivore defences. While various models have been proposed (e.g. plant stress, optimal allocation, growth-differentiation balance), each has met with mixed support. One possible explanation for the mixed results is that constitutive and induced defences are differentialiy affected by...

Exploration and Resource Assessment at Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho Using an Integrated Team Approach

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Joseph C. Armstrong; Robert P. Breckenridge; Dennis L. Nielson

The U.S. Air Force is facing a number of challenges as it moves into the future, one of the biggest being how to provide safe and secure energy to support base operations. A team of scientists and engineers met at Mountain Home Air Force Base near Boise, Idaho, to discuss the possibility of exploring for geothermal resources under the base. The team identified that there was a reasonable potential for geothermal resources based on data from an existing well. In addition, a regional gravity map helped identify several possible locations for drilling a new well. The team identified several possiblemore » sources of funding for this well—the most logical being to use U.S. Department of Energy funds to drill the upper half of the well and U.S. Air Force funds to drill the bottom half of the well. The well was designed as a slimhole well in accordance with State of Idaho Department of Water Resources rules and regulations. Drilling operations commenced at the Mountain Home site in July of 2011 and were completed in January of 2012. Temperatures increased gradually, especially below a depth of 2000 ft. Temperatures increased more rapidly below a depth of 5500 ft. The bottom of the well is at 5976 ft, where a temperature of about 140°C was recorded. The well flowed artesian from a depth below 5600 ft, until it was plugged off with drilling mud. Core samples were collected from the well and are being analyzed to help understand permeability at depth. Additional tests using a televiewer system will be run to evaluate orientation and directions at fractures, especially in the production zone. A final report on the well exploitation will be forthcoming later this year. The Air Force will use it to evaluate the geothermal resource potential for future private development options at Mountain Home AFB.« less

Crowd-out of defence and health spending: is Israel different from other industrialised nations?

PubMed

Reeves, Aaron; Stuckler, David

2013-04-22

Does high defence spending limit the growth of public health investment? Using comparative data from 31 OECD countries between 1980 and 2010, we find little evidence that defence crowds out public health spending. Whether measured in terms of long-term levels or short-term changes, per capita defence and health spending positively and significantly correlate. To investigate the possibility that countries with high security needs such as Israel exhibit differing patterns, we also compare crowd-out among countries experiencing violent conflicts as well as current high military-spending countries. We observed a greater positive correlation between changes in health and defence spending among conflict-countries (r = 0.65, p < 0.01) than in non-conflict countries (r = 0.12, p = 0.01). However, similar to other high-military spending countries, Israel's politicians reduced defence spending while increasing health expenditure during its recent recession. These analyses reveal that while Israel's politicians have chronically underinvested in public health, there are modest steps being taken to rectify the country's unique and avoidable crowding out of public health from its high military spending.

Induced defences alter the strength and direction of natural selection on reproductive traits in common milkweed.

PubMed

Thompson, K A; Cory, K A; Johnson, M T J

2017-06-01

Evolutionary biologists have long sought to understand the ecological processes that generate plant reproductive diversity. Recent evidence indicates that constitutive antiherbivore defences can alter natural selection on reproductive traits, but it is unclear whether induced defences will have the same effect and whether reduced foliar damage in defended plants is the cause of this pattern. In a factorial field experiment using common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca L., we induced plant defences using jasmonic acid (JA) and imposed foliar damage using scissors. We found that JA-induced plants experienced selection for more inflorescences that were smaller in size (fewer flowers), whereas control plants only experienced a trend towards selection for larger inflorescences (more flowers); all effects were independent of foliar damage. Our results demonstrate that induced defences can alter both the strength and direction of selection on reproductive traits, and suggest that antiherbivore defences may promote the evolution of plant reproductive diversity. © 2017 European Society For Evolutionary Biology. Journal of Evolutionary Biology © 2017 European Society For Evolutionary Biology.

A Capabilities Based Assessment of the United States Air Force Critical Care Air Transport Team

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-01

usually consist of a critical care physician, critical care nurse , and respiratory therapist. A Front-end Analysis has found several problems within...critically ill and wounded. This life-saving mission is executed by CCAT teams, which usually consist of a critical care physician, critical care nurse ...ill and wounded. This life-saving mission is executed by CCAT teams, which usually consist of a critical care physician, critical care nurse , and

Dynamic Plant-Plant-Herbivore Interactions Govern Plant Growth-Defence Integration.

PubMed

de Vries, Jorad; Evers, Jochem B; Poelman, Erik H

2017-04-01

Plants downregulate their defences against insect herbivores upon impending competition for light. This has long been considered a resource trade-off, but recent advances in plant physiology and ecology suggest this mechanism is more complex. Here we propose that to understand why plants regulate and balance growth and defence, the complex dynamics in plant-plant competition and plant-herbivore interactions needs to be considered. Induced growth-defence responses affect plant competition and herbivore colonisation in space and time, which has consequences for the adaptive value of these responses. Assessing these complex interactions strongly benefits from advanced modelling tools that can model multitrophic interactions in space and time. Such an exercise will allow a critical re-evaluation why and how plants integrate defence and competition for light. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The role of thionins in rice defence against root pathogens.

PubMed

Ji, Hongli; Gheysen, Godelieve; Ullah, Chhana; Verbeek, Ruben; Shang, Chenjing; De Vleesschauwer, David; Höfte, Monica; Kyndt, Tina

2015-10-01

Thionins are antimicrobial peptides that are involved in plant defence. Here, we present an in-depth analysis of the role of rice thionin genes in defence responses against two root pathogens: the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola and the oomycete Pythium graminicola. The expression of rice thionin genes was observed to be differentially regulated by defence-related hormones, whereas all analysed genes were consistently down-regulated in M. graminicola-induced galls, at least until 7 days post-inoculation (dpi). Transgenic lines of Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare overproducing OsTHI7 revealed decreased susceptibility to M. graminicola infection and P. graminicola colonization. Taken together, these results demonstrate the role of rice thionin genes in defence against two of the most damaging root pathogens attacking rice. © 2015 BSPP AND JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD.

A Strategy To Increase United States Air Force Fighter Pilot Retention And Morale: Legendary Ace Robin Olds On The Silver Screen

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-02-16

Force should consider approaching the motion picture industry to produce a film about the life of Legendary Ace Robin Olds. This approach could capture...option must be investigated. Teaming with film producers is a valid way to promote the history of the Air Force, shaping a positive public image, and...morale. As a solution to increase Air Force warrior morale, the Air Force should consider approaching the motion picture industry to produce a film

Cultural variation of perceptions of crew behaviour in multi-pilot aircraft.

PubMed

Hörmann, H J

2001-09-01

As the "last line of defence" pilots in commercial aviation often have to counteract effects of unexpected system flaws that could endanger the safety of a given flight. In order to timely detect and mitigate consequences of latent or active failures, effective team behaviour of the crew members is an indispensable condition. While this fact is generally agreed in the aviation community, there seems to be a wide range of concepts how crews should interact most effectively. Within the framework of the European project JARTEL the cultural robustness of evaluations of crew behaviour was examined. 105 instructor pilots from 14 different airlines representing 12 European countries participated in this project. The instructors' evaluations of crew behaviours in eight video scenarios will be compared in relation to cultural differences on Hofstede's dimensions of Power Distance and Individualism.

Diversity within the Joint Team: Understanding the Different Operational Perspectives of the Army and Air Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-06

potential of airpower. Mitchell carried the torch for these young airmen and had plans to develop a strategic bombing force, but the war ended...and ways they use to overcome the problems within their specific domains, the Army and Air Force have developed different operational perspectives...domains, the Army and Air Force have developed different operational perspectives. The differences would not matter if each conducted operations

Cultivating Self-Awareness with Team-Teaching: Connections between Classroom Learning and Experiential Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Polk, Denise M.

2013-01-01

The Honors College program prepares leaders for the 21st century to become forces for positive change through problem-solving, scholarship, service, teamwork, and leadership. Its structure involves nine sequenced courses familiarizing students with challenges facing communities. Courses are team-taught by professors in different disciplines to…

NASA's Gravitational-Wave Mission Concept Study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stebbins, Robin

2012-01-01

With the conclusion of the NASA/ESA partnership on the Laser interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) Project, NASA initiated a study to explore mission concepts that will accomplish some or all of the LISA science objectives at lower cost. The Gravitational-Wave Mission Concept Study consists of a public Request for Information (RFI), a Core Team of NASA engineers and scientists, a Community Science Team, a Science Task Force, and an open workshop. The RFI yielded 12 mission concepts, 3 instrument concepts and 2 technologies. The responses ranged from concepts that eliminated the drag-free test mass of LISA to concepts that replace the test mass with an atom interferometer. The Core Team reviewed the noise budgets and sensitivity curves, the payload and spacecraft designs and requirements, orbits and trajectories and technical readiness and risk. The Science Task Force assessed the science performance. Three mission concepts have been studied by Team-X, JPL's concurrent design facility, to refine the conceptual design, evaluate key performance parameters, assess risk and estimate cost and schedule. The status of the Study are reported.

Home of Air National Guard

Science.gov Websites

Force AF announces changes to Courses 14 and 15 AF announces changes to Courses 14 and 15 AF announces changes to Courses 14 and 15 121st ARW recruiter hits career milestone in record time 121st ARW recruiter Force logistics team named best in the Air Force AF announces changes to Courses 14 and 15 RSS More

78 FR 75334 - Meeting of the National Commission on the Structure of the Air Force

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-11

... for fiscal year 2015. A second team will build a future U.S. Air Force with 55% Active Component and... mission sets and Core Functions of the U.S. Air Force. The second day of the meeting involves a crisis planning exercise for a hypothetical war scenario that occurs in 2018. The scenario employed will be...

KSC-04pd1253

NASA Image and Video Library

2004-06-09

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - At Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, KSC Firefighter Chris Maupin (left) takes equipment from Lt. Keith Abell. They and other KSC firefighters teamed up with task forces from Satellite Beach, Malabar, Melbourne, Palm Bay, Patrick Air Force Base and Brevard County to help fight wildfires in the Palm Bay and Malabar areas that threatened homes and property during the Memorial Day holiday weekend.

KSC-04pd1252

NASA Image and Video Library

2004-06-09

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - At Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, KSC Firefighter Chris Maupin puts away a piece of equipment. He and other KSC firefighters teamed up with task forces from Satellite Beach, Malabar, Melbourne, Palm Bay, Patrick Air Force Base and Brevard County to help fight wildfires in the Palm Bay and Malabar areas that threatened homes and property during the Memorial Day holiday weekend.

Parental risk management in relation to offspring defence: bad news for kids.

PubMed

Mahr, Katharina; Riegler, Georg; Hoi, Herbert

2015-01-07

Do parents defend their offspring whenever necessary, and do self-sacrificing parents really exist? Studies recognized that parent defence is dynamic, mainly depending on the threat predators pose. In this context, parental risk management should consider the threat to themselves and to their offspring. Consequently, the observed defence should be a composite of both risk components. Surprisingly, no study so far has determined the influence of these two threat components on parental decision rules. In a field experiment, we investigated parental risk taking in relation to the threat posed to themselves and their offspring. To disentangle the two threat components, we examined defence behaviours of parent blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus towards three different predators and during different nestling developmental stages. Nest defence strategies in terms of alarm call intensity and nearest predator approach differed between the three predators. Defence intensity was only partly explained by threat level. Most importantly, parental risk management varied in relation to their own, but not offspring risk. Parent defence investment was independent of nestling risk when parents followed a high-risk strategy. However, parents considered nestling as well as parental risk when following a low-risk strategy. Our findings could have general implications for the economy of risk management and decision-making strategies in living beings, including humans. © 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.

Shifting from priming of salicylic acid- to jasmonic acid-regulated defences by Trichoderma protects tomato against the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita.

PubMed

Martínez-Medina, Ainhoa; Fernandez, Ivan; Lok, Gerrit B; Pozo, María J; Pieterse, Corné M J; Van Wees, Saskia C M

2017-02-01

Beneficial root endophytes such as Trichoderma spp. can reduce infections by parasitic nematodes through triggering host defences. Little is currently known about the complex hormone signalling underlying the induction of resistance. In this study, we investigated whether Trichoderma modulates the hormone signalling network in the host to induce resistance to nematodes. We investigated the role and the timing of the jasmonic acid (JA)- and salicylic acid (SA)-regulated defensive pathways in Trichoderma-induced resistance to the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. A split-root system of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) was used to study local and systemic induced defences by analysing nematode performance, defence gene expression, responsiveness to exogenous hormone application, and dependence on SA and JA signalling of Trichoderma-induced resistance. Root colonization by Trichoderma impeded nematode performance both locally and systemically at multiple stages of the parasitism, that is, invasion, galling and reproduction. First, Trichoderma primed SA-regulated defences, which limited nematode root invasion. Then, Trichoderma enhanced JA-regulated defences, thereby antagonizing the deregulation of JA-dependent immunity by the nematodes, which compromised galling and fecundity. Our results show that Trichoderma primes SA- and JA-dependent defences in roots, and that the priming of responsiveness to these hormones upon nematode attack is plastic and adaptive to the parasitism stage. © 2016 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2016 New Phytologist Trust.

KSC-99pp0832

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-07-16

At a special presentation in the IMAX 2 Theater in the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, KSC and 45th Space Wing employees share the honors as recipients of the Hammer Award. The Hammer Award is Vice President Al Gore's special recognition of teams of federal employees who have made significant contributions in support of the principles of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government. Morley Winograd, director of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government, presented the award to Ed Gormel and Chris Fairey, co-chairs of the Joint Base Operations and Support Contract (J-BOSC) Source Evaluation Board (SEB. This Hammer Award acknowledges the accomplishments of a joint NASA and Air Force team that established the J-BOSC SEB. The team developed and implemented the acquisition strategy for establishing a single set of base operations and support service requirements for KSC, Cape Canaveral Air Station and Patrick Air Force Base

The Hammer Award is presented to KSC and 45th Space Wing.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1999-01-01

At a special presentation in the IMAX 2 Theater in the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, KSC and 45th Space Wing employees share the honors as recipients of the Hammer Award. The Hammer Award is Vice President Al Gore's special recognition of teams of federal employees who have made significant contributions in support of the principles of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government. Morley Winograd, director of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government, presented the award to Ed Gormel and Chris Fairey, co-chairs of the Joint Base Operations and Support Contract (J-BOSC) Source Evaluation Board (SEB. This Hammer Award acknowledges the accomplishments of a joint NASA and Air Force team that established the J-BOSC SEB. The team developed and implemented the acquisition strategy for establishing a single set of base operations and support service requirements for KSC, Cape Canaveral Air Station and Patrick Air Force Base.

KSC-99pp0834

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-07-16

KSC's Director of Public Affairs Joe Gordon (left) applauds as Ed Gormel and Chris Fairey are named recipients of the Hammer Award at a special presentation in the IMAX 2 Theater in the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. Presenting the award is Morley Winograd (at the podium), director of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government. The Hammer Award is Vice President Al Gore's special recognition of teams of federal employees who have made significant contributions in support of the principles of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government. This Hammer Award acknowledges the accomplishments of a joint NASA and Air Force team that established the Joint Base Operations and Support Contract (J-BOSC) Source Evaluation Board (SEB). Gormel and Fairey are co-chairs of the SEB. The team developed and implemented the acquisition strategy for establishing a single set of base operations and support service requirements for KSC, Cape Canaveral Air Station and Patrick Air Force Base

Robotics and local fusion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Emmerman, Philip J.

2005-05-01

Teams of robots or mixed teams of warfighters and robots on reconnaissance and other missions can benefit greatly from a local fusion station. A local fusion station is defined here as a small mobile processor with interfaces to enable the ingestion of multiple heterogeneous sensor data and information streams, including blue force tracking data. These data streams are fused and integrated with contextual information (terrain features, weather, maps, dynamic background features, etc.), and displayed or processed to provide real time situational awareness to the robot controller or to the robots themselves. These blue and red force fusion applications remove redundancies, lessen ambiguities, correlate, aggregate, and integrate sensor information with context such as high resolution terrain. Applications such as safety, team behavior, asset control, training, pattern analysis, etc. can be generated or enhanced by these fusion stations. This local fusion station should also enable the interaction between these local units and a global information world.

Readiness: observations and comments from a medical team deployment.

PubMed

Popper, S E; Noble, D E; Mason, L J; Schaffer, L A; Glover, J G; Barkley, M S

1997-02-01

The evolving strategy of the United States in dealing with the changing world order calls for a force structure capable of fighting and winning two nearly simultaneous major regional conflicts and conducting a range of other military operations. Readiness is a key factor in this new strategy. Consequently, major paradigm shifts are occurring within the Air Force Medical Service. Maintaining current and accurate medical records on personnel to meet deployment requirements is a significant challenge. Historically, time and resources are consumed determining the deployability of troops prior to a deployment. This adds to the cost of doing business and increases the time required to clear the deploying team, even though there is an established process to avoid these very problems. The experience of a recent medical team deployment to Bosnia is discussed. Future directions given the implementation of TRI-CARE, the Preventive Health Assessment Program, and the Strategic Health Resourcing Plan are also considered.

KSC-99pp0831

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-07-16

Ed Gormel (left) and Chris Fairey (center) display the Hammer Award they received at a special presentation in the IMAX 2 Theater in the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. The Hammer Award is Vice President Al Gore's special recognition of teams of federal employees who have made significant contributions in support of the principles of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government. At the podium is Morley Winograd director of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government, who presented the award. This Hammer Award acknowledges the accomplishments of a joint NASA and Air Force team that established the Joint Base Operations and Support Contract (J-BOSC) Source Evaluation Board (SEB). Fairey and Gormel are co-chairs of the SEB. The team developed and implemented the acquisition strategy for establishing a single set of base operations and support service requirements for KSC, Cape Canaveral Air Station and Patrick Air Force Base

To Gain the Academic Capital: The Conflict and Solution in the Dissertation Proposal Defence

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ningning, Zhao

2006-01-01

Doctor candidates get the academic identity and academic capital in his field by the thesis writing. The dissertation proposal defence hold on the public field promotes the state of academic and legalizes the discipline of the academic community. During the dissertation proposal defence, doctor candidates may face three conflicts. The first is…

Building the occupational health team: keys to successful interdisciplinary collaboration.

PubMed

Wachs, Joy E

2005-04-01

Teamwork among occupational health and safety professionals, management, and employees is vital to solving today's complex problems cost-effectively. No single discipline can meet all the needs of workers and the workplace. However, teamwork can be time-consuming and difficult if attention is not given to the role of the team leader, the necessary skills of team members, and the importance of a supportive environment. Bringing team members together regularly to foster positive relationships and infuse them with the philosophy of strength in diversity is essential for teams to be sustained and work to be accomplished. By working in tandem, occupational health and safety professionals can become the model team in business and industry delivering on their promise of a safe and healthy workplace for America's work force.

VLF Harold E. Holt RADHAZ measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hansen, P. M.; Chavez, J.

1993-09-01

This document details the radiation hazard (RADHAZ) measurements made at the very-low-frequency (VLF) Harold E. Holt (HEH) transmitting facility by personnel from U.S. Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center (NCCOSC), Research, Development, Test and Evaluation Division (RDT&E Div.), the U.S. Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory (NAMRL), the Australian Defence Force (ADF), and the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). The measurements were made to determine if hazardous levels of electromagnetic fields existed in locations normally accessed by personnel. NAMRL and ADF personnel were primarily responsible for the measurements on the ground and in and around the transmitter building; NRaD personnel were primarily responsible for measurements on the towers.

The laboratory astrophysics facility at University College

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hyland, A. R.; Smith, R. G.; Robinson, G.

A laboratory astrophysics facility for the study of the terrestrial analogues of interstellar dust grains is being developed in the Physics Department, University College, Australian Defence Force Academy. The facility consists of a gas handling system for the preparation of samples, a closed-cycle cooler and specimen chamber, and a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer capable of high resolution (0.3/cm) and high sensitivity measurements, currently from 1-25 microns. The layout and construction of the laboratory are described, and the proposed initial experimental program aimed at determining the optical constants of ices, over a wide wavelength range for comparison with astronomical observations, is discussed.

Assessment of the Anthropometric Accommodation Requirements of Non-Pilot Aircrew in the CC-150 Polaris, CP-140 Aurora, CH-149 Cormorant and CC-130 Hercules Aircraft (Exigences Anthropometriques Pour le Personnel Navigant dans le CC-150 Polaris, CP-140 Aurora, CH-149 Cormorant et CC-130 Hercules)

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-10-01

et planification en ressources humaines militaires a aboli la norme de taille minimum des Forces Canadiennes. On a conclu que "les...015; Defence R&D Canada – Toronto; October 2008. Introduction ou contexte : En février 2002, le directeur général – politiques et planification en...arming cables. ....................................................... 6 Figure 4 Reach of full throttle (left) and fire bottle T -handles (right

Peer-based control in self-managing teams: linking rational and normative influence with individual and group performance.

PubMed

Stewart, Greg L; Courtright, Stephen H; Barrick, Murray R

2012-03-01

The authors use a multilevel framework to introduce peer-based control as a motivational state that emerges in self-managing teams. The authors specifically describe how peer-based rational control, which is defined as team members perceiving the distribution of economic rewards as dependent on input from teammates, extends and interacts with the more commonly studied normative control force of group cohesion to explain both individual and collective performance in teams. On the basis of data from 587 factory workers in 45 self-managing teams at 3 organizations, peer-based rational control corresponded with higher performance for both individuals and collective teams. Results further demonstrated that the rational and normative mechanism of peer-based control interacted to explain performance at both the individual and team levels. Increased peer-based rational control corresponded with higher individual and collective performance in teams with low cohesion, but the positive effects on performance were attenuated in cohesive teams.

Chemical antipredator defence is linked to higher extinction risk

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

Many attributes of species may be linked to contemporary extinction risk, though some such traits remain untested despite suggestions that they may be important. Here, I test whether a trait associated with higher background extinction rates, chemical antipredator defence, is also associated with current extinction risk, using amphibians as a model system—a group facing global population declines. I find that chemically defended species are approximately 60% more likely to be threatened than species without chemical defence, although the severity of the contemporary extinction risk may not relate to chemical defence. The results confirm that background and contemporary extinction rates can be predicted from the same traits, at least in certain cases. This suggests that associations between extinction risk and phenotypic traits can be temporally stable over long periods. The results also provide novel insights into the relevance of antipredator defences for species subject to conservation concerns. PMID:28018657

Post-translational modification of host proteins in pathogen-triggered defence signalling in plants.

PubMed

Stulemeijer, Iris J E; Joosten, Matthieu H A J

2008-07-01

Microbial plant pathogens impose a continuous threat to global food production. Similar to animals, an innate immune system allows plants to recognize pathogens and swiftly activate defence. To activate a rapid response, receptor-mediated pathogen perception and subsequent downstream signalling depends on post-translational modification (PTM) of components essential for defence signalling. We discuss different types of PTMs that play a role in mounting plant immunity, which include phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, nitrosylation, myristoylation, palmitoylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchoring. PTMs are rapid, reversible, controlled and highly specific, and provide a tool to regulate protein stability, activity and localization. Here, we give an overview of PTMs that modify components essential for defence signalling at the site of signal perception, during secondary messenger production and during signalling in the cytoplasm. In addition, we discuss effectors from pathogens that suppress plant defence responses by interfering with host PTMs.

FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Teams: Considering an Improved Strategy for an Evolving Homeland Security Enterprise

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-01

and Rescue (US&R) teams be used more effectively and efficiently in the Homeland Security Enterprise ( HSE )? 1. Are there other strategies that would...allow the FEMA US&R resources to be more adaptable in the HSE ? 2. What other disciplines could be integrated with the FEMA US&R task forces to...consideration of the questions: 1. Can the FEMA US&R teams be used more effectively in the Homeland Security Enterprise ( HSE )? 2. Are there other

Can outcome-based continuing medical education improve performance of immigrant physicians?

PubMed

Castel, Orit Cohen; Ezra, Vered; Alperin, Mordechai; Nave, Rachel; Porat, Tamar; Golan, Avivit Cohen; Vinker, Shlomo; Karkabi, Khaled

2011-01-01

Immigrant physicians are a valued resource for physician workforces in many countries. Few studies have explored the education and training needs of immigrant physicians and ways to facilitate their integration into the health care system in which they work. Using an educational program developed for immigrant civilian physicians working in military primary care clinics at the Israel Defence Force, we illustrate how an outcome-based CME program can address practicing physicians' needs for military-specific primary care education and improve patient care. Following an extensive needs assessment, a 3-year curriculum was developed. The curriculum was delivered by a multidisciplinary educational team. Pre/post multiple-choice examinations, objective structured clinical examinations (OSCE), and end-of-program evaluations were administered for curriculum evaluation. To evaluate change in learners' performance, data from the 2003 (before-program) and 2006 (after-program) work-based assessments were retrieved retrospectively. Change in the performance of program participants was compared with that of immigrant physicians who did not participate in the program. Out of 28 learners, 23 (82%) completed the program. Learners did significantly better in the annual post-tests compared with the pretests (p <.01) and improved their OSCE scores (p <.001). Most program graduates (90%) rated overall satisfaction as very good or excellent. In comparison with nonparticipants, program graduates performed better on work-based assessments (Cohen's d =.63). Our intensive, outcome-based, longitudinal CME program has yielded encouraging results. Other medical educators, facing the challenge of integrating immigrant physicians to fit their health care system, may consider adapting our approach. Copyright © 2011 The Alliance for Continuing Medical Education, the Society for Academic Continuing Medical Education, and the Council on CME, Association for Hospital Medical Education.

The biopsychosocial benefits and shortfalls for armed forces veterans engaged in archaeological activities.

PubMed

Finnegan, Alan

2016-12-01

Organised outdoor activities are advocated as promoting multiple benefits for a veteran's wellbeing, of whom up to 50% have suffered either/both physical and mental health (MH) problems. This has resulted in significant investment in a growing number of outdoor events, one of which is the Defence Archaeology Group (DAG) which utilises the technical and social aspects of field archaeology in the recovery and skill development of injured veterans. To advance knowledge within veterans' MH and wellbeing through an understanding of the potential long term biopsychosocial benefits and shortfalls for veterans undertaking DAG activities. A constructivist grounded theory approach was used to enable identification of the issues from the participant veteran's perspective. DAG archaeological excavations in April and August 2015. Semi-structured interviews with 14 veterans. The qualitative coding resulted in the indication of 18 categories subsumed within four clusters: motivation and access; mental health; veteran and teamwork; therapeutic environment and leadership. The psychological benefits were improved self-esteem, confidence, a reduction in stigma and motivation to seek help. The reduction in situational stressors associated with difficult life conditions also appeared to improve mood, and there was a clear benefit in being in a caring environment where other people actively paid an interest. There were extended social benefits associated with being accepted as part of a team within a familiar military environment, which presented an opportunity to establish friendships and utilise military skill sets. Organised outdoor activities offer multi-factorial hope for veterans searching for ways to ease the transition to civilian life and recover from military stress and trauma. The relaxing and reflective environment within a military setting appears to construct a sense of personal safety and thereby offers therapeutic value. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The status of coastal oceanography in heavily impacted Yellow and East China Sea: Past trends, progress, and possible futures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Xiao Hua; Cho, Yang-Ki; Guo, Xinyu; Wu, Chau-Ron; Zhou, Junliang

2015-09-01

Coastal environments are a key location for transport, commercial, residential and defence infrastructure, and have provided conditions suitable for economic growth. They also fulfil important cultural, recreational and aesthetic needs; have intrinsic ecosystem service values; and provide essential biogeochemical functions such as primary productivity, nutrient cycling and water filtration. The rapid expansion in economic development and anticipated growth of the population in the coastal zones along the Yellow and East China Sea basin has placed this region under intense multiple stresses. Here we aim to: 1) synthesize the new knowledge/science in coastal oceanography since 2010 within the context of the scientific literature published in English; 2) report on a citation analysis that assesses whether new research topics have emerged and integrated over time, indicate the location of modelling and field-based studies; and 3) suggest where the new research should develop for heavily impacted estuaries and coastal seas of East Asia. The conclusions of the synthesis include: 1) China has emerged as a dominant force in the region in producing scientific literature in coastal oceanography, although the area of publications has shifted from its traditional fields such as physical oceanography; 2) there has been an increasing number of publications with cross-disciplinary themes between physical oceanography and other fields of the biological, chemical, and geological disciplines, but vigorous and systematic funding mechanisms are still lacking to ensure the viability of large scale multi-disciplinary teams and projects in order to support trans-disciplinary research and newly emerging fields; 3) coastal oceanography is responding to new challenges, with many papers studying the impacts of human activities on marine environment and ecology, but so far very few studying management and conservation strategies or offering policy solutions.

US Air Force Behavioral Health Optimization Program: team members' satisfaction and barriers to care.

PubMed

Landoll, Ryan R; Nielsen, Matthew K; Waggoner, Kathryn K

2017-02-01

Research has shown significant contribution of integrated behavioural health care; however, less is known about the perceptions of primary care providers towards behavioural health professionals. The current study examined barriers to care and satisfaction with integrated behavioural health care from the perspective of primary care team members. This study utilized archival data from 42 treatment facilities as part of ongoing program evaluation of the Air Force Medical Service's Behavioral Health Optimization Program. This study was conducted in a large managed health care organization for active duty military and their families, with specific clinic settings that varied considerably in regards to geographic location, population diversity and size of patient empanelment. De-identified archival data on 534 primary care team members were examined. Team members at larger facilities rated access and acuity concerns as greater barriers than those from smaller facilities (t(533) = 2.57, P < 0.05). Primary Care Managers (PCMs) not only identified more barriers to integrated care (β = -0.07, P < 0.01) but also found services more helpful to the primary care team (t(362.52) = 1.97, P = 0.05). Barriers to care negatively impacted perceived helpfulness of integrated care services for patients (β = -0.12, P < 0.01) and team members, particularly among non-PCMs (β = -0.11, P < 0.01). Findings highlight the potential benefits of targeted training that differs in facilities of larger empanelment and is mindful of team members' individual roles in a Patient Centered Medical Home. In particular, although generally few barriers were perceived, given the impact these barriers have on perception of care, efforts should be made to decrease perceived barriers to integrated behavioural health care among non-PCM team members. Published by Oxford University Press 2016.

Persistence of unsafe practice in everyday work: an exploration of organizational and psychological factors constraining safety in the operating room.

PubMed

Espin, S; Lingard, L; Baker, G R; Regehr, G

2006-06-01

This paper explores the factors that influence the persistence of unsafe practice in an interprofessional team setting in health care, towards the development of a descriptive theoretical model for analyzing problematic practice routines. Using data collected during a mixed method interview study of 28 members of an operating room team, participants' approaches to unsafe practice were analyzed using the following three theoretical models from organizational and cognitive psychology: Reason's theory of "vulnerable system syndrome", Tucker and Edmondson's concept of first and second order problem solving, and Amalberti's model of practice migration. These three theoretical approaches provide a critical insight into key trends in the interview data, including team members' definition of error as the breaching of standards of practice, nurses' sense of scope of practice as a constraint on their reporting behaviours, and participants' reports of the forces influencing tacit agreements to work around safety regulations. However, the relational factors underlying unsafe practice routines are poorly accounted for in these theoretical approaches. Incorporating an additional theoretical construct such as "relational coordination" to account for the emotional human features of team practice would provide a more comprehensive theoretical approach for use in exploring unsafe practice routines and the forces that sustain them in healthcare team settings.

AORN ergonomic tool 7: pushing, pulling, and moving equipment on wheels.

PubMed

Waters, Thomas; Lloyd, John D; Hernandez, Edward; Nelson, Audrey

2011-09-01

Pushing and pulling equipment in and around the OR can place high shear force demands on perioperative team members' shoulder and back muscles and joints. These high forces may lead to work-related musculoskeletal disorders. AORN Ergonomic Tool 7: Pushing, Pulling, and Moving Equipment on Wheels can help perioperative team members assess the risk of pushing and pulling tasks in the perioperative setting. The tool provides evidence-based suggestions about when assistive devices should be used for these tasks and is based on current ergonomic safety concepts, scientific evidence, and knowledge of effective technology and procedures, including equipment and devices for safe patient handling. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Correcting Blindness In the Nerve Center: How To Improve Situational Awareness

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

Civil Defence Emergency Management released the Response Management, Director’s Guideline for CDEM Group and Local Controllers document in October...Defence & Emergency Management, Response Management: Director’s Guideline for CDEM Group and Local Controllers (Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of...Response Management: Director’s Guideline for CDEM Group and Local Controllers . Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency

An Exploratory Study of the Defence Mechanisms Used in Psychotherapy by Adults Who Have Intellectual Disabilities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Newman, D. W.; Beail, N.

2010-01-01

Problem: A significant concept in psychodynamic theory and practice is that of defence mechanisms. The identifications of defences is a key task of the therapist and these are then used in the formulation and form part of the therapist's interventions. Case studies of psychotherapy with adults who have intellectual disabilities (IDs) suggest that…

An Investigation into the Effects of Roll Gyradius on Experimental Testing and Numerical Simulation: Troubleshooting Emergent Issues

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-01

Troubleshooting Emergent Issues Edward Dawson Maritime Division Defence Science and Technology Organisation DSTO-TN-1402 ABSTRACT This...UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Published by Maritime Division DSTO Defence Science and Technology Organisation 506...tools used by the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) are an efficient and effective means to determine and evaluate the motion

Lethal and Legal The Ethics of Drone Strikes

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

analysis, evaluation, and refinement of professional expertise in war, strategy, operations, national security, resource management , and responsible...in business studies and holds an M.Phil. in defence and security studies from the Defence College of Management and Technol- ogy, Defence Academy...in unsafe buildings, search and rescue missions in treacherous conditions, police searches for missing or wanted persons, traffic management , public

The cytoskeleton in cell-autonomous immunity: structural determinants of host defence

PubMed Central

Mostowy, Serge; Shenoy, Avinash R.

2016-01-01

Host cells use antimicrobial proteins, pathogen-restrictive compartmentalization and cell death in their defence against intracellular pathogens. Recent work has revealed that four components of the cytoskeleton — actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments and septins, which are well known for their roles in cell division, shape and movement — have important functions in innate immunity and cellular self-defence. Investigations using cellular and animal models have shown that these cytoskeletal proteins are crucial for sensing bacteria and for mobilizing effector mechanisms to eliminate them. In this Review, we highlight the emerging roles of the cytoskeleton as a structural determinant of cell-autonomous host defence. PMID:26292640

The Defence Medical Library Service and military medicine.

PubMed

Walker, S B

2005-01-01

The Defence Medical Library Service (DMLS) supports the clinical practice and career development of military health professionals across the world. Clinical governance and the need for medical knowledge to be evidence-based means the DMLS has a central role to play in support of defence medicine. The DMLS is important for enabling health professionals to make sense of the evidence-based pyramid and the hierarchy of medical knowledge. The Royal Centre for Defence Medicine (RCDM) in Birmingham is recognised as an international centre of excellence. The information, knowledge and research requirements of the RCDM will provide opportunities for the DMLS to support and engage with the academic community.

Proceedings of the DRG Seminar on The Defence of Small Ships against Missile Attacks (30th) Held in Ottawa, Canada on 12-14 September 1990. Volume 1 (Actes de 30ieme Seminaire sur la Defense de Petits Navires Contre les Attaques de Missiles)

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-04-12

LONG TERM 14. Abstract: The paper gives an overview of US Navy programme and objectives of anti-ship missile defence. Both evolutionary near term ...Integration of ESM with radar and IR sensors has Impli- cations with respect to ESM performance in terms of bearing accuracy, sensitivity and robustness in...defence budgets. The Terms of Reference of the Defence Research Group call for exchange of information, and the development of co-operative research

An Overview of Seasonal Changes in Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defence Parameters in Some Invertebrate and Vertebrate Species.

PubMed

Chainy, Gagan Bihari Nityananda; Paital, Biswaranjan; Dandapat, Jagneswar

2016-01-01

Antioxidant defence system, a highly conserved biochemical mechanism, protects organisms from harmful effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a by-product of metabolism. Both invertebrates and vertebrates are unable to modify environmental physical factors such as photoperiod, temperature, salinity, humidity, oxygen content, and food availability as per their requirement. Therefore, they have evolved mechanisms to modulate their metabolic pathways to cope their physiology with changing environmental challenges for survival. Antioxidant defences are one of such biochemical mechanisms. At low concentration, ROS regulates several physiological processes, whereas at higher concentration they are toxic to organisms because they impair cellular functions by oxidizing biomolecules. Seasonal changes in antioxidant defences make species able to maintain their correct ROS titre to take various physiological functions such as hibernation, aestivation, migration, and reproduction against changing environmental physical parameters. In this paper, we have compiled information available in the literature on seasonal variation in antioxidant defence system in various species of invertebrates and vertebrates. The primary objective was to understand the relationship between varied biological phenomena seen in different animal species and conserved antioxidant defence system with respect to seasons.

An Overview of Seasonal Changes in Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defence Parameters in Some Invertebrate and Vertebrate Species

PubMed Central

Chainy, Gagan Bihari Nityananda; Paital, Biswaranjan; Dandapat, Jagneswar

2016-01-01

Antioxidant defence system, a highly conserved biochemical mechanism, protects organisms from harmful effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a by-product of metabolism. Both invertebrates and vertebrates are unable to modify environmental physical factors such as photoperiod, temperature, salinity, humidity, oxygen content, and food availability as per their requirement. Therefore, they have evolved mechanisms to modulate their metabolic pathways to cope their physiology with changing environmental challenges for survival. Antioxidant defences are one of such biochemical mechanisms. At low concentration, ROS regulates several physiological processes, whereas at higher concentration they are toxic to organisms because they impair cellular functions by oxidizing biomolecules. Seasonal changes in antioxidant defences make species able to maintain their correct ROS titre to take various physiological functions such as hibernation, aestivation, migration, and reproduction against changing environmental physical parameters. In this paper, we have compiled information available in the literature on seasonal variation in antioxidant defence system in various species of invertebrates and vertebrates. The primary objective was to understand the relationship between varied biological phenomena seen in different animal species and conserved antioxidant defence system with respect to seasons. PMID:27127682

Synergistic effects of direct and indirect defences on herbivore egg survival in a wild crucifer

PubMed Central

Fatouros, Nina E.; Pineda, Ana; Huigens, Martinus E.; Broekgaarden, Colette; Shimwela, Methew M.; Figueroa Candia, Ilich A.; Verbaarschot, Patrick; Bukovinszky, Tibor

2014-01-01

Evolutionary theory of plant defences against herbivores predicts a trade-off between direct (anti-herbivore traits) and indirect defences (attraction of carnivores) when carnivore fitness is reduced. Such a trade-off is expected in plant species that kill herbivore eggs by exhibiting a hypersensitive response (HR)-like necrosis, which should then negatively affect carnivores. We used the black mustard (Brassica nigra) to investigate how this potentially lethal direct trait affects preferences and/or performances of specialist cabbage white butterflies (Pieris spp.), and their natural enemies, tiny egg parasitoid wasps (Trichogramma spp.). Both within and between black mustard populations, we observed variation in the expression of Pieris egg-induced HR. Butterfly eggs on plants with HR-like necrosis suffered lower hatching rates and higher parasitism than eggs that did not induce the trait. In addition, Trichogramma wasps were attracted to volatiles of egg-induced plants that also expressed HR, and this attraction depended on the Trichogramma strain used. Consequently, HR did not have a negative effect on egg parasitoid survival. We conclude that even within a system where plants deploy lethal direct defences, such defences may still act with indirect defences in a synergistic manner to reduce herbivore pressure. PMID:25009068

Winning the Retention Wars. The USAF, Women Officers and the Need for Transformation

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-04-01

harder and more important than they are now. The Air Force Personnel Center’s statistics show that a greater percentage of Air Force women than men...that companies who deliberately structure heterogeneous work teams “create a marketplace of ideas” and tended to have lower levels of racism , sexism ...rather than moving to the civilian sector. 11Air Force Personnel Command statistics , the official personnel statistics of the Air Force at

Battlespace awareness and the Australian Army battlefield command support system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gaertner, Paul S.; Slade, Mark; Bowden, Fred; Stagg, Bradley; Huf, Samuel

2000-08-01

Effective battlespace awareness is essential for any defence operation; this is especially true in the increasingly complex and dynamic land component of the military environment. Because of its relatively small force size dispersed piece-wise across a large and largely vacant landmass, the Defence of Australia presents a somewhat unique challenge for the development of systems that support command decision-making. The intent of this paper is to first examine the digitisation effort under way in Australia and describe the Army Battlefield Command Support System (BCSS) being developed for use in the tactical arena. BCSS is essentially a suite of commercial-off-the-shelf and government-off-the-shelf software components provided via a standard operating environment to aid decision-making. Then, we present the development of a Tactical Land C4I Assessment Capability (TLCAC) synthetic environment which is being used to undertake controlled performance evaluations of the various elements of the BCSS suite and provide impact assessments of new technological advances. The TLCAC provides a capacity to assess in near real-time Brigade and below level command post exercise activities. That is, when deployed it provides a mechanism to automatically collect command and control and manoeuvre data, which can aid in the after action review process.

Tactical Satellite 3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davis, T. M.; Straight, S. D.; Lockwook, R. B.

2008-08-01

Tactical Satellite 3 is an Air Force Research Laboratory Science and Technology (S&T) initiative that explores the capability and technological maturity of small, low-cost satellites. It features a low cost "plug and play" modular bus and low cost militarily significant payloads - a Raytheon developed Hyperspectral imager and secondary payload data exfiltration provided by the Office of Naval Research. In addition to providing for ongoing innovation and demonstration in this important technology area, these S&T efforts also help mitigate technology risk and establish a potential concept of operations for future acquisitions. The key objectives are rapid launch and on-orbit checkout, theater commanding, and near-real time theater data integration. It will also feature a rapid development of the space vehicle and integrated payload and spacecraft bus by using components and processes developed by the satellite modular bus initiative. Planned for a late summer 2008 launch, the TacSat-3 spacecraft will collect and process images and then downlink processed data using a Common Data Link. An in-theater tactical ground station will have the capability to uplink tasking to spacecraft and will receive full data image. An international program, the United Kingdom Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) and Australian Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) plan to participate in TacSat-3 experiments.