The Prolonged Life-Span of Alveolar Macrophages

PubMed Central

Murphy, Jaime; Summer, Ross; Wilson, Andrew A.; Kotton, Darrell N.; Fine, Alan

2008-01-01

To further examine the half-life of alveolar macrophages, chimeric CD 45.2 mice were generated through bone marrow transplantation of donor CD 45.1 cells. Before administration of donor cells, recipient mice were divided into two cohorts: the first cohort received total body irradiation; the second cohort also received irradiation—however, the thorax, head, and upper extremities were shielded with lead. Flow cytometric analysis was then performed on blood, peritoneal, and bronchoalveolar lavage cells over time to quantify engraftment. The data generated for the unshielded cohort of mice revealed a macrophage half-life of 30 days. In the shielded cohort, however, we found that by 8 months there was negligible replacement of recipient alveolar macrophages by donor cells, despite reconstitution of the blood and peritoneum by donor bone marrow. Consistent with these findings, the mean fluorescent intensity of alveolar macrophages remained stable over a 4-week period after in vivo PKH26 dye loading. Together, these data show that previous alveolar macrophage half-life studies were confounded by the fact that they did not account for the toxic effects of irradiation conditioning regimens, and demonstrate that the bone marrow does not significantly contribute to the alveolar macrophage compartment during steady-state conditions. PMID:18192503

Endogenous acetylcholine increases alveolar epithelial fluid transport via activation of alveolar epithelial Na,K-ATPase in mice.

PubMed

Li, Xia; Yan, Xi Xin; Li, Hong Lin; Li, Rong Qin

2015-10-01

The contribution of endogenous acetylcholine to alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) and related molecular mechanisms were explored. AFC was measured in Balb/c mice after vagotomy and vagus nerve stimulation. Effects of acetylcholine chloride on AFC in Kunming mice and Na,K-ATPase function in A549 alveolar epithelial cells also were determined. AFC significantly decreased in mice with left cervical vagus nerve transection compared with controls (48.69 ± 2.57 vs. 66.88 ± 2.64, P ≤ 0.01), which was reversed by stimulation of the peripheral (60.81 ± 1.96, P ≤ 0.01). Compared with control, acetylcholine chloride dose-dependently increased AFC and elevated Na,K-ATPase activity, and these increases were blocked or reversed by atropine. These effects were accompanied by recruitment of Na,K-ATPase α1 to the cell membrane. Thus, vagus nerves participate in alveolar epithelial fluid transport by releasing endogenous acetylcholine in the infusion-induced pulmonary edema mouse model. Effects of endogenous acetylcholine on AFC are likely mediated by Na,K-ATPase function through activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on alveolar epithelia. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Increased alveolar plasminogen activator in early asbestosis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cantin, A.; Allard, C.; Begin, R.

1989-03-01

Alveolar macrophage-derived plasminogen activator (PA) activity is decreased in some chronic interstitial lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis but increased in experimental models of acute alveolitis. Although asbestos fibers can stimulate alveolar macrophages (AM) to release PA in vitro, the effect of chronic asbestos exposure of the lower respiratory tract on lung PA activity remains unknown. The present study was designed to evaluate PA activity of alveolar macrophages and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in asbestos-exposed sheep and asbestos workers. Forty-three sheep were exposed to either 100 mg UICC chrysotile B asbestos in 100 ml phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)more » or to 100 ml PBS by tracheal infusion every 2 wk for 18 months. At Month 18, chest roentgenograms were analyzed and alveolar macrophage and extracellular fluid PA activity were measured in samples obtained by BAL. Alveolar macrophage PA activity was increased in the asbestos-exposed sheep compared to control sheep (87.2 +/- 17.3 versus 41.1 +/- 7.2 U/10(5) AM-24 h, p less than 0.05) as was the BAL fluid PA activity (674.9 +/- 168.4 versus 81.3 +/- 19.7 U/mg alb-24 h, p less than 0.01). Among the asbestos-exposed sheep, 10 had normal chest roentgenograms (Group SA) and 15 had irregular interstitial opacities (Group SB). Strikingly, whereas Group SA did not differ from the control group in BAL cellularity or PA activity, Group SB had marked increases in alveolar macrophages (p less than 0.005), AM PA activity (p less than 0.02), and BAL PA activity (p less than 0.001) compared to the control group.« less

Role of alveolar topology on acinar flows and convective mixing.

PubMed

Hofemeier, Philipp; Sznitman, Josué

2014-06-01

Due to experimental challenges, computational simulations are often sought to quantify inhaled aerosol transport in the pulmonary acinus. Commonly, these are performed using generic alveolar topologies, including spheres, toroids, and polyhedra, to mimic the complex acinar morphology. Yet, local acinar flows and ensuing particle transport are anticipated to be influenced by the specific morphological structures. We have assessed a range of acinar models under self-similar breathing conditions with respect to alveolar flow patterns, convective flow mixing, and deposition of fine particles (1.3 μm diameter). By tracking passive tracers over cumulative breathing cycles, we find that irreversible flow mixing correlates with the location and strength of the recirculating vortex inside the cavity. Such effects are strongest in proximal acinar generations where the ratio of alveolar to ductal flow rates is low and interalveolar disparities are most apparent. Our results for multi-alveolated acinar ducts highlight that fine 1 μm inhaled particles subject to alveolar flows are sensitive to the alveolar topology, underlining interalveolar disparities in particle deposition patterns. Despite the simplicity of the acinar models investigated, our findings suggest that alveolar topologies influence more significantly local flow patterns and deposition sites of fine particles for upper generations emphasizing the importance of the selected acinar model. In distal acinar generations, however, the alveolar geometry primarily needs to mimic the space-filling alveolar arrangement dictated by lung morphology.

The Alveolar Microenvironment of Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Does Not Modify Alveolar Macrophage Interactions with Streptococcus pneumoniae

PubMed Central

Jagoe, R. Thomas; Jarman, Elizabeth R.; North, James C.; Pridmore, Alison; Musaya, Janelisa; French, Neil; Zijlstra, Eduard E.; Molyneux, Malcolm E.; Read, Robert C.

2013-01-01

We tested the hypothesis that HIV infection results in activation of alveolar macrophages and that this might be associated with impaired defense against pneumococcus. We compared alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes in 131 bronchoalveolar lavage samples from HIV-infected and healthy controls using inflammatory gene microarrays, flow cytometry, real-time PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the pattern of macrophage activation associated with HIV infection and the effect of this activation on defense against pneumococcus. We used gamma interferon (IFN-γ) priming to mimic the cellular milieu in HIV-infected lungs. InnateDB and BioLayout 3D were used to analyze the interactions of the upregulated genes. Alveolar macrophages from HIV-infected adults showed increased gene expression and cytokine production in a classical pattern. Bronchoalveolar lavage from HIV-infected subjects showed excess CD8+ lymphocytes with activated phenotype. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression was increased in macrophages from HIV-infected subjects, but function was similar between the groups; lung lavage fluid did not inhibit TLR function in transfected HeLa cells. Alveolar macrophages from HIV-infected subjects showed normal binding and internalization of opsonized pneumococci, with or without IFN-γ priming. Alveolar macrophages from HIV-infected subjects showed classical activation compared to that of healthy controls, but this does not alter macrophage interactions with pneumococci. PMID:23576675

[Fatal alveolar haemorrhage following a "bang" of cannabis].

PubMed

Grassin, F; André, M; Rallec, B; Combes, E; Vinsonneau, U; Paleiron, N

2011-09-01

The new methods of cannabis consumption (home made water pipe or "bang") may be responsible for fatal respiratory complications. We present a case, with fatal outcome, of a man of 19 years with no previous history other than an addiction to cannabis using "bang". He was admitted to intensive care with acute dyspnoea. A CT scan showed bilateral, diffuse alveolar shadowing. He was anaemic with an Hb of 9.3g/l. Bronchoalveolar lavage revealed massive alveolar haemorrhage. Investigations for infection and immunological disorder were negative and toxicology was negative except for cannabis. Antibiotic treatment was given and favourable progress allowed early discharge. Death occurred 15 days later due to alveolar haemorrhage following a further "bang" of cannabis. Autopsy showed toxic alveolar haemorrhage. The probable mechanism is pulmonary damage due to acid anhydrides released by the incomplete combustion of cannabis in contact with plastic. These acids have a double effect on the lungs: a direct toxicity with severe inflammation of the mucosa leading to alveolar haemorrhage and subsequently the acid anhydrides may lead to the syndrome of intra-alveolar haemorrhage and anaemia described in occupational lung diseases by Herbert in Oxford in 1979. It manifests itself by haemoptysis and intravascular haemolysis. We draw attention to the extremely serious potential consequences of new methods of using cannabis, particularly the use of "bang" in homemade plastic materials. Copyright © 2011 SPLF. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Injury of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve during Implant Placement: a Literature Review

PubMed Central

Wang, Hom-Lay; Sabalys, Gintautas

2011-01-01

ABSTRACT Objectives The purpose of present article was to review aetiological factors, mechanism, clinical symptoms, and diagnostic methods as well as to create treatment guidelines for the management of inferior alveolar nerve injury during dental implant placement. Material and Methods Literature was selected through a search of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane electronic databases. The keywords used for search were inferior alveolar nerve injury, inferior alveolar nerve injuries, inferior alveolar nerve injury implant, inferior alveolar nerve damage, inferior alveolar nerve paresthesia and inferior alveolar nerve repair. The search was restricted to English language articles, published from 1972 to November 2010. Additionally, a manual search in the major anatomy, dental implant, periodontal and oral surgery journals and books were performed. The publications there selected by including clinical, human anatomy and physiology studies. Results In total 136 literature sources were obtained and reviewed. Aetiological factors of inferior alveolar nerve injury, risk factors, mechanism, clinical sensory nerve examination methods, clinical symptoms and treatment were discussed. Guidelines were created to illustrate the methods used to prevent and manage inferior alveolar nerve injury before or after dental implant placement. Conclusions The damage of inferior alveolar nerve during the dental implant placement can be a serious complication. Clinician should recognise and exclude aetiological factors leading to nerve injury. Proper presurgery planning, timely diagnosis and treatment are the key to avoid nerve sensory disturbances management. PMID:24421983

Lateralization Technique and Inferior Alveolar Nerve Transposition

PubMed Central

Sanches, Marco Antonio; Ramalho, Gabriel Cardoso; Manzi, Marcello Roberto

2016-01-01

Bone resorption of the posterior mandible can result in diminished bone edge and, therefore, the installation of implants in these regions becomes a challenge, especially in the presence of the mandibular canal and its contents, the inferior alveolar nerve. Several treatment alternatives are suggested: the use of short implants, guided bone regeneration, appositional bone grafting, distraction osteogenesis, inclined implants tangential to the mandibular canal, and the lateralization of the inferior alveolar nerve. The aim was to elucidate the success rate of implants in the lateralization technique and in inferior alveolar nerve transposition and to determine the most effective sensory test. We conclude that the success rate is linked to the possibility of installing implants with long bicortical anchor which favors primary stability and biomechanics. PMID:27433360

[Alveolar ventilation and recruitment under lung protective ventilation].

PubMed

Putensen, Christian; Muders, Thomas; Kreyer, Stefan; Wrigge, Hermann

2008-11-01

Goal of mechanical ventilation is to improve gas exchange and reduce work of breathing without contributing to further lung injury. Besides providing adequate EELV and thereby arterial oxygenation PEEP in addition to a reduction in tidal volume is required to prevent cyclic alveolar collapse and tidal recruitment and hence protective mechanical ventilation. Currently, there is no consensus if and if yes at which price alveolar recruitment with high airway pressures should be intended ("open up the lung"), or if it is more important to reduce the mechanical stress and strain to the lungs as much as possible ("keep the lung closed"). Potential of alveolar recruitment differs from patient to patient but also between lung regions. Potential for recruitment depends probably more on regional lung mechanics - especially on lung elastance - than on the underlying disease. Based on available data neither high PEEP nor other methods used for alveolar recruitment could demonstrate a survival benefit in patients with ARDS. These results may support an individualized titration of PEEP or other manoeuvres used for recruitment taking into consideration the regional effects. Bedside imaging techniques allowing titration of PEEP or other manoeuvres to prevent end-expiratory alveolar collapse (tidal recruitment) and inspiratory overinflation may be a promising development.

Hypocapnic but Not Metabolic Alkalosis Impairs Alveolar Fluid Reabsorption

PubMed Central

Myrianthefs, Pavlos M.; Briva, Arturo; Lecuona, Emilia; Dumasius, Vidas; Rutschman, David H.; Ridge, Karen M.; Baltopoulos, George J.; Sznajder, Jacob Iasha

2005-01-01

Acid-base disturbances, such as metabolic or respiratory alkalosis, are relatively common in critically ill patients. We examined the effects of alkalosis (hypocapnic or metabolic alkalosis) on alveolar fluid reabsorption in the isolated and continuously perfused rat lung model. We found that alveolar fluid reabsorption after 1 hour was impaired by low levels of CO2 partial pressure (PCO2; 10 and 20 mm Hg) independent of pH levels (7.7 or 7.4). In addition, PCO2 higher than 30 mm Hg or metabolic alkalosis did not have an effect on this process. The hypocapnia-mediated decrease of alveolar fluid reabsorption was associated with decreased Na,K-ATPase activity and protein abundance at the basolateral membranes of distal airspaces. The effect of low PCO2 on alveolar fluid reabsorption was reversible because clearance normalized after correcting the PCO2 back to normal levels. These data suggest that hypocapnic but not metabolic alkalosis impairs alveolar fluid reabsorption. Conceivably, correction of hypocapnic alkalosis in critically ill patients may contribute to the normalization of lung ability to clear edema. PMID:15764729

Hypocapnic but not metabolic alkalosis impairs alveolar fluid reabsorption.

PubMed

Myrianthefs, Pavlos M; Briva, Arturo; Lecuona, Emilia; Dumasius, Vidas; Rutschman, David H; Ridge, Karen M; Baltopoulos, George J; Sznajder, Jacob Iasha

2005-06-01

Acid-base disturbances, such as metabolic or respiratory alkalosis, are relatively common in critically ill patients. We examined the effects of alkalosis (hypocapnic or metabolic alkalosis) on alveolar fluid reabsorption in the isolated and continuously perfused rat lung model. We found that alveolar fluid reabsorption after 1 hour was impaired by low levels of CO2 partial pressure (PCO2; 10 and 20 mm Hg) independent of pH levels (7.7 or 7.4). In addition, PCO2 higher than 30 mm Hg or metabolic alkalosis did not have an effect on this process. The hypocapnia-mediated decrease of alveolar fluid reabsorption was associated with decreased Na,K-ATPase activity and protein abundance at the basolateral membranes of distal airspaces. The effect of low PCO2 on alveolar fluid reabsorption was reversible because clearance normalized after correcting the PCO2 back to normal levels. These data suggest that hypocapnic but not metabolic alkalosis impairs alveolar fluid reabsorption. Conceivably, correction of hypocapnic alkalosis in critically ill patients may contribute to the normalization of lung ability to clear edema.

VDR deficiency affects alveolar bone and cementum apposition in mice.

PubMed

Zhang, Xueming; Rahemtulla, Firoz; Zhang, Ping; Thomas, Huw F

2011-07-01

To compare the mineralisation density (MD), morphology and histology of alveolar bone and cementum amongst VDR +/+, VDR -/-, and VDR -/- groups supplemented with a diet TD 96348, containing 20% lactose, 2.0% calcium and 1.25% phosphorous. Four groups of mice (6 mice/group) were identified by genotyping: VDR +/+ mice (VDR wild type), VDR -/- mice (VDR deficient), VDR -/- offsprings derived from VDR -/- parents receiving a supplemental diet (early rescued), and VDR -/- mice fed with a supplemental diet beginning at age one month (late rescued). All mice were sacrificed at age 70.5 days. Micro-CT was used to compare MD and morphology of alveolar bone and cementum. H-E and Toluidine blue staining was used to examine the ultrastructure of the alveolar bone and cementum at matched locations. In VDR -/- group, alveolar bone and cementum failed to mineralise normally. Early rescue increased MD of alveolar bone in VDR -/- mice with excessive alveolar bone formation, but which not observed in late rescue group. MD and morphology of cementum-dentine complex in both early and late rescue groups were comparable with VDR +/+ group when feeding with high-calcium rescue diet. VDR affects alveolar bone mineralisation and formation systemically and locally. However, cementum apposition and mineralisation is mainly regulated by calcium concentrations in serum. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Alveolar macrophage development in mice requires L-plastin for cellular localization in alveoli.

PubMed

Todd, Elizabeth M; Zhou, Julie Y; Szasz, Taylor P; Deady, Lauren E; D'Angelo, June A; Cheung, Matthew D; Kim, Alfred H J; Morley, Sharon Celeste

2016-12-15

Alveolar macrophages are lung-resident sentinel cells that develop perinatally and protect against pulmonary infection. Molecular mechanisms controlling alveolar macrophage generation have not been fully defined. Here, we show that the actin-bundling protein L-plastin (LPL) is required for the perinatal development of alveolar macrophages. Mice expressing a conditional allele of LPL (CD11c.Cre pos -LPL fl/fl ) exhibited significant reductions in alveolar macrophages and failed to effectively clear pulmonary pneumococcal infection, showing that immunodeficiency results from reduced alveolar macrophage numbers. We next identified the phase of alveolar macrophage development requiring LPL. In mice, fetal monocytes arrive in the lungs during a late fetal stage, maturing to alveolar macrophages through a prealveolar macrophage intermediate. LPL was required for the transition from prealveolar macrophages to mature alveolar macrophages. The transition from prealveolar macrophage to alveolar macrophage requires the upregulation of the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), which is induced by exposure to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Despite abundant lung GM-CSF and intact GM-CSF receptor signaling, PPAR-γ was not sufficiently upregulated in developing alveolar macrophages in LPL -/- pups, suggesting that precursor cells were not correctly localized to the alveoli, where GM-CSF is produced. We found that LPL supports 2 actin-based processes essential for correct localization of alveolar macrophage precursors: (1) transmigration into the alveoli, and (2) engraftment in the alveoli. We thus identify a molecular pathway governing neonatal alveolar macrophage development and show that genetic disruption of alveolar macrophage development results in immunodeficiency. © 2016 by The American Society of Hematology.

Relationship between changes in alveolar surfactant levels and lung defence mechanisms.

PubMed

Pozzi, E; Luisetti, M; Spialtini, L; Coccia, P; Rossi, A; Donnini, M; Cetta, G; Salmona, M

1989-01-01

Pulmonary surfactant, besides its mechanical properties, is thought to be involved in lung defence mechanisms. We previously described that: (1) in healthy animals, surfactant synthesis stimulation with ambroxol was accompanied by alveolar macrophage activation and a shift of the alveolar elastase/antielastase balance towards increased antielastase activity, and (2) in bleomycin-treated rats alveolar phospholipidosis was obvious 14 days after drug administration, ambroxol protection reduced the phospholipid peak and the morphological apperance of lung fibrosis at the 14th day of the experiment. The present study found that: (1) in healthy rats, the ambroxol-induced increase of alveolar antielastase activity did not appear due to reactivation of alpha 1-antitrypsin normally oxidized in the alveolar milieu; (2) in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, ambroxol protection reduced total long collagen content at day 28, and (3) in paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis, alveolar phospholipids were markedly reduced throughout the 21 days of the experiment. On increasing the dose of paraquat, ambroxol protection significantly reduced the animals' death rate.

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Alveolar Destruction in Emphysema

PubMed Central

Tuder, Rubin M.; Yoshida, Toshinori; Arap, Wadih; Pasqualini, Renata; Petrache, Irina

2006-01-01

Emphysema consists of a unique pattern of alveolar destruction, resulting in marked airspace enlargement with reduction of alveolar capillary exchange area. Classical concepts of the pathogenesis of emphysema have relied on the paradigm set by the inflammation and protease/antiprotease imbalance. We propose herein that cigarette smoke constitutes an environmental hazard that causes alveolar destruction by the interaction of apoptosis, oxidative stress, and protease/antiprotease imbalance. We draw a parallel between organismal aging, organ structural maintenance, and the damage resulting from chronic cigarette smoke inhalation. The stochastic interaction between environmental hazards and the effort of an organism or a particular organ to fend off these hazards results in the accumulation of cellular damage and features characteristic of aging. Inflammation follows as the result of the multiplication of injuries. We highlight the importance of understanding the biology of the interaction of alveolar cells in homeostasis and in alveolar destruction, and the potential role of novel processes related to senescence and stress response. An evolutionary perspective of emphysema that incorporates mechanisms related to aging may lead to important advances in the understanding and therapeutic targeting of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PMID:16921129

[Ethnic origin and alveolar bone loss in Israeli adults].

PubMed

Zadik, Y; Bechor, R; Shochat, Z; Galor, S

2008-04-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of alveolar bone loss and ethnic origin among Israeli adults. The study population consisted of 815 male military personnel, aged 25 to 60 years (average 38.1 +/- 7.0 yr), who arrived at a military dental clinic for routine dental examination during 2004-5. The distance between CEJ and alveolar bone crest was measure on pair of standardized posterior bitewing radiographs. Associations between the periodontal score and place of birth, the father ethnic origin and the mother ethnic origin were evaluated using the chi2-test. The individual's place of birth had no influence on the radiographic alveolar bone loss. Father of Yemenite-, North-African- or Mediterranean-origin, and mother of Yemenite-, North-African- or Asian-origin have associated to the occurrence and severity of alveolar bone loss, whereas sons to father or mother from Israeli or European descent were found to have less bone loss (p < 0.001). Ethnic origin has an influence on the alveolar bone loss in Israeli adults. However, more research is needed on the role of the potentially confounders in the association between origin and periodontal health.

Alveolar distraction osteogenesis: revive and restore the native bone.

PubMed

Sant, Sumedha; Jagtap, Amit

2009-12-01

In prosthodontics, knife-edge bony alveolar ridges can cause a problem in their rehabilitation. The distraction osteogenesis process raises the medullary component of the alveolus, allowing the labial plate of the existing natural bone to be displaced. This process involves mobilization, transport, and fixation of a healthy segment of bone adjacent to the deficient site. It entails use of the gradual controlled displacement of surgically created fractures, which results in simultaneous expansion of soft tissue and bone volume. A mechanical device, the alveolar distraction device, is used for this purpose. This modality of treatment can be used in implant dentistry cases for rehabilitation of resorbed ridges. The objective of this overview is to explain this procedure wherein the alveolar housing, including the osseous and soft-tissue components, is enlarged in a single, simultaneous process, which makes creation of an appropriate alveolar morphology possible.

Contribución al flujo infrarrojo de las estrellas Be de la recombinación dielectrónica del MgII

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cruzado, A.; di Rocco, H.; Ringuelet, A.

Para evaluar la contribución del proceso de recombinación dielectrónica del átomo de MgII al exceso de flujo infrarrojo observado en las estrellas Be, calculamos la energía emitida en las líneas originadas por este proceso. Se evaluaron los efectos de las condiciones físicas del medio, como la temperatura electrónica y la densidad electrónica, sobre el flujo emitido. Se consideró también la influencia de una posible opacidad.

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages.

PubMed

Nayak, Deepak K; Mendez, Oscar; Bowen, Sara; Mohanakumar, Thalachallour

2018-04-20

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and their important role in lung development and function, as well as their lung-localized responses to infection and inflammation. To date, no unified method for identification, isolation, and handling of alveolar macrophages from humans and mice exists. Such a method is needed for studies on these important innate immune cells in various experimental settings. The method described here, which can be easily adopted by any laboratory, is a simplified approach to harvesting alveolar macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or from lung tissue and maintaining them in vitro. Because alveolar macrophages primarily occur as adherent cells in the alveoli, the focus of this method is on dislodging them prior to harvest and identification. The lung is a highly vascularized organ, and various cell types of myeloid and lymphoid origin inhabit, interact, and are influenced by the lung microenvironment. By using the set of surface markers described here, researchers can easily and unambiguously distinguish alveolar macrophages from other leukocytes, and purify them for downstream applications. The culture method developed herein supports both human and mouse alveolar macrophages for in vitro growth, and is compatible with cellular and molecular studies.

Tongue-Palate Contact of Perceptually Acceptable Alveolar Stops

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lee, Alice; Gibbon, Fiona E.; O'Donovan, Cliona

2013-01-01

Increased tongue-palate contact for perceptually acceptable alveolar stops has been observed in children with speech sound disorders (SSD). This is a retrospective study that further investigated this issue by using quantitative measures to compare the target alveolar stops /t/, /d/ and /n/ produced in words by nine children with SSD (20 tokens of…

A novel visually CO2 controlled alveolar breath sampling technique.

PubMed

Birken, Thomas; Schubert, Jochen; Miekisch, Wolfram; Nöldge-Schomburg, Gabriele

2006-01-01

A crucial issue in the analysis of exhaled breath is the collection of gaseous samples. The analysis of pure alveolar gas is the method of choice if contamination of samples is to be minimized. Monitoring of expired CO2 can be used to identify alveolar gas. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a bed side version of this technique using visual CO2 control by means of a capnometer. 22 mechanically ventilated patients of an ICU were enrolled into the study. Alveolar and mixed expiratory gas, and arterial blood were sampled. PCO2 in blood and gas was determined in a blood gas analyzer. End tidal PCO2 was monitored in all patients by a fast responding main stream capnometry. Taking the gaseous samples was visually synchronized with the expired CO2. Alveolar CO2 contents measured during two different respiratory cycles were identical (p 0.86). The variation of the CO2 content during 10 measurements in one patient was lower than 4%. Arterial PCO2, PCO2 in alveolar gas and end tidal PCO2 showed positive correlation. The visually CO2-controlled sampling technique of alveolar gas is a reliable and reproducible method. It represents an important step in simplifying and standardizing breath analysis.

Chloride transport-driven alveolar fluid secretion is a major contributor to cardiogenic lung edema

PubMed Central

Solymosi, Esther A.; Kaestle-Gembardt, Stefanie M.; Vadász, István; Wang, Liming; Neye, Nils; Chupin, Cécile Julie Adrienne; Rozowsky, Simon; Ruehl, Ramona; Tabuchi, Arata; Schulz, Holger; Kapus, Andras; Morty, Rory E.; Kuebler, Wolfgang M.

2013-01-01

Alveolar fluid clearance driven by active epithelial Na+ and secondary Cl− absorption counteracts edema formation in the intact lung. Recently, we showed that impairment of alveolar fluid clearance because of inhibition of epithelial Na+ channels (ENaCs) promotes cardiogenic lung edema. Concomitantly, we observed a reversal of alveolar fluid clearance, suggesting that reversed transepithelial ion transport may promote lung edema by driving active alveolar fluid secretion. We, therefore, hypothesized that alveolar ion and fluid secretion may constitute a pathomechanism in lung edema and aimed to identify underlying molecular pathways. In isolated perfused lungs, alveolar fluid clearance and secretion were determined by a double-indicator dilution technique. Transepithelial Cl− secretion and alveolar Cl− influx were quantified by radionuclide tracing and alveolar Cl− imaging, respectively. Elevated hydrostatic pressure induced ouabain-sensitive alveolar fluid secretion that coincided with transepithelial Cl− secretion and alveolar Cl− influx. Inhibition of either cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) or Na+-K+-Cl− cotransporters (NKCC) blocked alveolar fluid secretion, and lungs of CFTR−/− mice were protected from hydrostatic edema. Inhibition of ENaC by amiloride reproduced alveolar fluid and Cl− secretion that were again CFTR-, NKCC-, and Na+-K+-ATPase–dependent. Our findings show a reversal of transepithelial Cl− and fluid flux from absorptive to secretory mode at hydrostatic stress. Alveolar Cl− and fluid secretion are triggered by ENaC inhibition and mediated by NKCC and CFTR. Our results characterize an innovative mechanism of cardiogenic edema formation and identify NKCC1 as a unique therapeutic target in cardiogenic lung edema. PMID:23645634

Modeling Alveolar Epithelial Cell Behavior In Spatially Designed Hydrogel Microenvironments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lewis, Katherine Jean Reeder

The alveolar epithelium consists of two cell phenotypes, elongated alveolar type I cells (AT1) and rounded alveolar type II cells (ATII), and exists in a complex three-dimensional environment as a polarized cell layer attached to a thin basement membrane and enclosing a roughly spherical lumen. Closely surrounding the alveolar cysts are capillary endothelial cells as well as interstitial pulmonary fibroblasts. Many factors are thought to influence alveolar epithelial cell differentiation during lung development and wound repair, including physical and biochemical signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM), and paracrine signals from the surrounding mesenchyme. In particular, disrupted signaling between the alveolar epithelium and local fibroblasts has been implicated in the progression of several pulmonary diseases. However, given the complexity of alveolar tissue architecture and the multitude of signaling pathways involved, designing appropriate experimental platforms for this biological system has been difficult. In order to isolate key factors regulating cellular behavior, the researcher ideally should have control over biophysical properties of the ECM, as well as the ability to organize multiple cell types within the scaffold. This thesis aimed to develop a 3D synthetic hydrogel platform to control alveolar epithelial cyst formation, which could then be used to explore how extracellular cues influence cell behavior in a tissue-relevant cellular arrangement. To accomplish this, a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel network containing enzymatically-degradable crosslinks and bioadhesive pendant peptides was employed as a base material for encapsulating primary alveolar epithelial cells. First, an array of microwells of various cross-sectional shapes was photopatterned into a PEG gel containing photo-labile crosslinks, and primary ATII cells were seeded into the wells to examine the role of geometric confinement on differentiation and multicellular arrangement

The axonal guidance cue semaphorin 3C contributes to alveolar growth and repair.

PubMed

Vadivel, Arul; Alphonse, Rajesh S; Collins, Jennifer J P; van Haaften, Tim; O'Reilly, Megan; Eaton, Farah; Thébaud, Bernard

2013-01-01

Lung diseases characterized by alveolar damage such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in premature infants and emphysema lack efficient treatments. Understanding the mechanisms contributing to normal and impaired alveolar growth and repair may identify new therapeutic targets for these lung diseases. Axonal guidance cues are molecules that guide the outgrowth of axons. Amongst these axonal guidance cues, members of the Semaphorin family, in particular Semaphorin 3C (Sema3C), contribute to early lung branching morphogenesis. The role of Sema3C during alveolar growth and repair is unknown. We hypothesized that Sema3C promotes alveolar development and repair. In vivo Sema3C knock down using intranasal siRNA during the postnatal stage of alveolar development in rats caused significant air space enlargement reminiscent of BPD. Sema3C knock down was associated with increased TLR3 expression and lung inflammatory cells influx. In a model of O2-induced arrested alveolar growth in newborn rats mimicking BPD, air space enlargement was associated with decreased lung Sema3C mRNA expression. In vitro, Sema3C treatment preserved alveolar epithelial cell viability in hyperoxia and accelerated alveolar epithelial cell wound healing. Sema3C preserved lung microvascular endothelial cell vascular network formation in vitro under hyperoxic conditions. In vivo, Sema3C treatment of hyperoxic rats decreased lung neutrophil influx and preserved alveolar and lung vascular growth. Sema3C also preserved lung plexinA2 and Sema3C expression, alveolar epithelial cell proliferation and decreased lung apoptosis. In conclusion, the axonal guidance cue Sema3C promotes normal alveolar growth and may be worthwhile further investigating as a potential therapeutic target for lung repair.

[Intra-alveolar hemorrhage: rare presentation of fat pulmonary embolism].

PubMed

Ketata, W; Msaad, S; Bahloul, N; Marouen, F; Ayoub, A

2010-11-01

Fat embolism syndrome is a severe complication of long bone fractures, corresponding to the obstruction of small vessels by microdroplets of fat, originating from medulla ossium. Pulmonary involvement, present in 90% cases, makes the severity of the disease. We report the case of a 22-year-old man who presented, two days after industrial accident causing an opened tibial fracture, acute dyspnea with hemoptysis. Angio-CT-scan didn't show any proximal vascular obstruction, but parenchymal sections showed diffuse, bilateral and multifocal hyperdensities predominating at the periphery. Broncho-alveolar lavage brought a hemorrhagic liquid, with a high macrophage content and lipid inclusions in macrophages. Exams for the etiologic diagnosis of intra-alveolar hemorrhage were negative: renal function, 24-hour proteinuria, antinuclear antibodies, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. The diagnosis of intra-alveolar hemorrhage secondary to fat embolism was established. The outcome was spontaneously favorable. The occurrence of intra-alveolar hemorrhage in the course fat embolism is rarely reported. Its pathogenic mechanisms are not understood. It is mandatory to eliminate the other causes of alveolar hemorrhage before holding the diagnosis of fat embolism. Treatment is only symptomatic, based on respiratory reanimation. Copyright © 2010 SPLF. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Low Levels of IGF-1 Contribute to Alveolar Macrophage Dysfunction in Cystic Fibrosis1

PubMed Central

Bessich, Jamie L.; Nymon, Amanda B.; Moulton, Lisa A; Dorman, Dana; Ashare, Alix

2013-01-01

Alveolar macrophages are major contributors to lung innate immunity. Although alveolar macrophages from CFTR−/− mice have impaired function, no study has investigated primary alveolar macrophages in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF). CF patients have low levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and our prior studies demonstrate a relationship between IGF-1 and macrophage function. We hypothesize that reduced IGF-1 in CF leads to impaired alveolar macrophage function and chronic infections. Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were obtained from 8 CF subjects and 8 healthy subjects. Macrophages were isolated from BAL fluid. We measured the ability of alveolar macrophages to kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Subsequently, macrophages were incubated with IGF-1 prior to inoculation with bacteria to determine the effect of IGF-1 on bacterial killing. We found a significant decrease in bacterial killing by CF alveolar macrophages compared to controls. CF subjects had lower serum and BAL IGF-1 levels compared to healthy controls. Exposure to IGF-1 enhanced alveolar macrophage macrophages in both groups. Finally, exposing healthy alveolar macrophages to CF BAL fluid decreased bacterial killing, and this was reversed by the addition of IGF-1, while IGF-1 blockade worsened bacterial killing. Our studies demonstrate that alveolar macrophage function is impaired in patients with CF. Reductions in IGF-1 levels in CF contribute to the impaired alveolar macrophage function. Exposure to IGF-1 ex vivo, results in improved function of CF alveolar macrophages. Further studies are needed to determine whether alveolar macrophage function can be enhanced in vivo with IGF-1 treatment. PMID:23698746

Alveolar proteinosis associated with aluminium dust inhalation.

PubMed

Chew, R; Nigam, S; Sivakumaran, P

2016-08-01

Secondary alveolar proteinosis is a rare lung disease which may be triggered by a variety of inhaled particles. The diagnosis is made by detection of anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor antibodies in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, which appears milky white and contains lamellar bodies. Aluminium has been suggested as a possible cause, but there is little evidence in the literature to support this assertion. We report the case of a 46-year-old former boilermaker and boat builder who developed secondary alveolar proteinosis following sustained heavy aluminium exposure. The presence of aluminium was confirmed both by histological examination and metallurgical analysis of a mediastinal lymph node. Despite cessation of exposure to aluminium and treatment with whole-lung lavage which normally results in improvements in both symptoms and lung function, the outcome was poor and novel therapies are now being used for this patient. It may be that the natural history in aluminium-related alveolar proteinosis is different, with the metal playing a mediating role in the disease process. Our case further supports the link between aluminium and secondary alveolar proteinosis and highlights the need for measures to prevent excessive aluminium inhalation in relevant industries. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Occupational Medicine. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Understanding the developmental pathways pulmonary fibroblasts may follow during alveolar regeneration.

PubMed

McGowan, Stephen

2017-03-01

Although pulmonary alveolar interstitial fibroblasts are less specialized than their epithelial and endothelial neighbors, they play essential roles during development and in response to lung injury. At birth, they must adapt to the sudden mechanical changes imposed by the onset of respiration and to a higher ambient oxygen concentration. In diseases such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia and interstitial fibrosis, their adaptive responses are overwhelmed leading to compromised gas-exchange function. Thus, although fibroblasts do not directly participate in gas-exchange, they are essential for creating and maintaining an optimal environment at the alveolar epithelial-endothelial interface. This review summarizes new information and concepts about the ontogeny differentiation, and function of alveolar fibroblasts. Alveolar development will be emphasized, because the development of strategies to evoke alveolar repair and regeneration hinges on thoroughly understanding the way that resident fibroblasts populate specific locations in which extracellular matrix must be produced and remodeled. Other recent reviews have described the disruption that diseases cause to the fibroblast niche and so my objective is to illustrate how the unique developmental origins and differentiation pathways could be harnessed favorably to augment certain fibroblast subpopulations and to optimize the conditions for alveolar regeneration.

Three-dimensional analysis of alveolar wall destruction in the early stage of pulmonary emphysema.

PubMed

Kobayashi, Yukihiro; Uehara, Takeshi; Kawasaki, Kenji; Sugano, Mitsutoshi; Matsumoto, Takehisa; Matsumoto, Gou; Honda, Takayuki

2015-03-01

The morphological mechanism of alveolar wall destruction during pulmonary emphysema has not been clarified. The aim of this study was to elucidate this process three-dimensionally. Lung specimens from five patients with pulmonary emphysema were used, and five controls with normal alveolar structure were also examined. Sections 150 μm thick were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, elastica, and silver impregnation, and immunostained with selected antibodies. We examined these sections three-dimensionally using a laser confocal microscope and a light microscope. There were only a few Kohn's pores and no fenestrae in the normal alveoli from the controls. In the lungs of the emphysema patients a small rupture appeared in the extremely thin alveolar wall among the alveolar capillaries. This rupture enlarged to form a circle surrounded by the capillaries, which was called an alveolar fenestra. Two neighboring fenestrae fused by breakdown of the collapsed or cord-like capillary between them to form a large fenestra. The large fenestrae fused repeatedly to become larger, and these were bordered by thick elastic fibers constructing an alveolar framework. Alveolar wall destruction during emphysema could start from small ruptures of the alveolar wall that become fenestrae surrounded by capillaries, which fuse repeatedly to become larger fenestrae rimmed with elastic fibers. The alveolar capillary network could initially prevent enlargement of the fenestrae, and the thick elastic fibers constituting the alveolar framework could secondarily prevent destruction of the alveolar wall structure. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Mechanisms of alveolar fibrosis after acute lung injury.

PubMed

Marinelli, W A; Henke, C A; Harmon, K R; Hertz, M I; Bitterman, P B

1990-12-01

In patients who die after severe acute lung injury, a dramatic fibroproliferative response occurs within the alveolar air space, interstitium, and microvessels. Profound shunt physiology, dead space ventilation, and pulmonary hypertension are the physiologic consequences of this fibroproliferative response. The anatomic pattern of the response is unique within each alveolar compartment. For example, the air space is obliterated by granulation tissue, with replicating mesenchymal cells, their connective tissue products, and an expanding network of intra-alveolar capillaries. In contrast, the vascular fibroproliferative response is dominated by mesenchymal cell replication and connective tissue deposition within the walls of microvessels. Despite the unique anatomic features of these fibroproliferative processes, the regulatory signals involved are likely to be similar. Although our current understanding of the signals regulating the fibroproliferative response to acute lung injury is limited, inferences can be made from in vitro studies of mesenchymal cell behavior and several better understood fibroproliferative processes, including wound healing and chronic fibrotic lung diseases. As clinicians, our future ability to enhance effective lung repair will likely utilize therapeutic strategies specifically targeted to the signals that regulate the fibroproliferative process within the alveolar microenvironment.

Alveolar soft part sarcoma causing perianal abscess.

PubMed

Sullivan, Niall; McCulloch, Tom; Leverton, David

2011-07-01

A 34-year-old woman presented with a perianal abscess that communicated with the vagina. There was a background of a one-year history of a conservatively treated, traumatic, paravaginal haematoma. Histology of the fistula tract showed alveolar soft part sarcoma and subsequent imaging identified a large soft tissue mass in the pelvis with lung metastases. Alveolar soft part sarcoma is a rare soft tissue sarcoma of unknown cellular origin affecting predominantly young women, often in deep soft tissues and lower extremities.

A contemporary perspective on techniques for the clinical assessment of alveolar bone

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hausmann, E.

1990-03-01

Radiographic techniques, traditional ones as well as newer ones under development, for clinically assessing alveolar bone are critically assessed. Traditional intraoral radiography is reexamined, in particular with regard to the accuracy with which the alveolar crest is seen. Evidence is presented for a more accurate representation of the alveolar crest on bitewings rather than periapical films. Application in periodontics of newer radiographic techniques, subtraction radiography, and single and dual photon aborptiometry presently under clinical development are discussed in regard to their potential and limitations. Similarly, radiopharmaceuticals to evaluate the metabolic status of alveolar bone are discussed as well as themore » potential for using analyses of gingival crevice fluid as a window for assessment of alveolar crest metabolism. 46 references.« less

Characterizing mutagenesis in the hprt gene of rat alveolar epithelial cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Driscoll, K.E.; Deyo, L.C.; Howard, B.W.

1995-12-31

A clonal selection assay was developed for mutation in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) gene of rat alveolar epithelial cells. Studies were conducted to establish methods for isolation and long-term culture of rat alveolar epithelial cells. When isolated by pronase digestion purified on a Nycodenz gradient and cultured in media containing 7.5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), pituitary extract, EGF, insulin, and IGF-1, rat alveolar epithelial cells could be maintained in culture for several weeks with cell doubling times of 2-4 days. The rat alveolar epithelial cell cultures were exposed in vitro to the mutagens ethylnitrosourea (ENU) and H{sub 2}O{sub 2},more » and mutation in the hprt gene was selected for by culture in the presence of the toxic purine analog, 6-thioguanine (6TG). In vitro exposure to ENU or H{sub 2}O produced a dose-dependent increase in hprt mutation frequency in the alveolar epithelial cells. To determine if the assay system could be used to evaluate mutagenesis in alveolar type II cells after in vivo mutagen or carcinogen exposure, cells were isolated from rats treated previously with ENU or {alpha}-quartz. A significant increase in hprt mutation frequency was detected in alveolar epithelial cells obtained from rats exposed to ENU or {alpha}-quartz; the latter observation is the first demonstration that crystalline silica exposure is mutagenic in vivo. In summary, these studies show that rat alveolar epithelial cells isolated by pronase digestion and Nycodenz separation techniques and cultured in a defined media can be used in a clonal selection assay for mutation in the hprt gene. This assay demonstrates that ENU and H{sub 2}O{sub 2} in vitro and ENU and {alpha}-quartz in vivo are mutagenic for rat alveolar epithelial cells. This model should be useful for investigating the genotoxic effects of chemical and physical agents on an important lung cell target for neoplastic transformation. 41 refs., 4 figs., 3 tabs.« less

Alveolar Edema Fluid Clearance and Acute Lung Injury

PubMed Central

Berthiaume, Yves; Matthay, Michael A.

2009-01-01

Although lung-protective ventilation strategies have substantially reduced mortality of acute lung injury patients there is still a need for new therapies that can further decrease mortality in patients with acute lung injury. Studies of epithelial ion and fluid transport across the distal pulmonary epithelia have provided important new concepts regarding potential new therapies for acute lung injury. Overall, there is convincing evidence that the alveolar epithelium is not only a tight epithelial barrier that resists the movement of edema fluid into the alveoli, but it is also actively involved in the transport of ions and solutes, a process that is essential for edema fluid clearance and the resolution of acute lung injury. The objective of this article is to consider some areas of recent progress in the field of alveolar fluid transport under normal and pathologic conditions. Vectorial ion transport across the alveolar and distal airway epithelia is the primary determinant of alveolar fluid clearance. The general paradigm is that active Na+ and Cl− transport drives net alveolar fluid clearance, as demonstrated in several different species, including the human lung. Although these transport processes can be impaired in severe lung injury, multiple experimental studies suggest that upregulation of Na+ and Cl− transport might be an effective therapy in acute lung injury. We will review mechanisms involved in pharmacological modulation of ion transport in lung injury with a special focus on the use of β-adrenergic agonists which has generated considerable interest and is a promising therapy for clinical acute lung injury. PMID:17604701

ALVEOLAR BREATH SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS IN HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT STUDIES

EPA Science Inventory

Alveolar breath sampling and analysis can be extremely useful in exposure assessment studies involving volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Over recent years scientists from the EPA's National Exposure Research Laboratory have developed and refined an alveolar breath collection ...

Is alveolar hydatid disease of the liver incurable?

PubMed Central

Mosimann, F

1980-01-01

The etiologic agent of alveolar hydatid disease is Echinococcus multilocularis. Infestation of the liver by the larvae of this Cestode results in an infiltrative mass that behaves biologically very much like a malignant tumor. From 1955 to 1978, 13 patients with alveolar hydatid disease of the liver were investigated, operated and followed at the University Medical Center of Lausanne, Switzerland. Due to the extension of the lesions, six patients had exploratory laparotomy with biopsy only; the other seven were submitted to hepatic resection. Follow-up demonstrated that the disease progresses slowly and that a resection, even if incomplete, can afford long-lasting relief. However the present data suggest that surgical cure of alveolar hydatid disease must be very rare. Images Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. PMID:7406556

Mean alveolar bone crest height decrement in subjects with an osteoporosis risk

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Effrianto, H. P. S.; Priminiarti, M.; Makes, B. N.

2017-08-01

People 40-75 years of age have an osteoporosis risk that may be signaled by a decrease in alveolar bone crest height. Thus, this measure can be used as an indicator of osteoporosis risk. This study was conducted to provide a database of decreased alveolar bone crest heights in ages at risk of osteoporosis by using intraoral radiographs. Forty periapical radiographs of the posterior region of tooth 36 (or 46) were measured twice at different times by two different observers. The interproximal decrease in alveolar bone crest height was measured from the alveolar bone crest to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) for each tooth on the mesial and distal sides using a ruler (mm). The mean decrease in alveolar bone crest height in at-risk ages for osteoporosis was 3.50±1.085 mm, with a mean of 3.15±0.864 mm for those 45-59 years of age, and 3.90±1.156 mm for those aged 60-75 years. The mean decrease in alveolar bone crest height in people 60-75 years of age was larger than in people 45-59 years of age. There was a medium correlation between age and decreased alveolar bone crest height.

[Post mortem investigation of alveolar air in forensic practice].

PubMed

Bauer, Miroslav; Bauerová, Jiřina; Šikuta, Ján; Šidlo, Jozef

Exhaled air from biological materials is used for the purpose of toxicologico-chemical analysis particularly in detecting of alcohol influence in traffic or within a working process. Similarly, still a more and more actual requirement seems to be a necessity to analyse alveolar air from necroptic material. This necessity is emphasised not only by the fact, that inhalant intoxications in the form of poisoning represent their substantial part, but also a demand to evidence exactly a noxious agent both specifically and also in at least two materials. And particularly this is sometimes a subject to search for evidence in alveolar air. The authors present their authors certificates for Isolation of alveolar air from autopsy material, issued by the Office for Patents and Inventions in Prague, verified in practice, both by destruction of lung tissue, both the evacuation of alveolar air into a defined volume, hermetically closed space that is used for the toxicological analysis of gaseous and volatile xenobiotics. They propose experimentally verified procedures and conditions obtained by time-consuming examination. To isolation procedures were subjected an adequate number of lung lobes from lungs removed in 201 autopsy cases. The authors practically tested the presupposed amount of alveolar air in individuals according to gender and age. Gradually they have validated various prototypes and optimization methods and their application in solving particular inhaled lethal intoxications and deaths in the irrespirable environment.

A basic review on the inferior alveolar nerve block techniques.

PubMed

Khalil, Hesham

2014-01-01

The inferior alveolar nerve block is the most common injection technique used in dentistry and many modifications of the conventional nerve block have been recently described in the literature. Selecting the best technique by the dentist or surgeon depends on many factors including the success rate and complications related to the selected technique. Dentists should be aware of the available current modifications of the inferior alveolar nerve block techniques in order to effectively choose between these modifications. Some operators may encounter difficulty in identifying the anatomical landmarks which are useful in applying the inferior alveolar nerve block and rely instead on assumptions as to where the needle should be positioned. Such assumptions can lead to failure and the failure rate of inferior alveolar nerve block has been reported to be 20-25% which is considered very high. In this basic review, the anatomical details of the inferior alveolar nerve will be given together with a description of its both conventional and modified blocking techniques; in addition, an overview of the complications which may result from the application of this important technique will be mentioned.

A basic review on the inferior alveolar nerve block techniques

PubMed Central

Khalil, Hesham

2014-01-01

The inferior alveolar nerve block is the most common injection technique used in dentistry and many modifications of the conventional nerve block have been recently described in the literature. Selecting the best technique by the dentist or surgeon depends on many factors including the success rate and complications related to the selected technique. Dentists should be aware of the available current modifications of the inferior alveolar nerve block techniques in order to effectively choose between these modifications. Some operators may encounter difficulty in identifying the anatomical landmarks which are useful in applying the inferior alveolar nerve block and rely instead on assumptions as to where the needle should be positioned. Such assumptions can lead to failure and the failure rate of inferior alveolar nerve block has been reported to be 20-25% which is considered very high. In this basic review, the anatomical details of the inferior alveolar nerve will be given together with a description of its both conventional and modified blocking techniques; in addition, an overview of the complications which may result from the application of this important technique will be mentioned. PMID:25886095

Monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages drive lung fibrosis and persist in the lung over the life span

PubMed Central

Morales-Nebreda, Luisa; Cuda, Carla M.; Walter, James M.; Chen, Ching-I; Anekalla, Kishore R.; Joshi, Nikita; Williams, Kinola J.N.; Abdala-Valencia, Hiam; Yacoub, Tyrone J.; Chi, Monica; Gates, Khalilah; Homan, Philip J.; Soberanes, Saul; Dominguez, Salina; Saber, Rana; Hinchcliff, Monique; Marshall, Stacy A.; Bharat, Ankit; Berdnikovs, Sergejs; Bhorade, Sangeeta M.; Balch, William E.; Chandel, Navdeep S.; Jain, Manu; Ridge, Karen M.; Bagheri, Neda; Shilatifard, Ali

2017-01-01

Little is known about the relative importance of monocyte and tissue-resident macrophages in the development of lung fibrosis. We show that specific genetic deletion of monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages after their recruitment to the lung ameliorated lung fibrosis, whereas tissue-resident alveolar macrophages did not contribute to fibrosis. Using transcriptomic profiling of flow-sorted cells, we found that monocyte to alveolar macrophage differentiation unfolds continuously over the course of fibrosis and its resolution. During the fibrotic phase, monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages differ significantly from tissue-resident alveolar macrophages in their expression of profibrotic genes. A population of monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages persisted in the lung for one year after the resolution of fibrosis, where they became increasingly similar to tissue-resident alveolar macrophages. Human homologues of profibrotic genes expressed by mouse monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages during fibrosis were up-regulated in human alveolar macrophages from fibrotic compared with normal lungs. Our findings suggest that selectively targeting alveolar macrophage differentiation within the lung may ameliorate fibrosis without the adverse consequences associated with global monocyte or tissue-resident alveolar macrophage depletion. PMID:28694385

The effect of varying alveolar carbon dioxide levels on free recall.

PubMed

Marangoni, A H; Hurford, D P

1990-05-01

A recent study suggested that students who have increased minute ventilation receive poorer grades. The present study was interested in determining the role alveolar carbon dioxide (CO2) levels play with cognitive abilities. A free recall task was used to examine list learning under two conditions of alveolar CO2 level: normal and decreased. The results suggested that decreased alveolar CO2 level affect the participant's ability to rehearse and recall information. It was concluded that conditions that reduce alveolar CO2 levels, such as hyperventilation resulting from stress, nervousness, or inappropriate breathing habits, can lead to poorer learning. If these conditions produce a habitual breathing pattern, the academic performance of the individual may suffer.

Disruption of THY-1 signaling in alveolar lipofibroblasts in experimentally induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

PubMed

Friedmacher, Florian; Hofmann, Alejandro Daniel; Takahashi, Hiromizu; Takahashi, Toshiaki; Gosemann, Jan-Hendrik; Puri, Prem

2014-02-01

Pulmonary hypoplasia (PH), characterized by alveolar immaturity, remains the main cause of neonatal mortality and long-term morbidity in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Lipid-containing interstitial fibroblasts (LIFs) are critically important for normal alveolar development. Thymocyte antigen 1 (Thy-1) is a highly expressed cell-surface protein in this specific subset of lung fibroblasts, which plays a key role in fetal alveolarization by coordinating the differentiation and lipid homeostasis of alveolar LIFs. Thy-1 increases the lipid content of LIFs by upregulation of adipocyte differentiation-related protein (ADRP), a lipogenic molecular marker characterizing pulmonary LIFs. Thy-1 (-/-) mice further show impaired alveolar development with reduced proliferation of pulmonary LIFs, resulting in a PH-similar phenotype. We hypothesized that pulmonary Thy-1 signaling is disrupted in experimentally induced CDH, which may has an adverse effect on the lipid content of alveolar LIFs. Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with either 100 mg nitrofen or vehicle on embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5). Fetuses were killed on E21.5, and lungs were divided into controls (n = 14) and CDH-associated PH (n = 14). Pulmonary gene expression levels of Thy-1 and ADRP were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. ADRP immunohistochemistry and oil-red-O staining were used to localize alveolar LIF expression and lipid droplets. Immunofluorescence double staining for Thy-1 and oil-red-O was performed to evaluate Thy-1 expression and lipid content in alveolar LIFs. Radial alveolar count was significantly reduced in CDH-associated PH with significant downregulation of pulmonary Thy-1 and ADRP mRNA expression compared to controls. ADRP immunoreactivity and lipid droplets were markedly diminished in alveolar interstitial cells, which coincided with decreased alveolar LIF expression in CDH-associated PH compared to controls. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed

Alveolar Thin Layer Flows and Surfactant Dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roumie, Ahmad; Jbaily, Abdulrahman; Szeri, Andrew J.

2017-11-01

Pulmonary surfactants play a vital role in everyday respiration. They regulate surface tension in the lungs by diffusing through the hypophase, a liquid layer that lines the interior surface of the alveoli, and adsorbing to the existing air-fluid interface. This decreases the equilibrium surface tension value by as much as a factor of 3, minimizing breathing effort and preventing lung collapse at the end of exhalation. Given that the hypophase thickness h lies within the range 0.1 μm < h <0.5 μm , and that the average alveolar radius R is 100 μm , for some purposes the hypophase may usefully be modeled as a fluid layer on a flat sheet representing the alveolar wall. Moreover, because of the large aspect ratio, the lubrication approximation can be applied. The aim of the present work is to study the interaction between the straining of the alveolar wall and the fluid flow in the hypophase. The analysis is governed by the relative magnitudes of the time scales of surfactant diffusion, adsorption, desorption, viscous dissipation and sheet straining. Cases of particular interest include non-uniform surfactant concentration at the interface, leading to Marangoni flows and a non-uniform hypophase thickness profile. The analytical formulation and numerical simulations are presented. This work is motivated by a need to understand alveolar deformation during breathing, and to do so in a way that derives from improved understanding of the fluid mechanics of the problem.

An automatic early stage alveolar-bone-resorption evaluation method on digital dental panoramic radiographs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Min; Katsumata, Akitoshi; Muramatsu, Chisako; Hara, Takeshi; Suzuki, Hiroki; Fujita, Hiroshi

2014-03-01

Periodontal disease is a kind of typical dental diseases, which affects many adults. The presence of alveolar bone resorption, which can be observed from dental panoramic radiographs, is one of the most important signs of the progression of periodontal disease. Automatically evaluating alveolar-bone resorption is of important clinic meaning in dental radiology. The purpose of this study was to propose a novel system for automated alveolar-bone-resorption evaluation from digital dental panoramic radiographs for the first time. The proposed system enables visualization and quantitative evaluation of alveolar bone resorption degree surrounding the teeth. It has the following procedures: (1) pre-processing for a test image; (2) detection of tooth root apices with Gabor filter and curve fitting for the root apex line; (3) detection of features related with alveolar bone by using image phase congruency map and template matching and curving fitting for the alveolar line; (4) detection of occlusion line with selected Gabor filter; (5) finally, evaluation of the quantitative alveolar-bone-resorption degree in the area surrounding teeth by simply computing the average ratio of the height of the alveolar bone and the height of the teeth. The proposed scheme was applied to 30 patient cases of digital panoramic radiographs, with alveolar bone resorption of different stages. Our initial trial on these test cases indicates that the quantitative evaluation results are correlated with the alveolar-boneresorption degree, although the performance still needs further improvement. Therefore it has potential clinical practicability.

Disseminated alveolar echinococcosis resembling metastatic malignancy: a case report.

PubMed

Caire Nail, Laura; Rodríguez Reimundes, Ezequiel; Weibel Galluzzo, Christelle; Lebowitz, Dan; Ibrahim, Yasmine Lucile; Lobrinus, Johannes Alexander; Chappuis, François

2017-04-18

Alveolar echinococcosis is a potentially lethal zoonosis caused by larval forms of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. Humans are aberrant intermediate hosts who become infected by ingestion of egg-contaminated food or water or via physical contact with domestic or wild animals that carry the parasite in their small intestine. In humans, the disease usually affects the liver and can spread to other organs causing metastatic infiltration. In this report, we describe an advanced presentation of human alveolar echinococcosis mimicking metastatic malignancy. A 62-year-old white woman was evaluated for fever, jaundice, and abdominal pain, associated with significant weight loss. She lived in a rural area in Switzerland and used to eat wild forest fruits and mushrooms. She owned cats that used to hunt rodents. On physical examination, she appeared severely ill with cachexia, altered mental status, jaundice, and massive hepatomegaly. Laboratory tests showed cholestasis with preserved liver function. An abdominal computed tomography scan showed an enlarged liver with a huge cystic mass in the right lobe extending into the left lobe, infiltrating her hepatic hilum, causing intrahepatic bile duct dilation and occlusion of her right portal vein. A chest computed tomography scan showed multiple calcified bilateral pulmonary nodules. Her clinical and radiological presentation resembled an advanced neoplastic disease. Serologic tests for Echinococcus multilocularis were positive. The diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis was established on her past history of exposure, imaging, and serology results. Clinical presentation and radiologic imaging findings of disseminated alveolar echinococcosis can mimic metastatic malignancy, and diagnosis can be challenging in atypically advanced cases. As the incidence of human alveolar echinococcosis appears to be increasing in Europe and Switzerland, physicians should be aware of alveolar echinococcosis, its epidemiology, and its clinical

Variant Inferior Alveolar Nerves and Implications for Local Anesthesia

PubMed Central

Wolf, Kevin T.; Brokaw, Everett J.; Bell, Andrea; Joy, Anita

2016-01-01

A sound knowledge of anatomical variations that could be encountered during surgical procedures is helpful in avoiding surgical complications. The current article details anomalous morphology of inferior alveolar nerves encountered during routine dissection of the craniofacial region in the Gross Anatomy laboratory. We also report variations of the lingual nerves, associated with the inferior alveolar nerves. The variations were documented and a thorough review of literature was carried out. We focus on the variations themselves, and the clinical implications that these variations present. Thorough understanding of variant anatomy of the lingual and inferior alveolar nerves may determine the success of procedural anesthesia, the etiology of pathologic processes, and the avoidance of surgical misadventure. PMID:27269666

Biomimetics of fetal alveolar flow phenomena using microfluidics.

PubMed

Tenenbaum-Katan, Janna; Fishler, Rami; Rothen-Rutishauser, Barbara; Sznitman, Josué

2015-01-01

At the onset of life in utero, the respiratory system begins as a liquid-filled tubular organ and undergoes significant morphological changes during fetal development towards establishing a respiratory organ optimized for gas exchange. As airspace morphology evolves, respiratory alveolar flows have been hypothesized to exhibit evolving flow patterns. In the present study, we have investigated flow topologies during increasing phases of embryonic life within an anatomically inspired microfluidic device, reproducing real-scale features of fetal airways representative of three distinct phases of in utero gestation. Micro-particle image velocimetry measurements, supported by computational fluid dynamics simulations, reveal distinct respiratory alveolar flow patterns throughout different stages of fetal life. While attached, streamlined flows characterize the shallow structures of premature alveoli indicative of the onset of saccular stage, separated recirculating vortex flows become the signature of developed and extruded alveoli characteristic of the advanced stages of fetal development. To further mimic physiological aspects of the cellular environment of developing airways, our biomimetic devices integrate an alveolar epithelium using the A549 cell line, recreating a confluent monolayer that produces pulmonary surfactant. Overall, our in vitro biomimetic fetal airways model delivers a robust and reliable platform combining key features of alveolar morphology, flow patterns, and physiological aspects of fetal lungs developing in utero.

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis: review of Turkish reports.

PubMed Central

Ucan, E S; Keyf, A I; Aydilek, R; Yalcin, Z; Sebit, S; Kudu, M; Ok, U

1993-01-01

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is a rare disorder, only 173 cases having been reported worldwide. Fifty two cases from Turkey are reported, 49 of which have previously been described only in Turkish publications. The mean age of the patients was 27 (SD 12) years, 34 were male, and 10 were symptomless. In 40 of the 52 cases diagnosis was confirmed histopathologically. Nineteen cases were diagnosed in siblings. This high rate suggests that pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is a familial disease, which, though rare, is for unknown reasons most common in Turkey. Images PMID:8493634

Dressing for alveolopalatal wounds after alveolar bone grafting.

PubMed

Kondoh, Shoji; Matsuo, Kiyoshi; Yuzuriha, Shunsuke; Kikuchi, Nirou; Ban, Ryokuya

2003-09-01

Cotton gauze with alpha cyanoacrylate was used for alveolopalatal wound dressing after alveolar bone grafting to treat 93 alveolar clefts in 74 cleft patients to reduce mechanical injuries, tension for wound dehiscence, and adhesion of food remnants. T-shaped cotton gauze was put on the gingivoperiosteal flaps and was impregnated with cyanoacrylate. The procedure required no preoperative preparation and its intraoperative execution took less than 5 minutes. The gauze with cyanoacrylate was removed approximately 1 week after surgery. No infection was observed at any of the operational sites, but tiny fistulas developed at four of them. The mean bone graft score was 1.4 point. No complications such as thermal injury resulted from the use of cyanoacrylate. Gauze impregnated with cyanoacrylate proved to be a convenient and dependable dressing for alveolopalatal wounds resulting from gingivoperiosteoplasty for alveolar bone grafting.

Thrombin-induced contraction in alveolar epithelial cells probed by traction microscopy.

PubMed

Gavara, Núria; Sunyer, Raimon; Roca-Cusachs, Pere; Farré, Ramon; Rotger, Mar; Navajas, Daniel

2006-08-01

Contractile tension of alveolar epithelial cells plays a major role in the force balance that regulates the structural integrity of the alveolar barrier. The aim of this work was to study thrombin-induced contractile forces of alveolar epithelial cells. A549 alveolar epithelial cells were challenged with thrombin, and time course of contractile forces was measured by traction microscopy. The cells exhibited basal contraction with total force magnitude 55.0 +/- 12.0 nN (mean +/- SE, n = 12). Traction forces were exerted predominantly at the cell periphery and pointed to the cell center. Thrombin (1 U/ml) induced a fast and sustained 2.5-fold increase in traction forces, which maintained peripheral and centripetal distribution. Actin fluorescent staining revealed F-actin polymerization and enhancement of peripheral actin rim. Disruption of actin cytoskeleton with cytochalasin D (5 microM, 30 min) and inhibition of myosin light chain kinase with ML-7 (10 microM, 30 min) and Rho kinase with Y-27632 (10 microM, 30 min) markedly depressed basal contractile tone and abolished thrombin-induced cell contraction. Therefore, the contractile response of alveolar epithelial cells to the inflammatory agonist thrombin was mediated by actin cytoskeleton remodeling and actomyosin activation through myosin light chain kinase and Rho kinase signaling pathways. Thrombin-induced contractile tension might further impair alveolar epithelial barrier integrity in the injured lung.

High CO2 levels impair alveolar epithelial function independently of pH.

PubMed

Briva, Arturo; Vadász, István; Lecuona, Emilia; Welch, Lynn C; Chen, Jiwang; Dada, Laura A; Trejo, Humberto E; Dumasius, Vidas; Azzam, Zaher S; Myrianthefs, Pavlos M; Batlle, Daniel; Gruenbaum, Yosef; Sznajder, Jacob I

2007-11-28

In patients with acute respiratory failure, gas exchange is impaired due to the accumulation of fluid in the lung airspaces. This life-threatening syndrome is treated with mechanical ventilation, which is adjusted to maintain gas exchange, but can be associated with the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the lung. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a by-product of cellular energy utilization and its elimination is affected via alveolar epithelial cells. Signaling pathways sensitive to changes in CO2 levels were described in plants and neuronal mammalian cells. However, it has not been fully elucidated whether non-neuronal cells sense and respond to CO2. The Na,K-ATPase consumes approximately 40% of the cellular metabolism to maintain cell homeostasis. Our study examines the effects of increased pCO2 on the epithelial Na,K-ATPase a major contributor to alveolar fluid reabsorption which is a marker of alveolar epithelial function. We found that short-term increases in pCO2 impaired alveolar fluid reabsorption in rats. Also, we provide evidence that non-excitable, alveolar epithelial cells sense and respond to high levels of CO2, independently of extracellular and intracellular pH, by inhibiting Na,K-ATPase function, via activation of PKCzeta which phosphorylates the Na,K-ATPase, causing it to endocytose from the plasma membrane into intracellular pools. Our data suggest that alveolar epithelial cells, through which CO2 is eliminated in mammals, are highly sensitive to hypercapnia. Elevated CO2 levels impair alveolar epithelial function, independently of pH, which is relevant in patients with lung diseases and altered alveolar gas exchange.

Enhanced alveolar growth and remodeling in Guinea pigs raised at high altitude.

PubMed

Hsia, Connie C W; Carbayo, Juan J Polo; Yan, Xiao; Bellotto, Dennis J

2005-05-12

To examine the effects of chronic high altitude (HA) exposure on lung structure during somatic maturation, we raised male weanling guinea pigs at HA (3800m) for 1, 3, or 6 months, while their respective male littermates were simultaneously raised at low altitude (LA, 1200m). Under anaesthesia, airway pressure was measured at different lung volumes. The right lung was fixed at a constant airway pressure for morphometric analysis under light and electron microscopy. In animals raised at HA for 1 month, lung volume, alveolar surface area and alveolar-capillary blood volume (V(c)) were elevated above LA control values. Following 3-6 months of HA exposure, increases in lung volume and alveolar surface area persisted while the initial increase in V(c) normalized. Additional adaptation occurred, including a higher epithelial cell volume, septal tissue volume and capillary surface area, a lower alveolar duct volume and lower harmonic mean diffusion barrier resulting in higher membrane and lung diffusing capacities. These data demonstrate enhanced alveolar septal growth and progressive acinar remodeling during chronic HA exposure with long-term augmentation of alveolar dimensions as well as functional compensation in lung compliance and diffusive gas transport.

Cigarette Smoking Decreases Global MicroRNA Expression in Human Alveolar Macrophages

PubMed Central

Graff, Joel W.; Powers, Linda S.; Dickson, Anne M.; Kim, Jongkwang; Reisetter, Anna C.; Hassan, Ihab H.; Kremens, Karol; Gross, Thomas J.

2012-01-01

Human alveolar macrophages are critical components of the innate immune system. Cigarette smoking-induced changes in alveolar macrophage gene expression are linked to reduced resistance to pulmonary infections and to the development of emphysema/COPD. We hypothesized that microRNAs (miRNAs) could control, in part, the unique messenger RNA (mRNA) expression profiles found in alveolar macrophages of cigarette smokers. Activation of macrophages with different stimuli in vitro leads to a diverse range of M1 (inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) polarized phenotypes that are thought to mimic activated macrophages in distinct tissue environments. Microarray mRNA data indicated that smoking promoted an “inverse” M1 mRNA expression program, defined by decreased expression of M1-induced transcripts and increased expression of M1-repressed transcripts with few changes in M2-regulated transcripts. RT-PCR arrays identified altered expression of many miRNAs in alveolar macrophages of smokers and a decrease in global miRNA abundance. Stratification of human subjects suggested that the magnitude of the global decrease in miRNA abundance was associated with smoking history. We found that many of the miRNAs with reduced expression in alveolar macrophages of smokers were predicted to target mRNAs upregulated in alveolar macrophages of smokers. For example, miR-452 is predicted to target the transcript encoding MMP12, an important effector of smoking-related diseases. Experimental antagonism of miR-452 in differentiated monocytic cells resulted in increased expression of MMP12. The comprehensive mRNA and miRNA expression profiles described here provide insight into gene expression regulation that may underlie the adverse effects cigarette smoking has on alveolar macrophages. PMID:22952876

Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma.

PubMed

Jaber, Omar I; Kirby, Patricia A

2015-11-01

Alveolar soft part sarcoma is a rare neoplasm usually arising in the soft tissues of the lower limbs in adults and in the head and neck region in children. It presents primarily as a slowly growing mass or as metastatic disease. It is characterized by a specific chromosomal alteration, der(17)t(X:17)(p11:q25), resulting in fusion of the transcription factor E3 (TFE3) with alveolar soft part sarcoma critical region 1 (ASPSCR1) at 17q25. This translocation is diagnostically useful because the tumor nuclei are positive for TFE3 by immunohistochemistry. Real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect the ASPSCR1-TFE3 fusion transcript on paraffin-embedded tissue blocks has been shown to be more sensitive and specific than detection of TFE3 by immunohistochemical stain. Cathepsin K is a relatively recent immunohistochemical stain that can aid in the diagnosis. The recent discovery of the role of the ASPSCR1-TFE3 fusion protein in the MET proto-oncogene signaling pathway promoting angiogenesis and cell proliferation offers a promising targeted molecular therapy.

Estimation of changes in alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient induced by hypoxia.

PubMed

Hoffstein, V; Duguid, N; Zamel, N; Rebuck, A S

1984-11-01

The alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference provides a useful clinical indication of ventilation-blood flow mismatching in the lungs. In some clinical situations involving alveolar hypoxia (e.g., patients with chronic obstructive lung disease flying in commercial aircraft or normal humans at high altitudes) it would be useful to know this tension difference to predict the likely arterial PO2 under such potentially stressful conditions. Such estimates would require multiple arterial punctures performed under a variety of trying circumstances, conditions usually far distant from a suitable analytic facility. Consequently, we induced controlled hypoxia in 23 healthy humans and calculated changes in the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference during the hypoxic challenge test. We plotted this difference as a function of the alveolar oxygen tension over a range from 35 to 110 mm Hg. In addition to a series of control studies in which multiple arterial blood samples were obtained, we calculated arterial PO2 by converting the arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (measured with an ear oximeter) into partial pressure of oxygen. During hypoxic procedures in which levels of oxygenation fell on the steep section of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, fixing PCO2 at constant predetermined levels allowed accurate predictions of arterial PO2. We were able to demonstrate that the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference narrowed with decreasing alveolar oxygen tension, and that measurement with an ear oximeter provided data that allowed a reasonable estimate of the tension difference during hypoxic conditions.

Endoscopic sensing of alveolar pH.

PubMed

Choudhury, D; Tanner, M G; McAughtrie, S; Yu, F; Mills, B; Choudhary, T R; Seth, S; Craven, T H; Stone, J M; Mati, I K; Campbell, C J; Bradley, M; Williams, C K I; Dhaliwal, K; Birks, T A; Thomson, R R

2017-01-01

Previously unobtainable measurements of alveolar pH were obtained using an endoscope-deployable optrode. The pH sensing was achieved using functionalized gold nanoshell sensors and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The optrode consisted of an asymmetric dual-core optical fiber designed for spatially separating the optical pump delivery and signal collection, in order to circumvent the unwanted Raman signal generated within the fiber. Using this approach, we demonstrate a ~100-fold increase in SERS signal-to-fiber background ratio, and demonstrate multiple site pH sensing with a measurement accuracy of ± 0.07 pH units in the respiratory acini of an ex vivo ovine lung model. We also demonstrate that alveolar pH changes in response to ventilation.

Endoscopic sensing of alveolar pH

PubMed Central

Choudhury, D.; Tanner, M. G.; McAughtrie, S.; Yu, F.; Mills, B.; Choudhary, T. R.; Seth, S.; Craven, T. H.; Stone, J. M.; Mati, I. K.; Campbell, C. J.; Bradley, M.; Williams, C. K. I.; Dhaliwal, K.; Birks, T. A.; Thomson, R. R.

2016-01-01

Previously unobtainable measurements of alveolar pH were obtained using an endoscope-deployable optrode. The pH sensing was achieved using functionalized gold nanoshell sensors and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The optrode consisted of an asymmetric dual-core optical fiber designed for spatially separating the optical pump delivery and signal collection, in order to circumvent the unwanted Raman signal generated within the fiber. Using this approach, we demonstrate a ~100-fold increase in SERS signal-to-fiber background ratio, and demonstrate multiple site pH sensing with a measurement accuracy of ± 0.07 pH units in the respiratory acini of an ex vivo ovine lung model. We also demonstrate that alveolar pH changes in response to ventilation. PMID:28101415

CFTR is required for maximal transepithelial liquid transport in pig alveolar epithelia.

PubMed

Li, Xiaopeng; Comellas, Alejandro P; Karp, Philip H; Ernst, Sarah E; Moninger, Thomas O; Gansemer, Nicholas D; Taft, Peter J; Pezzulo, Alejandro A; Rector, Michael V; Rossen, Nathan; Stoltz, David A; McCray, Paul B; Welsh, Michael J; Zabner, Joseph

2012-07-01

A balance between alveolar liquid absorption and secretion is critical for maintaining optimal alveolar subphase liquid height and facilitating gas exchange in the alveolar space. However, the role of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator protein (CFTR) in this homeostatic process has remained elusive. Using a newly developed porcine model of cystic fibrosis, in which CFTR is absent, we investigated ion transport properties and alveolar liquid transport in isolated type II alveolar epithelial cells (T2AECs) cultured at the air-liquid interface. CFTR was distributed exclusively to the apical surface of cultured T2AECs. Alveolar epithelia from CFTR(-/-) pigs failed to increase liquid absorption in response to agents that increase cAMP, whereas cAMP-stimulated liquid absorption in CFTR(+/-) epithelia was similar to that in CFTR(+/+) epithelia. Expression of recombinant CFTR restored stimulated liquid absorption in CFTR(-/-) T2AECs but had no effect on CFTR(+/+) epithelia. In ex vivo studies of nonperfused lungs, stimulated liquid absorption was defective in CFTR(-/-) alveolar epithelia but similar between CFTR(+/+) and CFTR(+/-) epithelia. When epithelia were studied at the air-liquid interface, elevating cAMP levels increased subphase liquid height in CFTR(+/+) but not in CFTR(-/-) T2AECs. Our findings demonstrate that CFTR is required for maximal liquid absorption under cAMP stimulation, but it is not the rate-limiting factor. Furthermore, our data define a role for CFTR in liquid secretion by T2AECs. These insights may help to develop new treatment strategies for pulmonary edema and respiratory distress syndrome, diseases in which lung liquid transport is disrupted.

Correlation between alveolar ventilation and electrical properties of lung parenchyma.

PubMed

Roth, Christian J; Ehrl, Andreas; Becher, Tobias; Frerichs, Inéz; Schittny, Johannes C; Weiler, Norbert; Wall, Wolfgang A

2015-06-01

One key problem in modern medical imaging is linking measured data and actual physiological quantities. In this article we derive such a link between the electrical bioimpedance of lung parenchyma, which can be measured by electrical impedance tomography (EIT), and the magnitude of regional ventilation, a key to understanding lung mechanics and developing novel protective ventilation strategies. Two rat-derived three-dimensional alveolar microstructures obtained from synchrotron-based x-ray tomography are each exposed to a constant potential difference for different states of ventilation in a finite element simulation. While the alveolar wall volume remains constant during stretch, the enclosed air volume varies, similar to the lung volume during ventilation. The enclosed air, serving as insulator in the alveolar ensemble, determines the resulting current and accordingly local tissue bioimpedance. From this we can derive a relationship between lung tissue bioimpedance and regional alveolar ventilation. The derived relationship shows a linear dependence between air content and tissue impedance and matches clinical data determined from a ventilated patient at the bedside.

Postextraction Alveolar Ridge Preservation: Biological Basis and Treatments

PubMed Central

Pagni, Giorgio; Pellegrini, Gaia; Giannobile, William V.; Rasperini, Giulio

2012-01-01

Following tooth extraction, the alveolar ridge undergoes an inevitable remodeling process that influences implant therapy of the edentulous area. Socket grafting is a commonly adopted therapy for the preservation of alveolar bone structures in combination or not with immediate implant placement although the biological bases lying behind this treatment modality are not fully understood and often misinterpreted. This review is intended to clarify the literature support to socket grafting in order to provide practitioners with valid tools to make a conscious decision of when and why to recommend this therapy. PMID:22737169

Platelet-Rich Fibrin Promotes Periodontal Regeneration and Enhances Alveolar Bone Augmentation

PubMed Central

Li, Qi; Pan, Shuang; Dangaria, Smit J.; Gopinathan, Gokul; Kolokythas, Antonia; Chu, Shunli; Geng, Yajun; Zhou, Yanmin; Luan, Xianghong

2013-01-01

In the present study we have determined the suitability of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) as a complex scaffold for periodontal tissue regeneration. Replacing PRF with its major component fibrin increased mineralization in alveolar bone progenitors when compared to periodontal progenitors, suggesting that fibrin played a substantial role in PRF-induced osteogenic lineage differentiation. Moreover, there was a 3.6-fold increase in the early osteoblast transcription factor RUNX2 and a 3.1-fold reduction of the mineralization inhibitor MGP as a result of PRF application in alveolar bone progenitors, a trend not observed in periodontal progenitors. Subcutaneous implantation studies revealed that PRF readily integrated with surrounding tissues and was partially replaced with collagen fibers 2 weeks after implantation. Finally, clinical pilot studies in human patients documented an approximately 5 mm elevation of alveolar bone height in tandem with oral mucosal wound healing. Together, these studies suggest that PRF enhances osteogenic lineage differentiation of alveolar bone progenitors more than of periodontal progenitors by augmenting osteoblast differentiation, RUNX2 expression, and mineralized nodule formation via its principal component fibrin. They also document that PRF functions as a complex regenerative scaffold promoting both tissue-specific alveolar bone augmentation and surrounding periodontal soft tissue regeneration via progenitor-specific mechanisms. PMID:23586051

Platelet-rich fibrin promotes periodontal regeneration and enhances alveolar bone augmentation.

PubMed

Li, Qi; Pan, Shuang; Dangaria, Smit J; Gopinathan, Gokul; Kolokythas, Antonia; Chu, Shunli; Geng, Yajun; Zhou, Yanmin; Luan, Xianghong

2013-01-01

In the present study we have determined the suitability of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) as a complex scaffold for periodontal tissue regeneration. Replacing PRF with its major component fibrin increased mineralization in alveolar bone progenitors when compared to periodontal progenitors, suggesting that fibrin played a substantial role in PRF-induced osteogenic lineage differentiation. Moreover, there was a 3.6-fold increase in the early osteoblast transcription factor RUNX2 and a 3.1-fold reduction of the mineralization inhibitor MGP as a result of PRF application in alveolar bone progenitors, a trend not observed in periodontal progenitors. Subcutaneous implantation studies revealed that PRF readily integrated with surrounding tissues and was partially replaced with collagen fibers 2 weeks after implantation. Finally, clinical pilot studies in human patients documented an approximately 5 mm elevation of alveolar bone height in tandem with oral mucosal wound healing. Together, these studies suggest that PRF enhances osteogenic lineage differentiation of alveolar bone progenitors more than of periodontal progenitors by augmenting osteoblast differentiation, RUNX2 expression, and mineralized nodule formation via its principal component fibrin. They also document that PRF functions as a complex regenerative scaffold promoting both tissue-specific alveolar bone augmentation and surrounding periodontal soft tissue regeneration via progenitor-specific mechanisms.

Alveolar type II cell transplantation restores pulmonary surfactant protein levels in lung fibrosis.

PubMed

Guillamat-Prats, Raquel; Gay-Jordi, Gemma; Xaubet, Antoni; Peinado, Victor I; Serrano-Mollar, Anna

2014-07-01

Alveolar Type II cell transplantation has been proposed as a cell therapy for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Its long-term benefits include repair of lung fibrosis, but its success partly depends on the restoration of lung homeostasis. Our aim was to evaluate surfactant protein restoration after alveolar Type II cell transplantation in an experimental model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats. Lung fibrosis was induced by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin. Alveolar Type II cells were obtained from healthy animals and transplanted 14 days after bleomycin was administered. Furthermore, one group transplanted with alveolar macrophages and another group treated with surfactant were established to evaluate the specificity of the alveolar Type II cell transplantation. The animals were euthanized at 21 days after bleomycin instillation. Lung fibrosis was confirmed by a histologic study and an evaluation of the hydroxyproline content. Changes in surfactant proteins were evaluated by mRNA expression, Western blot and immunofluorescence studies. The group with alveolar Type II cell transplantation was the only one to show a reduction in the degree of lung fibrosis and a complete recovery to normal levels of surfactant proteins. One of the mechanisms involved in the beneficial effect of alveolar Type II cell transplantation is restoration of lung surfactant protein levels, which is required for proper respiratory function. Copyright © 2014 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Is there a relation between local bone quality as assessed on panoramic radiographs and alveolar bone level?

PubMed

Nackaerts, Olivia; Gijbels, Frieda; Sanna, Anna-Maria; Jacobs, Reinhilde

2008-03-01

The aim was to explore the relation between radiographic bone quality on panoramic radiographs and relative alveolar bone level. Digital panoramic radiographs of 94 female patients were analysed (mean age, 44.5; range, 35-74). Radiographic density of the alveolar bone in the premolar region was determined using Agfa Musica software. Alveolar bone level and bone quality index (BQI) were also assessed. Relationships between bone density and BQI on one hand and the relative loss of alveolar bone level on the other were assessed. Mandibular bone density and loss of alveolar bone level were weakly but significantly negatively correlated for the lower premolar area (r = -.27). The BQI did not show a statistically significant relation to alveolar bone level. Radiographic mandibular bone density on panoramic radiographs shows a weak but significant relation to alveolar bone level, with more periodontal breakdown for less dense alveolar bone.

Proteomic analysis of human dental cementum and alveolar bone.

PubMed

Salmon, Cristiane R; Tomazela, Daniela M; Ruiz, Karina Gonzales Silvério; Foster, Brian L; Paes Leme, Adriana Franco; Sallum, Enilson Antonio; Somerman, Martha J; Nociti, Francisco H

2013-10-08

Dental cementum (DC) is a bone-like tissue covering the tooth root and responsible for attaching the tooth to the alveolar bone (AB) via the periodontal ligament (PDL). Studies have unsuccessfully tried to identify factors specific to DC versus AB, in an effort to better understand DC development and regeneration. The present study aimed to use matched human DC and AB samples (n=7) to generate their proteomes for comparative analysis. Bone samples were harvested from tooth extraction sites, whereas DC samples were obtained from the apical root portion of extracted third molars. Samples were denatured, followed by protein extraction reduction, alkylation and digestion for analysis by nanoAcquity HPLC system and LTQ-FT Ultra. Data analysis demonstrated that a total of 318 proteins were identified in AB and DC. In addition to shared proteins between these tissues, 105 and 83 proteins exclusive to AB or DC were identified, respectively. This is the first report analyzing the proteomic composition of human DC matrix and identifying putative unique and enriched proteins in comparison to alveolar bone. These findings may provide novel insights into developmental differences between DC and AB, and identify candidate biomarkers that may lead to more efficient and predictable therapies for periodontal regeneration. Periodontal disease is a highly prevalent disease affecting the world population, which involves breakdown of the tooth supporting tissues, the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and dental cementum. The lack of knowledge on specific factors that differentiate alveolar bone and dental cementum limits the development of more efficient and predictable reconstructive therapies. In order to better understand cementum development and potentially identify factors to improve therapeutic outcomes, we took the unique approach of using matched patient samples of dental cementum and alveolar bone to generate and compare a proteome list for each tissue. A potential

Alveolar type II cell-fibroblast interactions, synthesis and secretion of surfactant and type I collagen.

PubMed

Griffin, M; Bhandari, R; Hamilton, G; Chan, Y C; Powell, J T

1993-06-01

During alveolar development and alveolar repair close contacts are established between fibroblasts and lung epithelial cells through gaps in the basement membrane. Using co-culture systems we have investigated whether these close contacts influence synthesis and secretion of the principal surfactant apoprotein (SP-A) by cultured rat lung alveolar type II cells and the synthesis and secretion of type I collagen by fibroblasts. The alveolar type II cells remained cuboidal and grew in colonies on fibroblast feeder layers and on Matrigel-coated cell culture inserts but were progressively more flattened on fixed fibroblast monolayers and plastic. Alveolar type II cells cultured on plastic released almost all their SP-A into the medium by 4 days. Alveolar type II cells cultured on viable fibroblasts or Matrigel-coated inserts above fibroblasts accumulated SP-A in the medium at a constant rate for the first 4 days, and probably recycle SP-A by endocytosis. The amount of mRNA for SP-A was very low after 4 days of culture of alveolar type II cells on plastic, Matrigel-coated inserts or fixed fibroblast monolayers: relatively, the amount of mRNA for SP-A was increased 4-fold after culture of alveolar type II cells on viable fibroblasts. Co-culture of alveolar type II cells with confluent human dermal fibroblasts stimulated by 2- to 3-fold the secretion of collagen type I into the culture medium, even after the fibroblasts' growth had been arrested with mitomycin C. Collagen secretion, by fibroblasts, also was stimulated 2-fold by conditioned medium from alveolar type II cells cultured on Matrigel. The amount of mRNA for type I collagen increased only modestly when fibroblasts were cultured in this conditioned medium. This stimulation of type I collagen secretion diminished as the conditioned medium was diluted out, but at high dilutions further stimulation occurred, indicating that a factor that inhibited collagen secretion also was being diluted out. The conditioned medium

Remodeling of alveolar bone crest after molar intrusion with skeletal anchorage system in dogs.

PubMed

Kanzaki, Reiko; Daimaruya, Takayoshi; Takahashi, Ichiro; Mitani, Hideo; Sugawara, Junji

2007-03-01

The aim of this study was to clarify the influence of supra-alveolar fibers on alveolar bone crest remodeling when several teeth are intruded simultaneously. The skeletal anchorage system was used to bilaterally intrude the second and third premolars of 10 beagles; supracrestal fiberotomies were performed on 1 side only. The amount of intrusion was greater and the amount of alveolar bone resorption was smaller in the fiberotomy group compared with the nonfiberotomy group. The health status (pocket depth <3 mm) of the dentogingival unit was maintained in the nonfiberotomy group during the experimental period. In the fiberotomy group, the number of osteoclasts on the marginal alveolar crest was less than in the nonfiberotomy group. The dense fiber bundles connecting the second and third premolars and the gingival attachments were maintained in the nonfiberotomy group. Pressure from the supra-alveolar fibers generated by segmental molar intrusion with the skeletal anchorage system induced alveolar bone crest resorption and remodeling, and, as a result, it prevented deepening of the gingival pocket. Periodontal status was good during tooth intrusion.

Alveolar Ridge Split Technique Using Piezosurgery with Specially Designed Tips

PubMed Central

Moro, Alessandro; Foresta, Enrico; Falchi, Marco; De Angelis, Paolo; D'Amato, Giuseppe; Pelo, Sandro

2017-01-01

The treatment of patients with atrophic ridge who need prosthetic rehabilitation is a common problem in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Among the various techniques introduced for the expansion of alveolar ridges with a horizontal bone deficit is the alveolar ridge split technique. The aim of this article is to give a description of some new tips that have been specifically designed for the treatment of atrophic ridges with transversal bone deficit. A two-step piezosurgical split technique is also described, based on specific osteotomies of the vestibular cortex and the use of a mandibular ramus graft as interpositional graft. A total of 15 patients were treated with the proposed new tips by our department. All the expanded areas were successful in providing an adequate width and height to insert implants according to the prosthetic plan and the proposed tips allowed obtaining the most from the alveolar ridge split technique and piezosurgery. These tips have made alveolar ridge split technique simple, safe, and effective for the treatment of horizontal and vertical bone defects. Furthermore the proposed piezosurgical split technique allows obtaining horizontal and vertical bone augmentation. PMID:28246596

Alveolar Ridge Split Technique Using Piezosurgery with Specially Designed Tips.

PubMed

Moro, Alessandro; Gasparini, Giulio; Foresta, Enrico; Saponaro, Gianmarco; Falchi, Marco; Cardarelli, Lorenzo; De Angelis, Paolo; Forcione, Mario; Garagiola, Umberto; D'Amato, Giuseppe; Pelo, Sandro

2017-01-01

The treatment of patients with atrophic ridge who need prosthetic rehabilitation is a common problem in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Among the various techniques introduced for the expansion of alveolar ridges with a horizontal bone deficit is the alveolar ridge split technique. The aim of this article is to give a description of some new tips that have been specifically designed for the treatment of atrophic ridges with transversal bone deficit. A two-step piezosurgical split technique is also described, based on specific osteotomies of the vestibular cortex and the use of a mandibular ramus graft as interpositional graft. A total of 15 patients were treated with the proposed new tips by our department. All the expanded areas were successful in providing an adequate width and height to insert implants according to the prosthetic plan and the proposed tips allowed obtaining the most from the alveolar ridge split technique and piezosurgery. These tips have made alveolar ridge split technique simple, safe, and effective for the treatment of horizontal and vertical bone defects. Furthermore the proposed piezosurgical split technique allows obtaining horizontal and vertical bone augmentation.

Alveolar air-tissue interface and nuclear magnetic resonance behavior of the lung

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cutillo, Antonio G.; Ailion, David C.; Ganesan, Krishnamurthy; Morris, Alan H.; Durney, Carl H.

1995-05-01

The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) properties of lung are markedly affected by the alveolar air-tissue interface, which produces internal magnetic field inhomogeneity because of the different magnetic susceptibilities of air and water. This internal magnetic field inhomogeneity results in a marked shortening of the free induction decay (FID) (in the time domain) and in inhomogeneous NMR line broadening (in the frequency domain). The signal loss due to internal magnetic field inhomogeneity can be measured as the difference Δ between the spin-echo signals obtained using temporally symmetric and asymmetric spin-echo sequences; the degree of asymmetry of the asymmetric sequence is characterized by the asymmetry time τa. In accordance with predictions based on the analysis of theoretical models, experiments in excised rat lungs (studied at various inflation levels) have shown that Δ depends on τa and is very low in degassed lungs. When measured at τa equals 6 ms, the difference signal (Δ6ms) increases markedly with alveolar opening but does not vary significantly during the rest of the inflation-deflation cycle. In edematous (oleic acid-injured) lungs, the values of Δ6ms measured at low inflation levels are significantly below those observed in normal lungs. These results suggest that Δ6ms is very sensitive to alveolar recruitment and relatively insensitive to alveolar distension. Therefore, measurements of Δ6ms may provide a means of assessing the relative contributions of these two factors to the pressure-volume behavior of lung. Such measurements may contribute to the characterization of pulmonary edema (for example, by detecting the loss of alveolar air-tissue interface due to alveolar flooding, by differentiating interstitial from alveolar pulmonary edema, and by assessing the effects of positive airway pressures). NMR lineshape measurements can also provide valuable information regarding lung geometry and the characterization of pulmonary edema.

The Ets transcription factor Elf5 specifies mammary alveolar cell fate

PubMed Central

Oakes, Samantha R.; Naylor, Matthew J.; Asselin-Labat, Marie-Liesse; Blazek, Katrina D.; Gardiner-Garden, Margaret; Hilton, Heidi N.; Kazlauskas, Michael; Pritchard, Melanie A.; Chodosh, Lewis A.; Pfeffer, Peter L.; Lindeman, Geoffrey J.; Visvader, Jane E.; Ormandy, Christopher J.

2008-01-01

Hormonal cues regulate mammary development, but the consequent transcriptional changes and cell fate decisions are largely undefined. We show that knockout of the prolactin-regulated Ets transcription factor Elf5 prevented formation of the secretory epithelium during pregnancy. Conversely, overexpression of Elf5 in an inducible transgenic model caused alveolar differentiation and milk secretion in virgin mice, disrupting ductal morphogenesis. CD61+ luminal progenitor cells accumulated in Elf5-deficient mammary glands and were diminished in glands with Elf5 overexpression. Thus Elf5 specifies the differentiation of CD61+ progenitors to establish the secretory alveolar lineage during pregnancy, providing a link between prolactin, transcriptional events, and alveolar development. PMID:18316476

The severe pathogenicity of alveolar macrophage-depleted ferrets infected with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus.

PubMed

Kim, Heui Man; Kang, Young Myong; Ku, Keun Bon; Park, Eun Hye; Yum, Jung; Kim, Jeong Cheol; Jin, Seo Yeon; Lee, Joo Sub; Kim, Hyun Soo; Seo, Sang Heui

2013-09-01

The in vivo role of alveolar macrophages in the infections with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus is not as yet known. Ferret study shows that alveolar macrophages are critical for lowering the risk of severe outcomes in 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infections. Up to 40% of the infected ferrets depleted of alveolar macrophages died, with elevated body temperature and major loss of body weight in contrast to infected ferrets not depleted of alveolar macrophages. The higher viral titers in the lungs were detected in infected ferrets depleted of alveolar macrophages than infected ferrets not depleted of alveolar macrophages 5 days after infection. The inflammatory chemokines were induced at greater levels in the lungs of infected ferrets depleted of alveolar macrophages than in those of infected ferrets not depleted of alveolar macrophages. Our study implies that alveolar macrophages are important for controlling the infections of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The development and plasticity of alveolar type 1 cells

PubMed Central

Yang, Jun; Hernandez, Belinda J.; Martinez Alanis, Denise; Narvaez del Pilar, Odemaris; Vila-Ellis, Lisandra; Akiyama, Haruhiko; Evans, Scott E.; Ostrin, Edwin J.; Chen, Jichao

2016-01-01

Alveolar type 1 (AT1) cells cover >95% of the gas exchange surface and are extremely thin to facilitate passive gas diffusion. The development of these highly specialized cells and its coordination with the formation of the honeycomb-like alveolar structure are poorly understood. Using new marker-based stereology and single-cell imaging methods, we show that AT1 cells in the mouse lung form expansive thin cellular extensions via a non-proliferative two-step process while retaining cellular plasticity. In the flattening step, AT1 cells undergo molecular specification and remodel cell junctions while remaining connected to their epithelial neighbors. In the folding step, AT1 cells increase in size by more than 10-fold and undergo cellular morphogenesis that matches capillary and secondary septa formation, resulting in a single AT1 cell spanning multiple alveoli. Furthermore, AT1 cells are an unexpected source of VEGFA and their normal development is required for alveolar angiogenesis. Notably, a majority of AT1 cells proliferate upon ectopic SOX2 expression and undergo stage-dependent cell fate reprogramming. These results provide evidence that AT1 cells have both structural and signaling roles in alveolar maturation and can exit their terminally differentiated non-proliferative state. Our findings suggest that AT1 cells might be a new target in the pathogenesis and treatment of lung diseases associated with premature birth. PMID:26586225

Dose- and time-dependent activation of rat alveolar macrophages by glucocorticoids

PubMed Central

BROUG-HOLUB, E; KRAAL, G

1996-01-01

Effects of glucocorticoids on immune functions are generally thought to be suppressive and anti-inflammatory. However, most reports dealing with this issue describe effects of long-term treatment with high doses of glucocorticoids on immune functions. In the present study we have investigated both dose and timing effects of exposure of alveolar macrophages with dexamethasone on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-1β and nitric oxide secretion. For this purpose, alveolar macrophages were preincubated with various doses of dexamethasone during varying intervals, followed by stimulation of the cells with endotoxin, either in the absence or presence of dexamethasone. Subsequently, the effects of this treatment on IL-1β and nitric oxide secretion were measured. It was shown that both short-term incubation of alveolar macrophages with high doses of dexamethasone and long-term incubation with low doses of dexamethasone lead to enhanced nitric oxide and enhanced IL-1β secretion upon subsequent stimulation of the cells with LPS. In contrast, long-term incubation of alveolar macrophages with high-dose dexamethasone leads to decreased IL-1β and nitric oxide secretion upon subsequent stimulation. Thus, it is concluded that the effects of dexamethasone on rat alveolar macrophages are both time- and dose-dependent. It is therefore argued that effects of glucocorticoids on immune functions are not a priori suppressive, but that both dose and timing effects should be taken into account. PMID:8625529

Contour changes in human alveolar bone following tooth extraction of the maxillary central incisor.

PubMed

Li, Bei; Wang, Yao

2014-12-01

The purpose of this study was to apply cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to observe contour changes in human alveolar bone after tooth extraction of the maxillary central incisor and to provide original morphological evidence for aesthetic implant treatment in the maxillary anterior area. Forty patients were recruited into the study. Each patient had two CBCT scans (CBCT I and CBCT II), one taken before and one taken three months after tooth extraction of maxillary central incisor (test tooth T). A fixed anatomic reference point was used to orient the starting axial slice of the two scans. On three CBCT I axial slices, which represented the deep, middle, and shallow layers of the socket, labial and palatal alveolar bone widths of T were measured. The number of sagittal slices from the start point to the pulp centre of T was recorded. On three CBCT II axial slices, the pulp centres of extracted T were oriented according to the number of moved sagittal slices recorded in CBCT I. Labial and palatal alveolar bone widths at the oriented sites were measured. On the CBCT I axial slice which represented the middle layer of the socket, sagittal slices were reconstructed. Relevant distances of T on the sagittal slice were measured, as were the alveolar bone width and tooth length of the opposite central incisor. On the CBCT II axial slice, which represented the middle layer of the socket, relevant distances recorded in CBCT I were transferred on the sagittal slice. The height reduction of alveolar bone on labial and palatal sides was measured, as were the alveolar bone width and tooth length of the opposite central incisor at the oriented site. Intraobserver reliability assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) was high. Paired sample t-tests were performed. The alveolar bone width and tooth length of the opposite central incisor showed no statistical differences (P<0.05). The labial alveolar bone widths of T at the deep, middle, and shallow layers all showed

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis: an interesting case report with systematic review of Indian literature.

PubMed

Ganesan, Nidhya; Ambroise, Marie Moses; Ramdas, Anita; Kisku, King Herald; Singh, Kulwant; Varghese, Renu G' Boy

2015-06-01

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is a rare disease characterized by intra-alveolar presence of microliths. This study reports an interesting case of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis and provides a systematic review of cases reported from India. A 23-year-old female presented with a history of cough, wheeze, chest pain, and episodic wheeze for five months. Pulmonary function tests demonstrated an obstructive pattern, and chest Xray showed fine micronodular opacities predominantly involving the middle and lower zones of both lungs. Transbronchial lung biopsy revealed the diagnosis. She responded well to inhaled steroid therapy. A systematic review of literature was performed and identified 73 cases of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis reported from India. The mean (SD) age of the patients was 28.8 (14.9) years, with an almost equal male:female ratio. Many patients were asymptomatic at presentation. Breathlessness and cough were the most common symptoms, and the disease progressed into respiratory failure associated with cor pulmonale. About one-third of the cases were initially misdiagnosed and treated as pulmonary tuberculosis. Extra-pulmonary manifestations and comorbidities were also evident in our series. This systematic review helps to determine epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. Further research is needed to elucidate the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic options, which are beneficial in developing and identifying cost-effective treatment for pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis.

Physiology in Medicine: Understanding dynamic alveolar physiology to minimize ventilator-induced lung injury.

PubMed

Nieman, Gary F; Satalin, Josh; Kollisch-Singule, Michaela; Andrews, Penny; Aiash, Hani; Habashi, Nader M; Gatto, Louis A

2017-06-01

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains a serious clinical problem with the main treatment being supportive in the form of mechanical ventilation. However, mechanical ventilation can be a double-edged sword: if set improperly, it can exacerbate the tissue damage caused by ARDS; this is known as ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). To minimize VILI, we must understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms of tissue damage at the alveolar level. In this Physiology in Medicine paper, the dynamic physiology of alveolar inflation and deflation during mechanical ventilation will be reviewed. In addition, the pathophysiologic mechanisms of VILI will be reviewed, and this knowledge will be used to suggest an optimal mechanical breath profile (MB P : all airway pressures, volumes, flows, rates, and the duration that they are applied at both inspiration and expiration) necessary to minimize VILI. Our review suggests that the current protective ventilation strategy, known as the "open lung strategy," would be the optimal lung-protective approach. However, the viscoelastic behavior of dynamic alveolar inflation and deflation has not yet been incorporated into protective mechanical ventilation strategies. Using our knowledge of dynamic alveolar mechanics (i.e., the dynamic change in alveolar and alveolar duct size and shape during tidal ventilation) to modify the MB P so as to minimize VILI will reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with ARDS. Copyright © 2017 the American Physiological Society.

Alveolar Macrophages Prevent Lethal Influenza Pneumonia By Inhibiting Infection Of Type-1 Alveolar Epithelial Cells

PubMed Central

Cardani, Amber; Boulton, Adam; Kim, Taeg S.; Braciale, Thomas J.

2017-01-01

The Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major human pathogen that produces significant morbidity and mortality. To explore the contribution of alveolar macrophages (AlvMΦs) in regulating the severity of IAV infection we employed a murine model in which the Core Binding Factor Beta gene is conditionally disrupted in myeloid cells. These mice exhibit a selective deficiency in AlvMΦs. Following IAV infection these AlvMΦ deficient mice developed severe diffuse alveolar damage, lethal respiratory compromise, and consequent lethality. Lethal injury in these mice resulted from increased infection of their Type-1 Alveolar Epithelial Cells (T1AECs) and the subsequent elimination of the infected T1AECs by the adaptive immune T cell response. Further analysis indicated AlvMΦ-mediated suppression of the cysteinyl leukotriene (cysLT) pathway genes in T1AECs in vivo and in vitro. Inhibition of the cysLT pathway enzymes in a T1AECs cell line reduced the susceptibility of T1AECs to IAV infection, suggesting that AlvMΦ-mediated suppression of this pathway contributes to the resistance of T1AECs to IAV infection. Furthermore, inhibition of the cysLT pathway enzymes, as well as blockade of the cysteinyl leukotriene receptors in the AlvMΦ deficient mice reduced the susceptibility of their T1AECs to IAV infection and protected these mice from lethal infection. These results suggest that AlvMΦs may utilize a previously unappreciated mechanism to protect T1AECs against IAV infection, and thereby reduce the severity of infection. The findings further suggest that the cysLT pathway and the receptors for cysLT metabolites represent potential therapeutic targets in severe IAV infection. PMID:28085958

Specialized Pro-resolving Mediators Regulate Alveolar Fluid Clearance during Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

PubMed Central

Wang, Qian; Yan, Song-Fan; Hao, Yu; Jin, Sheng-Wei

2018-01-01

Objective: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute and lethal clinical syndrome that is characterized by the injury of alveolar epithelium, which impairs active fluid transport in the lung, and impedes the reabsorption of edema fluid from the alveolar space. This review aimed to discuss the role of pro-resolving mediators on the regulation of alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) in ARDS. Data Sources: Articles published up to September 2017 were selected from the PubMed, with the keywords of “alveolar fluid clearance” or “lung edema” or “acute lung injury” or “acute respiratory distress syndrome”, and “specialized pro-resolving mediators” or “lipoxin” or “resolvin” or “protectin” or “maresin” or “alveolar epithelial cells” or “aspirin-triggered lipid mediators” or “carbon monoxide and heme oxygenase” or “annexin A1”. Study Selection: We included all relevant articles published up to September 2017, with no limitation of study design. Results: Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), as the proinflammatory mediators, not only upregulated epithelial sodium channel, Na,K-ATPase, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and aquaporins levels, but also improved Na,K-ATPase activity to promote AFC in ARDS. In addition to the direct effects on ion channels and pumps of the alveolar epithelium, the SPMs also inhibited the inflammatory cytokine expression and improved the alveolar epithelial cell repair to enhance the AFC in ARDS. Conclusions: The present review discusses a novel mechanism for pulmonary edema fluid reabsorption. SPMs might provide new opportunities to design “reabsorption-targeted” therapies with high degrees of precision in controlling ALI/ARDS. PMID:29664060

Alveolar graft in the cleft lip and palate patient: Review of 104 cases

PubMed Central

Tobella-Camps, María L.; Rivera-Baró, Alejandro

2014-01-01

Introduction: Alveolar bone grafting is a vital part of the rehabilitation of cleft patients. The factors that have been most frequently associated with the success of the graft are the age at grafting and the pre-grafting orthodontic treatment. Objectives: 1) Describe the cases of alveolar bone grafts performed at the Maxilofacial Unit of Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona (HSJD); and 2) Analyze the success/failure of alveolar grafts and related variables. Material and Methods: Descriptive retrospective study using a sample of 104 patients who underwent a secondary alveolar graft at the Craniofacial Unit of HSJD between 1998 and 2012. The graft was done by the same surgeon in all patients using bone from the iliac crest. Results: 70% of the patients underwent the procedure before the age of 15 (median 14.45 years); 70% of the graft patients underwent pre-graft maxillary expansion. A total of 100 cases were recorded as successful (median age of 14.58 years, 68 underwent pre-graft expansion) and only 4 were recorded as failures (median age of 17.62 years, 3 underwent pre-graft expansion). We did not find statistically significant differences in age at the time of grafting or pre-surgical expansion when comparing the success and failure groups. We found the success rate of the graft to be 96.2%. Conclusions: The number of failures was too small to establish a statistically significant conclusion in our sample regarding the age at grafting and pre-grafting expansion. The use of alveolar bone grafting from the iliac crest has a very high success rate with a very low incidence of complications. Existing controversies regarding secondary bone grafting and the wide range of success rates found in the literature suggest that it is necessary to establish a specific treatment protocol that ensures the success of this procedure. Key words:Alveolar graft, cleft lip and palate, alveolar cleft, alveolar defect. PMID:24880440

Alveolar Epithelial Cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection: Active Players or Innocent Bystanders?

PubMed

Scordo, Julia M; Knoell, Daren L; Torrelles, Jordi B

2016-01-01

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that kills one person every 18 s. TB remains a global threat due to the emergence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) strains and the lack of an efficient vaccine. The ability of M.tb to persist in latency, evade recognition following seroconversion, and establish resistance in vulnerable populations warrants closer examination. Past and current research has primarily focused on examination of the role of alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells during M.tb infection, which are critical in the establishment of the host response during infection. However, emerging evidence indicates that the alveolar epithelium is a harbor for M.tb and critical during progression to active disease. Here we evaluate the relatively unexplored role of the alveolar epithelium as a reservoir and also its capacity to secrete soluble mediators upon M.tb exposure, which influence the extent of infection. We further discuss how the M.tb-alveolar epithelium interaction instigates cell-to-cell crosstalk that regulates the immune balance between a proinflammatory and an immunoregulatory state, thereby prohibiting or allowing the establishment of infection. We propose that consideration of alveolar epithelia provides a more comprehensive understanding of the lung environment in vivo in the context of host defense against M.tb. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Alveolar epithelial cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: Active Players or Innocent Bystanders

PubMed Central

Scordo, Julia M.; Knoell, Daren L.; Torrelles, Jordi B.

2015-01-01

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that kills one person every 18 seconds. TB remains a global threat due to the emergence of drug resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) strains and the lack of an efficient vaccine. The ability of M.tb to persist in latency, evade recognition following sero-conversion and establish resistance in vulnerable populations warrants closer examination. Past and current research has primarily focused on examination of the role of alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells during M.tb infection, which are critical in the establishment of the host response during infection. However, emerging evidence indicates that the alveolar epithelium is a harbor for M.tb and critical during progression to active disease. Here we evaluate the relatively unexplored role of the alveolar epithelium as a reservoir and also its capacity to secrete soluble mediators upon M.tb exposure that influence the extent of infection. We further discuss how the M.tb-alveolar epithelia interaction instigate cell to cell crosstalk that regulates immune balance between a pro-inflammatory or immunoregulatory state thereby prohibiting or allowing the establishment of infection. We propose that consideration of the alveolar epithelia provides a more comprehensive understanding of the lung environment in vivo in the context of host defense against M.tb. PMID:26384325

Detection of Alveolar Fibrocytes in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Systemic Sclerosis

PubMed Central

Phin, Sophie; Debray, Marie-Pierre; Marchal-Somme, Joelle; Tiev, Kiet; Bonay, Marcel; Fabre, Aurélie; Soler, Paul; Dehoux, Monique; Crestani, Bruno

2013-01-01

Background Fibrocytes are circulating precursors for fibroblasts. Blood fibrocytes are increased in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The aim of this study was to determine whether alveolar fibrocytes are detected in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL), to identify their prognostic value, and their potential association with culture of fibroblasts from BAL. Methods We quantified fibrocytes in BAL from 26 patients with IPF, 9 patients with Systemic Sclerosis(SSc)-interstitial lung disease (ILD), and 11 controls. BAL cells were cultured to isolate alveolar fibroblasts. Results Fibrocytes were detected in BAL in 14/26 IPF (54%) and 5/9 SSc patients (55%), and never in controls. Fibrocytes were in median 2.5% [0.4–19.7] and 3.0% [2.7–3.7] of BAL cells in IPF and SSc-ILD patients respectively. In IPF patients, the number of alveolar fibrocytes was correlated with the number of alveolar macrophages and was associated with a less severe disease but not with a better outcome. Fibroblasts were cultured from BAL in 12/26 IPF (46%), 5/9 SSc-ILD (65%) and never in controls. The detection of BAL fibrocytes did not predict a positive culture of fibroblasts. Conclusion Fibrocytes were detected in BAL fluid in about half of the patients with IPF and SSc-ILD. Their number was associated with less severe disease in IPF patients and did not associate with the capacity to grow fibroblasts from BAL fluid. PMID:23341987

Injectable bone substitute to preserve alveolar ridge resorption after tooth extraction: a study in dog.

PubMed

Boix, D; Weiss, P; Gauthier, O; Guicheux, J; Bouler, J-M; Pilet, P; Daculsi, G; Grimandi, G

2006-11-01

The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of a ready-to-use injectable bone substitute on the prevention of alveolar ridge resorption after tooth extraction. Maxillary and mandibular premolars were extracted from 3 Beagle dogs with preservation of alveolar bone. Thereafter, distal sockets were filled with an injectable bone substitute (IBS), obtained by combining a polymer solution and granules of a biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramic. As a control, the mesial sockets were left unfilled. After a 3 months healing period, specimens were removed and prepared for histomorphometric evaluation with image analysis. Histomorphometric study allowed to measure the mean and the maximal heights of alveolar crest modifications. Results always showed an alveolar bone resorption in unfilled sockets. Resorption in filled maxillary sites was significantly lower than in control sites. Interestingly, an alveolar ridge augmentation was measured in mandibular filled sockets including 30% of newly-formed bone. It was concluded that an injectable bone substitute composed of a polymeric carrier and calcium phosphate can significantly increase alveolar ridge preservation after tooth extraction.

Treatment of Adult Primary Alveolar Proteinosis.

PubMed

Rodríguez Portal, José Antonio

2015-07-01

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disease characterized by the accumulation of surfactant-like lipoproteinaceous material in the distal air spaces and terminal bronchi, which may lead to impaired gas exchange. This accumulation of surfactant is due to decreased clearance by the alveolar macrophages. Its primary, most common form, is currently considered an autoimmune disease. Better knowledge of the causes of PAP have led to the emergence of alternatives to whole lung lavage, although this is still considered the treatment of choice. Most studies are case series, often with limited patient numbers, so the level of evidence is low. Since the severity of presentation and clinical course are variable, not all patients will require treatment. Due to the low level of evidence, some objective criteria based on expert opinion have been arbitrarily proposed in an attempt to define in which patients it is best to initiate treatment. Copyright © 2014 SEPAR. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

Existence, functional impairment, and lung repair potential of endothelial colony-forming cells in oxygen-induced arrested alveolar growth.

PubMed

Alphonse, Rajesh S; Vadivel, Arul; Fung, Moses; Shelley, William Chris; Critser, Paul John; Ionescu, Lavinia; O'Reilly, Megan; Ohls, Robin K; McConaghy, Suzanne; Eaton, Farah; Zhong, Shumei; Yoder, Merv; Thébaud, Bernard

2014-05-27

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and emphysema are life-threatening diseases resulting from impaired alveolar development or alveolar destruction. Both conditions lack effective therapies. Angiogenic growth factors promote alveolar growth and contribute to alveolar maintenance. Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) represent a subset of circulating and resident endothelial cells capable of self-renewal and de novo vessel formation. We hypothesized that resident ECFCs exist in the developing lung, that they are impaired during arrested alveolar growth in experimental bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and that exogenous ECFCs restore disrupted alveolar growth. Human fetal and neonatal rat lungs contain ECFCs with robust proliferative potential, secondary colony formation on replating, and de novo blood vessel formation in vivo when transplanted into immunodeficient mice. In contrast, human fetal lung ECFCs exposed to hyperoxia in vitro and neonatal rat ECFCs isolated from hyperoxic alveolar growth-arrested rat lungs mimicking bronchopulmonary dysplasia proliferated less, showed decreased clonogenic capacity, and formed fewer capillary-like networks. Intrajugular administration of human cord blood-derived ECFCs after established arrested alveolar growth restored lung function, alveolar and lung vascular growth, and attenuated pulmonary hypertension. Lung ECFC colony- and capillary-like network-forming capabilities were also restored. Low ECFC engraftment and the protective effect of cell-free ECFC-derived conditioned media suggest a paracrine effect. Long-term (10 months) assessment of ECFC therapy showed no adverse effects with persistent improvement in lung structure, exercise capacity, and pulmonary hypertension. Impaired ECFC function may contribute to arrested alveolar growth. Cord blood-derived ECFC therapy may offer new therapeutic options for lung diseases characterized by alveolar damage. © 2014 American Heart Association, Inc.

Endothelial-monocyte activating polypeptide II disrupts alveolar epithelial type II to type I cell transdifferentiation

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Distal alveolar morphogenesis is marked by differentiation of alveolar type (AT)-II to AT-I cells that give rise to the primary site of gas exchange, the alveolar/vascular interface. Endothelial-Monocyte Activating Polypeptide (EMAP) II, an endogenous protein with anti-angiogenic properties, profoundly disrupts distal lung neovascularization and alveolar formation during lung morphogenesis, and is robustly expressed in the dysplastic alveolar regions of infants with Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Determination as to whether EMAP II has a direct or indirect affect on ATII→ATI trans-differentiation has not been explored. Method In a controlled nonvascular environment, an in vitro model of ATII→ATI cell trans-differentiation was utilized to demonstrate the contribution that one vascular mediator has on distal epithelial cell differentiation. Results Here, we show that EMAP II significantly blocked ATII→ATI cell transdifferentiation by increasing cellular apoptosis and inhibiting expression of ATI markers. Moreover, EMAP II-treated ATII cells displayed myofibroblast characteristics, including elevated cellular proliferation, increased actin cytoskeleton stress fibers and Rho-GTPase activity, and increased nuclear:cytoplasmic volume. However, EMAP II-treated cells did not express the myofibroblast markers desmin or αSMA. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that EMAP II interferes with ATII → ATI transdifferentiation resulting in a proliferating non-myofibroblast cell. These data identify the transdifferentiating alveolar cell as a possible target for EMAP II's induction of alveolar dysplasia. PMID:22214516

Formation of reactive oxygen species in lung alveolar cells: effect of vitamin E deficiency.

PubMed

Sabat, Robert; Guthmann, Florian; Rüstow, Bernd

2008-01-01

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous pulmonary diseases. Various mainly membrane-bound ROS-generating processes exist in alveolar cells. Vitamin E (vit. E) is the most important lipophilic antioxidant. However, the significance of vit. E levels in alveolar cells for the regulation of ROS generation has not been investigated so far. We demonstrated here that feeding rats with vit. E-depleted nourishment for 5 weeks reduced the concentration of vit. E in alveolar type II cell preparations to one-fifth the amount of control animals. This reduction of vit. E levels was associated with an approximately threefold increase in ROS generation in type II pneumocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages. The contribution of individual processes of ROS formation in control animals differed strongly among these three cell types. However, vit. E deficiency induced predominantly nonmitochondrial ROS formation in alveolar cells. Expression and NAD(P)H-oxidase activity in alveolar type II cell preparations was not affected by vit. E deficiency. Moreover, protein kinase C (PKC) also did not seem to be responsible for vit. E deficiency-induced ROS generation in alveolar cells. Alimentary vit. E supplementation for 2 days corrected the cellular vit. E concentration but failed to normalize ROS generation in alveolar cells. These data let us assume that alimentary vit. E deficiency caused a preferentially nonmitochondria-mediated increase of ROS formation in type II pneumocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes. However, the short-term supplementation of vit. E does not reverse these effects.

Segmental maxillary distraction with a novel device for closure of a wide alveolar cleft

PubMed Central

Bousdras, Vasilios A.; Liyanage, Chandra; Mars, Michael; Ayliffe, Peter R

2014-01-01

Treatment of a wide alveolar cleft with initial application of segmental distraction osteogenesis is reported, in order to minimise cleft size prior to secondary alveolar bone grafting. The lesser maxillary segment was mobilised with osteotomy at Le Fort I level and, a novel distractor, facilitated horizontal movement of the dental/alveolar segment along the curvature of the maxillary dental arch. Following a latency period of 4 days distraction was applied for 7 days at a rate of 0.5 mm twice daily. Radiographic, ultrasonographic and clinical assessment revealed new bone and soft tissue formation 8 weeks after completion of the distraction phase. Overall the maxillary segment did move minimising the width of the cleft, which allowed successful closure with a secondary alveolar bone graft. PMID:24987601

Segmental maxillary distraction with a novel device for closure of a wide alveolar cleft.

PubMed

Bousdras, Vasilios A; Liyanage, Chandra; Mars, Michael; Ayliffe, Peter R

2014-01-01

Treatment of a wide alveolar cleft with initial application of segmental distraction osteogenesis is reported, in order to minimise cleft size prior to secondary alveolar bone grafting. The lesser maxillary segment was mobilised with osteotomy at Le Fort I level and, a novel distractor, facilitated horizontal movement of the dental/alveolar segment along the curvature of the maxillary dental arch. Following a latency period of 4 days distraction was applied for 7 days at a rate of 0.5 mm twice daily. Radiographic, ultrasonographic and clinical assessment revealed new bone and soft tissue formation 8 weeks after completion of the distraction phase. Overall the maxillary segment did move minimising the width of the cleft, which allowed successful closure with a secondary alveolar bone graft.

Injurious mechanical ventilation in the normal lung causes a progressive pathologic change in dynamic alveolar mechanics.

PubMed

Pavone, Lucio A; Albert, Scott; Carney, David; Gatto, Louis A; Halter, Jeffrey M; Nieman, Gary F

2007-01-01

Acute respiratory distress syndrome causes a heterogeneous lung injury, and without protective mechanical ventilation a secondary ventilator-induced lung injury can occur. To ventilate noncompliant lung regions, high inflation pressures are required to 'pop open' the injured alveoli. The temporal impact, however, of these elevated pressures on normal alveolar mechanics (that is, the dynamic change in alveolar size and shape during ventilation) is unknown. In the present study we found that ventilating the normal lung with high peak pressure (45 cmH(2)0) and low positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP of 3 cmH(2)O) did not initially result in altered alveolar mechanics, but alveolar instability developed over time. Anesthetized rats underwent tracheostomy, were placed on pressure control ventilation, and underwent sternotomy. Rats were then assigned to one of three ventilation strategies: control group (n = 3, P control = 14 cmH(2)O, PEEP = 3 cmH(2)O), high pressure/low PEEP group (n = 6, P control = 45 cmH(2)O, PEEP = 3 cmH(2)O), and high pressure/high PEEP group (n = 5, P control = 45 cmH(2)O, PEEP = 10 cmH(2)O). In vivo microscopic footage of subpleural alveolar stability (that is, recruitment/derecruitment) was taken at baseline and than every 15 minutes for 90 minutes following ventilator adjustments. Alveolar recruitment/derecruitment was determined by measuring the area of individual alveoli at peak inspiration (I) and end expiration (E) by computer image analysis. Alveolar recruitment/derecruitment was quantified by the percentage change in alveolar area during tidal ventilation (%I - E Delta). Alveoli were stable in the control group for the entire experiment (low %I - E Delta). Alveoli in the high pressure/low PEEP group were initially stable (low %I - E Delta), but with time alveolar recruitment/derecruitment developed. The development of alveolar instability in the high pressure/low PEEP group was associated with histologic lung injury. A large change in

Predictors of complication for alveolar cleft bone graft.

PubMed

Borba, Alexandre Meireles; Borges, Alvaro Henrique; da Silva, Carolina Silvano Vilarinho; Brozoski, Mariana Aparecida; Naclério-Homem, Maria da Graça; Miloro, Michael

2014-02-01

We have analysed the predictors of postoperative complications and the need for reoperation after grafting of the alveolar cleft from one specialised cleft centre. The data were obtained from hospital casenotes of patients operated on from December 2004 to April 2010, with a minimum one-year follow-up from the final operation. Independent variables included postoperative complications and the need for reoperation. Conditional variables were sex, age, type of cleft, sides affected, donor area, type of graft material, and the presence of an erupted tooth in contact with the cleft. A total of 71 patients had bone grafted on to the alveolar cleft. The following associations were found to be significant: postoperative complications and need for reoperation (p=0.003); age and complications (p=0.002); affected side and complications (p=0.006); age and reoperation (p=0.000); sex and reoperation (p=0.001); and type of cleft and reoperation (p=0.001). Proper attention should be given to all the variables and risk factors to overcome the many obstacles that might have an adverse influence on a successful outcome of alveolar bone grafting for patients with clefts. Copyright © 2013 The British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Alveolar ridge keratosis - a retrospective clinicopathological study

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Alveolar ridge keratosis (ARK) is a distinct, benign clinicopathological entity, characterized by a hyperkeratotic plaque or patch that occurs on the alveolar edentulous ridge or on the retromolar trigone, considered to be caused by chronic frictional trauma. The aim of this retrospective study is to present the clinicopathological features of 23 consecutive cases of ARK. Material and methods The 23 biopsy samples of ARK were selected and pathological features were revised (keratosis, acanthosis, surface architecture, and inflammation). Factors such as the patient’s gender, age, anatomical location, tobacco and alcohol use were analyzed. Results Sixteen out of the 23 cases studied were men and 7 women with a mean age of 55.05 (age ranged from 17 to 88 years). Thirteen cases had a history of tobacco habit, amongst whom, 4 also presented alcohol consumption. All the cases presented only unilateral lesions. Nineteen cases involved the retromolar trigone while 4 cases involved edentulous alveolar ridges. When observed microscopically, the lesions were mainly characterized by moderate to important hyperorthokeratosis. Inflammation was scanty or absent. In four of the cases, the presence of melanin pigment in the superficial corium or in the cytoplasm of macrophages was detected. None of the cases showed any features of dysplasia. Conclusion Our results reveal that ARK is a benign lesion. However, the high prevalence of smokers amongst the patients might suggest that some potentially malignant disorders such as tobacco associated leukoplakia may clinically mimic ARK. PMID:23587097

Alveolar ridge keratosis--a retrospective clinicopathological study.

PubMed

Bellato, Lorenzo; Martinelli-Kläy, Carla P; Martinelli, Celso R; Lombardi, Tommaso

2013-04-16

Alveolar ridge keratosis (ARK) is a distinct, benign clinicopathological entity, characterized by a hyperkeratotic plaque or patch that occurs on the alveolar edentulous ridge or on the retromolar trigone, considered to be caused by chronic frictional trauma. The aim of this retrospective study is to present the clinicopathological features of 23 consecutive cases of ARK. The 23 biopsy samples of ARK were selected and pathological features were revised (keratosis, acanthosis, surface architecture, and inflammation). Factors such as the patient's gender, age, anatomical location, tobacco and alcohol use were analyzed. Sixteen out of the 23 cases studied were men and 7 women with a mean age of 55.05 (age ranged from 17 to 88 years). Thirteen cases had a history of tobacco habit, amongst whom, 4 also presented alcohol consumption. All the cases presented only unilateral lesions. Nineteen cases involved the retromolar trigone while 4 cases involved edentulous alveolar ridges. When observed microscopically, the lesions were mainly characterized by moderate to important hyperorthokeratosis. Inflammation was scanty or absent. In four of the cases, the presence of melanin pigment in the superficial corium or in the cytoplasm of macrophages was detected. None of the cases showed any features of dysplasia. Our results reveal that ARK is a benign lesion. However, the high prevalence of smokers amongst the patients might suggest that some potentially malignant disorders such as tobacco associated leukoplakia may clinically mimic ARK.

Mechanical ventilation causes pulmonary mitochondrial dysfunction and delayed alveolarization in neonatal mice.

PubMed

Ratner, Veniamin; Sosunov, Sergey A; Niatsetskaya, Zoya V; Utkina-Sosunova, Irina V; Ten, Vadim S

2013-12-01

Hyperoxia inhibits pulmonary bioenergetics, causing delayed alveolarization in mice. We hypothesized that mechanical ventilation (MV) also causes a failure of bioenergetics to support alveolarization. To test this hypothesis, neonatal mice were ventilated with room air for 8 hours (prolonged) or for 2 hours (brief) with 15 μl/g (aggressive) tidal volume (Tv), or for 8 hours with 8 μl/g (gentle) Tv. After 24 hours or 10 days of recovery, lung mitochondria were examined for adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-phosphorylating respiration, using complex I (C-I)-dependent, complex II (C-II)-dependent, or cytochrome C oxidase (C-IV)-dependent substrates, ATP production rate, and the activity of C-I and C-II. A separate cohort of mice was exposed to 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), a known uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. At 10 days of recovery, pulmonary alveolarization and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were assessed. Sham-operated littermates were used as control mice. At 24 hours after aggressive MV, mitochondrial ATP production rates and the activity of C-I and C-II were significantly decreased compared with control mice. However, at 10 days of recovery, only mice exposed to prolonged-aggressive MV continued to exhibit significantly depressed mitochondrial respiration. This was associated with significantly poorer alveolarization and VEGF expression. In contrast, mice exposed to brief-aggressive or prolonged-gentle MV exhibited restored mitochondrial ADP-phosphorylation, normal alveolarization and pulmonary VEGF content. Exposure to DNP fully replicated the phenotype consistent with alveolar developmental arrest. Our data suggest that the failure of bioenergetics to support normal lung development caused by aggressive and prolonged ventilation should be considered a fundamental mechanism for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature neonates.

Alveolar derecruitment and collapse induration as crucial mechanisms in lung injury and fibrosis.

PubMed

Lutz, Dennis; Gazdhar, Amiq; Lopez-Rodriguez, Elena; Ruppert, Clemens; Mahavadi, Poornima; Günther, Andreas; Klepetko, Walter; Bates, Jason H; Smith, Bradford; Geiser, Thomas; Ochs, Matthias; Knudsen, Lars

2015-02-01

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis are associated with surfactant system dysfunction, alveolar collapse (derecruitment), and collapse induration (irreversible collapse). These events play undefined roles in the loss of lung function. The purpose of this study was to quantify how surfactant inactivation, alveolar collapse, and collapse induration lead to degradation of lung function. Design-based stereology and invasive pulmonary function tests were performed 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after intratracheal bleomycin-instillation in rats. The number and size of open alveoli was correlated to mechanical properties. Active surfactant subtypes declined by Day 1, associated with a progressive alveolar derecruitment and a decrease in compliance. Alveolar epithelial damage was more pronounced in closed alveoli compared with ventilated alveoli. Collapse induration occurred on Day 7 and Day 14 as indicated by collapsed alveoli overgrown by a hyperplastic alveolar epithelium. This pathophysiology was also observed for the first time in human IPF lung explants. Before the onset of collapse induration, distal airspaces were easily recruited, and lung elastance could be kept low after recruitment by positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). At later time points, the recruitable fraction of the lung was reduced by collapse induration, causing elastance to be elevated at high levels of PEEP. Surfactant inactivation leading to alveolar collapse and subsequent collapse induration might be the primary pathway for the loss of alveoli in this animal model. Loss of alveoli is highly correlated with the degradation of lung function. Our ultrastructural observations suggest that collapse induration is important in human IPF.

Alejarse como proceso social: niños y ancianos «abandonados» en Ayacucho1

PubMed Central

Leinaweaver, Jessaca

2013-01-01

En investigaciones previas sobre el acogimiento familiar y la adopción en Ayacucho, se ha podido descubrir cómo los ayacuchanos adquieren y producen relaciones sociales. Mientras negocian creativamente los discursos y espacios construidos simultáneamente por instituciones, comunidades, y estructuras sociales, van adquiriendo nuevas formas de relacionarse. Este artículo discute el proceso opuesto: el deshacerse de relaciones de parentesco, y el proceso social del abandono o alejamiento. Cuando se aleja a una persona de su familia o su comunidad, los que se quedan en ella llegan a entenderse como ciertos tipos de personas. En los estudios de caso discutidos aquí, recopilados a través de una detallada y cuidadosa observación participante y de entrevistas etnográficas grabadas entre 2001 y 2007, se puede ver cómo, después de un alejamiento social, los individuos que alejan se reinterpretan como sujetos que se encuentran superándose o volviéndose modernos, o bien sacrificándose. PMID:25177044

Comparative analysis between the alveolar recruitment maneuver and breath stacking technique in patients with acute lung injury

PubMed Central

Porto, Elias Ferreira; Tavolaro, Kelly Cristiani; Kumpel, Claudia; Oliveira, Fernanda Augusta; Sousa, Juciaria Ferreira; de Carvalho, Graciele Vieira; de Castro, Antonio Adolfo Mattos

2014-01-01

Objective To compare the effectiveness of the alveolar recruitment maneuver and the breath stacking technique with respect to lung mechanics and gas exchange in patients with acute lung injury. Methods Thirty patients were distributed into two groups: Group 1 - breath stacking; and Group 2 - alveolar recruitment maneuver. After undergoing conventional physical therapy, all patients received both treatments with an interval of 1 day between them. In the first group, the breath stacking technique was used initially, and subsequently, the alveolar recruitment maneuver was applied. Group 2 patients were initially subjected to alveolar recruitment, followed by the breath stacking technique. Measurements of lung compliance and airway resistance were evaluated before and after the use of both techniques. Gas analyses were collected before and after the techniques were used to evaluate oxygenation and gas exchange. Results Both groups had a significant increase in static compliance after breath stacking (p=0.021) and alveolar recruitment (p=0.03), but with no significant differences between the groups (p=0.95). The dynamic compliance did not increase for the breath stacking (p=0.22) and alveolar recruitment (p=0.074) groups, with no significant difference between the groups (p=0.11). The airway resistance did not decrease for either groups, i.e., breath stacking (p=0.91) and alveolar recruitment (p=0.82), with no significant difference between the groups (p=0.39). The partial pressure of oxygen increased significantly after breath stacking (p=0.013) and alveolar recruitment (p=0.04), but there was no significant difference between the groups (p=0.073). The alveolar-arterial O2 difference decreased for both groups after the breath stacking (p=0.025) and alveolar recruitment (p=0.03) interventions, and there was no significant difference between the groups (p=0.81). Conclusion Our data suggest that the breath stacking and alveolar recruitment techniques are effective in

Comparative analysis between the alveolar recruitment maneuver and breath stacking technique in patients with acute lung injury.

PubMed

Porto, Elias Ferreira; Tavolaro, Kelly Cristiani; Kumpel, Claudia; Oliveira, Fernanda Augusta; Sousa, Juciaria Ferreira; Carvalho, Graciele Vieira de; Castro, Antonio Adolfo Mattos de

2014-01-01

To compare the effectiveness of the alveolar recruitment maneuver and the breath stacking technique with respect to lung mechanics and gas exchange in patients with acute lung injury. Thirty patients were distributed into two groups: Group 1 - breath stacking; and Group 2 - alveolar recruitment maneuver. After undergoing conventional physical therapy, all patients received both treatments with an interval of 1 day between them. In the first group, the breath stacking technique was used initially, and subsequently, the alveolar recruitment maneuver was applied. Group 2 patients were initially subjected to alveolar recruitment, followed by the breath stacking technique. Measurements of lung compliance and airway resistance were evaluated before and after the use of both techniques. Gas analyses were collected before and after the techniques were used to evaluate oxygenation and gas exchange. Both groups had a significant increase in static compliance after breath stacking (p=0.021) and alveolar recruitment (p=0.03), but with no significant differences between the groups (p=0.95). The dynamic compliance did not increase for the breath stacking (p=0.22) and alveolar recruitment (p=0.074) groups, with no significant difference between the groups (p=0.11). The airway resistance did not decrease for either groups, i.e., breath stacking (p=0.91) and alveolar recruitment (p=0.82), with no significant difference between the groups (p=0.39). The partial pressure of oxygen increased significantly after breath stacking (p=0.013) and alveolar recruitment (p=0.04), but there was no significant difference between the groups (p=0.073). The alveolar-arterial O2 difference decreased for both groups after the breath stacking (p=0.025) and alveolar recruitment (p=0.03) interventions, and there was no significant difference between the groups (p=0.81). Our data suggest that the breath stacking and alveolar recruitment techniques are effective in improving the lung mechanics and gas

Permanent nerve damage from inferior alveolar nerve blocks: a current update.

PubMed

Pogrel, M Anthony

2012-10-01

Permanent nerve involvement has been reported following inferior alveolar nerve blocks. This study provides an update on cases reported to one unit in the preceding six years. Lidocaine was associated with 25 percent of cases, articaine with 33 percent of cases, and prilocaine with 34 percent of cases. It does appear that inferior alveolar nerve blocks can cause permanent nerve damage with any local anesthetic, but the incidences may vary.

Alveolar bone level changes in maxillary expansion treatments assessed through CBCT.

PubMed

Pham, Vi; Lagravère, Manuel O

2017-03-01

Determine changes in alveolar bone levels during expansion treatments as assessed through cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT). Sixty-one patients from Edmonton, Canada, with maxillary transverse deficiencies were split into three groups. One group was treated with a bone-anchored expander, another group was treated with a tooth-borne maxillary expander (Hyrax) and one group was untreated. CBCTs were obtained from each patient at two time points (initialT 1 and at removal of appliance after 6 months T 2 ). CBCTs were analyzed using AVIZO software and landmarks were placed on different dental and skeletal structures. Intra-examiner reliability for landmarks was done by randomly selecting 10 images and measuring each landmark 3 times, 1 week apart. Descriptive statistics, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and ANOVA analysis were used to determine if there were changes to the alveolar bone levels and if these changes were statistically significant within each group. Landmarks reliability showed an ICC of at least 0.99 with a 95% confidence interval and a mean measurement error of at least 0.2067mm. Descriptive statistics show that changes in alveolar bone levels were less than 1mm for all three groups and therefore clinically insignificant. Changes between groups were not statistically different (P<0.05) from one another with the exception of 8 distances. However, since the distances were small, they were not considered clinically significant. Alveolar bone level changes were similar in maxillary expansion treatments and in the control group. The effects of maxillary expansion treatments on alveolar bone levels are not clinically significant. Copyright © 2016 CEO. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Hounsfield unit change in root and alveolar bone during canine retraction.

PubMed

Jiang, Feifei; Liu, Sean S-Y; Xia, Zeyang; Li, Shuning; Chen, Jie; Kula, Katherine S; Eckert, George

2015-04-01

The objective of this study was to determine the Hounsfield unit (HU) changes in the alveolar bone and root surfaces during controlled canine retractions. Eighteen maxillary canine retraction patients were selected for this split-mouth design clinical trial. The canines in each patient were randomly assigned to receive either translation or controlled tipping treatment. Pretreatment and posttreatment cone-beam computed tomography scans of each patient were used to determine tooth movement direction and HU changes. The alveolar bone and root surface were divided into 108 divisions, respectively. The HUs in each division were measured. Mixed-model analysis of variance was applied to test the HU change distribution at the P <0.05 significance level. The HU changes varied with the directions relative to the canine movement. The HU reductions occurred at the root surfaces. Larger reductions occurred in the divisions that were perpendicular to the moving direction. However, HUs decreased in the alveolar bone in the moving direction. The highest HU reduction was at the coronal level. HU reduction occurs on the root surface in the direction perpendicular to tooth movement and in the alveolar bone in the direction of tooth movement when a canine is retracted. Copyright © 2015 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Hounsfield Unit Change in Root and Alveolar Bone during Canine Retraction

PubMed Central

Jiang, Feifei; Liu, Sean Y.; Xia, Zeyang; Li, Shuning; Chen, Jie; Kula, Katherine S.; Eckert, George

2014-01-01

Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the Hounsfield unit (HU) changes in the alveolar bone and root surface during controlled canine retractions. Methods Eighteen maxillary canine retraction patients were selected for this split mouth design clinical trial. The canines in each patient were randomly assigned to receive either translation or controlled tipping treatment strategy. Pre- and post-treatment cone beam computed tomography scans of each patient were used to determine tooth movement direction and HU changes. The alveolar bone and root surface were divided into 108 divisions, respectively. The HU in each division was measured. The Mixed-model ANOVA was applied to test the HU change distribution at the p<0.05 significant level. Results The HU changes varied with the directions relative to the canine movement. The HU reduction occurred at the root surface. Larger reductions occurred in the divisions that were perpendicular to the moving direction. However, HU decreased in the alveolar bone in the moving direction. The highest HU reduction was at the coronal level. Conclusions HU reduction occurs on the root surface in the direction perpendicular to the tooth movement and in the alveolar bone in the direction of tooth movement when a canine is retracted. PMID:25836004

Distribución del continuo ultravioleta e infrarrojo en estrellas Be

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cruzado, A.; Ringuelet, A.; di Rocco, H.

Estamos interesados en interpretar los excesos de flujo infrarrojo y/o ultravioleta observados en estrellas Be con respecto al de estrellas B normales, así como su posible correlación. Una envoltura rodeando la estrella distingue una estrella Be de una B normal; para explicar las observaciones es necesario entonces tener en cuenta todos los posibles procesos físicos que en ella tienen lugar. Adoptando un modelo atmosférico específico, hemos estudiado el proceso de recombinación dielectrónica de metales como MgII y FeII, teniendo en cuenta la posible influencia de la opacidad del medio en el flujo emitido.

Tissue factor deficiency increases alveolar hemorrhage and death in influenza A virus-infected mice.

PubMed

Antoniak, S; Tatsumi, K; Hisada, Y; Milner, J J; Neidich, S D; Shaver, C M; Pawlinski, R; Beck, M A; Bastarache, J A; Mackman, N

2016-06-01

Essentials H1N1 Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is a hemostatic challenge for the lung. Tissue factor (TF) on lung epithelial cells maintains lung hemostasis after IAV infection. Reduced TF-dependent activation of coagulation leads to alveolar hemorrhage. Anticoagulation might increase the risk for hemorrhages into the lung during severe IAV infection. Background Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is a common respiratory tract infection that causes considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Objective To investigate the effect of genetic deficiency of tissue factor (TF) in a mouse model of IAV infection. Methods Wild-type mice, low-TF (LTF) mice and mice with the TF gene deleted in different cell types were infected with a mouse-adapted A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H1N1 strain of IAV. TF expression was measured in the lungs, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected to measure extracellular vesicle TF, activation of coagulation, alveolar hemorrhage, and inflammation. Results IAV infection of wild-type mice increased lung TF expression, activation of coagulation and inflammation in BALF, but also led to alveolar hemorrhage. LTF mice and mice with selective deficiency of TF in lung epithelial cells had low basal levels of TF and failed to increase TF expression after infection; these two strains of mice had more alveolar hemorrhage and death than controls. In contrast, deletion of TF in either myeloid cells or endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells did not increase alveolar hemorrhage or death after IAV infection. These results indicate that TF expression in the lung, particularly in epithelial cells, is required to maintain alveolar hemostasis after IAV infection. Conclusion Our study indicates that TF-dependent activation of coagulation is required to limit alveolar hemorrhage and death after IAV infection. © 2016 International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

Influence of Rhodococcus equi on the respiratory burst of resident alveolar macrophages from horses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brumbaugh, G.W.

1986-01-01

Rhodococcus equi is the etiologic agent of a devastating pneumonia of sporadic incidence in foals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of R. equi on the superoxide anion production, measured spectrophotometrically as the reduction of cytochrome C, and hexose monophosphate shunt activity, measured by /sup 14/CO/sub 2/ liberation from /sup 14/C-1-D-glucose, of alveolar macrophages from horses. Alveolar macrophages were harvested from 6 anesthetized, healthy, light-breed, adult horses by bronchoalveolar lavage. Following a randomized complete block design, the suspension of cells was divided into aliquots of 10/sup 6/ viable alveolar macrophages which were exposed to 1, 10more » or 100 g. of opsonized R. equi or opsonized zymosan A at 37 C for 2 hours. In this study the respiratory burst of equine alveolar macrophages was only evidenced by the hexose monophosphate shunt activity and superoxide anion was not coincidentally produced. Rhodococcus equi did not adversely affect that response. The insignificant superoxide anion production by the alveolar macrophages suggests that this may not be a significant oxygen metabolite in those cells.« less

Myricetin Prevents Alveolar Bone Loss in an Experimental Ovariectomized Mouse Model of Periodontitis

PubMed Central

Huang, Jialiang; Wu, Chuanlong; Tian, Bo; Zhou, Xiao; Ma, Nian; Qian, Yufen

2016-01-01

Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease, which leads to alveolar bone resorption. Healthy and functional alveolar bone, which can support the teeth and enable their movement, is very important for orthodontic treatment. Myricetin inhibited osteoclastogenesis by suppressing the expression of some genes, signaling pathways, and cytokines. This study aimed to investigate the effects of myricetin on alveolar bone loss in an ovariectomized (OVX) mouse model of periodontitis as well as in vitro osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Twenty-four healthy eight-week-old C57BL/J6 female mice were assigned randomly to four groups: phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) control (sham) OVX + ligature + PBS (vehicle), and OVX + ligature + low or high (2 or 5 mg∙kg−1∙day−1, respectively) doses of myricetin. Myricetin or PBS was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) every other day for 30 days. The maxillae were collected and subjected to further examination, including micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining; a resorption pit assay was also performed in vitro to evaluate the effects of myricetin on receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis. Myricetin, at both high and low doses, prevented alveolar bone resorption and increased alveolar crest height in the mouse model and inhibited osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vitro. However, myricetin was more effective at high dose than at low dose. Our study demonstrated that myricetin had a positive effect on alveolar bone resorption in an OVX mouse model of periodontitis and, therefore, may be a potential agent for the treatment of periodontitis and osteoporosis. PMID:27011174

Oral administration of aflatoxin G₁ induces chronic alveolar inflammation associated with lung tumorigenesis.

PubMed

Liu, Chunping; Shen, Haitao; Yi, Li; Shao, Peilu; Soulika, Athena M; Meng, Xinxing; Xing, Lingxiao; Yan, Xia; Zhang, Xianghong

2015-02-03

Our previous studies showed oral gavage of aflatoxin G₁ (AFG₁) induced lung adenocarcinoma in NIH mice. We recently found that a single intratracheal administration of AFG₁ caused chronic inflammatory changes in rat alveolar septum. Here, we examine whether oral gavage of AFG₁ induces chronic lung inflammation and how it contributes to carcinogenesis. We evaluated chronic lung inflammatory responses in Balb/c mice after oral gavage of AFG₁ for 1, 3 and 6 months. Inflammatory responses were heightened in the lung alveolar septum, 3 and 6 months after AFG₁ treatment, evidenced by increased macrophages and lymphocytes infiltration, up-regulation of NF-κB and p-STAT3, and cytokines production. High expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD-2) and hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1), two established markers of oxidative stress, were detected in alveolar epithelium of AFG₁-treated mice. Promoted alveolar type II cell (AT-II) proliferation in alveolar epithelium and angiogenesis, as well as increased COX-2 expression were also observed in lung tissues of AFG₁-treated mice. Furthermore, we prolonged survival of the mice in the above model for another 6 months to examine the contribution of AFG₁-induced chronic inflammation to lung tumorigenesis. Twelve months later, we observed that AFG₁ induced alveolar epithelial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma in Balb/c mice. Up-regulation of NF-κB, p-STAT3, and COX-2 was also induced in lung adenocarcinoma, thus establishing a link between AFG₁-induced chronic inflammation and lung tumorigenesis. This is the first study to show that oral administration of AFG₁ could induce chronic lung inflammation, which may provide a pro-tumor microenvironment to contribute to lung tumorigenesis. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Effects of Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibition on Alveolarization and Hyperoxia Toxicity in Newborn Rats

PubMed Central

Méhats, Céline; Franco-Montoya, Marie-Laure; Boucherat, Olivier; Lopez, Emmanuel; Schmitz, Thomas; Zana, Elodie; Evain-Brion, Danièle; Bourbon, Jacques; Delacourt, Christophe; Jarreau, Pierre-Henri

2008-01-01

Background Prolonged neonatal exposure to hyperoxia is associated with high mortality, leukocyte influx in airspaces, and impaired alveolarization. Inhibitors of type 4 phosphodiesterases are potent anti-inflammatory drugs now proposed for lung disorders. The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of the prototypal phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor rolipram on alveolar development and on hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Methodology/Findings Rat pups were placed under hyperoxia (FiO2>95%) or room air from birth, and received rolipram or its diluent daily until sacrifice. Mortality rate, weight gain and parameters of lung morphometry were recorded on day 10. Differential cell count and cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage and cytokine mRNA levels in whole lung were recorded on day 6. Rolipram diminished weight gain either under air or hyperoxia. Hyperoxia induced huge mortality rate reaching 70% at day 10, which was prevented by rolipram. Leukocyte influx in bronchoalveolar lavage under hyperoxia was significantly diminished by rolipram. Hyperoxia increased transcript and protein levels of IL-6, MCP1, and osteopontin; rolipram inhibited the increase of these proteins. Alveolarization was impaired by hyperoxia and was not restored by rolipram. Under room air, rolipram-treated pups had significant decrease of Radial Alveolar Count. Conclusions Although inhibition of phosphodiesterases 4 prevented mortality and lung inflammation induced by hyperoxia, it had no effect on alveolarization impairment, which might be accounted for by the aggressiveness of the model. The less complex structure of immature lungs of rolipram-treated pups as compared with diluent-treated pups under room air may be explained by the profound effect of PDE4 inhibition on weight gain that interfered with normal alveolarization. PMID:18941502

Applied anatomy of the pterygomandibular space: improving the success of inferior alveolar nerve blocks.

PubMed

Khoury, J N; Mihailidis, S; Ghabriel, M; Townsend, G

2011-06-01

A thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the pterygomandibular space is essential for the successful administration of the inferior alveolar nerve block. In addition to the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves, other structures in this space are of particular significance for local anaesthesia, including the inferior alveolar vessels, the sphenomandibular ligament and the interpterygoid fascia. These structures can all potentially have an impact on the effectiveness of local anaesthesia in this area. Greater understanding of the nature and extent of variation in intraoral landmarks and underlying structures should lead to improved success rates, and provide safer and more effective anaesthesia. The direct technique for the inferior alveolar nerve block is used frequently by most clinicians in Australia and this review evaluates its anatomical rationale and provides possible explanations for anaesthetic failures. © 2011 Australian Dental Association.

Angiogenesis and phenotypic alteration of alveolar capillary endothelium in areas of neoplastic cell spread in primary lung adenocarcinoma.

PubMed

Jin, E; Ghazizadeh, M; Fujiwara, M; Nagashima, M; Shimizu, H; Ohaki, Y; Arai, S; Gomibuchi, M; Takemura, T; Kawanami, O

2001-09-01

Normal alveolar capillary endothelium is quiescent in nature and displays anticoagulant thrombomodulin (TM) on its surface. The cytoplasms of these endothelial cells are ultrastructurally non-fenestrated type, and they barely express von Willebrand factor (vWf). Alveolar fibrosis is accompanied by a capillary endothelium reactive for vWf, and a loss of TM expression. In primary lung adenocarcinoma, neovascularization occurs in association with alveolar fibrosis. In order to study basic factors related to angiogenesis and phenotypic changes of the capillaries located in tumor-bearing alveolar walls, we examined 37 primary lung adenocarcinomas with electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy with antibodies for TM, vWf, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and its receptors (KDR and Flt-1), and proliferating markers (Ki-67/proliferating cell nuclear antigen). Tissues microdissected specifically from alveolar walls were used for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to assess expressions of mRNA isoforms of VEGF and its receptors. New capillary branching was found by ultrastructural study in the alveolar walls in 12% of the patients. Nuclei of the capillary endothelial cells were reactive for proliferating cell markers. Endothelial fenestrae were developed in 65% of the patients, TM reactivity was lost in the alveolar capillaries, and their cell cytoplasms obtained a reactivity for vWf through a transitional mosaic-like distribution pattern of both antigens. Besides cytoplasmic VEGF expression in neoplastic cells, tumor-bearing alveolar walls showed significant expression of mRNA of VEGF165 and KDR. These findings imply that angiogenesis and phenotypic changes of the alveolar capillaries are closely related to a higher expression of tumor-associated VEGF165 and of KDR in the alveolar walls in primary lung adenocarcinoma.

Alveolar ridge and maxillary sinus augmentation using rhBMP-2: a systematic review.

PubMed

Freitas, Rubens Moreno de; Spin-Neto, Rubens; Marcantonio Junior, Elcio; Pereira, Luís Antônio Violin Dias; Wikesjö, Ulf M E; Susin, Cristiano

2015-01-01

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate clinical and safety data for recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in an absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) carrier when used for alveolar ridge/maxillary sinus augmentation in humans. Clinical studies/case series published 1980 through June 2012 using rhBMP-2/ACS were searched. Studies meeting the following criteria were considered eligible for inclusion: >10 subjects at baseline and maxillary sinus or alveolar ridge augmentation not concomitant with implant placement. Seven of 69 publications were eligible for review. rhBMP-2/ACS yielded clinically meaningful bone formation for maxillary sinus augmentation that would allow placement of regular dental implants without consistent differences between rhBMP-2 concentrations. Nevertheless, the statistical analysis showed that sinus augmentation following autogenous bone graft was significantly greater (mean bone height: 1.6 mm, 95% CI: 0.5-2.7 mm) than for rhBMP-2/ACS (rhBMP-2 at 1.5 mg/mL). In extraction sockets, rhBMP-2/ACS maintained alveolar ridge height while enhancing alveolar ridge width. Safety reports did not represent concerns for the proposed indications. rhBMP-2/ACS appears a promising alternative to autogenous bone grafts for alveolar ridge/maxillary sinus augmentation; dose and carrier optimization may expand its efficacy, use, and clinical application. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Resident alveolar macrophages are master regulators of arrested alveolarization in experimental bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

PubMed

Kalymbetova, Tatiana V; Selvakumar, Balachandar; Rodríguez-Castillo, José Alberto; Gunjak, Miša; Malainou, Christina; Heindl, Miriam Ruth; Moiseenko, Alena; Chao, Cho-Ming; Vadász, István; Mayer, Konstantin; Lohmeyer, Jürgen; Bellusci, Saverio; Böttcher-Friebertshäuser, Eva; Seeger, Werner; Herold, Susanne; Morty, Rory E

2018-06-01

Trophic functions for macrophages are emerging as key mediators of developmental processes, including bone, vessel, and mammary gland development. Yolk sac-derived macrophages mature in the distal lung shortly after birth. Myeloid-lineage macrophages are recruited to the lung and are activated under pathological conditions. These pathological conditions include bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a common complication of preterm birth characterized by stunted lung development, where the formation of alveoli is blocked. No study has addressed causal roles for immune cells in lung alveolarization. We employed antibody-based and transgenic death receptor-based depletion approaches to deplete or prevent lung recruitment of immune cell populations in a hyperoxia-based mouse model of BPD. Neither neutrophils nor exudate macrophages (which might include lung interstitial macrophages) contributed to structural perturbations to the lung that were provoked by hyperoxia; however, cells of the Csf1r-expressing monocyte/macrophage lineage were implicated as causal mediators of stunted lung development. We propose that resident alveolar macrophages differentiate into a population of CD45 + CD11c + SiglecF + CD11b + CD68 + MHCII + cells, which are activated by hyperoxia, and contribute to disturbances to the structural development of the immature lung. This is the first report that causally implicates immune cells in pathological disturbances to postnatal lung organogenesis. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Alveolar and Velarized Laterals in Albanian and in the Viennese Dialect.

PubMed

Moosmüller, Sylvia; Schmid, Carolin; Kasess, Christian H

2016-12-01

A comparison of alveolar and velarized lateral realizations in two language varieties, Albanian and the Viennese dialect, has been performed. Albanian distinguishes the two laterals phonemically, whereas in the Viennese dialect, the velarized lateral was introduced by language contact with Czech immigrants. A categorical distinction between the two lateral phonemes is fully maintained in Albanian. Results are not as straightforward in the Viennese dialect. Most prominently, female speakers, if at all, realize the velarized lateral in word-final position, thus indicating the application of a phonetically motivated process. The realization of the velarized lateral by male speakers, on the other hand, indicates that the velarized lateral replaced the former alveolar lateral phoneme. Alveolar laterals are either realized in perceptually salient positions, thus governed by an input-switch rule, or in front vowel contexts, thus subject to coarticulatory influences. Our results illustrate the subtle interplay of phonology, phonetics and sociolinguistics.

The Incidence of Intravascular Needle Entrance during Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block Injection.

PubMed

Taghavi Zenouz, Ali; Ebrahimi, Hooman; Mahdipour, Masoumeh; Pourshahidi, Sara; Amini, Parisa; Vatankhah, Mahdi

2008-01-01

Dentists administer thousands of local anesthetic injections every day. Injection to a highly vascular area such as pterygomandibular space during an inferior alveolar nerve block has a high risk of intravascular needle entrance. Accidental intravascular injection of local anesthetic agent with vasoconstrictor may result in cardiovascular and central nervous system toxicity, as well as tachycardia and hypertension. There are reports that indicate aspiration is not performed in every injection. The aim of the present study was to assess the incidence of intravascular needle entrance in inferior alveolar nerve block injections. Three experienced oral and maxillofacial surgeons performed 359 inferior alveolar nerve block injections using direct or indirect techniques, and reported the results of aspiration. Aspirable syringes and 27 gauge long needles were used, and the method of aspiration was similar in all cases. Data were analyzed using t-test. 15.3% of inferior alveolar nerve block injections were aspiration positive. Intravascular needle entrance was seen in 14.2% of cases using direct and 23.3% of cases using indirect block injection techniques. Of all injections, 15.8% were intravascular on the right side and 14.8% were intravascular on the left. There were no statistically significant differences between direct or indirect block injection techniques (P = 0.127) and between right and left injection sites (P = 0.778). According to our findings, the incidence of intravascular needle entrance during inferior alveolar nerve block injection was relatively high. It seems that technique and maneuver of injection have no considerable effect in incidence of intravascular needle entrance.

Role of warm saline mouth rinse in prevention of alveolar osteitis: a randomized controlled trial.

PubMed

Osunde, Otasowie Daniel; Bassey, Godwin Obi

2015-01-01

The present study was aimed at determining the role warm saline rinse in the prevention of alveolar osteitis following dental extractions. Apparently patients aged 16 and above who were referred to the Oral Surgery Clinic of our institution, with an indication for non-surgical extraction of pathologic teeth were prospectively and uniformly randomized into warm saline group and control. The experimental group (n = 80) were instructed to gargle 6 times daily with warm saline and no such instructions were given to the second group (n = 80) to serve as controls. Information on demographic, indications for extraction, and development of alveolar osteitis were obtained and analyzed. Comparative statistics were done using Pearson's chi square or Fisher's exact test as appropriate. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. The demographic and other baseline parameters such as indications for extractions were comparable among the study groups (p > 0.05). The overall prevalence of alveolar osteitis was 13.7%. There was a statistical significant difference between the study groups with respect to development of alveolar osteitis (X2 = 15.00, df = 1, p = 0.001).The risk of development of alveolar osteitis was 4 times higher in the control group (OR = 4.33, P = 0.001). Warm saline mouth rinse instruction is beneficial in the prevention of development of alveolar osteitis after dental extractions.

Growth/differentiation factor-5: pre-clinical and clinical evaluations of periodontal regeneration and alveolar augmentation--review.

PubMed

Lee, Jaebum; Wikesjö, Ulf M E

2014-08-01

Growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) plays critical roles in mesenchymal cell differentiation and stimulates human periodontal ligament cell proliferation. Potentially, GDF-5 may also play roles in wound healing including periodontal regeneration and alveolar augmentation. The objective of this review was to provide up-to-date information from pre-clinical/clinical studies evaluating GDF-5 for these indications. A comprehensive search using PubMed and Google search engines was conducted to identify reports on GDF-5 applied to periodontal and alveolar indications. Two reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts from a total of 479 reports. Full-length articles of 17 pre-clinical and four clinical studies were selected and reviewed. Canine-, porcine- and non-human primate-based models as well as human clinical trials were used in the evaluation of GDF-5 in support of periodontal regeneration and alveolar augmentation. An absorbable collagen sponge (ACS), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and a poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) were evaluated as candidate carriers for GDF-5 using various dose and healing intervals demonstrating significantly enhanced periodontal regeneration/alveolar augmentation including cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone with limited, if any, adverse effects. Growth/differentiation factor-5 supports periodontal regeneration/alveolar augmentation without aberrant healing events documented in qualified pre-clinical models and clinical pilot studies. In perspective, GDF-5 appears a promising technology for periodontal regeneration/alveolar augmentation. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Oral administration of vitamin C prevents alveolar bone resorption induced by high dietary cholesterol in rats.

PubMed

Sanbe, Toshihiro; Tomofuji, Takaaki; Ekuni, Daisuke; Azuma, Tetsuji; Tamaki, Naofumi; Yamamoto, Tatsuo

2007-11-01

A high-cholesterol diet stimulates alveolar bone resorption, which may be induced via tissue oxidative damage. Vitamin C reduces tissue oxidative damage by neutralizing free radicals and scavenging hydroxyl radicals, and its antioxidant effect may offer the clinical benefit of preventing alveolar bone resorption in cases of hyperlipidemia. We examined whether vitamin C could suppress alveolar bone resorption in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. In this 12-week study, rats were divided into four groups: a control group (fed a regular diet) and three experimental groups (fed a high-cholesterol diet supplemented with 0, 1, or 2 g/l vitamin C). Vitamin C was provided by adding it to the drinking water. The bone mineral density of the alveolar bone was analyzed by microcomputerized tomography. As an index of tissue oxidative damage, the 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine level in the periodontal tissue was determined using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hyperlipidemia, induced by a high-cholesterol diet, decreased rat alveolar bone density and increased the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts. The expression of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine was upregulated in the periodontal tissues. Intake of vitamin C reduced the effect of a high-cholesterol diet on alveolar bone density and osteoclast differentiation and decreased periodontal 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine expression. In the rat model, vitamin C suppressed alveolar bone resorption, induced by high dietary cholesterol, by decreasing the oxidative damage of periodontal tissue.

Transient delayed facial nerve palsy after inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia.

PubMed

Tzermpos, Fotios H; Cocos, Alina; Kleftogiannis, Matthaios; Zarakas, Marissa; Iatrou, Ioannis

2012-01-01

Facial nerve palsy, as a complication of an inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia, is a rarely reported incident. Based on the time elapsed, from the moment of the injection to the onset of the symptoms, the paralysis could be either immediate or delayed. The purpose of this article is to report a case of delayed facial palsy as a result of inferior alveolar nerve block, which occurred 24 hours after the anesthetic administration and subsided in about 8 weeks. The pathogenesis, treatment, and results of an 8-week follow-up for a 20-year-old patient referred to a private maxillofacial clinic are presented and discussed. The patient's previous medical history was unremarkable. On clinical examination the patient exhibited generalized weakness of the left side of her face with a flat and expressionless appearance, and she was unable to close her left eye. One day before the onset of the symptoms, the patient had visited her dentist for a routine restorative procedure on the lower left first molar and an inferior alveolar block anesthesia was administered. The patient's medical history, clinical appearance, and complete examinations led to the diagnosis of delayed facial nerve palsy. Although neurologic occurrences are rare, dentists should keep in mind that certain dental procedures, such as inferior alveolar block anesthesia, could initiate facial nerve palsy. Attention should be paid during the administration of the anesthetic solution.

Tilmicosin reduces lipopolysaccharide-stimulated bovine alveolar macrophage prostaglandin E(2) production via a mechanism involving phospholipases.

PubMed

Lakritz, Jeffrey; Tyler, Jeff W; Marsh, Antoinette E; Romesburg-Cockrell, Mary; Smith, Kathy; Holle, Julie M

2002-01-01

Tilmicosin is a potent antimicrobial with broad-spectrum activity against the bacterial agents involved in the bovine respiratory disease complex. Recent studies indicate that in addition to being bactericidal, tilmicosin is capable of modulating inflammation in the lung. A series of experiments were designed to determine whether tilmicosin alters alveolar macrophage-prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production induced by Escherichia coli (O55:B5) lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Twenty-two healthy Holstein bull calves were used to study the effects of LPS-induced PGE(2) production of alveolar macrophages after in vivo or in vitro treatment with tilmicosin. In Experiment 1, tilmicosin was given by subcutaneous injection (15 mg/kg) twice, 48 hours apart, to four calves; four control calves received no treatment. Twenty-four hours after the second treatment, alveolar macrophages were stimulated with LPS in vitro. In Experiment 2, alveolar macrophages from five untreated calves were harvested and treated in vitro with tilmicosin, followed by LPS stimulation. In Experiment 3, the ability of in vitro tilmicosin treatment to alter the expression of LPS-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA was evaluated. In Experiments 4 and 5, secretory phospholipase A(2) activity was examined in untreated calves. Treatment of calves with tilmicosin resulted in reduced LPS-induced alveolar macrophage PGE(2) production. Similar reductions in PGE(2) by LPS-stimulated alveolar macrophages after in vitro tilmicosin treatment were noted. This in vitro tilmicosin treatment was not associated with reduction of the expression of LPS-induced COX-2. Alveolar macrophage phospholipase A(2) activity induced by LPS was significantly reduced by prior tilmicosin treatment in vitro. Tilmicosin (in vivo and in vitro) appears to reduce the PGE(2) eicosanoid response of LPS-stimulated alveolar macrophages by reducing the in vitro substrate availability without altering in vitro COX-2 mRNA expression.

[The clinical effect of root amputation in the treatment of periodontal/alveolar abscess].

PubMed

Tan, Baochun; Wu, Wenlei; Sun, Weibin; Xiao, Jianping

2012-06-01

To study the clinical effect of root amputation in the treatment of periodontal/alveolar abscess teeth with one severe lesion root. 30 periodontal/alveolar abscess teeth with one severe lesion root were chosen in the study. After root canal treatment, supragingival scaling, subgingival scaling and root planning, occlusal adjustment were done. Then the teeth were treated by root amputation. The clinical effect was evaluated 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after surgery. One year after surgery, 27 of 30 teeth were successful, 1 mandibular molar occurred root fracture, 1 mandibular molar was removed because of tooth loosening secondary to periodontal damage. 1 patient lost. Root amputation is an effective solution of periodontal/alveolar abscess.

NOD2 enhances the innate response of alveolar macrophages to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans.

PubMed

Juárez, Esmeralda; Carranza, Claudia; Hernández-Sánchez, Fernando; León-Contreras, Juan C; Hernández-Pando, Rogelio; Escobedo, Dante; Torres, Martha; Sada, Eduardo

2012-04-01

A role for the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) receptor in pulmonary innate immune responses has recently been explored. In the present study, we investigated the role that NOD2 plays in human alveolar macrophage innate responses and determined its involvement in the response to infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Our results showed that NOD2 was expressed in human alveolar macrophages, and significant amounts of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were produced upon ligand recognition with muramyldipeptide (MDP). NOD2 ligation induced the transcription and protein expression of the antimicrobial peptide LL37 and the autophagy enzyme IRGM in alveolar macrophages, demonstrating a novel function for this receptor in these cells. MDP treatment of alveolar macrophages improved the intracellular growth control of virulent M. tuberculosis; this was associated with a significant release of TNF-α and IL-6 and overexpression of bactericidal LL37. In addition, the autophagy proteins IRGM, LC3 and ATG16L1 were recruited to the bacteria-containing autophagosome after treatment with MDP. In conclusion, our results suggest that NOD2 can modulate the innate immune response of alveolar macrophages and play a role in the initial control of respiratory M. tuberculosis infections. © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Critical Determinants of Uptake and Translocation of Nanoparticles by the Human Pulmonary Alveolar Epithelium

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

The ability to manipulate the size and surface properties of nanomaterials makes them a promising vector for improving drug delivery and efficacy. Inhalation is a desirable route of administration as nanomaterials preferentially deposit in the alveolar region, a large surface area for drug absorption. However, as yet, the mechanisms by which particles translocate across the alveolar epithelial layer are poorly understood. Here we show that human alveolar type I epithelial cells internalize nanoparticles, whereas alveolar type II epithelial cells do not, and that nanoparticles translocate across the epithelial monolayer but are unable to penetrate the tight junctions between cells, ruling out paracellular translocation. Furthermore, using siRNA, we demonstrate that 50 nm nanoparticles enter largely by passive diffusion and are found in the cytoplasm, whereas 100 nm nanoparticles enter primarily via clathrin- and also caveolin-mediated endocytosis and are found in endosomes. Functionalization of nanoparticles increases their uptake and enhances binding of surfactant which further promotes uptake. Thus, we demonstrate that uptake and translocation across the pulmonary epithelium is controlled by alveolar type I epithelial cells, and furthermore, we highlight a number of factors that should be considered when designing new nanomedicines in order to improve drug delivery to the lung. PMID:25360809

Mechanics of airway and alveolar collapse in human breath-hold diving.

PubMed

Fitz-Clarke, John R

2007-11-15

A computational model of the human respiratory tract was developed to study airway and alveolar compression and re-expansion during deep breath-hold dives. The model incorporates the chest wall, supraglottic airway, trachea, branched airway tree, and elastic alveoli assigned time-dependent surfactant properties. Total lung collapse with degassing of all alveoli is predicted to occur around 235 m, much deeper than estimates for aquatic mammals. Hysteresis of the pressure-volume loop increases with maximum diving depth due to progressive alveolar collapse. Reopening of alveoli occurs stochastically as airway pressure overcomes adhesive and compressive forces on ascent. Surface area for gas exchange vanishes at collapse depth, implying that the risk of decompression sickness should reach a plateau beyond this depth. Pulmonary capillary transmural stresses cannot increase after local alveolar collapse. Consolidation of lung parenchyma might provide protection from capillary injury or leakage caused by vascular engorgement due to outward chest wall recoil at extreme depths.

Prevention of alveolar echinococcosis--ecosystem and risk management perspectives in Japan.

PubMed

Konno, Keita; Oku, Yuzaburo; Tamashiro, Hiko

2003-12-01

We focused on the epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis especially in Japan and discussed control measures to prevent an epidemic. No effective control measures against alveolar echinococcosis have been identified thus far because it is difficult to fully understand the ecology of the parasite and its hosts, i.e. the precise infection route to humans. In Hokkaido, Japan, infection rates among red foxes have recently risen even in low endemic districts. Infection seems to be spreading not only among wild foxes but also among domestic dogs. Despite only sporadic reports of human cases in Japan, we predict that the incidence of alveolar echinococcosis will increase in the near future if no effective preventive measures are put in place. An Echinococcus multilocularis epidemic would have the potential to affect the economy of Hokkaido, due to its impact on the agricultural and tourist industries. Well-designed epidemiological surveys are, therefore, urgently required prior to large outbreaks, based on understanding of the ecosystem around E. multilocularis.

Quality assessment of systematic reviews on alveolar socket preservation.

PubMed

Moraschini, V; Barboza, E Dos S P

2016-09-01

The aim of this overview was to evaluate and compare the quality of systematic reviews, with or without meta-analysis, that have evaluated studies on techniques or biomaterials used for the preservation of alveolar sockets post tooth extraction in humans. An electronic search was conducted without date restrictions using the Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases up to April 2015. Eligibility criteria included systematic reviews, with or without meta-analysis, focused on the preservation of post-extraction alveolar sockets in humans. Two independent authors assessed the quality of the included reviews using AMSTAR and the checklist proposed by Glenny et al. in 2003. After the selection process, 12 systematic reviews were included. None of these reviews obtained the maximum score using the quality assessment tools implemented, and the results of the analyses were highly variable. A significant statistical correlation was observed between the scores of the two checklists. A wide structural and methodological variability was observed between the systematic reviews published on the preservation of alveolar sockets post tooth extraction. None of the reviews evaluated obtained the maximum score using the two quality assessment tools implemented. Copyright © 2016 International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Linking lung function to structural damage of alveolar epithelium in ventilator-induced lung injury.

PubMed

Hamlington, Katharine L; Smith, Bradford J; Dunn, Celia M; Charlebois, Chantel M; Roy, Gregory S; Bates, Jason H T

2018-05-06

Understanding how the mechanisms of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), namely atelectrauma and volutrauma, contribute to the failure of the blood-gas barrier and subsequent intrusion of edematous fluid into the airspace is essential for the design of mechanical ventilation strategies that minimize VILI. We ventilated mice with different combinations of tidal volume and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and linked degradation in lung function measurements to injury of the alveolar epithelium observed via scanning electron microscopy. Ventilating with both high inspiratory plateau pressure and zero PEEP was necessary to cause derangements in lung function as well as visually apparent physical damage to the alveolar epithelium of initially healthy mice. In particular, the epithelial injury was tightly associated with indicators of alveolar collapse. These results support the hypothesis that mechanical damage to the epithelium during VILI is at least partially attributed to atelectrauma-induced damage of alveolar type I epithelial cells. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Effects of oxygen toxicity on cuprolinic blue-stained proteoglycans in alveolar basement membranes.

PubMed

Ferrara, T B; Fox, R B

1992-02-01

Effects of oxygen toxicity on distribution and density of proteoglycans in basement membranes of newborn rat lungs were assessed by electron microscopic analysis of tissues processed with cuprolinic blue, a cationic label that characteristically labels these anionically charged macromolecules. Newborn rats placed in greater than 95% oxygen at birth were killed at weekly intervals for 4 wk, and lung tissues fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde with 0.2% cuprolinic blue were processed for electron microscopy. Alveolar basement membranes from oxygen-treated and control animals were compared for differences in thickness and proteoglycan concentration and distribution. Results showed progressive thickening of alveolar basement membranes with increased duration of oxygen exposure. The normal distribution of proteoglycans, which is predominantly in the lamina rara externa of alveolar basement membranes, was frequently lost in thickened membranes found in oxygen-treated animals. Density of proteoglycans in these membranes decreased to 56% of normal by 2 wk of age and remained low with continued oxygen administration. Proteoglycan concentration in basement membranes on the interstitial side of alveolar capillaries in both control and oxygen-treated animals was low compared with proteoglycan concentration in basement membranes that opposed the alveolar air space, and administration of oxygen diminished these differences. These results demonstrate a direct alteration of proteoglycan distribution and density in the developing lung as a result of oxygen toxicity. This could result in decreased cell adhesion, influence the cellular response to lung injury, and contribute to the increased permeability seen with this disorder.

Acute Lung Injury Edema Fluid Decreases Net Fluid Transport across Human Alveolar Epithelial Type II Cells*

PubMed Central

Lee, Jae W.; Fang, Xiaohui; Dolganov, Gregory; Fremont, Richard D.; Bastarache, Julie A.; Ware, Lorraine B.; Matthay, Michael A.

2009-01-01

Most patients with acute lung injury (ALI) have reduced alveolar fluid clearance that has been associated with higher mortality. Several mechanisms may contribute to the decrease in alveolar fluid clearance. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that pulmonary edema fluid from patients with ALI might reduce the expression of ion transport genes responsible for vectorial fluid transport in primary cultures of human alveolar epithelial type II cells. Following exposure to ALI pulmonary edema fluid, the gene copy number for the major sodium and chloride transport genes decreased. By Western blot analyses, protein levels of αENaC, α1Na,K-ATPase, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator decreased as well. In contrast, the gene copy number for several inflammatory cytokines increased markedly. Functional studies demonstrated that net vectorial fluid transport was reduced for human alveolar type II cells exposed to ALI pulmonary edema fluid compared with plasma (0.02±0.05 versus 1.31±0.56 μl/cm2/h, p<0.02). An inhibitor of p38 MAPK phosphorylation (SB202190) partially reversed the effects of the edema fluid on net fluid transport as well as gene and protein expression of the main ion transporters. In summary, alveolar edema fluid from patients with ALI induced a significant reduction in sodium and chloride transport genes and proteins in human alveolar epithelial type II cells, effects that were associated with a decrease in net vectorial fluid transport across human alveolar type II cell monolayers. PMID:17580309

The Incidence of Intravascular Needle Entrance during Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block Injection

PubMed Central

Taghavi Zenouz, Ali; Ebrahimi, Hooman; Mahdipour, Masoumeh; Pourshahidi, Sara; Amini, Parisa; Vatankhah, Mahdi

2008-01-01

Background and aims Dentists administer thousands of local anesthetic injections every day. Injection to a highly vascular area such as pterygomandibular space during an inferior alveolar nerve block has a high risk of intravascular needle entrance. Accidental intravascular injection of local anesthetic agent with vasoconstrictor may result in cardiovascular and central nervous system toxicity, as well as tachycardia and hypertension. There are reports that indicate aspiration is not performed in every injection. The aim of the present study was to assess the incidence of intravascular needle entrance in inferior alveolar nerve block injections. Materials and methods Three experienced oral and maxillofacial surgeons performed 359 inferior alveolar nerve block injections using direct or indirect techniques, and reported the results of aspiration. Aspirable syringes and 27 gauge long needles were used, and the method of aspiration was similar in all cases. Data were analyzed using t-test. Results 15.3% of inferior alveolar nerve block injections were aspiration positive. Intravascular needle entrance was seen in 14.2% of cases using direct and 23.3% of cases using indirect block injection techniques. Of all injections, 15.8% were intravascular on the right side and 14.8% were intravascular on the left. There were no statistically significant differences between direct or indirect block injection techniques (P = 0.127) and between right and left injection sites (P = 0.778). Conclusion According to our findings, the incidence of intravascular needle entrance during inferior alveolar nerve block injection was relatively high. It seems that technique and maneuver of injection have no considerable effect in incidence of intravascular needle entrance. PMID:23285329

Spectral Monitoring of Surfactant Clearance during Alveolar Epithelial Type II Cell Differentiation

PubMed Central

Swain, Robin J.; Kemp, Sarah J.; Goldstraw, Peter; Tetley, Teresa D.; Stevens, Molly M.

2008-01-01

In this study, we report on the noninvasive identification of spectral markers of alveolar type II (ATII) cell differentiation in vitro using Raman microspectroscopy. ATII cells are progenitor cells for alveolar type I (ATI) cells in vivo, and spontaneously differentiate toward an ATI-like phenotype in culture. We analyzed undifferentiated and differentiated primary human ATII cells, and correlated Raman spectral changes to cellular changes in morphology and marker protein synthesis (surfactant protein C, alkaline phosphatase, caveolin-1). Undifferentiated ATII cells demonstrated spectra with strong phospholipid vibrations, arising from alveolar surfactant stored within cytoplasmic lamellar bodies (Lbs). Differentiated ATI-like cells yielded spectra with significantly less lipid content. Factor analysis revealed a phospholipid-dominated spectral component as the main discriminator between the ATII and ATI-like phenotypes. Spectral modeling of the data revealed a significant decrease in the spectral contribution of cellular lipids—specifically phosphatidyl choline, the main constituent of surfactant, as ATII cells differentiate. These observations were consistent with the clearance of surfactant from Lbs as ATII cells differentiate, and were further supported by cytochemical staining for Lbs. These results demonstrate the first spectral characterization of primary human ATII cells, and provide insight into the biochemical properties of alveolar surfactant in its unperturbed cellular environment. PMID:18820234

Inferior alveolar nerve injury after mandibular third molar extraction: a literature review.

PubMed

Sarikov, Rafael; Juodzbalys, Gintaras

2014-01-01

The purpose of this study was to systematically review the comprehensive overview of literature data about injury to the inferior alveolar nerve after lower third molar extraction to discover the prevalence of injury, the risk factors, recovery rates, and alternative methods of treatment. Literature was selected through a search of PubMed electronic databases. Articles from January 2009 to June 2014 were searched. English language articles with a minimum of 6 months patient follow-up and injury analysis by patient's reporting, radiographic, and neurosensory testing were selected. In total, 84 literature sources were reviewed, and 14 of the most relevant articles that are suitable to the criteria were selected. Articles were analyzed on men and women. The influence of lower third molar extraction (especially impacted) on the inferior alveolar nerve was clearly seen. The incidence of injury to the inferior alveolar nerve after lower third molar extraction was about 0.35 - 8.4%. The injury of the inferior alveolar nerve can be predicted by various radiological signs. There are few risk factors that may increase the risk of injury to the nerve such as patients over the age of 24 years old, with horizontal impactions, and extraction by trainee surgeons. Recovery is preferable and permanent injury is very rare.

Protectin DX increases alveolar fluid clearance in rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury.

PubMed

Zhuo, Xiao-Jun; Hao, Yu; Cao, Fei; Yan, Song-Fan; Li, Hui; Wang, Qian; Cheng, Bi-Huan; Ying, Bin-Yu; Smith, Fang Gao; Jin, Sheng-Wei

2018-04-27

Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a life-threatening critical syndrome resulting largely from the accumulation of and the inability to clear pulmonary edema. Protectin DX, an endogenously produced lipid mediator, is believed to exert anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution effects. Protectin DX (5 µg/kg) was injected i.v. 8 h after LPS (14 mg/kg) administration, and alveolar fluid clearance was measured in live rats (n = 8). In primary rat ATII epithelial cells, protectin DX (3.605 × 10 -3  mg/l) was added to the culture medium with LPS for 6 h. Protectin DX improved alveolar fluid clearance (9.65 ± 1.60 vs. 15.85 ± 1.49, p < 0.0001) and decreased pulmonary edema and lung injury in LPS-induced lung injury in rats. Protectin DX markedly regulated alveolar fluid clearance by upregulating sodium channel and Na, K-ATPase protein expression levels in vivo and in vitro. Protectin DX also increased the activity of Na, K-ATPase and upregulated P-Akt via inhibiting Nedd4-2 in vivo. In addition, protectin DX enhanced the subcellular distribution of sodium channels and Na, K-ATPase, which were specifically localized to the apical and basal membranes of primary rat ATII cells. Furthermore, BOC-2, Rp-cAMP, and LY294002 blocked the increased alveolar fluid clearance in response to protectin DX. Protectin DX stimulates alveolar fluid clearance through a mechanism partly dependent on alveolar epithelial sodium channel and Na, K-ATPase activation via the ALX/PI3K/Nedd4-2 signaling pathway.

Correction of the alveolar gap and nostril deformity by presurgical passive orthodontia in the unilateral cleft lip.

PubMed

Jaeger, Marcos; Braga-Silva, Jefferson; Gehlen, Daniel; Sato, Yuki; Zuker, Ronald; Fisher, David

2007-11-01

The use of the nasoalveolar molding technique (NAM) aims to reduce passively the width of the alveolar gap, while improving the AP discrepancy but also focusing on the nose. We developed a within-subjects study in which 11 infants with unilateral lip deformity and varying degrees of alveolar gaps were treated by NAM. Patients included in the study presented alveolar gap at the first appointment to configure the molding device. Alveolar gap was then measured again at the time of lip repair to evaluate the impact of the appliance utilization, and the nostril shape was reassessed to verify the benefit relative to nose symmetry. All patients obtained significant reduction of the alveolar gap. The appliance also facilitated primary nasal positioning, significantly improving nasal symmetry and nostril shape. NAM constitutes an important adjunct to ameliorate the results of primary definitive lip repair while also improving the surgeon's ability to provide nasal symmetry.

Transient Delayed Facial Nerve Palsy After Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block Anesthesia

PubMed Central

Tzermpos, Fotios H.; Cocos, Alina; Kleftogiannis, Matthaios; Zarakas, Marissa; Iatrou, Ioannis

2012-01-01

Facial nerve palsy, as a complication of an inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia, is a rarely reported incident. Based on the time elapsed, from the moment of the injection to the onset of the symptoms, the paralysis could be either immediate or delayed. The purpose of this article is to report a case of delayed facial palsy as a result of inferior alveolar nerve block, which occurred 24 hours after the anesthetic administration and subsided in about 8 weeks. The pathogenesis, treatment, and results of an 8-week follow-up for a 20-year-old patient referred to a private maxillofacial clinic are presented and discussed. The patient's previous medical history was unremarkable. On clinical examination the patient exhibited generalized weakness of the left side of her face with a flat and expressionless appearance, and she was unable to close her left eye. One day before the onset of the symptoms, the patient had visited her dentist for a routine restorative procedure on the lower left first molar and an inferior alveolar block anesthesia was administered. The patient's medical history, clinical appearance, and complete examinations led to the diagnosis of delayed facial nerve palsy. Although neurologic occurrences are rare, dentists should keep in mind that certain dental procedures, such as inferior alveolar block anesthesia, could initiate facial nerve palsy. Attention should be paid during the administration of the anesthetic solution. PMID:22428971

[How can we prevent alveolar echinococcosis? Ecosystem and risk management viewpoints].

PubMed

Konno, Keita; Oku, Yuzaburo; Kamiya, Masao; Doi, Rikuo; Tamashiro, Hidehiko

2002-01-01

This article focuses on understanding epidemiological features of alveolar echinococcosis and discussing its prevention and control, especially from a viewpoint of the ecosystem and risk management. Publications on alveolar echinococcosis throughout the world were systematically reviewed with special reference to ecology, epidemiology and countermeasures. Alveolar echinococcosis, caused by accidental infection with larva of the parasite Echinococcus multilocularis is fatal to humans unless diagnosed at an early stage. No effective control measures have been identified so far because it is difficult to fully understand the ecology of the parasite and its intermediate and definitive hosts. It is also not easy to determine the precise infection route to humans mainly because of the long latent period. In Hokkaido, infection rates among red foxes have recently risen even in low endemic districts. Not only stray and domestic dogs but also some pigs in Hokkaido have been found to be infected. While the number of reported human cases is still small, around 10 cases per year, local residents seem to be threatened with the risk of infection. We predict that the incidence of alveolar echinococcosis among humans in Japan will increase in the near future if no effective preventive measures are conducted. In addition, Echinococcus multilocularis infection has the potential to affect the economy of Hokkaido because of its impact on the agricultural and tourist industries. Well-designed epidemiological surveys are therefore urgently required, in the context of ecosystem and risk management prior to large outbreaks. International collaboration is also desired.

Arched needle technique for inferior alveolar mandibular nerve block.

PubMed

Chakranarayan, Ashish; Mukherjee, B

2013-03-01

One of the most commonly used local anesthetic techniques in dentistry is the Fischer's technique for the inferior alveolar nerve block. Incidentally this technique also suffers the maximum failure rate of approximately 35-45%. We studied a method of inferior alveolar nerve block by injecting a local anesthetic solution into the pterygomandibular space by arching and changing the approach angle of the conventional technique and estimated its efficacy. The needle after the initial insertion is arched and inserted in a manner that it approaches the medial surface of the ramus at an angle almost perpendicular to it. The technique was applied to 100 patients for mandibular molar extraction and the anesthetic effects were assessed. A success rate of 98% was obtained.

Diplopia after inferior alveolar nerve block: case report and related physiology.

PubMed

You, Tae Min

2015-06-01

Although inferior alveolar nerve block is one of the most common procedures performed at dental clinics, complications or adverse effects can still occur. On rare occasions, ocular disturbances, such as diplopia, blurred vision, amaurosis, mydriasis, abnormal pupillary light reflex, retrobulbar pain, miosis, and enophthalmos, have also been reported after maxillary and mandibular anesthesia. Generally, these symptoms are temporary but they can be rather distressing to both patients and dental practitioners. Herein, we describe a case of diplopia caused by routine inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia, its related physiology, and management.

Diplopia after inferior alveolar nerve block: case report and related physiology

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

Although inferior alveolar nerve block is one of the most common procedures performed at dental clinics, complications or adverse effects can still occur. On rare occasions, ocular disturbances, such as diplopia, blurred vision, amaurosis, mydriasis, abnormal pupillary light reflex, retrobulbar pain, miosis, and enophthalmos, have also been reported after maxillary and mandibular anesthesia. Generally, these symptoms are temporary but they can be rather distressing to both patients and dental practitioners. Herein, we describe a case of diplopia caused by routine inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia, its related physiology, and management. PMID:28879264

Complete Resolution of an Alveolar Echinococcosis Liver Lesion Following Percutaneous Treatment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Koroglu, Mert; Akhan, Okan; Gelen, Mustafa Tekinalp

Herein we present a 63-year-old male patient with a solid hepatic alveolar echinococcosis diagnosed by surgical biopsy. His liver lesion, which was infected, was drained by percutaneous catheterization. The lesion surprisingly disappeared completely after the treatment. The patient was followed-up without any symptoms for 20 months after the drainage. As alveolar echinococcosis of the liver behaves like a slow-growing liver cancer, the disappearance of our patient's lesion was a very unusual and rare outcome, which, to the best of our knowledge, has never been published in the literature.

Alveolar ridge reduction after tooth extraction in adolescents: an animal study

PubMed Central

Sun, Zongyang; Herring, Susan W.; Tee, Boon Ching; Gales, Jordan

2013-01-01

Objective The mechanism for tooth extraction induced residual alveolar ridge reduction (RRR) during adolescence is poorly understood. This study investigated the alveolar bone morphology, growth, resorption and functional loading at normal and extraction sites using an adolescent pig model. Design Sixteen 3-month-old pigs were divided into two groups – immediate post-extraction (IE) and 6-week post-extraction (SE). The IE group received an extraction of one deciduous mandibular molar, immediately followed by a final experiment to record masseter muscle EMGs and strains from the buccal surface of the extraction and contralateral non-extraction sites during function (mastication). The SE group was given the same tooth extraction, then kept for 6 weeks before the same final functional recording as the IE group. Both groups also received baseline (pre-extraction) EMGs and fluorescent vital stains 10 and 3 days before the final functional recording. Immediately after the final functional recording, animals were euthanized and alveolar bone specimens from extraction and contralateral non-extraction sites were collected and used to analyze alveolar bone morphology, apposition and resorption based on fluorescent and hematoxylin and eosin stained histological sections. Results At control sites (IE-extraction, IE-non-extraction and SE-non-extraction), the alveolar ridges grew gingivally and buccally. Bone formation characterized the buccal surface and lingual bundle bone, whereas resorption characterized the lingual surface and buccal bundle bone. The SE-extraction sites showed three major alterations: convergence of the buccal and lingual gingival crests, loss of apposition on the lingual bundle bone, and decelerated growth at the entire buccal surface. These alterations likely resulted from redirected crestal growth as part of the socket healing process, loss of tongue pressure to the lingual side of the teeth which normally provides mechanical stimulation for dental

Management of massive diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in a child with systemic lupus erythematosus.

PubMed

Kimura, Dai; Shah, Samir; Briceno-Medina, Mario; Sathanandam, Shyam; Haberman, Brent; Zhang, Jie; Myers, Linda; Kumar, Tk Susheel; Knott-Craig, Christopher

2015-01-01

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition. We report the case of a 14-year-old female with SLE who developed hypoxia and shock secondary to severe alveolar hemorrhage. She was successfully managed by placement on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) followed by emergent pulmonary lobectomy and medical treatment including high-dose methylprednisolone, cyclophosphamide, intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasmapheresis.

[The effect of the intratracheal administration of americium-241 on rat alveolar macrophages].

PubMed

Shopova, V; Sŭlovski, P; Dancheva, V

1996-01-01

In experiments in rats it was found that 241Am transitory decreases the total cell number and alveolar macrophage's percentage in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF): increases the macrophages size and nuclear size; and increases acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in BALF. It was suggested that 241Am causes and activation in the alveolar macrophages which probably appears as one of factors provoking lung injuries.

Alveolar hemorrhage associated with warfarin therapy: a case report and literature review.

PubMed

Erdogan, Dogan; Kocaman, Orhan; Oflaz, Huseyin; Goren, Taner

2004-04-01

A 75-year-old man was admitted to our clinic with the complaints of palpitation, fever, severe dyspnea, dizziness and bloody sputum associated with coughing. Chest radiographs revealed that the lungs were bilaterally infiltrated. A high resolution computed tomographic study of the thorax disclosed diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, of which presence was proved by histopathological study of bronchoalveolar lavage material. The hemorrhage occured at 8th day of 5 mg daily warfarin therapy, which was given for frequent atrial fibrillation attacks was controlled by fresh frozen plasma and vitamin K. Alveolar hemorrhage is difficult to diagnose and has high mortality if the treatment was not started as soon as possible. This is the first report of alveolar hemorrhage caused by 5 mg daily warfarin therapy. We propose that the patient's age, nutritional status, used drugs should be taken into consideration for true management of patients with atrial fibrillation.

Alveolar ventilation to perfusion heterogeneity and diffusion impairment in a mathematical model of gas exchange

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vidal Melo, M. F.; Loeppky, J. A.; Caprihan, A.; Luft, U. C.

1993-01-01

This study describes a two-compartment model of pulmonary gas exchange in which alveolar ventilation to perfusion (VA/Q) heterogeneity and impairment of pulmonary diffusing capacity (D) are simultaneously taken into account. The mathematical model uses as input data measurements usually obtained in the lung function laboratory. It consists of two compartments and an anatomical shunt. Each compartment receives fractions of alveolar ventilation and blood flow. Mass balance equations and integration of Fick's law of diffusion are used to compute alveolar and blood O2 and CO2 values compatible with input O2 uptake and CO2 elimination. Two applications are presented. The first is a method to partition O2 and CO2 alveolar-arterial gradients into VA/Q and D components. The technique is evaluated in data of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The second is a theoretical analysis of the effects of blood flow variation in alveolar and blood O2 partial pressures. The results show the importance of simultaneous consideration of D to estimate VA/Q heterogeneity in patients with diffusion impairment. This factor plays an increasing role in gas alveolar-arterial gradients as severity of COPD increases. Association of VA/Q heterogeneity and D may produce an increase of O2 arterial pressure with decreasing QT which would not be observed if only D were considered. We conclude that the presented computer model is a useful tool for description and interpretation of data from COPD patients and for performing theoretical analysis of variables involved in the gas exchange process.

Involvement of CD147 in alveolar bone remodeling and soft tissue degradation in experimental periodontitis.

PubMed

Yang, D; Liu, R; Liu, L; Liao, H; Wang, C; Cao, Z

2017-08-01

The objective of this study was to investigate the possible roles of clusters of differentiation 147 (CD147) in bone resorption and mineralization through the bone markers of bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, osteopontin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), trabecular structure of alveolar bone and number of osteoclasts. We also investigated the effects of CD147 on inflammation and collagen breakdown. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of seven animals each: healthy group, periodontitis group, periodontitis + saline group and periodontitis + anti-CD147 groups. Hematoxylin and eosin staining were used for histological assessment. Alveolar bone loss and trabecula microstructure were evaluated using micro-computed tomography. Collagen fiber breakdown was assessed via picrosirius red staining. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining was conducted for osteoclast analysis. The expressions of ALP, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin and osteopontin were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Anti-CD147 treatment significantly inhibited alveolar bone loss and osteoclastogenesis, and improved the bone volume/tissue volume, and the trabecular thickness of alveolar bone. Histological staining revealed that anti-CD147 significantly reduced the infiltration of inflammation and limited the fractions of degraded areas in collagen fibers. The expression of bone markers (ALP, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin and osteopontin) was enhanced by anti-CD147 treatment. The results of the anti-CD147 treatment indicate that CD147 was involved in alveolar bone mineralization, osteoclastogenesis and trabecular microstructure. The inhibition of CD147 could increase the expression level of osteogenic markers, alveolar bone crest height and suppressed collagen fiber degradation. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Proteinase-activated receptor 4 stimulation-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in alveolar epithelial cells

PubMed Central

Ando, Seijitsu; Otani, Hitomi; Yagi, Yasuhiro; Kawai, Kenzo; Araki, Hiromasa; Fukuhara, Shirou; Inagaki, Chiyoko

2007-01-01

Background Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs; PAR1–4) that can be activated by serine proteinases such as thrombin and neutrophil catepsin G are known to contribute to the pathogenesis of various pulmonary diseases including fibrosis. Among these PARs, especially PAR4, a newly identified subtype, is highly expressed in the lung. Here, we examined whether PAR4 stimulation plays a role in the formation of fibrotic response in the lung, through alveolar epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which contributes to the increase in myofibroblast population. Methods EMT was assessed by measuring the changes in each specific cell markers, E-cadherin for epithelial cell, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) for myofibroblast, using primary cultured mouse alveolar epithelial cells and human lung carcinoma-derived alveolar epithelial cell line (A549 cells). Results Stimulation of PAR with thrombin (1 U/ml) or a synthetic PAR4 agonist peptide (AYPGKF-NH2, 100 μM) for 72 h induced morphological changes from cobblestone-like structure to elongated shape in primary cultured alveolar epithelial cells and A549 cells. In immunocytochemical analyses of these cells, such PAR4 stimulation decreased E-cadherin-like immunoreactivity and increased α-SMA-like immunoreactivity, as observed with a typical EMT-inducer, tumor growth factor-β (TGF-β). Western blot analyses of PAR4-stimulated A549 cells also showed similar changes in expression of these EMT-related marker proteins. Such PAR4-mediated changes were attenuated by inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase and Src. PAR4-mediated morphological changes in primary cultured alveolar epithelial cells were reduced in the presence of these inhibitors. PAR4 stimulation increased tyrosine phosphorylated EGFR or tyrosine phosphorylated Src level in A549 cells, and the former response being inhibited by Src inhibitor. Conclusion PAR4 stimulation of alveolar epithelial cells induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT

Follistatin-like 1 expression is decreased in the alveolar epithelium of hypoplastic rat lungs with nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

PubMed

Takahashi, Toshiaki; Zimmer, Julia; Friedmacher, Florian; Puri, Prem

2017-05-01

Pulmonary hypoplasia (PH), characterized by incomplete alveolar development, remains a major therapeutic challenge associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Follistatin-like 1 (Fstl1) is a crucial regulator of alveolar formation and maturation, which is strongly expressed in distal airway epithelium. Fstl1-deficient mice exhibit reduced airspaces, impaired alveolar epithelial cell differentiation, and insufficient production of surfactant proteins similar to PH in human CDH. We hypothesized that pulmonary Fstl1 expression is decreased during alveolarization in the nitrofen-induced CDH model. Timed-pregnant rats received nitrofen or vehicle on gestational day 9 (D9). Fetal lungs were harvested on D18 and D21 and divided into control-/nitrofen-exposed specimens. Alveolarization was assessed using morphometric analysis techniques. Pulmonary gene expression of Fstl1 was determined by qRT-PCR. Immunofluorescence-double-staining for Fstl1 and alveolar epithelial marker surfactant protein C (SP-C) was performed to evaluate protein expression/localization. Radial alveolar count was significantly reduced in hypoplastic lungs of nitrofen-exposed fetuses with significant down regulation of Fstl1 mRNA expression on D18 and D21 compared to controls. Confocal-laser-scanning-microscopy revealed strikingly diminished Fstl1 immunofluorescence and SP-C expression in distal alveolar epithelium of nitrofen-exposed fetuses with CDH-associated PH on D18 and D21 compared to controls. Decreased expression of Fstl1 in alveolar epithelium may disrupt alveolarization and pulmonary surfactant production, thus contributing to the development of PH in the nitrofen-induced CDH model. 2b (Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Oxford). Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Simulation of lung alveolar epithelial wound healing in vitro

PubMed Central

Kim, Sean H. J.; Matthay, Michael A.; Mostov, Keith; Hunt, C. Anthony

2010-01-01

The mechanisms that enable and regulate alveolar type II (AT II) epithelial cell wound healing in vitro and in vivo remain largely unknown and need further elucidation. We used an in silico AT II cell-mimetic analogue to explore and better understand plausible wound healing mechanisms for two conditions: cyst repair in three-dimensional cultures and monolayer wound healing. Starting with the analogue that validated for key features of AT II cystogenesis in vitro, we devised an additional cell rearrangement action enabling cyst repair. Monolayer repair was enabled by providing ‘cells’ a control mechanism to switch automatically to a repair mode in the presence of a distress signal. In cyst wound simulations, the revised analogue closed wounds by adhering to essentially the same axioms available for alveolar-like cystogenesis. In silico cell proliferation was not needed. The analogue recovered within a few simulation cycles but required a longer recovery time for larger or multiple wounds. In simulated monolayer wound repair, diffusive factor-mediated ‘cell’ migration led to repair patterns comparable to those of in vitro cultures exposed to different growth factors. Simulations predicted directional cell locomotion to be critical for successful in vitro wound repair. We anticipate that with further use and refinement, the methods used will develop as a rigorous, extensible means of unravelling mechanisms of lung alveolar repair and regeneration. PMID:20236957

Simulation of lung alveolar epithelial wound healing in vitro.

PubMed

Kim, Sean H J; Matthay, Michael A; Mostov, Keith; Hunt, C Anthony

2010-08-06

The mechanisms that enable and regulate alveolar type II (AT II) epithelial cell wound healing in vitro and in vivo remain largely unknown and need further elucidation. We used an in silico AT II cell-mimetic analogue to explore and better understand plausible wound healing mechanisms for two conditions: cyst repair in three-dimensional cultures and monolayer wound healing. Starting with the analogue that validated for key features of AT II cystogenesis in vitro, we devised an additional cell rearrangement action enabling cyst repair. Monolayer repair was enabled by providing 'cells' a control mechanism to switch automatically to a repair mode in the presence of a distress signal. In cyst wound simulations, the revised analogue closed wounds by adhering to essentially the same axioms available for alveolar-like cystogenesis. In silico cell proliferation was not needed. The analogue recovered within a few simulation cycles but required a longer recovery time for larger or multiple wounds. In simulated monolayer wound repair, diffusive factor-mediated 'cell' migration led to repair patterns comparable to those of in vitro cultures exposed to different growth factors. Simulations predicted directional cell locomotion to be critical for successful in vitro wound repair. We anticipate that with further use and refinement, the methods used will develop as a rigorous, extensible means of unravelling mechanisms of lung alveolar repair and regeneration.

The Ovariectomized Rat as a Model for Studying Alveolar Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Women

PubMed Central

Johnston, Bryan D.; Ward, Wendy E.

2015-01-01

In postmenopausal women, reduced bone mineral density at the hip and spine is associated with an increased risk of tooth loss, possibly due to a loss of alveolar bone. In turn, having fewer natural teeth may lead to compromised food choices resulting in a poor diet that can contribute to chronic disease risk. The tight link between alveolar bone preservation, tooth retention, better nutritional status, and reduced risk of developing a chronic disease begins with the mitigation of postmenopausal bone loss. The ovariectomized rat, a widely used preclinical model for studying postmenopausal bone loss that mimics deterioration of bone tissue in the hip and spine, can also be used to study mineral and structural changes in alveolar bone to develop drug and/or dietary strategies aimed at tooth retention. This review discusses key findings from studies investigating mandible health and alveolar bone in the ovariectomized rat model. Considerations to maximize the benefits of this model are also included. These include the measurement techniques used, the age at ovariectomy, the duration that a rat is studied after ovariectomy and habitual diet consumed. PMID:26060817

["In vitro" interactions between influenza virus and mouse lung alveolar macrophages (author's transl)].

PubMed

Lemercier, G; Mavet, S; Burckhart, M F; Fontanges, R

1979-01-01

Interactions between influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) and Balb/c mouse lung alveolar macrophages have been studied in vitro. One day after initiation of alveolar macrophage culture in 35 mm Falcon dishes, the virus suspension was allowed to adsorb to the cells for 1 h. Detachment of cells from the plastic substrate, morphological changes in adherent cells and decreased phagocytosis of heat-killed Candida albicans occured slowly as compared to control cultures. These facts appeared to be directly correlated to the concentration of viruses in the inoculum. Data yielded by virus titrations, electron microscopy and immunofluorescence suggest that mouse lung alveolar macrophages are able to take up a large amount of viral particles and inhibit their replication, allowing only an abortive viral cycle.

Depletion of Alveolar Macrophages Does Not Prevent Hantavirus Disease Pathogenesis in Golden Syrian Hamsters.

PubMed

Hammerbeck, Christopher D; Brocato, Rebecca L; Bell, Todd M; Schellhase, Christopher W; Mraz, Steven R; Queen, Laurie A; Hooper, Jay W

2016-07-15

Andes virus (ANDV) is associated with a lethal vascular leak syndrome in humans termed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). The mechanism for the massive vascular leakage associated with HPS is poorly understood; however, dysregulation of components of the immune response is often suggested as a possible cause. Alveolar macrophages are found in the alveoli of the lung and represent the first line of defense to many airborne pathogens. To determine whether alveolar macrophages play a role in HPS pathogenesis, alveolar macrophages were depleted in an adult rodent model of HPS that closely resembles human HPS. Syrian hamsters were treated, intratracheally, with clodronate-encapsulated liposomes or control liposomes and were then challenged with ANDV. Treatment with clodronate-encapsulated liposomes resulted in significant reduction in alveolar macrophages, but depletion did not prevent pathogenesis or prolong disease. Depletion also did not significantly reduce the amount of virus in the lung of ANDV-infected hamsters but altered neutrophil recruitment, MIP-1α and MIP-2 chemokine expression, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in hamster bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid early after intranasal challenge. These data demonstrate that alveolar macrophages may play a limited protective role early after exposure to aerosolized ANDV but do not directly contribute to hantavirus disease pathogenesis in the hamster model of HPS. Hantaviruses continue to cause disease worldwide for which there are no FDA-licensed vaccines, effective postexposure prophylactics, or therapeutics. Much of this can be attributed to a poor understanding of the mechanism of hantavirus disease pathogenesis. Hantavirus disease has long been considered an immune-mediated disease; however, by directly manipulating the Syrian hamster model, we continue to eliminate individual immune cell types. As the most numerous immune cells present in the respiratory tract, alveolar macrophages are

Depletion of Alveolar Macrophages Does Not Prevent Hantavirus Disease Pathogenesis in Golden Syrian Hamsters

PubMed Central

Hammerbeck, Christopher D.; Brocato, Rebecca L.; Bell, Todd M.; Schellhase, Christopher W.; Mraz, Steven R.; Queen, Laurie A.

2016-01-01

ABSTRACT Andes virus (ANDV) is associated with a lethal vascular leak syndrome in humans termed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). The mechanism for the massive vascular leakage associated with HPS is poorly understood; however, dysregulation of components of the immune response is often suggested as a possible cause. Alveolar macrophages are found in the alveoli of the lung and represent the first line of defense to many airborne pathogens. To determine whether alveolar macrophages play a role in HPS pathogenesis, alveolar macrophages were depleted in an adult rodent model of HPS that closely resembles human HPS. Syrian hamsters were treated, intratracheally, with clodronate-encapsulated liposomes or control liposomes and were then challenged with ANDV. Treatment with clodronate-encapsulated liposomes resulted in significant reduction in alveolar macrophages, but depletion did not prevent pathogenesis or prolong disease. Depletion also did not significantly reduce the amount of virus in the lung of ANDV-infected hamsters but altered neutrophil recruitment, MIP-1α and MIP-2 chemokine expression, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in hamster bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid early after intranasal challenge. These data demonstrate that alveolar macrophages may play a limited protective role early after exposure to aerosolized ANDV but do not directly contribute to hantavirus disease pathogenesis in the hamster model of HPS. IMPORTANCE Hantaviruses continue to cause disease worldwide for which there are no FDA-licensed vaccines, effective postexposure prophylactics, or therapeutics. Much of this can be attributed to a poor understanding of the mechanism of hantavirus disease pathogenesis. Hantavirus disease has long been considered an immune-mediated disease; however, by directly manipulating the Syrian hamster model, we continue to eliminate individual immune cell types. As the most numerous immune cells present in the respiratory tract

[Dento-alveolar trauma in odonto-stomatologic consultation in a health center in Yaoundé, Cameroon].

PubMed

Bengondo, M C; Toham, K A; Mbe Emane, G; Bengono, G

2007-06-01

Dento-alveolar traumatisms result from accidents concerning the oral region, and involve all sex and age groups. They have many causes. The aim of this prospective study was to assess the epidemiological profile of dento-alveolar traumatisms, considering their repartition according to age, sex, aetiologies and the more involved teeth. They represented 56.88% of maxillo-facial traumatisms seen all along the period of study. Male were more affected (72.48%) than female (27.52%). The traumatisms were more frequent between 16 and 28 years old (56.45%). With 45.16% of cases, sports were the main aetiology of these traumatisms. Teeth luxations (61.29%) and crown fracture (46.77%) were the more frequent types of traumatisms. The upper incisors were more affected. Dento-alveolar traumas are frequent and their severity depends of the traumatic agent and dento-alveolar morphology. The results of this study are comparable with those of the researches in this area all over world.

Rhizoma Dioscoreae Extract Protects against Alveolar Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Rats via microRNAs Regulation

PubMed Central

Zhang, Zhiguo; Song, Changheng; Zhang, Fangzhen; Xiang, Lihua; Chen, Yanjing; Li, Yan; Pan, Jinghua; Liu, Hong; Xiao, Gary Guishan; Ju, Dahong

2015-01-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate the osteoprotective effect of aqueous Rhizoma Dioscoreae extract (RDE) on the alveolar bone of rats with ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Female Wistar rats underwent either ovariectomy or sham operation (SHAM). The ovariectomized (OVX) rats were treated with vehicle (OVX), estradiol valerate (EV), or RDE. After treatments, the bone mineral density (BMD) and the three-dimensional microarchitecture of the alveolar bone were analyzed to assess bone mass. Microarrays were used to evaluate microRNA expression profiles in alveolar bone from RDE-treated and OVX rats. The differential expression of microRNAs was validated using real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), and the target genes of validated microRNAs were predicted and further analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The key findings were verified using qRT-PCR. Our results show that RDE inhibits alveolar bone loss in OVX rats. Compared to the OVX rats, the RDE-treated rats showed upregulated expression levels of 8 microRNAs and downregulated expression levels of 8 microRNAs in the alveolar bone in the microarray analysis. qRT-PCR helped validate 13 of 16 differentially expressed microRNAs, and 114 putative target genes of the validated microRNAs were retrieved. The IPA showed that these putative target genes had the potential to code for proteins that were involved in the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)/Smad signaling pathway (Tgfbr2/Bmpr2, Smad3/4/5, and Bcl-2) and interleukin (IL)-6/oncostatin M (OSM)/Jak1/STAT3 signaling pathway (Jak1, STAT3, and Il6r). These experiments revealed that RDE could inhibit ovariectomy-induced alveolar bone loss in rats. The mechanism of this anti-osteopenic effect in alveolar bone may involve the simultaneous inhibition of bone formation and bone resorption, which is associated with modulation of the TGF-β/BMPs/Smad and the IL-6/OSM/Jak1/STAT3 signaling pathways via microRNA regulation. PMID

Rhizoma Dioscoreae extract protects against alveolar bone loss in ovariectomized rats via microRNAs regulation.

PubMed

Zhang, Zhiguo; Song, Changheng; Zhang, Fangzhen; Xiang, Lihua; Chen, Yanjing; Li, Yan; Pan, Jinghua; Liu, Hong; Xiao, Gary Guishan; Ju, Dahong

2015-02-16

The aim of this study was to evaluate the osteoprotective effect of aqueous Rhizoma Dioscoreae extract (RDE) on the alveolar bone of rats with ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Female Wistar rats underwent either ovariectomy or sham operation (SHAM). The ovariectomized (OVX) rats were treated with vehicle (OVX), estradiol valerate (EV), or RDE. After treatments, the bone mineral density (BMD) and the three-dimensional microarchitecture of the alveolar bone were analyzed to assess bone mass. Microarrays were used to evaluate microRNA expression profiles in alveolar bone from RDE-treated and OVX rats. The differential expression of microRNAs was validated using real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), and the target genes of validated microRNAs were predicted and further analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The key findings were verified using qRT-PCR. Our results show that RDE inhibits alveolar bone loss in OVX rats. Compared to the OVX rats, the RDE-treated rats showed upregulated expression levels of 8 microRNAs and downregulated expression levels of 8 microRNAs in the alveolar bone in the microarray analysis. qRT-PCR helped validate 13 of 16 differentially expressed microRNAs, and 114 putative target genes of the validated microRNAs were retrieved. The IPA showed that these putative target genes had the potential to code for proteins that were involved in the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)/Smad signaling pathway (Tgfbr2/Bmpr2, Smad3/4/5, and Bcl-2) and interleukin (IL)-6/oncostatin M (OSM)/Jak1/STAT3 signaling pathway (Jak1, STAT3, and Il6r). These experiments revealed that RDE could inhibit ovariectomy-induced alveolar bone loss in rats. The mechanism of this anti-osteopenic effect in alveolar bone may involve the simultaneous inhibition of bone formation and bone resorption, which is associated with modulation of the TGF-β/BMPs/Smad and the IL-6/OSM/Jak1/STAT3 signaling pathways via microRNA regulation.

Off-pump coronary bypass surgery adversely affects alveolar gas exchange.

PubMed

Gasparović, Hrvoje; Unić, Daniel; Sutlić, Zeljko; Husedzinović, Ino; Biocina, Bojan; Rudez, Igor; Nikić, Nada; Jelić, Ivan

2008-03-01

While the introduction of off-pump myocardial revascularization (OPCAB) has initially shown promise in reducing respiratory complications inherent to conventional coronary surgery, it has failed to eradicate them. Our study focused on quantifying the lactate release from the lungs and the dysfunction at the level of the alveolar-capillary membrane precipitated by OPCAB at different time points after the insult. Furthermore, we aimed to determine the impact of pulmonary lactate production on systemic lactic acid concentrations. The study was conducted in a prospective observational fashion. Forty consecutive patients undergoing OPCAB were analyzed. The mean patient age was 60 +/- 10 years. The mean EUROScore was 3.8 +/- 2.9. The alveolar-arterial O2 gradient increased from 19 [range 9 to 30] to 26 [range 20 to 34] kPa (P < 0.001) and remained elevated up to 6 hours after surgery. It rapidly declined again by 18 hours postoperatively. The observed increase in the pulmonary lactate release (PLR) from a baseline value of 0.022 [range -0.074 to 0.066] to 0.089 [range 0.016 to 0.209] mmol/min/m2 at six hours postoperatively did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.105). The systemic arterial lactate (Ls) concentration increased from 0.94 [range 0.78 to 1.06] to 1.39 [range 0.97 to 2.81] mmol/L (P < 0.001). The venoarterial pCO2 difference showed no significant change in comparison to baseline values. The mortality in the studied group was 2.5% (1/40). The pulmonary lactate production showed a statistically significant correlation with the systemic lactate concentration (R = 0.46; P = 0.003). Pulmonary injury following off pump myocardial revascularization was evidenced by a prompt increase in the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient. The alveolar-arterial O2 gradient correlated with the duration of mechanical ventilation.

Coronectomy of the mandibular third molar: Respect for the inferior alveolar nerve.

PubMed

Kouwenberg, A J; Stroy, L P P; Rijt, E D Vree-V D; Mensink, G; Gooris, P J J

2016-05-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of coronectomy as an alternative surgical procedure to complete removal of the impacted mandibular third molar in patients with a suspected close relationship between the tooth root(s) and the mandibular canal. A total of 151 patients underwent coronectomy and were followed up with clinical examinations and panoramic radiographs for a minimum of 6 months after surgery. None of the patients exhibited inferior alveolar nerve injury. Eruption of the retained root(s) was more frequent in younger patients (18-35 years). Thirty-six patients (23.8%) exhibited insufficient growth of new bone in the alveolar defect, and 11.3% required a second surgical procedure to remove the root remnant(s). Our results indicate that coronectomy can be a reliable alternative to complete removal of the impacted mandibular third molar in patients exhibiting an increased risk of damage to the inferior alveolar nerve on panoramic radiographs. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Bone Replacement Materials and Techniques Used for Achieving Vertical Alveolar Bone Augmentation

PubMed Central

Sheikh, Zeeshan; Sima, Corneliu; Glogauer, Michael

2015-01-01

Alveolar bone augmentation in vertical dimension remains the holy grail of periodontal tissue engineering. Successful dental implant placement for restoration of edentulous sites depends on the quality and quantity of alveolar bone available in all spatial dimensions. There are several surgical techniques used alone or in combination with natural or synthetic graft materials to achieve vertical alveolar bone augmentation. While continuously improving surgical techniques combined with the use of auto- or allografts provide the most predictable clinical outcomes, their success often depends on the status of recipient tissues. The morbidity associated with donor sites for auto-grafts makes these techniques less appealing to both patients and clinicians. New developments in material sciences offer a range of synthetic replacements for natural grafts to address the shortcoming of a second surgical site and relatively high resorption rates. This narrative review focuses on existing techniques, natural tissues and synthetic biomaterials commonly used to achieve vertical bone height gain in order to successfully restore edentulous ridges with implant-supported prostheses.

Ozone exposure during the early postnatal period alters the timing and pattern of alveolar growth and development in nonhuman primates.

PubMed

Avdalovic, Mark V; Tyler, Nancy K; Putney, Lei; Nishio, Susie J; Quesenberry, Sherri; Singh, Parmjit J; Miller, Lisa A; Schelegle, Edward S; Plopper, Charles G; Vu, Thiennu; Hyde, Dallas M

2012-10-01

Exposure to oxidant air pollutants in early childhood, with ozone as the key oxidant, has been linked to significant decrements in pulmonary function in young adults and exacerbation of airway remodeling in asthma. Development of lung parenchyma in rhesus monkeys is rapid during the first 2 years of life (comparable to the first 6 years in humans). Our hypothesis is that ozone inhalation during infancy alters alveolar morphogenesis. We exposed infant rhesus monkeys biweekly to 5, 8 hr/day, cycles of 0.5 ppm ozone with or without house dust mite allergen from 1 to 3 or 1 to 6 months of age. Monkeys were necropsied at 3 and 6 months of age. A morphometric approach was used to quantify changes in alveolar volume and number, the distribution of alveolar size, and capillary surface density per alveolar septa. Quantitative real time PCR was used to measure the relative difference in gene expression over time. Monkeys exposed to ozone alone or ozone combined with allergen had statistically larger alveoli that were less in number at 3 months of age. Alveolar capillary surface density was also decreased in the ozone exposed groups at 3 months of age. At 6 months of age, the alveolar number was similar between treatment groups and was associated with a significant rise in alveolar number from 3 to 6 months of age in the ozone exposed groups. This increase in alveolar number was not associated with any significant increase in microvascular growth as measured by morphometry or changes in angiogenic gene expression. Inhalation of ozone during infancy alters the appearance and timing of alveolar growth and maturation. Understanding the mechanism involved with this altered alveolar growth may provide insight into the parenchymal injury and repair process that is involved with chronic lung diseases such as severe asthma and COPD. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

[Tissue engineered bone scaffold material in restoration of alveolar socket after extraction of lower impacted third molar].

PubMed

Chen, Zhi-fang

2011-02-01

To investigate the effects of tissue engineered bone scaffold material in the restoration of alveolar socket after extraction of lower impacted third molar. Thirteen patients were immediately implanted with Bio-oss or PerioGlas® in the alveolar cavity after impacted mandibular third molar extraction. Clinical observation and X-ray were taken 1 to 12 weeks after operation. Paired t test was used for statistical analysis by SPSS10.0 software package. Thirteen patients did not experience postoperative complications. The distal alveolar height of the second molar and the gingival attachment did decrease significantly 1 to 12 weeks after operation(P < 0.05). Tissue engineered bone scaffold material is helpful in the restoration of alveolar socket after impacted third molar extraction.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection causes different levels of apoptosis and necrosis in human macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells.

PubMed

Danelishvili, Lia; McGarvey, Jeffery; Li, Yong-Jun; Bermudez, Luiz E

2003-09-01

Mycobacterium tuberculosis interacts with macrophages and epithelial cells in the alveolar space of the lung, where it is able to invade and replicate in both cell types. M. tuberculosis-associated cytotoxicity to these cells has been well documented, but the mechanisms of host cell death are not well understood. We examined the induction of apoptosis and necrosis of human macrophages (U937) and type II alveolar epithelial cells (A549) by virulent (H37Rv) and attenuated (H37Ra) M. tuberculosis strains. Apoptosis was determined by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay, whereas necrosis was evaluated by the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Both virulent and attenuated M. tuberculosis induced apoptosis in macrophages; however, the attenuated strain resulted in significantly more apoptosis than the virulent strain after 5 days of infection. In contrast, cytotoxicity of alveolar cells was the result of necrosis, but not apoptosis. Although infection with M. tuberculosis strains resulted in apoptosis of 14% of the cells on the monolayer, cell death associated with necrosis was observed in 59% of alveolar epithelial cells after 5 days of infection. Infection with M. tuberculosis suppressed apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells induced by the kinase inhibitor, staurosporine. Because our findings suggest that M. tuberculosis can modulate the apoptotic response of macrophages and epithelial cells, we carried out an apoptosis pathway-specific cDNA microarray analysis of human macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells. Whereas the inhibitors of apoptosis, bcl-2 and Rb, were upregulated over 2.5-fold in infected (48 h) alveolar epithelial cells, the proapoptotic genes, bad and bax, were downregulated. The opposite was observed when U937 macrophages were infected with M. tuberculosis. Upon infection of alveolar epithelial cells with M. tuberculosis, the generation of apoptosis, as determined by the

Alveolar Macrophages Play a Key Role in Cockroach-Induced Allergic Inflammation via TNF-α Pathway

PubMed Central

Kim, Joo Young; Sohn, Jung Ho; Choi, Je-Min; Lee, Jae-Hyun; Hong, Chein-Soo; Lee, Joo-Shil; Park, Jung-Won

2012-01-01

The activity of the serine protease in the German cockroach allergen is important to the development of allergic disease. The protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2, which is expressed in numerous cell types in lung tissue, is known to mediate the cellular events caused by inhaled serine protease. Alveolar macrophages express PAR-2 and produce considerable amounts of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. We determined whether the serine protease in German cockroach extract (GCE) enhances TNF-α production by alveolar macrophages through the PAR-2 pathway and whether the TNF-α production affects GCE-induced pulmonary inflammation. Effects of GCE on alveolar macrophages and TNF-α production were evaluated using in vitro MH-S and RAW264.6 cells and in vivo GCE-induced asthma models of BALB/c mice. GCE contained a large amount of serine protease. In the MH-S and RAW264.7 cells, GCE activated PAR-2 and thereby produced TNF-α. In the GCE-induced asthma model, intranasal administration of GCE increased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), inflammatory cell infiltration, productions of serum immunoglobulin E, interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13 and TNF-α production in alveolar macrophages. Blockade of serine proteases prevented the development of GCE induced allergic pathologies. TNF-α blockade also prevented the development of such asthma-like lesions. Depletion of alveolar macrophages reduced AHR and intracellular TNF-α level in pulmonary cell populations in the GCE-induced asthma model. These results suggest that serine protease from GCE affects asthma through an alveolar macrophage and TNF-α dependent manner, reflecting the close relation of innate and adaptive immune response in allergic asthma model. PMID:23094102

Orthodontically guided bone transport in the treatment of alveolar cleft: A case report

PubMed Central

Gómez, Elena; Otero, Marta; Berraquero, Rosario; Wucherpfennig, Begona; Hernández-Godoy, Juan; Guiñales, Jorge; Vincent, Germán; Burgueño, Miguel

2016-01-01

Introduction Conventional treatments are sometimes not possible in certain alveolar cleft cases due to the severity of the gap which separates the fragments. Various management strategies have been proposed, including sequential surgical interventions or delaying treatment until adulthood to then carry out maxillary osteotomies. A further alternative approach has also been proposed, involving the application of bone transport techniques to mobilise the osseous fragments and thereby reduce the gap between lateral fragments and the premaxilla. Case Report We introduce the case of a 10-year-old patient who presented with a bilateral alveolar cleft and a severe gap. Stable occlusion between the premaxilla and the mandible was achieved following orthodontic treatment, making it inadvisable to perform a retrusive osteotomy of the premaxilla in order to close the alveolar clefts. Faced with this situation, it was decided we would employ a bone transport technique under orthodontic guidance using a dental splint. This would enable an osseous disc to be displaced towards the medial area and reduce the interfragmentary distance. During a second surgical intervention, closure of the soft tissues was performed and the gap was filled in using autogenous bone. Conclusions The use of bone transport techniques in selected cases allows closure of the osseous defect, whilst also preserving soft tissues and reducing the amount of bone autograft required. In our case, we were able to respect the position of the premaxilla and, at the same time, generate new tissues at both an alveolar bone and soft tissue level with results which have remained stable over the course of time. Key words:Alveolar cleft, bone transport, graft. PMID:26855699

Requirement of alveolar bone formation for eruption of rat molars

PubMed Central

Wise, Gary E.; He, Hongzhi; Gutierrez, Dina L.; Ring, Sherry; Yao, Shaomian

2011-01-01

Tooth eruption is a localized event that requires a dental follicle (DF) to regulate the resorption of alveolar bone to form an eruption pathway. During the intra-osseous phase of eruption, the tooth moves through this pathway. The mechanism or motive force that propels the tooth through this pathway is controversial but many studies have shown that alveolar bone growth at the base of the crypt occurs during eruption. To determine if this bone growth (osteogenesis) was causal, experiments were designed in which the expression of an osteogenic gene in the DF, bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP6), was inhibited by injection of the 1st mandibular molar of the rat with an siRNA targeted against BMP6. The injection was followed by electroporation to promote uptake of the siRNA. In 45 first molars injected, eruption either was delayed or completely inhibited (7 molars). In the impacted molars, an eruption pathway formed but bone growth at the base of the crypt was greatly reduced as compared to the erupted first molar controls. These studies show that alveolar bone growth at the base of the crypt is required for tooth eruption and that BMP6 may be an essential gene for promoting this growth. PMID:21896048

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical manifestations, treatment, and prognosis.

PubMed

Martínez-Martínez, Marco Ulises; Abud-Mendoza, Carlos

2014-01-01

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus is a rare but potentially fatal condition. Although the pathogenesis of this condition is unknown, high disease activity is the main characteristic; moreover, histopathology in some studies showed alveolar immune complex deposits and capillaritis. Clinical features of DAH include dyspnea, a drop in hemoglobin, and diffuse radiographic alveolar images, with or without hemoptysis. Factors associated with mortality include mechanical ventilation, renal failure, and infections. Bacterial infections have been reported frequently in patients with DAH, but also invasive fungal infections including aspergillosis. DAH treatment is based on high dose methylprednisolone; other accepted therapies include cyclophosphamide (controversial), plasmapheresis, immunoglobulin and rituximab. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.

Changes in cytokine and nitric oxide secretion by rat alveolar macrophages after oral administration of bacterial extracts.

PubMed Central

Broug-Holub, E; Persoons, J H; Schornagel, K; Kraal, G

1995-01-01

Oral administration of the bacterial immunomodulator Broncho-Vaxom (OM-85), a lysate of eight bacteria strains commonly causing respiratory disease, has been shown to enhance the host defence of the respiratory tract. In this study we examined the effect of orally administered (in vivo) OM-85 on stimulus-induced cytokine and nitric oxide secretion by rat alveolar macrophages in vitro. The results show that alveolar macrophages isolated from OM-85-treated rats secreted significantly more nitric oxide, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-1 beta upon in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), whereas, in contrast, LPS-induced IL-6 secretion was significantly lower. The observed effects of in vivo OM-85 treatment on stimulus-induced cytokine secretion in vitro are not due to a direct effect of OM-85 on the cells, because in vitro incubation of alveolar macrophages with OM-85 did not result in altered activity, nor did direct intratracheal instillation of OM-85 in the lungs of rats result in altered alveolar macrophage activity in vitro. It is hypothesized that oral administration of OM-85 leads to priming of alveolar macrophages in such a way that immune responses are non-specifically enhanced upon stimulation. The therapeutic action of OM-85 may therefore result from an enhanced clearance of infectious bacteria from the respiratory tract due to increased alveolar macrophage activity. PMID:7648713

Noninvasive quantification of alveolar morphometry in elderly never- and ex-smokers

PubMed Central

Paulin, Gregory A; Ouriadov, Alexei; Lessard, Eric; Sheikh, Khadija; McCormack, David G; Parraga, Grace

2015-01-01

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a way to generate in vivo lung images with contrast sensitive to the molecular displacement of inhaled gas at subcellular length scales. Here, we aimed to evaluate hyperpolarized 3He MRI estimates of the alveolar dimensions in 38 healthy elderly never-smokers (73 ± 6 years, 15 males) and 21 elderly ex-smokers (70 ± 10 years, 14 males) with (n = 8, 77 ± 6 years) and without emphysema (n = 13, 65 ± 10 years). The ex-smoker and never-smoker subgroups were significantly different for FEV1/FVC (P = 0.0001) and DLCO (P = 0.009); while ex-smokers with emphysema reported significantly diminished FEV1/FVC (P = 0.02) and a trend toward lower DLCO (P = 0.05) than ex-smokers without emphysema. MRI apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) and CT measurements of emphysema (relative area–CT density histogram, RA950) were significantly different (P = 0.001 and P = 0.007) for never-smoker and ex-smoker subgroups. In never-smokers, the MRI estimate of mean linear intercept (260 ± 27 μm) was significantly elevated as compared to the results previously reported in younger never-smokers (210 ± 30 μm), and trended smaller than in the age-matched ex-smokers (320 ± 72 μm, P = 0.06) evaluated here. Never-smokers also reported significantly smaller internal (220 ± 24 μm, P = 0.01) acinar radius but greater alveolar sheath thickness (120 ± 4 μm, P < 0.0001) than ex-smokers. Never-smokers were also significantly different than ex-smokers without emphysema for alveolar sheath thickness but not ADC, while ex-smokers with emphysema reported significantly different ADC but not alveolar sheath thickness compared to ex-smokers without CT evidence of emphysema. Differences in alveolar measurements in never- and ex-smokers demonstrate the sensitivity of MRI measurements to the different effects of smoking and aging on acinar morphometry. PMID:26462748

Alveolar epithelial cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition in acute interstitial pneumonia: a case report

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Background Acute interstitial pneumonia is a rare interstitial lung disease that rapidly progresses to respiratory failure or death. Several studies showed that myofibroblast plays an important role in the evolution of diffuse alveolar damage, which is the typical feature of acute interstitial pneumonia. However, no evidence exists whether alveolar epithelial cells are an additional source of myofibroblasts via epithelial-mesenchymal transition in acute interstitial pneumonia. Case presentation In this report, we present a case of acute interstitial pneumonia in a previously healthy 28-year-old non-smoking woman. Chest high-resolution computed tomography scan showed bilateral and diffusely ground-glass opacification. The biopsy was performed on the fifth day of her hospitalization, and results showed manifestation of acute exudative phase of diffuse alveolar damage characterized by hyaline membrane formation. On the basis of the preliminary diagnosis of acute interstitial pneumonia, high-dose glucocorticoid was used. However, this drug showed poor clinical response and could improve the patient’s symptoms only during the early phase. The patient eventually died of respiratory dysfunction. Histological findings in autopsy were consistent with the late form of acute interstitial pneumonia. Conclusions The results in this study revealed that alveolar epithelial cells underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition and may be an important origin of myofibroblasts in the progression of acute interstitial pneumonia. Conducting research on the transformation of alveolar epithelial cells into myofibroblasts in the lung tissue of patients with acute interstitial pneumonia may be beneficial for the treatment of this disease. However, to our knowledge, no research has been conducted on this topic. PMID:24755111

Enhanced alveolar monocytic phagocyte (macrophage) proliferation in tobacco and marijuana smokers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Barbers, R.G.; Evans, M.J.; Gong, H. Jr.

We tested the hypothesis that enhanced cell division accounted for the augmented numbers of monocytic phagocytes with characteristics attributed to alveolar macrophages (AM) found in the lungs of habitual tobacco (T) and marijuana (M) smokers. The monocytic phagocytes, that is, alveolar macrophages, were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from 12 nonsmoking subjects; 10 subjects who smoked T only (TS); 13 subjects who smoked M only (MS); and 6 smokers of both T and M (MTS). The replication of these cells was determined by measuring the incorporation of ({sup 3}H)thymidine into the DNA of dividing cells and visually counting 2,000 cellsmore » on autoradiographically prepared cytocentrifuge cell preparations. This study demonstrated that the number of ({sup 3}H)thymidine-labeled monocytic phagocytes with characteristics of alveolar macrophages from either TS or MS have a higher proliferative index compared to cells (macrophages) from nonsmokers, p less than 0.05 by one-way ANOVA. The total number of BAL macrophages that are in mitosis in TS (17.90 +/- 4.50 labeled AM x 10(3)/ml) or MTS (10.50 +/- 4.20 labeled AM x 10(3)/ml) are 18- and 10-fold greater, respectively, than the number obtained from nonsmokers (1.01 +/- 0.18 labeled AM x 10(3)/ml). Interestingly, the number of ({sup 3}H)thymidine-labeled macrophages from MS (2.90 +/- 0.66 labeled AM x 10(3)/ml) are also greater than the number obtained from nonsmokers, although this is not statistically significant. The stimulus augmenting alveolar macrophage replication is as yet unknown but may likely be found in the T or M smoke.« less

Depletion of alveolar macrophages in CD11c diphtheria toxin receptor mice produces an inflammatory response

PubMed Central

Roberts, Lydia M; Ledvina, Hannah E; Tuladhar, Shraddha; Rana, Deepa; Steele, Shaun P; Sempowski, Gregory D; Frelinger, Jeffrey A

2015-01-01

Alveolar macrophages play a critical role in initiating the immune response to inhaled pathogens and have been shown to be the first cell type infected following intranasal inoculation with several pathogens, including Francisella tularensis. In an attempt to further dissect the role of alveolar macrophages in the immune response to Francisella, we selectively depleted alveolar macrophages using CD11c.DOG mice. CD11c.DOG mice express the diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) under control of the full CD11c promoter. Because mice do not express DTR, tissue restricted expression of the primate DTR followed by treatment with diphtheria toxin (DT) has been widely used as a tool in immunology to examine the effect of acute depletion of a specific immune subset following normal development. We successfully depleted alveolar macrophages via intranasal administration of DT. However, alveolar macrophage depletion was accompanied by many other changes to the cellular composition and cytokine/chemokine milieu in the lung that potentially impact innate and adaptive immune responses. Importantly, we observed a transient influx of neutrophils in the lung and spleen. Our experience serves as a cautionary note to other researchers using DTR mice given the complex changes that occur following DT treatment that must be taken into account when analyzing data. PMID:26029367

Airway and alveolar nitric oxide production, lung function, and pulmonary blood flow in sickle cell disease.

PubMed

Lunt, Alan; Ahmed, Na'eem; Rafferty, Gerrard F; Dick, Moira; Rees, David; Height, Sue; Thein, Swee Lay; Greenough, Anne

2016-02-01

Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) often have obstructive lung function abnormalities which could be due to asthma or increased pulmonary blood volume; it is important to determine the underlying mechanism to direct appropriate treatment. In asthmatics, exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is elevated. FeNO, however, can also be raised due to increased alveolar production. Our aim, therefore, was to determine if airway or alveolar NO production differed between SCD children and ethnic and age-matched controls. Lung function, airway NO flux and alveolar NO production, and effective pulmonary blood flow were assessed in 18 SCD children and 18 ethnic and age-matched controls. The SCD children compared to the controls had a higher respiratory system resistance (P = 0.0008), alveolar NO production (P = 0.0224), and pulmonary blood flow (P < 0.0001), but not airway NO flux. There was no significant correlation between FeNO and respiratory system resistance in either group, but in the SCD children, there were correlations between alveolar NO production (P = 0.0006) and concentration (P < 0.0001) and pulmonary blood flow. Airway NO flux was not elevated in the SCD children nor correlated with airways obstruction, suggesting that airways obstruction, at least in some SCD children, is not due to asthma.

Pulmonary alveolar type I cell population consists of two distinct subtypes that differ in cell fate

PubMed Central

Wang, Yanjie; Tang, Zan; Huang, Huanwei; Li, Jiao; Wang, Zheng; Yu, Yuanyuan; Zhang, Chengwei; Li, Juan; Dai, Huaping; Wang, Fengchao; Cai, Tao

2018-01-01

Pulmonary alveolar type I (AT1) cells cover more than 95% of alveolar surface and are essential for the air–blood barrier function of lungs. AT1 cells have been shown to retain developmental plasticity during alveolar regeneration. However, the development and heterogeneity of AT1 cells remain largely unknown. Here, we conducted a single-cell RNA-seq analysis to characterize postnatal AT1 cell development and identified insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (Igfbp2) as a genetic marker specifically expressed in postnatal AT1 cells. The portion of AT1 cells expressing Igfbp2 increases during alveologenesis and in post pneumonectomy (PNX) newly formed alveoli. We found that the adult AT1 cell population contains both Hopx+Igfbp2+ and Hopx+Igfbp2− AT1 cells, which have distinct cell fates during alveolar regeneration. Using an Igfbp2-CreER mouse model, we demonstrate that Hopx+Igfbp2+ AT1 cells represent terminally differentiated AT1 cells that are not able to transdifferentiate into AT2 cells during post-PNX alveolar regeneration. Our study provides tools and insights that will guide future investigations into the molecular and cellular mechanism or mechanisms underlying AT1 cell fate during lung development and regeneration. PMID:29463737

Entry and Elimination of Marine Mammal Brucella spp. by Hooded Seal (Cystophora cristata) Alveolar Macrophages In Vitro

PubMed Central

Larsen, Anett K.; Nymo, Ingebjørg H.; Boysen, Preben; Tryland, Morten; Godfroid, Jacques

2013-01-01

A high prevalence of Brucella pinnipedialis serology and bacteriology positive animals has been found in the Northeast Atlantic stock of hooded seal ( Cystophora cristata ); however no associated gross pathological changes have been identified. Marine mammal brucellae have previously displayed different infection patterns in human and murine macrophages. To investigate if marine mammal Brucella spp. are able to invade and multiply in cells originating from a presumed host species, we infected alveolar macrophages from hooded seal with a B . pinnipedialis hooded seal isolate. Hooded seal alveolar macrophages were also challenged with B . pinnipedialis reference strain (NCTC 12890) from harbor seal ( Phoca vitulina ), B . ceti reference strain (NCTC 12891) from harbor porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena ) and a B . ceti Atlantic white-sided dolphin ( Lagenorhynchus acutus ) isolate (M83/07/1), to evaluate possible species-specific differences. Brucella suis 1330 was included as a positive control. Alveolar macrophages were obtained by post mortem bronchoalveolar lavage of euthanized hooded seals. Phenotyping of cells in the lavage fluid was executed by flow cytometry using the surface markers CD14 and CD18. Cultured lavage cells were identified as alveolar macrophages based on morphology, expression of surface markers and phagocytic ability. Alveolar macrophages were challenged with Brucella spp. in a gentamicin protection assay. Following infection, cell lysates from different time points were plated and evaluated quantitatively for colony forming units. Intracellular presence of B . pinnipedialis hooded seal isolate was verified by immunocytochemistry. Our results show that the marine mammal brucellae were able to enter hooded seal alveolar macrophages; however, they did not multiply intracellularly and were eliminated within 48 hours, to the contrary of B. suis that showed the classical pattern of a pathogenic strain. In conclusion, none of the four marine mammal strains

DETANONOate, a nitric oxide donor, decreases amiloride-sensitive alveolar fluid clearance in rabbits.

PubMed

Nielsen, V G; Baird, M S; Chen, L; Matalon, S

2000-04-01

Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) has been administered to animals to selectively reduce pulmonary hypertension via NO donors such as the NONOates. However, vectorial Na(+) transport across confluent monolayers of alveolar type II (ATII) pneumocytes has been decreased by NO. We tested the hypothesis that administration of the NO donor, DETANONOate, would decrease alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) in the rabbit in vivo. We instilled a solution of 5% albumin in 0.9% NaCl with 3 mM DETANONOate into anesthetized rabbits. Two hours later, similar AFC values were measured in the presence and absence of 3 mM DETANONOate (38 +/- 12% versus 43 +/- 13%; mean +/- SD). However, animals coadministered 1 mM amiloride with one of three doses of DETANONOate (100 microM, 300 microM, or 3 mM) had significantly (p < 0.05) greater AFC values (23 +/- 8, 20 +/- 14, 28 +/- 12%, respectively) than those administered amiloride alone (10 +/- 7%). When 5% albumin in a Cl(-)-free solution was administered in the presence or absence of 100 microM DETANONOate, neither AFC values nor alveolar Cl(-) concentrations were different. DETANONOate decreases the amiloride-sensitive fraction of AFC but does not decrease total AFC. DETANONOate does not influence total AFC secondary to an increase in the amiloride-insensitive fraction of AFC that is not associated with a decrease in alveolar Cl(-) secretion.

Intraosseous repair of the inferior alveolar nerve in rats: an experimental model.

PubMed

Curtis, N J; Trickett, R I; Owen, E; Lanzetta, M

1998-08-01

A reliable method of exposure of the inferior alveolar nerve in Wistar rats has been developed, to allow intraosseous repair with two microsurgical techniques under halothane inhalational anaesthesia. The microsuturing technique involves anastomosis with 10-0 nylon sutures; a laser-weld technique uses an albumin-based solder containing indocyanine green, plus an infrared (810 nm wavelength) diode laser Seven animals had left inferior alveolar nerve repairs performed with the microsuture and laser-weld techniques. Controls were provided by unoperated nerves in the repaired cases. Histochemical analysis was performed utilizing neuron counts and horseradish peroxidase tracer (HRP) uptake in the mandibular division of the trigeminal ganglion, following sacrifice and staining of frozen sections with cresyl violet and diaminobenzidene. The results of this analysis showed similar mean neuron counts and mean HRP uptake by neurons for the unoperated controls and both microsuture and laser-weld groups. This new technique of intraosseous exposure of the inferior alveolar nerve in rats is described. It allows reliable and reproducible microsurgical repairs using both microsuture and laser-weld techniques.

Effects of smoke inhalation on alveolar surfactant subtypes in mice.

PubMed Central

Oulton, M. R.; Janigan, D. T.; MacDonald, J. M.; Faulkner, G. T.; Scott, J. E.

1994-01-01

The effects of smoke inhalation on alveolar surfactant subtypes were examined in mice exposed for 30 minutes to smoke generated from the burning of a flexible polyurethane foam. At 4 or 12 hours after the exposure, three surfactant pellets, P10, P60, and P100, and a supernatant, S100, were prepared by sequential centrifugation of lavage fluids at 10,000 g for 30 minutes (P10), 60,000 g for 60 minutes (P60), and 100,000 g for 15 hours (P100 and S100). Phospholipid analysis and electron microscopy were performed on each fraction. Smoke exposure dramatically altered the normal distributions of these fractions: it significantly increased the phospholipid content of the heavier subtype, P10, which is thought to represent newly secreted surfactant; had no effect on the intermediate form, P60; and dramatically increased the phospholipid content (approximately fivefold) of the lighter subtypes, P100 and S100, which are believed to represent catabolic end-products of alveolar surfactant. Only P100 was structurally altered by the smoke. These results represent alterations of the normal metabolic processing of alveolar surfactant. Whereas the mechanism is yet to be defined, it seems to involve a small but significant increase in the newly secreted surfactant, as well as an excessively high accumulation of the structurally altered catabolic forms of the secreted surfactant. Images Figure 3 PMID:7943183

Mechanisms underlying the redistribution of particles among the lung's alveolar macrophages during alveolar phase clearance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lehnert, B.E.; Oritz, J.B.; Steinkamp, J.A.

1991-01-01

In order to obtain information about the particle redistribution phenomenon following the deposition of inhaled particles, as well as to obtain information about some of the mechanisms that may be operable in the redistribution of particles, lavaged lung free cell analyses and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analyses of lung tissue and were performed using lungs from rats after they were subchronically exposed to aerosolized dioxide (TiO{sub 2}). TEM analyses indicated that the in situ autolysis of particle-containing Alveolar Macropages (AM) is one important mechanism involved in the redistribution of particles. Evidence was also obtained that indicated that the engulfment ofmore » one particle-containing phagocyte by another phagocyte also occurs. Another prominent mechanism of the particle redistribution phenomenon may be the in situ proliferation of particle-laden AM. We used the macrophage cell line J774A.1 as a surrogate for AM to investigate how different particulate loads in macrophages may affect their abilities to proliferate. These in vitro investigations indicated that the normal rate of proliferation of macrophages is essentially unaffected by the containment of relatively high particulate burdens. Overall, the results of our investigations suggest that in situ autolysis of particle-containing AM and the rephagocytosis of freed particles by other phagocytes, the phagocytosis of effete and disintegrating particle-containing phagocytes by other AM, and the in situ division of particle-containing AM are likely mechanisms that underlie the post-depositional redistribution of particles among the lung's AM during alveolar phase clearance. 19 refs., 8 figs., 2 tabs.« less

Structural characterization of the FKHR gene and its rearrangement in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma.

PubMed

Davis, R J; Bennicelli, J L; Macina, R A; Nycum, L M; Biegel, J A; Barr, F G

1995-12-01

The FKHR gene, which contains a forkhead DNA-binding motif, is fused to either PAX3 or PAX7 by the t(2;13) or t(1;13) translocation in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma,respectively. These tumors express chimeric transcripts encoding the N-terminal portion of either PAX protein fused to the C-terminal portion of FKHR. To understand the structural basis and functional consequences of these translocations, we characterized the wild-type FKHR gene and its rearrangement in alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas. By isolating and analyzing phage, cosmid and YAC clones, we determined that FKHR consists of three exons spanning 140 kb and that several highly similar loci are present in other genomic regions. Exon 1 encodes the N-terminus of the forkhead domain and is embedded within demethylated CpG island. RNA analyses reveal FKHR transcripts initiate from a TATA-less promoter within this island. Exon 2 encodes the C-terminus of the forkhead domain and a transcription activation domain, whereas exon 3 encodes a large 3' untranslated region. The intron 1-exon 2 boundary precisely matches the FHKR fusion point in the chimeric transcripts found in alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas. Using pulsed-field and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses, we demonstrate that the 130kb FKHR intron 1 is rearranged in t(2;13)-containing alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas. Our findings indicate that FKHR intron 1 provides a large target for DNA rearrangemnt. Rearrangement of this intron with PAX3 produces two important functional consequences: in-frame fusion of N-terminal PAX3 sequences to the FKHR transcriptional activation domain and disruption of the FKHR DNA binding domain.

The anatomic basis of lingual nerve trauma associated with inferior alveolar block injections.

PubMed

Morris, Christopher D; Rasmussen, Jared; Throckmorton, Gaylord S; Finn, Richard

2010-11-01

This study describes the anatomic variability in the position of the lingual nerve in the pterygomandibular space, the location of the inferior alveolar nerve block injection. Simulated standard landmark-based inferior alveolar nerve blocks were administered to 44 fixed sagitally bisected cadaver heads. Measurements were made of the diameter of the nerves and distances between the needle and selected anatomic landmarks and the nerves. Of 44 simulated injections, 42 (95.5%) passed lateral to the lingual nerve, 7 (16%) passed within 0.1 mm of the nerve, and 2 (4.5%) penetrated the nerve. The position of the lingual nerve relative to bony landmarks within the interpterygoid fascia was highly variable. Variation in the position of the lingual nerve is an important contributor to lingual nerve trauma during inferior alveolar block injections. This factor should be an important part of preoperative informed consent. Copyright © 2010 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SARS-CoV replicates in primary human alveolar type II cell cultures but not in type I-like cells

PubMed Central

Mossel, Eric C.; Wang, Jieru; Jeffers, Scott; Edeen, Karen E.; Wang, Shuanglin; Cosgrove, Gregory P.; Funk, C. Joel; Manzer, Rizwan; Miura, Tanya A.; Pearson, Leonard D.; Holmes, Kathryn V.; Mason, Robert J.

2008-01-01

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a disease characterized by diffuse alveolar damage. We isolated alveolar type II cells and maintained them in a highly differentiated state. Type II cell cultures supported SARS-CoV replication as evidenced by RT-PCR detection of viral subgenomic RNA and an increase in virus titer. Virus titers were maximal by 24 hours and peaked at approximately 105 pfu/mL. Two cell types within the cultures were infected. One cell type was type II cells, which were positive for SP-A, SP-C, cytokeratin, a type II cell-specific monoclonal antibody, and Ep-CAM. The other cell type was composed of spindle-shaped cells that were positive for vimentin and collagen III and likely fibroblasts. Viral replication was not detected in type I-like cells or macrophages. Hence, differentiated adult human alveolar type II cells were infectible but alveolar type I-like cells and alveolar macrophages did not support productive infection. PMID:18022664

Effect of odanacatib on root resorption and alveolar bone metabolism during orthodontic tooth movement.

PubMed

Wei, X X; Chu, J P; Zou, Y Z; Ru, N; Cui, S X; Bai, Y X

2015-12-22

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of local administration of odanacatib (ODN) on orthodontic root resorption and the status of alveolar bone metabolism in rat molars. All specimens were scanned using microcomputed tomography and then the raw images were reconstructed. The total volume of the root resorption craters of the 60 g-NS (normal saline) group was higher than in the 60 g-ODN group and the control group. In the 60 g-NS group, the bone volume fraction values of alveolar bone were significantly decreased compared with the other 2 groups. There were no significant differences in the bone volume fraction values of the tibiae among the 3 groups. The results of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive (TRAP+) numbers showed that there was no difference between the 60 g-NS group and the 60 g-ODN group. The expression of cathepsin K was decreased significantly in the 60 g-ODN group. These results indicate that ODN reduces orthodontics-induced external root resorption and increases alveolar bone metabolism. This may be because ODN inhibits the activity of odontoclasts, but maintains the quantity of odontoclasts and enhances bone formation. ODN promotes local alveolar bone metabolism, but does not affect systemic bone metabolism.

Inhalation exposure of rats to metal aerosol. II. Study of mutagenic effect on alveolar macrophages.

PubMed

Chorvatovicová, D; Kováciková, Z

1992-02-01

The effects of inhalation exposure to metal aerosol derived from nickel refinery waste were studied on the frequency of chromosome aberrations in alveolar macrophages in Wistar rats. A 4-month exposure period resulted in significant (P less than 0.01) increases in chromosome aberrations. Relatively high variability without statistical significance was observed after a 4-week exposure period. Increase in damaged alveolar macrophages with the length of exposure seems to point to the role of pulmonary metal deposits. Comparison of the results with those found after 6 months of exposure in bone marrow cells confirmed that metal particles in nickel refinery waste are genotoxic. Thus, this study indicates that alveolar macrophages are suitable for monitoring the genotoxic potential of hazardous chemicals administered by inhalation.

AMBIENT PARTICULATE MATTER DECREASED IN HUMAN ALVEOLAR MACHROPHAGE CYTOKINE RELEASE

EPA Science Inventory

Human exposure to ambient airborne particulate matter (PM) is associated with cardiopulmonary mortality and morbidity, including increased hospitalizations for lung infection. Normal lung immune responses to bacterial infection include alveolar macrophage cytokine production and...

The effect of fluoridation and its discontinuation on fluoride profiles in the alveolar bone of rat.

PubMed

Ohmi, Kyohei; Nakagaki, Haruo; Tsuboi, Shinji; Okumura, Akihiro; Sugiyama, Tomoko; Thuy, Tran Thu; Robinson, Colin

2005-10-01

We investigated the effect of fluoridation and its discontinuation on fluoride content in the alveolar portion of the mandible in rats. Drinking water with three different fluoride contents (0, 50, 100 ppmF) was given to rats for three different periods (4, 13 and 25 weeks). Fluoride concentrations were measured in the crest, the middle, and the apical parts of the alveolar bone and in the body of the mandible. Furthermore, after fluoridated drinking water was given to rats for 4 or 13 weeks, distilled water was given to them for 21 or 12 weeks respectively; and the effect of the discontinuation on fluoride profiles was investigated. Layer samples were analyzed by abrasive microsampling. Fluoride and phosphorus concentrations were determined by ion-specific electrode and colorimetric procedures, respectively. There was an increase in fluoride concentrations in the mandible in proportion to the fluoride content in the drinking water and the duration of fluoridation. After fluoridation was discontinued, fluoride concentrations in the surface layers of the mandible presented a decrease. Among the four different parts of the mandible, the upper part of the alveolar bone and the alveolar crest part presented the highest rates of reduction. The relative reduction rate of fluoride concentration was closely related to the duration of discontinuation. The alveolar crest was affected most by the discontinuation of fluoridation, presenting the greatest reduction.

*Ambient Particluate Matter Supresses Alveolar Macrophage Cytokine Response to Lipopolysaccharide

EPA Science Inventory

Reports link ambient particulate matter (PM) exposure with cardiopulmonary mortality and morbidity, including the exacerbation of inflammatory disease and increased hospitalization for lung infections. Alveolar macrophages (AM) play an important defense role against infections v...

Seguridad del paciente en Radioterapia Intraoperatoria: Impacto de los elementos controlados por el Radiofisico

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tarjuelo, Juan Lopez

Introduccion: En la administracion de la radioterapia intervienen profesionales y equipos de tratamiento, por lo que existe el riesgo de error y se precisa que dicho equipamiento funcione conforme a lo esperado. A los radiofisicos les corresponde participar en las actividades de garantia o aseguramiento de la calidad, incluyendo el control de calidad de los equipos, y en la evaluacion de los riesgos asociados. La radioterapia intraoperatoria (RIO) es una tecnica radioterapica de intensificacion de dosis, altamente selectiva, dirigida a volumenes anatomicos restringidos durante el tratamiento quirurgico oncologico, basada en la administracion de una dosis absorbida alta por medio de un haz de electrones tras el examen visual directo del lecho tumoral. Como incorporar los ultimos avances en el refuerzo de la seguridad en radioterapia es una tarea ambiciosa y compleja, resulta mas concreta y de inmediata aplicacion su introduccion en la RIO. El objetivo es analizar los elementos que reducen los riesgos y aumentan la seguridad en la RIO y su dosimetria, y valorar la funcion del radiofisico en esta labor. Material y metodos: Se emplearon el planificador Radiance de GMV y el acelerador lineal de los tratamientos de RIO Elekta Precise, controlado con el verificador diario de haces Daily QA Check 1090 y medido con las camaras de ionizacion PPC 40, FC65-G y FC65-P de PTW-Freiburg, a su vez verificadas con fuentes radiactivas adecuadas de estroncio-90 modelos CDP y CDC de IBA Dosimetry. Se realizo un analisis de modos de fallo y efectos (failure mode and effect analysis, FMEA) con el fin de identificar los elementos que forman la RIO y aplicar las herramientas necesarias para la minimizacion de los riesgos y la mejora de la seguridad en la tecnica. Se estudiaron las verificaciones diarias de dicho acelerador Precise con el control estadistico de procesos (statistical process control, SPC) y se simularon intervenciones para devolverlo al estado llamado en control. El SPC

Alterations in the alveolar epithelium after injury leading to pulmonary fibrosis.

PubMed

Kasper, M; Haroske, G

1996-04-01

This review discusses current knowledge of the involvement of the alveolar epithelium in tissue remodelling during fibrogenesis. The purpose of the present paper is to give an overview, including the authors' own results, of knowledge of ultrastructural alterations, proliferation kinetics and phenotypic changes of pneumocytes in experimental and clinical pathology of pulmonary fibrosis. After lung injury, the alveolar epithelial cells show ultrastructural alterations, hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and a modulation of a series of structural and membrane proteins such as cytoskeletal changes, loss or de novo expression of epithelial adhesion molecules, and altered lectin binding. Furthermore, enhanced secretion of proteases, of cytokines and other soluble factors can be observed in the alveolar epithelium. These findings suggest the contribution of the epithelium in the remodelling process to be greater than expected. Estimations of the cell kinetics show that type II pneumocytes have the proliferative capacity to restore high proportions of damaged type I cells within few hours. In fibrosis this capacity also seems to be affected seriously, resulting in transitional phenotypes between type II and type I cells. Additionally, in the light of the detection of CD44 type of adhesion molecules at the foot processes of type II pneumocytes, some aspects of epithelial-fibroblast interaction are described.

Multisystem involvement of alveolar echinococcosis in a child.

PubMed

Kantarci, Mecit; Bayraktutan, Ummugulsum; Pirimoglu, Berhan; Ogul, Hayri; Oral, Akgun; Eren, Suat; Gundogdu, Betul

2014-11-13

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a chronic progressive infestation inducing a slowly progressing, life-threatening tumor-like growth in the liver. It may spread to other organs by regional extension or hematogenous or lymphatic metastasis. Herein, we report a fifteen-year-old patient diagnosed with AE of the liver and simultaneous lung and brain metastasis with a literature review.

Facial growth and development in unilateral cleft lip and palate: comparison between secondary alveolar bone grafting and primary periosteoplasty.

PubMed

Cagáňová, Veronika; Borský, Jiří; Smahel, Zbyněk; Velemínská, Jana

2014-01-01

To describe the effect of secondary alveolar bone grafting in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate by comparison with a sample of patients who have undergone primary periosteoplasty. Cephalometric analysis of lateral x-ray films in a retrospective semilongitudinal study. Lateral x-ray films of 18 secondary alveolar bone grafting patients and 48 primary periosteoplasty patients at 10 years of age and again at 15 years of age. The treatment of secondary alveolar bone grafting patients included lip repair according to Tennison, palatoplasty including retropositioning, pharyngeal flap surgery, and secondary alveolar bone grafting. The lips of primary periosteoplasty patient were repaired using the methods of Tennison and Veau, followed by primary periosteoplasty, palatoplasty including retropositioning, and pharyngeal flap surgery. Lateral radiographs were assessed using classical morphometry. There were few significant differences at 10 years of age between the secondary alveolar bone grafting and primary periosteoplasty patients. At 15 years of age, there were several significant differences. Compared with primary periosteoplasty patients, subsequent development in patients who had undergone secondary alveolar bone grafting was characterized by a significantly better position of the upper and lower dentoalveolar components in relation to the facial plane, a higher increase in the global convexity of the soft profile, a significantly better maxillary inclination, and a more favorable development of vertical intermaxillary relationships. Craniofacial development in secondary alveolar bone grafting patients was better than that in primary periosteoplasty patients due to the more marked facial convexity, the increased prominence of the nose, and better vertical intermaxillary relationships.

Multi-walled carbon nanotube length as a critical determinant of bioreactivity with primary human pulmonary alveolar cells

PubMed Central

Sweeney, Sinbad; Berhanu, Deborah; Misra, Superb K.; Thorley, Andrew J.; Valsami-Jones, Eugenia; Tetley, Teresa D.

2015-01-01

Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) length is suggested to critically determine their pulmonary toxicity. This stems from in vitro and in vivo rodent studies and in vitro human studies using cell lines (typically cancerous). There is little data using primary human lung cells. We addressed this knowledge gap, using highly relevant, primary human alveolar cell models exposed to precisely synthesized and thoroughly characterized MWCNTs. In this work, transformed human alveolar type-I-like epithelial cells (TT1), primary human alveolar type-II epithelial cells (ATII) and alveolar macrophages (AM) were treated with increasing concentrations of MWCNTs before measuring cytotoxicity, inflammatory mediator release and MAP kinase signalling. Strikingly, we observed that short MWCNTs (~0.6 µm in length) induced significantly greater responses from the epithelial cells, whilst AM were particularly susceptible to long MWCNTs (~20 µm). These differences in the pattern of mediator release were associated with alternative profiles of JNK, p38 and ERK1/2 MAP kinase signal transduction within each cell type. This study, using highly relevant target human alveolar cells and well defined and characterized MWCNTs, shows marked cellular responses to the MWCNTs that vary according to the target cell type, as well as the aspect ratio of the MWCNT. PMID:25780270

Juvenile Swine Surgical Alveolar Cleft Model to Test Novel Autologous Stem Cell Therapies

PubMed Central

Caballero, Montserrat; Morse, Justin C.; Halevi, Alexandra E.; Emodi, Omri; Pharaon, Michael R.; Wood, Jeyhan S.

2015-01-01

Reconstruction of craniofacial congenital bone defects has historically relied on autologous bone grafts. Engineered bone using mesenchymal stem cells from the umbilical cord on electrospun nanomicrofiber scaffolds offers an alternative to current treatments. This preclinical study presents the development of a juvenile swine model with a surgically created maxillary cleft defect for future testing of tissue-engineered implants for bone generation. Five-week-old pigs (n=6) underwent surgically created maxillary (alveolar) defects to determine critical-sized defect and the quality of treatment outcomes with rib, iliac crest cancellous bone, and tissue-engineered scaffolds. Pigs were sacrificed at 1 month. Computed tomography scans were obtained at days 0 and 30, at the time of euthanasia. Histological evaluation was performed on newly formed bone within the surgical defect. A 1 cm surgically created defect healed with no treatment, the 2 cm defect did not heal. A subsequently created 1.7 cm defect, physiologically similar to a congenitally occurring alveolar cleft in humans, from the central incisor to the canine, similarly did not heal. Rib graft treatment did not incorporate into adjacent normal bone; cancellous bone and the tissue-engineered graft healed the critical-sized defect. This work establishes a juvenile swine alveolar cleft model with critical-sized defect approaching 1.7 cm. Both cancellous bone and tissue engineered graft generated bridging bone formation in the surgically created alveolar cleft defect. PMID:25837453

Zanthoxylum piperitum reversed alveolar bone loss of periodontitis via regulation of bone remodeling-related factors.

PubMed

Kim, Mi Hye; Lee, Hye Ji; Park, Jung-Chul; Hong, Jongki; Yang, Woong Mo

2017-01-04

Zanthoxylum piperitum (ZP) has been used to prevent toothache in East Asia. In this study, we investigated the effects of ZP on periodontitis along with alveolar bone loss. Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into 4 groups; non-ligated (NOR), ligated and treated vehicle (CTR), ligated and treated 1mg/mL ZP (ZP1), and ligated and treated 100mg/mL ZP (ZP100). Sterilized 3-0 nylon ligature was placed into the subgingival sulcus around the both sides of mandibular first molar. After topical application of 1 and 100mg/mL ZP for 2 weeks, mandibles was removed for histology. In addition, SaOS-2 osteoblast cells were treated 1, 10 and 100μg/mL ZP for 24h to analyze the expressions of alveolar bone-related markers. Several alveolar bone resorption pits, which indicate cementum demineralization were decreased by ZP treatment. Topical ZP treatment inhibited periodontitis-induced alveolar bone loss. In addition, there were significant reduction of osteoclastic activities following topical ZP treatment in periodontium. The expression of RANKL was decreased in SaOS-2 osteoblast cells by treating ZP, while that of OPG was increased. ZP treatment increased the expressions of Runx2 and Osterix in SaOS-2 cells. In summary, ZP treatment inhibited alveolar bone loss as well as maintained the integrity of periodontal structures via regulation of bone remodeling. ZP may be a therapeutic target for treating periodontitis. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Alendronate inhalation ameliorates elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in mice by induction of apoptosis of alveolar macrophages.

PubMed

Ueno, Manabu; Maeno, Toshitaka; Nishimura, Satoshi; Ogata, Fusa; Masubuchi, Hiroaki; Hara, Kenichiro; Yamaguchi, Kouichi; Aoki, Fumiaki; Suga, Tatsuo; Nagai, Ryozo; Kurabayashi, Masahiko

2015-03-10

Alveolar macrophages play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of emphysema, for which there is currently no effective treatment. Bisphosphonates are widely used to treat osteoclast-mediated bone diseases. Here we show that delivery of the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate alendronate via aerosol inhalation ameliorates elastase-induced emphysema in mice. Inhaled, but not orally ingested, alendronate inhibits airspace enlargement after elastase instillation, and induces apoptosis of macrophages in bronchoalveolar fluid via caspase-3- and mevalonate-dependent pathways. Cytometric analysis indicates that the F4/80(+)CD11b(high)CD11c(mild) population characterizing inflammatory macrophages, and the F4/80(+)CD11b(mild)CD11c(high) population defining resident alveolar macrophages take up substantial amounts of the bisphosphonate imaging agent OsteoSense680 after aerosol inhalation. We further show that alendronate inhibits macrophage migratory and phagocytotic activities and blunts the inflammatory response of alveolar macrophages by inhibiting nuclear factor-κB signalling. Given that the alendronate inhalation effectively induces apoptosis in both recruited and resident alveolar macrophages, we suggest this strategy may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of emphysema.

[Presurgical alveolar molding using computer aided design in infants with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate].

PubMed

Zgong, Xin; Yu, Quan; Yu, Zhe-yuan; Wang, Guo-min; Qian, Yu-fen

2012-04-01

To establish a new method of presurgical alveolar molding using computer aided design(CAD) in infants with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). Ten infants with complete UCLP were recruited. A maxillary impression was taken at the first examination after birth. The study model was scanned by a non-contact three-dimensional laser scanner and a digital model was constructed and analyzed to simulate the alveolar molding procedure with reverse engineering software (RapidForm 2006). The digital geometrical data were exported to produce a scale model using rapid prototyping technology. The whole set of appliances was fabricated based on these solid models. The digital model could be viewed and measured from any direction by the software. By the end of the NAM treatment before surgical lip repair, the cleft was narrowed and the malformation of alveolar segments was aligned normally, significantly improving nasal symmetry and nostril shape. Presurgical NAM using CAD could simplify the treatment procedure and estimate the treatment objective, which enabled precise control of the force and direction of the alveolar segments movement.

Anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve: Averages and prevalence based on CT scans.

PubMed

Juan, Del Valle Lovato; Grageda, Edgar; Gómez Crespo, Salvador

2016-02-01

The treatment of edentulous patients by using a complete implant-supported fixed prosthetic with distal extension has been widely studied; success is mainly dependent upon the placement of the distal implants. The location of the inferior alveolar nerve determines implant placement, but the length, prevalence, and symmetry between the left and right side of the anterior loop of the alveolar nerve are unknown. The purpose of this clinical study was to measure the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve, which determines the placement of distal implants, in a group of 55 Mexican participants. The study expected to ascertain the average length, prevalence, and symmetry between left and right side and any sex differences. To differentiate the inferior alveolar nerve path, a new technique was applied using Hounsfield unit (HU) thresholds. The null hypothesis was that no significant differences would be found between the left and right sides or between men and women for the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve. Fifty-five computed tomography (CT) scans were made (Somatom Sensation 16; Siemens Healthcare) and were visualized with InVesalius software. Anterior loop measurements were made on 3-dimensional surfaces. To determine statistical differences between the left and right side and between the sexes, the t test was used. The interclass correlation coefficient test was also applied to verify the reliability of the measurements. Ninety percent of participants showed the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve. The length of the anterior loop ranged between 0 and 6.68 mm, with a mean of 2.19 mm. No significant differences were found between the left and right sides or between men and women. The mean length for the anterior loop in the sample was 2.19 mm. As the anterior loop length shows a high degree of variability, these findings suggest that a CT scan for each patient is recommended in order to visualize a safety zone before placing implants close to

Clinical effect of etidronate on alveolar pyorrhoea associated with chronic marginal periodontitis: report of four cases.

PubMed

Takaishi, Y; Miki, T; Nishizawa, Y; Morii, H

2001-01-01

Etidronate 200 mg daily was administered to four female patients with periodontitis and resultant alveolar pyorrhoea for periods of 2 weeks, followed by off-periods of 10 weeks or more, for 2-3 years. The macroscopic appearance of gingival mobility of the teeth, depth of periodontal pockets, and X-ray findings of alveolar bones improved markedly during this time. The effects were first observed after 6-12 months of treatment. These findings indicate that bisphosphonates may be effective in the treatment of periodontitis and resultant alveolar pyorrhoea. The effect may be mediated by the inhibitory action on bone resorption and the anti-inflammatory action of etidronate. Concomitant conventional dental management is also required.

Intravenous S-Ketamine Does Not Inhibit Alveolar Fluid Clearance in a Septic Rat Model

PubMed Central

Weber, Nina C.; van der Sluijs, Koen; Hackl, Florian; Hotz, Lorenz; Dahan, Albert; Hollmann, Markus W.; Berger, Marc M.

2014-01-01

We previously demonstrated that intratracheally administered S-ketamine inhibits alveolar fluid clearance (AFC), whereas an intravenous (IV) bolus injection had no effect. The aim of the present study was to characterize whether continuous IV infusion of S-ketamine, yielding clinically relevant plasma concentrations, inhibits AFC and whether its effect is enhanced in acute lung injury (ALI) which might favor the appearance of IV S-ketamine at the alveolar surface. AFC was measured in fluid-instilled rat lungs. S-ketamine was administered IV over 6 h (loading dose: 20 mg/kg, followed by 20 mg/kg/h), or intratracheally by addition to the instillate (75 µg/ml). ALI was induced by IV lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 7 mg/kg). Interleukin (IL)-6 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-3 were measured by ELISA in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Isolated rat alveolar type-II cells were exposed to S-ketamine (75 µg/ml) and/or LPS (1 mg/ml) for 6 h, and transepithelial ion transport was measured as short circuit current (ISC). AFC was 27±5% (mean±SD) over 60 min in control rats and was unaffected by IV S-ketamine. Tracheal S-ketamine reduced AFC to 18±9%. In LPS-treated rats, AFC decreased to 16±6%. This effect was not enhanced by IV S-ketamine. LPS increased IL-6 and CINC-3 in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In alveolar type-II cells, S-ketamine reduced ISC by 37% via a decrease in amiloride-inhibitable sodium transport. Continuous administration of IV S-ketamine does not affect rat AFC even in endotoxin-induced ALI. Tracheal application with direct exposure of alveolar epithelial cells to S-ketamine decreases AFC by inhibition of amiloride-inhibitable sodium transport. PMID:25386677

Locally Produced BDNF Promotes Sclerotic Change in Alveolar Bone after Nerve Injury

PubMed Central

Ida-Yonemochi, Hiroko; Yamada, Yurie; Yoshikawa, Hiroyuki

2017-01-01

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is released due to nerve injury, is known to promote the natural healing of injured nerves. It is often observed that damage of mandibular canal induces local sclerotic changes in alveolar bone. We reported that peripheral nerve injury promotes the local production of BDNF; therefore, it was possible to hypothesize that peripheral nerve injury affects sclerotic changes in the alveolar bone. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of BDNF on osteogenesis using in vitro osteoblast-lineage cell culture and an in vivo rat osteotomy model. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured with BDNF and were examined for cell proliferative activity, chemotaxis and mRNA expression levels of osteoblast differentiation markers. For in vivo study, inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury experiments and mandibular cortical osteotomy were performed using a rat model. In the osteotomy model, exogenous BDNF was applied to bone surfaces after corticotomy of the mandible, and we morphologically analyzed the new bone formation. As a result, mRNA expression of osteoblast differentiation marker, osteocalcin, was significantly increased by BDNF, although cell proliferation and migration were not affected. In the in vivo study, osteopontin-positive new bone formation was significantly accelerated in the BDNF-grafted groups, and active bone remodeling, involving trkB-positive osteoblasts and osteocytes, continued after 28 days. In conclusion, BDNF stimulated the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells and it promoted new bone formation and maturation. These results suggested that local BDNF produced by peripheral nerve injury contributes to accelerating sclerotic changes in the alveolar bone. PMID:28072837

Analysis of primary gingivoperiosteoplasty in alveolar cleft repair. Part I: Facial growth.

PubMed

Henkel, K O; Gundlach, K K

1997-10-01

The primary gingivoperiosteoplasty by Millard consists of presurgical active orthognathic treatment ('Latham device') of the alveolar margins at the age of 3 months and of surgical closure of the alveolar cleft with local gingivoperiosteal flaps at the age of 5 months. The aim of this investigation was to analyse the facial growth following this treatment. The following material was studied: lateral head X-rays and plaster casts from 146 patients with unilateral (UCLP) and bilateral (BCLP) clefts of lip and palate from birth to 16 years of age. Ninety-one of these patients formed the control group, who received neither gingivoperiosteoplasty nor pre-surgical active orthognathic treatment. The same surgeon and orthodontist treated all 146 patients. A three-dimensional growth disturbance after gingivoperiosteoplasty was observed: 42% patients with UCLP and 40% patients with BCLP had an 'open bite' following closure of the alveolar cleft (control group 5%/10%). The length of the upper jaw in patients who underwent gingivoperiosteoplasty was shorter than in the control group. The frequency of posterior cross bite was also higher in the gingivoperiosteoplasty group. These results demonstrate that treatment with a 'Latham device' disturbs facial growth. Therefore, this treatment should be abandoned.

Temporary Blindness after Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block.

PubMed

Barodiya, Animesh; Thukral, Rishi; Agrawal, Shaila Mahendra; Rai, Anshul; Singh, Siddharth

2017-03-01

Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (IANB) anaesthesia is one of the common procedures in dental clinic. This procedure is safe, but complications may still occur. Ocular complications such as diplopia, loss of vision, or ophthalmoplegia are extremely rare. This case report explains an event where due to individual anatomic variation of the sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve and maxillary and middle meningeal arteries, intravascular administration of anaesthetic agent caused unusual ocular signs and symptoms such as temporary blindness.

Effects of cleft type, facemask anchorage method, and alveolar bone graft on maxillary protraction: a three-dimensional finite element analysis.

PubMed

Yang, Il-Hyung; Chang, Young-Il; Kim, Tae-Woo; Ahn, Sug-Joon; Lim, Won-Hee; Lee, Nam-Ki; Baek, Seung-Hak

2012-03-01

To investigate biomechanical effects of cleft type (unilateral/bilateral cleft lip and palate), facemask anchorage method (tooth-borne and miniplate anchorage), and alveolar bone graft on maxillary protraction. Three-dimensional finite element analysis with application of orthopedic force (30° downward and forward to the occlusal plane, 500 g per side). Computed tomography data from a 13.5-year-old girl with maxillary hypoplasia. Eight three-dimensional finite element models were fabricated according to cleft type, facemask anchorage method, and alveolar bone graft. Initial stress distribution and displacement after force application were analyzed. Unilateral cleft lip and palate showed an asymmetric pattern in stress distribution and displacement before alveolar bone graft and demonstrated a symmetric pattern after alveolar bone graft. However, bilateral cleft lip and palate showed symmetric patterns in stress distribution and displacement before and after alveolar bone graft. In both cleft types, the graft extended the stress distribution area laterally beyond the infraorbital foramen. For both unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate, a facemask with a tooth-borne anchorage showed a dentoalveolar effect with prominent stress distribution and displacement on the upper canine point. In contrast, a facemask with miniplate anchorage exhibited an orthopedic effect with more favorable stress distribution and displacement on the middle maxilla point. In addition, the facemask with a miniplate anchorage showed a larger stress distribution area and sutural stress values than did the facemask with a tooth-borne anchorage. The pterygopalatine and zygomatico-maxillary sutures showed the largest sutural stress values with a facemask with a miniplate anchorage and after alveolar bone grafting, respectively. In this three-dimensional finite element analysis, it would be more advantageous to perform maxillary protraction using a facemask with a miniplate anchorage than a

Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage secondary to propylthiouracil-induced vasculitis

PubMed Central

Ferreira, Catarina; Costa, Teresa; Marques, Ana Vieira

2015-01-01

Propylthiouracil is a drug used to treat hyperthyroidism. It can cause several side effects including pulmonary disorders that, although rare, can be severe. The authors describe the case of a woman treated with propylthiouracil who developed diffuse alveolar haemorrhage with severe respiratory failure and anaemia, which improved with discontinuation of the antithyroid drug and on starting systemic corticosteroid therapy. PMID:25661751

A retrospective analysis and case series of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor associated diffuse alveolar hemorrhage: two case reports

PubMed Central

Mikkilineni, Hima; Bruhl, Steven R; Pandya, Utpal

2009-01-01

Introduction Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors have a key role in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous interventions. Although, an increased risk of bleeding complications is well recognized, its association with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage is much less recognized. Previous authors have suggested that the incidence of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor associated diffuse alveolar hemorrhage has been significantly underestimated due to under reporting. Case presentations In order to help better determine the incidence of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor associated DAH, a retrospective review of medical records was conducted over a 1 year period at a single high volume medical hospital. The medical records of all patients diagnosed with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage were evaluated for treatment with a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor within 48 hours of its diagnosis. Each patient meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the case series. This number was compared with the total number of patients receiving a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor during the same time period and an incidence of the complication was calculated. 292 patients received either abciximab or eptifibatide during the one year review period and two patients were diagnosed with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage confirmed by serial bronchiolar lavage for an incidence of 0.68%. Of the total 292 patients receiving GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, 172 patients received abciximab with one occurrence of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage for an incidence of 0.58% while 120 patients received eptifibatide with one occurrence for an incidence of 0.83%. Both patients developed significant morbidity as a result of the complication and 1 of the 2 patients died as a complication of the disease. Conclusions Our findings support the claim that the incidence of GP IIb/IIIa induced diffuse alveolar hemorrhage is substantially higher than initially suggested by drug manufacturer studies. Although these drugs have

Complementary roles of KCa3.1 channels and β1-integrin during alveolar epithelial repair.

PubMed

Girault, Alban; Chebli, Jasmine; Privé, Anik; Trinh, Nguyen Thu Ngan; Maillé, Emilie; Grygorczyk, Ryszard; Brochiero, Emmanuelle

2015-09-04

Extensive alveolar epithelial injury and remodelling is a common feature of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and it has been established that epithelial regeneration, and secondary lung oedema resorption, is crucial for ARDS resolution. Much evidence indicates that K(+) channels are regulating epithelial repair processes; however, involvement of the KCa3.1 channels in alveolar repair has never been investigated before. Wound-healing assays demonstrated that the repair rates were increased in primary rat alveolar cell monolayers grown on a fibronectin matrix compared to non-coated supports, whereas an anti-β1-integrin antibody reduced it. KCa3.1 inhibition/silencing impaired the fibronectin-stimulated wound-healing rates, as well as cell migration and proliferation, but had no effect in the absence of coating. We then evaluated a putative relationship between KCa3.1 channel and the migratory machinery protein β1-integrin, which is activated by fibronectin. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments indicated a link between the two proteins and revealed their cellular co-distribution. In addition, we demonstrated that KCa3.1 channel and β1-integrin membrane expressions were increased on a fibronectin matrix. We also showed increased intracellular calcium concentrations as well as enhanced expression of TRPC4, a voltage-independent calcium channel belonging to the large TRP channel family, on a fibronectin matrix. Finally, wound-healing assays showed additive effects of KCa3.1 and TRPC4 inhibitors on alveolar epithelial repair. Taken together, our data demonstrate for the first time complementary roles of KCa3.1 and TRPC4 channels with extracellular matrix and β1-integrin in the regulation of alveolar repair processes.

Preventive Effects of Drinking Hydrogen-Rich Water on Gingival Oxidative Stress and Alveolar Bone Resorption in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet

PubMed Central

Yoneda, Toshiki; Tomofuji, Takaaki; Kunitomo, Muneyoshi; Ekuni, Daisuke; Irie, Koichiro; Azuma, Tetsuji; Machida, Tatsuya; Miyai, Hisataka; Fujimori, Kouhei; Morita, Manabu

2017-01-01

Obesity induces gingival oxidative stress, which is involved in the progression of alveolar bone resorption. The antioxidant effect of hydrogen-rich water may attenuate gingival oxidative stress and prevent alveolar bone resorption in cases of obesity. We examined whether hydrogen-rich water could suppress gingival oxidative stress and alveolar bone resorption in obese rats fed a high-fat diet. Male Fischer 344 rats (n = 18) were divided into three groups of six rats each: a control group (fed a regular diet and drinking distilled water) and two experimental groups (fed a high-fat diet and drinking distilled water or hydrogen-rich water). The level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine was determined to evaluate oxidative stress. The bone mineral density of the alveolar bone was analyzed by micro-computerized tomography. Obese rats, induced by a high-fat diet, showed a higher gingival level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and a lower level of alveolar bone density compared to the control group. Drinking hydrogen-rich water suppressed body weight gain, lowered gingival level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, and reduced alveolar bone resorption in rats on a high-fat diet. The results indicate that hydrogen-rich water could suppress gingival oxidative stress and alveolar bone resorption by limiting obesity. PMID:28098768

Preventive Effects of Drinking Hydrogen-Rich Water on Gingival Oxidative Stress and Alveolar Bone Resorption in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet.

PubMed

Yoneda, Toshiki; Tomofuji, Takaaki; Kunitomo, Muneyoshi; Ekuni, Daisuke; Irie, Koichiro; Azuma, Tetsuji; Machida, Tatsuya; Miyai, Hisataka; Fujimori, Kouhei; Morita, Manabu

2017-01-13

Obesity induces gingival oxidative stress, which is involved in the progression of alveolar bone resorption. The antioxidant effect of hydrogen-rich water may attenuate gingival oxidative stress and prevent alveolar bone resorption in cases of obesity. We examined whether hydrogen-rich water could suppress gingival oxidative stress and alveolar bone resorption in obese rats fed a high-fat diet. Male Fischer 344 rats ( n = 18) were divided into three groups of six rats each: a control group (fed a regular diet and drinking distilled water) and two experimental groups (fed a high-fat diet and drinking distilled water or hydrogen-rich water). The level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine was determined to evaluate oxidative stress. The bone mineral density of the alveolar bone was analyzed by micro-computerized tomography. Obese rats, induced by a high-fat diet, showed a higher gingival level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and a lower level of alveolar bone density compared to the control group. Drinking hydrogen-rich water suppressed body weight gain, lowered gingival level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, and reduced alveolar bone resorption in rats on a high-fat diet. The results indicate that hydrogen-rich water could suppress gingival oxidative stress and alveolar bone resorption by limiting obesity.

Leptospirosis pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome is associated with linear deposition of immunoglobulin and complement on the alveolar surface.

PubMed

Croda, J; Neto, A N D; Brasil, R A; Pagliari, C; Nicodemo, A C; Duarte, M I S

2010-06-01

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection associated with severe diseases such as leptospirosis pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome (LPHS). The cause of pulmonary haemorrhage is unclear. Understanding which mechanisms and processes are involved in LPHS will be important in treatment regimens under development for this life-threatening syndrome. In the present study, we evaluated 30 lung specimens from LPHS patients and seven controls using histology and immunohistochemistry (detection of IgM, IgG, IgA and C3) in order to describe the pathological features associated with this syndrome. Immunoglobulin deposits were detected on the alveolar surface in 18/30 LPHS patients. Three staining patterns were observed for the immunoglobulins and C3 in the lung tissues of LPHS patients: AS, delicate linear staining adjacent to the alveolar surface, which was indicative of a membrane covering the luminal surface of type I and II pneumocyte cells; S, heterogeneous staining which was sporadically distributed along the alveolar septum; and IA, weak, focal intra-alveolar granular staining. Human LPHS is associated with individual and unique histological patterns that differ from those of other causes of pulmonary haemorrhage. In the present study, it was found that the linear deposition of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG and IgM) and complement on the alveolar surface may play a role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary haemorrhage in human leptospirosis.

Volumetric Analysis of Alveolar Bone Defect Using Three-Dimensional-Printed Models Versus Computer-Aided Engineering.

PubMed

Du, Fengzhou; Li, Binghang; Yin, Ningbei; Cao, Yilin; Wang, Yongqian

2017-03-01

Knowing the volume of a graft is essential in repairing alveolar bone defects. This study investigates the 2 advanced preoperative volume measurement methods: three-dimensional (3D) printing and computer-aided engineering (CAE). Ten unilateral alveolar cleft patients were enrolled in this study. Their computed tomographic data were sent to 3D printing and CAE software. A simulated graft was used on the 3D-printed model, and the graft volume was measured by water displacement. The volume calculated by CAE software used mirror-reverses technique. The authors compared the actual volumes of the simulated grafts with the CAE software-derived volumes. The average volume of the simulated bone grafts by 3D-printed models was 1.52 mL, higher than the mean volume of 1.47 calculated by CAE software. The difference between the 2 volumes was from -0.18 to 0.42 mL. The paired Student t test showed no statistically significant difference between the volumes derived from the 2 methods. This study demonstrated that the mirror-reversed technique by CAE software is as accurate as the simulated operation on 3D-printed models in unilateral alveolar cleft patients. These findings further validate the use of 3D printing and CAE technique in alveolar defect repairing.

Generation of Alveolar Epithelial Spheroids via Isolated Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

PubMed Central

Gotoh, Shimpei; Ito, Isao; Nagasaki, Tadao; Yamamoto, Yuki; Konishi, Satoshi; Korogi, Yohei; Matsumoto, Hisako; Muro, Shigeo; Hirai, Toyohiro; Funato, Michinori; Mae, Shin-Ichi; Toyoda, Taro; Sato-Otsubo, Aiko; Ogawa, Seishi; Osafune, Kenji; Mishima, Michiaki

2014-01-01

Summary No methods for isolating induced alveolar epithelial progenitor cells (AEPCs) from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been reported. Based on a study of the stepwise induction of alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), we identified carboxypeptidase M (CPM) as a surface marker of NKX2-1+ “ventralized” anterior foregut endoderm cells (VAFECs) in vitro and in fetal human and murine lungs. Using SFTPC-GFP reporter hPSCs and a 3D coculture system with fetal human lung fibroblasts, we showed that CPM+ cells isolated from VAFECs differentiate into AECs, demonstrating that CPM is a marker of AEPCs. Moreover, 3D coculture differentiation of CPM+ cells formed spheroids with lamellar-body-like structures and an increased expression of surfactant proteins compared with 2D differentiation. Methods to induce and isolate AEPCs using CPM and consequently generate alveolar epithelial spheroids would aid human pulmonary disease modeling and regenerative medicine. PMID:25241738

Phagocytosis of microparticles by alveolar macrophages during acute lung injury requires MerTK.

PubMed

Mohning, Michael P; Thomas, Stacey M; Barthel, Lea; Mould, Kara J; McCubbrey, Alexandria L; Frasch, S Courtney; Bratton, Donna L; Henson, Peter M; Janssen, William J

2018-01-01

Microparticles are a newly recognized class of mediators in the pathophysiology of lung inflammation and injury, but little is known about the factors that regulate their accumulation and clearance. The primary objective of our study was to determine whether alveolar macrophages engulf microparticles and to elucidate the mechanisms by which this occurs. Alveolar microparticles were quantified in bronchoalveolar fluid of mice with lung injury induced by LPS and hydrochloric acid. Microparticle numbers were greatest at the peak of inflammation and declined as inflammation resolved. Isolated, fluorescently labeled particles were placed in culture with macrophages to evaluate ingestion in the presence of endocytosis inhibitors. Ingestion was blocked with cytochalasin D and wortmannin, consistent with a phagocytic process. In separate experiments, mice were treated intratracheally with labeled microparticles, and their uptake was assessed though microscopy and flow cytometry. Resident alveolar macrophages, not recruited macrophages, were the primary cell-ingesting microparticles in the alveolus during lung injury. In vitro, microparticles promoted inflammatory signaling in LPS primed epithelial cells, signifying the importance of microparticle clearance in resolving lung injury. Microparticles were found to have phosphatidylserine exposed on their surfaces. Accordingly, we measured expression of phosphatidylserine receptors on macrophages and found high expression of MerTK and Axl in the resident macrophage population. Endocytosis of microparticles was markedly reduced in MerTK-deficient macrophages in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, microparticles are released during acute lung injury and peak in number at the height of inflammation. Resident alveolar macrophages efficiently clear these microparticles through MerTK-mediated phagocytosis.

Acute resolution of pulmonary alveolar infiltrates in 10 dogs with pulmonary hypertension treated with sildenafil citrate: 2005-2014.

PubMed

Kellihan, Heidi B; Waller, Kenneth R; Pinkos, Alyssa; Steinberg, Howard; Bates, Melissa L

2015-09-01

To describe clinical canine patients with naturally occurring pulmonary hypertension and radiographic pulmonary alveolar infiltrates before and after treatment with sildenafil. Ten client-owned dogs. A retrospective analysis of dogs with echocardiographically-determined pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary alveolar infiltrates on thoracic radiographs was performed before (PRE) and after (POST) sildenafil therapy. Clinical scores, pulmonary alveolar infiltrate scores and tricuspid regurgitation gradients were analyzed PRE and POST sildenafil. Pulmonary alveolar infiltrates associated with pulmonary hypertension developed in a diffusely patchy distribution (10/10). Sixty percent of dogs had a suspected diagnosis of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis as the etiology of pulmonary hypertension. Median PRE clinical score was 4 (range: 3-4) compared to POST score of 0 (0-2) (p = 0.005). Median alveolar infiltrate score PRE was 10 (5-12) compared to POST score of 4 (0-6) (p = 0.006). Median tricuspid regurgitation gradient PRE was 83 mmHg (57-196) compared to 55 mmHg POST (33-151) (p = 0.002). A subset of dogs with moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension present with diffuse, patchy alveolar infiltrates consistent with non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The typical clinical presentation is acute dyspnea and syncope, often in conjunction with heart murmurs suggestive of valvular insufficiency. This constellation of signs may lead to an initial misdiagnosis of congestive heart failure or pneumonia; however, these dogs clinically and radiographically improve with the initiation of sildenafil. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ability of rabbit alveolar macrophages to dissolve metals.

PubMed

Lundborg, M; Lind, B; Camner, P

1984-01-01

Manganese dioxide particles, 0.1-0.5 micron, were added to samples of 2-3 X 10(6) rabbit alveolar macrophages. The amount of manganese added and dissolved from the particles, over periods of 0, 1, 3, and 5 days, was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Macrophages from six rabbits received about 10 micrograms of Mn, macrophages from two rabbits about 30 micrograms, and macrophages from another two rabbits about 100 micrograms. Over periods of 1, 3, and 5 days the macrophages in all three dose groups dissolved two to three times more Mn than was dissolved in control experiments. In control experiments solubility was studied in the medium without macrophages. Macrophages cultivated 3 days before the addition of MnO2 dissolved the particles within another 2 days to an extent similar to that in the control experiments. The ability of the macrophages to dissolve MnO2 particles might be related to the low pH values in the phagosomes. Studies of the ability of macrophages from various species to dissolve metal particles as well as of pH values in their phagosomes might lead to a better understanding of alveolar clearance of metal particles.

Assessment of alveolar bone marrow fat content using 15 T MRI.

PubMed

Cortes, Arthur Rodriguez Gonzalez; Cohen, Ouri; Zhao, Ming; Aoki, Eduardo Massaharu; Ribeiro, Rodrigo Alves; Abu Nada, Lina; Costa, Claudio; Arita, Emiko Saito; Tamimi, Faleh; Ackerman, Jerome L

2018-03-01

Bone marrow fat is inversely correlated with bone mineral density. The aim of this study is to present a method to quantify alveolar bone marrow fat content using a 15 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. A 15 T MRI scanner with a 13-mm inner diameter loop-gap radiofrequency coil was used to scan seven 3-mm diameter alveolar bone biopsy specimens. A 3-D gradient-echo relaxation time (T1)-weighted pulse sequence was chosen to obtain images. All images were obtained with a voxel size (58 µm 3 ) sufficient to resolve trabecular spaces. Automated volume of the bone marrow fat content and derived bone volume fraction (BV/TV) were calculated. Results were compared with actual BV/TV obtained from micro-computed tomography (CT) scans. Mean fat tissue volume was 20.1 ± 11%. There was a significantly strong inverse correlation between fat tissue volume and BV/TV (r = -0.68; P = .045). Furthermore, there was a strong agreement between BV/TV derived from MRI and obtained with micro-CT (interclass correlation coefficient = 0.92; P = .001). Bone marrow fat of small alveolar bone biopsy specimens can be quantified with sufficient spatial resolution using an ultra-high-field MRI scanner and a T1-weighted pulse sequence. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Inhibitory effects of Persicariae Rhizoma aqueous extracts on experimental periodontitis and alveolar bone loss in Sprague-Dawley rats

PubMed Central

Kang, Su Jin; Lee, Eun Kyung; Han, Chang Hyun; Lee, Bong Hyo; Lee, Young Joon; Ku, Sae Kwang

2016-01-01

Persicariae Rhizoma (PR) is the dried stem parts of Persicaria tinctoria H. Gross (Polygonaceae), and has been traditionally used as anti-inflammatory and detoxifying agent. In the present study, the effects of PR aqueous extracts on ligation-induced experimental periodontitis (EPD) and associated alveolar bone loss in rats were examined. Following the induction of EPD in rats, PR extracts were orally administered once a day for 10 days, and the changes and gains in body weight, alveolar bone loss and total aerobic bacterial counts of buccal gingiva were observed with histopathological analysis. In addition, anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by monitoring myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, and interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α contents, and anti-oxidant effects were investigated by measuring inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Bacterial proliferation, periodontitis and associated alveolar bone loss induced by ligature placement were significantly and dose-dependently inhibited by the treatment with PR extracts. The inhibitory effects of 200 mg/kg PR were similar to those of 5 mg/kg indomethacin on ligation-induced periodontitis and associated alveolar bone losses in this study. The results suggest that PR effectively inhibits ligature placement-induced periodontitis and alveolar bone loss in rats via antibacterial, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. PMID:27588077

Segmental Maxillary Distraction Osteogenesis With a Hybrid-Type Distractor in the Management of Wide Alveolar Cleft.

PubMed

Zhang, Jianfei; Zhang, Wenbin; Shen, Steve Guofang

2018-01-01

To investigate segmental maxillary distraction osteogenesis (DO) with hybrid-type distractor in the management of wide alveolar cleft. Six patients underwent segmental DO with a hybrid-type distractor. After the success of DO and 3-month consolidation period, removal of the distractor was accompanied by alveolar bone graft with iliac bone. Panoramic radiograph and computed tomography scanning were taken preoperatively (T0) and the day after distractor removal (T1). The crest distance between the long axis of cleft nearby teeth was measured. All patients completed the DO period, and the succeeding alveolar bone graft healing was uneventful. The mean cleft distance decrease was 12.05 mm (range: 10.1-13.5 mm). As for the mobility degree record of abutment tooth in the transport segment recorded, 6 patients were grading I° at T0, while 5 patients were grading I° and 1 patient was grading II° at T1. Segmental maxillary DO with the hybrid-type distractor is successful to reduce the cleft width in these cases, and it is promising in the treatment of wide dental alveolar cleft, especially for the adult patient.

An uptake of cationized ferritin by alveolar type I cells in airway-instilled goat lung: distribution of anionic sites on the epithelial surface.

PubMed

Atwal, O S; Viel, L; Minhas, K J

1990-07-01

The present study has investigated ultrastructural localization of anionic sites on the luminal surface of the alveolar epithelium of goat lung by direct airway instillation of cationized ferritin (CF) in the cranial lobe of the right lung through a bronchoscope. The cationic probe decorated preferentially the luminal plasmalemmal vesicles and plasmalemma proper of alveolar type I cell. This indicated the presence of highly charged anionic microdomains at these binding sites. The ligand was internalized in the free plasmalemmal vesicles of alveolar type I cell within 2 min. Heavy decoration of vesicles at 5 min of perfusion indicated that the amount of CF internalization increased with its concentration in the alveoli. It is suggested that exposure of alveolar surface to several gases of ruminal-origin induces changes in the surface charge of luminal plasmalemma of alveolar type I cells. The significance of these anionic plasmalemmal sites is discussed in relation to the adjustment of osmotic pressure gradient across the alveolar-capillary membrane of the ruminant lung.

Osteoclastogenesis in Local Alveolar Bone in Early Decortication-Facilitated Orthodontic Tooth Movement

PubMed Central

Liu, Chang; Jiang, Yu-Xi; Qu, Hong; Li, Cui-Ying; Jiang, Jiu-Hui

2016-01-01

Objective In the current study, we aimed to investigate the effects of alveolar decortication on local bone remodeling, and to explore the possible mechanism by which decortication facilitates tooth movement. Materials and Methods Forty rabbits were included in the experiment. The left mandible was subjected to decortication-facilitated orthodontics, and the right mandible underwent traditional orthodontics as a control. The animals were sacrificed on the days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14, after undergoing orthodontic procedures. Tooth movement was measured by Micro-CT, and the local periodontal tissues were investigated using H&E, Masson's trichrome and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. The mRNA levels of genes related to bone remodeling in the alveolar bone were analyzed using real-time PCR. Result On days 3, 5, 7 and 14, tooth movement was statistically accelerated by decortication (P < 0.05) and was accompanied by increased hyperemia. Despite the lack of new bone formation in both groups, more osteoclasts were noted in the decorticated group, with two peak counts (P < 0.05). The first peak count was consistent with the maximum values of ctsk and TRAP expression, and the second peak counts accompanied the maximum nfatc1 and jdp2 expression. The increased fra2 expression and the ratio of rankl/opg also accompanied the second peak counts. Conclusions Following alveolar decortication, osteoclastogenesis was initially induced to a greater degree than the new bone formation which was thought to have caused a regional acceleratory phenomenon (RAP). The amount of steoclastogenesis in the decorticated alveolar bone was found to have two peaks, perhaps due to attenuated local resistance. The first peak count in osteoclasts may have been due to previously existing osteoclast precursors, whereas the second may represent the differentiation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells which came from circulation as the result of hyperemia. PMID:27096621

Biological Effects of Orthodontic Tooth Movement Into the Grafted Alveolar Cleft.

PubMed

Sun, Jian; Zhang, Xiaoyue; Li, Renmei; Chen, Zhengxi; Huang, Yuanliang; Chen, Zhenqi

2018-03-01

Functional stimulus during orthodontic tooth movement into the grafted bone can lead to better alveolar bone grafting outcomes. The aim of this study was to analyze the biological effects of orthodontic tooth movement into the grafted alveolar cleft area with histologic staining, fluorescence staining, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). An animal model of orthodontic tooth movement into the grafted alveolar cleft area was established in 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were divided into the experimental group and the control group. Four checkpoints were observed: before orthodontic stimuli, day 1 after orthodontic stimuli, day 3 after orthodontic stimuli, and day 5 after orthodontic stimuli. The cleft bone formation conditions, including the collagen fibers and the activities of the osteoclasts and osteoblasts, were evaluated by histologic staining. The expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), receptor activator nuclear factor κB ligand, and Runt-related transcription factor 2 was detected by real-time PCR in both groups. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the remodeling process of iliac autografts was completed when the orthodontic stress was applied, whereas the bone tissues first showed osteoclastogenesis and then osteogenesis. On the basis of TRAP staining, the osteoclasts increased to the maximal amount on day 3 and decreased thereafter. Evidence from tetracycline fluorescence staining indicated that no obvious changes in osteoblast activity were detected at the early stage; however, it gradually increased, especially in the region close to the root surface. According to real-time PCR, the expression of TRAP increased in both the early and middle stages, that of receptor activator nuclear factor κB ligand increased in the early stage, and that of Runt-related transcription factor 2 increased in the late stage. Moreover, the results showed significant differences between the experimental and control groups

Effects of vitamin D supplementation on alveolar macrophage gene expression: preliminary results of a randomized, controlled trial.

PubMed

Gerke, Alicia K; Pezzulo, Alejandro A; Tang, Fan; Cavanaugh, Joseph E; Bair, Thomas B; Phillips, Emily; Powers, Linda S; Monick, Martha M

2014-03-26

Vitamin D deficiency has been implicated as a factor in a number of infectious and inflammatory lung diseases. In the lung, alveolar macrophages play a key role in inflammation and defense of infection, but there are little data exploring the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D on innate lung immunity in humans. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of vitamin D supplementation on gene expression of alveolar macrophages. We performed a parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial to determine the effects of vitamin D on alveolar macrophage gene expression. Vitamin D3 (1000 international units/day) or placebo was administered to adults for three months. Bronchoscopy was performed pre- and post-intervention to obtain alveolar macrophages. Messenger RNA was isolated from the macrophages and subjected to whole genome exon array analysis. The primary outcome was differential gene expression of the alveolar macrophage in response to vitamin D supplementation. Specific genes underwent validation by polymerase chain reaction methods. Fifty-eight subjects were randomized to vitamin D (n = 28) or placebo (n = 30). There was a marginal overall difference between treatment group and placebo group in the change of 25-hydroxyvitaminD levels (4.43 ng/ml vs. 0.2 ng/ml, p = 0.10). Whole genome exon array analysis revealed differential gene expression associated with change in serum vitamin D levels in the treated group. CCL8/MCP-2 was the top-regulated cytokine gene and was further validated. Although only a non-significant increased trend was seen in serum vitamin D levels, subjects treated with vitamin D supplementation had immune-related differential gene expression in alveolar macrophages. ClinicalTrials.org: NCT01967628.

Alveolar Ridge Contouring with Free Connective Tissue Graft at Implant Placement: A 5-Year Consecutive Clinical Study.

PubMed

Hanser, Thomas; Khoury, Fouad

2016-01-01

This study evaluated volume stability after alveolar ridge contouring with free connective tissue grafts at implant placement in single-tooth gaps. A total of 52 single-tooth gaps with labial volume deficiencies in the maxilla (incisors, canines, and premolars) were consecutively treated with implants and concomitant free palatal connective tissue grafts in 46 patients between 2006 and 2009. Implants had to be covered with at least 2 mm peri-implant local bone after insertion. At implant placement, a free connective tissue graft from the palate was fixed inside a labial split-thickness flap to form an existing concave buccal alveolar ridge contour due to tissue volume deficiency into a convex shape. Standardized volumetric measurements of the labial alveolar contour using a template were evaluated before connective tissue grafting and at 2 weeks, 1 year, and 5 years after implantprosthetic incorporation. Tissue volume had increased significantly (P < .05) in all six reference points representing the outer alveolar soft tissue contour of the implant before connective tissue grafting to baseline (2 weeks after implant-prosthetic incorporation). Statistically, 50% of the reference points (P > .05) kept their volume from baseline to 1 year after prosthetic incorporation and from baseline to 5 years after prosthetic incorporation, respectively, whereas reference points located within the area of the implant sulcus showed a significant (P < .05) decrease in volume. Clinically, 5 years after prosthetic incorporation the originally concave buccal alveolar contour was still convex in all implants, leading to a continuous favorable anatomical shape and improved esthetic situation. Intraoral radiographs confirmed osseointegration and stable peri-implant parameters with a survival rate of 100% after a follow-up of approximately 5 years. Implant placement with concomitant free connective tissue grafting appears to be an appropriate long-term means to contour preexisting buccal

Anatomy of Mandibular Vital Structures. Part I: Mandibular Canal and Inferior Alveolar Neurovascular Bundle in Relation with Dental Implantology

PubMed Central

Wang, Hom-Lay; Sabalys, Gintautas

2010-01-01

ABSTRACT Objectives It is critical to determine the location and configuration of the mandibular canal and related vital structures during the implant treatment. The purpose of the present study was to review the literature concerning the mandibular canal and inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle anatomical variations related to the implant surgery. Material and Methods Literature was selected through the search of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane electronic databases. The keywords used for search were mandibular canal, inferior alveolar nerve, and inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle. The search was restricted to English language articles, published from 1973 to November 2009. Additionally, a manual search in the major anatomy, dental implant, prosthetic and periodontal journals and books were performed. Results In total, 46 literature sources were obtained and morphological aspects and variations of the anatomy related to implant treatment in posterior mandible were presented as two entities: intraosseous mandibular canal and associated inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle. Conclusions A review of morphological aspects and variations of the anatomy related to mandibular canal and mandibular vital structures are very important especially in implant therapy since inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle exists in different locations and possesses many variations. Individual, gender, age, race, assessing technique used and degree of edentulous alveolar bone atrophy largely influence these variations. It suggests that osteotomies in implant dentistry should not be developed in the posterior mandible until the position of the mandibular canal is established. PMID:24421958

Anesthetic efficacy and heart rate effects of the intraosseous injection of 3% mepivacaine after an inferior alveolar nerve block.

PubMed

Gallatin, E; Stabile, P; Reader, A; Nist, R; Beck, M

2000-01-01

The purpose of this study was to determine the anesthetic efficacy and heart rate effects of an intraosseous injection of 3% mepivacaine after an inferior alveolar nerve block. Through use of a repeated-measures design, each of 48 subjects randomly received 2 combinations of injections at 2 separate appointments. The combinations were (1) an inferior alveolar nerve block (with 1.8 mL of 3% mepivacaine) + intraosseous injection with 1.8 mL of 3% mepivacaine and (2) an inferior alveolar nerve (with 1. 8 mL of 3% mepivacaine) + mock intraosseous injection. The first molar was blindly pulp tested at 2-minute cycles for 60 minutes postinjection. Anesthesia was considered successful with 2 consecutive 80 readings. Heart rate (pulse rate) was measured with a pulse oximeter. All subjects had lip numbness with both of the inferior alveolar nerve + intraosseous techniques. Anesthetic success for the first molar was significantly increased for 30 minutes with intraosseous injection of mepivacaine in comparison with the inferior alveolar nerve block alone (mock intraosseous injection). Subjects receiving the intraosseous injection of mepivacaine experienced minimal increases in heart rate. The intraosseous injection of 1.8 mL of 3% mepivacaine, when used to augment an inferior alveolar nerve block, significantly increased anesthetic success for 30 minutes in the first molar. The 3% mepivacaine had a minimal effect on heart rate and would be useful in patients with contraindications to epinephrine use.

[Orbital alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma masked by ethmoid sinusitis in a 25-year-old].

PubMed

Sanz-Marco, E; España, E; Alamar, A; Pérez-Rojas, J; López-Prats, M J; Díaz-Llopis, M

2014-05-01

A 25-year-old woman with right subacute sinusitis, complained about discomfort in her right eye. Clinical manifestations and computed tomography were suggestive of sub-periosteal orbital ethmoid wall abscess, for which the patient underwent urgent drainage. A solid tumor was found, with a positive biopsy for alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Complete remission and resolution of orbital symptoms were achieved with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Alveolar orbital rhabdomyosarcoma in adults is uncommon. Rhabdomyosarcoma has a high risk of spreading. It can simulate a sinusitis, as in our patient, early diagnosis and early treatment being especially important in these patients. Copyright © 2010 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

Anesthetic technique for inferior alveolar nerve block: a new approach

PubMed Central

PALTI, Dafna Geller; de ALMEIDA, Cristiane Machado; RODRIGUES, Antonio de Castro; ANDREO, Jesus Carlos; LIMA, José Eduardo Oliveira

2011-01-01

Background Effective pain control in Dentistry may be achieved by local anesthetic techniques. The success of the anesthetic technique in mandibular structures depends on the proximity of the needle tip to the mandibular foramen at the moment of anesthetic injection into the pterygomandibular region. Two techniques are available to reach the inferior alveolar nerve where it enters the mandibular canal, namely indirect and direct; these techniques differ in the number of movements required. Data demonstrate that the indirect technique is considered ineffective in 15% of cases and the direct technique in 1329% of cases. Objective Objective: The aim of this study was to describe an alternative technique for inferior alveolar nerve block using several anatomical points for reference, simplifying the procedure and enabling greater success and a more rapid learning curve. Materials and Methods A total of 193 mandibles (146 with permanent dentition and 47 with primary dentition) from dry skulls were used to establish a relationship between the teeth and the mandibular foramen. By using two wires, the first passing through the mesiobuccal groove and middle point of the mesial slope of the distolingual cusp of the primary second molar or permanent first molar (right side), and the second following the oclusal plane (left side), a line can be achieved whose projection coincides with the left mandibular foramen. Results The obtained data showed correlation in 82.88% of cases using the permanent first molar, and in 93.62% of cases using the primary second molar. Conclusion This method is potentially effective for inferior alveolar nerve block, especially in Pediatric Dentistry. PMID:21437463

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a case report and world literature review.

PubMed

Huaringa, Armando J; Francis, Wassem H

2016-11-01

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a lung disorder which was first described in 1958 by Rosen et al. and is indeed rare disease with a prevalence of 0.1 per 100,000 individuals. PAP is characterized by abnormal accumulation of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space, which impairs gas exchange leading to a severe hypoxemia. Pulmonary surfactant is an insoluble proteinaceous material that is rich in lipids and stains positive with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). The most common type of PAP is the so-called autoimmune or idiopathic type. It has been hypothesized that deficiency in granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), as a result of the anti-GM-CSF antibody production, is strongly related to impaired surfactant recycling that leads to the accumulation of surfactant in the alveolar space. Its clinical course is variable from spontaneous remission in the best case scenario, going through the entire spectrum of disease severity, towards fatal respiratory failure. Whole lung lavage has been the gold standard therapy in PAP until the advent of GM-CSF. Although the first case was reported to be idiopathic, subsequent analysis revealed that Pneumocystis jirovecii , silica, and other inhalational toxins were able to trigger this reaction. In this study, we report the case of a 52-year-old man who developed PAP syndrome after a 2-year exposure to silica dust. Our review of the world literature that includes 363 cases reported until now, reflects the evolution of science and technology in determining different aetiologies and diagnostic tests that lead to an improved perspective in the life of these patients.

Healing of Horizontal Intra-alveolar Root Fractures after Endodontic Treatment with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate.

PubMed

Kim, Dohyun; Yue, Wonyoung; Yoon, Tai-Cheol; Park, Sung-Ho; Kim, Euiseong

2016-02-01

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the healing type and assess the outcome of horizontal intra-alveolar root fractures after endodontic treatment with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as filling material. The clinical database of the Department of Conservative Dentistry at Yonsei University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea, was searched for patients with histories of intra-alveolar root fractures and endodontic treatments with MTA between October 2005 and September 2014. Radiographic healing at the fracture line was evaluated independently by 2 examiners and was classified into 4 types according to Andreasen and Hjørting-Hansen. Of the 22 root-fractured teeth that received endodontic treatment with MTA, 19 cases participated in the follow-up after a period of at least 3 months. Seventeen of the 19 teeth (89.5%) exhibited healing of the root fractures. For each healing type, 7 teeth (36.8%) showed healing with calcified tissue, 8 teeth (42.1%) showed interposition of connective tissue, 2 teeth (10.5%) showed interposition of connective tissue and bone, and 2 teeth (10.5%) showed interposition of granulation tissue without healing. Within the limitations of this study, intra-alveolar root fractures showed satisfactory healing outcomes after endodontic treatment with MTA. MTA could be considered to be suitable filling material for the endodontic treatment of horizontal intra-alveolar root fractures. Copyright © 2016 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Transport rather than diffusion-dependent route for nitric oxide gas activity in alveolar epithelium.

PubMed

Brahmajothi, Mulugu V; Mason, S Nicholas; Whorton, A Richard; McMahon, Timothy J; Auten, Richard L

2010-07-15

The pathway by which inhaled NO gas enters pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells has not been directly tested. Although the expected mechanism is diffusion, another route is the formation of S-nitroso-L-cysteine, which then enters the cell through the L-type amino acid transporter (LAT). To determine if NO gas also enters alveolar epithelium this way, we exposed alveolar epithelial-rat type I, type II, L2, R3/1, and human A549-cells to NO gas at the air liquid interface in the presence of L- and D-cysteine+/-LAT competitors. NO gas exposure concentration dependently increased intracellular NO and S-nitrosothiol levels in the presence of L- but not D-cysteine, which was inhibited by LAT competitors, and was inversely proportional to diffusion distance. The effect of L-cysteine on NO uptake was also concentration dependent. Without preincubation with L-cysteine, NO uptake was significantly reduced. We found similar effects using ethyl nitrite gas in place of NO. Exposure to either gas induced activation of soluble guanylyl cylase in a parallel manner, consistent with LAT dependence. We conclude that NO gas uptake by alveolar epithelium achieves NO-based signaling predominantly by forming extracellular S-nitroso-L-cysteine that is taken up through LAT, rather than by diffusion. Augmenting extracellular S-nitroso-L-cysteine formation may augment pharmacological actions of inhaled NO gas. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Zoledronic Acid Induces Site-Specific Structural Changes and Decreases Vascular Area in the Alveolar Bone.

PubMed

Soares, Mariana Quirino Silveira; Van Dessel, Jeroen; Jacobs, Reinhilde; da Silva Santos, Paulo Sérgio; Cestari, Tania Mary; Garlet, Gustavo Pompermaier; Duarte, Marco Antonio Hungaro; Imada, Thaís Sumie Nozu; Lambrichts, Ivo; Rubira-Bullen, Izabel Regina Fischer

2018-03-15

The aim was to assess the effect of a relevant regimen of zoledronic acid (ZA) treatment for the study of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw on alveolar bone microstructure and vasculature. A sub-objective was to use 3-dimensional imaging to describe site-specific changes induced by ZA in the alveolar bone. Five Wistar rats received ZA (0.6 mg/kg) and five (controls) received saline solution in the same volume. The compounds were administered intraperitoneally in 5 doses every 28 days. The rats were euthanized 150 days after therapy onset. The mandibles were scanned using high-resolution (14-μm) micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), decalcified, cut into slices for histologic analysis (5 μm), and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Bone quality parameters were calculated using CT-Analyser software (Bruker, Kontich, Belgium) in 2 different volumes of interest (VOIs): the region between the first molar roots (VOI-1) and the periapical region under the first and second molars' apex (VOI-2). Blood vessel density and bone histomorphometric parameters were calculated only for the region between the roots of the first molar using AxioVision Imaging software (version 4.8; Carl Zeiss, Gottingen, Germany). ZA-treated rats showed a significant increase in percentage of bone volume and density (P < .05), with thicker and more connected trabeculae. Furthermore, the ZA group showed a significant decrease in the size of the marrow spaces and nutritive canals and in blood vessel density (P < .05). In the micro-CT evaluation, VOI-2 showed better outcomes in measuring the effect of ZA on alveolar bone. ZA treatment induced bone corticalization and decreased alveolar bone vascularization. VOI-2 should be preferred for micro-CT evaluation of the effect of bisphosphonates on alveolar bone. This analysis allowed the effect of ZA on alveolar bone and its vascularization to be characterized. The results of this analysis may add further knowledge to the understanding of

In vitro cytotoxicity of Manville Code 100 glass fibers: Effect of fiber length on human alveolar macrophages

PubMed Central

Zeidler-Erdely, Patti C; Calhoun, William J; Ameredes, Bill T; Clark, Melissa P; Deye, Gregory J; Baron, Paul; Jones, William; Blake, Terri; Castranova, Vincent

2006-01-01

Background Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) are inorganic noncrystalline materials widely used in residential and industrial settings for insulation, filtration, and reinforcement purposes. SVFs conventionally include three major categories: fibrous glass, rock/slag/stone (mineral) wool, and ceramic fibers. Previous in vitro studies from our laboratory demonstrated length-dependent cytotoxic effects of glass fibers on rat alveolar macrophages which were possibly associated with incomplete phagocytosis of fibers ≥ 17 μm in length. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of fiber length on primary human alveolar macrophages, which are larger in diameter than rat macrophages, using length-classified Manville Code 100 glass fibers (8, 10, 16, and 20 μm). It was hypothesized that complete engulfment of fibers by human alveolar macrophages could decrease fiber cytotoxicity; i.e. shorter fibers that can be completely engulfed might not be as cytotoxic as longer fibers. Human alveolar macrophages, obtained by segmental bronchoalveolar lavage of healthy, non-smoking volunteers, were treated with three different concentrations (determined by fiber number) of the sized fibers in vitro. Cytotoxicity was assessed by monitoring cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase release and loss of function as indicated by a decrease in zymosan-stimulated chemiluminescence. Results Microscopic analysis indicated that human alveolar macrophages completely engulfed glass fibers of the 20 μm length. All fiber length fractions tested exhibited equal cytotoxicity on a per fiber basis, i.e. increasing lactate dehydrogenase and decreasing chemiluminescence in the same concentration-dependent fashion. Conclusion The data suggest that due to the larger diameter of human alveolar macrophages, compared to rat alveolar macrophages, complete phagocytosis of longer fibers can occur with the human cells. Neither incomplete phagocytosis nor length-dependent toxicity was observed in fiber

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma: origin and prognostic implications of molecular findings.

PubMed

Eguía-Aguilar, Pilar; López-Martínez, Briceida; Retana-Contreras, Carmen; Perezpeña-Diazconti, Mario

We present the case of a 2-year-old male patient with a facial tumor partially treated with chemotherapy before his admission to our institution. The tumor involved from the frontal region to the maxillary floor, the orbit, and the maxillary and sphenoid sinuses. The histopathological diagnosis revealed a stage IV alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma with infiltration to bone marrow and cerebrospinal fluid. He was managed with four cycles of adriamycin, actinomycin, cyclophosphamide and vincristine; cisplatin and irinotecan were added to the last cycle. The tumor had a 50% size reduction, but the patient died after a neutropenia and fever episode. The aggressive behavior of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma has been associated with the expression of oncogenic fusion proteins resulting from chromosomal translocations, particularly t(2;13) (q35;q14) PAX3/FOXO1, and t(1;13) (p36;q14) PAX7/FOXO1 which were present in this patient. Copyright © 2016 Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez. Publicado por Masson Doyma México S.A. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of root and alveolar bone development of unilateral osseous impacted immature maxillary central incisors after the closed-eruption technique.

PubMed

Shi, Xiangru; Xie, Xiaoyan; Quan, Junkang; Wang, Xiaozhe; Sun, Xiangyu; Zhang, Chenying; Zheng, Shuguo

2015-10-01

In this study, we evaluated root and alveolar bone development in unilateral osseous impacted immature maxillary central incisors by cone-beam computed tomography before and after closed-eruption treatment, in comparison with naturally erupted contralateral immature maxillary central incisors. The study included 30 patients, 20 boys and 10 girls, with a mean age of 8.44 ± 1.20 years (range, 6.5-11.2 years). After treatment, the root lengths of both the impacted maxillary central incisors (10.66 ± 2.10 mm) and the contralateral maxillary central incisors (11.04 ± 1.76 mm) were significantly greater than their pretreatment values (6.67 ± 1.94 and 9.02 ± 2.13 mm, respectively). The root canal widths of the incisors decreased significantly after treatment. From the posttreatment cone-beam computed tomography images, the ratio of exposed root length to total root length and the thickness of the alveolar bone at 1 mm under the alveolar crest and at the apex were calculated to evaluate alveolar bone development. Impacted immature maxillary central incisors differed significantly from contralateral immature maxillary central incisors in labial exposed root length, labial ratio to total root length, and lingual alveolar crest. Clinical crown height was higher (statistically but not clinically) for the impacted incisors (9.87 mm) than for the contralateral incisors (9.37 mm). Impacted immature incisors grew to the same stage as did erupted contralateral incisors after closed-eruption treatment. Both incisor types had some alveolar bone loss, and thin alveolar bone surrounded the roots. Copyright © 2015 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

TRPA1 channels: expression in non-neuronal murine lung tissues and dispensability for hyperoxia-induced alveolar epithelial hyperplasia.

PubMed

Kannler, Martina; Lüling, Robin; Yildirim, Ali Önder; Gudermann, Thomas; Steinritz, Dirk; Dietrich, Alexander

2018-05-12

Transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) channels were originally characterized in neuronal tissues but also identified in lung epithelium by staining with fluorescently coupled TRPA1 antibodies. Its exact function in non-neuronal tissues, however, is elusive. TRPA1 is activated in vitro by hypoxia and hyperoxia and is therefore a promising TRP candidate for sensing hyperoxia in pulmonary epithelial cells and for inducing alveolar epithelial hyperplasia. Here, we isolated tracheal, bronchial, and alveolar epithelial cells and show low but detectable TRPA1 mRNA levels in all these cells as well as TRPA1 protein by Western blotting in alveolar type II (AT II) cells. We quantified changes in intracellular Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i ) levels induced by application of hyperoxic solutions in primary tracheal epithelial, bronchial epithelial, and AT II cells isolated from wild-type (WT) and TRPA1-deficient (TRPA1-/-) mouse lungs. In all cell types, we detected hyperoxia-induced rises in [Ca 2+ ] i levels, which were not significantly different in TRPA1-deficient cells compared to WT cells. We also tested TRPA1 function in a mouse model for hyperoxia-induced alveolar epithelial hyperplasia. A characteristic significant increase in thickening of alveolar tissues was detected in mouse lungs after exposure to hyperoxia, but not in normoxic WT and TRPA1-/- controls. Quantification of changes in lung morphology in hyperoxic WT and TRPA1-/- mice, however, again revealed no significant changes. Therefore, TRPA1 expression does neither appear to be a key player for hyperoxia-induced changes in [Ca 2+ ] i levels in primary lung epithelial cells, nor being essential for the development of hyperoxia-induced alveolar epithelial hyperplasia.

Alveolar ridge preservation with deproteinized bovine bone graft and collagen membrane and delayed implants.

PubMed

Pang, Chaoyuan; Ding, Yuxiang; Zhou, Hongzhi; Qin, Ruifeng; Hou, Rui; Zhang, Guoliang; Hu, Kaijin

2014-09-01

To evaluate clinically and radiographically an alveolar ridge, preservation technique with deproteinized bovine bone graft and absorbable collagen membrane and then restoration with delayed implants were done. The study included 30 patients. The trial group's sockets were filled with deproteinized bovine bone graft (Bio-Oss) and covered with absorbable collagen membrane (Bio-Gide). The control group's sockets healed without any treatment. Panoramic radiograph and computed tomography were taken immediately after graft and 3 and 6 months later to evaluate the height, width, and volume change of the alveolar ridge bone. Dental implants were inserted in all sockets at 6 months, and osseointegration condition was evaluated in the following 12 months. All sockets healed uneventfully. In the trial group, the mean (SD) height reduction of the alveolar ridge bone was 1.05 (0.24) mm at 3 months and 1.54 (0.25) mm at 6 months. The width reduction was 1.11 (0.13) mm at 3 months and 1.84 (0.35) mm at 6 months. Bone volume reduction was 193.79 (21.47) mm at 3 months and 262.06 (33.08) mm at 6 months. At the same trend, in the control group, the bone height reduction was 2.12 (0.15) mm at 3 months and 3.26 (0.29) mm at 6 months. The width reduction was 2.72 (0.19) mm at 3 months and 3.56 (0.28) mm at 6 months. Bone volume reduction was 252.19 (37.21) mm at 3 months and 342.32 (36.41) mm at 6 months. There was a significant difference in alveolar ridge bone height, width, and volume reduction in the 2 groups. The osseointegration condition had no significant difference between the 2 groups. This study suggested that the deproteinized bovine bone graft and absorbable collagen membrane were beneficial to preserve the alveolar ridge bone and had no influence on the osseointegration of delayed implant.

Trichinella spiralis infection enhances protein kinase C phosphorylation in guinea pig alveolar macrophages.

PubMed

Dzik, J M; Zieliński, Z; Cieśla, J; Wałajtys-Rode, E

2010-03-01

To learn more about the signalling pathways involved in superoxide anion production in guinea pig alveolar macrophages, triggered by Trichinella spiralis infection, protein level and phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases and protein kinase C (PKC) were investigated. Infection with T. spiralis, the nematode having 'lung phase' during colonization of the host, enhances PKC phosphorylation in guinea pig alveolar macrophages. Isoenzymes beta and delta of PKC have been found significantly phosphorylated, although their location was not changed as a consequence of T. spiralis infection. Neither in macrophages from T. spiralis-infected guinea pig nor in platelet-activating factor (PAF)-stimulated macrophages from uninfected animals, participation of MAP kinases in respiratory burst activation was statistically significant. The parasite antigens seem to act through macrophage PAF receptors, transducing a signal for enhanced NADPH oxidase activity, as stimulating effect of newborn larvae homogenate on respiratory burst was abolished by specific PAF receptor antagonist CV 6209. A suppressive action of T. spiralis larvae on host alveolar macrophage innate immunological response was reflected by diminished protein level of ERK2 kinase and suppressed superoxide anion production, in spite of high level of PKC phosphorylation.

Secondary closure of alveolar cleft with resorbable collagen membrane and a combination of intraoral autogenous bone graft and deproteinized anorganic bovine bone

PubMed Central

Aly, Lobna Abdel Aziz; Hammouda, Nelly

2016-01-01

Objects: Secondary alveolar bone grafting is a method that enables an excellent oral rehabilitation of the patients having alveolar cleft. The aim of this work is to report the closure of the alveolar cleft with the use of harvested autogenous bone graft combined with deproteinized anorganic bovine bone (Bio-Oss) under local anesthesia. Settings and Sample Population: Nine patients with age range, 8–11 years were consulted for their unilateral alveolar cleft. Materials and Methods: A combination of symphyseal bone and deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) was placed into the alveolar cleft defect. Clinical and radiographical assessments were performed at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. Results: The healing period was uneventful in all cases, and no complications, such as membrane exposure, infection, or harvest site morbidity, were observed. All treated defect sites exhibited excellent bone formation, with an average of 5.45 mm (range, 2–9 mm; standard deviation 1.93 mm) of augmentation achieved overall. Conclusion: The treatment of vertically deficient alveolar ridges with guided bone regeneration using a mixture of autogenous bone and DBBM and resorbable collagen membrane can be considered successful, using this technique in an out-patient office setting. PMID:28299252

Transplantation of osteoporotic bone marrow stromal cells rejuvenated by the overexpression of SATB2 prevents alveolar bone loss in ovariectomized rats.

PubMed

Xu, Rongyao; Fu, Zongyun; Liu, Xue; Xiao, Tao; Zhang, Ping; Du, Yifei; Yuan, Hua; Cheng, Jie; Jiang, Hongbing

2016-11-01

Estrogen-deficient osteoporosis is an aging-related disease with high morbidity that not only significantly increases a woman's risk of fragility fracture but is also associated with tooth and bone loss in the supporting alveolar bone of the jaw. Emerging evidence suggests that the aging of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) contributes to the development of osteoporosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of the special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2), a stemness and senescence regulator of craniofacial BMSCs, in rat ovariectomy-induced alveolar osteoporosis. We also sought to determine whether transplantation of SATB2-modified BMSCs could ameliorate estrogen deficient alveolar bone loss. Our data revealed that BMSCs from ovariectomy-induced alveolar bone exhibited typical senescence phenotypes such as diminished stemness and osteogenic capacity, increased expression of senescence or osteoclastic markers and enhanced adipogenic potential. These phenotypic changes are a result of SATB2-mediated senescence dysregulation as evidenced by nuclear γH2AX foci formation. Moreover, overexpression of SATB2 significantly alleviated the senescence of osteoporotic BMSCs in vitro. Importantly, transplantation of SATB2-modified BMSCs significantly attenuated ovariectomy-induced alveolar bone loss in vivo. Together, our results revealed that SATB2 is a critical regulator of alveolar BMSC senescence, and its overexpression decreases these senescent changes both in vitro and in vivo. SATB2-modified BMSC delivery could be a viable and promising therapeutic strategy for alveolar bone loss induced by estrogen-deficient osteoporosis. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting in Patients Born With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: A 20-Year Follow-up.

PubMed

Jabbari, Fatemeh; Wiklander, Laila; Reiser, Erika; Thor, Andreas; Hakelius, Malin; Nowinski, Daniel

2018-02-01

To identify factors of oral health important for the final outcome, after secondary alveolar bone grafting in patients born with unilateral cleft lip and palate and compare occlusal radiographs with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in assessment of alveolar bone height. Observational follow-up study. Cleft Lip and Palate Team, Craniofacial Center, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden. 40 nonsyndromic, Caucasian patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate. Clinical examination, CBCT, and occlusal radiographs. Alveolar bone height was evaluated according to Bergland index at a 20-year follow-up. The alveolar bone height in the cleft area was significantly reduced compared to a previously reported 10-year follow-up in the same cohort by total ( P = .045) and by subgroup with dental restoration ( P = .0078). This was positively correlated with the gingival bleeding index (GBI) ( r = 0.51, P = .0008) and presence of dental restorations in the cleft area ( r = 0.45, P = .0170). There was no difference in the Bergland index generated from scoring the alveolar bone height on occlusal radiographs as with the equivalent index on CBCT. Patients rehabilitated with complex dental restoration seems to be at higher risk for progression of bone loss in the cleft area. Supportive periodontal therapy should be implemented after complex dental restorations in cleft patients. Conventional occlusal radiographs provide an adequate image for evaluating postoperative bone height in clinical follow-up.

Disruption of Sorting Nexin 5 Causes Respiratory Failure Associated with Undifferentiated Alveolar Epithelial Type I Cells in Mice

PubMed Central

Im, Sun-Kyoung; Jeong, HyoBin; Jeong, Hyun-Woo; Kim, Kyong-Tai; Hwang, Daehee; Ikegami, Machiko; Kong, Young-Yun

2013-01-01

Sorting nexin 5 (Snx5) has been posited to regulate the degradation of epidermal growth factor receptor and the retrograde trafficking of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor/insulin-like growth factor II receptor. Snx5 has also been suggested to interact with Mind bomb-1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates the activation of Notch signaling. However, the in vivo functions of Snx5 are largely unknown. Here, we report that disruption of the Snx5 gene in mice (Snx5-/- mice) resulted in partial perinatal lethality; 40% of Snx5-/- mice died shortly after birth due to cyanosis, reduced air space in the lungs, and respiratory failure. Histological analysis revealed that Snx5-/- mice exhibited thickened alveolar walls associated with undifferentiated alveolar epithelial type I cells. In contrast, alveolar epithelial type II cells were intact, exhibiting normal surfactant synthesis and secretion. Although the expression levels of surfactant proteins and saturated phosphatidylcholine in the lungs of Snx5-/- mice were comparable to those of Snx5+/+ mice, the expression levels of T1α, Aqp5, and Rage, markers for distal alveolar epithelial type I cells, were significantly decreased in Snx5 -/- mice. These results demonstrate that Snx5 is necessary for the differentiation of alveolar epithelial type I cells, which may underlie the adaptation to air breathing at birth. PMID:23526992

Multidisciplinary Management of An Unusual Isolated Alveolar Bone Infection- A Rare Case Report

PubMed Central

B, Dixit Mala; S, Kulkarni Rahul; M, Ramugade Manoj

2015-01-01

Restoration of proximal defect of tooth is of paramount importance as its improper restoration usually results in fracture of the restoration or deteriorated periodontal health. The article reports a case with a discreet mass of alveolar bone necrosis closed to the overhanged amalgam restoration in the proximal box of the maxillary molar. As a result of this improper proximal restoration it led to deep periodontal pocket and subsequent alveolar bone necrosis which was managed successfully with combined Endodontic-Periodontic treatment. This article highlights the unfortunate sequelae of bone necrosis as a consequence of an incorrect or overlooked dental treatment and its comprehensive management. PMID:26155587

In vitro evaluation of lysophosphatidic acid delivery via reverse perfluorocarbon emulsions to enhance alveolar epithelial repair.

PubMed

Nelson, Diane L; Zhao, Yutong; Fabiilli, Mario L; Cook, Keith E

2018-05-17

Alveolar drug delivery is needed to enhance alveolar repair during acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, delivery of inhaled drugs is poor in this setting. Drug delivery via liquid perfluorocarbon emulsions could address this problem through better alveolar penetration and improved spatial distribution. Therefore, this study investigated the efficacy of the delivery of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) growth factor to cultured alveolar epithelial cells via a perfluorocarbon emulsion. Murine alveolar epithelial cells were treated for 2 h with varying concentrations (0-10 μM) of LPA delivered via aqueous solution or PFC emulsion. Cell migration was evaluated 18 h post-treatment using a scratch assay. Barrier function was evaluated 1 h post-treatment using a permeability assay. Proliferation was evaluated 72 h post-treatment using a viability assay. Partially due to emulsion creaming and stability, the effects of LPA were either diminished or completely hindered when delivered via emulsion versus aqueous. Migration increased significantly following treatment with the 10 μM emulsion (p < 10 -3 ), but required twice the concentration to achieve an increase similar to aqueous LPA. Both barrier function and proliferation increased following aqueous treatment, but neither were significantly affected by the emulsion. The availability and thus the biological effect of LPA is significantly blunted during emulsified delivery in vitro, and this attenuation depends on the specific cellular function examined. Thus, the cellular level effects of drug delivery to the lungs via PFC emulsion are likely to vary based on the drug and the effect it is intended to create. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Anesthetic efficacy of articaine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with irreversible pulpitis.

PubMed

Claffey, Elizabeth; Reader, Al; Nusstein, John; Beck, Mike; Weaver, Joel

2004-08-01

The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blind study was to compare the anesthetic efficacy of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine to 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients experiencing irreversible pulpitis in mandibular posterior teeth. Seventy-two emergency patients diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis of a mandibular posterior tooth randomly received, in a double-blind manner, 2.2 ml of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine or 2.2 ml of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine using a conventional inferior alveolar nerve block. Endodontic access was begun 15 min after solution deposition, and all patients were required to have profound lip numbness. Success was defined as none or mild pain (Visual Analogue Scale recordings) on endodontic access or initial instrumentation. The success rate for the inferior alveolar nerve block using articaine was 24% and for the lidocaine solution success was 23%. There was no significant difference (p = 0.89) between the articaine and lidocaine solutions. Neither solution resulted in an acceptable rate of anesthetic success in patients with irreversible pulpitis.

Alveolar hydatidosis in a gorilla and a ring-tailed lemur in Japan.

PubMed

Kondo, H; Wada, Y; Bando, G; Kosuge, M; Yagi, K; Oku, Y

1996-05-01

Alveolar hydatidosis by Echinococcus multilocularis (Em) infection occurred on a 22-year-old (approx.) male gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and a 4-year-old female ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) in a zoo, in Hokkaido, Japan. Case 1: The gorilla presented neurologic signs in course of nine months and died. Pathologically, alveolar hydatid lesions were found in the liver, the liver-associated lymph nodes, the cerebrum, and the lungs. A protoscolex was found only in one hepatic cyst. Case 2: In the lemur, large masses of hydatide cysts were found on the liver and at the lung-associated lymph nodes. Cysts contained numerous calcareous corpuscles and protoscolices. The lemur appears a favorable intermediate-host for Em. The identification of Em in both cases were confirmed by PCR.

The Effect of 2 Injection Speeds on Local Anesthetic Discomfort During Inferior Alveolar Nerve Blocks.

PubMed

de Souza Melo, Marcelo Rodrigo; Sabey, Mark Jon Santana; Lima, Carla Juliane; de Almeida Souza, Liane Maciel; Groppo, Francisco Carlos

2015-01-01

This randomized double-blind crossover trial investigated the discomfort associated with 2 injection speeds, low (60 seconds) and slow (100 seconds), during inferior alveolar nerve block by using 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1 : 100,000 epinephrine. Three phases were considered: (a) mucosa perforation, (b) needle insertion, and (c) solution injection. Thirty-two healthy adult volunteers needing bilateral inferior alveolar nerve blocks at least 1 week apart were enrolled in the present study. The anesthetic procedure discomfort was recorded by volunteers on a 10-cm visual analog scale in each phase for both injection speeds. Comparison between the 2 anesthesia speeds in each phase was performed by paired t test. Results showed no statistically significant difference between injection speeds regarding perforation (P = .1016), needle placement (P = .0584), or speed injection (P = .1806). The discomfort in all phases was considered low. We concluded that the 2 injection speeds tested did not affect the volunteers' pain perception during inferior alveolar nerve blocks.

Rat coronaviruses infect rat alveolar type I epithelial cells and induce expression of CXC chemokines

PubMed Central

Miura, Tanya A.; Wang, Jieru; Holmes, Kathryn V.; Mason, Robert J.

2007-01-01

We analyzed the ability of two rat coronavirus (RCoV) strains, sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) and Parker’s RCoV (RCoV-P), to infect rat alveolar type I cells and induce chemokine expression. Primary rat alveolar type II cells were transdifferentiated into the type I cell phenotype. Type I cells were productively infected with SDAV and RCoV-P, and both live virus and UV-inactivated virus induced mRNA and protein expression of three CXC chemokines: CINC-2, CINC-3, and LIX, which are neutrophil chemoattractants. Dual immunolabeling of type I cells for viral antigen and CXC chemokines showed that chemokines were expressed primarily by uninfected cells. Virus-induced chemokine expression was reduced by the IL-1 receptor antagonist, suggesting that IL-1 produced by infected cells induces uninfected cells to express chemokines. Primary cultures of alveolar epithelial cells are an important model for the early events in viral infection that lead to pulmonary inflammation. PMID:17804032

Estudio fenomenologico del conocimiento curricular y conocimiento de contenido en maestros de matematica a nivel secundario

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cardona Tomassini, Ivan Javier

ecuacion de la recta, las rectas verticales y horizontales y la solucion de ecuaciones cuadraticas. Lo cual permite concluir que los participantes demuestran mejor dominio del conocimiento procesal que del conocimiento conceptual. Estos es un reflejo del efecto de una instruccion enfocada en desarrollar los procesos algoritmicos ya que la explicacion con sentido de los procesos pasa a un segundo plano.

GROWTH INHIBITION OF 'CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS' BY HUMAN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES (JOURNAL VERSION)

EPA Science Inventory

Macrophage cytotoxicity for Cryptococcus neoformans was investigated by culturing human alveolar macrophage (AM) with a thin-capsuled clone of C. neoformans. Under appropriate conditions, fungal replication was inhibited in the presence of human AM. The effect persisted over the ...

SP-A binding sites on bovine alveolar macrophages.

PubMed

Plaga, S; Plattner, H; Schlepper-Schaefer, J

1998-11-25

Surfactant protein A (SP-A) binding to bovine alveolar macrophages was examined in order to characterize SP-A binding proteins on the cell surface and to isolate putative receptors from these cells that could be obtained in large amounts. Human SP-A, unlabeled or labeled with gold particles, was bound to freshly isolated macrophages and analyzed with ELISA or the transmission electron microscope. Binding of SP-A was inhibited by Ca2+ chelation, by an excess of unlabeled SP-A, or by the presence of 20 mg/ml mannan. We conclude that bovine alveolar macrophages expose binding sites for SP-A that are specific and that depend on Ca2+ and on mannose residues. For isolation of SP-A receptors with homologous SP-A as ligand we isolated SP-A from bovine lung lavage. SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified SP-A showed a protein of 32-36 kDa. Functional integrity of the protein was demonstrated. Bovine SP-A bound to Dynabeads was used to isolate SP-A binding proteins. From the fractionated and blotted proteins of the receptor preparation two proteins bound SP-A in a Ca2+-dependent manner, a 40-kDa protein showing mannose dependency and a 210-kDa protein, showing no mannose sensitivity. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

Nonuniformity of diffusing capacity from small alveolar gas samples is increased in smokers.

PubMed

Cotton, D J; Mink, J T; Graham, B L

1998-01-01

Although centrilobular emphysema, and small airway, interstitial and alveoli inflammation can be detected pathologically in the lungs of smokers with relatively well preserved lung function, these changes are difficult to assess using available physiological tests. Because submaximal single breath washout (SBWSM) manoeuvres improve the detection of abnormalities in ventilation inhomogeneity in the lung periphery in smokers compared with traditional vital capacity manoeuvres, SBWSM manoeuvres were used in this study to measure temporal differences in diffusing capacity using a rapid response carbon monoxide analyzer. To determine whether abnormalities in the lung periphery can be detected in smokers with normal forced expired volumes in 1 s using the three-equation diffusing capacity (DLcoSB-3EQ) among small alveolar gas samples and whether the abnormalities correlate with increases in peripheral ventilation inhomogeneity. Cross-sectional study in 21 smokers and 21 nonsmokers all with normal forced exhaled flow rates. Both smokers and nonsmokers performed SBWSM manoeuvres consisting of slow inhalation of test gas from functional residual capacity to one-half inspiratory capacity with either 0 or 10 s of breath holding and slow exhalation to residual volume (RV). They also performed conventional vital capacity single breath (SBWVC) manoeuvres consisting of slow inhalation of test gas from RV to total lung capacity and, without breath holding, slow exhalation to RV. DLcoSB-3EQ was calculated from the total alveolar gas sample. DLcoSB-3EQ was also calculated from four equal sequential, simulated aliquots of the total alveolar gas sample. DLcoSB-3EQ values from the four alveolar samples were normalized by expressing each as a percentge of DLcoSB-3EQ from the entire alveolar gas sample. An index of variation (DI) among the small-sample DLcoSB-3EQ values was correlated with the normalized phase III helium slope (Sn) and the mixing efficiency (Emix). For SBWSM, DI was

Enhanced rifampicin delivery to alveolar macrophages by solid lipid nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chuan, Junlan; Li, Yanzhen; Yang, Likai; Sun, Xun; Zhang, Qiang; Gong, Tao; Zhang, Zhirong

2013-05-01

The present study aimed at developing a drug delivery system targeting the densest site of tuberculosis infection, the alveolar macrophages (AMs). Rifampicin (RFP)-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (RFP-SLNs) with an average size of 829.6 ± 16.1 nm were prepared by a modified lipid film hydration method. The cytotoxicity of RFP-SLNs to AMs and alveolar epithelial type II cells (AECs) was examined using MTT assays. The viability of AMs and AECs was above 80 % after treatment with RFP-SLNs, which showed low toxicity to both AMs and AECs. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy was employed to observe the interaction between RFP-SLNs and both AMs and AECs. After incubating the cells with RFP-SLNs for 2 h, the fluorescent intensity in AMs was more and remained longer (from 0.5 to 12 h) when compared with that in AECs (from 0.5 to 8 h). In vitro uptake characteristics of RFP-SLNs in AMs and AECs were also investigated by detection of intracellular RFP by High performance liquid chromatography. Results showed that RFP-SLNs delivered markedly higher RFP into AMs (691.7 ng/mg in cultured AMs, 662.6 ng/mg in primary AMs) than that into AECs (319.2 ng/mg in cultured AECs, 287.2 ng/mg in primary AECs). Subsequently, in vivo delivery efficiency and the selectivity of RFP-SLNs were further verified in Sprague-Dawley rats. Under pulmonary administration of RFP-SLNs, the amount of RFP in AMs was significantly higher than that in AECs at each time point. Our results demonstrated that solid lipid nanoparticles are a promising strategy for the delivery of rifampicin to alveolar macrophages selectively.

The Protective Effect of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Extract against Alveolar Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Rats via Regulating Wnt and p38 MAPK Signaling

PubMed Central

Zhang, Zhiguo; Xiang, Lihua; Bai, Dong; Wang, Wenlai; Li, Yan; Pan, Jinghua; Liu, Hong; Wang, Shaojun; Xiao, Gary Guishan; Ju, Dahong

2014-01-01

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the osteoprotective effect of aqueous Rhizoma Dioscoreae extract (RDE) on the alveolar bone of rats with ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Methods: Female Wistar rats were subjected to either ovariectomy or a sham operation (SHAM). The ovariectomized (OVX) rats were treated with vehicle (OVX) or RDE by oral gavage or with 17β-estradiol (E2) subcutaneously. After treatments, the bone mineral density (BMD), the three-dimensional bone architecture of the alveolar bone and the plasma biomarkers of bone turnover were analyzed to assess bone metabolism, and the histomorphometry of the alveolar bone was observed. Microarrays were used to evaluate gene expression profiles in alveolar bone from RDE-treated and OVX rats. The differential expression of genes was further analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The key findings were verified using real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Results: Our results showed that RDE inhibited alveolar bone loss in OVX rats. Compared to the OVX rats, the RDE-treated rats showed upregulated expression levels of 207 genes and downregulated expression levels of 176 genes in the alveolar bone. The IPA showed that several genes had the potential to code for proteins that were involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (Wnt7a, Fzd2, Tcf3, Spp1, Frzb, Sfrp2 and Sfrp4) and the p38 MAPK signaling pathway (Il1rn and Mapk14). Conclusion: These experiments revealed that RDE could inhibit ovariectomy-induced alveolar bone loss in rats. The mechanism of this anti-osteopenic effect in alveolar bone may be involved in the reduced abnormal bone remodeling, which is associated with the modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin and the p38 MAPK signaling pathways via gene regulation. PMID:25514564

The protective effect of Rhizoma Dioscoreae extract against alveolar bone loss in ovariectomized rats via regulating Wnt and p38 MAPK signaling.

PubMed

Zhang, Zhiguo; Xiang, Lihua; Bai, Dong; Wang, Wenlai; Li, Yan; Pan, Jinghua; Liu, Hong; Wang, Shaojun; Xiao, Gary Guishan; Ju, Dahong

2014-12-12

The aim of this study was to evaluate the osteoprotective effect of aqueous Rhizoma Dioscoreae extract (RDE) on the alveolar bone of rats with ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Female Wistar rats were subjected to either ovariectomy or a sham operation (SHAM). The ovariectomized (OVX) rats were treated with vehicle (OVX) or RDE by oral gavage or with 17β-estradiol (E2) subcutaneously. After treatments, the bone mineral density (BMD), the three-dimensional bone architecture of the alveolar bone and the plasma biomarkers of bone turnover were analyzed to assess bone metabolism, and the histomorphometry of the alveolar bone was observed. Microarrays were used to evaluate gene expression profiles in alveolar bone from RDE-treated and OVX rats. The differential expression of genes was further analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The key findings were verified using real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Our results showed that RDE inhibited alveolar bone loss in OVX rats. Compared to the OVX rats, the RDE-treated rats showed upregulated expression levels of 207 genes and downregulated expression levels of 176 genes in the alveolar bone. The IPA showed that several genes had the potential to code for proteins that were involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (Wnt7a, Fzd2, Tcf3, Spp1, Frzb, Sfrp2 and Sfrp4) and the p38 MAPK signaling pathway (Il1rn and Mapk14). These experiments revealed that RDE could inhibit ovariectomy-induced alveolar bone loss in rats. The mechanism of this anti-osteopenic effect in alveolar bone may be involved in the reduced abnormal bone remodeling, which is associated with the modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin and the p38 MAPK signaling pathways via gene regulation.

Facial blanching after inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia: an unusual complication.

PubMed

Kang, Sang-Hoon; Won, Yu-Jin

2017-12-01

The present case report describes a complication involving facial blanching symptoms occurring during inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia (IANBA). Facial blanching after IANBA can be caused by the injection of an anesthetic into the maxillary artery area, affecting the infraorbital artery.

A 4 year follow-up study of alveolar bone height influenced by two dissimilar Class II amalgam restorations.

PubMed

Fisher, D; Markitziu, A; Fishel, D; Brayer, L

1984-07-01

Fifty-four paired, approximal amalgam fillings, extended (E) versus unextended (NE) were placed in forty-three patients and followed up to 4 years. Yearly measurements between the alveolar crest and (a) the apical margin of the fillings (E, NE), and (b) the cemento-enamel junction of the control group, were performed using bite-wing radiographs joined to a translucent grid magnified ten-fold. The rate of alveolar crest resorption was similar for the control (C) and the unextended filling (NE) and reached 0.45 mm after 4 years of follow-up. The resorption of the alveolar crest under the extended (E) filling was significantly higher and reached 0.80 mm after 4 years (P less than 0.001).

Needle in the external auditory canal: an unusual complication of inferior alveolar nerve block.

PubMed

Ribeiro, Leandro; Ramalho, Sara; Gerós, Sandra; Ferreira, Edite Coimbra; Faria e Almeida, António; Condé, Artur

2014-06-01

Inferior alveolar nerve block is used to anesthetize the ipsilateral mandible. The most commonly used technique is one in which the anesthetic is injected directly into the pterygomandibular space, by an intraoral approach. The fracture of the needle, although uncommon, can lead to potentially serious complications. The needle is usually found in the pterygomandibular space, although it can migrate and damage adjacent structures, with variable consequences. The authors report an unusual case of a fractured needle, migrating to the external auditory canal, as a result of an inferior alveolar nerve block. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Digital tooth-based superimposition method for assessment of alveolar bone levels on cone-beam computed tomography images.

PubMed

Romero-Delmastro, Alejandro; Kadioglu, Onur; Currier, G Frans; Cook, Tanner

2014-08-01

Cone-beam computed tomography images have been previously used for evaluation of alveolar bone levels around teeth before, during, and after orthodontic treatment. Protocols described in the literature have been vague, have used unstable landmarks, or have required several software programs, file conversions, or hand tracings, among other factors that could compromise the precision of the measurements. The purposes of this article are to describe a totally digital tooth-based superimposition method for the quantitative assessment of alveolar bone levels and to evaluate its reliability. Ultra cone-beam computed tomography images (0.1-mm reconstruction) from 10 subjects were obtained from the data pool of the University of Oklahoma; 80 premolars were measured twice by the same examiner and a third time by a second examiner to determine alveolar bone heights and thicknesses before and more than 6 months after orthodontic treatment using OsiriX (version 3.5.1; Pixeo, Geneva, Switzerland). Intraexaminer and interexaminer reliabilities were evaluated, and Dahlberg's formula was used to calculate the error of the measurements. Cross-sectional and longitudinal evaluations of alveolar bone levels were possible using a digital tooth-based superimposition method. The mean differences for buccal alveolar crest heights and thicknesses were below 0.10 mm for the same examiner and below 0.17 mm for all examiners. The ranges of errors for any measurement were between 0.02 and 0.23 mm for intraexaminer errors, and between 0.06 and 0.29 mm for interexaminer errors. This protocol can be used for cross-sectional or longitudinal assessment of alveolar bone levels with low interexaminer and intraexaminer errors, and it eliminates the use of less reliable or less stable landmarks and the need for multiple software programs and image printouts. Standardization of the methods for bone assessment in orthodontics is necessary; this method could be the answer to this need. Copyright © 2014

Interfacial stress affects rat alveolar type II cell signaling and gene expression.

PubMed

Hobi, Nina; Ravasio, Andrea; Haller, Thomas

2012-07-01

Previous work from our group (Ravasio A, Hobi N, Bertocchi C, Jesacher A, Dietl P, Haller T. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 300: C1456-C1465, 2011.) showed that contact of alveolar epithelial type II cells with an air-liquid interface (I(AL)) leads to a paradoxical situation. It is a potential threat that can cause cell injury, but also a Ca(2+)-dependent stimulus for surfactant secretion. Both events can be explained by the impact of interfacial tensile forces on cellular structures. Here, the strength of this mechanical stimulus became also apparent in microarray studies by a rapid and significant change on the transcriptional level. Cells challenged with an I(AL) in two different ways showed activation/inactivation of cellular pathways involved in stress response and defense, and a detailed Pubmatrix search identified genes associated with several lung diseases and injuries. Altogether, they suggest a close relationship of interfacial stress sensation with current models in alveolar micromechanics. Further similarities between I(AL) and cell stretch were found with respect to the underlying signaling events. The source of Ca(2+) was extracellular, and the transmembrane Ca(2+) entry pathway suggests the involvement of a mechanosensitive channel. We conclude that alveolar type II cells, due to their location and morphology, are specific sensors of the I(AL), but largely protected from interfacial stress by surfactant release.

Traffic-related air pollution and alveolar nitric oxide in southern California children.

PubMed

Eckel, Sandrah P; Zhang, Zilu; Habre, Rima; Rappaport, Edward B; Linn, William S; Berhane, Kiros; Zhang, Yue; Bastain, Theresa M; Gilliland, Frank D

2016-05-01

Mechanisms for the adverse respiratory effects of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) have yet to be established. We evaluated the acute effects of TRAP exposure on proximal and distal airway inflammation by relating indoor nitric oxide (NO), a marker of TRAP exposure in the indoor microenvironment, to airway and alveolar sources of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO).FeNO was collected online at four flow rates in 1635 schoolchildren (aged 12-15 years) in southern California (USA) breathing NO-free air. Indoor NO was sampled hourly and linearly interpolated to the time of the FeNO test. Estimated parameters quantifying airway wall diffusivity (DawNO) and flux (J'awNO) and alveolar concentration (CANO) sources of FeNO were related to exposure using linear regression to adjust for potential confounders.We found that TRAP exposure indoors was associated with elevated alveolar NO. A 10 ppb higher indoor NO concentration at the time of the FeNO test was associated with 0.10 ppb higher average CANO (95% CI 0.04-0.16) (equivalent to a 7.1% increase from the mean), 4.0% higher J'awNO (95% CI -2.8-11.3) and 0.2% lower DawNO (95% CI -4.8-4.6).These findings are consistent with an airway response to TRAP exposure that was most marked in the distal airways. Copyright ©ERS 2016.

Meconium increases type 1 angiotensin II receptor expression and alveolar cell death.

PubMed

Rosenfeld, Charles R; Zagariya, Alexander M; Liu, Xiao-Tie; Willis, Brigham C; Fluharty, Steven; Vidyasagar, Dharmapuri

2008-03-01

The pulmonary renin-angiotensin system (RAS) contributes to inflammation and epithelial apoptosis in meconium aspiration. It is unclear if both angiotensin II receptors (ATR) contribute, where they are expressed and if meconium modifies subtype expression. We examined ATR subtypes in 2 wk rabbit pup lungs before and after meconium exposure and with and without captopril pretreatment or type 1 receptor (AT1R) inhibition with losartan, determining expression and cellular localization with immunoblots, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Responses of cultured rat alveolar type II pneumocytes were also examined. Type 2 ATR were undetected in newborn lung before and after meconium instillation. AT1R were expressed in pulmonary vascular and bronchial smooth muscle and alveolar and bronchial epithelium. Meconium increased total lung AT1R protein approximately 3-fold (p = 0.006), mRNA 29% (p = 0.006) and immunostaining in bronchial and alveolar epithelium and smooth muscle, which were unaffected by captopril and losartan. Meconium also increased AT1R expression >3-fold in cultured type II pneumocytes and caused concentration-dependent cell death inhibited by losartan. Meconium increases AT1R expression in newborn rabbit lung and cultured type II pneumocytes and induces AT1R-mediated cell death. The pulmonary RAS contributes to the pathogenesis of meconium aspiration through increased receptor expression.

Uremia Induces Dental Pulp Ossification but Reciprocally Inhibits Adjacent Alveolar Bone Osteogenesis.

PubMed

Yang, Chih-Yu; Chang, Zee-Fen; Chau, Yat-Pang; Chen, Ann; Lee, Oscar Kuang-Sheng; Yang, An-Hang

2015-11-01

Uremic patients are predisposed to atrophy of the alveolar bone and narrowing of the dental pulp chamber. Such pulp chamber changes have only been diagnosed radiologically; however, this has not been supported by any pathological evidence. We used a uremic rat model with secondary hyperparathyroidism induced by 5/6 nephrectomy surgery and high-phosphate diet to examine the dental pulp and adjacent alveolar bone pathology. In addition, we collected pulp tissues for real-time PCR. We found an opposite histopathological presentation of the ossified dental pulp and the osteomalacic adjacent alveolar bone. Furthermore, pulp cells with positive staining for Thy-1, a surrogate stem cell marker, were significantly reduced in the pulp of uremic rats compared to the controls, indicating a paucity of stem cells. This was further evidenced by the reduced pulp expression of dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1), a Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitor produced by mesenchymal stem cells. In contrast, expressions of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and RANK in uremic pulp were up-regulated, probably to counteract the ossifying process of uremic pulp. In conclusion, uremic pulp ossifications were associated with a paucity of stem cells and dysregulated Dkk-1 and RANKL signaling systems, further shifting the imbalance toward osteogenesis. Strategies to counteract such an imbalance may offer a potential therapeutic target to improve dental health in uremic patients, which warrants further interventional studies.

Lipopolysaccharide binding protein enhances the responsiveness of alveolar macrophages to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Implications for cytokine production in normal and injured lungs.

PubMed Central

Martin, T R; Mathison, J C; Tobias, P S; Letúrcq, D J; Moriarty, A M; Maunder, R J; Ulevitch, R J

1992-01-01

A plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP) has been shown to regulate the response of rabbit peritoneal macrophages and human blood monocytes to endotoxin (LPS). We investigated whether LBP is present in lung fluids and the effects of LBP on the response of lung macrophages to LPS. Immunoreactive LBP was detectable in the lavage fluids of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome by immunoprecipitation followed by Western blotting, and also by specific immunoassay. In rabbits, the LBP appeared to originate outside of the lungs, inasmuch as mRNA transcripts for LBP were identified in total cellular RNA from liver, but not from lung homogenates or alveolar macrophages. Purified LBP enhanced the response of human and rabbit alveolar macrophages to both smooth form LPS (Escherichia coli O111B:4) and rough form LPS (Salmonella minnesota Re595). In the presence of LBP and LPS, the onset of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) production occurred earlier and at an LPS threshold dose that was as much as 1,000-fold lower for both types of LPS. In rabbit alveolar macrophages treated with LBP and LPS, TNF alpha mRNA appeared earlier, reached higher levels, and had a prolonged half-life as compared with LPS treatment alone. Neither LPS nor LPS and LBP affected pHi or [Cai++] in alveolar macrophages. Specific monoclonal antibodies to CD14, a receptor that binds LPS/LBP complexes, inhibited TNF alpha production by human alveolar macrophages stimulated with LPS alone or with LPS/LBP complexes, indicating the importance of CD14 in mediating the effects of LPS on alveolar macrophages. Thus, immunoreactive LBP accumulates in lung lavage fluids in patients with lung injury and enhances LPS-stimulated TNF alpha gene expression in alveolar macrophages by a pathway that depends on the CD14 receptor. LBP may play an important role in augmenting TNF alpha expression by alveolar macrophages within the lungs. Images PMID:1281827

Cross-Species Transcriptome Profiling Identifies New Alveolar Epithelial Type I Cell–Specific Genes

PubMed Central

Sunohara, Mitsuhiro; Pouldar, Tiffany M.; Wang, Hongjun; Liu, Yixin; Rieger, Megan E.; Tran, Evelyn; Flodby, Per; Siegmund, Kimberly D.; Crandall, Edward D.; Laird-Offringa, Ite A.

2017-01-01

Diseases involving the distal lung alveolar epithelium include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and lung adenocarcinoma. Accurate labeling of specific cell types is critical for determining the contribution of each to the pathogenesis of these diseases. The distal lung alveolar epithelium is composed of two cell types, alveolar epithelial type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) cells. Although cell type–specific markers, most prominently surfactant protein C, have allowed detailed lineage tracing studies of AT2 cell differentiation and the cells’ roles in disease, studies of AT1 cells have been hampered by a lack of genes with expression unique to AT1 cells. In this study, we performed genome-wide expression profiling of multiple rat organs together with purified rat AT2, AT1, and in vitro differentiated AT1-like cells, resulting in the identification of 54 candidate AT1 cell markers. Cross-referencing with genes up-regulated in human in vitro differentiated AT1-like cells narrowed the potential list to 18 candidate genes. Testing the top four candidate genes at RNA and protein levels revealed GRAM domain 2 (GRAMD2), a protein of unknown function, as highly specific to AT1 cells. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) confirmed that GRAMD2 is transcriptionally silent in human AT2 cells. Immunofluorescence verified that GRAMD2 expression is restricted to the plasma membrane of AT1 cells and is not expressed in bronchial epithelial cells, whereas reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction confirmed that it is not expressed in endothelial cells. Using GRAMD2 as a new AT1 cell–specific gene will enhance AT1 cell isolation, the investigation of alveolar epithelial cell differentiation potential, and the contribution of AT1 cells to distal lung diseases. PMID:27749084

The influence of the alveolar ridge shape on the stress distribution in a free-end saddle removable partial denture supported by implant.

PubMed

Júnior, Manoel M; Anchieta, Rodolfo B; Rocha, Eduardo P; Pereira, João A; Archangelo, Carlos M; Freitas-Júnior, Amilcar C; Almeida, Erika O

2011-01-01

The alveolar ridge shape plays an important role in predicting the demand on the support tooth and alveolar bone in the removable partial denture (RPD) treatment. However, these data are unclear when the RPD is associated with implants. This study evaluated the influence of the alveolar ridge shape on the stress distribution of a free-end saddle RPD partially supported by implant using 2-dimensioanl finite element analysis (FEA). Four mathematical models (M) of a mandibular hemiarch simulating various alveolar ridge shapes (1-distal desceding, 2-concave, 3-horizontal and 4-distal ascending) were built. Tooth 33 was placed as the abutment. Two RPDs, one supported by tooth and fibromucosa (MB) and other one supported by tooth and implant (MC) were simulated. MA was the control (no RPD). The load (50N) were applied simultaneously on each cusp. Appropriate boundary conditions were assigned on the border of alveolar bone. Ansys 10.0 software was used to calculate the stress fields and the von Mises equivalent stress criteria (sigmavM) was applied to analyze the results. The distal ascending shape showed the highest sigmavM for cortical and medullar bone. The alveolar ridge shape had little effect on changing the sigmavM based on the same prosthesis, mainly around the abutment tooth.

Safety and effectiveness of alveolar recruitment maneuvers and positive end-expiratory pressure during general anesthesia for cesarean section: a prospective, randomized trial.

PubMed

Aretha, D; Fligou, F; Kiekkas, P; Messini, C; Panteli, E; Zintzaras, E; Karanikolas, M

2017-05-01

During cesarean section, the supine position reduces functional residual capacity and worsens lung compliance. We tested the hypothesis that alveolar recruitment maneuvers and positive end-expiratory pressure improve lung compliance in women undergoing general anesthesia for cesarean section. Ninety women undergoing cesarean section were randomly assigned to one of two groups in a prospective, double-blind trial. In the alveolar recruitment maneuver group, pressure-control ventilation was used and inspiratory time was increased to 50% after delivery; positive end-expiratory pressure was increased to 20cmH 2 O and peak airway inspiratory pressure gradually increased to 45-50cmH 2 O. Volume-control ventilation was then used with low tidal volumes (6mL/kg) and positive end-expiratory pressure was reduced stepwise to 8cmH 2 O. In the control group, alveolar recruitment maneuvers were not used. Data were collected before and 3, 10 and 20min after the alveolar recruitment maneuver, before extubation and postoperatively at 10 and 20min. Dynamic compliance, peak airway inspiratory pressure, PaO 2 and PaO 2 /FiO 2 were significantly different in the alveolar recruitment maneuver group compared to controls at all time points during surgery except at baseline. Oxygen saturation was significantly greater in the alveolar recruitment maneuver group at 10 and 20min and before extubation. Dynamic compliance was 29.7-42.5% higher and peak airway inspiratory pressure 3.6-10.2% lower in the alveolar recruitment maneuver group compared to controls. The PaO 2 , PaO 2 /FiO 2 and oxygen saturation were higher (9.4-12%, 10.3-11.9% and 0.4-1.3%, respectively) in the alveolar recruitment maneuver group. Postoperatively, PaO 2 and oxygen saturation were significantly higher in the alveolar recruitment maneuver group compared to controls (PaO 2 9.2% at 10min and 8.4% at 20min, oxygen saturation 0.8% at 10min and 1.1% at 20min). There were no significant differences in hemodynamic stability or

[Cough and hypoxemia as clinical manifestation of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Clinical case report].

PubMed

Nieto, Mary; Dicembrino, Manuela; Ferraz, Rubén; Romagnoli, Fernando; Giugno, Hilda; Ernst, Glenda; Siminovich, Monica; Botto, Hugo

2016-06-01

Alveolar proteinosis is a rare chronic lung disease, especially in children, characterized by abnormal accumulation of lipoproteins and derived surfactant in the intra-alveolar space that generates a severe reduction of gas exchange. Idiopathic presentation form constitutes over 90% of cases, a phenomenon associated with production of autoimmune antibodies directed at the receptor for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. A case of a girl of 5 years of age treated because of atypical pneumonia with unfavorable evolution due to persistent hypoxemia is presented. The diagnosis is obtained through pathologic examination of lung biopsy by thoracotomy, as treatment is carried out by 17bronchopulmonary bronchoscopy lavages and the patient evidences marked clinical improvement. Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría.

Facial blanching after inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia: an unusual complication

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

The present case report describes a complication involving facial blanching symptoms occurring during inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia (IANBA). Facial blanching after IANBA can be caused by the injection of an anesthetic into the maxillary artery area, affecting the infraorbital artery. PMID:29349355

Airway delivery of mesenchymal stem cells prevents arrested alveolar growth in neonatal lung injury in rats.

PubMed

van Haaften, Timothy; Byrne, Roisin; Bonnet, Sebastien; Rochefort, Gael Y; Akabutu, John; Bouchentouf, Manaf; Rey-Parra, Gloria J; Galipeau, Jacques; Haromy, Alois; Eaton, Farah; Chen, Ming; Hashimoto, Kyoko; Abley, Doris; Korbutt, Greg; Archer, Stephen L; Thébaud, Bernard

2009-12-01

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and emphysema are characterized by arrested alveolar development or loss of alveoli; both are significant global health problems and currently lack effective therapy. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) prevent adult lung injury, but their therapeutic potential in neonatal lung disease is unknown. We hypothesized that intratracheal delivery of BMSCs would prevent alveolar destruction in experimental BPD. In vitro, BMSC differentiation and migration were assessed using co-culture assays and a modified Boyden chamber. In vivo, the therapeutic potential of BMSCs was assessed in a chronic hyperoxia-induced model of BPD in newborn rats. In vitro, BMSCs developed immunophenotypic and ultrastructural characteristics of type II alveolar epithelial cells (AEC2) (surfactant protein C expression and lamellar bodies) when co-cultured with lung tissue, but not with culture medium alone or liver. Migration assays revealed preferential attraction of BMSCs toward oxygen-damaged lung versus normal lung. In vivo, chronic hyperoxia in newborn rats led to air space enlargement and loss of lung capillaries, and this was associated with a decrease in circulating and resident lung BMSCs. Intratracheal delivery of BMSCs on Postnatal Day 4 improved survival and exercise tolerance while attenuating alveolar and lung vascular injury and pulmonary hypertension. Engrafted BMSCs coexpressed the AEC2-specific marker surfactant protein C. However, engraftment was disproportionately low for cell replacement to account for the therapeutic benefit, suggesting a paracrine-mediated mechanism. In vitro, BMSC-derived conditioned medium prevented O(2)-induced AEC2 apoptosis, accelerated AEC2 wound healing, and enhanced endothelial cord formation. BMSCs prevent arrested alveolar and vascular growth in part through paracrine activity. Stem cell-based therapies may offer new therapeutic avenues for lung diseases that currently lack efficient treatments.

Modeling In Vivo Interactions of Engineered Nanoparticles in the Pulmonary Alveolar Lining Fluid

PubMed Central

Mukherjee, Dwaipayan; Porter, Alexandra; Ryan, Mary; Schwander, Stephan; Chung, Kian Fan; Tetley, Teresa; Zhang, Junfeng; Georgopoulos, Panos

2015-01-01

Increasing use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in consumer products may result in widespread human inhalation exposures. Due to their high surface area per unit mass, inhaled ENMs interact with multiple components of the pulmonary system, and these interactions affect their ultimate fate in the body. Modeling of ENM transport and clearance in vivo has traditionally treated tissues as well-mixed compartments, without consideration of nanoscale interaction and transformation mechanisms. ENM agglomeration, dissolution and transport, along with adsorption of biomolecules, such as surfactant lipids and proteins, cause irreversible changes to ENM morphology and surface properties. The model presented in this article quantifies ENM transformation and transport in the alveolar air to liquid interface and estimates eventual alveolar cell dosimetry. This formulation brings together established concepts from colloidal and surface science, physics, and biochemistry to provide a stochastic framework capable of capturing essential in vivo processes in the pulmonary alveolar lining layer. The model has been implemented for in vitro solutions with parameters estimated from relevant published in vitro measurements and has been extended here to in vivo systems simulating human inhalation exposures. Applications are presented for four different ENMs, and relevant kinetic rates are estimated, demonstrating an approach for improving human in vivo pulmonary dosimetry. PMID:26240755

Effects of boric acid on experimental periodontitis and alveolar bone loss in rats.

PubMed

Demirer, Serhat; Kara, M Isa; Erciyas, Kamile; Ozdemir, Hakan; Ozer, Hatice; Ay, Sinan

2012-01-01

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the histopathologic and morphometric effects of systemic boric acid in a rat periodontitis model. Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into three groups of eight animals each: non-ligated (NL), ligature only (LO), and ligature and treated with boric acid (BA) (3mg/kg per day for 11 days). A 4/0 silk suture was placed in a subgingival position around the mandibular first molars; after 11 days the rats were sacrificed, and changes in alveolar bone levels were measured clinically and tissues were histopathologically examined to assess the differences amongst the study groups. The ratio of presence of inflammatory cell infiltration (ICI) and osteoclast number in the LO group was significantly higher than that of the NL and BA groups (p<0.05). The ratio of presence of osteoblastic activity in the LO group was significantly lower than that of the NL and BA groups (p<0.05). Alveolar bone loss was also significantly higher in the LO group compared to the BA and NL groups (p<005). This study has demonstrated that systemic administration of boric acid reduced periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone loss in periodontal disease in rats. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

30-yr course and favorable outcome of alveolar echinococcosis despite multiple metastatic organ involvement in a non-immune suppressed patient

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

We report the 30-yr history of a well-documented human case of alveolar echinococcosis, with a lung lesion at presentation followed by the discovery of a liver lesion, both removed by surgery. Subsequently, within the 13 years following diagnosis, metastases were disclosed in eye, brain and skull, as well as additional lung lesions. This patient had no immune suppression, and did not have the genetic background known to predispose to severe alveolar echinococcosis; it may thus be hypothesized that iterative multi-organ involvement was mostly due to the poor adherence to benzimidazole treatment for the first decade after diagnosis. Conversely, after a new alveolar echinococcosis recurrence was found in the right lung in 1994, the patient accepted to take albendazole continuously at the right dosage. After serology became negative and a fluoro-deoxy-glucose-Positron Emission Tomography performed in 2005 showed a total regression of the lesions in all organs, albendazole treatment could be definitively withdrawn. In 2011, the fluoro-deoxy-glucose-Positron Emission Tomography showed a total absence of parasitic metabolic activity and the patient had no clinical symptoms related to alveolar echinococcosis. The history of this patient suggests that multi-organ involvement and alveolar echinococcosis recurrence over time may occur in non-immune suppressed patients despite an apparently “radical” surgery. Metastatic dissemination might be favored by a poor adherence to chemotherapy. Combined surgery and continuous administration of albendazole at high dosage may allow alveolar echinococcosis patients to survive more than 30 years after diagnosis despite multi-organ involvement. PMID:23281596

Investigation of alveolar tissue deformations using OCT combined with fluorescence microscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gaertner, Maria; Cimalla, Peter; Knels, Lilla; Meissner, Sven; Schnabel, Christian; Kuebler, Wolfgang M.; Koch, Edmund

2011-06-01

In critical care medicine, artificial ventilation is a life saving tool providing sufficient blood oxygenation to patients suffering from respiratory failure. Essential for their survival is the use of protective ventilation strategies to prevent further lung damage due to ventilator induced lung injury (VILI). Since there is only little known about implications of lung tissue overdistension on the alveolar level, especially in the case of diseased lungs, this research deals with the investigation of lung tissue deformation on a microscale. A combined setup utilizing optical coherence tomography (OCT) and confocal fluorescence microscopy, is used to study the elastic behavior of the alveolar tissue. Three-dimensional geometrical information with voxel sizes of 6 μm × 6 μm × 11 μm (in air) is provided by OCT, structural information about localization of elastin fibers is elucidated via confocal fluorescence microscopy with a lateral resolution of around 1 μm. Imaging depths of 90 μm for OCT and 20 μm for confocal fluorescence microscopy were obtained. Dynamic studies of subpleural tissue were carried out on the basis of an in vivo mouse model post mortem, mimicking the physiological environment of an intact thorax and facilitating a window for the application of optical methods. Morphological changes were recorded by applying constant positive airway pressures of different values. With this, alveolar volume changes could clearly be recognized and quantified to form a compliance value of 3.5 • 10-6(see manuscript). The distribution of elastin fibers was detected and will be subject to further elasticity analysis.

Alveolar macrophage release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in chronic alcoholics without liver disease.

PubMed

Omidvari, K; Casey, R; Nelson, S; Olariu, R; Shellito, J E

1998-05-01

Alcohol is an immunosuppressive drug, and chronic abuse has been associated with increased susceptibility to a variety of infections, including bacterial pneumonia and tuberculosis. Alveolar macrophages are the resident phagocytes of the lung and play a central role in lung host defenses against infection ranging from direct antibacterial activity to the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). TNFalpha, in particular, plays a key role in the development of the early inflammatory response. In this study, we investigated the effects of chronic alcohol consumption on alveolar macrophage release of TNFalpha in vitro. We prospectively studied lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated release of TNFalpha from alveolar macrophages obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in 22 alcoholic (18 smokers, 4 nonsmokers) and 7 nondrinking healthy volunteers (3 smokers, 4 nonsmokers). The total number of cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and their differential distribution were not significantly different in alcoholics versus controls (43 +/- 8 x 10(6) and 39 +/- 13 x 10(6), respectively). However, the total number of cells recovered from BALF was significantly higher in smokers (51 +/- 8 x 10(6)) than in nonsmokers (19 +/- 5 x 10(6)). Spontaneous (basal) release of TNFalpha by alveolar macrophages was the same in alcoholics and controls. In contrast, LPS-stimulated release of TNFalpha was significantly suppressed in alcoholics compared with that of controls (1343 +/- 271 vs. 3806 +/- 926 U TNF/ml/10(6) cells, respectively, p < 0.015). When controlled for smoking, LPS-stimulated TNFalpha production was suppressed in alcoholic nonsmokers (563 +/- 413 U TNF/ml/10(6)) compared with control nonsmokers (5113 +/- 1264 U TNF/ml/10(6)). LPS-stimulated TNFalpha production was also less in control smokers (2063 +/- 386 U TNF/ml/10(6) cells) than in control nonsmokers (5113 +/- 1264 U TNF/ml/10(6) cells). There was no difference

Lung ventilation injures areas with discrete alveolar flooding, in a surface tension-dependent fashion.

PubMed

Wu, You; Kharge, Angana Banerjee; Perlman, Carrie E

2014-10-01

With proteinaceous-liquid flooding of discrete alveoli, a model of the edema pattern in the acute respiratory distress syndrome, lung inflation over expands aerated alveoli adjacent to flooded alveoli. Theoretical considerations suggest that the overexpansion may be proportional to surface tension, T. Yet recent evidence indicates proteinaceous edema liquid may not elevate T. Thus whether the overexpansion is injurious is not known. Here, working in the isolated, perfused rat lung, we quantify fluorescence movement from the vasculature to the alveolar liquid phase as a measure of overdistension injury to the alveolar-capillary barrier. We label the perfusate with fluorescence; micropuncture a surface alveolus and instill a controlled volume of nonfluorescent liquid to obtain a micropunctured-but-aerated region (control group) or a region with discrete alveolar flooding; image the region at a constant transpulmonary pressure of 5 cmH2O; apply five ventilation cycles with a positive end-expiratory pressure of 0-20 cmH2O and tidal volume of 6 or 12 ml/kg; return the lung to a constant transpulmonary pressure of 5 cmH2O; and image for an additional 10 min. In aerated areas, ventilation is not injurious. With discrete alveolar flooding, all ventilation protocols cause sustained injury. Greater positive end-expiratory pressure or tidal volume increases injury. Furthermore, we determine T and find injury increases with T. Inclusion of either plasma proteins or Survanta in the flooding liquid does not alter T or injury. Inclusion of 2.7-10% albumin and 1% Survanta together, however, lowers T and injury. Contrary to expectation, albumin inclusion in our model facilitates exogenous surfactant activity. Copyright © 2014 the American Physiological Society.

Lung ventilation injures areas with discrete alveolar flooding, in a surface tension-dependent fashion

PubMed Central

Wu (吴右), You; Kharge, Angana Banerjee

2014-01-01

With proteinaceous-liquid flooding of discrete alveoli, a model of the edema pattern in the acute respiratory distress syndrome, lung inflation over expands aerated alveoli adjacent to flooded alveoli. Theoretical considerations suggest that the overexpansion may be proportional to surface tension, T. Yet recent evidence indicates proteinaceous edema liquid may not elevate T. Thus whether the overexpansion is injurious is not known. Here, working in the isolated, perfused rat lung, we quantify fluorescence movement from the vasculature to the alveolar liquid phase as a measure of overdistension injury to the alveolar-capillary barrier. We label the perfusate with fluorescence; micropuncture a surface alveolus and instill a controlled volume of nonfluorescent liquid to obtain a micropunctured-but-aerated region (control group) or a region with discrete alveolar flooding; image the region at a constant transpulmonary pressure of 5 cmH2O; apply five ventilation cycles with a positive end-expiratory pressure of 0–20 cmH2O and tidal volume of 6 or 12 ml/kg; return the lung to a constant transpulmonary pressure of 5 cmH2O; and image for an additional 10 min. In aerated areas, ventilation is not injurious. With discrete alveolar flooding, all ventilation protocols cause sustained injury. Greater positive end-expiratory pressure or tidal volume increases injury. Furthermore, we determine T and find injury increases with T. Inclusion of either plasma proteins or Survanta in the flooding liquid does not alter T or injury. Inclusion of 2.7–10% albumin and 1% Survanta together, however, lowers T and injury. Contrary to expectation, albumin inclusion in our model facilitates exogenous surfactant activity. PMID:25080924

Rapid elevation of sodium transport through insulin is mediated by AKT in alveolar cells

PubMed Central

Mattes, Charlott; Laube, Mandy; Thome, Ulrich H.

2014-01-01

Abstract Alveolar fluid clearance is driven by vectorial Na+ transport and promotes postnatal lung adaptation. The effect of insulin on alveolar epithelial Na+ transport was studied in isolated alveolar cells from 18–19‐day gestational age rat fetuses. Equivalent short‐circuit currents (ISC) were measured in Ussing chambers and different kinase inhibitors were used to determine the pathway of insulin stimulation. In Western Blot measurements the activation of mediators stimulated by insulin was analyzed. The ISC showed a fast dose‐dependent increase by insulin, which could be attributed to an increased ENaC (epithelial Na+ channel) activity in experiments with permeabilized apical or basolateral membrane. 5‐(N‐Ethyl‐N‐isopropyl)amiloride inhibition of ISC was not affected, however, benzamil‐sensitive ISC was increased in insulin‐stimulated monolayers. The application of LY‐294002 and Akti1/2 both completely blocked the stimulating effect of insulin on ISC. PP242 partly blocked the effect of insulin, whereas Rapamycin evoked no inhibition. Western Blot measurements revealed an increased phosphorylation of AKT after insulin stimulation. SGK1 activity was also increased by insulin as shown by Western Blot of pNDRG1. However, in Ussing chamber measurements, GSK650394, an inhibitor of SGK1 did not prevent the increase in ISC induced by insulin. The application of IGF‐1 mimicked the effect of insulin and increased the ENaC activity. In addition, an increased autophosphorylation of the IGF‐1R/IR was observed after insulin stimulation. We conclude that insulin rapidly increases epithelial Na+ transport by enhancing the activity of endogenous ENaC through activation of PI3K/AKT in alveolar cells. PMID:24760523

Protective effect of Rhizoma Dioscoreae extract against alveolar bone loss in ovariectomized rats via regulation of IL-6/STAT3 signaling.

PubMed

Zhang, Zhi-Guo; Chen, Yan-Jing; Xiang, Li-Hua; Pan, Jing-Hua; Wang, Zhen; Xiao, Gary Guishan; Ju, Da-Hong

2017-11-01

The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of Rhizoma Dioscoreae extract (RDE) on preventing rat alveolar bone loss induced by ovariectomy (OVX), and to determine the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway in this effect. Female Wistar rats were subjected to OVX or sham surgery. The rats that had undergone OVX were treated with RDE (RDE group), vehicle (OVX group) or 17β-estradiol subcutaneous injection (E2 group). Subsequently, bone metabolic activity was assessed by analyzing 3-D alveolar bone construction, bone mineral density, as well as the plasma biomarkers of bone turnover. The gene expression of alveolar bone in the OVX and RDE groups was evaluated by IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway polymerase chain reaction (PCR) arrays, and differentially expressed genes were determined through reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The inhibitory effect of RDE on alveolar bone loss in the OVX group was demonstrated in the study. In comparison with the OVX group, the RDE group exhibited 19 downregulated genes and 1 upregulated gene associated with the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway in alveolar bone. Thus, RDE was shown to relieve OVX-induced alveolar bone loss in rats, an effect which was likely associated with decreased abnormal bone remodeling via regulation of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Whole lung lavage with intermittent double lung ventilation. A modified technique for managing pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.

PubMed

Ahmed, Raees; Iqbal, Mobeen; Kashef, Sayed H; Almomatten, Mohammed I

2005-01-01

Whole lung lavage is still the most effective treatment for pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. We report a 21-year-old male diagnosed with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis by open lung biopsy and who underwent whole lung lavage with a modified technique. He showed significant improvement in clinical and functional parameters. The technique of intermittent double lung ventilation during lavage procedure keeps the oxygen saturation in acceptable limits in patients at risk for severe hypoxemia and allows the procedure to be completed in a single setting.

Investigación del USGS sobre el ecosistema de arrecifes de coral en el Atlántico

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kuffner, Ilsa B.; Yates, Kimberly K.; Zawada, David G.; Richey, Julie N.; Kellogg, Christina A.; Toth, Lauren T.; Torres-Garcia, Legna M.

2015-10-23

Los arrecifes de coral son estructuras sólidas, biomineralizadas que protegen comunidades costeras actuando como barreras protectoras de peligros tales como los huracanes y los tsunamis. Estos proveen arena a las playas a través de procesos naturales de erosión, fomentan la industria del turismo, las actividades recreacionales y proveen hábitats pesqueros esenciales. La conti-nua degradación mundial de ecosistemas de arrecifes de coral está bien documentada. Existe la necesidad de enfoque y organización de la ciencia para entender los procesos complejos físicos y biológicos e interacciones que están afectando el estado de los arrecifes coralinos y su capacidad para responder a un entorno cambiante.

Validation of two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements of subpleural alveolar size parameters by optical coherence tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Unglert, Carolin I.; Warger, William C.; Hostens, Jeroen; Namati, Eman; Birngruber, Reginald; Bouma, Brett E.; Tearney, Guillermo J.

2012-12-01

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been increasingly used for imaging pulmonary alveoli. Only a few studies, however, have quantified individual alveolar areas, and the validity of alveolar volumes represented within OCT images has not been shown. To validate quantitative measurements of alveoli from OCT images, we compared the cross-sectional area, perimeter, volume, and surface area of matched subpleural alveoli from microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and OCT images of fixed air-filled swine samples. The relative change in size between different alveoli was extremely well correlated (r>0.9, P<0.0001), but OCT images underestimated absolute sizes compared to micro-CT by 27% (area), 7% (perimeter), 46% (volume), and 25% (surface area) on average. We hypothesized that the differences resulted from refraction at the tissue-air interfaces and developed a ray-tracing model that approximates the reconstructed alveolar size within OCT images. Using this model and OCT measurements of the refractive index for lung tissue (1.41 for fresh, 1.53 for fixed), we derived equations to obtain absolute size measurements of superellipse and circular alveoli with the use of predictive correction factors. These methods and results should enable the quantification of alveolar sizes from OCT images in vivo.

Validation of two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements of subpleural alveolar size parameters by optical coherence tomography

PubMed Central

Warger, William C.; Hostens, Jeroen; Namati, Eman; Birngruber, Reginald; Bouma, Brett E.; Tearney, Guillermo J.

2012-01-01

Abstract. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been increasingly used for imaging pulmonary alveoli. Only a few studies, however, have quantified individual alveolar areas, and the validity of alveolar volumes represented within OCT images has not been shown. To validate quantitative measurements of alveoli from OCT images, we compared the cross-sectional area, perimeter, volume, and surface area of matched subpleural alveoli from microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and OCT images of fixed air-filled swine samples. The relative change in size between different alveoli was extremely well correlated (r>0.9, P<0.0001), but OCT images underestimated absolute sizes compared to micro-CT by 27% (area), 7% (perimeter), 46% (volume), and 25% (surface area) on average. We hypothesized that the differences resulted from refraction at the tissue–air interfaces and developed a ray-tracing model that approximates the reconstructed alveolar size within OCT images. Using this model and OCT measurements of the refractive index for lung tissue (1.41 for fresh, 1.53 for fixed), we derived equations to obtain absolute size measurements of superellipse and circular alveoli with the use of predictive correction factors. These methods and results should enable the quantification of alveolar sizes from OCT images in vivo. PMID:23235834

Correlation between radiographic analysis of alveolar bone density around dental implant and resonance frequency of dental implant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prawoko, S. S.; Nelwan, L. C.; Odang, R. W.; Kusdhany, L. S.

2017-08-01

The histomorphometric test is the gold standard for dental implant stability quantification; however, it is invasive, and therefore, it is inapplicable to clinical patients. Consequently, accurate and objective alternative methods are required. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and digital radiographic analysis are noninvasive methods with excellent objectivity and reproducibility. To analyze the correlation between the radiographic analysis of alveolar bone density around a dental implant and the resonance frequency of the dental implant. Digital radiographic images for 35 samples were obtained, and the resonance frequency of the dental implant was acquired using Osstell ISQ immediately after dental implant placement and on third-month follow-up. The alveolar bone density around the dental implant was subsequently analyzed using SIDEXIS-XG software. No significant correlation was reported between the alveolar bone density around the dental implant and the resonance frequency of the dental implant (r = -0.102 at baseline, r = 0.146 at follow-up, p > 0.05). However, the alveolar bone density and resonance frequency showed a significant difference throughout the healing period (p = 0.005 and p = 0.000, respectively). Conclusion: Digital dental radiographs and Osstell ISQ showed excellent objectivity and reproducibility in quantifying dental implant stability. Nonetheless, no significant correlation was observed between the results obtained using these two methods.

Measure Of Frequency Of Alveolar Osteitis Using Two Different Methods Of Osteotomy In Mandibular Third Molar Impactions: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial.

PubMed

Rashid, Hina; Hussain, Azmina; Sheikh, Abdul Hafeez; Azam, Kehkishan; Malik, Sofia; Amin, Muhammad

2018-01-01

Dento-alveolar surgical procedures involving third molar teeth are the most common surgical procedure in the field of surgery. The objective of this research was to analyse the impact of surgery on the incidence of alveolar osteitis after surgical removal of mandibular third molar and to compare two different bone cutting methods following impacted mandibular third molar surgery.. This double blinded randomized clinical trial was executed at the OPD of Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi. The study duration was four months. It was conducted on 60 patients needing unilateral mandibular third molar impaction removal. Patients were randomized to two groups (i.e., physio dispenser group and slow speed handpiece group) before surgery. The surgical procedure was performed under local anaesthesia by using standardized cross infection protocol. The frequency of alveolar osteitis was evaluated on thirdday postoperatively. Alveolar osteitis was diagnosed and confirmed by patient's history and clinical evaluation. Post-operative sequelae were observed and recorded objectively. Out of 60 patients', five patients experienced alveolar osteitis, and the incidence rate was 8.3%. A significant pvalue of 0.000 was calculated using binomial test for comparison of alveolar osteitis among both groups. Inter-examiner reliability was assessed by kappa and good (62%) agreement, which was found among the examiners, who diagnosed alveolar osteitis clinically. Post-operative sequelae were insignificant in slow speed hand piece group. It was observed that alveolar osteitis was reported in physio-dispenser group; similarly, post-operative complications were also more in this group as compared with slow speed-hand piece group. No surgical complications were observed in slow speed-hand piece group suggesting slow speed hand piece mode of osteotomy to be safer for third molar extraction as compared with physio-dispenser.

Domestic smoke exposure is associated with alveolar macrophage particulate load.

PubMed

Fullerton, Duncan G; Jere, Khuzwayo; Jambo, Kondwani; Kulkarni, Neeta S; Zijlstra, Eduard E; Grigg, Jonathan; French, Neil; Molyneux, Malcolm E; Gordon, Stephen B

2009-03-01

Indoor air pollution is associated with impaired respiratory health. The pre-dominant indoor air pollutant to which two billion of the world's population is exposed is biomass fuel smoke. We tested the hypothesis that reported smoke exposure in men and women is associated with increased alveolar macrophage uptake of biomass smoke particulates. Healthy volunteers attending for research bronchoscopy in Malawi completed a questionnaire assessment of smoke exposure. Particulate matter visible in alveolar macrophages (AM) was quantified using digital image analysis. The geometric mean of the percentage area of the cytoplasm occupied by particulates in 50 cover-slip adherent AM was calculated and termed particulate load. In 57 subjects (40 men and 17 women) there was a significant difference between the particulate load in groups divided according to pre-dominant lighting form used at home (ANOVA P = 0.0009) and type of cooking fuel (P = 0.0078). Particulate load observed in macrophages is associated with the reported type of biomass fuel exposure. Macrophage function in relation to respiratory health should now be investigated in biomass smoke exposed subjects.

[The anesthetic effects of Gow-Gates technique of inferior alveolar nerve block in impacted mandibular third molar extraction].

PubMed

Yang, Jieping; Liu, Wei; Gao, Qinghong

2013-08-01

To evaluate the anesthetic effects and safety of Gow-Gates technique of inferior alveolar nerve block in impacted mandibular third molar extraction. A split-mouth study was designed. The bilateral impacted mandibular third molar of 32 participants were divided into Gow-Gates technique of inferior alveolar nerve block (Gow-Gates group) and conventional technique of inferior alveolar nerve block (conventional group) randomly with third molar extracted. The anesthetic effects and adverse events were recorded. All the participants completed the research. The anesthetic success rate was 96.9% in Gow-Gates group and 90.6% in conventional group with no statistical difference ( P= 0.317); but when comparing the anesthesia grade, Gow-Gates group had a 96.9% of grade A and B, and conventional group had a rate of 78.1% (P = 0.034). And the Gow-Gates group had a much lower withdrawn bleeding than conventional group (P = 0.025). Two groups had no hematoma. Gow-Gates technique had a reliable anesthesia effects and safety in impacted mandibular third molar extraction and could be chosen as a candidate for the conventional inferior alveolar nerve block.

Non-invasive measurement of the mean alveolar O(2) tension from the oxygen uptake versus tidal volume curve.

PubMed

Jordanoglou, J; Latsi, P; Chroneou, A; Koulouris, N G

2007-10-01

The classical equations for measuring the mean and the ideal alveolar O(2) tension are based on assumptions, which are shown to be invalid. So we thought to develop a new, non-invasive method for measuring the mean alveolar P,O(2) within the volume domain (PA,O(2(Bohr))). This method is based on the oxygen uptake vs. tidal volume curve (VO(2) vs. VT) obtained during tidal breathing of room air and/or air enriched with oxygen. PA,O(2(Bohr)) and the ideal alveolar PO(2) (PA,O(2(ideal))) were simultaneously measured in 10 healthy subjects and 34 patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) breathing tidally room air at rest. Additionally, 10 subjects (three healthy subjects and seven COPD patients) were studied while breathing initially room air and subsequently air enriched with oxygen. According to the results, PA,O(2(Bohr)) considerably differed from PA,O(2(ideal)) (P = 0.004). The cause of the difference, at the individual's R, is: (1) the difference between the arterial and Bohr's alveolar CO(2) tension, mainly in COPD patients, and (2) the inequality between Bohr's alveolar part of the tidal volume for CO(2) and O(2). Furthermore, end-tidal gas tension (PET,CO(2) and PET,O(2)) differed from Pa,CO(2) and PA,O(2(Bohr)) respectively. The deviation of PA,O(2(Bohr)) from PA,O(2(ideal)) has a definite impact on Bohr's dead space ratio for O(2) and CO(2), and on the alveolar-arterial O(2) difference. The difference (PA,O(2(Bohr)) - PA,O(2(ideal))) is not related to the pathology of the disease. So, gas exchange within the lungs should be assessed at the subject's R from PA,O(2(Bohr)) and PA,CO(2(Bohr)) but not from PA,O(2(ideal)) nor Pa,CO(2).

Alveolar macrophage activation and an emphysema-like phenotype in adiponectin-deficient mice

PubMed Central

Summer, R.; Little, F. F.; Ouchi, N.; Takemura, Y.; Aprahamian, T.; Dwyer, D.; Fitzsimmons, K.; Suki, B.; Parameswaran, H.; Fine, A.; Walsh, K.

2013-01-01

Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived collectin that acts on a wide range of tissues including liver, brain, heart, and vascular endothelium. To date, little is known about the actions of adiponectin in the lung. Herein, we demonstrate that adiponectin is present in lung lining fluid and that adiponectin deficiency leads to increases in proinflammatory mediators and an emphysema-like phenotype in the mouse lung. Alveolar macrophages from adiponectin-deficient mice spontaneously display increased production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-12) activity. Consistent with these observations, we found that pretreatment of alveolar macrophages with adiponectin leads to TNF-α and MMP-12 suppression. Together, our findings show that adiponectin leads to macrophage suppression in the lung and suggest that adiponectin-deficient states may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory lung conditions such as emphysema. PMID:18326826

An unclassified Eubacterium taxon in acute dento-alveolar abscess.

PubMed

Wade, W G; Lewis, M A; Cheeseman, S L; Absi, E G; Bishop, P A

1994-02-01

The microflora of pus samples aspirated from 50 acute dento-alveolar abscesses was examined. A total of 143 bacterial strains was isolated, consisting predominantly of Prevotella spp., alpha-haemolytic Streptococcus spp., Peptostreptococcus spp. and Eubacterium spp. An unclassified asaccharolytic Eubacterium taxon was encountered in 17 (34%) of the abscesses. This taxon was found to have a positive association with Fusobacterium spp. and a negative association with alpha-haemolytic Streptococcus spp.

Correlations between initial cleft size and dental anomalies in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients after alveolar bone grafting.

PubMed

Jabbari, Fatima; Reiser, Erika; Thor, Andreas; Hakelius, Malin; Nowinski, Daniel

2016-01-01

Objective To determine in individuals with unilateral cleft lip and palate the correlation between initial cleft size and dental anomalies, and the outcome of alveolar bone grafting. Methods A total of 67 consecutive patients with non-syndromic unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCLP) were included from the cleft lip and palate-craniofacial center, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden. All patients were operated by the same surgeon and treated according to the Uppsala protocol entailing: lip plasty at 3 months, soft palate closure at 6 months, closure of the residual cleft in the hard palate at 2 years of age, and secondary alveolar bone grafting (SABG) prior to the eruption of the permanent canine. Cleft size was measured on dental casts obtained at the time of primary lip plasty. Dental anomalies were registered on radiographs and dental casts obtained before bone grafting. Alveolar bone height was evaluated with the Modified Bergland Index (mBI) at 1 and 10-year follow-up. Results Anterior cleft width correlated positively with enamel hypoplasia and rotation of the central incisor adjacent to the cleft. There was, however, no correlation between initial cleft width and alveolar bone height at either 1 or 10 years follow-up. Conclusions Wider clefts did not seem to have an impact on the success of secondary alveolar bone grafting but appeared to be associated with a higher degree of some dental anomalies. This finding may have implications for patient counseling and treatment planning.

Age-related new bone formation following the use of cancellous bone-block allografts for reconstruction of atrophic alveolar ridges.

PubMed

Nissan, Joseph; Kolerman, Roni; Chaushu, Liat; Vered, Marilena; Naishlos, Sarit; Chaushu, Gavriel

2018-02-01

An age-related decrease in the number of osteogenic progenitor cells may compromise bone augmentation. Histomorphometrical assessment of age-related new bone formation, following atrophic alveolar ridge reconstruction, using cancellous bone-block allografts. Ninety-three consecutive patients (58 females and 35 males) were referred for implant-supported restoration of 122 severe atrophic alveolar ridges. Alveolar ridge deficiency locations were classified as anterior maxilla (n = 58), posterior maxilla (n= 32), and posterior mandible (n = 32). A bony deficiency of at least 3 mm horizontally and up to 3 mm vertically according to computerized tomography (CT) in the posterior mandible and anterior maxilla, served as inclusion criteria. In the posterior maxilla, a residual alveolar ridge up to 4 mm vertically according to CT served as inclusion criteria. Augmentation was performed by the use of cancellous bone-block allografts. Bone biopsies (9-month posterior maxilla, 4 months anterior maxilla and posterior mandible) of young (≤40 years) versus older (>40 years) patients were histomorphometrically evaluated. In the posterior maxilla, no statistically significant histomorphometric differences were noted. While at the anterior maxilla and posterior mandible, statistically significant more newly formed bone was found in young versus older individuals, respectively (38.6% vs 19.8%, P = 0.04 and 69% vs 31%, P = .05). New bone formation following residual alveolar ridge bone grafting is age-related. Longer bone consolidation and healing time may be recommended for older individuals. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Simultaneous Exposure to Multiple Air Pollutants Influences Alveolar Epithelial Cell Ion Transport

EPA Science Inventory

Purpose. Air pollution sources generally release multiple pollutants simultaneously and yet, research has historically focused on the source-to-health linkages of individual air pollutants. We recently showed that exposure of alveolar epithelial cells to a combination of particul...

Early alveolar and systemic mediator release in patients at different risks for ARDS after multiple trauma.

PubMed

Raymondos, Konstantinos; Martin, Michael U; Schmudlach, Tanja; Baus, Stefan; Weilbach, Christian; Welte, Tobias; Krettek, Christian; Frink, Michael; Hildebrand, Frank

2012-02-01

Alveolar IL-8 has been reported to early identify patients at-risk to develop ARDS. However, it remains unknown how alveolar IL-8 is related to pulmonary and systemic inflammation in patients predisposed for ARDS. We studied 24 patients 2-6h after multiple trauma. Patients with IL-8 >200 pg/ml in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were assigned to the group at high risk for ARDS (H, n = 8) and patients with BAL IL-8 <200 pg/ml to the group at low risk for ARDS (L, n = 16). ARDS developed within 24h after trauma in 5 patients at high and at least after 1 week in 2 patients at low risk for ARDS (p = 0.003). High-risk patients had also increased BAL IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-1ra levels (p<0.05). BAL neutrophil counts did not differ between patient groups (H vs. L, 12% (3-73%) vs. 6% (2-32%), p = 0.1) but correlated significantly with BAL IL-8, IL-6 and IL-1ra. High-risk patients had increased plasma levels of pro- but not anti-inflammatory mediators. The enhanced alveolar and systemic inflammation associated with alveolar IL-8 release should be considered to identify high-risk patients for pulmonary complications after multiple trauma to adjust surgical and other treatment strategies to the individual risk profile. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In vivo microcomputed tomography evaluation of rat alveolar bone and root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement.

PubMed

Ru, Nan; Liu, Sean Shih-Yao; Zhuang, Li; Li, Song; Bai, Yuxing

2013-05-01

To observe the real-time microarchitecture changes of the alveolar bone and root resorption during orthodontic treatment. A 10 g force was delivered to move the maxillary left first molars mesially in twenty 10-week-old rats for 14 days. The first molar and adjacent alveolar bone were scanned using in vivo microcomputed tomography at the following time points: days 0, 3, 7, and 14. Microarchitecture parameters, including bone volume fraction, structure model index, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, and trabecular separation of alveolar bone, were measured on the compression and tension side. The total root volume was measured, and the resorption crater volume at each time point was calculated. Univariate repeated measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni corrections were performed to compare the differences in each parameter between time points with significance level at P < .05. From day 3 to day 7, bone volume fraction, structure model index, trabecular thickness, and trabecular separation decreased significantly on the compression side, but the same parameters increased significantly on the tension side from day 7 to day 14. Root resorption volume of the mesial root increased significantly on day 7 of orthodontic loading. Real-time root and bone resorption during orthodontic movement can be observed in 3 dimensions using in vivo micro-CT. Alveolar bone resorption and root resorption were observed mostly in the apical third on day 7 on the compression side; bone formation was observed on day 14 on the tension side during orthodontic tooth movement.

Durable clinical activity of single-agent bevacizumab in a nonagenarian patient with metastatic alveolar soft part sarcoma.

PubMed

Mir, Olivier; Boudou-Rouquette, Pascaline; Larousserie, Frédérique; Blanchet, Benoit; Babinet, Antoine; Anract, Philippe; Goldwasser, François

2012-08-01

Alveolar soft part sarcoma is a rare malignancy usually considered resistant to conventional chemotherapy, but recent data suggest that the multikinase inhibitors sunitinib and cediranib could be active in this setting. A 90-year-old lady with alveolar soft part sarcoma of the leg and lung metastases was started on sunitinib 37.5 mg daily. The treatment was poorly tolerated with grade 3 hypertension and grade 3 thrombocytopenia, which persisted after dose reduction to 25 mg daily. The patient was subsequently started on bevacizumab 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks, resulting in a marked improvement in pain and a partial response on lung metastases for 16 months and ongoing. Agents targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor-signalling pathway seem to exert clinically relevant and prolonged activity against alveolar soft part sarcoma and deserve further evaluation in the treatment of this rare soft tissue sarcoma.

Chin Symphysis Bone, Allograft, and Platelet-Rich Fibrin: Is the Combination Effective in Repair of Alveolar Cleft?

PubMed

Movahedian Attar, Bijan; Naghdi, Navid; Etemadi Sh, Milad; Mehdizadeh, Mojdeh

2017-05-01

Secondary grafting of alveolar defects with iliac crest bone is a common treatment method in cleft patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the combination of symphysis bone, allograft, and platelet-rich fibrin in regeneration of alveolar defects compared with iliac bone graft. In this randomized clinical trial, patients with unilateral alveolar defects were divided randomly into two categories. Group A comprised patients in whom the combination of chin symphysis bone plus allogeneic bone material plus leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin was considered for treatment. Group B comprised patients in whom iliac bone graft was considered. Cone beam computed tomography before treatment and 1 year postoperatively was used for measurement of bone formation (bone volume in cubic centimeters). The data were analyzed by paired t and χ 2 tests via SPSS software (version 23; IBM, Armonk, NY). P < .05 was considered significant. Each group included 10 patients (with 6 male patients in group A and 5 male patients in group B). The mean age of patients in groups A and B was 9.5 ± 1.5 years and 9.9 ± 1.9 years, respectively. The mean volume of alveolar defects was 0.89 ± 0.29 cm 3 in group A and 0.95 ± 0.27 cm 3 in group B. The percentage of bone regeneration in groups A and B was 69.5% and 73.8%, respectively. It seems that chin symphysis bone plus allogeneic bone material plus platelet-rich fibrin is a proper combination for bone regeneration in alveolar defects with a small to moderate volume range. Copyright © 2016 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Assessment of Alveolar Bone Status in Middle Aged Chinese (40-59 Years) with Chronic Periodontitis--Using CBCT.

PubMed

Zhao, Haijiao; Li, Chen; Lin, Li; Pan, Yaping; Wang, Hongyan; Zhao, Jian; Tan, Lisi; Pan, Chunling; Song, Jia; Zhang, Dongmei

2015-01-01

This study used con-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to investigate the prevalence and severity of alveolar bone loss in middle-aged (40-59 years) Chinese with chronic periodontitis. The study group comprised 145 dentate individuals aged 40 to 59 years residing in China who suffered from chronic periodontitis. CBCT and the application of NNT software were used to examine the level and location of alveolar bone loss. The study revealed that 40-59 year old patients with chronic periodontitis had severe bone loss. At 5,286 sites (34.7%), alveolar bone loss was mild; severe alveolar bone loss was found at 5,978 sites (39.2%). A comparison of bone loss in different jaws revealed that the area with the highest degree of bone loss was on the lingual side of the maxillary molar (56.3 ± 7.2%), and that the area with the lowest degree was primarily on the lingual side of the mandibular canine (27.5 ± 6.3%). There was a lower degree of alveolar bone loss in males than females. Differences were observed when comparing the incidence of bone loss between males and females (P < 0.05). Menopause in females and smoking in both genders may affect the level of bone loss. Male smokers experienced a greater degree of bone loss (41.67 ± 5.76%) than male non-smokers (32.95 ± 4.31%). A 42.23 ± 6.34% bone loss was found in menopausal females versus 31.35 ± 3.62% in non-menopausal females. The study revealed that different sites and teeth exhibited a diverse degree of bone loss. In middle-aged patients with chronic periodontitis, the highest degrees of bone loss in the incisors, premolars, and molars were on the lingual side, mesial side and lingual side, respectively. Menopause in females and smoking may affect the level of bone loss.

[Exploration for micro-osteotomy assisted orthodontic treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusions with alveolar hypoplasia in the lower anterior region].

PubMed

Wang, Bo; Shen, Guo-fang; Fang, Bing; Sun, Liang-yan; Wu, Yong; Jiang, Ling-yong; Zhu, Min

2012-10-01

To investigate the changes of periodontal conditions after micro-osteotomy assisted lower incisor decompensation for skeletal Class III malocclusions with alveolar hypoplasia in the lower anterior region. The sample consisted of 22 cases diagnosed as skeletal Class III malocclusions with alveolar hypoplasia in the lower anterior region, selected from consecutive patients of Department of Oral & Cranio-maxillofacial Science of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital during 2009-2012. The samples were divided into 2 groups; G1 comprised 10 patients who accepted micro-osteotomy assisted lower incisor decompensation; G2 comprised 12 patients who chose traditional pre-surgical decomposition. The changes of periodontal conditions of both groups were evaluated with the help of cone-beam CT(CBCT). Data was processed using SAS8.02 software package. For subjects in G1, during the micro-osteotomy assisted pre-surgical orthodontics, no significant difference was found in the amount of root resorption of lower incisors.But labial and lingual vertical alveolar bone loss were 2.60 mm and 2.22 mm; alveolar bone thickness increased by 3.05 mm on the labial side and decreased by 0.88 mm on the lingual side (P<0.05). Better periodontal conditions were reserved compared with those of G2. Micro-osteotomy assisted pre-surgical orthodontics was much safer than traditional orthodontics for skeletal Class III malocclusions with alveolar hypoplasia in the lower anterior region.

Loss of Nrf2 promotes alveolar type 2 cell loss in irradiated, fibrotic lung.

PubMed

Traver, Geri; Mont, Stacey; Gius, David; Lawson, William E; Ding, George X; Sekhar, Konjeti R; Freeman, Michael L

2017-11-01

The development of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis represents a critical clinical issue limiting delivery of therapeutic doses of radiation to non-small cell lung cancer. Identification of the cell types whose injury initiates a fibrotic response and the underlying biological factors that govern that response are needed for developing strategies that prevent or mitigate fibrosis. C57BL/6 mice (wild type, Nrf2 null, Nrf2 flox/flox , and Nrf2 Δ/Δ ; SPC-Cre) were administered a thoracic dose of 12Gy and allowed to recover for 250 days. Whole slide digital and confocal microscopy imaging of H&E, Masson's trichrome and immunostaining were used to assess tissue remodeling, collagen deposition and cell renewal/mobilization during the regenerative process. Histological assessment of irradiated, fibrotic wild type lung revealed significant loss of alveolar type 2 cells 250 days after irradiation. Type 2 cell loss and the corresponding development of fibrosis were enhanced in the Nrf2 null mouse. Yet, conditional deletion of Nrf2 in alveolar type 2 cells in irradiated lung did not impair type 2 cell survival nor yield an increased fibrotic phenotype. Instead, radiation-induced ΔNp63 stem/progenitor cell mobilization was inhibited in the Nrf2 null mouse while the propensity for radiation-induced myofibroblasts derived from alveolar type 2 cells was magnified. In summary, these results indicate that Nrf2 is an important regulator of irradiated lung's capacity to maintain alveolar type 2 cells, whose injury can initiate a fibrotic phenotype. Loss of Nrf2 inhibits ΔNp63 stem/progenitor mobilization, a key event for reconstitution of injured lung, while promoting a myofibroblast phenotype that is central for fibrosis. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Accuracy of both virtual and printed 3-dimensional models for volumetric measurement of alveolar clefts before grafting with alveolar bone compared with a validated algorithm: a preliminary investigation.

PubMed

Kasaven, C P; McIntyre, G T; Mossey, P A

2017-01-01

Our objective was to assess the accuracy of virtual and printed 3-dimensional models derived from cone-beam computed tomographic (CT) scans to measure the volume of alveolar clefts before bone grafting. Fifteen subjects with unilateral cleft lip and palate had i-CAT cone-beam CT scans recorded at 0.2mm voxel and sectioned transversely into slices 0.2mm thick using i-CAT Vision. Volumes of alveolar clefts were calculated using first a validated algorithm; secondly, commercially-available virtual 3-dimensional model software; and finally 3-dimensional printed models, which were scanned with microCT and analysed using 3-dimensional software. For inter-observer reliability, a two-way mixed model intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the reproducibility of identification of the cranial and caudal limits of the clefts among three observers. We used a Friedman test to assess the significance of differences among the methods, and probabilities of less than 0.05 were accepted as significant. Inter-observer reliability was almost perfect (ICC=0.987). There were no significant differences among the three methods. Virtual and printed 3-dimensional models were as precise as the validated computer algorithm in the calculation of volumes of the alveolar cleft before bone grafting, but virtual 3-dimensional models were the most accurate with the smallest 95% CI and, subject to further investigation, could be a useful adjunct in clinical practice. Copyright © 2016 The British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Radiological and Pathological Correlation in Anti-MDA5 Antibody-positive Interstitial Lung Disease: Rapidly Progressive Perilobular Opacities and Diffuse Alveolar Damage.

PubMed

Chino, Haruka; Sekine, Akimasa; Baba, Tomohisa; Iwasawa, Tae; Okudela, Koji; Takemura, Tamiko; Itoh, Harumi; Sato, Shinji; Suzuki, Yasuo; Ogura, Takashi

2016-01-01

We herein present the first case of rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (RP-ILD) with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) antibody evaluated by surgical lung biopsy (SLB). High-resolution CT scan revealed perilobular opacities, which rapidly became thicker and formed consolidation, resulting in remarkable loss of lung volume. Specimens taken from SLB revealed membranous organization with alveolar occlusion, dilation of alveolar ducts, and sacs with collapsed alveoli, which are typical features of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). Rapidly progressive perilobular opacities may be characteristic of RP-ILD with anti-MDA5 antibody and DAD.

β-Liddle mutation of the epithelial sodium channel increases alveolar fluid clearance and reduces the severity of hydrostatic pulmonary oedema in mice

PubMed Central

Randrianarison, Nadia; Escoubet, Brigitte; Ferreira, Chrystophe; Fontayne, Alexandre; Fowler-Jaeger, Nicole; Clerici, Christine; Hummler, Edith; Rossier, Bernard C; Planès, Carole

2007-01-01

Transepithelial sodium transport via alveolar epithelial Na+ channels and Na+,K+-ATPase constitutes the driving force for removal of alveolar oedema fluid. Decreased activity of the amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in the apical membrane of alveolar epithelial cells impairs sodium-driven alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) and predisposes to pulmonary oedema. We hypothesized that hyperactivity of ENaC in the distal lung could improve AFC and facilitate the resolution of pulmonary oedema. AFC and lung fluid balance were studied at baseline and under conditions of hydrostatic pulmonary oedema in the β-Liddle (L) mouse strain harbouring a gain-of-function mutation (R566stop) within the Scnn1b gene. As compared with wild-type (+/+), baseline AFC was increased by 2- and 3-fold in heterozygous (+/L) and homozygous mutated (L/L) mice, respectively, mainly due to increased amiloride-sensitive AFC. The β2-agonist terbutaline stimulated AFC in +/+ and +/L mice, but not in L/L mice. Acute volume overload induced by saline infusion (40% of body weight over 2 h) significantly increased extravascular (i.e. interstitial and alveolar) lung water as assessed by the bloodless wet-to-dry lung weight ratio in +/+ and L/L mice, as compared with baseline. However, the increase was significantly larger in +/+ than in L/L groups (P= 0.01). Volume overload also increased the volume of the alveolar epithelial lining fluid in +/+ mice, indicating the presence of alveolar oedema, but not in L/L mice. Cardiac function as evaluated by echocardiography was comparable in both groups. These data show that constitutive ENaC activation improved sodium-driven AFC in the mouse lung, and attenuated the severity of hydrostatic pulmonary oedema. PMID:17430990

Protocol for Removal of Third Molar Root Tips from the Inferior Alveolar Canal-Crossing the line.

PubMed

Punga, Rohit; Keswani, Kiran

2014-12-01

The safe removal of third molars involved with the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) has been an area of concern since long. Many times we hesitate for the removal of third molars, fearing injury to the inferior alveolar nerve. The authors here describe a simple technique which can be used to remove third molars showing evidence of proximity to IAC on presurgical radiographic evaluation, as well as those root tips which, during removal, accidentally enter the IAC space. A step-by-step protocol is presented along with necessary precautions during the operative procedure.

Proteomic analysis of human dental cementum and alveolar bone

PubMed Central

Salmon, Cristiane R.; Tomazela, Daniela M.; Ruiz, Karina Gonzales Silvério; Foster, Brian L.; Leme, Adriana Franco Paes; Sallum, Enilson Antonio; Somerman, Martha J.; Nociti, Francisco H.

2013-01-01

Dental cementum (DC) is a bone-like tissue covering the tooth root and responsible for attaching the tooth to the alveolar bone (AB) via the periodontal ligament (PDL). Studies have unsuccessfully tried to identify factors specific to DC versus AB, in an effort to better understand DC development and regeneration. The present study aimed to use matched human DC and AB samples (n=7) to generate their proteomes for comparative analysis. Bone samples were harvested from tooth extraction sites, whereas DC samples were obtained from the apical root portion of extracted third molars. Samples were denatured, followed by protein extraction reduction, alkylation and digestion for analysis by nanoAcquity HPLC system and LTQ-FT Ultra. Data analysis demonstrated that a total of 318 proteins were identified in AB and DC. In addition to shared proteins between these tissues, 105 and 83 proteins exclusive to AB or DC were identified, respectively. This is the first report analyzing the proteomic composition of human DC matrix and identifying putative unique and enriched proteins in comparison to alveolar bone. These findings may provide novel insights into developmental differences between DC and AB, and identify candidate biomarkers that may lead to more efficient and predictable therapies for periodontal regeneration. PMID:24007660

Fenspiride and membrane transduction signals in rat alveolar macrophages.

PubMed

Féray, J C; Mohammadi, K; Taouil, K; Brunet, J; Garay, R P; Hannaert, P

1997-07-15

Fenspiride inhibits the calcium signal evoked by the inflammatory peptide formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) in peritoneal macrophages, but at concentrations (approximately 1 mM) far above the therapeutic range (approximately 1 microM). Here, in rat alveolar macrophages, high fenspiride concentrations (1 mM) were required to inhibit the calcium signals evoked by the calcium agonist Bay K8644 or by ionomycin. Moreover, fenspiride (1 mM) was a poor inhibitor of the cell membrane depolarization induced by gramicidine D. By contrast, fenspiride blocked Na+-H+ antiport activation by (i) fMLP with an IC50 = 3.1 +/- 1.9 nM and (ii) PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) with an IC50 = 9.2 +/- 3.1 nM. Finally, protein kinase C (PKC) activity of macrophage homogenate was not significantly modified by 10 or 100 microM fenspiride (at 100 microM: 2.57 +/- 1.60 vs. 2.80 +/- 1.71 pmol/10(6) cells/min). In conclusion, fenspiride inhibits fMLP- and PMA-induced pH signals in rat alveolar macrophages, probably by acting distally on the PKC transduction signal. This pH antagonistic action may be relevant for the antiinflammatory mechanism of fenspiride and requires further investigation.

Frequency and peak stretch magnitude affect alveolar epithelial permeability.

PubMed

Cohen, T S; Cavanaugh, K J; Margulies, S S

2008-10-01

The present study measured stretch-induced changes in transepithelial permeability to uncharged tracers (1.5-5.5 A) using cultured monolayers of alveolar epithelial type-I like cells. Cultured alveolar epithelial cells were subjected to uniform cyclic (0, 0.25 and 1.0 Hz) biaxial stretch from 0% to 12, 25 or 37% change in surface area (DeltaSA) for 1 h. Significant changes in permeability of cell monolayers were observed when stretched from 0% to 37% DeltaSA at all frequencies, and from 0% to 25% DeltaSA only at high frequency (1 Hz), but not at all when stretched from 0% to 12% DeltaSA compared with unstretched controls. At stretch oscillation amplitudes of 25 and 37% DeltaSA, imposed at 1 Hz, tracer permeability increased compared with that at 0.25 Hz. Cells subjected to a single stretch cycle at 37% DeltaSA (0.25 Hz), to simulate a deep sigh, were not distinguishable from unstretched controls. Reducing stretch oscillation amplitude while maintaining a peak stretch of 37% DeltaSA (0.25 Hz) via the application of a simulated post-end-expiratory pressure did not protect barrier properties. In conclusion, peak stretch magnitude and stretch frequency were the primary determining factors for epithelial barrier dysfunction, as opposed to oscillation amplitude.

Alveolar hemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus: a cohort review.

PubMed

Andrade, C; Mendonça, T; Farinha, F; Correia, J; Marinho, A; Almeida, I; Vasconcelos, C

2016-01-01

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is a rare but potentially catastrophic manifestation with a high mortality. Among rheumatologic diseases, it occurs most frequently in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and systemic vasculitis. Despite new diagnostic tools and therapies, it remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The aim of this work was to characterize the SLE patients with an episode of alveolar hemorrhage followed in our Clinical Immunology Unit (CIU). A retrospective chart review was carried out for all patients with SLE followed in CIU between 1984 and the end of 2013. We reviewed the following data: demographic characteristics, clinical and laboratory data, radiologic investigations, histologic studies, treatment, and outcome. We identified 10 episodes of DAH, corresponding to seven patients, all female. These represent 1.6% of SLE patients followed in our Unit. The age at DAH attack was 42.75 ± 18.9 years. The average time between diagnosis of SLE and the onset of DAH was 7.1 years. Three patients had the diagnosis of SLE and the DAH attack at the same time. Disease activity according to SLEDAI was high, ranging from 15 to 41. All patients were treated with methylprednisolone, 37.5% cyclophosphamide and 28.6% plasmapheresis. The overall mortality rate was 28.6%. © The Author(s) 2015.

The microbiome at the pulmonary alveolar niche and its role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

PubMed

Adami, Alexander J; Cervantes, Jorge L

2015-12-01

Advances in next generation sequencing (NGS) technology have provided the tools to comprehensively and accurately characterize the microbial community in the respiratory tract in health and disease. The presence of commensal and pathogenic bacteria has been found to have important effects on the lung immune system. Until relatively recently, the lung has received less attention compared to other body sites in terms of microbiome characterization, and its study carries special technological difficulties related to obtaining reliable samples as compared to other body niches. Additionally, the complexity of the alveolar immune system, and its interactions with the lung microbiome, are only just beginning to be understood. Amidst this complexity sits Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), one of humanity's oldest nemeses and a significant public health concern, with millions of individuals infected with Mtb worldwide. The intricate interactions between Mtb, the lung microbiome, and the alveolar immune system are beginning to be understood, and it is increasingly apparent that improved treatment of Mtb will only come through deep understanding of the interplay between these three forces. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the lung microbiome, alveolar immunity, and the interaction of each with Mtb. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Targeting of the pulmonary capillary vascular niche promotes lung alveolar repair and ameliorates fibrosis

PubMed Central

Cao, Zhongwei; Lis, Raphael; Ginsberg, Michael; Chavez, Deebly; Shido, Koji; Rabbany, Sina Y.; Fong, Guo-Hua; Sakmar, Thomas P.; Rafii, Shahin; Ding, Bi-Sen

2016-01-01

Although the lung can undergo self-repair after injury, fibrosis in chronically injured or diseased lungs can occur at the expense of regeneration. Here we study how a hematopoietic-vascular niche regulates alveolar repair and lung fibrosis. Using intratracheal injection of bleomycin or hydrochloric acid in mice, we show that repetitive lung injury activates pulmonary capillary endothelial cells (PCECs) and perivascular macrophages, impeding alveolar repair and promoting fibrosis. Whereas the chemokine receptor CXCR7, expressed on PCECs, acts to prevent epithelial damage and ameliorate fibrosis after a single round of treatment with bleomycin or hydrochloric acid, repeated injury leads to suppression of CXCR7 expression and recruitment of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1)-expressing perivascular macrophages. This recruitment stimulates Wnt/β-catenin–dependent persistent upregulation of the Notch ligand Jagged1 (encoded by Jag1) in PCECs, which in turn stimulates exuberant Notch signaling in perivascular fibroblasts and enhances fibrosis. Administration of a CXCR7 agonist or PCEC-targeted Jag1 shRNA after lung injury promotes alveolar repair and reduces fibrosis. Thus, targeting of a maladaptbed hematopoietic-vascular niche, in which macrophages, PCECs and perivascular fibroblasts interact, may help to develop therapy to spur lung regeneration and alleviate fibrosis. PMID:26779814

Targeting of the pulmonary capillary vascular niche promotes lung alveolar repair and ameliorates fibrosis.

PubMed

Cao, Zhongwei; Lis, Raphael; Ginsberg, Michael; Chavez, Deebly; Shido, Koji; Rabbany, Sina Y; Fong, Guo-Hua; Sakmar, Thomas P; Rafii, Shahin; Ding, Bi-Sen

2016-02-01

Although the lung can undergo self-repair after injury, fibrosis in chronically injured or diseased lungs can occur at the expense of regeneration. Here we study how a hematopoietic-vascular niche regulates alveolar repair and lung fibrosis. Using intratracheal injection of bleomycin or hydrochloric acid in mice, we show that repetitive lung injury activates pulmonary capillary endothelial cells (PCECs) and perivascular macrophages, impeding alveolar repair and promoting fibrosis. Whereas the chemokine receptor CXCR7, expressed on PCECs, acts to prevent epithelial damage and ameliorate fibrosis after a single round of treatment with bleomycin or hydrochloric acid, repeated injury leads to suppression of CXCR7 expression and recruitment of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1)-expressing perivascular macrophages. This recruitment stimulates Wnt/β-catenin-dependent persistent upregulation of the Notch ligand Jagged1 (encoded by Jag1) in PCECs, which in turn stimulates exuberant Notch signaling in perivascular fibroblasts and enhances fibrosis. Administration of a CXCR7 agonist or PCEC-targeted Jag1 shRNA after lung injury promotes alveolar repair and reduces fibrosis. Thus, targeting of a maladapted hematopoietic-vascular niche, in which macrophages, PCECs and perivascular fibroblasts interact, may help to develop therapy to spur lung regeneration and alleviate fibrosis.

Cigarette smoking and alveolar bone in young adults: a study using digitized radiographs.

PubMed

Rosa, Guillermo M; Lucas, Gabriela Q; Lucas, Oscar N

2008-02-01

Evidence indicates that cigarette smoking is one of the most significant risk factors for periodontal diseases; however, there have been few radiographic prospective studies of alveolar bone in young populations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of smoking on alveolar bone in young adults. Eighty-one dental students (mean age: 20.5 years), considered not to have periodontitis according to clinical criteria, participated in this study. Forty-two subjects were smokers (mean consumption was 14.1 cigarettes/day for > or =2 years), and 39 subjects had never smoked. A parallel-arm prospective design was used. All subjects took part in a dental hygiene program (DHP) that included oral hygiene instructions, mechanical debridement, and polishing. The following clinical variables were measured before and after the DHP: plaque index (PI), gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) flow rate, gingival index (GI), probing depth, and clinical attachment level (CAL). Standardized posterior vertical bitewing radiographs were taken and digitized preexperimentally and on days 180, 365, and 545. The following analyses were performed: bone height measurement (BHM), computer-assisted densitometric image analysis (CADIA), and qualitative analysis of digital subtraction radiography (DSR). Repeated-measures multiple-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed between the groups, and one-way ANOVA was performed within the groups. The mean PI and GI were significantly greater in the smokers (P <0.01). The mean GCF flow rate was significantly lower in the smokers (P <0.01). CAL and the number of sites with recession were significantly greater in the smokers (P <0.001). The BHM indicated a significantly lower mean alveolar bone height in the smokers (P <0.01). The smokers showed significantly lower CADIA values, which indicated a lower bone density on days 0 (P <0.05), 180, 365, and 545 (P <0.01). CADIA values decreased during the study in the smokers, with significant differences

The alveolar surface network: a new anatomy and its physiological significance.

PubMed

Scarpelli, E M

1998-08-01

It is generally held that the terminal lung unit (TLU) is an agglomeration of alveoli that opens into the branching air spaces of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs and that these structures are covered by a continuous thin liquid layer bearing a monomolecular film of surfactants at the open gas-liquid interface. The inherent structural and functional instability given TLUs by a broad liquid surface layer of this nature has been mitigated by the discovery that the TLU surface is in fact an agglomeration of bubbles, a foam (the alveolar surface network) that fills the TLU space and forms ultrathin foam films that 1) impart infrastructural stability to sustain aeration, 2) modulate circulation of surface liquid, both in series and in parallel, throughout the TLU and between TLUs and the liquid surface of conducting airways, 3) modulate surface liquid volume and exchange with interstitial liquid, and 4) sustain gas transfer between conducting airways and pulmonary capillaries throughout the respiratory cycle. The experimental evidence, from discovery to the present, is addressed in this report. Lungs were examined in thorax by stereomicroscopy immediately from the in vivo state at volumes ranging from functional residual capacity to maximal volume (Vmax). Lungs were then excised; bubble topography of all anterior and anterolateral surfaces was reaffirmed and also confirmed for all posterior and posterolateral surfaces. The following additional criteria verify the ubiquitous presence of normal intraalveolar bubbles. 1) Bubbles are absent in conducting airways. 2) Bubbles are stable and stationary in TLUs but can be moved individually by gentle microprobe pressure. 3) Adjoining bubbles move into the external medium through subpleural microincisions; there is no free gas, and vacated spaces are rendered airless. Adjacent bubbles may shift position in situ, while more distal bubbles remain stationary. 4) The position and movement of "large" bubbles

Silencing hyperoxia-induced C/EBPα in neonatal mice improves lung architecture via enhanced proliferation of alveolar epithelial cells

PubMed Central

Yang, Guang; Hinson, Maurice D.; Bordner, Jessica E.; Lin, Qing S.; Fernando, Amal P.; La, Ping; Wright, Clyde J.

2011-01-01

Postnatal lung development requires proliferation and differentiation of specific cell types at precise times to promote proper alveolar formation. Hyperoxic exposure can disrupt alveolarization by inhibiting cell growth; however, it is not fully understood how this is mediated. The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα) is highly expressed in the lung and plays a role in cell proliferation and differentiation in many tissues. After 72 h of hyperoxia, C/EBPα expression was significantly enhanced in the lungs of newborn mice. The increased C/EBPα protein was predominantly located in alveolar type II cells. Silencing of C/EBPα with a transpulmonary injection of C/EBPα small interfering RNA (siRNA) prior to hyperoxic exposure reduced expression of markers of type I cell and differentiation typically observed after hyperoxia but did not rescue the altered lung morphology at 72 h. Nevertheless, when C/EBPα hyperoxia-exposed siRNA-injected mice were allowed to recover for 2 wk in room air, lung epithelial cell proliferation was increased and lung morphology was restored compared with hyperoxia-exposed control siRNA-injected mice. These data suggest that C/EBPα is an important regulator of postnatal alveolar epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation during injury and repair. PMID:21571903

Silver nanowire interactions with primary human alveolar type-II epithelial cell secretions: contrasting bioreactivity with human alveolar type-I and type-II epithelial cells

PubMed Central

Sweeney, Sinbad; Theodorou, Ioannis G.; Zambianchi, Martina; Chen, Shu; Gow, Andrew; Schwander, Stephan; Zhang, Junfeng (Jim); Chung, Kian Fan; Shaffer, Milo S.; Ryan, Mary P.; Porter, Alexandra E.; Tetley, Teresa D.

2015-01-01

Inhaled nanoparticles have a high deposition rate in the alveolar units of the deep lung. The alveolar epithelium is composed of type-I and type-II epithelial cells (ATI and ATII respectively) and is bathed in pulmonary surfactant. The effect of native human ATII cell secretions on nanoparticle toxicity is not known. We investigated the cellular uptake and toxicity of silver nanowires (AgNWs; 70 nm diameter, 1.5 μm length) with human ATI-like cells (TT1), in the absence or presence of Curosurf® (a natural porcine pulmonary surfactant with a low amount of protein) or harvested primary human ATII cell secretions (HAS; containing both the complete lipid as well as the full protein complement of human pulmonary surfactant i.e. SP-A, SP-B, SP-C and SP-D). We hypothesised that Curosurf® or HAS would confer improved protection for TT1 cells, limiting the toxicity of AgNWs. In agreement with our hypothesis, HAS reduced the inflammatory and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating potential of AgNWs with exposed TT1 cells. For example, IL-8 release and ROS generation was reduced by 38% and 29%, respectively, resulting in similar levels to that of the non-treated controls. However in contrast to our hypothesis, Curosurf® had no effect. We found a significant reduction in AgNW uptake by TT1 cells in the presence of HAS but not Curosurf. Furthermore, we show that the SP-A and SP-D are likely to be involved in this process as they were found to be specifically bound to the AgNWs. While ATI cells appear to be protected by HAS, evidence suggested that ATII cells, despite no uptake, were vulnerable to AgNW exposure (indicated by increased IL-8 release and ROS generation and decreased intracellular SP-A levels one day post-exposure). This study provides unique findings that may be important for the study of lung epithelial-endothelial translocation of nanoparticles in general and associated toxicity within the alveolar unit. PMID:25996248

Alveolar ridge expansion-assisted orthodontic space closure in the mandibular posterior region.

PubMed

Ozer, Mete; Akdeniz, Berat Serdar; Sumer, Mahmut

2013-12-01

Orthodontic closure of old, edentulous spaces in the mandibular posterior region is a major challenge. In this report, we describe a method of orthodontic closure of edentulous spaces in the mandibular posterior region accelerated by piezoelectric decortication and alveolar ridge expansion. Combined piezosurgical and orthodontic treatments were used to close 14- and 15-mm-wide spaces in the mandibular left and right posterior areas, respectively, of a female patient, aged 18 years and 9 months, diagnosed with skeletal Class III malocclusion, hypodontia, and polydiastemas. After the piezoelectric decortication, segmental and full-arch mechanics were applied in the orthodontic phase. Despite some extent of root resorption and anchorage loss, the edentulous spaces were closed, and adequate function and esthetics were regained without further restorative treatment. Alveolar ridge expansion-assisted orthodontic space closure seems to be an effective and relatively less-invasive treatment alternative for edentulous spaces in the mandibular posterior region.

The position of lingula as an index for inferior alveolar nerve block injection in 7-11-year-old children.

PubMed

Ezoddini Ardakani, Fatemeh; Bahrololoumi, Zahra; Zangouie Booshehri, Maryam; Navab Azam, Alireza; Ayatollahi, Fatemeh

2010-01-01

Inferior alveolar nerve block injection is one of the common intra oral anesthetic techniques, with a failure rate of 15-20%. The aim of this study was to evaluate the position of the lingula as an index for this injection. Thirty eight panoramic radiographs of 7-11 year old patients were analyzed and the distance between the lingula index and occlusal plane was measured. Then, lower alveolar nerve block injection was performed on 88 children. Finally, a visual analogue scale was used to measure the rate of pain in the patients. This distance increased with age and in children younger than nine years is -0.45 mm on the right side and -0.95 mm on the left side. This distance in children older than 9 years is -0.23 mm on the right side and 0.47 mm on the left side. The success rates of inferior alveolar nerve block injection based on lingual index were 49% on the right side and 53.8% on the left side. As the lingual index has various positions and its distance from the occlusal plane increases with age, it is not an appropriate landmark for inferior alveolar nerve block injection.

Melanocortin agonism as a viable strategy to control alveolar bone loss induced by oral infection.

PubMed

Madeira, Mila F M; Queiroz-Junior, Celso M; Montero-Melendez, Trinidad; Werneck, Silvia M C; Corrêa, Jôice D; Soriani, Frederico M; Garlet, Gustavo P; Souza, Daniele G; Teixeira, Mauro M; Silva, Tarcilia A; Perretti, Mauro

2016-12-01

Alveolar bone loss is a result of an aggressive form of periodontal disease (PD) associated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) infection. PD is often observed with other systemic inflammatory conditions, including arthritis. Melanocortin peptides activate specific receptors to exert antiarthritic properties, avoiding excessing inflammation and modulating macrophage function. Recent work has indicated that melanocortin can control osteoclast development and function, but whether such protection takes place in infection-induced alveolar bone loss has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of melanocortin in Aa-induced PD. Mice were orally infected with Aa and treated with the melanocortin analog DTrp 8 -γMSH or vehicle daily for 30 d. Then, periodontal tissue was collected and analyzed. Aa-infected mice treated with DTrp 8 -γMSH presented decreased alveolar bone loss and a lower degree of neutrophil infiltration in the periodontium than vehicle-treated animals; these actions were associated with reduced periodontal levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17A. In vitro experiments with cells differentiated into osteoclasts showed that osteoclast formation and resorptive activity were attenuated after treatment with DTrp 8 -γMSH. Thus, melanocortin agonism could represent an innovative way to tame overexuberant inflammation and, at the same time, preserve bone physiology, as seen after Aa infection.-Madeira, M. F. M., Queiroz-Junior, C. M., Montero-Melendez, T., Werneck, S. M. C., Corrêa, J. D., Soriani, F. M., Garlet, G. P., Souza, D. G., Teixeira, M. M., Silva, T. A., Perretti, M. Melanocortin agonism as a viable strategy to control alveolar bone loss induced by oral infection. © FASEB.

Alveolar bone changes after asymmetric rapid maxillary expansion.

PubMed

Akin, Mehmet; Baka, Zeliha Muge; Ileri, Zehra; Basciftci, Faruk Ayhan

2015-09-01

To quantitatively evaluate the effects of asymmetric rapid maxillary expansion (ARME) on cortical bone thickness and buccal alveolar bone height (BABH), and to determine the formation of dehiscence and fenestration in the alveolar bone surrounding the posterior teeth, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The CBCT records of 23 patients with true unilateral posterior skeletal crossbite (10 boys, 14.06 ± 1.08 years old, and 13 girls, 13.64 ± 1.32 years old) who had undergone ARME were selected from our clinic archives. The bonded acrylic ARME appliance, including an occlusal stopper, was used on all patients. CBCT records had been taken before ARME (T1) and after the 3-month retention period (T2). Axial slices of the CBCT images at 3 vertical levels were used to evaluate the buccal and palatal aspects of the canines, first and second premolars, and first molars. Paired samples and independent sample t-tests were used for statistical comparison. The results suggest that buccal cortical bone thickness of the affected side was significantly more affected by the expansion than was the unaffected side (P < .05). ARME significantly reduced the BABH of the canines (P < .01) and the first and second premolars (P < .05) on the affected side. ARME also increased the incidence of dehiscence and fenestration on the affected side. ARME may quantitatively decrease buccal cortical bone thickness and height on the affected side.

A co-culture system with an organotypic lung slice and an immortal alveolar macrophage cell line to quantify silica-induced inflammation.

PubMed

Hofmann, Falk; Bläsche, Robert; Kasper, Michael; Barth, Kathrin

2015-01-01

There is growing evidence that amorphous silica nanoparticles cause toxic effects on lung cells in vivo as well as in vitro and induce inflammatory processes. The phagocytosis of silica by alveolar macrophages potentiates these effects. To understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of silica toxicity, we applied a co-culture system including the immortal alveolar epithelial mouse cell line E10 and the macrophage cell line AMJ2-C11. In parallel we exposed precision-cut lung slices (lacking any blood cells as well as residual alveolar macrophages) of wild type and P2rx7-/- mice with or without AMJ2-C11 cells to silica nanoparticles. Exposure of E10 cells as well as slices of wild type mice resulted in an increase of typical alveolar epithelial type 1 cell proteins like T1α, caveolin-1 and -2 and PKC-β1, whereas the co-culture with AMJ2-C11 showed mostly a slightly lesser increase of these proteins. In P2rx7-/- mice most of these proteins were slightly decreased. ELISA analysis of the supernatant of wild type and P2rx7-/- mice precision-cut lung slices showed decreased amounts of IL-6 and TNF-α when incubated with nano-silica. Our findings indicate that alveolar macrophages influence the early inflammation of the lung and also that cell damaging reagents e.g. silica have a smaller impact on P2rx7-/- mice than on wild type mice. The co-culture system with an organotypic lung slice is a useful tool to study the role of alveolar macrophages during lung injury at the organoid level.

Development of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis following exposure to dust after the Great East Japan Earthquake.

PubMed

Hisata, Shu; Moriyama, Hiroshi; Tazawa, Ryushi; Ohkouchi, Shinya; Ichinose, Masakazu; Ebina, Masahito

2013-12-01

We report a unique case of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis that developed 3 weeks after the Great East Japan Earthquake and the subsequent tsunami. The patient had inhaled dust repeatedly while visiting her devastated neighborhood without wearing a protective mask. Five weeks after the earthquake, lung samples taken from the patient showed foreign particle deposition; however, her serum was negative for GM-CSF autoantibody. The patient's clinical symptoms resolved following whole lung lavage. We conclude that inhalation of fine dust particles after natural disasters may cause the onset of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Copyright © 2013 The Japanese Respiratory Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of Nasoalveolar Molding Therapy on Alveolar and Palatal Cleft Deformities in Unilateral and Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate.

PubMed

Isik Aslan, Belma; Gülşen, Ayşe; Findikçioğlu, Kemal; Uzuner, Deniz; Üçüncü, Neslihan

2018-03-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of nasoalveolar molding (NAM) therapy in the improvement of alveolar and palatal cleft deformity on unilateral (UCLP) versus bilateral (BCLP) cleft lip and palate. A total of 19 UCLP (14 boys and 5 girls) and 8 BCLP (7 boys and 1 girl) infants completed NAM therapy were included in this study. Standardized parameters of cleft width of alveol and palate were measured on photocopies taken from the pre- and post-treatment plaster casts. To assess the intragroup differences, paired-samples test in UCLP and Wilcoxon test in BCLP groups were used. Mann-Whitney U test was used to evaluate the differences between the groups. Significant decreases in alveolar and palatal cleft gaps were achieved in an average period of 3.3 ± 1.9 and 3.7 ± 1.6 months in UCLP and BCLP patients, respectively. The alveolar cleft decreased 7.85 ± 4.59 mm in UCLP and 4.25 ± 3.13 and 3.81 ± 3.50 mm in right and left alveolar cleft sides in BCLP, respectively. The palatal clefts were decreased 4.63 ± 2.44 mm in medial and 3.72 ± 2.62 mm in posterior parts in UCLP. The decrements in BCLP were 3.00 ± 2.75 mm in medial and 2.88 ± 2.75 mm in posterior palatal cleft distances. No significant differences were determined in the amount of alveolar or palatal cleft closure between UCLP and BCLP groups. The only decrease in arch width was 1.39 mm in medial part of palate in UCLP. The NAM device provides significant decreases in both alveolar and palatal cleft deformities in UCLP and BCLP infants, as compared with their birth status.

EFFECTS OF DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES ON HUMAN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE RESPONSIVENESS TO LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE

EPA Science Inventory

Effects of diesel exhaust particles on human alveolar macrophage responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide
S. Mundandhara1 , S. Becker2 and M. Madden2, 1UNC Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, 2US EPA, NHEERL, HSD, Chapel Hill, NC, US

Epidemiological...

STIMULATION OF OXIDANT PRODUCTION IN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES BY POLLUTANT AND LATEX PARTICLES

EPA Science Inventory

Air pollutant dusts as well as chemically defined particles were examined for their activating effect on oxidant production (O2- and H2O2) in guinea pig alveolar macrophages (AM). Oxidant production was measured as chemiluminescence of albumin-bound luminol. All particles examine...

DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION BY CHAPEL HILL FINE PARTICLES IN HUMAN ALVEOLAR MACHROPHAGES

EPA Science Inventory

Pollutant particles (PM) induce systemic and lung inflammation. Alveolar macrophages (AM) are one of the lung cells directly exposed to PM that may initiate these responses. In this study, we determined the gene expression profile induced by Chapel Hill fine particles (PM2.5) in ...

Rapid Host Defense against Aspergillus fumigatus Involves Alveolar Macrophages with a Predominance of Alternatively Activated Phenotype

PubMed Central

Bhatia, Shikha; Fei, Mingjian; Yarlagadda, Manohar; Qi, Zengbiao; Akira, Shizuo; Saijo, Shinobu; Iwakura, Yoichiro; van Rooijen, Nico; Gibson, Gregory A.; St. Croix, Claudette M.; Ray, Anuradha; Ray, Prabir

2011-01-01

The ubiquitous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is associated with chronic diseases such as invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunosuppressed patients and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in patients with cystic fibrosis or severe asthma. Because of constant exposure to this fungus, it is critical for the host to exercise an immediate and decisive immune response to clear fungal spores to ward off disease. In this study, we observed that rapidly after infection by A. fumigatus, alveolar macrophages predominantly express Arginase 1 (Arg1), a key marker of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs). The macrophages were also found to express Ym1 and CD206 that are also expressed by AAMs but not NOS2, which is expressed by classically activated macrophages. The expression of Arg1 was reduced in the absence of the known signaling axis, IL-4Rα/STAT6, for AAM development. While both Dectin-1 and TLR expressed on the cell surface have been shown to sense A. fumigatus, fungus-induced Arg1 expression in CD11c+ alveolar macrophages was not dependent on either Dectin-1 or the adaptor MyD88 that mediates intracellular signaling by most TLRs. Alveolar macrophages from WT mice efficiently phagocytosed fungal conidia, but those from mice deficient in Dectin-1 showed impaired fungal uptake. Depletion of macrophages with clodronate-filled liposomes increased fungal burden in infected mice. Collectively, our studies suggest that alveolar macrophages, which predominantly acquire an AAM phenotype following A. fumigatus infection, have a protective role in defense against this fungus. PMID:21246055

Importance of whole-body imaging with complete coverage of hands and feet in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma staging.

PubMed

Scheer, Monika; Dantonello, Tobias; Brossart, Peter; Dilloo, Dagmar; Schweigerer, Lothar; Feuchtgruber, Simone; Sparber-Sauer, Monika; Vokuhl, Christian; Bielack, Stefan S; Klingebiel, Thomas; Koscielniak, Ewa; von Kalle, Thekla

2018-05-01

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma commonly arises in the extremities and is characterized by aggressive biology and high frequency of metastases. Whole-body imaging is increasingly employed in pediatric oncology but not recommended as standard in the staging of soft-tissue sarcomas. After observing patients with a large symptomatic alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma lesion and a smaller silent lesion in the more distal part of an extremity we sought to estimate the frequency of this constellation. We retrospectively evaluated the data of prospectively registered paediatric patients (age <21 years) with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma in the SoTiSaR (Soft Tissue Sarcoma Registry) of the Cooperative Weichteilsarkom Studiengruppe (CWS) 09/2011-04/2015 with regard to whole-body imaging. Seventy-five patients were eligible. Images of 57 patients had been submitted for reference consultation, including 80 whole-body examinations in 36 patients. Among them were 5 patients (14%, 95% confidence interval 3-25%) who had been diagnosed because of a symptomatic lesion while an additional silent lesion in the distal part of an extremity had remained unnoticed and had only been detected by later whole-body imaging. It is noteworthy that in 42 (53%) of all 80 whole-body examinations, the hands and feet had been only partially covered or completely excluded. In alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma silent lesions can be overlooked when the distal parts of the limbs are not thoroughly examined and not completely covered by imaging. Missing them influences treatment decisions and prognosis. Our results should be considered when evaluating the potential role of whole-body imaging in rhabdomyosarcoma.

Use of thoracic electrical impedance tomography as an auxiliary tool for alveolar recruitment maneuvers in acute respiratory distress syndrome: case report and brief literature review

PubMed Central

Rosa, Regis Goulart; Rutzen, William; Madeira, Laura; Ascoli, Aline Maria; Dexheimer Neto, Felippe Leopoldo; Maccari, Juçara Gasparetto; de Oliveira, Roselaine Pinheiro; Teixeira, Cassiano

2015-01-01

Thoracic electrical impedance tomography is a real-time, noninvasive monitoring tool of the regional pulmonary ventilation distribution. Its bedside use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome has the potential to aid in alveolar recruitment maneuvers, which are often necessary in cases of refractory hypoxemia. In this case report, we describe the monitoring results and interpretation of thoracic electrical impedance tomography used during alveolar recruitment maneuvers in a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome, with transient application of high alveolar pressures and optimal positive end-expiratory pressure titration. Furthermore, we provide a brief literature review regarding the use of alveolar recruitment maneuvers and monitoring using thoracic electrical impedance tomography in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. PMID:26761481

Ex vivo expansion of alveolar macrophages with Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the resected lungs of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis

PubMed Central

Petrunina, Ekaterina; Umpeleva, Tatiana; Karskanova, Svetlana; Bayborodin, Sergey; Vakhrusheva, Diana; Kravchenko, Marionella; Skornyakov, Sergey

2018-01-01

Tuberculosis (TB), with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) as the causative agent, remains to be a serious world health problem. Traditional methods used for the study of Mtb in the lungs of TB patients do not provide information about the number and functional status of Mtb, especially if Mtb are located in alveolar macrophages. We have developed a technique to produce ex vivo cultures of cells from different parts of lung tissues surgically removed from patients with pulmonary TB and compared data on the number of cells with Mtb inferred by the proposed technique to the results of bacteriological and histological analyses used for examination of the resected lungs. The ex vivo cultures of cells obtained from the resected lungs of all patients were largely composed of CD14-positive alveolar macrophages, foamy or not, with or without Mtb. Lymphocytes, fibroblasts, neutrophils, and multinucleate Langhans giant cells were also observed. We found alveolar macrophages with Mtb in the ex vivo cultures of cells from the resected lungs of even those TB patients, whose sputum smears and lung tissues did not contain acid-fast Mtb or reveal growing Mtb colonies on dense medium. The detection of alveolar macrophages with Mtb in ex vivo culture as soon as 16–18 h after isolation of cells from the resected lungs of all TB patients suggests that the technique proposed for assessing the level of infection in alveolar macrophages of TB patients has higher sensitivity than do prolonged bacteriological or pathomorphological methods. The proposed technique allowed us to rapidly (in two days after surgery) determine the level of infection with Mtb in the cells of the resected lungs of TB patients and, by the presence or absence of Mtb colonies, including those with cording morphology, the functional status of the TB agent at the time of surgery. PMID:29401466

Alveolar ridge expansion-assisted orthodontic space closure in the mandibular posterior region

PubMed Central

Akdeniz, Berat Serdar; Sumer, Mahmut

2013-01-01

Orthodontic closure of old, edentulous spaces in the mandibular posterior region is a major challenge. In this report, we describe a method of orthodontic closure of edentulous spaces in the mandibular posterior region accelerated by piezoelectric decortication and alveolar ridge expansion. Combined piezosurgical and orthodontic treatments were used to close 14- and 15-mm-wide spaces in the mandibular left and right posterior areas, respectively, of a female patient, aged 18 years and 9 months, diagnosed with skeletal Class III malocclusion, hypodontia, and polydiastemas. After the piezoelectric decortication, segmental and full-arch mechanics were applied in the orthodontic phase. Despite some extent of root resorption and anchorage loss, the edentulous spaces were closed, and adequate function and esthetics were regained without further restorative treatment. Alveolar ridge expansion-assisted orthodontic space closure seems to be an effective and relatively less-invasive treatment alternative for edentulous spaces in the mandibular posterior region. PMID:24396740

[Relevance of parasitological examinations for the clinical course, epidemiology and prevention of alveolar echinococcosis - experiences of more than two decades in Austria].

PubMed

Auer, Herbert

2006-01-01

Alveolar echinococcosis has been known in Austria since 1854. At the beginning of the 20th century the Austrian researcher on echinococcosis, Adolf Posselt, has realized already the enormous medical relevance of serological tests for the diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis as well as for preventive purposes. Since the beginning of the 1980ies a long-term study about the epidemiology and serodiagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis has started in the Department of Medical Parasitology of the Clinical Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology of the University of Vienna. Today a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as well as a highly specific westernblot system are available for the serological diagnosis of human alveolar echinococcosis cases, for the serological monitoring of the disease as well as for seroepidemiological and preventive medical studies. In addition, molecular biological tools for the detection of E. multilocularis (as well as E. granulosus strain) specific DNA in surgical resected and bioptic materials complete our diagnostic spectrum of methods.

Lippia sidoides and Myracrodruon urundeuva gel prevents alveolar bone resorption in experimental periodontitis in rats.

PubMed

Botelho, M A; Rao, V S; Carvalho, C B M; Bezerra-Filho, J G; Fonseca, S G C; Vale, M L; Montenegro, D; Cunha, F; Ribeiro, R A; Brito, G A

2007-09-25

In Brazilian folk medicine, Lippia sidoides (Ls) and Myracrodruon urundeuva (Mu) have gained popularity and reputation as effective antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of topical herbal gel from Ls 0.5% (v/w) and Mu 5% (w/w) in experimental periodontal disease (EPD) in rats. Wistar rats were subjected to ligature placement around the second upper left molars. Animals were treated topically with Ls and/or Mu-based gel, immediately after EPD induction and three times/day for 11 days until the rats were sacrificed (11th day). Saline-based gel was utilized as control for all experiments and doxycycline based gel 10% (w/w) was utilized as reference substance. Animals were weighed daily. Alveolar bone loss was measured as the difference (in millimeters) between the cusp tip and the alveolar bone. The periodontum and the surrounding gingivae were examined at histopathology, as well as the neutrophil influx into the gingivae was assayed using myeloperoxidase activity and cytokine production mainly tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) levels by ELISA method. The local bacterial flora was assessed through culture of the gingival tissue in standard aerobic and anaerobic media. Alveolar bone loss was significantly inhibited by Ls and Mu combined treatment compared to the saline control group. Ls and Mu combined treatment reduced tissue lesion at histopathology, with partial preservation of the periodontum, coupled to decreased myeloperoxidase activity as well as significantly inhibited TNF-alpha and IL-1beta production in gingival tissue compared to the saline control group. Ls and Mu combined treatment also prevented the growth of oral microorganisms and the weight loss. Ls and Mu combined based gel treatment preserved alveolar bone resorption and demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities in experimental periodontitis.

Dynamic Regulation of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor α Expression in Alveolar Fibroblasts during Realveolarization

PubMed Central

Chen, Leiling; Acciani, Thomas; Le Cras, Tim; Lutzko, Carolyn

2012-01-01

Although the importance of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-α signaling during normal alveogenesis is known, it is unclear whether this signaling pathway can regulate realveolarization in the adult lung. During alveolar development, PDGFR-α–expressing cells induce α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and differentiate to interstitial myofibroblasts. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling regulates myofibroblast differentiation during alveolarization, whereas peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ activation antagonizes myofibroblast differentiation in lung fibrosis. Using left lung pneumonectomy, the roles of FGF and PPAR-γ signaling in differentiation of myofibroblasts from PDGFR-α–positive precursors during compensatory lung growth were assessed. FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling was inhibited by conditionally activating a soluble dominant-negative FGFR2 transgene. PPAR-γ signaling was activated by administration of rosiglitazone. Changes in α-SMA and PDGFR-α protein expression were assessed in PDGFR-α–green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter mice using immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and real-time PCR. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry demonstrated that the cell ratio and expression levels of PDGFR-α–GFP changed dynamically during alveolar regeneration and that α-SMA expression was induced in a subset of PDGFR-α–GFP cells. Expression of a dominant-negative FGFR2 and administration of rosiglitazone inhibited induction of α-SMA in PDGFR-α–positive fibroblasts and formation of new septae. Changes in gene expression of epithelial and mesenchymal signaling molecules were assessed after left lobe pneumonectomy, and results demonstrated that inhibition of FGFR2 signaling and increase in PPAR-γ signaling altered the expression of Shh, FGF, Wnt, and Bmp4, genes that are also important for epithelial–mesenchymal crosstalk during early lung development. Our data demonstrate for the first time that a comparable

YC-1 potentiates cAMP-induced CREB activation and nitric oxide production in alveolar macrophages.

PubMed

Hwang, Tsong-Long; Tang, Ming-Chi; Kuo, Liang-Mou; Chang, Wen-De; Chung, Pei-Jen; Chang, Ya-Wen; Fang, Yao-Ching

2012-04-15

Alveolar macrophages play significant roles in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory lung diseases. Increases in exhaled nitric oxide (NO) are well documented to reflect disease severity in the airway. In this study, we investigated the effect of 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzyl indazole (YC-1), a known activator of soluble guanylyl cyclase, on prostaglandin (PG)E₁ (a stable PGE₂ analogue) and forskolin (a adenylate cyclase activator) induced NO production and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression in rat alveolar macrophages (NR8383). YC-1 did not directly cause NO production or iNOS expression, but drastically potentiated PGE₁- or forskolin-induced NO production and iNOS expression in NR8383 alveolar macrophages. Combination treatment with YC-1 and PGE₁ significantly increased phosphorylation of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), but not nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation. The combined effect on NO production, iNOS expression, and CREB phosphorylation was reversed by a protein kinase (PK)A inhibitor (H89), suggesting that the potentiating functions were mediated through a cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. Consistent with this, cAMP analogues, but not the cGMP analogue, caused NO release, iNOS expression, and CREB activation. YC-1 treatment induced an increase in PGE₁-induced cAMP formation, which occurred through the inhibition of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity. Furthermore, the combination of rolipram (an inhibitor of PDE4), but not milronone (an inhibitor of PDE3), and PGE₁ also triggered NO production and iNOS expression. In summary, YC-1 potentiates PGE₁-induced NO production and iNOS expression in alveolar macrophages through inhibition of cAMP PDE activity and activation of the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Comparison of Dental Panoramic Radiography and CBCT for Measuring Vertical Bone Height in Different Horizontal Locations of Posterior Mandibular Alveolar Process.

PubMed

Shahidi, Shoaleh; Zamiri, Barbad; Abolvardi, Masoud; Akhlaghian, Marzieh; Paknahad, Maryam

2018-06-01

Accurate measurement of the available bone height is an essential step in the pre-surgical phase of dental implantation. Panoramic radiography is a unique technique in the pre-surgical phase of dental implantations because of its low cost, relatively low-dose, and availability. This article aimed to assess the reliability of dental panoramic radiographs in the accurate measurement of the vertical bone height with respect to the horizontal location of the alveolar crest. 132 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) of the edentulous mandibular molar area and dental panoramic radiograph of 508 patients were selected. Exclusion criteria were bone abnormalities and detectable ideal information on each modality. The alveolar ridge morphology was categorized into 7 types according to the relative horizontal location of the alveolar crest to the mandibular canal based on CBCT findings. The available bone height (ABH) was defined as the distance between the upper border of the mandibular canal and alveolar crest. One oral radiologist and one oral surgeon measured the available bone height twice on each modality with a 7-dayinterval. We found a significant correlation between dental panoramic radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography values (ICC=0.992, p < 0.001). A positive correlation between the horizontal distance of the alveolar crest to the mandibular canal and measured differences between two radiographic modalities had been found (r=0.755, p < 0.001). For each single unit of increase in the horizontal distance of the alveolar crest to the mandibular canal, dental panoramic radiographs showed 0.87 unit of overestimation ( p < 0.001). Dental panoramic radiographs can be employed safely in the pre-surgical phase of dental implantation in posterior alveolus of mandible, especially in routine and simple cases.

Comparison of Dental Panoramic Radiography and CBCT for Measuring Vertical Bone Height in Different Horizontal Locations of Posterior Mandibular Alveolar Process

PubMed Central

Shahidi, Shoaleh; Zamiri, Barbad; Abolvardi, Masoud; Akhlaghian, Marzieh; Paknahad, Maryam

2018-01-01

Statement of the Problem: Accurate measurement of the available bone height is an essential step in the pre-surgical phase of dental implantation. Panoramic radiography is a unique technique in the pre-surgical phase of dental implantations because of its low cost, relatively low-dose, and availability. Purpose: This article aimed to assess the reliability of dental panoramic radiographs in the accurate measurement of the vertical bone height with respect to the horizontal location of the alveolar crest. Materials and Method: 132 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) of the edentulous mandibular molar area and dental panoramic radiograph of 508 patients were selected. Exclusion criteria were bone abnormalities and detectable ideal information on each modality. The alveolar ridge morphology was categorized into 7 types according to the relative horizontal location of the alveolar crest to the mandibular canal based on CBCT findings. The available bone height (ABH) was defined as the distance between the upper border of the mandibular canal and alveolar crest. One oral radiologist and one oral surgeon measured the available bone height twice on each modality with a 7-dayinterval. Results: We found a significant correlation between dental panoramic radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography values (ICC=0.992, p< 0.001). A positive correlation between the horizontal distance of the alveolar crest to the mandibular canal and measured differences between two radiographic modalities had been found (r=0.755, p< 0.001). For each single unit of increase in the horizontal distance of the alveolar crest to the mandibular canal, dental panoramic radiographs showed 0.87 unit of overestimation (p< 0.001). Conclusion: Dental panoramic radiographs can be employed safely in the pre-surgical phase of dental implantation in posterior alveolus of mandible, especially in routine and simple cases. PMID:29854881

Increasing the amount of corticotomy does not affect orthodontic tooth movement or root resorption, but accelerates alveolar bone resorption in rats.

PubMed

Kurohama, Takeshi; Hotokezaka, Hitoshi; Hashimoto, Megumi; Tajima, Takako; Arita, Kotaro; Kondo, Takanobu; Ino, Airi; Yoshida, Noriaki

2017-06-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships among the volume of bone cut during corticotomy, amount of tooth movement, volume of root resorption, and volume of the resultant alveolar bone resorption after tooth movement. Ten-week-old female Wistar rats were distributed into the corticotomy groups and a control group that underwent sham corticotomy. Two experiments employing two different orthodontic forces (10 or 25g) and experimental periods (14 or 21 days) were performed. The volumes of the bone cut by corticotomy were 0.1, 1.0, and 1.7mm3 in the 25g groups, and 1.0 and 1.7mm3 in the 10g groups. Nickel-titanium closed-coil springs were set on the maxillary left first molars to induce mesial movement. After orthodontic tooth movement, the amount of tooth movement, volume of root resorption, and volume of alveolar bone resorption were measured. Despite differences in the volume of bone cut among the different corticotomy groups, there were not significant differences in the amount of tooth movement and volume of root resorption between the control group and any of the corticotomy groups. However, higher volume of bone cut during corticotomy was significantly related to the decreased alveolar bone volume-in particular, to the reduced height of the alveolar bone crest after tooth movement. The volume of the alveolar bone cut during corticotomy does not affect tooth movement or root resorption in 10-week-old female Wistar rats; however, it may increase alveolar bone loss after tooth movement. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontic Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com

Conductive choline transport by alveolar epithelial plasma membrane vesicles.

PubMed

Oelberg, D G; Xu, F

1998-11-01

Choline is an important substrate in alveolar epithelia for both surfactant production and cellular maintenance. The underlying mechanisms of uptake and sites of membrane transport remain uncertain. To test the hypothesis that choline transport occurs at the basolateral side of alveolar epithelia by both Na+-independent and -dependent mechanisms, plasma membrane vesicles were prepared from the apical and basolateral membranes of mature porcine type II pneumocytes. Choline+ transport was assayed by uptake of [3H]choline+ by enriched apical or basolateral vesicles. In the presence of imposed, inside-negative charge gradients, basolateral vesicles exhibited early overshoot of [3H]choline+ uptake unaffected by the presence or absence of external Na+ (541 +/- 53 vs 564 +/- 79 pmol/mg protein (NS)). High sensitivity to hemicholinium-3 was observed in the presence or absence of Na+. In the absence of inside-negative charge gradients, uptake was reduced 12-fold in the presence or absence of Na+, and external choline+ induced internal alkalization of acidified basolateral vesicles. Accumulative [3H]choline+ uptakes by apical vesicles in the presence or absence of inside-negative charge gradients and Na+ were insignificant. We conclude that predominant choline+ uptake by type II pneumocytes occurs at the basolateral membrane by Na+-independent, electrogenic choline+ conductance. The presence of electroneutral choline+/H+ exchange is suggested. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

Uso Del Condón en Adolescentes Nahuas, un Modelo Explicativo.

PubMed

Tirado, María de Los Ángeles Meneses; Benavides-Torres, Raquel A; Navarro, Sergio Meneses; de la Colina, Juan Antonio Doncel; Rodríguez, Dora Julia Onofre; Hernández, Francisco Javier Baéz

2018-03-01

En México, la población indígena supera los siete millones de habitantes, en Puebla el grupo más representativo es el Náhuatl. Sin embargo, las condiciones de vida, salud, educación y transporte son precarias para esta población. En los adolescentes, las responsabilidades como el matrimonio, la familia y los compromisos ante la comunidad, favorecen conductas de riesgo sexual que dificultan su desarrollo económico, social y reproductivo. El objetivo fue proponer un modelo explicativo del uso del condón en adolescentes nahuas. Método. Bajo el marco de la teoría social cognitiva, el concepto de valores culturales de Leininger y el proceso de la sustracción teórica, se desarrolló este artículo. Se muestran las relaciones del modelo con las proposiciones y los factores que influyen en el uso del condón para este grupo específico. Finalmente, el modelo explica las variables de interés, los niveles de abstracción y las relaciones entre sí en el contexto náhuatl. El siguiente paso será implementar los indicadores empíricos para conocer el grado de influencia de los factores personales y ambientales hacia el uso del condón en adolescentes nahuas. Resultados que aportarán información para el desarrollo del conocimiento en enfermería y la reducción de riesgo sexual de esta población.

Comparative study of the novel and conventional injection approach for inferior alveolar nerve block.

PubMed

Boonsiriseth, K; Sirintawat, N; Arunakul, K; Wongsirichat, N

2013-07-01

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of anesthesia obtained with a novel injection approach for inferior alveolar nerve block compared with the conventional injection approach. 40 patients in good health, randomly received each of two injection approaches of local anesthetic on each side of the mandible at two separate appointments. A sharp probe and an electric pulp tester were used to test anesthesia before injection, after injection when the patients' sensation changed, and 5 min after injection. This study comprised positive aspiration and intravascular injection 5% and neurovascular bundle injection 7.5% in the conventional inferior alveolar nerve block, but without occurrence in the novel injection approach. A visual analog scale (VAS) pain assessment was used during injection and surgery. The significance level used in the statistical analysis was p<0.05. For the novel injection approach compared with the conventional injection approach, no significant difference was found on the subjective onset, objective onset, operation time, duration of anesthesia and VAS pain score during operation, but the VAS pain score during injection was significantly different. The efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block by the novel injection approach provided adequate anesthesia and caused less pain and greater safety during injection. Copyright © 2012 International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pirfenidone inhibits p38-mediated generation of procoagulant microparticles by human alveolar epithelial cells.

PubMed

Neri, Tommaso; Lombardi, Stefania; Faìta, Francesca; Petrini, Silvia; Balìa, Cristina; Scalise, Valentina; Pedrinelli, Roberto; Paggiaro, Pierluigi; Celi, Alessandro

2016-08-01

Pirfenidone is a drug recently approved for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis but its mechanisms of action are partially unknown. We have previously demonstrated that the airways of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis contain procoagulant microparticles that activate coagulation factor X to its active form, Xa, a proteinase that signals fibroblast growth and differentiation, thus potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of the disease. We also reported that in vitro exposure of human alveolar cells to H2O2 causes microparticle generation. Since p38 activation is involved in microparticle generation in some cell models and p38 inhibition is one of the mechanisms of action of pirfenidone, we investigated the hypothesis that H2O2-induced generation of microparticles by alveolar cells is dependent on p38 phosphorylation and is inhibited by pirfenidone. H2O2 stimulation of alveolar cells caused p38 phosphorylation that was inhibited by pirfenidone. The drug also inhibited H2O2 induced microparticle generation as assessed by two independent methods (solid phase thrombin generation and flow cytometry). The shedding of microparticle-bound tissue factor activity was also inhibited by pirfenidone. Inhibition of p38-mediated generation of procoagulant microparticle is a previously unrecognized mechanism of action of the antifibrotic drug, pirfenidone. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Position of Lingula as an Index for Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block Injection in 7-11-Year-Old Children

PubMed Central

Ezoddini Ardakani, Fatemeh; Bahrololoumi, Zahra; Zangouie Booshehri, Maryam; Navab Azam, Alireza; Ayatollahi, Fatemeh

2010-01-01

Background and aims Inferior alveolar nerve block injection is one of the common intra oral anesthetic techniques, with a failure rate of 15-20%. The aim of this study was to evaluate the position of the lingula as an index for this injection. Materials and methods Thirty eight panoramic radiographs of 7–11 year old patients were analyzed and the distance between the lingula index and occlusal plane was measured. Then, lower alveolar nerve block injection was performed on 88 children. Finally, a visual analogue scale was used to measure the rate of pain in the patients. Results This distance increased with age and in children younger than nine years is −0.45 mm on the right side and −0.95 mm on the left side. This distance in children older than 9 years is −0.23 mm on the right side and 0.47 mm on the left side. The success rates of inferior alveolar nerve block injection based on lingual index were 49% on the right side and 53.8% on the left side. Conclusion As the lingual index has various positions and its distance from the occlusal plane increases with age, it is not an appropriate landmark for inferior alveolar nerve block injection. PMID:22991596

Efficacy of a bioactive glass-ceramic (Biosilicate) in the maintenance of alveolar ridges and in osseointegration of titanium implants.

PubMed

Roriz, Virgílio M; Rosa, Adalberto L; Peitl, Oscar; Zanotto, Edgar D; Panzeri, Heitor; de Oliveira, Paulo T

2010-02-01

The aims of this research were to evaluate the efficacy of a bioactive glass-ceramic (Biosilicate) and a bioactive glass (Biogran) placed in dental sockets in the maintenance of alveolar ridge and in the osseointegration of Ti implants. Six dogs had their low premolars extracted and the sockets were implanted with Biosilicate, Biogran particles, or left untreated. After the extractions, measurements of width and height on the alveolar ridge were taken. After 12 weeks a new surgery was performed to take the final ridge measurements and to insert bilaterally three Ti implants in biomaterial-implanted and control sites. Eight weeks post-Ti implant placement block biopsies were processed for histological and histomorphometric analysis. The percentages of bone-implant contact (BIC), of mineralized bone area between threads (BABT), and of mineralized bone area within the mirror area (BAMA) were determined. The presence of Biosilicate or Biogran particles preserved alveolar ridge height without affecting its width. No significant differences in terms of BIC, BAMA, and BABT values were detected among Biosilicate, Biogran, and the non-implanted group. The results of the present study indicate that filling of sockets with either Biosilicate or Biogran particles preserves alveolar bone ridge height and allows osseointegration of Ti implants.

Effects of volatile and intravenous anesthesia on the alveolar and systemic inflammatory response in thoracic surgical patients.

PubMed

Schilling, Thomas; Kozian, Alf; Senturk, Mert; Huth, Christof; Reinhold, Annegret; Hedenstierna, Göran; Hachenberg, Thomas

2011-07-01

One-lung ventilation (OLV) results in alveolar proinflammatory effects, whereas their extent may depend on administration of anesthetic drugs. The current study evaluates the effects of different volatile anesthetics compared with an intravenous anesthetic and the relationship between pulmonary and systemic inflammation in patients undergoing open thoracic surgery. Sixty-three patients scheduled for elective open thoracic surgery were randomized to receive anesthesia with 4 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹ propofol (n = 21), 1 minimum alveolar concentration desflurane (n = 21), or 1 minimum alveolar concentration sevoflurane (n = 21). Analgesia was provided by remifentanil (0.25 μg · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹). After intubation, all patients received pressure-controlled mechanical ventilation with a tidal volume of approximately 7 ml · kg ideal body weight, a peak airway pressure lower than 30 cm H₂O, a respiratory rate adjusted to a Paco2 of 40 mmHg, and a fraction of inspired oxygen lower than 0.8 during OLV. Fiberoptic bronchoalveolar lavage of the ventilated lung was performed immediately after intubation and after surgery. The expression of inflammatory cytokines was determined in the lavage fluids and serum samples by multiplexed bead-based immunoassays. Proinflammatory cytokines increased in the ventilated lung after OLV. Mediator release was more enhanced during propofol anesthesia compared with desflurane or sevoflurane administration. For tumor necrosis factor-α, the values were as follows: propofol, 5.7 (8.6); desflurane, 1.6 (0.6); and sevoflurane, 1.6 (0.7). For interleukin-8, the values were as follows: propofol, 924 (1680); desflurane, 390 (813); and sevoflurane, 412 (410). (Values are given as median [interquartile range] pg · ml⁻¹). Interleukin-1β was similarly reduced during volatile anesthesia. The postoperative serum interleukin-6 concentration was increased in all patients, whereas the systemic proinflammatory response was negligible. OLV increases

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Histophilus somni Interaction at the Alveolar Barrier

PubMed Central

Agnes, J. T.; Zekarias, B.; Shao, M.; Anderson, M. L.; Gershwin, L. J.

2013-01-01

Our previous studies showed that Histophilus somni and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) act synergistically in vivo to cause more severe bovine respiratory disease than either agent alone causes. Since H. somni surface and secreted immunoglobulin binding protein A (IbpA) causes retraction of bovine alveolar type 2 (BAT2) cells and invasion between BAT2 cells in vitro, we investigated mechanisms of BRSV-plus-H. somni infection at the alveolar barrier. BRSV treatment of BAT2 cells prior to treatment with IbpA-rich H. somni concentrated culture supernatant (CCS) resulted in increased BAT2 cell rounding and retraction compared to those with either treatment alone. This mimicked the increased alveolar cell thickening in calves experimentally infected with BRSV followed by H. somni compared to that in calves infected with BRSV or H. somni alone. BRSV-plus-H. somni CCS treatment of BAT2 cells also enhanced paracellular migration. The effect of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was investigated as well because microarray analysis revealed that treatment with BRSV plus H. somni synergistically upregulated BAT2 cell expression of mmp1 and mmp3 compared to that in cells treated with either agent alone. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) confirmed that MMP1 and MMP3 protein levels were similarly upregulated. In collagen I and collagen IV (targets for MMP1 and MMP3, respectively) substrate zymography, digestion was increased with supernatants from dually treated BAT2 cells compared with those from singly treated cells. Enhanced breakdown of collagen IV in the basal lamina and of fibrillar collagen I in the adjacent interstitium in the dual infection may facilitate dissemination of H. somni infection. PMID:23649093

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus and Histophilus somni interaction at the alveolar barrier.

PubMed

Agnes, J T; Zekarias, B; Shao, M; Anderson, M L; Gershwin, L J; Corbeil, L B

2013-07-01

Our previous studies showed that Histophilus somni and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) act synergistically in vivo to cause more severe bovine respiratory disease than either agent alone causes. Since H. somni surface and secreted immunoglobulin binding protein A (IbpA) causes retraction of bovine alveolar type 2 (BAT2) cells and invasion between BAT2 cells in vitro, we investigated mechanisms of BRSV-plus-H. somni infection at the alveolar barrier. BRSV treatment of BAT2 cells prior to treatment with IbpA-rich H. somni concentrated culture supernatant (CCS) resulted in increased BAT2 cell rounding and retraction compared to those with either treatment alone. This mimicked the increased alveolar cell thickening in calves experimentally infected with BRSV followed by H. somni compared to that in calves infected with BRSV or H. somni alone. BRSV-plus-H. somni CCS treatment of BAT2 cells also enhanced paracellular migration. The effect of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was investigated as well because microarray analysis revealed that treatment with BRSV plus H. somni synergistically upregulated BAT2 cell expression of mmp1 and mmp3 compared to that in cells treated with either agent alone. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) confirmed that MMP1 and MMP3 protein levels were similarly upregulated. In collagen I and collagen IV (targets for MMP1 and MMP3, respectively) substrate zymography, digestion was increased with supernatants from dually treated BAT2 cells compared with those from singly treated cells. Enhanced breakdown of collagen IV in the basal lamina and of fibrillar collagen I in the adjacent interstitium in the dual infection may facilitate dissemination of H. somni infection.

Primary pulmonary plasmacytoma with diffuse alveolar consolidation: a case report.

PubMed

Mohammad Taheri, Zohreh; Mohammadi, Forouzan; Karbasi, Mehrdad; Seyfollahi, Leila; Kahkoei, Shahram; Ghadiany, Mojtaba; Fayazi, Nader; Mansouri, Davood

2010-06-13

Solitary extramedullary plasmacytomas are plasma cell tumors that tend to develop in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues including the sinonasal or nasopharyngeal regions. Primary plasmacytoma of the lung is exceedingly rare and often presents as a solitary mass or nodule in mid-lung or hilar areas and diagnosed after resection. Herein, we report a case of primary pulmonary plasmacytoma that presented with diffuse alveolar consolidation and diagnosed by transbronchial lung biopsy.

RNA sequencing provides exquisite insight into the manipulation of the alveolar macrophage by tubercle bacilli.

PubMed

Nalpas, Nicolas C; Magee, David A; Conlon, Kevin M; Browne, John A; Healy, Claire; McLoughlin, Kirsten E; Rue-Albrecht, Kévin; McGettigan, Paul A; Killick, Kate E; Gormley, Eamonn; Gordon, Stephen V; MacHugh, David E

2015-09-08

Mycobacterium bovis, the agent of bovine tuberculosis, causes an estimated $3 billion annual losses to global agriculture due, in part, to the limitations of current diagnostics. Development of next-generation diagnostics requires a greater understanding of the interaction between the pathogen and the bovine host. Therefore, to explore the early response of the alveolar macrophage to infection, we report the first application of RNA-sequencing to define, in exquisite detail, the transcriptomes of M. bovis-infected and non-infected alveolar macrophages from ten calves at 2, 6, 24 and 48 hours post-infection. Differentially expressed sense genes were detected at these time points that revealed enrichment of innate immune signalling functions, and transcriptional suppression of host defence mechanisms (e.g., lysosome maturation). We also detected differentially expressed natural antisense transcripts, which may play a role in subverting innate immune mechanisms following infection. Furthermore, we report differential expression of novel bovine genes, some of which have immune-related functions based on orthology with human proteins. This is the first in-depth transcriptomics investigation of the alveolar macrophage response to the early stages of M. bovis infection and reveals complex patterns of gene expression and regulation that underlie the immunomodulatory mechanisms used by M. bovis to evade host defence mechanisms.

Regulation of ENaC and CFTR expression with K+ channel modulators and effect on fluid absorption across alveolar epithelial cells.

PubMed

Leroy, Claudie; Privé, Anik; Bourret, Jean-Charles; Berthiaume, Yves; Ferraro, Pasquale; Brochiero, Emmanuelle

2006-12-01

In a recent study (Leroy C, Dagenais A, Berthiaume Y, and Brochiero E. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 286: L1027-L1037, 2004), we identified an ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channel in alveolar epithelial cells, formed by inwardly rectifying K(+) channel Kir6.1/sulfonylurea receptor (SUR)2B subunits. We found that short applications of K(ATP), voltage-dependent K(+) channel KvLQT1, and calcium-activated K(+) (K(Ca)) channel modulators modified Na(+) and Cl(-) currents in alveolar monolayers. In addition, it was shown previously that a K(ATP) opener increased alveolar liquid clearance in human lungs by a mechanism possibly related to epithelial sodium channels (ENaC). We therefore hypothesized that prolonged treatment with K(+) channel modulators could induce a sustained regulation of ENaC activity and/or expression. Alveolar monolayers were treated for 24 h with inhibitors of K(ATP), KvLQT1, and K(Ca) channels identified by PCR. Glibenclamide and clofilium (K(ATP) and KvLQT1 inhibitors) strongly reduced basal transepithelial current, amiloride-sensitive Na(+) current, and forskolin-activated Cl(-) currents, whereas pinacidil, a K(ATP) activator, increased them. Interestingly, K(+) inhibitors or membrane depolarization (induced by valinomycin in high-K(+) medium) decreased alpha-, beta-, and gamma-ENaC and CFTR mRNA. alpha-ENaC and CFTR proteins also declined after glibenclamide or clofilium treatment. Conversely, pinacidil augmented ENaC and CFTR mRNAs and proteins. Since alveolar fluid transport was found to be driven, at least in part, by Na(+) transport through ENaC, we tested the impact of K(+) channel modulators on fluid absorption across alveolar monolayers. We found that glibenclamide and clofilium reduced fluid absorption to a level similar to that seen in the presence of amiloride, whereas pinacidil slightly enhanced it. Long-term regulation of ENaC and CFTR expression by K(+) channel activity could benefit patients with pulmonary diseases affecting ion

FGFR4 signaling couples to Bim and not Bmf to discriminate subsets of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells.

PubMed

Wachtel, Marco; Rakic, Jelena; Okoniewski, Michal; Bode, Peter; Niggli, Felix; Schäfer, Beat W

2014-10-01

Biological heterogeneity represents a major obstacle for cancer treatment. Therefore, characterization of treatment-relevant tumor heterogeneity is necessary to develop more effective therapies in the future. Here, we uncovered population heterogeneity among PAX/FOXO1-positive alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma by characterizing prosurvival networks initiated by FGFR4 signaling. We found that FGFR4 signaling rescues only subgroups of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells from apoptosis induced by compounds targeting the IGF1R-PI3K-mTOR pathway. Differences in both proapoptotic machinery and FGFR4-activated signaling are involved in the different behavior of the phenotypes. Proapoptotic stress induced by the kinase inhibitors is sensed by Bim/Bad in rescue cells and by Bmf in nonrescue cells. Anti-apoptotic ERK1/2 signaling downstream of FGFR4 is long-lasting in rescue and short-termed in most non-rescue cells. Gene expression analysis detected signatures specific for these two groups also in biopsy samples. The different cell phenotypes are present in different ratios in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma tumors and can be identified by AP2β expression levels. Hence, inhibiting FGFR signaling might represent an important strategy to enhance efficacy of current RMS treatments. © 2014 UICC.

Alveolar macrophages are critical for broadly-reactive antibody-mediated protection against influenza A virus in mice.

PubMed

He, Wenqian; Chen, Chi-Jene; Mullarkey, Caitlin E; Hamilton, Jennifer R; Wong, Christine K; Leon, Paul E; Uccellini, Melissa B; Chromikova, Veronika; Henry, Carole; Hoffman, Kevin W; Lim, Jean K; Wilson, Patrick C; Miller, Matthew S; Krammer, Florian; Palese, Peter; Tan, Gene S

2017-10-10

The aim of candidate universal influenza vaccines is to provide broad protection against influenza A and B viruses. Studies have demonstrated that broadly reactive antibodies require Fc-Fc gamma receptor interactions for optimal protection; however, the innate effector cells responsible for mediating this protection remain largely unknown. Here, we examine the roles of alveolar macrophages, natural killer cells, and neutrophils in antibody-mediated protection. We demonstrate that alveolar macrophages play a dominant role in conferring protection provided by both broadly neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies in mice. Our data also reveal the potential mechanisms by which alveolar macrophages mediate protection in vivo, namely antibody-induced inflammation and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. This study highlights the importance of innate effector cells in establishing a broad-spectrum antiviral state, as well as providing a better understanding of how multiple arms of the immune system cooperate to achieve an optimal antiviral response following influenza virus infection or immunization.Broadly reactive antibodies that recognize influenza A virus HA can be protective, but the mechanism is not completely understood. Here, He et al. show that the inflammatory response and phagocytosis mediated by the interaction between protective antibodies and macrophages are essential for protection.

YC-1 potentiates cAMP-induced CREB activation and nitric oxide production in alveolar macrophages

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hwang, Tsong-Long, E-mail: htl@mail.cgu.edu.tw; Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Tang, Ming-Chi

2012-04-15

Alveolar macrophages play significant roles in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory lung diseases. Increases in exhaled nitric oxide (NO) are well documented to reflect disease severity in the airway. In this study, we investigated the effect of 3-(5′-hydroxymethyl-2′-furyl)-1-benzyl indazole (YC-1), a known activator of soluble guanylyl cyclase, on prostaglandin (PG)E{sub 1} (a stable PGE{sub 2} analogue) and forskolin (a adenylate cyclase activator) induced NO production and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression in rat alveolar macrophages (NR8383). YC-1 did not directly cause NO production or iNOS expression, but drastically potentiated PGE{sub 1}- or forskolin-induced NO production and iNOS expression in NR8383more » alveolar macrophages. Combination treatment with YC-1 and PGE{sub 1} significantly increased phosphorylation of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), but not nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation. The combined effect on NO production, iNOS expression, and CREB phosphorylation was reversed by a protein kinase (PK)A inhibitor (H89), suggesting that the potentiating functions were mediated through a cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. Consistent with this, cAMP analogues, but not the cGMP analogue, caused NO release, iNOS expression, and CREB activation. YC-1 treatment induced an increase in PGE{sub 1}-induced cAMP formation, which occurred through the inhibition of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity. Furthermore, the combination of rolipram (an inhibitor of PDE4), but not milronone (an inhibitor of PDE3), and PGE{sub 1} also triggered NO production and iNOS expression. In summary, YC-1 potentiates PGE{sub 1}-induced NO production and iNOS expression in alveolar macrophages through inhibition of cAMP PDE activity and activation of the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway. Highlights: ► YC-1 potentiated PGE1-induced iNOS expression in alveolar macrophages. ► The combination of YC-1 and PGE1 increased CREB but not NFκ

Culture-expanded mesenchymal stem cell sheets enhance extraction-site alveolar bone growth: An animal study.

PubMed

Mu, S; Tee, B C; Emam, H; Zhou, Y; Sun, Z

2018-04-06

Impaired bone formation of the buccal alveolar plate after tooth extraction during adolescence increases the difficulty of future implant restoration. This study was undertaken to assess the feasibility and efficacy of transplanting autogenous scaffold-free culture-expanded mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) sheets to the buccal alveolar bone surface to stimulate local bone growth. Mandibular bone marrow was aspirated from 3-month-old pigs (n = 5), from which MSCs were isolated and culture expanded. Triple-layer MSC sheets were then fabricated using temperature-responsive tissue culture plates. One month after bone marrow aspirations, the same pigs underwent bilateral extraction of mandibular primary molars, immediately followed by transplantation of 3 autogenous triple-layer MSC sheets on to the subperiosteal buccal alveolar surface of 1 randomly chosen side. The contralateral side (control) underwent the same periosteal reflection surgery without receiving MSC sheet transplantation. Six weeks later, the animals were killed and specimens from both sides were immediately harvested for radiographic and histological analysis. Buccal alveolar bone thickness, tissue mineral density (TMD), mineral apposition and bone volume fraction (BV/TV) were quantified and compared between the MSC sheet and control sides using paired t-tests. Triple-layer MSC sheets were reliably fabricated and the majority of cells remained vital before transplantation. The thickness of buccal bone tended to increase with MSC sheet transplantation (P = .18), with 4 of 5 animals showing an average of 1.82 ± 0.73 mm thicker bone on the MSC sheet side than the control side. After being normalized by the TMD of intracortical bone, the TMD of surface cortical bone was 0.5-fold higher on the MSC sheet side than the control side (P < .05). Likewise, the BV/TV measurements of the buccal surface region were also 0.4-fold higher on the MSC sheet side than the control side (P < .05) after being

A Bloody Mess: An Unusual Case of Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage Because of Warfarin Overdose.

PubMed

Heffler, Enrico; Campisi, Raffaele; Ferri, Sebastian; Crimi, Nunzio

2016-01-01

We herein present the case of a patient with frank hemoptysis and hematuria, dyspnea, and cough. The patient was known to be affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and dilated cardiomyopathy with atrial fibrillation. For this latter condition, he was supposed to take 1.25 mg warfarin daily. Laboratory findings revealed very high levels of International Normalized Ratio (INR) (16), and the patient referred that he self-increased warfarin dose to 5 mg daily since 8 days before the onset of symptoms. Computed tomography scan revealed diffuse bilateral signs of alveolar hemorrhage with hydroaerial levels within emphysematous cysts. Wafarin was immediately stopped and changed with 220 mg dabigatran daily, and he was properly treated to restore a normal coagulation status. We concluded for a case of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage because of warfarin overdose.

Mechanical breath profile of airway pressure release ventilation: the effect on alveolar recruitment and microstrain in acute lung injury.

PubMed

Kollisch-Singule, Michaela; Emr, Bryanna; Smith, Bradford; Roy, Shreyas; Jain, Sumeet; Satalin, Joshua; Snyder, Kathy; Andrews, Penny; Habashi, Nader; Bates, Jason; Marx, William; Nieman, Gary; Gatto, Louis A

2014-11-01

Improper mechanical ventilation settings can exacerbate acute lung injury by causing a secondary ventilator-induced lung injury. It is therefore important to establish the mechanism by which the ventilator induces lung injury to develop protective ventilation strategies. It has been postulated that the mechanism of ventilator-induced lung injury is the result of heterogeneous, elevated strain on the pulmonary parenchyma. Acute lung injury has been associated with increases in whole-lung macrostrain, which is correlated with increased pathology. However, the effect of mechanical ventilation on alveolar microstrain remains unknown. To examine whether the mechanical breath profile of airway pressure release ventilation (APRV), consisting of a prolonged pressure-time profile and brief expiratory release phase, reduces microstrain. In a randomized, nonblinded laboratory animal study, rats were randomized into a controlled mandatory ventilation group (n = 3) and an APRV group (n = 3). Lung injury was induced by polysorbate lavage. A thoracotomy was performed and an in vivo microscope was placed on the lungs to measure alveolar mechanics. In the controlled mandatory ventilation group, multiple levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP; 5, 10, 16, 20, and 24 cm H2O) were tested. In the APRV group, decreasing durations of expiratory release (time at low pressure [T(low)]) were tested. The T(low) was set to achieve ratios of termination of peak expiratory flow rate (T-PEFR) to peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of 10%, 25%, 50%, and 75% (the smaller this ratio is [ie, 10%], the more time the lung is exposed to low pressure during the release phase, which decreases end-expiratory lung volume and potentiates derecruitment). Alveolar perimeters were measured at peak inspiration and end expiration using digital image analysis, and strain was calculated by normalizing the change in alveolar perimeter length to the original length. Macrostrain was measured by volume

Application of augmented reality for inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia: A technical note.

PubMed

Won, Yu-Jin; Kang, Sang-Hoon

2017-06-01

Efforts to apply augmented reality (AR) technology in the medical field include the introduction of AR techniques into dental practice. The present report introduces a simple method of applying AR during an inferior alveolar nerve block, a procedure commonly performed in dental clinics.

[Three-dimensional finite element stress distribution and displacement analysis of alveolar ridge retained by conical telescope].

PubMed

Lin, Ying-he; Man, Yi; Liang, Xing; Qu, Yi-li; Lu, Xuan

2004-11-01

To study the stress distribution and displacement of edentulous alveolar ridge of removable partial denture which is retained by using conical telescope. An ideal three dimensional finite element model was constructed by using SCT image reconstruction technique, self-programming and ANSYS software. The static load was applied. The stress and displacement characteristics of these different types of materials which form the metal part of the conical telescope were compared and analyzed. Generally, the four materials produced almost the same stress and displacement at the site of the edentulous alveolar ridge. From the viewpoint of dynamics, the application of different materials in making the metal part of conical telescope is feasible.

[Diagnostic importance of the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient].

PubMed

Weinans, Marije A E; Drost-de Klerck, Amanda M; ter Maaten, Jan C

2012-01-01

The alveolar-arterial (A-a) oxygen gradient is the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli and the partial pressure of arterial oxygen and can be elevated in the case of pulmonary disease. We describe a 41-year-old patient with pneumonia who presented with abdominal pain, in whom calculation of the A-a gradient could have led to earlier diagnosis. The A-a oxygen gradient is mainly of diagnostic importance and the presented nomogram allows easy and quick interpretation. This might lead to a more frequent use of the A-a oxygen gradient in the future.

Progressive alveolar echinococcosis after discontinuation of anthelmintic therapy

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

We report a case of a female patient with alveolar echinococcosis (AE) who presented with progressive pulmonary and hepatic lesions and had a fatal outcome. AE affecting the liver, the lungs and the brain had been diagnosed 20 years ago and treated successfully with albendazole and stereotactic gamma knife therapy. Due to severe hair loss albendazole was stopped 14 years before presentation. Lesions had remained stable in imaging studies for at least 11 years, but then had started to progress. Lifelong anthelmintic maintenance therapy and regular follow-up may therefore be crucial in order to prevent such a dramatic clinical course. PMID:24289745

Microsurgical Decompression of Inferior Alveolar Nerve After Endodontic Treatment Complications.

PubMed

Bianchi, Bernardo; Ferri, Andrea; Varazzani, Andrea; Bergonzani, Michela; Sesenna, Enrico

2017-07-01

Iatrogenic injury in oral surgery is the most frequent cause of sensory disturbance in the distribution of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and mental nerve.Inferior alveolar nerve damage can occur during third molar extraction, implant location, orthognathic surgery, preprosthetic surgery, salivary gland surgery, local anesthetic injections or during the resection of benign or malignant tumors.Injuries to the IAN can be caused also by endodontic treatment of mandibular molars and premolars when filling material is forced into the tooth and mandibular canal.The sensory disturbances that could follow a damage of the IAN could be hypoesthesia, dysesthesia, hyperesthesia, anesthesia, and sometimes a painful anesthesia that strike ipsilateral lower lip, chin, and teeth. These can undermine life quality by affecting speech, chewing, and social interaction.Treatment of these complications is sometimes difficult and could consist in observation or in surgical decompression of the involved nerve to relieve the patient's symptoms and improve sensory recovery. The most debated points are the timing of intervention and the effective role of decompression in clinical outcome-improvement.The purpose of this article is to show authors' experience with 2 patients treated with microsurgical nerve decompression to remove endodontic material from the mandibular canal and providing also a comprehensive review of the literature.

[Dental alveolar bone and dental arch remodeling in children: orthodontic diagnosis and treatments based on individual child arch development].

PubMed

Xiaobing, Li

2016-12-01

The etiology of malocclusions basically involves both congenital and environmental factors. Malocclusion is the result of the abnormal development of the orofacial complex (including tooth, dental alveolar bone, upper and lower jaws). Early orthodontic interceptive treatments involve the elimination of all congenital and environmental factors that contribute to the malformation of the orofacial complex, as well as interrupt the deviated development of the orofacial complex and the occlusion. Early orthodontic interceptive treatments mainly aim to use children's growth potential to correct abnormal developments of occlusions and orthodontically treat malocclusions more efficiently. The early orthodontic interceptive treatments include correcting the child's bad oral habits, training the abnormal functioned para-oral muscles, maintaining the normal eruptions of succeeding permanent teeth, applying interceptive treatments to the mal-developed teeth, and employing functional orthopedic treatments for abnormal growths of the upper and lower jaws. In orthodontics, correcting mal-positioned teeth is called orthodontic treatment, while rectifying the abnormal relationships of the upper and lower jaws is called functional orthopedic treatment. However, no clear definition is available as regards to the early orthodontic interceptive treatment of malocclusions caused by the deviated development of the dental alveolar bone. This new theory of "early dental alveolar bone and dental arch remodeling technique" was proposed by Professor Li Xiaobing of the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics in West China Hospital of Stomatology through his clinical analyses and investigation of his early orthodontic interceptive treatments. He defined the early orthodontic corrections of abnormal growth of dental alveolar bone as "remodel". The "early dental alveolar bone and dental arch remodeling theory and technique" is proved useful in

Expression of truncated Int6/eIF3e in mammary alveolar epithelium leads to persistent hyperplasia and tumorigenesis

PubMed Central

Mack, David L; Boulanger, Corinne A; Callahan, Robert; Smith, Gilbert H

2007-01-01

Introduction Int6 has been shown to be an interactive participant with the protein translation initiation complex eIF3, the COP9 signalosome and the regulatory lid of the 26S proteasome. Insertion of mouse mammary tumor virus into the Int6 locus creates a C-terminally truncated form of the protein. Expression of the truncated form of Int6 (Int6sh) in stably transfected human and mouse mammary epithelial cell lines leads to cellular transformation. In addition, decreased expression of Int6/eIF3e is observed in approximately one third of all human breast carcinomas. Methods To validate that Int6sh has transforming activity in vivo, a transgenic mouse model was designed using the whey acidic protein (Wap) promoter to target expression of truncated Int6 to differentiating alveolar epithelial cells in the mammary gland. Microarray analyses were performed on normal, premalignant and malignant WapInt6sh expressing tissues. Results Mammary tumors developed in 42% of WapInt6sh heterozygous parous females at an average age of 18 months. In WapInt6sh mice, the contralateral mammary glands from both tumorous and non-tumorous tissues contained widespread focal alveolar hyperplasia. Only 4% of WapInt6sh non-breeding females developed tumors by 2 years of age. The Wap promoter is active only during estrus in the mammary tissue of cycling non-pregnant mice. Microarray analyses of mammary tissues demonstrated that Int6sh expression in the alveolar tissue altered the mammary transcriptome in a specific manner that was detectable even in the first pregnancy. This Int6sh-specific transcriptome pattern subsequently persisted in both the Int6sh-expressing alveolar hyperplasia and mammary tumors. These observations are consistent with the conclusion that WapInt6sh-expressing alveolar cells survive involution following the cessation of lactation, and subsequently give rise to the mammary tumors that arise in aging multiparous females. Conclusion These observations provide direct in vivo

A computer model for the simulation of nanoparticle deposition in the alveolar structures of the human lungs.

PubMed

Sturm, Robert

2015-11-01

According to epidemiological and experimental studies, inhalation of nanoparticles is commonly believed as a main trigger for several pulmonary dysfunctions and lung diseases. Concerning the transport and deposition of such nano-scale particles in the different structures of the human lungs, some essential questions are still in need of a clarification. Therefore, main objective of the study was the simulation of nanoparticle deposition in the alveolar region of the human respiratory tract (HRT). Respective factors describing the aerodynamic behavior of spherical and non-spherical particles in the inhaled air stream (i.e., Cunningham slip correction factors, dynamic shape factors, equivalent-volume diameters, aerodynamic diameters) were computed. Alveolar deposition of diverse nanomaterials according to several known mechanisms, among which Brownian diffusion and sedimentation play a superior role, was approximated by the use of empirical and analytical formulae. Deposition calculations were conducted with a currently developed program, termed NANODEP, which allows the variation of numerous input parameters with regard to particle geometry, lung morphometry, and aerosol inhalation. Generally, alveolar deposition of nanoparticles concerned for this study varies between 0.1% and 12.4% during sitting breathing and between 2.0% and 20.1% during heavy-exercise breathing. Prolate particles (e.g., nanotubes) exhibit a significant increase in deposition, when their aspect ratio is enhanced. In contrast, deposition of oblate particles (e.g., nanoplatelets) is remarkably declined with any reduction of the aspect ratio. The study clearly demonstrates that alveolar deposition of nanoparticles represents a topic certainly being of superior interest for physicists and respiratory physicians in future.

Emodin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in alveolar epithelial cells through Notch signaling pathway

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gao, Rundi; Chen, Ruilin; Cao, Yu

Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by the destruction of lung tissue architecture and the formation of fibrous foci, currently has no satisfactory treatment. Emodin is a component of Chinese herb that has been reported to be medicament on pancreatic fibrosis and liver fibrosis. However, its role in pulmonary fibrosis has not been established yet. In the present study, we investigated the hypothesis that Emodin plays an inhibitory role in TGF-β1 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of alveolar epithelial cell, and Emodin exerts its effect through the Notch signaling pathway. Emodin inhibits the proliferation of Rat alveolar type II epithelial cells RLE-6TN inmore » a concentration-dependent manner; reduces the expression of Collagen I, α-SMA and Vimentin, promotes the expression of E-cadherin. Moreover, Emodin could regulate the expression patterns of the Notch signaling pathway-related factors and reduce the Notch-1 nucleus translocation. Knockdown of Notch-1 enhances the inhibitory effect of Emodin on TGF-β1-induced EMT in RLE-6TN cells. In conclusion, the data of the present study suggests that Emodin suppresses TGF-β1-induced EMT in alveolar epithelial cells through Notch signaling pathway and shows the potential to be effective in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. - Highlights: • Emodin inhibits TGF-β1-induced EMT in alveolar epithelial cells. • Emodin regulates the expression patterns of the Notch signaling pathway-related factors. • Emodin inhibits TGF-β1-induced Notch-1 nucleus translocation and activation.« less

Iliac Crest Donor Site for Children With Cleft Lip and Palate Undergoing Alveolar Bone Grafting: A Long-term Assessment.

PubMed

Wheeler, Jonathan; Sanders, Megan; Loo, Stanley; Moaveni, Zac; Bartlett, Glenn; Keall, Heather; Pinkerton, Mark

2016-05-01

The authors aimed to accurately assess the donor site morbidity from iliac crest bone grafts for secondary bone grafting in patients with cleft lip and palate alveolar defects. Fifty patients between 3 months and 10 years following alveolar bone grafting for cleft lip and palate were entered into the study. Two-thirds of patients had no significant concerns about the donor site. The remaining third had some concerns about the appearance of their hips and less than 10% of patients expressing strong agreement with statements about concerns with shape, appearance, and self-consciousness about the iliac crest donor site. Examination findings showed the average length of scar being 5.4 cm and a third of patients having some minor palpable boney irregularities of the iliac crest. The authors found that the alveolar crest donor site is well tolerated by patients long term but has a measurable morbidity long term.

The role of inducible nitric oxide synthase for interstitial remodeling of alveolar septa in surfactant protein D-deficient mice

PubMed Central

Atochina-Vasserman, Elena N.; Massa, Christopher B.; Birkelbach, Bastian; Guo, Chang-Jiang; Scott, Pamela; Haenni, Beat; Beers, Michael F.; Ochs, Matthias; Gow, Andrew J.

2015-01-01

Surfactant protein D (SP-D) modulates the lung's immune system. Its absence leads to NOS2-independent alveolar lipoproteinosis and NOS2-dependent chronic inflammation, which is critical for early emphysematous remodeling. With aging, SP-D knockout mice develop an additional interstitial fibrotic component. We hypothesize that this age-related interstitial septal wall remodeling is mediated by NOS2. Using invasive pulmonary function testing such as the forced oscillation technique and quasistatic pressure-volume perturbation and design-based stereology, we compared 29-wk-old SP-D knockout (Sftpd−/−) mice, SP-D/NOS2 double-knockout (DiNOS) mice, and wild-type mice (WT). Structural changes, including alveolar epithelial surface area, distribution of septal wall thickness, and volumes of septal wall components (alveolar epithelium, interstitial tissue, and endothelium) were quantified. Twenty-nine-week-old Sftpd−/− mice had preserved lung mechanics at the organ level, whereas elastance was increased in DiNOS. Airspace enlargement and loss of surface area of alveolar epithelium coexist with increased septal wall thickness in Sftpd−/− mice. These changes were reduced in DiNOS, and compared with Sftpd−/− mice a decrease in volumes of interstitial tissue and alveolar epithelium was found. To understand the effects of lung pathology on measured lung mechanics, structural data were used to inform a computational model, simulating lung mechanics as a function of airspace derecruitment, septal wall destruction (loss of surface area), and septal wall thickening. In conclusion, NOS2 mediates remodeling of septal walls, resulting in deposition of interstitial tissue in Sftpd−/−. Forward modeling linking structure and lung mechanics describes the complex mechanical properties by parenchymatous destruction (emphysema), interstitial remodeling (septal wall thickening), and altered recruitability of acinar airspaces. PMID:26320150

Lingual-Alveolar Contact Pressure during Speech in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Preliminary Findings

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Searl, Jeff; Knollhoff, Stephanie; Barohn, Richard J.

2017-01-01

Purpose: This preliminary study on lingual-alveolar contact pressures (LACP) in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) had several aims: (a) to evaluate whether the protocol induced fatigue, (b) to compare LACP during speech (LACP-Sp) and during maximum isometric pressing (LACP-Max) in people with ALS (PALS) versus healthy controls, (c)…

Primary Pulmonary Plasmacytoma with Diffuse Alveolar Consolidation: A Case Report

PubMed Central

Mohammad Taheri, Zohreh; Mohammadi, Forouzan; Karbasi, Mehrdad; Seyfollahi, Leila; Kahkoei, Shahram; Ghadiany, Mojtaba; Fayazi, Nader; Mansouri, Davood

2010-01-01

Solitary extramedullary plasmacytomas are plasma cell tumors that tend to develop in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues including the sinonasal or nasopharyngeal regions. Primary plasmacytoma of the lung is exceedingly rare and often presents as a solitary mass or nodule in mid-lung or hilar areas and diagnosed after resection. Herein, we report a case of primary pulmonary plasmacytoma that presented with diffuse alveolar consolidation and diagnosed by transbronchial lung biopsy. PMID:21151727

Application of augmented reality for inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia: A technical note

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Efforts to apply augmented reality (AR) technology in the medical field include the introduction of AR techniques into dental practice. The present report introduces a simple method of applying AR during an inferior alveolar nerve block, a procedure commonly performed in dental clinics. PMID:28879340

The Efficacy of Plasma Rich in Growth Factors for the Treatment of Alveolar Osteitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PubMed

King, Elizabeth M; Cerajewska, Tanya L; Locke, Matthew; Claydon, Nicholas C A; Davies, Maria; West, Nicola X

2018-06-01

To investigate the efficacy of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF; BTI Biotechnology Institute, San Antonio, Spain) for the treatment of alveolar osteitis compared with a positive control (Alvogyl; Septodont, Maidstone, Kent, UK). This single-center, single-blinded, randomized, 2-treatment, parallel study was conducted in a UK dental hospital. All healthy adults who presented with alveolar osteitis after tooth extraction over a 3-month period were invited to participate. Each socket was randomized and treated with 1 of 2 treatment modalities, a test treatment (PRGF) or a positive control (Alvogyl). After treatment, patients were reviewed at 3 and 7 days by a second clinician blinded to the treatment given. Outcome measures included pain, exposed bone, inflammation, halitosis, dysgeusia, and quality-of-life assessment. Thirty-eight patients with data from 44 sockets (22 in the PRGF group and 22 in the Alvogyl group) were analyzed. The PRGF group showed significantly faster bone coverage and significantly decreased inflammation and halitosis (P < .05) compared with the control group receiving Alvogyl. There was no significant difference for pain, quality-of-life measures, or dysgeusia between groups. PRGF predictably treated alveolar osteitis after tooth extraction compared with the conventional standard treatment of Alvogyl, which has been used for many years. PRGF could be considered an alternative treatment for alveolar osteitis and indeed appears to have considerable advantages over Alvogyl. Copyright © 2018 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Malnutrition causes a reduction in alveolar epithelial sodium and chloride transport which predisposes to death from lung injury.

PubMed

Eisenhut, Michael

2007-01-01

All forms of malnutrition have been associated with increased severity of pneumonia, an increased pneumonia associated mortality and an increased risk of pulmonary fluid overload. Malnutrition was found to be associated with increased sweat sodium and chloride concentrations. A reduction of systemic sodium and chloride transport reflected in sweat sodium and chloride levels has been linked to increased severity of pulmonary edema in children with septicemia. Malnutrition causes a reduction in alveolar epithelial sodium and chloride transport which predisposes to death from lung injury. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR THE HYPOTHESIS: Malnutrition caused reduced pulmonary fluid clearance in the rat model. Amiloride insensitive pulmonary fluid clearance in malnourished rats was reduced. The reduction in fluid clearance was reversible by beta agonists which increases epithelial sodium and chloride transport. Reduction of alveolar ion and fluid transport capacity explains the predisposition to death from pulmonary edema associated with intravenous fluids and blood transfusions in inpatients with malnutrition. Reduced alveolar epithelial ion transport impairs absorption of intra-alveolar inflammatory exudate in pneumonia leading to a increased severity of respiratory compromise and increased mortality. MEANS TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS: Nasal potential difference measurements could compare airway epithelial sodium and chloride transport in patients with and without malnutrition and malnutrition associated lung disease. Sweat sodium and chloride concentrations could be compared in patients with and without respiratory disease associated with malnutrition and correlated with the severity of respiratory compromise.

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma complicated with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage: a rare adverse effect of sunitinib.

PubMed

Yamada, Tadaaki; Ohtsubo, Koushiro; Izumi, Kouji; Takeuchi, Shinji; Mouri, Hisatsugu; Yamashita, Kaname; Yasumoto, Kazuo; Ghenev, Peter; Kitagawa, Satoshi; Yano, Seiji

2010-12-01

We report the case of a 67-year-old man with metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who developed bloody sputum after the administration of sunitinib. Chest computed tomography revealed diffuse ground-glass opacity lesions, and bloody bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was obtained by flexible bronchoscopy. The abnormal shadows promptly regressed after withdrawal of sunitinib. In four cycles of sunitinib treatment, he suffered from controllable diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Finally, he died of respiratory failure 8 months after onset. This is the first case report of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage as an adverse effect of sunitinib in metastatic papillary RCC. Care should be taken with pulmonary hemorrhage in the use of anti-angiogenesis agents in not only squamous cell lung cancer, but also metastatic lung tumors.

Horizontal alveolar ridge augmentation using autologous press fit bone cylinders and micro-lag-screw fixation: technical note and initial experience.

PubMed

Streckbein, Philipp; Kähling, Christopher; Wilbrand, Jan-Falco; Malik, Christoph-Yves; Schaaf, Heidrun; Howaldt, Hans-Peter; Streckbein, Roland

2014-07-01

The use of autologous block bone grafts for horizontal alveolar ridge augmentation in dental implantology is a common surgical procedure. Typically, bone grafts are individually moulded. The aim of this paper is to introduce an innovative procedure in lateral bone augmentation, where the recipient side is adjusted to the graft, not vice versa as in common procedures. Our initial clinical experience of twenty-five consecutive cases is presented. Adjusted trephine drills were used to harvest partly cylindrical grafts from the retromolar region of the mandible. After preparing the recipient site with accurately fitting grinding drills, the bone grafts were transplanted. The horizontally compromised alveolar ridges were successfully augmented and treated with dental implants. No major complication occurred during transplantation, the healing period, and subsequent implant therapy in our experimental setting with 25 patients and 38 augmentation procedures. One out of twenty-five patients presented with temporary dysaesthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve. The new method presented is an effective treatment option for horizontal alveolar ridge augmentation prior to single implant installation. Further studies should evaluate the donor site morbidity and long-term outcome on a larger population. Copyright © 2014 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Human IL-3/GM-CSF knock-in mice support human alveolar macrophage development and human immune responses in the lung

PubMed Central

Willinger, Tim; Rongvaux, Anthony; Takizawa, Hitoshi; Yancopoulos, George D.; Valenzuela, David M.; Murphy, Andrew J.; Auerbach, Wojtek; Eynon, Elizabeth E.; Stevens, Sean; Manz, Markus G.; Flavell, Richard A.

2011-01-01

Mice with a functional human immune system have the potential to allow in vivo studies of human infectious diseases and to enable vaccine testing. To this end, mice need to fully support the development of human immune cells, allow infection with human pathogens, and be capable of mounting effective human immune responses. A major limitation of humanized mice is the poor development and function of human myeloid cells and the absence of human immune responses at mucosal surfaces, such as the lung. To overcome this, we generated human IL-3/GM-CSF knock-in (hIL-3/GM-CSF KI) mice. These mice faithfully expressed human GM-CSF and IL-3 and developed pulmonary alveolar proteinosis because of elimination of mouse GM-CSF. We demonstrate that hIL-3/GM-CSF KI mice engrafted with human CD34+ hematopoietic cells had improved human myeloid cell reconstitution in the lung. In particular, hIL-3/GM-CSF KI mice supported the development of human alveolar macrophages that partially rescued the pulmonary alveolar proteinosis syndrome. Moreover, human alveolar macrophages mounted correlates of a human innate immune response against influenza virus. The hIL-3/GM-CSF KI mice represent a unique mouse model that permits the study of human mucosal immune responses to lung pathogens. PMID:21262803

Evaluation and clinical use of an intraoral inferior alveolar nerve block in the horse.

PubMed

Henry, T; Pusterla, N; Guedes, A G P; Verstraete, F J M

2014-11-01

Local anaesthesia is often required to facilitate invasive procedures in equine dental patients under standing sedation. To show that an intraoral approach can be used to desensitise the inferior alveolar nerve in horses and report complications seen with this technique. The distance of the mandibular foramen from the distal (caudal) edge of the mandibular third molar tooth, rostral edge of the mandibular ramus and ventral margin of the mandible were measured in 26 adult equine skulls of various ages and breeds. Computed tomography (CT) was used to verify the placement of the local anaesthetic with a custom-made device on 4 equine cadaver heads. The technique was applied in 43 clinical cases having procedures performed on the mandibular quadrants using the delivery device. Computed tomography demonstrated that the intraoral approach provided deposition of the local anaesthetic at the mandibular foramen and anatomical localisation of mandibular foramen indicated that anaesthetic solution could be delivered with a 38 mm needle. Clinical patients to lerated invasive dental procedures following the inferior alveolar nerve block with a 5 ml dose of local anaesthetic, without evidence of self-inflicted lingual trauma. The inferior alveolar nerve was successfully desensitised with the intraoral approach with minimal complications. The reduced volume of local anaesthetic and ability to deposit the local anaesthetic in close proximity to the nerve compared with an extraoral technique may decrease the complication of self-inflicted lingual trauma. © 2013 EVJ Ltd.

Ghrelin ameliorates the human alveolar epithelial A549 cell apoptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Huang, Chunrong; Zheng, Haichong; He, Wanmei

Ghrelin is a gastric acyl-peptide that plays an inhibitory role in cell apoptosis. Herein we investigate the protective effects of ghrelin in LPS-induced apoptosis of human alveolar epithelial A549 cells, along with the possible molecular mechanisms. LPS exposure impaired cell viability and increased apoptosis of A549 cells significantly in concentration- and time-dependent manners embodied in increased Bax and cleaved caspase-3 production, coupled with decreased Bcl-2 levels. Simultaneously, LPS remarkably decreased the expression of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinas (ERK) in A549 cells. However, ghrelin'pretreatment ameliorated LPS-caused alterations in the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3 expression, whereas activatedmore » the PI3K/Akt and ERK signaling. These results demonstrate that ghrelin lightens LPS-induced apoptosis of human alveolar epithelial cells partly through activating the PI3K/Akt and ERK pathway and thereby might benefit alleviating septic ALI. -- Graphical abstract: Ghrelin ameliorates the human alveolar epithelial A549 cells apoptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide partly through activating the PI3K/Akt and ERK pathway. Display Omitted -- Highlights: •It has been observed that LPS insult significantly increased apoptosis in A549 cells. •Both Akt and ERK signaling are critical adapter molecules to mediate the ghrelin-mediated proliferative effect. •Ghrelin may have a therapeutic effect in the prevention of LPS-induced apoptosis.« less

Iron homeostatis and oxidative stress in idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a case-control study

EPA Science Inventory

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Lung injury caused by both inhaled dusts and infectious agents depends on increased availability of iron and metal-catalyzed oxidative stress. Because inhaled particles, such as silica, and certain infections can cause secondary pulmonary alveolar proteinosi...

Cigarette smokers have exaggerated alveolar barrier disruption in response to lipopolysaccharide inhalation.

PubMed

Moazed, Farzad; Burnham, Ellen L; Vandivier, R William; O'Kane, Cecilia M; Shyamsundar, Murali; Hamid, Umar; Abbott, Jason; Thickett, David R; Matthay, Michael A; McAuley, Daniel F; Calfee, Carolyn S

2016-12-01

Cigarette smoke exposure is associated with an increased risk of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); however, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain largely unknown. To assess pathways of lung injury and inflammation in smokers and non-smokers with and without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhalation using established biomarkers. We measured plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) biomarkers of inflammation and lung injury in smokers and non-smokers in two distinct cohorts of healthy volunteers, one unstimulated (n=20) and one undergoing 50 μg LPS inhalation (n=30). After LPS inhalation, cigarette smokers had increased alveolar-capillary membrane permeability as measured by BAL total protein, compared with non-smokers (median 274 vs 208 μg/mL, p=0.04). Smokers had exaggerated inflammation compared with non-smokers, with increased BAL interleukin-1β (p=0.002), neutrophils (p=0.02), plasma interleukin-8 (p=0.003), and plasma matrix metalloproteinase-8 (p=0.006). Alveolar epithelial injury after LPS was more severe in smokers than non-smokers, with increased plasma (p=0.04) and decreased BAL (p=0.02) surfactant protein D. Finally, smokers had decreased BAL vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (p<0.0001) with increased soluble VEGF receptor-1 (p=0.0001). Cigarette smoke exposure may predispose to ARDS through an abnormal response to a 'second hit,' with increased alveolar-capillary membrane permeability, exaggerated inflammation, increased epithelial injury and endothelial dysfunction. LPS inhalation may serve as a useful experimental model for evaluation of the acute pulmonary effects of existing and new tobacco products. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

Wool and grain dusts stimulate TNF secretion by alveolar macrophages in vitro.

PubMed Central

Brown, D M; Donaldson, K

1996-01-01

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the ability of two organic dusts, wool and grain, and their soluble leachates to stimulate secretion of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) by rat alveolar macrophages with special reference to the role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS: Rat alveolar macrophages were isolated by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and treated in vitro with whole dust, dust leachates, and a standard LPS preparation. TNF production was measured in supernatants with the L929 cell line bioassay. RESULTS: Both wool and grain dust samples were capable of stimulating TNF release from rat alveolar macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. The standard LPS preparation caused a dose-dependent secretion of TNF. Leachates prepared from the dusts contained LPS and also caused TNF release but leachable LPS could not account for the TNF release and it was clear that non-LPS leachable activity was present in the grain dust and that wool dust particles themselves were capable of causing release of TNF. The role of LPS in wool dust leachates was further investigated by treating peritoneal macrophages from two strains of mice, LPS responders (C3H) and LPS non-responders (C3H/HEJ), with LPS. The non-responder mouse macrophages produced very low concentrations of TNF in response to the wool dust leachates compared with the responders. CONCLUSIONS: LPS and other unidentified leachable substances present on the surface of grain dust, and to a lesser extent on wool dust, are a trigger for TNF release by lung macrophages. Wool dust particles themselves stimulate TNF. TNF release from macrophages could contribute to enhancement of inflammatory responses and symptoms of bronchitis and breathlessness in workers exposed to organic dusts such as wool and grain. PMID:8758033

Wool and grain dusts stimulate TNF secretion by alveolar macrophages in vitro.

PubMed

Brown, D M; Donaldson, K

1996-06-01

The aim of the study was to investigate the ability of two organic dusts, wool and grain, and their soluble leachates to stimulate secretion of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) by rat alveolar macrophages with special reference to the role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Rat alveolar macrophages were isolated by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and treated in vitro with whole dust, dust leachates, and a standard LPS preparation. TNF production was measured in supernatants with the L929 cell line bioassay. Both wool and grain dust samples were capable of stimulating TNF release from rat alveolar macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. The standard LPS preparation caused a dose-dependent secretion of TNF. Leachates prepared from the dusts contained LPS and also caused TNF release but leachable LPS could not account for the TNF release and it was clear that non-LPS leachable activity was present in the grain dust and that wool dust particles themselves were capable of causing release of TNF. The role of LPS in wool dust leachates was further investigated by treating peritoneal macrophages from two strains of mice, LPS responders (C3H) and LPS non-responders (C3H/HEJ), with LPS. The non-responder mouse macrophages produced very low concentrations of TNF in response to the wool dust leachates compared with the responders. LPS and other unidentified leachable substances present on the surface of grain dust, and to a lesser extent on wool dust, are a trigger for TNF release by lung macrophages. Wool dust particles themselves stimulate TNF. TNF release from macrophages could contribute to enhancement of inflammatory responses and symptoms of bronchitis and breathlessness in workers exposed to organic dusts such as wool and grain.

Orthodontic Treatment Combined with Orthognathic Surgery and Simultaneous Alveolar Bone Graft of a Unilateral Complete Cleft Lip and Palate Patient: A Case Report.

PubMed

Pisek, Poonsak; Manosudprasit, Montian; Wangsrimongkol, Tasanee; Jinaporntham, Suthin; Wiwatworakul, Opas

2015-08-01

This article aimed to present a case of 22 year-old Thai female with cleft lip and palate who had malocclusion developed from dental problems, skeletal disharmony and unrepaired alveolar cleft. The treatment was orthodontic combined with one-stage surgical correction which corrected skeletal discrepancy and alveolar cleft in single operation. After treatment, the patient had improved in facial esthetics, attaining good occlusal function and continuous maxillary dental arch. This procedure can reduce morbidity, preclude a second hospitalization and the cost of two-stage surgical correction. However this is only an alternative treatment for adult cleft patients who need late alveolar bone graft and orthognathic surgery.

Vascularization of the gray whale palate (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Eschrichtius robustus): soft tissue evidence for an alveolar source of blood to baleen.

PubMed

Ekdale, Eric G; Deméré, Thomas A; Berta, Annalisa

2015-04-01

The origin of baleen in mysticetes heralded a major transition during cetacean evolution. Extant mysticetes are edentulous in adulthood, but rudimentary teeth develop in utero within open maxillary and mandibular alveolar grooves. The teeth are resorbed prenatally and the alveolar grooves close as baleen germ develops. Arteries supplying blood to highly vascularized epithelial tissue from which baleen develops pass through lateral nutrient foramina in the area of the embryonic alveolar grooves and rudimentary teeth. Those vessels are hypothesized to be branches of the superior alveolar artery, but branches of the greater palatine arteries may play a role in the baleen vascularization. Through a combination of latex injection, CT, and traditional dissection of the palate of a neonatal gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), we confirm that the baleen receives blood from vessels within the superior alveolar canal via the lateral foramina. The greater palatine artery is restricted to its own passage with no connections to the baleen. This study has implications for the presence of baleen in extinct taxa by identifying the vessels and bony canals that supply blood to the epithelium from which baleen develops. The results indicate that the lateral foramina in edentulous mysticete fossils are bony correlates for the presence of baleen, and the results can be used to help identify bony canals and foramina that have been used to reconstruct baleen in extinct mysticetes that retained teeth in adulthood. Further comparisons are made with mammals that also possess oral keratin structures, including ruminants, ornithorhynchid monotremes, and sirenians. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Neutralization and clearance of GM-CSF by autoantibodies in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

PubMed Central

Piccoli, Luca; Campo, Ilaria; Fregni, Chiara Silacci; Rodriguez, Blanca Maria Fernandez; Minola, Andrea; Sallusto, Federica; Luisetti, Maurizio; Corti, Davide; Lanzavecchia, Antonio

2015-01-01

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a severe autoimmune disease caused by autoantibodies that neutralize GM-CSF resulting in impaired function of alveolar macrophages. In this study, we characterize 21 GM-CSF autoantibodies from PAP patients and find that somatic mutations critically determine their specificity for the self-antigen. Individual antibodies only partially neutralize GM-CSF activity using an in vitro bioassay, depending on the experimental conditions, while, when injected in mice together with human GM-CSF, they lead to the accumulation of a large pool of circulating GM-CSF that remains partially bioavailable. In contrast, a combination of three non-cross-competing antibodies completely neutralizes GM-CSF activity in vitro by sequestering the cytokine in high-molecular-weight complexes, and in vivo promotes the rapid degradation of GM-CSF-containing immune complexes in an Fc-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings provide a plausible explanation for the severe phenotype of PAP patients and for the safety of treatments based on single anti-GM-CSF monoclonal antibodies. PMID:26077231

Production of Fibronectin by the Human Alveolar Macrophage: Mechanism for the Recruitment of Fibroblasts to Sites of Tissue Injury in Interstitial Lung Diseases

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rennard, Stephen I.; Hunninghake, Gary W.; Bitterman, Peter B.; Crystal, Ronald G.

1981-11-01

Because cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system are known to produce fibronectin and because alveolar macrophages are activated in many interstitial lung diseases, the present study was designed to evaluate a role for the alveolar macrophage as a source of the increased levels of fibronectin found in the lower respiratory tract in interstitial lung diseases and to determine if such fibronectin might contribute to the development of the fibrosis found in these disorders by being a chemoattractant for human lung fibroblasts. Production of fibronectin by human alveolar macrophages obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage and maintained in short-term culture in serum-free conditions was demonstrated; de novo synthesis was confirmed by the incorporation of [14C]proline. This fibronectin had a monomer molecular weight of 220,000 and was antigenically similar to plasma fibronectin. Macrophages from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis produced fibronectin at a rate 20 times higher than did normal macrophages; macrophages from patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis produced fibronectin at 10 times the normal rate. Macrophages from 6 of 10 patients with various other interstitial disorders produced fibronectin at rates greater than the rate of highest normal control. Human alveolar macrophage fibronectin was chemotactic for human lung fibroblasts, suggesting a functional role for this fibronectin in the derangement of the alveolar structures that is characteristic of these disorders.

Arctigenin Induces an Activation Response in Porcine Alveolar Macrophage Through TLR6-NOX2-MAPKs Signaling Pathway.

PubMed

Lu, Zheng; Chang, Lingling; Du, Qian; Huang, Yong; Zhang, Xiujuan; Wu, Xingchen; Zhang, Jie; Li, Ruizhen; Zhang, Zelin; Zhang, Wenlong; Zhao, Xiaomin; Tong, Dewen

2018-01-01

Arctigenin (ARG), one of the most active ingredients abstracted from seeds of Arctium lappa L. , has been proved to exert promising biological activities such as immunomodulatory, anti-viral, and anti-cancer etc. However, the mechanism behind its immunomodulatory function still remains elusive to be further investigated. In this study, we found that ARG had no significant effects on the cell proliferation in both porcine alveolar macrophage cell line (3D4/21) and primary porcine derived alveolar macrophage. It remarkably increased the expression and secretion of the two cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1) in a dose-dependent manner with the concomitant enhancement of phagocytosis, which are the indicators of macrophage activation. ARG also elevated the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by activating NOX2-based NADPH oxidase. Furthermore, inhibition of ROS generation by diphenyliodonium and apocynin significantly suppressed ARG-induced cytokine secretion and phagocytosis increase, indicating the requirement of ROS for the porcine alveolar macrophage activation. In addition, TLR6-My88 excitation, p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were all involved in the process. As blocking TLR6 receptor dramatically attenuated the NOX2 oxidase activation, cytokine secretion and phagocytosis increase. Inhibiting ROS generation almost abolished p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and the cytokine secretion could also be remarkably reduced by p38 and ERK1/2 inhibitors (SB203580 and UO126). Our finding gave a new insight of understanding that ARG could improve the immune-function of porcine alveolar macrophages through TLR6-NOX2 oxidase-MAPKs signaling pathway.

Arctigenin Induces an Activation Response in Porcine Alveolar Macrophage Through TLR6-NOX2-MAPKs Signaling Pathway

PubMed Central

Lu, Zheng; Chang, Lingling; Du, Qian; Huang, Yong; Zhang, Xiujuan; Wu, Xingchen; Zhang, Jie; Li, Ruizhen; Zhang, Zelin; Zhang, Wenlong; Zhao, Xiaomin; Tong, Dewen

2018-01-01

Arctigenin (ARG), one of the most active ingredients abstracted from seeds of Arctium lappa L., has been proved to exert promising biological activities such as immunomodulatory, anti-viral, and anti-cancer etc. However, the mechanism behind its immunomodulatory function still remains elusive to be further investigated. In this study, we found that ARG had no significant effects on the cell proliferation in both porcine alveolar macrophage cell line (3D4/21) and primary porcine derived alveolar macrophage. It remarkably increased the expression and secretion of the two cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1) in a dose-dependent manner with the concomitant enhancement of phagocytosis, which are the indicators of macrophage activation. ARG also elevated the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by activating NOX2-based NADPH oxidase. Furthermore, inhibition of ROS generation by diphenyliodonium and apocynin significantly suppressed ARG-induced cytokine secretion and phagocytosis increase, indicating the requirement of ROS for the porcine alveolar macrophage activation. In addition, TLR6-My88 excitation, p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were all involved in the process. As blocking TLR6 receptor dramatically attenuated the NOX2 oxidase activation, cytokine secretion and phagocytosis increase. Inhibiting ROS generation almost abolished p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and the cytokine secretion could also be remarkably reduced by p38 and ERK1/2 inhibitors (SB203580 and UO126). Our finding gave a new insight of understanding that ARG could improve the immune-function of porcine alveolar macrophages through TLR6-NOX2 oxidase-MAPKs signaling pathway. PMID:29867481

Preparation and Evaluations of Mangiferin-Loaded PLGA Scaffolds for Alveolar Bone Repair Treatment Under the Diabetic Condition.

PubMed

Li, Hao; Liao, Hongbing; Bao, Chongyun; Xiao, Yu; Wang, Qi

2017-02-01

The aim of the present study was to prepare and evaluate a sustained-release mangiferin scaffold for improving alveolar bone defect repair in diabetes. Mangiferin-loaded poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffolds were prepared using a freeze-drying technique with ice particles as the porogen material. The produced scaffolds were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Drug content and drug release were detected using a spectrophotometer. Degradation behaviors were monitored as a measure of weight loss and examined using SEM. Then, the scaffolds were incubated with rat bone marrow stromal cells under the diabetic condition in vitro, and cell viability was assessed using an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Afterward, the scaffolds were implanted into alveolar bone defects of diabetic rats, and bone repair was examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The fabricated scaffolds showed porous structures, with average pore size range from 111.35 to 169.45 μm. A higher PLGA concentration led to decreased average pore size. A lower PLGA concentration or a higher mangiferin concentration resulted in increased drug content. The prepared scaffolds released mangiferin in a sustained manner with relatively low initial burst during 10 weeks. Their degradation ratios gradually increased as degradation proceeded. The mangiferin-loaded scaffolds attenuated cell viability decrease under the diabetic condition in vitro. Moreover, they increased histological scorings of bone regeneration and improved delayed alveolar bone defect healing in diabetic rats. These results suggest that the produced mangiferin-loaded scaffolds may provide a potential approach in the treatment of impaired alveolar bone healing in diabetes.

Endovascular embolization for the management of inferior alveolar artery bleeding after a third molar extraction: A case report.

PubMed

Bianchi, Bernardo; Varazzani, Anea; Ferri, Anea; Menozzi, Roberto; Sesenna, Enrico

2016-03-01

Removal of third molars is a common surgical procedure with low complication rates. Localized alveolar osteitis, infection, bleeding, and paresthesia are the four most common postoperative complications of third molar extraction reported in the literature. Postoperative severe hemorrhages are rare and are usually related to inferior alveolar artery damage. Although most bleeding is usually managed effectively by local compression or packing of the socket, even life-threatening complications may occur. Endovascular embolization has been rarely reported as treatment for such a complication and represents an ideal solution, with a low complication rate and excellent control of bleeding. The authors report a case of potentially life-threatening hemorrhage continuing 4 days after extraction of the mandibular right third molar, resulting in significant anemia (Hb 6.6 g/dL) and treated successfully with endovascular embolization of the inferior alveolar artery. The authors consider it important for general practitioners to know this treatment and how to manage this rare complication in the correct way, saving time if satisfactory hemostasis cannot be reached with common procedures.

Inferior alveolar nerve canal and branches detected with dental cone beam computed tomography in lower third molar region.

PubMed

Yamada, Takahisa; Ishihama, Kohji; Yasuda, Kouichi; Hasumi-Nakayama, Yoko; Ito, Kana; Yamaoka, Minoru; Furusawa, Kiyofumi

2011-05-01

To evaluate the course of the inferior alveolar nerve and its branches, the detectable branches were investigated with dental cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Patients in whom the lower third molar (M3) and inferior alveolar nerve canal showed overlapping in the initial panoramic image were included. One hundred twelve impacted lower M3s were extracted after examination with dental CBCT. The detection ratio, the course of the branches, and their relation with the M3 were retrospectively investigated. One hundred fifty-five branches were observed in 106 cases (94.6%, 106/112) around the M3. Most branches coursed under the M3 (55.5%, 86/155), and 85 branches (54.8%, 85/155) were in contact with the M3. The inferior alveolar nerve canal and branch(es) were mostly in contact with the M3 (57.5%, 61/106). Dental CBCT can detect most tubular structures representing branches in the impacted lower M3 region. Copyright © 2011 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Sesión clínica de los NIH de tumores del estroma gastrointestinal (TEGI) infantiles y de tipo natural | Center for Cancer Research

Cancer.gov

Fecha de la sesión: Del 20 al 22 de junio de 2018 Esta solicitud es el primero de un proceso de varios pasos para considerar su participación en nuestra próxima sesión clínica de TEGI infantiles y de tipo natural. Por favor, lea las tres páginas y responda completamente todas las preguntas:

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory bone resorption, and protects against alveolar bone loss in mice.

PubMed

Tominari, Tsukasa; Matsumoto, Chiho; Watanabe, Kenta; Hirata, Michiko; Grundler, Florian M W; Miyaura, Chisato; Inada, Masaki

2015-01-01

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenol in green tea, possesses antioxidant properties and regulates various cell functions. Here, we examined the function of EGCG in inflammatory bone resorption. In calvarial organ cultures, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bone resorption was clearly suppressed by EGCG. In osteoblasts, EGCG suppressed the LPS-induced expression of COX-2 and mPGES-1 mRNAs, as well as prostaglandin E2 production, and also suppressed RANKL expression, which is essential for osteoclast differentiation. LPS-induced bone resorption of mandibular alveolar bones was attenuated by EGCG in vitro, and the loss of mouse alveolar bone mass was inhibited by the catechin in vivo.

Los plaguicidas y la contaminacion del medio ambiente Venezolano

USGS Publications Warehouse

Stickel, L.F.; Stickel, W.H.

1972-01-01

RESUMEN DE RECOMENDACIONES Recomendaciones para el Programa de Investigacion: 1. Establecer un sistema de muestreo biologico para detectar los niveles tendencias de los productos quimicos toxicos en un peque?o numero de si tios representativos. 2. Mantener continua vigilancia de la contaminacion ambiental, mediante la seleccion acertadamente dirigida de las zonas afectadas y de las fuentes de contaminacion. 3. Realizar estudios acerca de las poblaciones de animales silvestres, y del exito de los procesos reproductivos de las especies o grupos clayes de animales que se consideran mas gravemente afectados. 4. Preparar recomendaciones para una accion gubernamental de proteccion al hombre, a la fauna silvestre y al medio ambiente. Recomendaciones para la Accion Administrativa: 1. Establecer limites a la tolerancia de los residuos de plaguicidas en los alimentos. Constituye una medida clave para disminuir la contaminacion ambiental. 2. Establecer normas de calidad del agua para las corrientes, represas, la gos y otros cuerpos. Es la segunda medida clave para reducir la contaminacion del ambiente 3. Exigir un tratamiento adecuado de los efluentes industriales, especialmente antes de que se construyan las nuevas plantas. 4. Exigir a los agricultores que en el uso de plaguicidas sigan los consejos tecnicos autorizados y negar a los vendedores el derecho a recomendar productos por su cuenta. 5. Tomar medidas para recoger y eliminar los recipientes y sobrantes de los plaguicidas.

Reactive Oxygen Species/Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α/Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB Autocrine Loop Contributes to Cocaine-Mediated Alveolar Epithelial Barrier Damage

PubMed Central

Yang, Lu; Chen, Xufeng; Simet, Samantha M.; Hu, Guoku; Cai, Yu; Niu, Fang; Kook, Yeonhee

2016-01-01

Abuse of psychostimulants, such as cocaine, has been shown to be closely associated with complications of the lung, such as pulmonary hypertension, edema, increased inflammation, and infection. However, the mechanism by which cocaine mediates impairment of alveolar epithelial barrier integrity that underlies various pulmonary complications has not been well determined. Herein, we investigate the role of cocaine in disrupting the alveolar epithelial barrier function and the associated signaling cascade. Using the combinatorial electric cell–substrate impedance sensing and FITC-dextran permeability assays, we demonstrated cocaine-mediated disruption of the alveolar epithelial barrier, as evidenced by increased epithelial monolayer permeability with a concomitant loss of the tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 (Zo-1) in both mouse primary alveolar epithelial cells and the alveolar epithelial cell line, L2 cells. To dissect the signaling pathways involved in this process, we demonstrated that cocaine-mediated induction of permeability factors, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) and vascular endothelial growth factor, involved reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent induction of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. Interestingly, we demonstrated that ROS-dependent induction of another transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid-2–related factor-2, that did not play a role in cocaine-mediated barrier dysfunction. Importantly, this study identifies, for the first time, that ROS/HIF-1α/PDGF-BB autocrine loop contributes to cocaine-mediated barrier disruption via amplification of oxidative stress and downstream signaling. Corroboration of these cell culture findings in vivo demonstrated increased permeability of the alveolar epithelial barrier, loss of expression of Zo-1, and a concomitantly increased expression of both HIF-1α and PDGF-BB. Pharmacological blocking of HIF-1α significantly abrogated cocaine-mediated loss of Zo-1. Understanding the

Three-dimensional Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography of alveolar mechanics in stepwise inflated and deflated isolated and perfused rabbit lungs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krueger, Alexander; Knels, Lilla; Meissner, Sven; Wendel, Martina; Heller, Axel R.; Lambeck, Thomas; Koch, Thea; Koch, Edmund

2007-07-01

Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) was used to acquire three-dimensional image stacks of isolated and perfused rabbit lungs (n = 4) at different constant pulmonary airway pressures (CPAP) and during vascular fixation. After despeckling and applying a threshold, the images were segmented into air and tissue, and registered to each other to compensate for movement between CPAP steps. The air-filled cross-sectional areas were quantified using a semi-automatic algorithm. The cross-sectional area of alveolar structures taken at all three perpendicular planes increased with increasing CPAP. Between the minimal CPAP of 3 mbar and the maximum of 25 mbar the areas increased to about 140% of their initial value. There was no systematic dependency of inflation rate on initial size of the alveolar structure. During the perfusion fixation of the lungs with glutaraldehyde morphometric changes of the alveolar geometry measured with FD-OCT were negligible.

Inferior Alveolar Nerve Lateralization and Transposition for Dental Implant Placement. Part II: a Systematic Review of Neurosensory Complications.

PubMed

Abayev, Boris; Juodzbalys, Gintaras

2015-01-01

This article, the second in a two-part series, continues the discussion of inferior alveolar nerve lateralization/transposition for dental implant placement. The aim of this article is to review the scientific literature and clinical reports in order to analyse the neurosensory complications, risks and disadvantages of lateralization/transposition of the inferior alveolar nerve followed by implant placement in an edentulous atrophic posterior mandible. A comprehensive review of the current literature was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines by accessing the NCBI PubMed and PMC databases, as well as academic sites and books. The articles were searched from January 1997 to July 2014. Articles in English language, which included adult patients between 18 - 80 years of age who had minimal residual bone above the mandibular canal and had undergone inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) repositioning, with minimum 6 months of follow-up, were included. A total of 21 studies were included in this review. Ten were related to IAN transposition, 7 to IAN lateralization and 4 to both transposition and lateralization. The IAN neurosensory disturbance function was present in most patients (99.47% [376/378]) for 1 to 6 months. In total, 0.53% (2/378) of procedures the disturbances were permanent. Inferior alveolar nerve repositioning is related to initial transient change in sensation in the majority of cases. The most popular causes of nerve damage are spatula-caused traction in the mucoperiosteal flap, pressure due to severe inflammation or retention of fluid around the nerve and subsequent development of transient ischemia, and mandibular body fracture.

Alveolar Bone Housing- A Modified Wilkodontics Approach- A Case Report

PubMed Central

Sanjay, Kothamachu; Bhongade, ML; Shrivastav, Sunita

2016-01-01

Accelerated orthodontic treatment is the need of the hour in current scenario as the conventional orthodontics is time taking. Corticotomy assisted orthodontics have been used for years to reduce the treatment duration by reducing the resistance provided by alveolar bone housing. This case report describes the orthodontic treatment combined with the modification in conventional wilkodontic technique in a patient to accelerate tooth movement and shorten the treatment time with an anterior open bite and flared and spaced upper and lower incisors. Firstly plaque control was achieved with supra and subgingival scaling. A modified approach using periodontal access flap followed by vertical bone cuts in the cortical bone from the crest of the alveolar bone margin to 2mm-3mm below the apices of all the anterior teeth extending from upper left canine to upper right canine were performed. These vertical cuts were joined by horizontal cuts apically and flap repositioned. An MBT 0.018 inch appliance was bonded. Orthodontic therapy proceeded with frequent activation of the appliances to retract the incisors every two weeks. The total treatment time was four and half months with active period of two months and no adverse effects were observed at the end of active treatment. The modified decortication technique reduced the treatment time to a considerable extent. The interdental spacing closed and optimum overjet and overbite was achieved. PMID:27656577

Fine ambient particles induce oxidative stress and metal binding genes in human alveolar machrophages

EPA Science Inventory

Exposure to ambient pollutant particles (APP) increased respiratory morbidity and mortality. The alveolar macrophages (AMs) are one cell type in the lung directly exposed to APP. Upon contact with APP, AMs are activated and produce reactive oxygen species, but the scope ofthis ox...

MITOCHONDRIAL OXIDANT PRODUCTION BY POLLUTANT DUST AND NO-MEDIATED APOPTOSIS IN HUMAN ALVEOLAR MACHROPHAGE

EPA Science Inventory

Residual oil fly ash (ROFA) is a pollutant dust that stimulates production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from mitochondria and apoptosis in alveolar macrophages (AM), but the relationship between these two processes is unclear. In this study, human AM were incubated with RO...

Targeting Nrf2 Signaling Improves Bacterial Clearance by Alveolar Macrophages in Patients with COPD and in a Mouse Model

PubMed Central

Harvey, Christopher J.; Thimmulappa, Rajesh K.; Sethi, Sanjay; Kong, Xiaoni; Yarmus, Lonny; Brown, Robert H.; David, Feller-Kopman; Wise, Robert; Biswal, Shyam

2016-01-01

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have innate immune dysfunction in the lung largely due to defective macrophage phagocytosis. This deficiency results in periodic bacterial infections that cause acute exacerbations of COPD, a major source of morbidity and mortality. Recent studies indicate that a decrease in Nrf2 (nuclear erythroid–related factor 2) signaling in patients with COPD may hamper their ability to defend against oxidative stress, although the role of Nrf2 in COPD exacerbations has not been determined. Here, we test whether activation of Nrf2 by the phytochemical sulforaphane restores phagocytosis of clinical isolates of nontypeable Haemophilus influenza (NTHI) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) by alveolar macrophages from patients with COPD. Sulforaphane treatment restored bacteria recognition and phagocytosis in alveolar macrophages from COPD patients. Furthermore, sulforaphane treatment enhanced pulmonary bacterial clearance by alveolar macrophages and reduced inflammation in wild-typemice but not in Nrf2-deficientmice exposed to cigarette smoke for 6 months. Gene expression and promoter analysis revealed that Nrf2 increased phagocytic ability of macrophages by direct transcriptional up-regulation of the scavenger receptor MARCO. Disruption of Nrf2 or MARCO abrogated sulforaphane-mediated bacterial phagocytosis by COPD alveolar macrophages. Our findings demonstrate the importance of Nrf2 and its downstream target MARCO in improving antibacterial defenses and provide a rationale for targeting this pathway, via pharmacological agents such as sulforaphane, to prevent exacerbations of COPD caused by bacterial infection. PMID:21490276

Combined preoperative measurement of three inferior alveolar canal factors using computed tomography predicts the risk of inferior alveolar nerve injury during lower third molar extraction.

PubMed

Tachinami, H; Tomihara, K; Fujiwara, K; Nakamori, K; Noguchi, M

2017-11-01

A retrospective cohort study was performed to assess the clinical usefulness of combination assessment using computed tomography (CT) images in patients undergoing third molar extraction. This study included 85 patients (124 extraction sites). The relationship between cortication status, buccolingual position, and shape of the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) on CT images and the incidence of inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury after third molar extraction was evaluated. IAN injury was observed at eight of the 124 sites (6.5%), and in five of 19 sites (26.3%) in which cortication was absent+the IAC had a lingual position+the IAC had a dumbbell shape. Significant relationships were found between IAN injury and the three IAC factors (cortication status, IAC position, and IAC shape; P=0.0001). In patients with the three IAC factors, logistic regression analysis indicated a strong association between these factors and IAN injury (P=0.007). An absence of cortication, a lingually positioned IAC, and a dumbbell-shaped IAC are considered to indicate a high risk of IAN injury according to the logistic regression analysis (P=0.007). These results suggest that a combined assessment of these three IAC factors could be useful for the improved prediction of IAN injury. Copyright © 2017 International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Whole lung lavage: the salvage therapy for pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.

PubMed

Indira, K S Kumari; Rajesh, V; Darsana, V; Ranjit, U; John, Jiju; Vengadakrishnaraj, S P; Dharmadhikari, Shubhada Amol

2007-01-01

A 53-year-old school teacher presented with progressive exertional breathlessness and dry cough of three months duration. His diagnosis was confirmed as pulmonary alveolar proteinosis on open lung biopsy. In about three months, the disease progressed to life threatening respiratory failure. He was subjected to whole lung lavage (WLL) as a salvage therapy. The technical details of WLL performed on this patient are described. At six months follow up, he was clinically and functionally stable and leading a near normal life.

Salmeterol improves fluid clearance from alveolar-capillary membrane in COPD patients: a pilot study.

PubMed

Di Marco, Fabiano; Guazzi, Marco; Sferrazza Papa, Giuseppe Francesco; Vicenzi, Marco; Santus, Pierachille; Busatto, Paolo; Piffer, Federico; Blasi, Francesco; Centanni, Stefano

2012-02-01

The cardiovascular component associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) plays a major role in disease prognosis, accounting for 25% of the deaths. Experimental and initial clinical data suggest that beta-adrenergic agonists accelerate fluid clearance from the alveolar airspace, with potentially positive effects on cardiogenic and noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema. This pilot study investigated the acute effects of the long-acting beta-2 agonist, salmeterol, on alveolar fluid clearance after rapid saline intravenous infusion by evaluating diffusive and mechanical lung properties. Ten COPD and 10 healthy subjects were treated with salmeterol or placebo 4 h before the patient's mechanical and diffusive lung properties were measured during four non consecutive days, just before and after a rapid saline infusion, or during a similar period without an infusion. In both COPD and healthy subjects, rapid saline infusion with placebo or salmeterol premedication lead to a significant decrease in diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). Nonetheless, salmeterol pretreatment lead to a significantly reduced gas exchange impairment caused by saline infusion (-64% of DLCO reduction compared with placebo), whereas it did not affect changes in FEV1. In the control setting with no infusion, we found no significant change in either DLCO or mechanical properties of the lung. Salmeterol appears to provide a protective effect, not related to bronchodilation, against an acute alveolar fluid clearance challenge secondary to lung fluid overload in COPD patients. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Oral health status and alveolar bone loss in treated leprosy patients of central India.

PubMed

Rawlani, S M; Rawlani, S; Degwekar, S; Bhowte, R R; Motwani, M

2011-01-01

A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out, in a group of 160 leprosy patients treated with multi drug therapy. The patients with age group of 25 to 60 year were considered. Out of 160 patients 50 patients were selected by simple random sampling technique for radiological assessments. Intra-oral periapical radiographs (6 for each patient) were taken. The paralleling long cone technique was used and radiographs were attached with grids so as to enable measuring the bone height. The grid was spaced in 1 mm marking and placed directly over the film. Clinical examination revealed that Prevalence of dental caries was 76.25% and periodontal disease was 78.75%. Mean DMFT score was 2.26. Mean OHI-S score was 3.50. Score for Gingival index was 1.60 and average loss of gingival attachment was 1.2 mm. Radiographic findings showed mean alveolar bone loss in maxillary anterior region to be 5.05 mm and in maxillary posterior region it was 4.92 mm. Alveolar bone loss in mandibular anterior region was 4.35 mm and in mandibular posterior region was 5.14 mm. Overall Dental Health Status of the leprosy patients was poor and needed more attention for dental care. There was also an increase in the alveolar bone loss, which was generalized. This bone loss could be due to advance stage of the disease or late approach to rehabilitation center, these patients also had peripheral neuropathy leading to hand and feet deformity in the form of claw hand or ulcer on hand, making maintenance of oral hygiene difficult.

Translational Research: Palatal-derived Ecto-mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Palate: A New Hope for Alveolar Bone and Cranio-Facial Bone Reconstruction

PubMed Central

Grimm, Wolf Dieter; Dannan, Aous; Giesenhagen, Bernd; Schau, Ingmar; Varga, Gabor; Vukovic, Mark Alexander; Sirak, Sergey Vladimirovich

2014-01-01

The management of facial defects has rapidly changed in the last decade. Functional and esthetic requirements have steadily increased along with the refinements of surgery. In the case of advanced atrophy or jaw defects, extensive horizontal and vertical bone augmentation is often unavoidable to enable patients to be fitted with implants. Loss of vertical alveolar bone height is the most common cause for a non primary stability of dental implants in adults. At present, there is no ideal therapeutic approach to cure loss of vertical alveolar bone height and achieve optimal pre-implantological bone regeneration before dental implant placement. Recently, it has been found that specific populations of stem cells and/or progenitor cells could be isolated from different dental resources, namely the dental follicle, the dental pulp and the periodontal ligament. Our research group has cultured palatal-derived stem cells (paldSCs) as dentospheres and further differentiated into various cells of the neuronal and osteogenic lineage, thereby demonstrating their stem cell state. In this publication will be shown whether paldSCs could be differentiated into the osteogenic lineage and, if so, whether these cells are able to regenerate alveolar bone tissue in vivo in an athymic rat model. Furthermore, using these data we have started a proof of principle clinical- and histological controlled study using stem cell-rich palatal tissues for improving the vertical alveolar bone augmentation in critical size defects. The initial results of the study demonstrate the feasibility of using stem cell-mediated tissue engineering to treat alveolar bone defects in humans. PMID:24921024

Diesel and biodiesel exhaust particle effects on rat alveolar machrophages with in vitro exposure

EPA Science Inventory

We conducted in vitro exposures of Wistar rat alveolar macrophages (AM) to compare and contrast the toxicity of particulate matter (PM) produced in combustion of biodiesel blend (B20) and petroleum diesel (PDEP). The PM contain detectable levels of transition metals and ions howe...

Is Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block Sufficient for Routine Dental Treatment in 4- to 6-year-old Children?

PubMed Central

Erfanparast, Leila; Sheykhgermchi, Sanaz; Ghanizadeh, Milad

2017-01-01

Introduction Pain control is one of the most important aspects of behavior management in children. The most common way to achieve pain control is by using local anesthetics (LA). Many studies describe that the buccal nerve innervates the buccal gingiva and mucosa of the mandible for a variable extent from the vicinity of the lower third molar to the lower canine. Regarding the importance of appropriate and complete LA in child-behavior control, in this study, we examined the frequency of buccal gingiva anesthesia of primary mandibular molars and canine after inferior alveolar nerve block injection in 4- to 6-year-old children. Study design In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 220 4- to 6-year-old children were randomly selected and entered into the study. Inferior alveolar nerve block was injected with the same method and standards for all children, and after ensuring the success of block injection, anesthesia of buccal mucosa of primary molars and canine was examined by stick test and reaction of child using sound, eye, motor (SEM) scale. The data from the study were analyzed using descriptive statistics and statistical software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Results The area that was the highest nonanesthetized was recorded as in the distobuccal of the second primary molars. The area of the lowest nonanesthesia was also reported in the gingiva of primary canine tooth. Conclusion According to this study, in 15 to 30% of cases, after inferior alveolar nerve block injection, the primary mandibular molars’ buccal mucosa is not anesthetized. How to cite this article: Pourkazemi M, Erfanparast L, Sheykhgermchi S, Ghanizadeh M. Is Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block Sufficient for Routine Dental Treatment in 4- to 6-year-old Children? Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(4):369-372. PMID:29403231

Is Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block Sufficient for Routine Dental Treatment in 4- to 6-year-old Children?

PubMed

Pourkazemi, Maryam; Erfanparast, Leila; Sheykhgermchi, Sanaz; Ghanizadeh, Milad

2017-01-01

Pain control is one of the most important aspects of behavior management in children. The most common way to achieve pain control is by using local anesthetics (LA). Many studies describe that the buccal nerve innervates the buccal gingiva and mucosa of the mandible for a variable extent from the vicinity of the lower third molar to the lower canine. Regarding the importance of appropriate and complete LA in child-behavior control, in this study, we examined the frequency of buccal gingiva anesthesia of primary mandibular molars and canine after inferior alveolar nerve block injection in 4- to 6-year-old children. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 220 4- to 6-year-old children were randomly selected and entered into the study. Inferior alveolar nerve block was injected with the same method and standards for all children, and after ensuring the success of block injection, anesthesia of buccal mucosa of primary molars and canine was examined by stick test and reaction of child using sound, eye, motor (SEM) scale. The data from the study were analyzed using descriptive statistics and statistical software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. The area that was the highest nonanesthetized was recorded as in the distobuccal of the second primary molars. The area of the lowest nonanesthesia was also reported in the gingiva of primary canine tooth. According to this study, in 15 to 30% of cases, after inferior alveolar nerve block injection, the primary mandibular molars' buccal mucosa is not anesthetized. How to cite this article: Pourkazemi M, Erfanparast L, Sheykhgermchi S, Ghanizadeh M. Is Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block Sufficient for Routine Dental Treatment in 4- to 6-year-old Children? Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(4):369-372.

Transport of a series of D-phenylalanine-glycine hexapeptides across rat alveolar epithelia in vitro.

PubMed

Evans, J P; Tudball, N; Dickinson, P A; Farr, S J; Kellaway, I W

1998-01-01

The effect of lipophilicity on the absorption of peptides from the lungs was investigated. D-phenylalanine (F)-glycine (G) hexapeptides were synthesised to differ, predominantly, only in their lipophilicity. Rat alveolar type II cells were isolated and cultured on plastic, or polycarbonate filters; by day 6 they had de-differentiated to an alveolar type I-like epithelium. The permeability of the monolayers to the hexapeptides was determined. The hexapeptides were metabolically and chemically stable for greater than 24h in the presence of the cells. They did not adhere to the cell culture plastic and were associated only to a low extent with the cell monolayer. The apical to basolateral permeability coefficients for D-F1G5, D-F2G4, and D-F3G3 were 2.19+/-0.53, 1.75+/-0.42 and 2.20+/-0.56 x 10(-7) cm s(-1) respectively. The permeability of the monolayers to D-F1G5 and D-F2G4 was concentration and direction independent, however for D-F3G3 the monolayer was more permeable in the basolateral to apical direction. There was no correlation between the lipophilicity of the hexapeptides and permeability coefficients: other physicochemical parameters did not predict hexapeptide transport. Lipophilicity does not appear to control the transport of hexapeptides across the alveolar epithelium probably as a consequence of the peptides being transported via the paracellular route.

Anesthetic efficacy of the intraosseous injection of 0.9 mL of 2% lidocaine (1:100,000 epinephrine) to augment an inferior alveolar nerve block.

PubMed

Reitz, J; Reader, A; Nist, R; Beck, M; Meyers, W J

1998-11-01

The purpose of this study was to determine the anesthetic efficacy of an intraosseous injection of 0.9 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine to augment an inferior alveolar nerve block in mandibular posterior teeth. With the use of a repeated-measures design, each of 38 subjects randomly received one or the other of 2 combinations of injections at 2 separate appointments. The combinations were inferior alveolar nerve block + intraosseous injection (on the distal of the second premolar) through use of 0.9 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and inferior alveolar nerve block + mock intraosseous injection. The first molar, second premolar, and second molar were blindly tested with an Analytic Technology pulp tester at 2-minute cycles for 120 minutes postinjection. Anesthesia was considered successful when 2 consecutive 80 readings were obtained. One hundred percent of the subjects had lip numbness with the inferior alveolar nerve block + intraosseous injection combination technique. The respective anesthetic success rates for the inferior alveolar nerve block + mock intraosseous injection combination and the inferior alveolar nerve block + intraosseous injection combination were 60% and 100% for the second premolar, 71% and 95% for the first molar, and 74% and 87% for the second molar. The differences were significant (P < .05) for the second premolar through 50 minutes and for the first molar through 20 minutes. There were no significant (P > .05) differences for the second molar. Sixty-eight percent of the subjects had a subjective increase in heart rate with the intraosseous injection. The results of this study indicate that the supplemental intraosseous injection of 0.9 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, given distal to the second premolar, significantly increased the success of pulpal anesthesia in the second premolar (for 50 minutes) and first molar (for 20 minutes) in comparison with the inferior alveolar nerve block alone. The

[Accidental injection of sodium hypochlorite in inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia].

PubMed

Hongyan, Li; Jian, Xu; Baorong, Zhang; Yue, Jia; Minhua, Liu; Yilang, Luo; Jing, Zhao

2016-12-01

Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) has been widely used in clinical practice as one of the most efficient root canal irrigants. Its properties include broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and ability to dissolve necrotic tissues. However, when used improperly, NaClO can cause a series of adverse reactions, such as mucosal inflammation, irritation, or injury. This paper presents a case of accidental injection of NaClO in inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia.

Stability of implants placed in fresh sockets versus healed alveolar sites: Early findings.

PubMed

Gehrke, Sergio Alexandre; da Silva Neto, Ulisses Tavares; Rossetti, Paulo Henrique Orlato; Watinaga, Sidney Eiji; Giro, Gabriela; Shibli, Jamil Awad

2016-05-01

The present study measured implant stability quotient (ISQ) values at three different time points after surgical procedures to compare whether the stability values differed between implants placed in fresh extraction sockets versus healed alveolar sites. To measure implant stability, resonance frequency analysis (RFA) was performed in 77 patients (53 women, 24 men) with a total of 120 dental implants. These implants were divided into two groups: Group 1 included 60 implants in healed alveolar sites (22 in the maxilla, 38 in the mandible), and Group 2 included 60 implants in fresh sockets (41 in the maxilla, 19 in the mandible). Implant stability was measured immediately at implant placement (baseline), 90, and 150 days later. Statistical analysis was made using a multivariate regression linear model at implant level (α = 0.05). Overall, the means and standard deviations of the ISQ values were 62.7 ± 7.14 (95% confidence interval [CI], 39-88) at baseline, 70.0 ± 6.22 (95% CI, 46-88) at 90 days, and 73.4 ± 5.84 (95% CI, 58-88) at 150 days. In Group 1, the ISQs ranged between 64.3 ± 6.20 and 75.0 ± 5.69, while in Group 2, presented lower values that ranged between 61.2 ± 8.09 and 71.9 ± 5.99 (P = 0.002). Anatomic location and times periods were the only identified variables with an influence on ISQ values at implant level (P < 0.0001). The stabilities of the implants placed in the fresh sockets and in healed sites exhibited similar evolutions in ISQ values and thus osseointegration; however, the implants in the healed alveolar sites exhibited superior values at all time points. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Tri-Layered Nanocomposite Hydrogel Scaffold for the Concurrent Regeneration of Cementum, Periodontal Ligament, and Alveolar Bone.

PubMed

Sowmya, S; Mony, Ullas; Jayachandran, P; Reshma, S; Kumar, R Arun; Arzate, H; Nair, Shantikumar V; Jayakumar, R

2017-04-01

A tri-layered scaffolding approach is adopted for the complete and concurrent regeneration of hard tissues-cementum and alveolar bone-and soft tissue-the periodontal ligament (PDL)-at a periodontal defect site. The porous tri-layered nanocomposite hydrogel scaffold is composed of chitin-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/nanobioactive glass ceramic (nBGC)/cementum protein 1 as the cementum layer, chitin-PLGA/fibroblast growth factor 2 as the PDL layer, and chitin-PLGA/nBGC/platelet-rich plasma derived growth factors as the alveolar bone layer. The tri-layered nanocomposite hydrogel scaffold is cytocompatible and favored cementogenic, fibrogenic, and osteogenic differentiation of human dental follicle stem cells. In vivo, tri-layered nanocomposite hydrogel scaffold with/without growth factors is implanted into rabbit maxillary periodontal defects and compared with the controls at 1 and 3 months postoperatively. The tri-layered nanocomposite hydrogel scaffold with growth factors demonstrates complete defect closure and healing with new cancellous-like tissue formation on microcomputed tomography analysis. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses further confirm the formation of new cementum, fibrous PDL, and alveolar bone with well-defined bony trabeculae in comparison to the other three groups. In conclusion, the tri-layered nanocomposite hydrogel scaffold with growth factors can serve as an alternative regenerative approach to achieve simultaneous and complete periodontal regeneration. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Fusion-activated cation entry (FACE) via P2X₄ couples surfactant secretion and alveolar fluid transport.

PubMed

Thompson, Kristin E; Korbmacher, Jonas P; Hecht, Elena; Hobi, Nina; Wittekindt, Oliver H; Dietl, Paul; Kranz, Christine; Frick, Manfred

2013-04-01

Two fundamental mechanisms within alveoli are essential for lung function: regulated fluid transport and secretion of surfactant. Surfactant is secreted via exocytosis of lamellar bodies (LBs) in alveolar type II (ATII) cells. We recently reported that LB exocytosis results in fusion-activated cation entry (FACE) via P2X₄ receptors on LBs. We propose that FACE, in addition to facilitating surfactant secretion, modulates alveolar fluid transport. Correlative fluorescence and atomic force microscopy revealed that FACE-dependent water influx correlated with individual fusion events in rat primary ATII cells. Moreover, ATII cell monolayers grown at air-liquid interface exhibited increases in short-circuit current (Isc) on stimulation with ATP or UTP. Both are potent agonists for LB exocytosis, but only ATP activates FACE. ATP, not UTP, elicited additional fusion-dependent increases in Isc. Overexpressing dominant-negative P2X₄ abrogated this effect by ∼50%, whereas potentiating P2X4 lead to ∼80% increase in Isc. Finally, we monitored changes in alveolar surface liquid (ASL) on ATII monolayers by confocal microscopy. Only stimulation with ATP, not UTP, led to a significant, fusion-dependent, 20% decrease in ASL, indicating apical-to-basolateral fluid transport across ATII monolayers. Our data support the first direct link between LB exocytosis, regulation of surfactant secretion, and transalveolar fluid resorption via FACE.

Neurobiología del autismo y TDAH mediante técnicas de neuroimagen: divergencias y convergencias

PubMed Central

Proal, Erika; Olvera, Jorge González; Blancas, Aurea S.; Chalita, Pablo J.; Castellanos, F. Xavier

2013-01-01

En el área clínica algunos síntomas del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH), se presentan en los pacientes con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA). Se ha demostrado que existen alteraciones en circuitos cerebrales que impactan en fallas cognitivas y de comportamiento específicas de cada uno de estos trastornos. Sin embargo, han sido poco estudiados los correlatos cerebrales que hay detrás tanto de las similitudes como de las diferencias sintomatológicas. En la presente revisión se analizaron los estudios meta-analíticos existentes estructurales y funcionales en TDAH y TEA. Por un lado, se observaron convergencias en circuitos como el dorsal atencional, de funciones ejecutivas, visual, somatomotor y circuito de activación por defecto. Estas similitudes posiblemente explican las manifestaciones comórbidas entre los trastornos como la falla en la integración de información, motricidad fina y procesos atencionales específicos. Por otro lado, específicamente en el TDAH se observan déficits en el circuito de recompensa y ventral atencional, sistemas involucrados en la medición de efectos de reforzamiento y monitoreo atencional. En TEA los circuitos más afectados fueron los implicados en procesos de cognición social y lenguaje. En conclusión, existen correlatos neuronales en TEA que explican las manifestaciones clínicas tanto convergentes como divergentes presentes en TDAH. PMID:23897144

iNOS-Derived Nitric Oxide Stimulates Osteoclast Activity and Alveolar Bone Loss in Ligature-Induced Periodontitis in Rats

PubMed Central

Herrera, Bruno S.; Martins-Porto, Rodrigo; Maia-Dantas, Aline; Campi, Paula; Spolidorio, Luis C.; Costa, Soraia K.P.; Van Dyke, Thomas E.; Gyurko, Robert; Muscara, Marcelo N.

2012-01-01

Background Inflammatory stimuli activate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in a variety of cell types, including osteoclasts (OC) and osteoblasts, resulting in sustained NO production. In this study, we evaluate the alveolar bone loss in rats with periodontitis under long-term iNOS inhibition, and the differentiation and activity of OC from iNOS-knockout (KO) mice in vitro. Methods Oral aminoguanidine (an iNOS inhibitor) or water treatment was started 2 weeks before induction of periodontitis. Rats were sacrificed 3, 7, or 14 days after ligature placement, and alveolar bone loss was evaluated. In vitro OC culture experiments were also performed to study the differentiation of freshly isolated bone marrow cells from both iNOS KO and wild-type C57BL/6 mice. OC were counted 6 days later after tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining (a marker of osteoclast identity), and bone resorption activity was assessed by counting the number of resorption pits on dentin disks. Results Rats with ligature showed progressive and significant alveolar bone loss compared to sham animals, and aminoguanidine treatment significantly inhibited ligature-induced bone loss at 7 and 14 days after the induction. In comparison to bone marrow cells from wild-type mice, cells from iNOS KO mice showed decreased OC growth and the resulting OC covered a smaller culture dish area and generated fewer resorption pit counts. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that iNOS inhibition prevents alveolar bone loss in a rat model of ligature-induced periodontitis, thus confirming that iNOS-derived NO plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, probably by stimulating OC differentiation and activity. PMID:21417589

In Vitro Investigation of Influences of Chitosan Nanoparticles on Fluorescein Permeation into Alveolar Macrophages.

PubMed

Chachuli, Siti Haziyah Mohd; Nawaz, Asif; Shah, Kifayatullah; Naharudin, Idanawati; Wong, Tin Wui

2016-06-01

Pulmonary infection namely tuberculosis is characterized by alveolar macrophages harboring a large microbe population. The chitosan nanoparticles exhibit fast extracellular drug release in aqueous biological milieu. This study investigated the matrix effects of chitosan nanoparticles on extracellular drug diffusion into macrophages. Oligo, low, medium and high molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by nanospray drying technique. These nanoparticles were incubated with alveolar macrophages in vitro and had model drug sodium fluorescein added into the same cell culture. The diffusion characteristics of sodium fluorescein and nanoparticle behavior were investigated using fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. The oligochitosan nanoparticles enabled macrophage membrane fluidization with the extent of sodium fluorescein entry into macrophages being directly governed by the nanoparticle loading. Using nanoparticles made of higher molecular weight chitosan, sodium fluorescein permeation into macrophages was delayed due to viscous chitosan diffusion barrier at membrane boundary. Macrophage-chitosan nanoparticle interaction at membrane interface dictates drug migration into cellular domains.

Bone Regeneration of Hydroxyapatite with Granular Form or Porous Scaffold in Canine Alveolar Sockets

PubMed Central

JANG, SEOK JIN; KIM, SE EUN; HAN, TAE SUNG; SON, JUN SIK; KANG, SEONG SOO; CHOI, SEOK HWA

2017-01-01

This study was undertaken to assess bone regeneration using hydroxyapatite (HA). The primary focus was comparison of bone regeneration between granular HA (gHA) forms and porous HA (pHA) scaffold. The extracted canine alveolar sockets were divided with three groups: control, gHA and pHA. Osteogenic effect in the gHA and pHA groups showed bone-specific surface and bone mineral density to be significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.01). Bone volume fraction, bone mineral density, and amount of connective tissue related to disturbing osseointegration of the gHA group was higher than in the pHA group. Quantity of new bone formation of the pHA group was higher than that of the gHA group. This study demonstrated that gHA and pHA are potentially good bone substitutes for alveolar socket healing. For new bone formation during 8 weeks' post-implantation, HA with porous scaffold was superior to the granular form of HA. PMID:28438860

Efficacy and complications associated with a modified inferior alveolar nerve block technique. A randomized, triple-blind clinical trial

PubMed Central

Montserrat-Bosch, Marta; Nogueira-Magalhães, Pedro; Arnabat-Dominguez, Josep; Valmaseda-Castellón, Eduard; Gay-Escoda, Cosme

2014-01-01

Objectives: To compare the efficacy and complication rates of two different techniques for inferior alveolar nerve blocks (IANB). Study Design: A randomized, triple-blind clinical trial comprising 109 patients who required lower third molar removal was performed. In the control group, all patients received an IANB using the conventional Halsted technique, whereas in the experimental group, a modified technique using a more inferior injection point was performed. Results: A total of 100 patients were randomized. The modified technique group showed a significantly higher onset time in the lower lip and chin area, and was frequently associated to a lingual electric discharge sensation. Three failures were recorded, 2 of them in the experimental group. No relevant local or systemic complications were registered. Conclusions: Both IANB techniques used in this trial are suitable for lower third molar removal. However, performing an inferior alveolar nerve block in a more inferior position (modified technique) extends the onset time, does not seem to reduce the risk of intravascular injections and might increase the risk of lingual nerve injuries. Key words:Dental anesthesia, inferior alveolar nerve block, lidocaine, third molar, intravascular injection. PMID:24608204

High-Frequency, Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Enhances Alveolar Bone Healing of Extraction Sockets in Rats: A Pilot Study.

PubMed

Kang, Kyung Lhi; Kim, Eun-Cheol; Park, Joon Bong; Heo, Jung Sun; Choi, Yumi

2016-02-01

Most studies of the beneficial effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on bone healing have used frequencies between 1.0 and 1.5 MHz. However, after consideration of ultrasound wave characteristics and depth of target tissue, higher-frequency LIPUS may have been more effective on superficially positioned alveolar bone. We investigated this hypothesis by applying LIPUS (frequency, 3.0 MHz; intensity, 30 mW/cm(2)) on shaved right cheeks over alveolar bones of tooth extraction sockets in rats for 10 min/d for 2 wk after tooth extraction; the control group (left cheek of the same rats) did not receive LIPUS treatment. Compared with the control group, the LIPUS group manifested more new bone growth inside the sockets on histomorphometric analysis (maximal difference = 2.5-fold on the seventh day after extraction) and higher expressions of osteogenesis-related mRNAs and proteins than the control group did. These findings indicate that 3.0-MHz LIPUS could enhance alveolar bone formation and calcification in rats. Copyright © 2016 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Assisted eruption of impacted teeth into an alveolar bone graft in a patient with cleft lip and palate.

PubMed

Peamkaroonrath, Chonthicha; Manosudprasit, Montien; Godfrey, Keith

2008-11-01

To assist the eruption of impacted upper teeth into an alveolar bone graft in a patient with a unilateral cleft lip and palate. An 8-year-old Thai boy with left unilateral complete cleft lip and palate had the chief complaint of anterior crossbite. He presented with a mild skeletal 3, dental Class III subdivision malocclusion, anterior crossbite, left unilateral posterior crossbite, moderate crowding in the upper arch with impaction of upper the left lateral incisor (tooth 22) and canine (tooth 23). In the first phase of treatment the posterior crossbite was corrected with a removable appliance with a 3-way screw. In the second phase the impacted teeth were surgically exposed, moved into the alveolar bone graft and the teeth aligned with fixed appliances. The upper left lateral incisor was extracted because of its questionable longevity. The orthodontic treatment resulted in normal overjet, overbite and an acceptable facial profile. A prosthesis replaced tooth 22. Forced eruption of impacted teeth can be carried out successfully in the cleft patients after an appropriate treatment plan has been formulated and following preparation of alveolar bone graft in the cleft site.

Emodin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in alveolar epithelial cells through Notch signaling pathway.

PubMed

Gao, Rundi; Chen, Ruilin; Cao, Yu; Wang, Yuan; Song, Kang; Zhang, Ya; Yang, Junchao

2017-03-01

Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by the destruction of lung tissue architecture and the formation of fibrous foci, currently has no satisfactory treatment. Emodin is a component of Chinese herb that has been reported to be medicament on pancreatic fibrosis and liver fibrosis. However, its role in pulmonary fibrosis has not been established yet. In the present study, we investigated the hypothesis that Emodin plays an inhibitory role in TGF-β1 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of alveolar epithelial cell, and Emodin exerts its effect through the Notch signaling pathway. Emodin inhibits the proliferation of Rat alveolar type II epithelial cells RLE-6TN in a concentration-dependent manner; reduces the expression of Collagen I, α-SMA and Vimentin, promotes the expression of E-cadherin. Moreover, Emodin could regulate the expression patterns of the Notch signaling pathway-related factors and reduce the Notch-1 nucleus translocation. Knockdown of Notch-1 enhances the inhibitory effect of Emodin on TGF-β1-induced EMT in RLE-6TN cells. In conclusion, the data of the present study suggests that Emodin suppresses TGF-β1-induced EMT in alveolar epithelial cells through Notch signaling pathway and shows the potential to be effective in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A novel image processing technique for 3D volumetric analysis of severely resorbed alveolar sockets with CBCT.

PubMed

Manavella, Valeria; Romano, Federica; Garrone, Federica; Terzini, Mara; Bignardi, Cristina; Aimetti, Mario

2017-06-01

The aim of this study was to present and validate a novel procedure for the quantitative volumetric assessment of extraction sockets that combines cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and image processing techniques. The CBCT dataset of 9 severely resorbed extraction sockets was analyzed by means of two image processing software, Image J and Mimics, using manual and automated segmentation techniques. They were also applied on 5-mm spherical aluminum markers of known volume and on a polyvinyl chloride model of one alveolar socket scanned with Micro-CT to test the accuracy. Statistical differences in alveolar socket volume were found between the different methods of volumetric analysis (P<0.0001). The automated segmentation using Mimics was the most reliable and accurate method with a relative error of 1.5%, considerably smaller than the error of 7% and of 10% introduced by the manual method using Mimics and by the automated method using ImageJ. The currently proposed automated segmentation protocol for the three-dimensional rendering of alveolar sockets showed more accurate results, excellent inter-observer similarity and increased user friendliness. The clinical application of this method enables a three-dimensional evaluation of extraction socket healing after the reconstructive procedures and during the follow-up visits.

Basal and induced NO formation in the pharyngo-oral tract influences estimates of alveolar NO levels.

PubMed

Malinovschi, Andrei; Janson, Christer; Holm, Lena; Nordvall, Lennart; Alving, Kjell

2009-02-01

The present study analyzed how models currently used to distinguish alveolar from bronchial contribution to exhaled nitric oxide (NO) are affected by manipulation of NO formation in the pharyngo-oral tract. Exhaled NO was measured at multiple flow rates in 15 healthy subjects in two experiments: 1) measurements at baseline and 5 min after chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash and 2) measurements at baseline, 60 min after ingestion of 10 mg NaNO(3)/kg body wt, and 5 min after CHX mouthwash. Alveolar NO concentration (Calv(NO)) and bronchial flux (J'aw(NO)) were calculated by using the slope-intercept model with or without adjustment for trumpet shape of airways and axial diffusion (TMAD). Salivary nitrate and nitrite were measured in the second experiment. Calv(NO) [median (range)] was reduced from 1.16 ppb (0.77, 1.96) at baseline to 0.84 ppb (0.57, 1.48) 5 min after CHX mouthwash (P < 0.001). The TMAD-adjusted Calv(NO) value after CHX mouthwash was 0.50 ppb (0, 0.85). The nitrate load increased J'aw(NO) from 32.2 nl/min (12.2, 60.3) to 57.1 nl/min (22.0, 119) in all subjects and Calv(NO) from 1.47 ppb (0.73, 1.95) to 1.87 ppb (10.85, 7.20) in subjects with high nitrate turnover (>10-fold increase of salivary nitrite after nitrate load). CHX mouthwash reduced Calv(NO) levels to 1.15 ppb (0.72, 2.07) in these subjects with high nitrate turnover. All these results remained consistent after TMAD adjustment. We conclude that estimated alveolar NO concentration is affected by pharyngo-oral tract production of NO in healthy subjects, with a decrease after CHX mouthwash. Moreover, unknown ingestion of dietary nitrate could significantly increase estimated alveolar NO in subjects with high nitrate turnover, and this might be falsely interpreted as a sign of peripheral inflammation. These findings were robust for TMAD.

Comparison of Anaesthetic Efficacy of 4% Articaine Primary Buccal Infiltration Versus 2% Lidocaine Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block in Symptomatic Mandibular First Molar Teeth.

PubMed

Zain, Muhammad; Rehman Khattak, Shakeel Ur; Sikandar, Huma; Shah, Shafqat Ali; Fayyaz

2016-01-01

To evaluate success of pulpal anaesthesia of mandibular 1st molar by using 4% articaine in buccal infiltration versus 2% lidocaine in inferior alveolar nerve block. Randomized control trial. Department of Operative Dentistry, Sardar Begum Dental College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, from March to August 2014. One hundred and fifty-six emergency patients, who had 1st molar diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis, participated in the study. Subjects were divided into two groups by random allocation. One group received 4% articaine buccal infiltration and the other group received inferior alveolar nerve block of 2% lidocaine. Subjects’self-reported pain response was recorded on Heft Parker Visual Analogue Scale after local anaesthetic administration during access cavity preparation and pulp extirpation. Mean age of subjects was 31.46 ±10.994 years. The success rate of 4% buccal infiltration was 76.9%; whereas the success rate of 2% lidocaine inferior alveolar nerve block was 62.8%. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. 4% articaine buccal infiltration can be considered a viable alternative to 2% lidocaine inferior alveolar nerve block in securing successful pulpal anaesthesia for endodontic therapy.

[Numeric simulation of functional remodeling of the anterior alveolar bone].

PubMed

Wang, Wei-feng; Xin, Hai-tao; Zang, Shun-lai; Ding, Jie

2012-04-01

To study the remodeling of the anterior alveolar bone with parodontium under physiology loading using finite element method (FEM) and theory of bone remodeling. A FEM model of the maxillary central incisor with parodontium was established, and the change of bone density during the remodeling of alveolar bone was investigated under physiology loading (60 - 150 N) based on the theory of bone remodeling about strain energy density (SED). The finite element analysis software Abaqus user material subroutine (UMAT) were used. With the increase of physiology loading, the pressure stress on the buccal cervical margin increased gradually while the density was decreased gradually. The cortical bone was lower than its initial density 1.74 g/cm(3), which was 1.74 - 1.63 g/cm(3). The density of cancellous bone was 0.90 - 0.77 g/cm(3), which was lower than its intial density 0.90 g/cm(3). The lingual cervical margin was under tensile stress which also increased with loading, the density had no significant change. When the achieve to 120 N, the density of cortical bone was 1.74 - 1.73 g/cm(3). No significant change was found in the cancellous bone. The simulation of the perodontium remodeling is achieved and proved to be effective by the relevant research based on the method of the study. And the result will be helpful to form the basis of analysis bone remodeling process and predict the results in the clinical work.

Alveolar soft part sarcoma of the tongue in a 3-year-old boy: a case report

PubMed Central

2010-01-01

Introduction Alveolar soft tissue sarcoma of the tongue is a very rare and aggressive tumor which occurs in infancy with a relatively controversial histogenesis. It may mimic benign vascular neoplasms and may metastasize to the lungs, brain or bones. Case presentation We present the case of a three-year-old Caucasian boy who was admitted to our department with a history of dysphagia and two episodes of oral bleeding which had lasted for a period of six months. A thorough histological examination together with imaging techniques form the basis of a reliable diagnosis. Conclusion Alveolar soft tissue sarcoma of the tongue is a rare tumor which occurs in infancy and which is often misdiagnosed pre-operatively. It should therefore be included in the differential diagnosis of oral pediatric lesions. PMID:20459684

Investigation of a Novel PLGA/CaP Scaffold in the Healing of Tooth Extraction Sockets to Alveolar Bone Preservation in Humans.

PubMed

Araujo-Pires, Ana Claudia; Mendes, Vanessa Cristina; Ferreira-Junior, Osny; Carvalho, Paulo Sérgio Perri; Guan, Limin; Davies, John Edward

2016-06-01

It is expected that 40% to 60% of initial alveolar bone volume will be lost up to 6 months after tooth extraction. OsteoScaf(TM) (TRT, Toronto, ON, Canada) (poly (DL-lactide-co-glycololide/calcium phosphate [PLGA/CaP] scaffold) is a novel bone substitute material and represents a promising alternative for maintaining alveolar bone integrity in this clinical scenario. Here it was hypothesized that OsteoScaf would reduce alveolar bone lost after tooth extraction in patient, acting as a clot-retention device. A total of 10 patients (32 sockets) were included in the study, of which 16 sockets were grafted with OsteoScaf and 16 were used as control (coagulum alone). Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed both immediately following extraction and also at 120 days postoperatively, at which time biopsy samples were also harvested for histological analyses. Quantitative analysis of CBCT showed less bone resorption in the OsteoScaf groups, being 10.5% to 14.4% less bone lost in the center of the socket, 15.4% in the buccal region, and 12.6% in the palatal. Qualitative histological analysis showed new bone tissue in direct apposition to the scaffold - demonstrating its osteoconductive nature. OsteoScaf diminished the expected bone lost during the postextraction remodeling of the alveolar bone ridge at 120 days postextraction. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Clinical use of the resorbable bioscaffold poly lactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA) in post-extraction socket for maintaining the alveolar height: A prospective study.

PubMed

Hoda, Nadeemul; Saifi, Aamir Malick; Giraddi, Girish B

2016-01-01

A common sequel of tooth extraction is alveolar bone resorption. It makes the placement of dental implants difficult and creates an esthetic problem for the fabrication of conventional prostheses. Therefore, alveolar bone following tooth extraction should be preserved. The present prospective study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the resorbable bioscaffold poly lactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA) in maintaining the alveolar height in post-extraction socket. 20 patients were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and were randomly divided into two groups: cases and control comprising of 10 patients each. Atraumatic tooth extraction was done in all patients. PLGA bioscaffold was placed in cases and socket was closed with 3-0 vicryl. In control group, socket was directly closed with 3-0 vicryl. The patients were kept on follow-up and complications such as dry socket, pain, and swelling were recorded. IOPA were taken at 1st, 4th, 12th, and 24th week to record changes in the height of alveolar bone. The radiographic measurements were compared and the differences were statistically analyzed. Reduction in alveolar bone height after placement of PLGA bioscaffold was significantly less in cases as compared to controls at 4th, 12th, and 24th week following extraction. No complications were observed throughout the follow-up period. PLGA scaffold significantly reduces bone resorption. Application is very simple and can be easily performed in a dental setup. However, PLGA scaffold adds significantly to the cost of treatment.

Hypoxia increases transepithelial electrical conductance and reduces occludin at the plasma membrane in alveolar epithelial cells via PKC-ζ and PP2A pathway

PubMed Central

Caraballo, Juan Carlos; Yshii, Cecilia; Butti, Maria L.; Westphal, Whitney; Borcherding, Jennifer A.; Allamargot, Chantal

2011-01-01

During pulmonary edema, the alveolar space is exposed to a hypoxic environment. The integrity of the alveolar epithelial barrier is required for the reabsorption of alveolar fluid. Tight junctions (TJ) maintain the integrity of this barrier. We set out to determine whether hypoxia creates a dysfunctional alveolar epithelial barrier, evidenced by an increase in transepithelial electrical conductance (Gt), due to a decrease in the abundance of TJ proteins at the plasma membrane. Alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) exposed to mild hypoxia (Po2 = 50 mmHg) for 30 and 60 min decreased occludin abundance at the plasma membrane and significantly increased Gt. Other cell adhesion molecules such as E-cadherin and claudins were not affected by hypoxia. AEC exposed to hypoxia increased superoxide, but not hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Overexpression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) but not SOD2 prevented the hypoxia-induced Gt increase and occludin reduction in AEC. Also, overexpression of catalase had a similar effect as SOD1, despite not detecting any increase in H2O2 during hypoxia. Blocking PKC-ζ and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) prevented the hypoxia-induced occludin reduction at the plasma membrane and increase in Gt. In summary, we show that superoxide, PKC-ζ, and PP2A are involved in the hypoxia-induced increase in Gt and occludin reduction at the plasma membrane in AEC. PMID:21257729

Boric acid inhibits alveolar bone loss in rats by affecting RANKL and osteoprotegerin expression.

PubMed

Sağlam, M; Hatipoğlu, M; Köseoğlu, S; Esen, H H; Kelebek, S

2014-08-01

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of systemic boric acid on the levels of expression of RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) and on histopathologic and histometric changes in a rat periodontitis model. Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into three groups of eight animals each: nonligated (NL); ligature only (LO); and ligature plus treatment with boric acid (BA) (3 mg/kg per day for 11 d). A 4/0 silk suture was placed in a subgingival position around the mandibular right first molars; after 11 d the rats were killed, and alveolar bone loss in the first molars was histometrically determined. Periodontal tissues were examined histopathologically to assess the differences among the study groups. RANKL and OPG were detected immunohistochemically. Alveolar bone loss was significantly higher in the LO group than in the BA and NL groups (p < 0.05). The number of inflammatory infiltrate and osteoclasts in the LO group was significantly higher than that in the NL and BA groups (p < 0.05). The numbers of osteoblasts in LO and BA groups were significantly higher compared with NL group (p < 0.05). There were significantly more RANKL-positive cells in the LO group than in the BA and NL groups (p < 0.05). There was a higher number of OPG-positive cells in the BA group than in the LO and NL groups (p < 0.05). The present study shows that systemic administration of boric acid may reduce alveolar bone loss by affecting the RANKL/OPG balance in periodontal disease in rats. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Fibroblast growth factor signaling in myofibroblasts differs from lipofibroblasts during alveolar septation in mice

PubMed Central

McCoy, Diann M.

2015-01-01

Pulmonary alveolar fibroblasts produce extracellular matrix in a temporally and spatially regulated pattern to yield a durable yet pliable gas-exchange surface. Proliferation ensures a sufficient complement of cells, but they must differentiate into functionally distinct subtypes: contractile myofibroblasts (MF), which generate elastin and regulate air-flow at the alveolar ducts, and, in mice and rats, lipofibroblasts (LF), which store neutral lipids. PDGF-A is required but acts in conjunction with other differentiation factors arising from adjacent epithelia or within fibroblasts. We hypothesized that FGF receptor (FGFR) expression and function vary for MF and LF and contributes to their divergent differentiation. Whereas approximately half of the FGFR3 was extracellular in MF, FGFR2 and FGFR4 were primarily intracellular. Intracellular FGFR3 localized to the multivesicular body, and its abundance may be modified by Sprouty and interaction with heat shock protein-90. FGF18 mRNA is more abundant in MF, whereas FGF10 mRNA predominated in LF, which also express FGFR1 IIIb, a receptor for FGF10. FGF18 diminished fibroblast proliferation and was chemotactic for cultured fibroblasts. Although PDGF receptor-α (PDGFR-α) primarily signals through phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Akt, p42/p44 MAP kinase (Erk1/2), a major signaling pathway for FGFRs, influenced the abundance of cell-surface PDGFR-α. Observing different FGFR and ligand profiles in MF and LF is consistent with their divergent differentiation although both subpopulations express PDGFR-α. These studies also emphasize the importance of particular cellular locations of FGFR3 and PDGFR-α, which may modify their effects during alveolar development or repair. PMID:26138642

3D-Printed Scaffolds and Biomaterials: Review of Alveolar Bone Augmentation and Periodontal Regeneration Applications

PubMed Central

Asa'ad, Farah; Giannì, Aldo Bruno; Giannobile, William V.; Rasperini, Giulio

2016-01-01

To ensure a successful dental implant therapy, the presence of adequate vertical and horizontal alveolar bone is fundamental. However, an insufficient amount of alveolar ridge in both dimensions is often encountered in dental practice due to the consequences of oral diseases and tooth loss. Although postextraction socket preservation has been adopted to lessen the need for such invasive approaches, it utilizes bone grafting materials, which have limitations that could negatively affect the quality of bone formation. To overcome the drawbacks of routinely employed grafting materials, bone graft substitutes such as 3D scaffolds have been recently investigated in the dental field. In this review, we highlight different biomaterials suitable for 3D scaffold fabrication, with a focus on “3D-printed” ones as bone graft substitutes that might be convenient for various applications related to implant therapy. We also briefly discuss their possible adoption for periodontal regeneration. PMID:27366149

Bilayered construct for simultaneous regeneration of alveolar bone and periodontal ligament.

PubMed

Nivedhitha Sundaram, M; Sowmya, S; Deepthi, S; Bumgardener, Joel D; Jayakumar, R

2016-05-01

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that causes destruction of tooth-supporting tissues and if left untreated leads to tooth loss. Current treatments have shown limited potential for simultaneous regeneration of the tooth-supporting tissues. To recreate the complex architecture of the periodontium, we developed a bilayered construct consisting of poly(caprolactone) (PCL) multiscale electrospun membrane (to mimic and regenerate periodontal ligament, PDL) and a chitosan/2wt % CaSO4 scaffold (to mimic and regenerate alveolar bone). Scanning electron microscopy results showed the porous nature of the scaffold and formation of beadless electrospun multiscale fibers. The fiber diameter of microfiber and nanofibers was in the range of 10 ± 3 µm and 377 ± 3 nm, respectively. The bilayered construct showed better protein adsorption compared to the control. Osteoblastic differentiation of human dental follicle stem cells (hDFCs) on chitosan/2wt % CaSO4 scaffold showed maximum alkaline phosphatase at seventh day followed by a decline thereafter when compared to chitosan control scaffold. Fibroblastic differentiation of hDFCs was confirmed by the expression of PLAP-1 and COL-1 proteins which were more prominent on PCL multiscale membrane in comparison to control membranes. Overall these results show that the developed bilayered construct might serve as a good candidate for the simultaneous regeneration of the alveolar bone and PDL. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Visceral larva migrans and alveolar hydatid disease. Dangers real or imagined.

PubMed

Polley, L

1978-05-01

For both visceral larva migrans and alveolar hydatid diseases, it is the feces of companion animals that are the primary source of human infection. Clearly, whatever is done to reduce this form of environmental contamination and the prevalence of the parasites' infective stages will help to protect the health of the human population in the United States and Canada, particularly the children. Very important are appropriate anthelmintic treatment programs, especially for T. canis, and proper control of close associations between pets and people. Probably the known incidence of visceral larva migrans in humans and the range of its known pathogenicity will increase as better diagnostic methods become available. In addition, other animal helminths, for instance Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonina, may become more substantially documented as causes of human visceral larva migrans. Until more is known of the geographical distribution and prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis among animals in North America, it will be difficult to assess accurately the future significance of alveolar hydatid disease in the continent's human population. Another important advance would be the development of anthelmintics that are effective for somatic second stage larvae of T. canis, and others effective for adult or larval Echinococcus species. Meanwhile it is a most important responsibility of the veterinary profession to educate its clients thoroughly concerning these dangerous helminths.

HUMAN ALVEOLAR AND PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES MEDIATE FUNGISTASIS INDEPENDENTLY OF L-ARGININE OXIDATION TO NITRITE OR NITRATE

EPA Science Inventory

Human alveolar macrophages (HAM) from 28 normal volunteers were found to inhibit replication of Cryptoccous neoformans. onditions under which fungistasis occurred were different than those required for mouse peritoneal macrophage-mediated fungi stasis. nhibition of fungal replica...

Characterization of Particulate Matter Profiling and Alveolar Deposition from Biomass Burning in Northern Thailand: The 7-SEAS Study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chuang, Hsiao-Chi; Hsiao, Ta-Chih; Wang, Sheng-Hsiang; Tsay, Si-Chee; Lin, Neng-Huei

2016-01-01

Biomass burning (BB) frequently occurs in SouthEast Asia (SEA), which significantly affects the air quality and could consequently lead to adverse health effects. The aim of this study was to characterize particulate matter (PM) and black carbon (BC) emitted from BB source regions in SEA and their potential of deposition in the alveolar region of human lungs. A 31-day characterization of PM profiling was conducted at the Doi Ang Khang (DAK) meteorology station in northern Thailand in March 2013. Substantial numbers of PM (10147 +/- 5800 # per cubic centimeter) with a geometric mean diameter (GMD) of 114.4 +/- 9.2 nm were found at the study site. The PM of less than 2.5 micron in aerodynamic diameter (PM sub 2.5) hourly-average mass concentration was 78.0 +/- 34.5 per cubic microgram whereas the black carbon (BC) mass concentration was 4.4 +/- 2.6 micrograms per cubic meter. Notably, high concentrations of nanoparticle surface area (100.5 +/- 54.6 square micrometers per cubic centimeter) emitted from biomass burning can be inhaled into the human alveolar region. Significant correlations with fire counts within different ranges around DAK were found for particle number, the surface area concentration of alveolar deposition, and BC. In conclusion, biomass burning is an important PM source in SEA, particularly nanoparticles, which has high potency to be inhaled into the lung environment and interact with alveolar cells, leading to adverse respiratory effects. The fire counts within 100 to 150 km shows the highest Pearson's r for particle number and surface area concentration. It suggests 12 to 24 hr could be a fair time scale for initial aging process of BB aerosols. Importantly, the people lives in this region could have higher risk for PM exposure.

Transient Amaurosis and Diplopia After Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block.

PubMed

Odabaşi, Onur; Şahin, Onur; Polat, Mehmet Emrah

2017-10-01

A 40-year-old female patient was admitted to the authors' oral and maxillofacial clinic for removal of her lower left second molar under local anesthesia. The patient's medical history revealed that she had cardiac arhythmia and hypertension. Inferior alveolar nerve block was achieved using 2 mL of sefacaine (%3 mepivacaine HCL, without epinephrine). The patient complained of loss of vision in her left eye. All procedures were stopped immediately. Within 2 minutes the patient reported diplopia. All of the symptoms disappeared about 5 minutes after initial observation. Follow-up after 1 day revealed no complications. The procedure was then performed uneventfully.

Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma Presenting as Hypervascular Adrenal Metastasis

PubMed Central

Goroshi, Manjunath; Lila, Anurag R.; Bandgar, Tushar; Shah, Nalini S.

2018-01-01

Hypervascular adrenal masses include pheochromocytoma, metastases caused by clear renal cell carcinoma/hepatocellular carcinoma. Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) causing hypervascular metastases is not described in the literature. Here, we describe the first case of ASPS presenting as hypervascular metastasis. Our case was a 23-year-old male incidentally detected right adrenal mass during the evaluation of pain in the abdomen. On computed tomography (CT), adrenal mass showed bright enhancement in early arterial phase (unenhanced Hounsfield unit [HU]-45.3; arterial phase HU-158.2). 18- flurodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT showed multiple lesions and was confirmed histologically to be due to ASPS. PMID:29398970

Accidental injury of the inferior alveolar nerve due to the extrusion of calcium hydroxide in endodontic treatment: a case report

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

During clinical endodontic treatment, we often find radiopaque filling material beyond the root apex. Accidental extrusion of calcium hydroxide could cause the injury of inferior alveolar nerve, such as paresthesia or continuous inflammatory response. This case report presents the extrusion of calcium hydroxide and treatment procedures including surgical intervention. A 48 yr old female patient experienced Calcipex II extrusion in to the inferior alveolar canal on left mandibular area during endodontic treatment. After completion of endodontic treatment on left mandibular first molar, surgical intervention was planned under general anesthesia. After cortical bone osteotomy and debridement, neuroma resection and neurorrhaphy was performed, and prognosis was observed. But no improvement in sensory nerve was seen following surgical intervention after 20 mon. A clinician should be aware of extrusion of intracanal medicaments and the possibility of damage on inferior alveolar canal. Injectable type of calcium hydroxide should be applied with care for preventing nerve injury. The alternative delivery method such as lentulo spiral was suggested on the posterior mandibular molar. PMID:26877992

Digital radiographic evaluation of alveolar bone loss, density and lamina dura integrity on post splinting mandibular anterior with chronic periodontitis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rafini, F.; Priaminiarti, M.; Sukardi, I.; Lessang, R.

2017-08-01

The healing of periodontal splinting can be detected both with clinical and radiographic examination. In this study, the alveolar bone was evaluated by radiographic digital periapical analysis. Periodontal tooth splinting is periodontal support therapy used to prevent periodontal injury during repair and regeneration of periodontal therapy. Radiographic digital periapical analysis of alveolar bone in the mandibular anterior region with chronic periodontitis and 2/3 cervical bone loss after three months of periodontal splinting. Eighty four proximal site (43 mesial and 41 distal) from 16 patients with chronic periodontitis and treated with spinting were examined by taking periapical digital radiographic at day 1 and 91. The bone loss, bone density and utility of lamina dura were evaluated. The statistical analysis after three months evaluation using T-test for bone loss, Wilcoxon sign rank test for bone density and utility lamina dura showed no significantly differences (p<0.05) (p=0.44, 0.256 and 0.059). No radiographic change in bone loss, bone density and utility of lamina dura from chronic periodontitis with 2/3 alveolar bone loss after three months splinting.

A histomorphometric study of alveolar bone modelling and remodelling in mice fed a boron-deficient diet.

PubMed

Gorustovich, Alejandro A; Steimetz, Tammy; Nielsen, Forrest H; Guglielmotti, María B

2008-07-01

Emerging evidence indicates that boron (B) plays a role in bone formation and maintenance. Thus, a study was performed to determine whether dietary B-deficiency affects periodontal alveolar bone modelling and remodelling. Weanling Swiss mice (n=30) were divided into three groups: control diet (GI, 3mg B/kg); B-deficient diet (GII, 0.07 mg B/kg); and pair-fed with GII (GIII). The animals were maintained on their respective diets for 9 weeks and then sacrificed. The guidelines of the NIH for the care and use of laboratory animals were observed. The mandibles were resected, fixed, decalcified in 10% EDTA and embedded in paraffin. Buccolingually oriented sections were obtained at the level of the mesial root of the first lower molar and stained with H-E. Histomorphometric studies were performed separately on the buccal and lingual sides of the periodontal alveolar bone. Percentages of osteoblast surfaces (ObSs), eroded surfaces (ESs), and quiescent surfaces (QSs) were determined. No statistically significant differences in food intake and body weight were observed between the groups. When compared with GI and GIII mice, GII mice (B-deficient) had 63% and 48% reductions in ObS and 58% and 73% increases in QS in buccal and lingual plates, respectively. ES were not affected by B nutriture. The results are evidence that dietary boron deprivation in mice alters periodontal alveolar bone modelling and remodelling by inhibiting bone formation.

Nox2-derived ROS in PPARγ signaling and cell-cycle progression of lung alveolar epithelial cells

PubMed Central

Tickner, Jennifer; Fan, Lampson M.; Du, Junjie; Meijles, Daniel; Li, Jian-Mei

2011-01-01

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) signaling and cell-cycle regulation. However, the PPARγ redox-signaling pathways in lung alveolar epithelial cells remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the in vivo and in vitro effects of PPARγ activation on the levels of lung ROS production and cell-cycle progression using C57BL/6J wild-type and Nox2 knockout mice (n = 10) after intraperitoneal injection of a selective PPARγ agonist (GW1929, 5 mg/kg body wt, daily) for 14 days. Compared to vehicle-treated mice, GW1929 increased significantly the levels of ROS production in wild-type lungs, and this was accompanied by significant up-regulation of PPARγ, Nox2, PCNA, and cyclin D1 and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38MAPK. These effects were absent in Nox2 knockout mice. In cultured alveolar epithelial cells, GW1929 (5 μM for 24 h) increased ROS production and promoted cell-cycle progression from G0/G1 into S and G2/M phases, and these effects were abolished by (1) adding a PPARγ antagonist (BADGE, 1 μM), (2) knockdown of PPARγ using siRNA, or (3) knockout of Nox2. In conclusion, PPARγ activation through Nox2-derived ROS promotes cell-cycle progression in normal mouse lungs and in cultured normal alveolar epithelial cells. PMID:21664456

Simultaneous Sinus Lifting and Alveolar Distraction of a Severely Atrophic Posterior Maxilla for Oral Rehabilitation with Dental Implants

PubMed Central

Kanno, Takahiro; Mitsugi, Masaharu; Paeng, Jun-Young; Sukegawa, Shintaro; Furuki, Yoshihiko; Ohwada, Hiroyuki; Nariai, Yoshiki; Ishibashi, Hiroaki; Katsuyama, Hideaki; Sekine, Joji

2012-01-01

We retrospectively reviewed a new preimplantation regenerative augmentation technique for a severely atrophic posterior maxilla using sinus lifting with simultaneous alveolar distraction, together with long-term oral rehabilitation with implants. We also analyzed the regenerated bone histomorphologically. This study included 25 maxillary sinus sites in 17 patients. The technique consisted of alveolar osteotomy combined with simultaneous sinus lifting. After sufficient sinus lifting, a track-type vertical alveolar distractor was placed. Following a latent period, patient self-distraction was started. After the required augmentation was achieved, the distractor was left in place to allow consolidation. The distractor was then removed, and osseointegrated implants (average of 3.2 implants per sinus site, 80 implants) were placed. Bone for histomorphometric analysis was sampled from six patients and compared with samples collected after sinus lifting alone as controls (n = 4). A sufficient alveolus was regenerated, and all patients achieved stable oral rehabilitation. The implant survival rate was 96.3% (77/80) after an average postloading followup of 47.5 months. Good bone regeneration was observed in a morphological study, with no significant difference in the rate of bone formation compared with control samples. This new regenerative technique could be a useful option for a severely atrophic maxilla requiring implant rehabilitation. PMID:22792105

Cola beverage consumption delays alveolar bone healing: a histometric study in rats.

PubMed

Teófilo, Juliana Mazzonetto; Leonel, Daniel Vilela; Lamano, Teresa

2010-01-01

Epidemiological studies have suggested that cola beverage consumption may affect bone metabolism and increase bone fracture risk. Experimental evidence linking cola beverage consumption to deleterious effects on bone is lacking. Herein, we investigated whether cola beverage consumption from weaning to early puberty delays the rate of reparative bone formation inside the socket of an extracted tooth in rats. Twenty male Wistar rats received cola beverage (cola group) or tap water (control group) ad libitum from the age of 23 days until tooth extraction at 42 days and euthanasia 2 and 3 weeks later. The neoformed bone volume inside the alveolar socket was estimated in semi-serial longitudinal sections using a quantitative differential point-counting method. Histological examination suggested a decrease in the osteogenic process within the tooth sockets of rats from both cola groups, which had thinner and sparser new bone trabeculae. Histometric data confirmed that alveolar bone healing was significantly delayed in cola-fed rats at three weeks after tooth extraction (ANOVA, p = 0.0006, followed by Tukey's test, p < 0.01). Although the results of studies in rats cannot be extrapolated directly to human clinical dentistry, the present study provides evidence that cola beverage consumption negatively affect maxillary bone formation.

Redox regulation of epithelial sodium channels examined in alveolar type 1 and 2 cells patch-clamped in lung slice tissue.

PubMed

Helms, My N; Jain, Lucky; Self, Julie L; Eaton, Douglas C

2008-08-15

The alveolar surface of the lung is lined by alveolar type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) cells. Using single channel patch clamp analysis in lung slice preparations, we are able to uniquely study AT1 and AT2 cells separately from intact lung. We report for the first time the Na+ transport properties of type 2 cells accessed in live lung tissue (as we have done in type 1 cells). Type 2 cells in lung tissue slices express both highly selective cation and nonselective cation channels with average conductances of 8.8 +/- 3.2 and 22.5 +/- 6.3 picosiemens, respectively. Anion channels with 10-picosiemen conductance are also present in the apical membrane of type 2 cells. Our lung slice studies importantly verify the use of cultured cell model systems commonly used in lung epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) studies. Furthermore, we identify novel functional differences between the cells that make up the alveolar epithelium. One important difference is that exposure to the nitric oxide (NO) donor, PAPA-NONOate (1.5 microm), significantly decreases average ENaC NPo in type 2 cells (from 1.38 +/- 0.26 to 0.82 +/- 0.16; p < 0.05 and n = 18) but failed to alter ENaC activity in alveolar type 1 cells. Elevating endogenous superoxide (O2.) levels with Ethiolat, a superoxide dismutase inhibitor, prevented NO inhibition of ENaC activity in type 2 cells, supporting the novel hypothesis that O2. and NO signaling plays an important role in maintaining lung fluid balance.

Purinergic signalling links mechanical breath profile and alveolar mechanics with the pro-inflammatory innate immune response causing ventilation-induced lung injury.

PubMed

Hasan, Djo; Blankman, Paul; Nieman, Gary F

2017-09-01

Severe pulmonary infection or vigorous cyclic deformation of the alveolar epithelial type I (AT I) cells by mechanical ventilation leads to massive extracellular ATP release. High levels of extracellular ATP saturate the ATP hydrolysis enzymes CD39 and CD73 resulting in persistent high ATP levels despite the conversion to adenosine. Above a certain level, extracellular ATP molecules act as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and activate the pro-inflammatory response of the innate immunity through purinergic receptors on the surface of the immune cells. This results in lung tissue inflammation, capillary leakage, interstitial and alveolar oedema and lung injury reducing the production of surfactant by the damaged AT II cells and deactivating the surfactant function by the concomitant extravasated serum proteins through capillary leakage followed by a substantial increase in alveolar surface tension and alveolar collapse. The resulting inhomogeneous ventilation of the lungs is an important mechanism in the development of ventilation-induced lung injury. The high levels of extracellular ATP and the upregulation of ecto-enzymes and soluble enzymes that hydrolyse ATP to adenosine (CD39 and CD73) increase the extracellular adenosine levels that inhibit the innate and adaptive immune responses rendering the host susceptible to infection by invading microorganisms. Moreover, high levels of extracellular adenosine increase the expression, the production and the activation of pro-fibrotic proteins (such as TGF-β, α-SMA, etc.) followed by the establishment of lung fibrosis.

Local anesthetic-induced myotoxicity as a cause of severe trismus after inferior alveolar nerve block.

PubMed

Smolka, Wenko; Knoesel, Thomas; Mueller-Lisse, Ullrich

2018-01-01

A case of a 60-year-old man with severe trismus after inferior alveolar nerve block is presented. MRI scans as well as histologic examination revealed muscle fibrosis and degeneration of the medial part of the left temporal muscle due to myotoxicity of a local anesthetic agent.

Horizontal alveolar bone loss: A periodontal orphan

PubMed Central

Jayakumar, A.; Rohini, S.; Naveen, A.; Haritha, A.; Reddy, Krishnanjeneya

2010-01-01

Background: Attempts to successfully regenerate lost alveolar bone have always been a clinician’s dream. Angular defects, at least, have a fairer chance, but the same cannot be said about horizontal bone loss. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of horizontal alveolar bone loss and vertical bone defects in periodontal patients; and later, to correlate it with the treatment modalities available in the literature for horizontal and vertical bone defects. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in two parts. Part I was the radiographic evaluation of 150 orthopantomographs (OPGs) (of patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis and seeking periodontal care), which were digitized and read using the AutoCAD 2006 software. All the periodontitis-affected teeth were categorized as teeth with vertical defects (if the defect angle was ≤45° and defect depth was ≥3 mm) or as having horizontal bone loss. Part II of the study comprised search of the literature on treatment modalities for horizontal and vertical bone loss in four selected periodontal journals. Results: Out of the 150 OPGs studied, 54 (36%) OPGs showed one or more vertical defects. Totally, 3,371 teeth were studied, out of which horizontal bone loss was found in 3,107 (92.2%) teeth, and vertical defects were found only in 264 (7.8%) of the teeth, which was statistically significant (P<.001). Search of the selected journals revealed 477 papers have addressed the treatment modalities for vertical and horizontal types of bone loss specifically. Out of the 477 papers, 461 (96.3%) have addressed vertical bone loss, and 18 (3.7%) have addressed treatment options for horizontal bone loss. Two papers have addressed both types of bone loss and are included in both categories. Conclusion: Horizontal bone loss is more prevalent than vertical bone loss but has been sidelined by researchers as very few papers have been published on the subject of regenerative treatment modalities for

A new data management system for the French National Registry of human alveolar echinococcosis cases.

PubMed

Charbonnier, Amandine; Knapp, Jenny; Demonmerot, Florent; Bresson-Hadni, Solange; Raoul, Francis; Grenouillet, Frédéric; Millon, Laurence; Vuitton, Dominique Angèle; Damy, Sylvie

2014-01-01

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is an endemic zoonosis in France due to the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis. The French National Reference Centre for Alveolar Echinococcosis (CNR-EA), connected to the FrancEchino network, is responsible for recording all AE cases diagnosed in France. Administrative, epidemiological and medical information on the French AE cases may currently be considered exhaustive only on the diagnosis time. To constitute a reference data set, an information system (IS) was developed thanks to a relational database management system (MySQL language). The current data set will evolve towards a dynamic surveillance system, including follow-up data (e.g. imaging, serology) and will be connected to environmental and parasitological data relative to E. multilocularis to better understand the pathogen transmission pathway. A particularly important goal is the possible interoperability of the IS with similar European and other databases abroad; this new IS could play a supporting role in the creation of new AE registries. © A. Charbonnier et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2014.

A new data management system for the French National Registry of human alveolar echinococcosis cases

PubMed Central

Charbonnier, Amandine; Knapp, Jenny; Demonmerot, Florent; Bresson-Hadni, Solange; Raoul, Francis; Grenouillet, Frédéric; Millon, Laurence; Vuitton, Dominique Angèle; Damy, Sylvie

2014-01-01

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is an endemic zoonosis in France due to the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis. The French National Reference Centre for Alveolar Echinococcosis (CNR-EA), connected to the FrancEchino network, is responsible for recording all AE cases diagnosed in France. Administrative, epidemiological and medical information on the French AE cases may currently be considered exhaustive only on the diagnosis time. To constitute a reference data set, an information system (IS) was developed thanks to a relational database management system (MySQL language). The current data set will evolve towards a dynamic surveillance system, including follow-up data (e.g. imaging, serology) and will be connected to environmental and parasitological data relative to E. multilocularis to better understand the pathogen transmission pathway. A particularly important goal is the possible interoperability of the IS with similar European and other databases abroad; this new IS could play a supporting role in the creation of new AE registries. PMID:25526544

Success of Maxillary Alveolar Defect Repair in Rats Using Osteoblast-Differentiated Human Deciduous Dental Pulp Stem Cells.

PubMed

Jahanbin, Arezoo; Rashed, Roozbeh; Alamdari, Daryoush Hamidi; Koohestanian, Niloufar; Ezzati, Atefeh; Kazemian, Mojgan; Saghafi, Shadi; Raisolsadat, Mohammad Ali

2016-04-01

The use of cell-based therapies represents one of the most advanced methods for enhancing the regenerative response in craniofacial abnormalities. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the regenerative potential of human dental pulp stem cells, isolated from deciduous teeth, for reconstructing maxillary alveolar defects in Wistar rats. Human deciduous dental pulp stem cells were isolated and stimulated to differentiate into osteoblasts in culture media. Maxillary alveolar defects were created in 60 Wistar rats by a surgical procedure. Then, on the basis of the type of graft used to repair the bone defect, the rats were divided into 6 equal groups: groups 1 and 2, transplantation of iliac bone graft; groups 3 and 4, transplantation of stem cells derived from deciduous dental pulp in addition to collagen matrix; groups 5 and 6, transplantation of just collagen matrix. Then, fetal bone formation, granulation tissue, fibrous tissue, and inflammatory tissue were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining at 1 month (groups 1, 3, and 5) and 2 months (groups 2, 4, and 6) after surgery, and data were analyzed and compared using the Fisher exact test. Maximum fetal bone formation occurred in group 2, in which iliac bone graft was inserted into the defect area for 2 months; there also were significant differences among the groups for bone formation (P = .009). In the 1-month groups, there were no significant differences between the control and stem cell-plus-scaffold groups. There were significant differences between the 2-month groups for fetal bone formation only between the control and scaffold groups (P = .026). The study showed that human dental pulp stem cells are an additional cell resource for repairing maxillary alveolar defects in rats and constitute a promising model for reconstruction of human maxillary alveolar defects in patients with cleft lip and palate. Copyright © 2016 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc

Effect of alveolar ridge preservation after tooth extraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PubMed

Avila-Ortiz, G; Elangovan, S; Kramer, K W O; Blanchette, D; Dawson, D V

2014-10-01

Alveolar ridge preservation strategies are indicated to minimize the loss of ridge volume that typically follows tooth extraction. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the effect that socket filling with a bone grafting material has on the prevention of postextraction alveolar ridge volume loss as compared with tooth extraction alone in nonmolar teeth. Five electronic databases were searched to identify randomized clinical trials that fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Literature screening and article selection were conducted by 3 independent reviewers, while data extraction was performed by 2 independent reviewers. Outcome measures were mean horizontal ridge changes (buccolingual) and vertical ridge changes (midbuccal, midlingual, mesial, and distal). The influence of several variables of interest (i.e., flap elevation, membrane usage, and type of bone substitute employed) on the outcomes of ridge preservation therapy was explored via subgroup analyses. We found that alveolar ridge preservation is effective in limiting physiologic ridge reduction as compared with tooth extraction alone. The clinical magnitude of the effect was 1.89 mm (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.41, 2.36; p < .001) in terms of buccolingual width, 2.07 mm (95% CI: 1.03, 3.12; p < .001) for midbuccal height, 1.18 mm (95% CI: 0.17, 2.19; p = .022) for midlingual height, 0.48 mm (95% CI: 0.18, 0.79; p = .002) for mesial height, and 0.24 mm (95% CI: -0.05, 0.53; p = .102) for distal height changes. Subgroup analyses revealed that flap elevation, the usage of a membrane, and the application of a xenograft or an allograft are associated with superior outcomes, particularly on midbuccal and midlingual height preservation. © International & American Associations for Dental Research.

Effects of plasmalemmal V-ATPase activity on plasma membrane potential of resident alveolar macrophages.

PubMed

Heming, T A; Bidani, A

2003-01-01

The acid-base status and functional responses of alveolar macrophages (mphi) are influenced by the activity of plasmalemmal V-type H+-pump (V-ATPase), an electrogenic H+ extruder that provides a possible link between intracellular pH (pHi) and plasma membrane potential (Em). This study examined the relationships among Em, pHi, and plasmalemmal V-ATPase activity in resident alveolar mphi from rabbits. Em and pHi were measured using fluorescent probes. Em was -46 mV and pHi was 7.14 at an extracellular pH (pHo) of 7.4. The pHi declined progressively at lower pHo values. Decrements in pHo, also caused depolarization of the plasma membrane, independent of V-ATPase activity. The pH effects on Em were sensitive to external K+, and hence, probably involved pH-sensitive K+ conductance. H+ were not distributed at equilibrium across the plasma membrane. V-ATPase activity was a major determinant of the transmembrane H+ disequilibrium. Pump inhibition with bafilomycin A1 caused cytosolic acidification, due most likely to the retention of metabolically generated H+. V-ATPase inhibition also caused depolarization of the plasma membrane, but the effects were mediated indirectly via the accompanying pHi changes. V-ATPase activity was sensitive to Em. Em hyperpolarization (valinomycin-clamp) reduced V-ATPase activity, causing an acidic shift in baseline pHi under steady-state conditions and slowing pHi recovery from NH4Cl prepulse acid-loads. The findings indicate that a complex relationship exists among Em, pHi, and pHo that was partially mediated by plasmalemmal V-ATPase activity. This relationship could have important consequences for the expression of pH- and/or voltage-sensitive functions in alveolar mphi.

Optimization of sampling parameters for collection and preconcentration of alveolar air by needle traps.

PubMed

Filipiak, Wojciech; Filipiak, Anna; Ager, Clemens; Wiesenhofer, Helmut; Amann, Anton

2012-06-01

The approach for breath-VOCs' collection and preconcentration by applying needle traps was developed and optimized. The alveolar air was collected from only a few exhalations under visual control of expired CO(2) into a large gas-tight glass syringe and then warmed up to 45 °C for a short time to avoid condensation. Subsequently, a specially constructed sampling device equipped with Bronkhorst® electronic flow controllers was used for automated adsorption. This sampling device allows time-saving collection of expired/inspired air in parallel onto three different needle traps as well as improvement of sensitivity and reproducibility of NT-GC-MS analysis by collection of relatively large (up to 150 ml) volume of exhaled breath. It was shown that the collection of alveolar air derived from only a few exhalations into a large syringe followed by automated adsorption on needle traps yields better results than manual sorption by up/down cycles with a 1 ml syringe, mostly due to avoided condensation and electronically controlled stable sample flow rate. The optimal profile and composition of needle traps consists of 2 cm Carbopack X and 1 cm Carboxen 1000, allowing highly efficient VOCs' enrichment, while injection by a fast expansive flow technique requires no modifications in instrumentation and fully automated GC-MS analysis can be performed with a commercially available autosampler. This optimized analytical procedure considerably facilitates the collection and enrichment of alveolar air, and is therefore suitable for application at the bedside of critically ill patients in an intensive care unit. Due to its simplicity it can replace the time-consuming sampling of sufficient breath volume by numerous up/down cycles with a 1 ml syringe.

Coarticulation in Catalan Dark ["l"] and the Alveolar Trill: General Implications for Sound Change

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Recasens, Daniel

2013-01-01

Coarticulation data for Catalan reveal that, while being less sensitive to vowel effects at the consonant period, the alveolar trill [r] exerts more prominent effects than [dark "l"] on both adjacent [a] and [i]. This coarticulatory pattern may be related to strict manner demands on the production of the trill. Both consonants also differ…

Endodontic-related inferior alveolar nerve injuries: A review and a therapeutic flow chart.

PubMed

Castro, R; Guivarc'h, M; Foletti, J M; Catherine, J H; Chossegros, C; Guyot, L

2018-05-03

Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) lesions related to endodontic treatments can be explained by the anatomical proximity between the apices of the mandibular posterior teeth and the mandibular canal. The aim of this article is to review the management of inferior alveolar nerve lesions due to endodontic treatments and to establish a therapeutic flow chart. A review of publications reporting IAN damage related to endodontic treatment over the past 20 years has been conducted, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist; it combines an electronic search of the Pubmed ® and Google Scholar ® databasis. Forty-two full-text articles corresponding to 115 clinical cases have been selected. Two personal clinical cases were additionally reported. IAN lesions due to endodontic treatments require urgent management. Early surgical removal of the excess of endodontic material, in contact with the nerve allows the best recovery prognosis (72h). Beyond this delay, irreversible nervous lesions prevail and a medical symptomatic treatment, most of the time with pregabalin, must be/can be carried out. A delayed surgical procedure shows some good benefits for patients. However, the healing prognosis remains poorly predictable. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.

High-refined carbohydrate diet promotes detrimental effects on alveolar bone and femur microarchitecture.

PubMed

Montalvany-Antonucci, C C; Zicker, M C; Macari, S; Pereira, T S F; Diniz, I M A; Andrade, I; Ferreira, A V M; Silva, T A

2018-02-01

The impact of high-refined carbohydrate (HC) diet on fat accumulation, adipokines secretion and systemic inflammation is well described. However, it remains unclear whether these processes affect bone remodeling. To investigate the effects of HC diet in the alveolar bone and femur parameters. BalbC mice were fed with conventional chow or HC diet for 12 weeks. After experimental time maxillae, femur, blood and white adipose tissue samples were collected. The animals feed with HC diet exhibited considerable increase of adiposity index and adipose tissue levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, TGF-β and leptin. Microtomography analysis of maxillary bone revealed horizontal alveolar bone loss and disruption of trabecular bone in mice feed with HC diet. These deleterious effects were correlated with a disturbance in bone cells and an augmented expression of Rankl/Opg ratio. Consistently, similar effects were observed in femurs, which also exhibited a reduction in bone maximum load and stiffness. Our data indicates that HC diet consumption disrupts bone remodeling process, favoring bone loss. Underlying mechanisms relies on fat tissue accumulation and also in systemic and local inflammation. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Transcription factor Etv5 is essential for the maintenance of alveolar type II cells.

PubMed

Zhang, Zhen; Newton, Kim; Kummerfeld, Sarah K; Webster, Joshua; Kirkpatrick, Donald S; Phu, Lilian; Eastham-Anderson, Jeffrey; Liu, Jinfeng; Lee, Wyne P; Wu, Jiansheng; Li, Hong; Junttila, Melissa R; Dixit, Vishva M

2017-04-11

Alveolar type II (AT2) cell dysfunction contributes to a number of significant human pathologies including respiratory distress syndrome, lung adenocarcinoma, and debilitating fibrotic diseases, but the critical transcription factors that maintain AT2 cell identity are unknown. Here we show that the E26 transformation-specific (ETS) family transcription factor Etv5 is essential to maintain AT2 cell identity. Deletion of Etv5 from AT2 cells produced gene and protein signatures characteristic of differentiated alveolar type I (AT1) cells. Consistent with a defect in the AT2 stem cell population, Etv5 deficiency markedly reduced recovery following bleomycin-induced lung injury. Lung tumorigenesis driven by mutant KrasG12D was also compromised by Etv5 deficiency. ERK activation downstream of Ras was found to stabilize Etv5 through inactivation of the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase CRL4 COP1/DET1 that targets Etv5 for proteasomal degradation. These findings identify Etv5 as a critical output of Ras signaling in AT2 cells, contributing to both lung homeostasis and tumor initiation.

Pregabalin in the treatment of inferior alveolar nerve paraesthesia following overfilling of endodontic sealer

PubMed Central

Alonso-Ezpeleta, Oscar; Martín, Pablo J.; López-López, José; Castellanos-Cosano, Lizett; Martín-González, Jenifer; Segura-Egea, Juan J.

2014-01-01

A case of orofacial pain and inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) paraesthesia after extrusion of endodontic sealer within the mandibular canal treated with prednisone and pregabalin is described. A 36-year-old woman underwent root canal treatment of the mandibular second right premolar tooth. Post-operative panoramic radiograph revealed the presence of radiopaque canal sealer in the mandibular canal. Damage to IAN consecutive to extrusion of endodontic sealer was diagnosed. Non-surgical management was decided, including: 1 mg/kg/day prednisone 2 times/day, once-daily regimen, and 150 mg/day pregabalin, two doses per day, monitoring the progress with periodic follow-up visits. Six weeks after the incident the signs and symptoms were gone. The complete resolution of paraesthesia and the control of pain achieved suggest that a non-surgical approach, combining prednisone and the GABA analogue pregabalin, is a good option in the management of the IAN damage subsequent to endodontic sealer extrusion. Key words:Endodontics, inferior alveolar nerve, neuropathic pain, orofacial pain, paraesthesia, pregabalin. PMID:24790724

Normal rabbit alveolar macrophages. II. Their primary and secondary lysosomes as revealed by electron microscopy and cytochemistry

PubMed Central

1976-01-01

In this investigation, vacuoles containing tubular myelin proved to be digestive compartments with cytochemical reactivity for acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase. These cytochemical markers identify the secondary lysosomes, known to contain enzymes capable of hydrolyzing phospholipids like surfactant. Therefore, it appears that alveolar macrophages possess the enzymatic machinery for the degradation of the tubular myelin found in their digestive vacuoles. Although it thus appears evident that alveolar macrophages participate in the turnover of surfactant, the quantitative significance of this route of disposal is undetermined. This investigation has also established that acid hydrolases, so prominently displayed in the secondary lysosomes, are also localized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in Golgi- endoplasmic reticulum-lysosomes (GERL). Moreover, small vesicles which are produced from GERL serve as primary lysosomes in transporting digestive enzymes to the vacuoles. PMID:185318

Butyrfentanyl overdose resulting in diffuse alveolar hemorrhage.

PubMed

Cole, Jon B; Dunbar, John F; McIntire, Sarah A; Regelmann, Warren E; Slusher, Tina M

2015-03-01

Butyrfentanyl is a potent short-acting opioid and a fentanyl analog with uncertain clinical effects. A review of the literature reveals no human case reports of butyrfentanyl overdose. As the use of analog and synthetic drugs continues to increase, clinicians are often faced with tremendous uncertainty when they encounter patients exposed to these synthetic drugs. We describe, to our knowledge, the first case of a butyrfentanyl overdose that resulted in clinically significant hemoptysis, acute lung injury, hypoxic respiratory failure, and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Complicating this case was a false-positive urine drug screen for fentanyl. Clinicians who encounter fentanyl exposures should be aware they may in fact be dealing with butyrfentanyl. As little is known of butyrfentanyl and our patient suffered a significant pulmonary hemorrhage, those who encounter butyrfentanyl exposures should monitor for hemorrhagic complications. Copyright © 2015 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a pediatric case study.

PubMed

Thompson, C T; Tirone, P A

2000-01-01

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare, debilitating, sometimes fatal disease of uncertain etiology and pathophysiology. The medical literature defines the illness and describes current theories related to its pathophysiology. Little nursing literature addresses PAP. This case study describes and discusses nursing interventions utilized in the home management of a young, female adolescent with this illness. A retrospective analysis of the chart reveals investigative treatment involving daily subcutaneous injections of bacterially synthesized, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Communication and collaboration among health care providers and identification of diverse issues influencing the health of the client resulted in the development of effective nursing interventions. Leininger's Theory of Transcultural Care Diversity and Universality provides a model for interpretation and generalization of nursing interventions. PAP can be managed successfully in the home, but more information on the illness and ethnic and age-specific responses to treatment is needed.

Alveolar fibrin formation caused by enhanced procoagulant and depressed fibrinolytic capacities in severe pneumonia. Comparison with the acute respiratory distress syndrome.

PubMed

Günther, A; Mosavi, P; Heinemann, S; Ruppert, C; Muth, H; Markart, P; Grimminger, F; Walmrath, D; Temmesfeld-Wollbrück, B; Seeger, W

2000-02-01

Changes in the alveolar hemostatic balance in severe pneumonia were compared with those in the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Analysis was performed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) of patients with ARDS triggered by nonpulmonary underlying events in the absence of lung infection (ARDS; n = 25), pneumonia demanding mechanical ventilation (PNEU-vent; n = 114), spontaneously breathing patients with pneumonia (PNEU-spon; n = 40), and ARDS in combination with lung infection (ARDS+PNEU; n = 43); comparison with healthy control subjects (n = 35) was performed. In all groups of patients, BALF total procoagulant activity was increased by nearly two orders of magnitude, being largely attributable to the tissue factor pathway of coagulation. Concomitantly, markedly reduced overall fibrinolytic capacity (fibrin plate assay) was noted in the lavage fluids of all patients. BALF levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator were significantly reduced throughout, whereas the lavage concentrations of tissue-type plasminogen activator did not differ from those in control subjects. In addition, markedly enhanced levels of plasminogen activator- inhibitor I and alpha(2)-antiplasmin were noted in ARDS, ARDS+PNEU, and PNEU-vent, but not in PNEU-spon. In all groups of patients, the changes in the lavage enzymatic activities were paralleled by manifold increased BALF concentrations of fibrinopeptide A and D-dimer, reflecting in vivo coagulation processes. Within the overall number of patients with pneumonia, changes in the alveolar hemostatic balance were more prominent in alveolar and interstitial pneumonia than in bronchopneumonia. Acute inflammatory lung injury, whether triggered by nonpulmonary systemic events or primary lung infection, is thus consistently characterized by both enhanced procoagulant and depressed fibrinolytic activities in the alveolar lining layer, with the appearance of fibrin formation in this compartment. Profile and extent of changes in

Cardiovascular risk in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.

PubMed

Manali, Effrosyni D; Papadaki, Georgia; Konstantonis, Dimitrios; Tsangaris, Iraklis; Papaioannou, Andriana I; Kolilekas, Likurgos; Schams, Andrea; Kagouridis, Konstantinos; Karakatsani, Anna; Orfanos, Stylianos; Griese, Matthias; Papiris, Spyros A

2016-02-01

We hypothesized that cardiovascular events and/or indices of cardiac dysfunction may be increased in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). Systemic and pulmonary arterial hypertension, arrhythmias, pulmonary embolism, stroke and ischemic heart attack were reported. Patients underwent serum anti-GM-CSF antibodies, disease severity score (DSS), Doppler transthoracic echocardiograph, glucose, thyroid hormones, lipids, troponin and pro-Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) examination. Thirteen patients (8 female) were studied, median age of 47. Pro-BNP inversely related to DLCO% and TLC%; troponin directly related to DSS, age, P(A-a)O2, left atrium-, left ventricle-end-diastole diameter and BMI. On multiple regression analysis DSS was the only parameter significantly and strongly related with troponin (R(2) = 0.776, p = 0.007). No cardiovascular event was reported during follow-up. In PAP cardiovascular risk indices relate to lung disease severity. Therefore, PAP patients could be at increased risk for cardiovascular events. Quantitation of its magnitude and potential links to lungs' physiologic derangement will be addressed in future studies.

Follow-up assessment of problem-based learning in dental alveolar surgery education: a pilot trial.

PubMed

Bai, Xiaofeng; Zhang, Xia; Wang, Xukai; Lu, Li; Liu, Qiang; Zhou, Qing

2017-06-01

Limited information exists on the effects of an oral and maxillofacial surgery integrated problem-based learning (PBL) course for dental undergraduates and the performance of these students after graduation. Therefore, we designed a PBL-implemented course with integrated dental alveolar surgery to evaluate its effects on the preparedness of graduates for clinical practice, their lifelong learning habits and their ability to collaborate, compared with the results of traditional courses. A randomised controlled trial was performed with 90 undergraduate students. The undergraduates were asked to perform a theoretical examination and to complete a clinical case analysis at the end of the course. Three years later, a follow-up survey was administered via a telephone interview and a questionnaire that measured self-perceived and supervisor-rated preparedness for clinical practice related to professional knowledge of dental alveolar surgery, lifelong learning habits, attitude and collaboration ability. All results were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a t-test. At the 3-year post-graduation time point, both PBL graduates and their supervisors rated their preparation for clinical practice as higher than those who received traditional lecture-based courses. In addition, the respondents in the PBL group believed that they were more likely than their counterparts in the traditional group to consult with professionals and other health-care staff members. No significant between-group differences were observed in the graduates' habits or lifelong learning attitudes. The PBL mode of teaching integrated dental alveolar surgery may improve preparedness for clinical practice and help undergraduates to develop the desire to collaborate. © 2017 FDI World Dental Federation.

Alveolar macrophage phagocytosis is enhanced after blunt chest trauma and alters the posttraumatic mediator release.

PubMed

Seitz, Daniel H; Palmer, Annette; Niesler, Ulrike; Fröba, Janine S; Heidemann, Vera; Rittlinger, Anne; Braumüller, Sonja T; Zhou, Shaoxia; Gebhard, Florian; Knöferl, Markus W

2011-12-01

Blunt chest trauma is known to induce a pulmonary invasion of short-lived polymorphonuclear neutrophils and apoptosis of alveolar epithelial type 2 (AT2) cells. Apoptotic cells are removed by alveolar macrophages (AMΦ). We hypothesized that chest trauma alters the phagocytic response of AMΦ as well as the mediator release of AMΦ during phagocytosis. To study this, male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to blunt chest trauma. Phagocytosis assays were performed in AMΦ isolated 2 or 24 h after trauma with apoptotic cells or opsonized beads. Phagocytosis of apoptotic AT2 cells by unstimulated AMΦ was significantly increased 2 h after trauma. At 24 h, AMΦ from traumatized animals, stimulated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, ingested significantly more apoptotic polymorphonuclear neutrophils than AMΦ from sham animals. Alveolar macrophages after trauma released significantly higher levels of tumor necrosis factor α, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1 when they incorporated latex beads, but significantly lower levels of interleukin 1β and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α when they ingested apoptotic cells. In vivo, phagocytosis of intratracheally instilled latex beads was decreased in traumatized rats. The bronchoalveolar lavage concentrations of the phagocytosis-supporting surfactant proteins A and D after blunt chest trauma were slightly decreased, whereas surfactant protein D mRNA expression in AT2 cells was significantly increased after 2 h. These findings indicate that chest trauma augments the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by AMΦ. Phagocytosis of opsonized beads enhances and ingestion of apoptotic cells downregulates the immunologic response following lung contusion. Our data emphasize the important role of phagocytosis during posttraumatic inflammation after lung contusion.

Therapeutic effects of systemic vitamin k2 and vitamin d3 on gingival inflammation and alveolar bone in rats with experimentally induced periodontitis.

PubMed

Aral, Kübra; Alkan, Banu Arzu; Saraymen, Recep; Yay, Arzu; Şen, Ahmet; Önder, Gözde Özge

2015-05-01

The synergistic effects of vitamin D3 and vitamin K2 on bone loss prevention have been reported. This study evaluates the effects of vitamin D3 and vitamin K2 supplementation in conjunction with conventional periodontal therapy (scaling and root planing [SRP]) on gingival interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10, serum bone alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP-5b), and calcium and alveolar bone levels in rats with experimentally induced periodontitis. Seventy-two rats were divided into the following groups: 1) healthy; 2) periodontitis; 3) SRP; 4) SRP + vitamin D3; 5) SRP + vitamin K2; and 6) SRP + vitamins K2 and D3. Periodontitis was induced by ligature placement for 7 days, and vitamin K2 (30 mg/kg) and/or vitamin D3 (2 μg/kg) were administered for 10 days in the SRP + vitamin D3, SRP + vitamin K2, and SRP + vitamins K2 and D3 groups by oral gavage. On day 18, the animals were sacrificed, serum B-ALP, TRAP-5b, and calcium levels were measured, gingiva specimens were extracted for IL-1β and IL-10 analysis, and distances between the cemento-enamel junction and alveolar bone crest were evaluated. Alveolar bone levels in the periodontitis group were significantly greater than those in the other five groups. No significant differences were found in gingival IL-1β and IL-10, serum B-ALP and TRAP-5b, and calcium and alveolar bone levels between the groups receiving SRP and vitamins and the group receiving SRP alone. Within the limitations of this study, vitamin D3 and K2 alone or in combination did not affect gingival IL-1β and IL-10, serum B-ALP and TRAP-5b levels, or alveolar bone compared with conventional periodontal therapy alone.

Damping ratio analysis of tooth stability under various simulated degrees of vertical alveolar bone loss and different root types.

PubMed

Ho, Kuo-Ning; Lee, Sheng-Yang; Huang, Haw-Ming

2017-08-03

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using damping ratio (DR) analysis combined with resonance frequency (RF) and periotest (PTV) analyses to provide additional information about natural tooth stability under various simulated degrees of alveolar vertical bone loss and various root types. Three experimental tooth models, including upper central incisor, upper first premolar, and upper first molar were fabricated using Ti6Al4V alloy. In the tooth models, the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone were simulated using a soft lining material and gypsum, respectively. Various degrees of vertical bone loss were simulated by decreasing the surrounding bone level apically from the cementoenamel junction in 2-mm steps incrementally downward for 10 mm. A commercially available RF analyzer was used to measure the RF and DR of impulse-forced vibrations on the tooth models. The results showed that DRs increased as alveolar vertical bone height decreased and had high coefficients of determination in the linear regression analysis. The damping ratio of the central incisor model without a simulated periodontal ligament were 11.95 ± 1.92 and 27.50 ± 0.67% respectively when their bone levels were set at 2 and 10 mm apically from the cementoenamel junction. These values significantly changed to 28.85 ± 2.54% (p = 0.000) and 51.25 ± 4.78% (p = 0.003) when the tooth model was covered with simulated periodontal ligament. Moreover, teeth with different root types showed different DR and RF patterns. Teeth with multiple roots had lower DRs than teeth with single roots. Damping ratio analysis combined with PTV and RF analysis provides more useful information on the assessment of changes in vertical alveolar bone loss than PTV or RF analysis alone.

Partially Biodegradable Distraction Implant to Replace Conventional Implants in Alveolar Bone of Insufficient Height: A Preliminary Study in Dogs.

PubMed

Li, Tao; Zhang, Yongqiang; Shao, Bo; Gao, Yuan; Zhang, Chen; Cao, Qiang; Kong, Liang

2015-12-01

Dental implants have been widely used in the last few decades. However, patients with insufficient bone height need reconstructive surgeries before implant insertion. The distraction implant (DI) has been invented to simplify the treatment procedure, but the shortcomings of DIs have limited their clinical use. We incorporated biodegradable polyester into a novel DI called the partially biodegradable distraction implant (PBDI). The purpose of this study was to assess the radiological, histological, and biomechanical properties of the PBDI in animal models. PBDIs were manufactured and inserted into the atrophied mandibles of nine dogs. Box-shaped alveolar bones were segmented and distracted. The dogs were randomly divided into three groups that were sacrificed 1, 2, and 3 months after the implant insertion. Actual augmentation height (AAH) of the bone segments was measured to evaluate the effect of distraction. X-ray examination and micro-CT reconstruction and analysis were used to evaluate the regenerated bone in the distraction gap and bone around the functional element. Histological sections were used to evaluate the osseointegration and absorption of the PBDI. Fatigue tests were used to evaluate the biomechanical properties of the PBDI. Little change was found in AAH among the three groups. X-ray examination and micro-CT reconstruction showed good growth of regenerated bone in the distraction gap. Alveolar bone volume around the functional element increased steadily. No obvious bone absorption occurred in the alveolar crest around PBDI. Three months after distraction, the functional element achieved osseointegration, and the support element began to be absorbed. All PBDIs survived the fatigue test. The PBDI is a novel and reliable dental implant. It becomes a conventional implant after the absorption of the support element and the removal of the distraction screw. It is a promising replacement for conventional implants in patients with insufficient alveolar bone

Three-Dimensional Volumetric Changes in Severely Resorbed Alveolar Sockets After Ridge Augmentation with Bovine-Derived Xenograft and Resorbable Barrier: A Preliminary Study on CBCT Imaging.

PubMed

Manavella, Valeria; Romano, Federica; Corano, Lisa; Bignardi, Cristina; Aimetti, Mario

The primary aim of the study was to describe a novel technique to evaluate volumetric hard tissue dimensional changes after ridge augmentation procedures. The secondary aim was to apply this newly developed measuring method to compromised alveolar sockets grafted with a slowly resorbing biomaterial covered with a collagen membrane. Eleven patients (6 men and 5 women, mean age 52.7 ± 8.3 years) requiring extraction of one hopeless tooth for severe periodontitis in the maxillary anterior area were consecutively treated with a ridge augmentation procedure. All experimental sockets showed advanced buccal bone plate deficiency and were grafted with deproteinized bovine bone mineral with 10% collagen covered with a collagen membrane. Sockets healed by secondary intention. Three-dimensional volumetric alveolar bone changes were calculated by superimposing cone beam computed tomography scans obtained before and 12 months after the augmentation procedure. After 12 months, the alveolar mineralized tissue filled 91.20% ± 7.96% of the maximum volume for regeneration. The augmentation procedure appeared not only to compensate for bone remodeling in most alveolar regions but also to repair a significant portion of the buccal wall. The most significant ridge width changes occurred 1 mm apical to the bone crest (2.33 ± 1.46 mm, P < .001). Within present limitations, this radiographic measuring methodology can be a useful tool to evaluate changes in socket volume. A ridge preservation technique performed with collagenated bovine bone and a collagen membrane was able to improve ridge shape and dimensions in compromised alveolar sockets.

Perfluorocarbon induces alveolar epithelial cell response through structural and mechanical remodeling.

PubMed

André Dias, Sofia; Planus, Emmanuelle; Angely, Christelle; Lotteau, Luc; Tissier, Renaud; Filoche, Marcel; Louis, Bruno; Pelle, Gabriel; Isabey, Daniel

2018-02-15

During total liquid ventilation, lung cells are exposed to perfluorocarbon (PFC) whose chemophysical properties highly differ from standard aqueous cell feeding medium (DMEM). We herein perform a systematic study of structural and mechanical properties of A549 alveolar epithelial cells in order to characterize their response to PFC exposure, using DMEM as control condition. Changes in F-actin structure, focal adhesion density and glycocalyx distribution are evaluated by confocal fluorescent microscopy. Changes in cell mechanics and adhesion are measured by multiscale magnetic twisting cytometry (MTC). Two different microrheological models (single Voigt and power law) are used to analyze the cell mechanics characterized by cytoskeleton (CSK) stiffness and characteristic relaxation times. Cell-matrix adhesion is analyzed using a stochastic multibond deadhesion model taking into account the non-reversible character of the cell response, allowing us to quantify the adhesion weakness and the number of associated bonds. The roles of F-actin structure and glycocalyx layer are evaluated by depolymerizing F-actin and degrading glycocalyx, respectively. Results show that PFC exposure consistently induces F-actin remodeling, CSK softening and adhesion weakening. These results demonstrate that PFC triggers an alveolar epithelial cell response herein evidenced by a decay in intracellular CSK tension, an adhesion weakening and a glycocalyx layer redistribution. These PFC-induced cell adjustments are consistent with the hypothesis that cells respond to a decrease in adhesion energy at cell surface. This adhesion energy can be even further reduced in the presence of surfactant adsorbed at the cell surface.

[Alveolar bone thickness and root length changes in the treatment of skeletal Class III patients facilitated by improved corticotomy: a cone-beam CT analysis].

PubMed

Wu, Jiaqi; Jiang, Jiuhui; Xu, Li; Liang, Cheng; Li, Cuiying; Xu, Xiao

2015-04-01

To evaluate the alveolar bone thickness and root length changes of anterior teeth with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT scans were taken for 12 skeletal Class III patients who accepted the improved corticotomy (IC) procedures during pre-surgical orthodontics. The CBCT data in T1 (the maxillary dental arch was aligned and leveled) and T2 (extraction space closure) were superimposed and the alveolar bone thickness at root apex level and root length measurements were done. From T1 to T2, the buccal alveolar bone thickness for the upper lateral incisors increased from (1.89±0.83) to (2.47±1.02) mm (P<0.05), and for central incisors and for canines from (2.32±0.71) to (2.68±1.48) mm and from (2.28±1.08) to (2.41±1.40) mm, respectively. According to Sharpe Grading System, the root resorption grade for 69 teeth of 72 was located in Grade 1, two teeth in Grade 2, one tooth in Grade 3. The improved corticotomy had the potential to increase the buccal alveolar bone thickness and the root resorption in most teeth was in Grade 1 according to Sharpe grading system.

The Effectiveness of Crataegus orientalis M Bieber. (Hawthorn) Extract Administration in Preventing Alveolar Bone Loss in Rats with Experimental Periodontitis

PubMed Central

Hatipoğlu, Mükerrem; Sağlam, Mehmet; Köseoğlu, Serhat; Köksal, Ekrem; Keleş, Ali; Esen, Hacı Hasan

2015-01-01

The purpose of this animal study was to evaluate the effects of hawthorn (Crataeus orientalis M Bieber.) extract on serum oxidative status and alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis. Twenty-seven Wistar rats were assigned to one of the following groups: non- ligated+placebo (saline) (NL, n = 9), ligature only+placebo (saline) (LO, n = 9), and ligature and treated with hawthorn extract in saline (H, n = 9) (100 mg/kg orogastrically, once a day for 11 days). Periodontitis was induced by submerging a 4/0 silk ligature in the sulcus of the mandibular right first molars of rats, and the animals were sacrificed after 11 days. Micro-CT examinations were performed for linear and volumetric parameter assessment of alveolar bone. Periodontal tissues were histopathologically examined to assess the differences among the study groups. Levels of serum total antioxidant status (TAS)/total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were also analyzed. Alveolar bone loss was significantly reduced by hawthorn administration compared to LO group (p<0.05). The number of inflammatory cells and osteoclasts in the LO group was significantly higher than that of the NL and H groups (p< 0.05). The number of osteoblasts in the LO and H groups was significantly higher than that of the NL group (p<0.05). TOS and OSI levels were significantly reduced in H group compared to LO group (P <0.05) and TAS levels were similar in H and NL group (p< 0.05). Hawthorn extract showed inhibitory effect on periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone loss by regulating TAS, TOS and OSI levels in periodontal disease in rats when administered systemically. PMID:26030160