Climate impacts of parameterized Nordic Sea overflows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Danabasoglu, Gokhan; Large, William G.; Briegleb, Bruce P.

2010-11-01

A new overflow parameterization (OFP) of density-driven flows through ocean ridges via narrow, unresolved channels has been developed and implemented in the ocean component of the Community Climate System Model version 4. It represents exchanges from the Nordic Seas and the Antarctic shelves, associated entrainment, and subsequent injection of overflow product waters into the abyssal basins. We investigate the effects of the parameterized Denmark Strait (DS) and Faroe Bank Channel (FBC) overflows on the ocean circulation, showing their impacts on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and the North Atlantic climate. The OFP is based on the Marginal Sea Boundary Condition scheme of Price and Yang (1998), but there are significant differences that are described in detail. Two uncoupled (ocean-only) and two fully coupled simulations are analyzed. Each pair consists of one case with the OFP and a control case without this parameterization. In both uncoupled and coupled experiments, the parameterized DS and FBC source volume transports are within the range of observed estimates. The entrainment volume transports remain lower than observational estimates, leading to lower than observed product volume transports. Due to low entrainment, the product and source water properties are too similar. The DS and FBC overflow temperature and salinity properties are in better agreement with observations in the uncoupled case than in the coupled simulation, likely reflecting surface flux differences. The most significant impact of the OFP is the improved North Atlantic Deep Water penetration depth, leading to a much better comparison with the observational data and significantly reducing the chronic, shallow penetration depth bias in level coordinate models. This improvement is due to the deeper penetration of the southward flowing Deep Western Boundary Current. In comparison with control experiments without the OFP, the abyssal ventilation rates increase in the North Atlantic. In the uncoupled simulation with the OFP, the warm bias of the control simulation in the deep North Atlantic is substantially reduced along with salinity bias reductions in the northern North Atlantic. There are similar but more modest bias reductions in the deep temperature and salinity distributions especially in the northern North Atlantic in the coupled OFP case. In coupled simulations, there are noticeable impacts of the OFP on climate. The sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are warmer by more than 5°C off the North American coast and by more than 1°C in the Nordic Sea with the OFP. The surface heat fluxes mostly act to diminish these SST changes. There are related changes in the sea level pressure, leading to about 15% weaker westerly wind stress in the northern North Atlantic. In response to the warmer Nordic Sea SSTs, there are reductions in the sea ice extent, improving comparisons with observations. Although the OFP cases improve many aspects of the simulations compared to observations, some significant biases remain, more in coupled than in uncoupled simulations.

Initializing decadal climate predictions over the North Atlantic region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matei, Daniela Mihaela; Pohlmann, Holger; Jungclaus, Johann; Müller, Wolfgang; Haak, Helmuth; Marotzke, Jochem

2010-05-01

Decadal climate prediction aims to predict the internally-generated decadal climate variability in addition to externally-forced climate change signal. In order to achieve this it is necessary to start the predictions from the current climate state. In this study we investigate the forecast skill of the North Atlantic decadal climate predictions using two different ocean initialization strategies. First we apply an assimilation of ocean synthesis data provided by the GECCO project (Köhl and Stammer, 2008) as initial conditions for the coupled model ECHAM5/MPI-OM. Hindcast experiments are then performed over the period 1952-2001. An alternative approach is one in which the subsurface ocean temperature and salinity are diagnosed from an ensemble of ocean model runs forced by the NCEP-NCAR atmospheric reanalyzes for the period 1948-2007, then nudge into the coupled model to produce initial conditions for the hindcast experiments. An anomaly coupling scheme is used in both approaches to avoid the hindcast drift and the associated initial shock. Differences between the two assimilation approaches are discussed by comparing them with the observational data in key regions and processes. We asses the skill of the initialized decadal hindcast experiments against the prediction skill of the non-initialized hindcasts simulation. We obtain an overview of the regions with the highest predictability from the regional distribution of the anomaly correlation coefficients and RMSE for the SAT. For the first year the hindcast skill is increased over almost all ocean regions in the NCEP-forced approach. This increase in the hindcast skill for the 1 year lead time is somewhat reduced in the GECCO approach. At lead time 5yr and 10yr, the skill enhancement is still found over the North Atlantic and North Pacific regions. We also consider the potential predictability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and Nordic Seas Overflow by comparing the predicted values to the respective assimilation experiments. Hindcasts of Atlantic MOC and Denmark Strait Overflow show higher predictability than the comparison experiments without initialization and damped persistence predictions up to about 5-6 years.

Understanding the Steric Height Long Term Variability at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series Study (BATS) Site with a Neutral Density Approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goncalves Neto, A.; Johnson, R. J.; Bates, N. R.

2016-02-01

Rising sea level is one of the main concerns for human life in a scenario with global atmosphere and ocean warming, which is of particular concern for oceanic islands. Bermuda, located in the center of the Sargasso Sea, provides an ideal location to investigate sea level rise since it has a long term tide gauge (1933-present) and is in close proximity to deep ocean time-series sites, namely, Hydrostation `S' (1954-present) and the Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series Study site (1988-present). In this study, we use the monthly CTD deep casts at BATS to compute the contribution of steric height (SH) to the local sea surface height (SSH) for the past 24 years. To determine the relative contribution from the various water masses we first define 8 layers (Surface Layer, Upper Thermocline, Subtropical Mode-Water, Lower Thermocline, Antarctic Intermediate Water, Labrador Sea Water, Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water, Denmark Strait Overflow Water) based on neutral density criteria for which SH is computed. Additionally, we calculate the thermosteric and halosteric components for each of the defined neutral density layers. Surprisingly, the results show that, despite a 3.3mm/yr sea level rise observed at the Bermuda tide gauge, the steric contribution to the SSH at BATS has decreased at a rate of -1.1mm/yr during the same period. The thermal component is found to account for the negative trend in the steric height (-4.4mm/yr), whereas the halosteric component (3.3mm/yr) partially compensates the thermal signal and can be explained by an overall cooling and freshening at the BATS site. Although the surface layer and the upper thermocline waters are warming, all the subtropical and polar water masses, which represent most of the local water column, are cooling and therefore drive the overall SH contribution to the local SSH. Hence, it suggests that the mass contribution to the local SSH plays an important role in the sea level rise, for which we investigate with GRACE data.

Mechanisms of decadal variability in the Labrador Sea and the wider North Atlantic in a high-resolution climate model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ortega, Pablo; Robson, Jon; Sutton, Rowan; Andrews, Martin

2017-04-01

A necessary step before assessing the performance of decadal predictions is the evaluation of the processes that bring memory to the climate system, both in climate models and observations. These mechanisms are particularly relevant in the North Atlantic, where the ocean circulation, related to both the Subpolar Gyre and the Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), is thought to be important for driving significant heat content anomalies. Recently, a rapid decline in observed densities in the deep Labrador Sea has pointed to an ongoing slowdown of the AMOC strength taking place since the mid 90s, a decline also hinted by in-situ observations from the RAPID array. This study explores the use of Labrador Sea densities as a precursor of the ocean circulation changes, by analysing a 300-year long simulation with the state-of-the-art coupled model HadGEM3-GC2. The major drivers of Labrador density variability are investigated, and are characterised by three major contributions. First, the integrated effect of local surface heat fluxes, mainly driven by year-to-year changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation, which accounts for 62% of the total variance. Additionally, two multidecadal-to-centennial contributions from the Arctic are quantified; the first associated with freshwater exports via the East Greenland Current, and the second with changes in the Denmark Strait Overflow. Finally, evidence is shown that decadal trends in Labrador Sea densities are followed by important atmospheric impacts. In particular, a delayed winter NAO response appears to be at play, providing a phase reversal mechanism for the Labrador Sea density changes.

Nd and Pb isotopic Mediterranean overflow water signature in the Gulf of Cadiz over the Mio-Pliocene boundary.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van der Schee, Marlies; Gutjahr, Marcus; Sierro, Francisco Javier; Flecker, Rachel; Jiménez Espejo, Francisco; Hodell, David; Abel Flores, Jose

2014-05-01

Marine gateways play a major role in ocean circulation and therefore climate. Currently, it is thought that there was no significant Mediterranean Overflow Water (MOW) in the Gulf of Cadiz during the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) in the Late Miocene. However, a connection has supplied the Mediterranean with enough salt to precipitate the extensive evaporates preserved across the basin. After the MSC, the Mediterranean overflow was re-established through the Straits of Gibraltar. Today, MOW follows the continental slope of the Iberian Peninsula at a depth of 500-800 m in the Gulf of Cadiz northwards. In this study, lead and neodymium isotopes are used as water mass tracers for Mio-Pliocene MOW and NE Atlantic water in the Gulf of Cadiz. Complementary biostratigraphic data, carbon and oxygen isotopes and trace elements are presented alongside to corroborate our findings. Here we present a detailed authigenic Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide-derived Pb and Nd isotope records extracted from ~5.85 - 4.0 million year old bulk sediments recovered in IODP Core U1387C in the Gulf of Cadiz (current water depth 559 m). MOW and NE Atlantic waters have different Nd and Pb isotopic characteristics allowing for the identification of bottom water mass provenance changes and mixing proportions at the core site. The properties of the water bodies during the given time period are defined by Fe-Mn crust and marine sediment signatures. We also examine the natural variability within a single precession cycle. In order to confirm that the bulk sediment data indeed reliably reflects the primary composition of the bottom water masses, several bulk sediment samples are compared to foraminifera-derived Nd isotopic compositions. Results from the Messinian show a trend from isotope compositions that are more typical for MOW towards compositions more typical for the NE Atlantic. Subsequently, this trend reverses. After this, around 5.6 Ma an abrupt shift from MOW to more NE Atlantic characteristics is visible. The last abrupt switch is mainly visible in the lead isotopic record. The first trend may bear evidence for the presence of Mediterranean water in the Gulf of Cadiz at the same time of the deposition of the Lower Evaporites precipitation in the Mediterranean basin. The abrupt change to more Atlantic values around 5.6 Ma, during the deposition of the Upper Evaporites in the Mediterranean, could reflect a change from a two-layer flow gateway system with a MOW to a one layer inflow of Atlantic water in the Mediterranean. Mediterranean-Atlantic exchange through the Straits of Gibraltar, is thought to have been established after the MSC. No geochemical record of MOW is known immediately after the opening of the Straits. The radiogenic records may reveal the timing of Pliocene MOW and a strengthening at ~4.2-4.5 Ma at the same time of the onset of the contourite depositional system in the Gulf of Cadiz.

Mechanisms of decadal variability in the Labrador Sea and the wider North Atlantic in a high-resolution climate model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ortega, Pablo; Robson, Jon; Sutton, Rowan T.; Andrews, Martin B.

2017-10-01

A necessary step before assessing the performance of decadal predictions is the evaluation of the processes that bring memory to the climate system, both in climate models and observations. These mechanisms are particularly relevant in the North Atlantic, where the ocean circulation, related to both the Subpolar Gyre and the Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), is thought to be important for driving significant heat content anomalies. Recently, a rapid decline in observed densities in the deep Labrador Sea has pointed to an ongoing slowdown of the AMOC strength taking place since the mid 90s, a decline also hinted by in-situ observations from the RAPID array. This study explores the use of Labrador Sea densities as a precursor of the ocean circulation changes, by analysing a 300-year long simulation with the state-of-the-art coupled model HadGEM3-GC2. The major drivers of Labrador Sea density variability are investigated, and are characterised by three major contributions. First, the integrated effect of local surface heat fluxes, mainly driven by year-to-year changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation, which accounts for 62% of the total variance. Additionally, two multidecadal-to-centennial contributions from the Greenland-Scotland Ridge outflows are quantified; the first associated with freshwater exports via the East Greenland Current, and the second with density changes in the Denmark Strait Overflow. Finally, evidence is shown that decadal trends in Labrador Sea densities are followed by important atmospheric impacts. In particular, a positive winter NAO response appears to follow the negative Labrador Sea density trends, and provides a phase reversal mechanism.

Time series measurements of transient tracers and tracer-derived transport in the Deep Western Boundary Current between the Labrador Sea and the subtropical Atlantic Ocean at Line W

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, John N.; Smethie, William M.; Yashayev, Igor; Curry, Ruth; Azetsu-Scott, Kumiko

2016-11-01

Time series measurements of the nuclear fuel reprocessing tracer 129I and the gas ventilation tracer CFC-11 were undertaken on the AR7W section in the Labrador Sea (1997-2014) and on Line W (2004-2014), located over the US continental slope off Cape Cod, to determine advection and mixing time scales for the transport of Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW) within the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC). Tracer measurements were also conducted in 2010 over the continental rise southeast of Bermuda to intercept the equatorward flow of DSOW by interior pathways. The Labrador Sea tracer and hydrographic time series data were used as input functions in a boundary current model that employs transit time distributions to simulate the effects of mixing and advection on downstream tracer distributions. Model simulations of tracer levels in the boundary current core and adjacent interior (shoulder) region with which mixing occurs were compared with the Line W time series measurements to determine boundary current model parameters. These results indicate that DSOW is transported from the Labrador Sea to Line W via the DWBC on a time scale of 5-6 years corresponding to a mean flow velocity of 2.7 cm/s while mixing between the core and interior regions occurs with a time constant of 2.6 years. A tracer section over the southern flank of the Bermuda rise indicates that the flow of DSOW that separated from the DWBC had undergone transport through interior pathways on a time scale of 9 years with a mixing time constant of 4 years.

Assessing the Internal Consistency of the Marine Carbon Dioxide System at High Latitudes: The Labrador Sea AR7W Line Study Case

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raimondi, L.; Azetsu-Scott, K.; Wallace, D.

2016-02-01

This work assesses the internal consistency of ocean carbon dioxide through the comparison of discrete measurements and calculated values of four analytical parameters of the inorganic carbon system: Total Alkalinity (TA), Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), pH and Partial Pressure of CO2 (pCO2). The study is based on 486 seawater samples analyzed for TA, DIC and pH and 86 samples for pCO2 collected during the 2014 Cruise along the AR7W line in Labrador Sea. The internal consistency has been assessed using all combinations of input parameters and eight sets of thermodynamic constants (K1, K2) in calculating each parameter through the CO2SYS software. Residuals of each parameter have been calculated as the differences between measured and calculated values (reported as ΔTA, ΔDIC, ΔpH and ΔpCO2). Although differences between the selected sets of constants were observed, the largest were obtained using different pairs of input parameters. As expected the couple pH-pCO2 produced to poorest results, suggesting that measurements of either TA or DIC are needed to define the carbonate system accurately and precisely. To identify signature of organic alkalinity we isolated the residuals in the bloom area. Therefore only ΔTA from surface waters (0-30 m) along the Greenland side of the basin were selected. The residuals showed that no measured value was higher than calculations and therefore we could not observe presence of organic bases in the shallower water column. The internal consistency in characteristic water masses of Labrador Sea (Denmark Strait Overflow Water, North East Atlantic Deep Water, Newly-ventilated Labrador Sea Water, Greenland and Labrador Shelf waters) will also be discussed.

The Red Sea outflow regulated by the Indian monsoon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aiki, Hidenori; Takahashi, Keiko; Yamagata, Toshio

2006-08-01

To investigate why the Red Sea water overflows less in summer and more in winter, we have developed a locally high-resolution global OGCM with transposed poles in the Arabian peninsula and India. Based on a series of sensitivity experiments with different sets of idealized atmospheric forcing, the present study shows that the summer cessation of the strait outflow is remotely induced by the monsoonal wind over the Indian Ocean, in particular that over the western Arabian Sea. During the southwest monsoon (May-September), thermocline in the Gulf of Aden shoals as a result of coastal Ekman upwelling induced by the predominantly northeastward wind in the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea. Because this shoaling is maximum during the southwest summer monsoon, the Red Sea water is blocked at the Bab el Mandeb Strait by upwelling of the intermediate water of the Gulf of Aden in late summer. The simulation also shows the three-dimensional evolution of the Red Sea water tongue at the mid-depths in the Gulf of Aden. While the tongue meanders, the discharged Red Sea outflow water (RSOW) (incoming Indian Ocean intermediate water (IOIW)) is always characterized by anticyclonic (cyclonic) vorticity, as suggested from the potential vorticity difference.

Early transformation of the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) in the Gulf Of Cádiz, SW Iberian Peninsula: pathways, mixing and temporal variability.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sánchez Leal, Ricardo F.; Sánchez Garrido, José Carlos; Jesús Bellanco Esteban, María; Ruiz Villarreal, Manuel; González-Pola Muñiz, César

2014-05-01

The inverse estuarine circulation through the strait of Gibraltar is responsible for the overflow of dense, saline MOW towards the Atlantic basin. Initially as a gravity undercurrent, the MOW entrains large amounts of the overlying Eastern North Atlantic Central Water to become a multi-layered, buoyant plume at depths of 800-1300 m past Cape St. Vincent. Much of the entrainment occurs within 100 km of the Strait over a highly abrupt topography. In this work we analyze a repeated series of high-resolution CTD-LADCP observations along a number of standard sections crossing the early MOW. These data show that from the Strait of Gibraltar, the bottom-trapped flow bifurcates in the vicinity of the topographic features, diverting or rejoining the main MOW path as a function of the orientation of channels and valleys. As it turns anticyclonically, the undercurrent exhibits a cross-axis geostrophic gradient, with the margin closer to the slope being in near-geostrophic balance whereas the distal band is largely ageostrophic due to the flow curvature. Mixing is steered by the interplay of tidal stirring, bottom roughness, shear instability and double diffusion along the MOW path. Data also shows that seasonal variability is mostly related to the fluctuations in the overlying layer rather than to MOW dynamics. This is a contribution to INGRES3 project (Mediterranean outflow at Gibraltar, its influence on deep Mediterranean water ventilation and first transformation and coupling with North-Atlantic central waters in the Gulf of Cádiz, CTM2010_21229)

Deep water characteristics and circulation in the South China Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Aimei; Du, Yan; Peng, Shiqiu; Liu, Kexiu; Huang, Rui Xin

2018-04-01

This study investigates the deep circulation in the South China Sea (SCS) using oceanographic observations combined with results from a bottom layer reduced gravity model. The SCS water, 2000 m below the surface, is quite different from that in the adjacent Pacific Ocean, and it is characterized by its low dissolved oxygen (DO), high temperature and low salinity. The horizontal distribution of deep water properties indicates a basin-scale cyclonic circulation driven by the Luzon overflow. The results of the bottom layer reduced gravity model are consistent with the existence of the cyclonic circulation in the deep SCS. The circulation is stronger at the northern/western boundary. After overflowing the sill of the Luzon Strait, the deep water moves broadly southwestward, constrained by the 3500 m isobath. The broadening of the southward flow is induced by the downwelling velocity in the interior of the deep basin. The main deep circulation bifurcates into two branches after the Zhongsha Islands. The southward branch continues flowing along the 3500 m isobath, and the eastward branch forms the sub-basin scale cyclonic circulation around the seamounts in the central deep SCS. The returning flow along the east boundary is fairly weak. The numerical experiments of the bottom layer reduced gravity model reveal the important roles of topography, bottom friction, and the upwelling/downwelling pattern in controlling the spatial structure, particularly the strong, deep western boundary current.

International Space Station

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1998-01-01

This artist's concept depicts the completely assembled International Space Station (ISS) passing over the Straits of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean Sea. As a gateway to permanent human presence in space, the Space Station Program is to expand knowledge benefiting all people and nations. The ISS is a multidisciplinary laboratory, technology test bed, and observatory that will provide unprecedented undertakings in scientific, technological, and international experimentation. Experiments to be conducted in the ISS include: microgravity research, Earth science, space science, life sciences, space product development, and engineering research and technology. The sixteen countries participating the ISS are: United States, Russian Federation, Canada, Japan, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, France, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, and Brazil.

How important are diapycnal mixing and geothermal heating for the deep circulation of the Western Mediterranean?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferron, B.; Bouruet Aubertot, P.; Cuypers, Y.; Schroeder, K.; Borghini, M.

2017-08-01

The dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy ɛ and the associated diapycnal turbulent mixing is inferred from a set of microstructure observations collected over several cruises from year 2012 to 2014. The geographical distribution of ɛ highlights several regions of enhanced levels of turbulence ranging from 10-9 to 10-6 W kg-1: the Sicily Channel, the Corsica Channel, and the Ligurian Sea. Elsewhere, ɛ was small, often below 10-10 W kg-1. Below 1300 m, geothermal heating provides three-fold more buoyancy than small-scale turbulence. Geothermal heating and turbulent diffusion provide enough buoyancy to balance 15% to 50% of a mean yearly deep water formation rate of 0.9 to 0.3 sverdrup (106 m3/s), respectively. The remaining part has to eventually overflow through the Strait of Gibraltar.

International Space Station (ISS)

NASA Image and Video Library

1998-01-01

This artist's concept depicts the completely assembled International Space Station (ISS) passing over the Straits of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean Sea. As a gateway to permanent human presence in space, the Space Station Program is to expand knowledge benefiting all people and nations. The ISS is a multidisciplinary laboratory, technology test bed, and observatory that will provide unprecedented undertakings in scientific, technological, and international experimentation. Experiments to be conducted in the ISS include: microgravity research, Earth science, space science, life sciences, space product development, and engineering research and technology. The sixteen countries participating the ISS are: United States, Russian Federation, Canada, Japan, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, France, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, and Brazil.

Interpretation of time series (salinity and temperature) layers in North Atlantic from 1950 to 2011

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rubchenia, A.; Popov, A.; Fedorova, A.; Lebedev, N.

2012-04-01

On the basis of long period data series (1950-2011) form various sources (National Oceanographic Data Center (NOAD) (www.nodc.noaa.gov), WOD09 database and data from ARGO project) 10 boxes in North Atlantic were selected. Location of boxes was determined by circulation pattern in North Atlantic and Euro-Arctic Seas. For further analysis two "seasons" was selected: "cold season" (October-May) and "warm season" (June-September). Data verification was made. Analysis of data series clearly show the "Great Salinity Anomaly" (so-called GSA) in 1960-70th, 1980th and 1990th. Trends of salinity and temperature data series were calculated. Spectral analysis allow us to calculate periodicity from 2 to 22 years. Boxes situated in regions with Arctic waters have singularity showed through domination of high frequency oscillation during propagation to South. In Fram Strait salinity fluctuates with periods 9..11 and 20 years, the same period was calculated using temperature data series. In Denmark Strait there are oscillations of temperature with specific period from 4 to 7 years. Range of variability vary. For salinity it is 0.4..4.6 psu, for temperature it is 0.04..5.5C. In salinity data series from boxes with surface Arctic waters noticed clear minimums connected with GSAs. Trends in Denmark Strait and Fram strait in the end of 2000th are negative at different levels. Since 1975 to 2001 salinity near the southern part of Greenland was increased, since 2001 - decreased. But temperature was raised from 0.04 in 1989 to 5.59 in 2010. Thermohaline characteristics of water masses which has Atlantic origin oscillated with period near 20 years. Salinity near Newfoundland was decreased since 2005. In Farrero-Shetland straits salinity trend is positive since at 100m level, Salinity rising from 1970th to 2006 is about 0.3 psu were noticed. Oscillations with period 2..4 years is weak. But at 800m layer salinity oscillations are different, since 1990 there is not significant oscillations at all. Temperature trend at this level is negative since 1950th. Salinity at 100-300 level at Station M area described with negative trend since 1960 to 1993, in both "seasons". Next, up to 2010 salinity is increasing, but in 2011 salinity dramatically decreased. Main oscillations have periods 2..3 years, 4..5 years and 20 years. At 800m level oscillations are very weak. Temperature is increased since 1995 in surface layer and since 2002 in deeper levels. At all levels temperature dramatically decreased after 2010. In central part of Greenland Sea ("Cupola area") dominated oscillations with period 4 years (1950-60th), 5..7 years (1970th) and 9 years (after 1979). In "cold season" oscillation with 11 years traced. Salinity trend is positive at all levels during last 10-15 years. Salinity and temperature were increased at 800m level up to 2006. It could lead to termination of deep water formation. Since 2006 temperature decreased, especially in "cold season". Salinity trend in West Spitsbergen Current is positive since 1996 at surface and sine 1978 at deeper levels. Temperature was increased since 1965 to 2006 in surface layer, but since 2006 in "warm season" temperature is decreasing at all layers. Main oscillations is 4..5 years, 6..7 years and 9..11 years.

Internal hydraulic control in the Little Belt, Denmark - observations of flow configurations and water mass formation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Holtegaard Nielsen, Morten; Vang, Torben; Chresten Lund-Hansen, Lars

2017-12-01

Internal hydraulic control, which occurs when stratified water masses are forced through an abrupt constriction, plays an enormous role in nature on both large and regional scales with respect to dynamics, circulation, and water mass formation. Despite a growing literature on this subject surprisingly few direct observations have been made that conclusively show the existence of and the circumstances related to internal hydraulic control in nature. In this study we present observations from the Little Belt, Denmark, one of three narrow straits connecting the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. The observations (comprised primarily of along-strait, detailed transects of salinity and temperature; continuous observations of flow velocity, salinity, and temperature at a permanent station; and numerous vertical profiles of salinity, temperature, fluorescence, and flow velocity in various locations) show that internal hydraulic control is a frequently occurring phenomenon in the Little Belt. The observations, which are limited to south-going flows of approximately two-layered water masses, show that internal hydraulic control may take either of two configurations, i.e. the lower or the upper layer being the active, accelerating one. This is connected to the depth of the pycnocline on the upstream side and the topography, which is both deepening and contracting toward the narrow part of the Little Belt. The existence of two possible flow configurations is known from theoretical and laboratory studies, but we believe that this has never been observed in nature and reported before. The water masses formed by the intense mixing, which is tightly connected with the presence of control, may be found far downstream of the point of control. The observations show that these particular water masses are associated with chlorophyll concentrations that are considerably higher than in adjacent water masses, showing that control has a considerable influence on the primary production and hence the ecosystem in the area.

Seasonality of Arctic Mediterranean Exchanges

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rieper, Christoph; Quadfasel, Detlef

2015-04-01

The Arctic Mediterranean communicates through a number of passages with the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. Most of the volume exchange happens at the Greenland-Scotland-Ridge: warm and saline Atlantic Water flows in at the surface, cold, dense Overflow Water flows back at the bottom and fresh and cold Polar Water flows out along the East Greenland coast. All surface inflows show a seasonal signal whereas only the outflow through the Faroe Bank Channel exhibits significant seasonality. Here we present a quantification of the seasonal cycle of the exchanges across the Greenland-Scotland ridge based on volume estimates of the in- and outflows within the last 20 years (ADCP and altimetry). Our approach is comparatistic: we compare different properties of the seasonal cycle like the strength or the phase between the different in- and outflows. On the seasonal time scale the in- and outflows across the Greenland-Scotland-Ridge are not balanced. The net flux thus has to be balanced by the other passages on the Canadian Archipelago, Bering Strait as well as runoff from land.

46 CFR 7.145 - Strait of Juan de Fuca, Haro Strait and Strait of Georgia WA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Strait of Juan de Fuca, Haro Strait and Strait of Georgia WA. 7.145 Section 7.145 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY PROCEDURES APPLICABLE TO THE PUBLIC BOUNDARY LINES Pacific Coast § 7.145 Strait of Juan de Fuca, Haro Strait and Strait...

46 CFR 7.145 - Strait of Juan de Fuca, Haro Strait and Strait of Georgia WA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Strait of Juan de Fuca, Haro Strait and Strait of Georgia WA. 7.145 Section 7.145 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY PROCEDURES APPLICABLE TO THE PUBLIC BOUNDARY LINES Pacific Coast § 7.145 Strait of Juan de Fuca, Haro Strait and Strait...

Connectivity among straits of the northwest Pacific marginal seas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cho, Yang-Ki; Seo, Gwang-Ho; Choi, Byoung-Ju; Kim, Sangil; Kim, Young-Gyu; Youn, Yong-Hoon; Dever, Edward P.

2009-06-01

The connectivity among straits of the northwest Pacific marginal seas is investigated with a primitive-equation ocean circulation model simulated for 10 years from 1994 to 2003. Over the simulation interval the temporal and spatial means and variations of the model sea surface temperature are comparable to those of the satellite sea surface temperature. The model transport through the straits shows good agreement with the available observations and a high seasonality in the Taiwan Strait, the Korea Strait, and the Soya Strait but relatively low seasonality in the Tsugaru Strait. The Kuroshio and Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) are two sources of water flowing through the Korea Strait. The volume transport in the Korea Strait is dominated by the Kuroshio in winter (83%) and by the TWC in summer (66%). Relative to the transport through the Korea Strait, the transport percentages of the Tsugaru Strait connecting to the northwest Pacific Ocean are 79% in winter and 65% in summer. The seasonality of the Korea Strait transport is positively correlated with the cross-strait wind stress. The drifter experiments show that it takes about 4 months for most of the drifters deployed in the Taiwan Strait to enter the Korea Strait and more than 2 months to travel from the Korea Strait to the Tsugaru and Soya straits.

Nuclear reactor overflow line

DOEpatents

Severson, Wayne J.

1976-01-01

The overflow line for the reactor vessel of a liquid-metal-cooled nuclear reactor includes means for establishing and maintaining a continuous bleed flow of coolant amounting to 5 to 10% of the total coolant flow through the overflow line to prevent thermal shock to the overflow line when the reactor is restarted following a trip. Preferably a tube is disposed concentrically just inside the overflow line extending from a point just inside the reactor vessel to an overflow tank and a suction line is provided opening into the body of liquid metal in the reactor vessel and into the annulus between the overflow line and the inner tube.

Quantifying excessive mirror overflow in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

PubMed Central

MacNeil, L.K.; Xavier, P.; Garvey, M.A.; Gilbert, D.L.; Ranta, M.E.; Denckla, M.B.

2011-01-01

Objectives: Qualitative observations have revealed that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show increased overflow movements, a motor sign thought to reflect impaired inhibitory control. The goal of this study was to develop and implement methods for quantifying excessive mirror overflow movements in children with ADHD. Methods: Fifty right-handed children aged 8.2–13.3 years, 25 with ADHD (12 girls) and 25 typically developing (TD) control children (10 girls), performed a sequential finger-tapping task, completing both left-handed (LHFS) and right-handed finger sequencing (RHFS). Phasic overflow of the index and ring fingers was assessed in 34 children with video recording, and total overflow in 48 children was measured by calculating the total angular displacement of the index and ring fingers with electrogoniometer recordings. Results: Phasic overflow and total overflow across both hands were greater in children with ADHD than in TD children, particularly during LHFS. Separate gender analyses revealed that boys, but not girls, with ADHD showed significantly more total phasic overflow and total overflow than did their gender-matched control children. Conclusions: The quantitative overflow measures used in this study support past qualitative findings that motor overflow persists to a greater degree in children with ADHD than in age-matched TD peers. The quantitative findings further suggest that persistence of mirror overflow is more prominent during task execution of the nondominant hand and reveal gender-based differences in developmental neural systems critical to motor control. These quantitative measures will assist future physiologic investigation of the brain basis of motor control in ADHD. PMID:21321336

Navigable windows of the Northwest Passage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Xing-he; Ma, Long; Wang, Jia-yue; Wang, Ye; Wang, Li-na

2017-09-01

Artic sea ice loss trends support a greater potential for Arctic shipping. The information of sea ice conditions is important for utilizing Arctic passages. Based on the shipping routes given by ;Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report;, the navigable windows of these routes and the constituent legs were calculated by using sea ice concentration product data from 2006 to 2015, by which a comprehensive knowledge of the sea ice condition of the Northwest Passage was achieved. The results showed that Route 4 (Lancaster Sound - Barrow Strait - Prince Regent Inlet and Bellot Strait - Franklin Strait - Larsen Sound - Victoria Strait - Queen Maud Gulf - Dease Strait - Coronation Gulf - Dolphin and Union Strait - Amundsen Gulf) had the best navigable expectation, Route 2 (Parry Channel - M'Clure Strait) had the worst, and the critical legs affecting the navigation of Northwest Passage were Viscount Melville Sound, Franklin Strait, Victoria Strait, Bellot Strait, M'Clure Strait and Prince of Wales Strait. The shortest navigable period of the routes of Northwest Passage was up to 69 days. The methods used and the results of the study can help the selection and evaluation of Arctic commercial routes.

Bayesian Inference of High-Dimensional Dynamical Ocean Models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, J.; Lermusiaux, P. F. J.; Lolla, S. V. T.; Gupta, A.; Haley, P. J., Jr.

2015-12-01

This presentation addresses a holistic set of challenges in high-dimension ocean Bayesian nonlinear estimation: i) predict the probability distribution functions (pdfs) of large nonlinear dynamical systems using stochastic partial differential equations (PDEs); ii) assimilate data using Bayes' law with these pdfs; iii) predict the future data that optimally reduce uncertainties; and (iv) rank the known and learn the new model formulations themselves. Overall, we allow the joint inference of the state, equations, geometry, boundary conditions and initial conditions of dynamical models. Examples are provided for time-dependent fluid and ocean flows, including cavity, double-gyre and Strait flows with jets and eddies. The Bayesian model inference, based on limited observations, is illustrated first by the estimation of obstacle shapes and positions in fluid flows. Next, the Bayesian inference of biogeochemical reaction equations and of their states and parameters is presented, illustrating how PDE-based machine learning can rigorously guide the selection and discovery of complex ecosystem models. Finally, the inference of multiscale bottom gravity current dynamics is illustrated, motivated in part by classic overflows and dense water formation sites and their relevance to climate monitoring and dynamics. This is joint work with our MSEAS group at MIT.

46 CFR 153.408 - Tank overflow control.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Tank overflow control. 153.408 Section 153.408 Shipping... Systems § 153.408 Tank overflow control. (a) When table 1 references this section, a cargo containment... the tank (automatic shutdown system). (b) The high level alarm and the cargo overflow alarm or...

76 FR 13572 - Proposed Flood Elevation Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-14

.... Specifically, it addresses the following flooding sources: Left Bank Overflow Main Stem Skagit River, Left Bank Overflow Main Stem Skagit River/South Fork Skagit River, Left Bank Overflow North Fork Skagit River, Main Stem Skagit River, North Fork Skagit River, Overflow from the Main Stem Skagit River between the North...

--No Title--

Science.gov Websites

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Intraseasonal flow and its impact on the chlorophyll-a concentration in the Sunda Strait and its vicinity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Tengfei; Li, Shujiang; Hamzah, Faisal; Setiawan, Agus; Susanto, R. Dwi; Cao, Guojiao; Wei, Zexun

2018-06-01

Sunda Strait is the outflow strait of the South China Sea branch of the Pacific to Indian Ocean Throughflow. The annual mean volume transport through the Sunda Strait is around 0.25 Sv from the Java Sea to the eastern Indian Ocean, only 2.5% of the IndonesianThroughflow, and thus has been ignored by previous investigations. However, the Nutrient concentrations in the Sunda Strait and its vicinity are found highly related to the water transport through the Sunda Strait. Particularly, our observation shows significant intraseasonal variability (ISV) of currents at period around 25-45 days in the Sunda Strait. Both remote and local wind forcing contribute to the ISVs in the Sunda Strait. The intraseasonal oscillation of sea surface wind in the central Indian Ocean drives upwelling/downwelling equatorial Kelvin waves to propagate along the equator and subsequently along the Sumatra-Java coasts, resulting in negative/positive sea level anomalies in the south of the Sunda Strait. The local intraseasonal sea surface wind anomalies also tend to induce negative/positive sea level anomalies in the south of the Sunda Strait by offshore/onshore Ekman transport while there are upwelling/downwelling events. The ensuring sea level gradient associated with the sea level anomalies in the south of the Sunda Strait induces intraseasonal outflow (from Indian Ocean to Java Sea) and inflow (from Java Sea to Indian Ocean) through the strait. Analyses also show that the chlorophyll-a concentrations in the south of the Sunda Strait are lower/higher during the inflow/outflow period of the ISV events in March through May. The mechanism attributes to both the nutrient-rich water transported by the intraseasonal flow in the Sunda Strait and by the upwelling and Ekman transport driven by the local sea surface wind anomalies.

Recent observations in the straits of the East/Japan Sea: A review of hydrography, currents and volume transports

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Na, Hanna; Isoda, Yutaka; Kim, Kuh; Kim, Young Ho; Lyu, Sang Jin

2009-09-01

Recent observations of hydrography, currents and volume transports in the straits of the East/Japan Sea are reviewed. It is newly found that bottom cold water in the Korea/Tsushima Strait originating from the northern region of the East/Japan Sea appears not only in summer and autumn but also in winter. Intensive observations in the Korea/Tsushima Strait revealed two distinct cores of northeastward currents in the upper layer of the western and eastern channels. Mean volume transport through the Korea/Tsushima Strait is calculated as 2.5 ± 0.5 Sv from four-year direct and indirect measurements. As continuous monitoring has started in the Tsugaru and Soya Straits, understanding of temporal variability of currents and volume transports through the straits is in progress. For the first time, simultaneous time series of volume transports are available in the Korea/Tsushima and Tsugaru Straits during the winter of 1999-2000. Ouflow through the Tsugaru Strait accounts for about 70% of inflow through the Korea/Tsushima Strait for this period.

The Annual Cycle of the Japan Sea Throughflow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kida, S.; Qiu, B.; Yang, J.; Lin, X.

2016-02-01

The mechanism responsible for the annual cycle of the flows through the straits of Japan Sea is investigated using a two-layer model. Japan Sea is one of the marginal sea located in the western North Pacific that is separated from the Pacific by the islands of Japan. Three narrow and shallow straits, the Tsushima, Tsugaru, and Soya Straits, connect this sea towards the Pacific Ocean and Okhotsk Sea and observations show that the flow through these three straits vary annually with a maximum transport in summer-fall and a minimum transport in winter. The variability is large for Soya (north) and Tsushima (south) Straits but weak for the Tsugaru Strait (middle). We find the subpolar winds located to the north of Soya Strait to be the primary forcing agent of this annual cycle rather than the subtropical winds located to the east of Japan. The subpolar winds generate baroclinic Kelvin waves that perturb the sea surface height at the Soya Strait, cause barotropic adjustment to occur within the Japan Sea, and change the flow at the other straits. The shallow topography at the straits plays an important role. This mechanism explains why the annual cycle at the three straits occur almost synchronously. We also find the around-island integral constraint a useful tool for explaining how the magnitude of the annual cycle at the three straits are controlled. The theorem show the magnitude and direction of the flow controlled largely by the ratio of the meridional length of the two islands that is bounded by the three straits..

Environmental effects of maritime traffic on the Istanbul Strait.

PubMed

Birpinar, Mehmet E; Talu, Gonca F; Gönençgil, Barbaros

2009-05-01

The Istanbul Strait, which separates the European and the Asian parts of Istanbul, is one of the narrowest straits in the world that is used for international shipping. The Strait has very special ecological conditions in terms of marine environment (atmospheric/oceanographic conditions, plant and animal diversity) and terrestrial environment. It also has roles as biological corridor and biological barrier between the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea and form an acclimatization zone for migrating species. Due to being the only maritime access for the neighboring Black Sea states and the Central Asian Turki Republics, the Istanbul Strait has been exposed to dense marine traffic for centuries and substantial increase has occurred in size and tonnage of the ships passing through the Strait with hazardous cargo varieties and amounts they carry. Increase in the number of vessels that navigates on the Strait and being on the transportation way of hazardous and dangerous materials pose serious environmental and safety hazards for the Istanbul Strait, Marmara Sea and the surrounding residential areas. Geographic and oceanographic features of the Istanbul Strait makes the navigation on the Strait rather difficult and consequently the Strait has faced many casualties that caused severe environmental problems due to thousands tons of oil spill occurring in recent decades.

On the Other Hand: Overflow Movements of Infants’ Hands and Legs During Unimanual Object Exploration

PubMed Central

Soska, Kasey C.; Galeon, Margaret A.; Adolph, Karen E.

2011-01-01

Motor overflow is extraneous movement in a limb not involved in a motor action. Typically, overflow is observed in people with neurological impairments and in healthy children and adults during strenuous and attention-demanding tasks. In the current study, we found that young infants produce vast amounts of motor overflow, corroborating claims of symmetry being the default state of the motor system. While manipulating an object with one hand, all 27 of the typically-developing 4.5- to 7.5-month-old infants who we observed displayed overflow movements of the free hand (on 4/5 of unimanual actions). Mirror-image movements of the hands occurred on 1/8 of unimanual actions, and the hands and legs moved in synchrony on 1/3 of unimanual acts. Motor overflow was less frequent when infants were in a sitting posture and when infants watched their acting hand, suggesting that upright posture and visual examination may help to alleviate overflow and break obligatory symmetry in healthy infants. PMID:22487940

A neuromorphic model of motor overflow in focal hand dystonia due to correlated sensory input

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sohn, Won Joon; Niu, Chuanxin M.; Sanger, Terence D.

2016-10-01

Objective. Motor overflow is a common and frustrating symptom of dystonia, manifested as unintentional muscle contraction that occurs during an intended voluntary movement. Although it is suspected that motor overflow is due to cortical disorganization in some types of dystonia (e.g. focal hand dystonia), it remains elusive which mechanisms could initiate and, more importantly, perpetuate motor overflow. We hypothesize that distinct motor elements have low risk of motor overflow if their sensory inputs remain statistically independent. But when provided with correlated sensory inputs, pre-existing crosstalk among sensory projections will grow under spike-timing-dependent-plasticity (STDP) and eventually produce irreversible motor overflow. Approach. We emulated a simplified neuromuscular system comprising two anatomically distinct digital muscles innervated by two layers of spiking neurons with STDP. The synaptic connections between layers included crosstalk connections. The input neurons received either independent or correlated sensory drive during 4 days of continuous excitation. The emulation is critically enabled and accelerated by our neuromorphic hardware created in previous work. Main results. When driven by correlated sensory inputs, the crosstalk synapses gained weight and produced prominent motor overflow; the growth of crosstalk synapses resulted in enlarged sensory representation reflecting cortical reorganization. The overflow failed to recede when the inputs resumed their original uncorrelated statistics. In the control group, no motor overflow was observed. Significance. Although our model is a highly simplified and limited representation of the human sensorimotor system, it allows us to explain how correlated sensory input to anatomically distinct muscles is by itself sufficient to cause persistent and irreversible motor overflow. Further studies are needed to locate the source of correlation in sensory input.

Using data from monitoring combined sewer overflows to assess, improve, and maintain combined sewer systems.

PubMed

Montserrat, A; Bosch, Ll; Kiser, M A; Poch, M; Corominas, Ll

2015-02-01

Using low-cost sensors, data can be collected on the occurrence and duration of overflows in each combined sewer overflow (CSO) structure in a combined sewer system (CSS). The collection and analysis of real data can be used to assess, improve, and maintain CSSs in order to reduce the number and impact of overflows. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology to evaluate the performance of CSSs using low-cost monitoring. This methodology includes (1) assessing the capacity of a CSS using overflow duration and rain volume data, (2) characterizing the performance of CSO structures with statistics, (3) evaluating the compliance of a CSS with government guidelines, and (4) generating decision tree models to provide support to managers for making decisions about system maintenance. The methodology is demonstrated with a case study of a CSS in La Garriga, Spain. The rain volume breaking point from which CSO structures started to overflow ranged from 0.6 mm to 2.8 mm. The structures with the best and worst performance in terms of overflow (overflow probability, order, duration and CSO ranking) were characterized. Most of the obtained decision trees to predict overflows from rain data had accuracies ranging from 70% to 83%. The results obtained from the proposed methodology can greatly support managers and engineers dealing with real-world problems, improvements, and maintenance of CSSs. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A Bayesian network model to assess the public health risk associated with wet weather sewer overflows discharging into waterways.

PubMed

Goulding, R; Jayasuriya, N; Horan, E

2012-10-15

Overflows from sanitary sewers during wet weather, which occur when the hydraulic capacity of the sewer system is exceeded, are considered a potential threat to the ecological and public health of the waterways which receive these overflows. As a result, water retailers in Australia and internationally commit significant resources to manage and abate sewer overflows. However, whilst some studies have contributed to an increased understanding of the impacts and risks associated with these events, they are relatively few in number and there still is a general lack of knowledge in this area. A Bayesian network model to assess the public health risk associated with wet weather sewer overflows is presented in this paper. The Bayesian network approach is shown to provide significant benefits in the assessment of public health risks associated with wet weather sewer overflows. In particular, the ability for the model to account for the uncertainty inherent in sewer overflow events and subsequent impacts through the use of probabilities is a valuable function. In addition, the paper highlights the benefits of the probabilistic inference function of the Bayesian network in prioritising management options to minimise public health risks associated with sewer overflows. Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Modeling climate change impacts on combined sewer overflow using synthetic precipitation time series.

PubMed

Bendel, David; Beck, Ferdinand; Dittmer, Ulrich

2013-01-01

In the presented study climate change impacts on combined sewer overflows (CSOs) in Baden-Wuerttemberg, Southern Germany, were assessed based on continuous long-term rainfall-runoff simulations. As input data, synthetic rainfall time series were used. The applied precipitation generator NiedSim-Klima accounts for climate change effects on precipitation patterns. Time series for the past (1961-1990) and future (2041-2050) were generated for various locations. Comparing the simulated CSO activity of both periods we observe significantly higher overflow frequencies for the future. Changes in overflow volume and overflow duration depend on the type of overflow structure. Both values will increase at simple CSO structures that merely divide the flow, whereas they will decrease when the CSO structure is combined with a storage tank. However, there is a wide variation between the results of different precipitation time series (representative for different locations).

Seasonal variability of water transport through the Straits of Gibraltar, Sicily and Corsica, derived from a high-resolution model of the Mediterranean circulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Béranger, K.; Mortier, L.; Crépon, M.

2005-08-01

The variability of the water transport through three major straits of the Mediterranean Sea (Gibraltar, Sicily and Corsica) was investigated using a high-resolution model. This model of the Mediterranean circulation was developed in the context of the Mercator project. The region of interest is the western Mediterranean between the Strait of Gibraltar and the Strait of Sicily. The major water masses and the winter convection in the Gulf of Lions were simulated. The model reproduced the meso-scale and large-scale patterns of the circulation in very good agreement with recent observations. The western and the eastern gyres of the Alboran Sea were observed but high interannual variability was noticed. The Algerian Current splits into several branches at the longitude of the Strait of Sicily level, forming the Tyrrhenian branch, and, the Atlantic Ionian Stream and the Atlantic Tunisian Current in the eastern Mediterranean. The North Current retroflexed north of the Balearic Islands and a dome structure was observed in the Gulf of Lions. The cyclonic barotropic Algerian gyre, which was recently observed during the MATER and ELISA experiment, was evidenced in the simulation. From time-series of 10-day mean transport, the three straits presented a high variability at short time-scales. The transport was generally maximum, in April for the Strait of Gibraltar, in November for the Strait of Sicily, and in January for the Strait of Corsica. The amplitudes of the transport through the Straits of Gibraltar (0.11 Sv) and Sicily (0.30 Sv) presented a weaker seasonal variability than that of the Strait of Corsica (0.70 Sv). The study of the relation between transport and wind forcing showed that the transport through the Strait of Gibraltar is dependent on local zonal wind over short time-scales (70%), which was not the case for the other straits (less than 30%). The maximum (minimum) of the transport occurred for an eastward (westward) wind stress in the strait. An interannual event was noticed in November-December 2001, which corresponded to a very low transport (0.3 Sv), which was characterised by a cyclonic circulation in the western Alboran Sea. That circulation was also reproduced by the model for other periods than winter during the interannual simulation. The transport through the Strait of Sicily is not influenced by local wind. The wind stress curl of the northwestern Mediterranean influenced the transport through the Strait of Corsica.

Upper Ocean Measurements of Water Masses and Circulation in the Japan Sea

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-09-30

Japan Sea via Tsugaru Strait into the N. Pacific and through Soya Strait into the Okhotsk Sea. On float entered the Okhotsk Sea through Soya Strait and...Riser (2003) Connections between the Japan Sea and Okhotsk Sea through Soya Strait. Submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research. Riser, S., M...PUBLICATIONS Danchenkov, M. and S. Riser (2003) Connections between the Japan Sea and Okhotsk Sea through Soya Strait. Submitted to Journal of Geophysical

Variations of heat transport in the northwestern Pacific marginal seas inferred from high-resolution reanalysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seo, Gwang-Ho; Cho, Yang-Ki; Choi, Byoung-Ju

2014-02-01

High-resolution reanalysis of heat transport in the northwestern Pacific marginal seas was conducted for the period January 1980-December 2009 using ensemble Kalman filter. An ocean circulation model with a grid of 0.1 × 0.1° horizontal resolution and 20 vertical levels was used. Atmospheric forcing data from daily European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts were used in the ocean model. The assimilated data for the reanalysis were based on available observations of hydrographic profiles, including field surveys and Argo float and satellite-observed sea-surface temperature data. This study focused on mean and temporal variations in oceanic heat transport within the major straits among the marginal seas over 30 years. The mean heat transport in the Korea/Tsushima Strait and onshore transport across the shelf break in the East China Sea (ECS), Taiwan Strait, Tsugaru Strait, and Soya Strait were 182, 123, 82, 100, and 34 × 1012 W, respectively. The long-term trends in heat transport through the Korea/Tsushima Strait and Tsugaru Strait and onshore transport across the shelf break of the ECS were increasing, whereas the trend in heat transport through the Taiwan Strait was decreasing. There was little long-term change in heat transport in the Soya Strait. These long-term changes in heat transport through the Korea/Tsushima Strait, across the shelf of the ECS, and through the Taiwan Strait may be related to increased northeasterly wind stress in the ECS, which drives Ekman transport onto the shelf across the shelf break.

Characteristics of the overflow pollution of storm drains with inappropriate sewage entry.

PubMed

Yin, Hailong; Lu, Yi; Xu, Zuxin; Li, Huaizheng; Schwegler, Benedict R

2017-02-01

To probe the overflow pollution of separate storm drains with inappropriate sewage entries, in terms of the relationship between sewage entries and the corresponding dry-weather and wet-weather overflow, the monitoring activities were conducted in a storm drainage system in the Shanghai downtown area (374 ha). In this study site, samples from inappropriately entered dry-weather sewage and the overflow due to storm pumps operation on dry-weather and wet-weather days were collected and then monitored for six water quality constituents. It was found that overflow concentrations of dry-weather period could be higher than those of wet-weather period; under wet-weather period, the overflow concentrations of storm drains were close to or even higher than that of combined sewers. Relatively strong first flush mostly occurred under heavy rain that satisfied critical rainfall amount, maximum rainfall intensity, and maximum pumping discharge, while almost no first flush effect or only weak first flush effect was found for the other rainfall events. Such phenomenon was attributed to lower in-line pipe storage as compared to that of the combined sewers, and serious sediment accumulation within the storm pipes due to sewage entry. For this kind of system, treating a continuous overflow rate is a better strategy than treating the maximum amount of early part of the overflow. Correcting the key inappropriate sewage entries into storm drains should also be focused.

MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS

EPA Science Inventory

The paper gives a basic overview of the U.S. government's involvements in developing countermeasures for the abatement of combined sewer overflow pollution. batement or prevention of pollution stormwater runoff and combined sewer overflows is one of the most challenging areas in ...

FLOCCULATION-FLOTATION AIDS FOR TREATMENT OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS

EPA Science Inventory

The objectives of this study were to investigate the flocculation/flotation characteristics of combined sewer overflow through laboratory and field testing. The concept involves the introduction of chemicals and buoyant flotation aids into the overflow and the subsequent cofloccu...

COMBINED-SEWER OVERFLOW CONTROL AND TREATMENT

EPA Science Inventory

Combined-sewer overflow (CSO), along with sanitary-sewer overflow and stormwater are significant contributors of contamination to surface waters. During a rain event, the flow in a combined sewer system may exceed the capacity of the intercepting sewer leading to the wastewater t...

Characteristics of the Nordic Seas overflows in a set of Norwegian Earth System Model experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Chuncheng; Ilicak, Mehmet; Bentsen, Mats; Fer, Ilker

2016-08-01

Global ocean models with an isopycnic vertical coordinate are advantageous in representing overflows, as they do not suffer from topography-induced spurious numerical mixing commonly seen in geopotential coordinate models. In this paper, we present a quantitative diagnosis of the Nordic Seas overflows in four configurations of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM) family that features an isopycnic ocean model. For intercomparison, two coupled ocean-sea ice and two fully coupled (atmosphere-land-ocean-sea ice) experiments are considered. Each pair consists of a (non-eddying) 1° and a (eddy-permitting) 1/4° horizontal resolution ocean model. In all experiments, overflow waters remain dense and descend to the deep basins, entraining ambient water en route. Results from the 1/4° pair show similar behavior in the overflows, whereas the 1° pair show distinct differences, including temperature/salinity properties, volume transport (Q), and large scale features such as the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The volume transport of the overflows and degree of entrainment are underestimated in the 1° experiments, whereas in the 1/4° experiments, there is a two-fold downstream increase in Q, which matches observations well. In contrast to the 1/4° experiments, the coarse 1° experiments do not capture the inclined isopycnals of the overflows or the western boundary current off the Flemish Cap. In all experiments, the pathway of the Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water is misrepresented: a major fraction of the overflow proceeds southward into the West European Basin, instead of turning westward into the Irminger Sea. This discrepancy is attributed to excessive production of Labrador Sea Water in the model. The mean state and variability of the Nordic Seas overflows have significant consequences on the response of the AMOC, hence their correct representations are of vital importance in global ocean and climate modelling.

Measuring Flow Reductions in a Combined Sewer System using Green Infrastructure - abstract

EPA Science Inventory

In 2009, the Louisville and Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District (MSD) submitted an Integrated Overflow Abatement Plan (IOAP) addressing combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and sanitary sewer overflows. Many of the solutions involve gray infrastructure, such as large, end-of...

Ocean wave characteristic in the Sunda Strait using Wave Spectrum Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rachmayani, R.; Ningsih, N. S.; Adiprabowo, S. R.; Nurfitri, S.

2018-03-01

The wave characteristics including significant wave height and direction, seas and swell in the Sunda Strait are analyzed seasonally to provide marine weather information. This is crucial for establishing secured marine activities between islands of Sumatera and Java. Ocean wave characteristics in the Sunda Strait are simulated for one year (July 1996–June 1977) by using SWAN numerical model. The ocean wave characteristics in the Sunda Strait are divided into three areas of interest; southern, centre and northern part of the Sunda Strait. Despite a weaker local wind, the maximum significant wave height is captured at the southern part with its height of 2.6 m in November compared to other seasonally months. This is associated with the dominated swell from the Indian Ocean contributes on wave energy toward the Sunda Strait. The 2D spectrum analysis exhibits the monthly wave characteristic at southern part that is dominated by seas along the year and swell propagating from the Indian Ocean to the Sunda Strait during December to February (northwest monsoon), May, and November. Seas and swell at northern part of the Sunda Strait are apprehended weaker compared to other parts of the Sunda Strait due to its location is farther from the Indian Ocean.

Accidental Risk Analyses of the Istanbul and Canakkale Straits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Essiz, Betül; Dagkiran, Berat

2017-12-01

Maritime transportation plays an important role in the world. Commercial transport and navy are international maritime activities in different countries. Thanks to the role of straits and channels, these activities can be easier and faster, Turkey has a crucial importance on it because of importance of geographical location. The Turkish Straits are a series of internationally significant waterways connecting Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. They consist of the Canakkale Strait, the Sea of Marmara, and the Istanbul Strait, all part of the sovereign sea territory of Turkey and subject to the regime of internal waters. They are conventionally considered by the boundary between the continents of Europe and Asia. Because of this geographical importance, all kinds of huge sized vessel activities and high volume cargo transportation always keep going in this waterway. On the other hand, the more maritime activities grow the more accident risks increase. So, can be examined the accident risks on Istanbul and Canakkale Straits and can be assessed risk analysis for them. In the context of the study, one can see general information of the Turkish Straits and the regulatory regime. In addition, tables are applied for vessel movement in the Turkish Straits by years in detail in order to sense variation of the vessel. Risk analyses may also be described in sections with many variables. This paper outlines ship accidents and the risk analysis of ship accidents is applied and resulted for the Turkish Straits. The last chapter concerns the Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) System in the Turkish Straits.

Creating walking tracks to success: A narrative analysis of AustralianAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander nursing students’ stories ofsuccess.

PubMed

West, Roianne; Foster, Kim; Usher, Kim

2016-01-01

Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have higher rates of morbidity and mortality thanother Australians. One proposed strategy to improve this situation is to increase the participation ofAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander nurses, inthe health workforce. Although the numbers of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students under-taking tertiary nursing courses have increased, completion rates have not kept pace. The study aimedto describe Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander nursing students’ experiences of enablers for successfulcourse completion and to develop a narrative of student experience. A qualitative study using a strengths-based approach with a narrative analysis of semi-structured interview data was conducted across fourschools of Nursing in Queensland, Australia. Eight final-year Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander nursingstudents volunteered to participate in the study. A collective story with the overarching plotline Creatingwalking tracks to success was developed. Six threads of experience emerged: Making a difference, Valu-ing Indigeneity, Healing strength of connections, Resisting racism, Embracing support, and perseveringtowards completion. Key success factors included resilient attributes, building supportive connectionsand having positive expectations of the future, along with sustained institutional support from Aboriginaland Torres Strait Islander nurse academics and clinicians. Development of tailored resilience-buildingtraining for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander nursing students and appointment of Aboriginal andTorres Strait Islander academics in Schools of Nursing that include such students may facilitate futuresuccessful completions in other programs.

Reconciling Mixed Methods Approaches with a Community Narrative Model for Educational Research Involving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Families

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dakich, Eva; Watt, Tony; Hooley, Neil

2016-01-01

Researching the education of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in Australian schools is an exceedingly difficult and uncompromising task. Working respectfully with local Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities must remain top priority with any research project regarding Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander viewpoints of…

Adha Gara Tidi: Cultural Sensitivity in Western Torres Strait. Work Papers of SIL-AAIB, Series B Volume 14.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kennedy, Rod; Kennedy, Judy

This series of articles, focusing on the Western Torres Strait Islander people, presents the following: "A Brief Introduction to Torres Strait Culture" (Rod Kennedy); "Some Guidelines for Relating to Torres Strait Islanders" (Rod Kennedy); "One Mouth Two Hands" (Rod Kennedy); "My Trading Friend in the Village of…

COVERT: A Framework for Finding Buffer Overflows in C Programs via Software Verification

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-08-01

is greater than the allocated size of B. In the case of a type-safe language or a language with runtime bounds checking (such as Java), an overflow...leads either to a (compile-time) type error or a (runtime) exception. In such languages , a buffer overflow can lead to a denial of service attack (i.e...of current and legacy software is written in unsafe languages (such as C or C++) that allow buffers to be overflowed with impunity. For reasons such as

Overflow Simulations using MPAS-Ocean in Idealized and Realistic Domains

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reckinger, S.; Petersen, M. R.; Reckinger, S. J.

2016-02-01

MPAS-Ocean is used to simulate an idealized, density-driven overflow using the dynamics of overflow mixing and entrainment (DOME) setup. Numerical simulations are benchmarked against other models, including the MITgcm's z-coordinate model and HIM's isopycnal coordinate model. A full parameter study is presented that looks at how sensitive overflow simulations are to vertical grid type, resolution, and viscosity. Horizontal resolutions with 50 km grid cells are under-resolved and produce poor results, regardless of other parameter settings. Vertical grids ranging in thickness from 15 m to 120 m were tested. A horizontal resolution of 10 km and a vertical resolution of 60 m are sufficient to resolve the mesoscale dynamics of the DOME configuration, which mimics real-world overflow parameters. Mixing and final buoyancy are least sensitive to horizontal viscosity, but strongly sensitive to vertical viscosity. This suggests that vertical viscosity could be adjusted in overflow water formation regions to influence mixing and product water characteristics. Also, the study shows that sigma coordinates produce much less mixing than z-type coordinates, resulting in heavier plumes that go further down slope. Sigma coordinates are less sensitive to changes in resolution but as sensitive to vertical viscosity compared to z-coordinates. Additionally, preliminary measurements of overflow diagnostics on global simulations using a realistic oceanic domain are presented.

A near uniform basin-wide sea level fluctuation over the Japan/East Sea: A semienclosed sea with multiple straits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Seung-Bum; Fukumori, Ichiro

2008-06-01

Sea level of the Japan/East Sea observed by the TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) satellite altimeter is analyzed using a 1/4°-resolution ocean general circulation model. A significant fraction of the Japan/East Sea sea level variability is found to be spatially uniform with periods ranging from 20 d to a year. The model simulation is consistent with T/P records in terms of the basin-wide sea level fluctuation's spectral energy and coherence. The simulation indicates that the changes are barotropic in nature and controlled, notably at high frequencies, by the net mass transport through the straits of the Japan/East Sea driven by winds in the vicinity of the Korea/Tsushima and Soya Straits. A series of barotropic simulations suggest that the sea level fluctuations are the result of a dynamic balance at the straits among near-strait winds, friction, and geostrophic control. The basin-wide sea level response is a linear superposition of changes due to winds near the individual straits. In particular, a basin-wide sea level response can be established by winds near either one of the straits alone. For the specific geometry and winds, winds near the Soya Strait have a larger impact on the Japan/East Sea mean sea level than those near the Korea/Tsushima Strait.

33 CFR 80.1385 - Strait of Juan de Fuca.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Strait of Juan de Fuca. 80.1385... NAVIGATION RULES COLREGS DEMARCATION LINES Thirteenth District § 80.1385 Strait of Juan de Fuca. The 72 COLREGS shall apply on all waters of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. [CGD 81-087, 46 FR 61457, Dec. 17, 1981...

33 CFR 80.1385 - Strait of Juan de Fuca.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Strait of Juan de Fuca. 80.1385... NAVIGATION RULES COLREGS DEMARCATION LINES Thirteenth District § 80.1385 Strait of Juan de Fuca. The 72 COLREGS shall apply on all waters of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. [CGD 81-087, 46 FR 61457, Dec. 17, 1981...

Activities of Combined Sewer Overflows: A Comparison of Measured and Computed Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ostrowski, M. W.; Koch, J.; Wetzstein, A.

In order to relieve sewerage systems of excess stormwaters during heavy rainfalls overflow structures are necessary for a safe operation of urban drainage and wastew- ater treatment facilities. Overflow tanks have storage effects while pure overflows di- vide the discharges and route the excess water in the next watercourse. The outflows from combined sewage overflows can evoke significant effects on the receiving waters. Hydraulic effects ("hydraulic stress") result from the additional discharges, which are generally introduced at a single point. Toxic effects are caused by the pollutant load of the decanted discharges. In awareness of these effects an immission based consid- eration is required. The lack of reliable, measurement based data is obvious, although the generally accepted necessity of those is noted in recent research projects and regu- lations of public authorities. An immission based view necessitates data regarding the amount, number and duration of the overflows. Particularly with regard to the storm overflows this data is mostly achieved by means of computational simulations. The lack of measured data is the consequence of the adverse conditions in sewer pipes and the complex hydraulic situation at the overflow structures. Reliable data is necessary for the verification, the validation and the improvement of hydrological models. Within the scope of a research project, carried out in the section for Hydrology and Water Management of the Technical University of Darmstadt, a storm overflow was equipped with measuring devices. Aims of the investigations were to discover the limiting boundary conditions in measuring sewer discharges and to record reliable data, concerning the overflow activities of the observed structure. The measured data should be compared with the results of the model SMUSI, which is an evaluation model of the public authorities in the federal state of Hesse, Germany. It is the objective of the presentation to - specify the implementation and the perfor- mance of the measurement site - describe the processing and evaluation of the mea- suring data - compare the measured data with the computed data based on SMUSI simulations - discuss the opportunities and boundaries of measuring in urban hydro- logical systems regarding new approaches (measuring, modelling, managing) as well as the attainable accurracies of measurement.

33 CFR 334.1100 - San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, and Mare Island Strait in vicinity of U.S. Naval Shipyard, Mare...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... part of the Navy Yard, Mare Island, south of the causeway between the City of Vallejo and Mare Island..., and Mare Island Strait in vicinity of U.S. Naval Shipyard, Mare Island; restricted area. 334.1100... Island Strait in vicinity of U.S. Naval Shipyard, Mare Island; restricted area. (a) The area. The waters...

33 CFR 334.1100 - San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, and Mare Island Strait in vicinity of U.S. Naval Shipyard, Mare...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... part of the Navy Yard, Mare Island, south of the causeway between the City of Vallejo and Mare Island..., and Mare Island Strait in vicinity of U.S. Naval Shipyard, Mare Island; restricted area. 334.1100... Island Strait in vicinity of U.S. Naval Shipyard, Mare Island; restricted area. (a) The area. The waters...

33 CFR 334.1100 - San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, and Mare Island Strait in vicinity of U.S. Naval Shipyard, Mare...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... part of the Navy Yard, Mare Island, south of the causeway between the City of Vallejo and Mare Island..., and Mare Island Strait in vicinity of U.S. Naval Shipyard, Mare Island; restricted area. 334.1100... Island Strait in vicinity of U.S. Naval Shipyard, Mare Island; restricted area. (a) The area. The waters...

33 CFR 334.1100 - San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, and Mare Island Strait in vicinity of U.S. Naval Shipyard, Mare...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... part of the Navy Yard, Mare Island, south of the causeway between the City of Vallejo and Mare Island..., and Mare Island Strait in vicinity of U.S. Naval Shipyard, Mare Island; restricted area. 334.1100... Island Strait in vicinity of U.S. Naval Shipyard, Mare Island; restricted area. (a) The area. The waters...

33 CFR 334.1100 - San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, and Mare Island Strait in vicinity of U.S. Naval Shipyard, Mare...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... part of the Navy Yard, Mare Island, south of the causeway between the City of Vallejo and Mare Island..., and Mare Island Strait in vicinity of U.S. Naval Shipyard, Mare Island; restricted area. 334.1100... Island Strait in vicinity of U.S. Naval Shipyard, Mare Island; restricted area. (a) The area. The waters...

46 CFR 153.408 - Tank overflow control.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... automatic shutdown system must: (1) Be independent of one-another; and (2) Operate on loss of power. (c) The... lettering as specified for the warning sign in § 153.955. (e) A tank overflow alarm must be audible and... loading is controlled on the tankship. (f) The automatic shutdown system or tank overflow alarm must be...

46 CFR 153.408 - Tank overflow control.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... automatic shutdown system must: (1) Be independent of one-another; and (2) Operate on loss of power. (c) The... lettering as specified for the warning sign in § 153.955. (e) A tank overflow alarm must be audible and... loading is controlled on the tankship. (f) The automatic shutdown system or tank overflow alarm must be...

Cost Comparison of Conventional Gray Combined Sewer Overflow Control Infrastructure versus a Green/Gray Combination

EPA Science Inventory

This paper outlines a life-cycle cost analysis comparing a green (rain gardens) and gray (tunnels) infrastructure combination to a gray-only option to control combined sewer overflow in the Turkey Creek Combined Sewer Overflow Basin, in Kansas City, MO. The plan area of this Bas...

An analytical study of M2 tidal waves in the Taiwan Strait using an extended Taylor method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Di; Fang, Guohong; Cui, Xinmei; Teng, Fei

2018-02-01

The tides in the Taiwan Strait (TS) feature large semidiurnal lunar (M2) amplitudes. An extended Taylor method is employed in this study to provide an analytical model for the M2 tide in the TS. The strait is idealized as a rectangular basin with a uniform depth, and the Coriolis force and bottom friction are retained in the governing equations. The observed tides at the northern and southern openings are used as open boundary conditions. The obtained analytical solution, which consists of a stronger southward propagating Kelvin wave, a weaker northward propagating Kelvin wave, and two families of Poincaré modes trapped at the northern and southern openings, agrees well with the observations in the strait. The superposition of two Kelvin waves basically represents the observed tidal pattern, including an anti-nodal band in the central strait, and the cross-strait asymmetry (greater amplitudes in the west and smaller in the east) of the anti-nodal band. Inclusion of Poincaré modes further improves the model result in that the cross-strait asymmetry can be better reproduced. To explore the formation mechanism of the northward propagating wave in the TS, three experiments are carried out, including the deep basin south of the strait. The results show that the southward incident wave is reflected to form a northward wave by the abruptly deepened topography south of the strait, but the reflected wave is slightly weaker than the northward wave obtained from the above analytical solution, in which the southern open boundary condition is specified with observations. Inclusion of the forcing at the Luzon Strait strengthens the northward Kelvin wave in the TS, and the forcing is thus of some (but lesser) importance to the M2 tide in the TS.

Multi-model ensemble estimation of volume transport through the straits of the East/Japan Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Sooyeon; Hirose, Naoki; Usui, Norihisa; Miyazawa, Yasumasa

2016-01-01

The volume transports measured at the Korea/Tsushima, Tsugaru, and Soya/La Perouse Straits remain quantitatively inconsistent. However, data assimilation models at least provide a self-consistent budget despite subtle differences among the models. This study examined the seasonal variation of the volume transport using the multiple linear regression and ridge regression of multi-model ensemble (MME) methods to estimate more accurately transport at these straits by using four different data assimilation models. The MME outperformed all of the single models by reducing uncertainties, especially the multicollinearity problem with the ridge regression. However, the regression constants turned out to be inconsistent with each other if the MME was applied separately for each strait. The MME for a connected system was thus performed to find common constants for these straits. The estimation of this MME was found to be similar to the MME result of sea level difference (SLD). The estimated mean transport (2.43 Sv) was smaller than the measurement data at the Korea/Tsushima Strait, but the calibrated transport of the Tsugaru Strait (1.63 Sv) was larger than the observed data. The MME results of transport and SLD also suggested that the standard deviation (STD) of the Korea/Tsushima Strait is larger than the STD of the observation, whereas the estimated results were almost identical to that observed for the Tsugaru and Soya/La Perouse Straits. The similarity between MME results enhances the reliability of the present MME estimation.

Finger muscle control in children with dystonia.

PubMed

Young, Scott J; van Doornik, Johan; Sanger, Terence D

2011-06-01

Childhood dystonia is a disorder that involves inappropriate muscle activation during attempts at voluntary movement. Few studies have investigated the muscle activity associated with dystonia in children, and none have done so in the hands. In this study, we measured surface electromyographic activity in four intrinsic hand muscles while participants attempted to perform an isometric tracking task using one of the muscles. Children with dystonia had greater tracking error with the task-related muscle and greater overflow to non-task muscles. Both tracking error and overflow correlated with the Barry-Albright Dystonia scale of the respective upper limb. Overflow also decreased when participants received visual feedback of non-task muscle activity. We conclude that two of the motor deficits in childhood dystonia--motor overflow and difficulties in actively controlling muscles--can be seen in the surface electromyographic activity of individual muscles during an isometric task. As expected from results in adults, overflow is an important feature of childhood dystonia. However, overflow may be at least partially dependent on an individual's level of awareness of their muscle activity. Most importantly, poor single-muscle tracking shows that children with dystonia have deficits of individual muscle control in addition to overflow or co-contraction. These results provide the first quantitative measures of the muscle activity associated with hand dystonia in children, and they suggest possible directions for control of dystonic symptoms. Copyright © 2011 Movement Disorder Society.

Finger Muscle Control in Children with Dystonia

PubMed Central

Young, Scott J.; van Doornik, Johan; Sanger, Terence D.

2010-01-01

Childhood dystonia is a disorder that involves inappropriate muscle activation during attempts at voluntary movement. Few studies have investigated the muscle activity associated with dystonia in children, and none have done so in the hands. In this study, we measured surface electromyographic activity in four intrinsic hand muscles while participants attempted to perform an isometric tracking task using one of the muscles. Children with dystonia had greater tracking error with the task-related muscle and greater overflow to non-task muscles. Both tracking error and overflow correlated with the Barry-Albright Dystonia scale of the respective upper limb. Overflow also decreased when participants received visual feedback of non-task muscle activity. We conclude that two of the motor deficits in childhood dystonia—motor overflow and difficulties in actively controlling muscles—can be seen in the surface electromyographic activity of individual muscles during an isometric task. As expected from results in adults, overflow is an important feature of childhood dystonia. However, overflow may be at least partially dependent on an individual’s level of awareness of their muscle activity. Most importantly, poor single-muscle tracking shows that children with dystonia have deficits of individual muscle control in addition to overflow or co-contraction. These results provide the first quantitative measures of the muscle activity associated with hand dystonia in children, and they suggest possible directions for control of dystonic symptoms. PMID:21449015

A Developmental Study of the Influence of Task Characteristics on Motor Overflow

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Addamo, Patricia K.; Farrow, Maree; Hoy, Kate E.; Bradshaw, John L.; Georgiou-Karistianis, Nellie

2009-01-01

Motor overflow refers to involuntary movement or muscle activity that may coincide with voluntary movement. This study examined factors influencing motor overflow in 17 children (8-11 years), and 17 adults (18-35 years). Participants performed a finger pressing task by exerting either 33% or 66% of their maximal force output using their dominant…

A maximum contraction and substantial quantities of tritium can be obtained from tetraethylammonium-treated [3H]-noradrenaline preloaded, rat vas deferens in response to a single electrical shock.

PubMed Central

Wakade, A. R.

1980-01-01

1 In the normal and phenoxybenzamine-treated vasa deferentia of the rat the overflow of tritium after preloading with [3H]-noradrenaline increased with the increase in frequency of transmural stimulation. Phenozybenzamine enhanced overflow by 5 to 7 fold. 2 After tetraethylammonium (TEA, 10 mM), fractional tritium overflow at 5 Hz increased from a control value of 2.8 to 53 X 10(-4), and at 0.5 Hz it reached 154 X 10(-4). Enhancement of overflow was inversely related to the frequency of stimulation. 3 Contractor responses of the vas deferens induced by transmural stimulation were markedly potentiated, both in amplitude and duration, by 10 mM TEA. The contraction developed in the presence of 10 mM TEA at 0.5 Hz was comparable to that obtained at 10 Hz in normal Krebs solution. 4 In the presence of 5 mM TEA, contractions of the vas deferens caused by exogenous noradrenaline were potentiated about 5 fold. 5 The overflow and contractor response induced by 45 mM K were enhanced about 5 fold in 10 mM TEA-Krebs solution. Facilitation of K-induced overflow by TEA was reduced over 50% by tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 microM). 6 Delivery of a single shock (1.0 ms duration) to 10 mM TEA-treated vas deferens resulted in a 63% increase in tritium overflow over background overflow. The fractional overflow amounted to almost 720 X 10(-4) after a single shock, as compared to 154 X 10(-4) obtained at 0.5 Hz. 7 The vas deferens treated with 10 mM TEA and stimulated by a single shock developed a contraction which was greater in amplitude and duration than that seen in normal tissue at 10 Hz. 8 Five second serial samples collected from superfused 10 mM TEA-treated vas deferens contained maximum quantities of radioactivity in the first 5 s after a single shock. In subsequent samples, radioactivity gradually declined, and reached prestimulation level after about 25 s. 9 The fractional overflow caused by stimulation at 0.1 Hz in 10 mM TEA-treated tissue progressively increased as external Ca was gradually raised from 0.83 to 10 mM. 10 The mechanism of action of TEA in enhancing the overflow of sympathetic transmitter, particularly in response to a single shock, is discussed in relation to Ca. PMID:7052336

Apparatus for controlling coolant level in a liquid-metal-cooled nuclear reactor

DOEpatents

Jones, Robert D.

1978-01-01

A liquid-metal-cooled fast-breeder reactor which has a thermal liner spaced inwardly of the pressure vessel and includes means for passing bypass coolant through the annulus between the thermal liner and the pressure vessel to insulate the pressure vessel from hot outlet coolant includes control ports in the thermal liner a short distance below the normal operating coolant level in the reactor and an overflow nozzle in the pressure vessel below the control ports connected to an overflow line including a portion at an elevation such that overflow coolant flow is established when the coolant level in the reactor is above the top of the coolant ports. When no makeup coolant is added, bypass flow is inwardly through the control ports and there is no overflow; when makeup coolant is being added, coolant flow through the overflow line will maintain the coolant level.

The formation of the Makassar Strait and the separation between SE Kalimantan and SW Sulawesi

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guntoro, Agus

1999-04-01

The formation of the Makassar Strait, situated between southeast (SE) Kalimantan and western Sulawesi, is still subject of much debate. Different authors have proposed several hypotheses to explain its evolution. The only agreement between those several hypotheses is that SE Kalimantan and western Sulawesi once lay close together and that their separation is due to the opening of the Makassar Strait. The age and driving mechanism for this opening are, however, still poorly understood. The strait separates the stable core of the Eurasian Plate to the west from the very active region of the triple junction of three large plates to the east. To the north the strait is bounded by the Sulawesi Sea and to the south by the East Java Sea. The strait is roughly 100-200 km wide and 300 km long and is usually divided into the North and South Makassar basins, separated by the Paternoster Fault. The present study interprets the history of the Makassar Strait using seismic reflection profiles and gravity models, in addition to the compilation of geological information. Implications for the origin of rifting is also discussed. The result of the present study indicates that Makassar Strait was formed by the vertical sinking of a subducting oceanic plate to the east of western Sulawesi, leading to trench roll-back. This vertical sinking was accommodated by extension and rifting of continental crust above the subduction zone at a previous site of collision, causing the opening of Makassar Strait. The time of this trench roll-back marks the cessation of subduction.

Improved Secret Image Sharing Scheme in Embedding Capacity without Underflow and Overflow.

PubMed

Pang, Liaojun; Miao, Deyu; Li, Huixian; Wang, Qiong

2015-01-01

Computational secret image sharing (CSIS) is an effective way to protect a secret image during its transmission and storage, and thus it has attracted lots of attentions since its appearance. Nowadays, it has become a hot topic for researchers to improve the embedding capacity and eliminate the underflow and overflow situations, which is embarrassing and difficult to deal with. The scheme, which has the highest embedding capacity among the existing schemes, has the underflow and overflow problems. Although the underflow and overflow situations have been well dealt with by different methods, the embedding capacities of these methods are reduced more or less. Motivated by these concerns, we propose a novel scheme, in which we take the differential coding, Huffman coding, and data converting to compress the secret image before embedding it to further improve the embedding capacity, and the pixel mapping matrix embedding method with a newly designed matrix is used to embed secret image data into the cover image to avoid the underflow and overflow situations. Experiment results show that our scheme can improve the embedding capacity further and eliminate the underflow and overflow situations at the same time.

Improved Secret Image Sharing Scheme in Embedding Capacity without Underflow and Overflow

PubMed Central

Pang, Liaojun; Miao, Deyu; Li, Huixian; Wang, Qiong

2015-01-01

Computational secret image sharing (CSIS) is an effective way to protect a secret image during its transmission and storage, and thus it has attracted lots of attentions since its appearance. Nowadays, it has become a hot topic for researchers to improve the embedding capacity and eliminate the underflow and overflow situations, which is embarrassing and difficult to deal with. The scheme, which has the highest embedding capacity among the existing schemes, has the underflow and overflow problems. Although the underflow and overflow situations have been well dealt with by different methods, the embedding capacities of these methods are reduced more or less. Motivated by these concerns, we propose a novel scheme, in which we take the differential coding, Huffman coding, and data converting to compress the secret image before embedding it to further improve the embedding capacity, and the pixel mapping matrix embedding method with a newly designed matrix is used to embed secret image data into the cover image to avoid the underflow and overflow situations. Experiment results show that our scheme can improve the embedding capacity further and eliminate the underflow and overflow situations at the same time. PMID:26351657

Development of Overflow-Prevention Valve with Trigger Mechanism.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ishino, Yuji; Mizuno, Takeshi; Takasaki, Masaya

2016-09-01

A new overflow-prevention valve for combustible fluid is developed which uses a trigger mechanism. Loading arms for combustible fluid are used for transferring oil from a tanker to tanks and vice versa. The loading arm has a valve for preventing overflow. Overflow- prevention valves cannot use any electric component to avoid combustion. Therefore, the valve must be constructed only by mechanical parts. The conventional overflow-prevention valve uses fluid and pneumatic forces. It consists of a sensor probe, a cylinder, a main valve for shutting off the fluid and a locking mechanism for holding an open state of the main valve. The proposed overflow-prevention valve uses the pressure due to the height difference between the fluid level of the tank and the sensor probe. However, the force of the cylinder produced by the pressure is too small to release the locking mechanism. Therefore, a trigger mechanism is introduced between the cylinder and the locking mechanism. The trigger mechanism produces sufficient force to release the locking mechanism and close the main valve when the height of fluid exceeds a threshold value. A trigger mechanism is designed and fabricated. The operation necessary for closing the main valve is conformed experimentally.

Earth Observation

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-08-23

ISS036-E-036611 (23 Aug. 2013) --- One of the Expedition 36 crew members aboard the International Space Station on Aug. 23 exposed this image of the Strait of Gibraltar, where Europe and Africa meet and where the Atlantic Ocean waters flow through the strait into the Mediterranean Sea. A popular photographic target of astronauts has always been the Strait of Gibraltar, easily spotted at left center in this wide photograph, shot from the International Space Station. Spain is to the north (top) and Morocco to the south. The strait is 36 miles (58 kilometers) long and slims down to 8 miles (13 kilometers) at it?s most narrow point. The British colony of Gibraltar is north of the strait.

Gibraltar Experiment: Summary of the Field Program and Initial Results of the Gibraltar Experiment

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-08-01

increasing knowledge of straiteffects on the adjacent ocean. Preliminary results show progress toward each of these four goals. 17. Document Analysis s ...derstanding the dynamical balances of the strait flow., developing strategies for long-term monitoring of the Strait, and increasing knowledge of strait...surrounding ocean and of the distinct nature of strait dynamics that is thus implied. An estimate based on data from the 1960’ s by Armi and Farmer (1985

Acoustic Environment of Haro Strait: Preliminary Propagation Modeling and Data Analysis

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-08-01

the frequency range 1–10 kHz are combined to analyze the acoustic environment of Haro Strait of Puget Sound , an area frequented by the southern...51Haro Strait, Puget Sound , acoustic environment, shallow water, acoustic model, southern resident killer whales, shipping noise Field measurements and...acoustic propagation modeling for the frequency range 1–10 kHz are combined to analyze the acous- tic environment of Haro Strait of Puget Sound , home to

Nonlinear processes generated by supercritical tidal flow in shallow straits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bordois, Lucie; Auclair, Francis; Paci, Alexandre; Dossmann, Yvan; Nguyen, Cyril

2017-06-01

Numerical experiments have been carried out using a nonhydrostatic and non-Boussinesq regional oceanic circulation model to investigate the nonlinear processes generated by supercritical tidal flow in shallow straits. Our approach relies on idealized direct numerical simulations inspired by oceanic observations. By analyzing a large set of simulations, a regime diagram is proposed for the nonlinear processes generated in the lee of these straits. The results show that the topography shape of the strait plays a crucial role in the formation of internal solitary waves (ISWs) and in the occurrence of local breaking events. Both of these nonlinear processes are important turbulence producing phenomena. The topographic control, observed in mode 1 ISW formation in previous studies [Y. Dossmann, F. Auclair, and A. Paci, "Topographically induced internal solitary waves in a pycnocline: Primary generation and topographic control," Phys. Fluids 25, 066601 (2013) and Y. Dossmann et al., "Topographically induced internal solitary waves in a pycnocline: Ultrasonic probes and stereo-correlation measurements," Phys. Fluids 26, 056601 (2014)], is clearly reproducible for mode-2 ISW above shallow straits. Strong plunging breaking events are observed above "narrow" straits (straits with a width less than mode 1 wavelength) when the fluid velocity exceeds the local mode 1 wave speed. These results are a step towards future works on vertical mixing quantification and localization around complex strait areas.

Holocene multidecadal- to millennial-scale variations in Iceland-Scotland overflow and their relationship to climate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mjell, Tor Lien; Ninnemann, Ulysses S.; Eldevik, Tor; Kleiven, Helga Kikki F.

2015-05-01

The Nordic Seas overflows are an important part of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. While there is growing evidence that the overflow of dense water changed on orbital time scales during the Holocene, less is known about the variability on shorter time scales beyond the instrumental record. Here we reconstruct the relative changes in flow strength of Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW), the eastern branch of the overflows, on multidecadal-millennial time scales. The reconstruction is based on mean sortable silt (SS>¯) from a sediment core on the Gardar Drift (60°19'N, 23°58'W, 2081 m). Our SS>¯ record reveals that the main variance in ISOW vigor occurred on millennial time scales (1-2 kyr) with particularly prominent fluctuations after 8 kyr. Superimposed on the millennial variability, there were multidecadal-centennial flow speed fluctuations during the early Holocene (10-9 kyr) and one prominent minimum at 0.9 kyr. We find a broad agreement between reconstructed ISOW and regional North Atlantic climate, where a strong (weak) ISOW is generally associated with warm (cold) climate. We further identify the possible contribution of anomalous heat and freshwater forcing, respectively, related to reconstructed overflow variability. We infer that ocean poleward heat transport can explain the relationship between regional climate and ISOW during the middle to late Holocene, whereas freshwater input provides a possible explanation for the reduced overflow during early Holocene (8-10 kyr).

Duration and Frequency Analysis of Lowland Flooding in Western Murfreesboro, Rutherford County, Tennessee, 1998-2000

USGS Publications Warehouse

Law, George S.

2002-01-01

Periodic flooding occurs at lowlands and sinkholes in and adjacent to the flood plain of the West Fork Stones River in the western part of Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Flooding in this area commonly occurs during the winter months from December through March. The maximum water level that flood waters will reach in a lowland or sinkhole is controlled by the elevation of the land surrounding the site or the overflow outlet. Maximum water levels, independent of overflow from the river, were estimated to be reached in lowlands and sinkholes in the study area every 1 to 4 years. Minor overflow from the West Fork Stones River (less than 1 foot in depth) into the study area has been estimated to occur every 10 to 20 years. Moderate overflow from the river (1 to 2 feet in depth) occurs on average every 20 to 50 years, while major river overflow (in excess of 2 feet in depth) can be expected every 50 years. Rainfall information for the area, and streamflow and water-level measurements from the West Fork Stones River, lowlands, sinkholes, caves, and wells in the study area were used to develop a flood-prone area map, independent of overflow from the river, for the study area. Water-level duration and frequency relations, independent of overflow from the river, were estimated for several lowlands, sinkholes, and wells in the study area. These relations are used to characterize flooding in lowland areas of western Murfreesboro, Rutherford County, Tennessee.

Temporal variations of volume transport through the Taiwan Strait, as identified by three-year measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Hsien-Wen; Liu, Cho-Teng; Matsuno, Takeshi; Ichikawa, Kaoru; Fukudome, Ken-ichi; Yang, Yih; Doong, Dong-Jiing; Tsai, Wei-Ling

2016-02-01

The water characteristics of the East China Sea depend on influxes from river run-off, the Kuroshio, and the Taiwan Strait. A three-year observation using an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) operated on a ferry provides the first nearly continuous data set concerning the seasonal flow pattern and the volume transport from the Taiwan Strait to the East China Sea. The observed volume transport shows strong seasonality and linkage to the along-strait wind stress. An empirical regression formula between the volume transport and wind was derived to fill the gaps of observation so as to obtain a continuous data set. Based on this unique data set, the three-year mean of monthly volume transport is northeastward throughout the year, large (nearly 3 Sv) in summer and low (nearly zero) in winter. The China Coastal Current flows southward in winter, while the northward-flowing Taiwan Strait Current may reverse direction during severe northeasterly winds in the winter or under typhoons. The sea level difference across Taiwan Strait is closely correlated to the transport through the strait, and their relation is found seasonally nearly stable.

Comparison of seasonal variability of Aquarius sea surface salinity time series with in situ observations in the Karimata Strait, Indonesia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Susanto, R. D.; Setiawan, A.; Zheng, Q.; Sulistyo, B.; Adi, T. R.; Agustiadi, T.; Trenggono, M.; Triyono, T.; Kuswardani, A.

2016-12-01

The seasonal variability of a full lifetime of Aquarius sea surface salinity time series from August 25, 2011 to June 7, 2015 is compared to salinity time series obtained from in situ observations in the Karimata Strait. The Karimata Strait plays dual roles in water exchange between the Pacific and the Indian Ocean. The salinity in the Karimata Strait is strongly affected by seasonal monsoon winds. During the boreal winter monsoon, northwesterly winds draws low salinity water from the South China Sea into the Java Sea and at the same time, the Java Sea receives an influx of the Indian Ocean water via the Sunda Strait. The Java Sea water will reduce the main Indonesian throughflow in the Makassar Strait. Conditions are reversed during the summer monsoon. Low salinity water from the South China Sea also controls the vertical structure of water properties in the upper layer of the Makassar Strait and the Lombok Strait. As a part of the South China Sea and Indonesian Seas Transport/Exchange (SITE) program, trawl resistance bottom mounted CTD was deployed in the Karimata Strait in mid-2010 to mid-2016 at water depth of 40 m. CTD casts during the mooring recoveries and deployments are used to compare the bottom salinity data. This in situ salinity time series is compared with various Aquarius NASA salinity products (the level 2, level 3 ascending and descending tracks and the seven-days rolling averaged) to check the consistency, correlation and statistical analysis. The preliminary results show that the seasonal variability of Aquarius salinity time series has larger amplitude variability compared to that of in situ data.

How can GPs drive software changes to improve healthcare for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders peoples?

PubMed

Kehoe, Helen

2017-01-01

Changes to the software used in general practice could improve the collection of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status of all patients, and boost access to healthcare measures specifically for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples provided directly or indirectly by general practitioners (GPs). Despite longstanding calls for improvements to general practice software to better support Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health, little change has been made. The aim of this article is to promote software improvements by identifying desirable software attributes and encouraging GPs to promote their adoption. Establishing strong links between collecting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status, clinical decision supports, and uptake of GP-mediated health measures specifically for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples - and embedding these links in GP software - is a long overdue reform. In the absence of government initiatives in this area, GPs are best placed to advocate for software changes, using the model described here as a starting point for action.

Volcanism in the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fisk, M. R.

Back-arc and marginal basins make up a significant portion of the earth's crust and they can represent the transition from continental to oceanic crust. The Bransfield Strait is a young marginal basin of the arc-trench system that lies off the northwestern edge of the Antarctic Peninsula. The strait is about 65 km wide and has a maximum water depth of 2000 m. "Active" volcanoes in the Bransfield Strait include two seamounts, which are south of the eastern end of King George Island, and three island volcanoes — Penguin, Deception, and Bridgeman Islands. Alkaline and calc-alkaline suites occur on these islands, and the seamounts are composed of tholeiites and basaltic andesites. This diversity is similar to that found in some back-arc basins, but the Bransfield Strait basalts as a group cannot be classified as back-arc basin or island-arc basalts. The diverse rock types and the chemical similarity of some of the Bransfield Strait basalts to ophiolite basalts suggests that some ophiolites were generated in back-arc basins.

Enhanced reporting of deaths among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples using linked administrative health datasets.

PubMed

Taylor, Lee K; Bentley, Jason; Hunt, Jennifer; Madden, Richard; McKeown, Sybille; Brandt, Peter; Baker, Deborah

2012-07-02

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are under-reported in administrative health datasets in NSW, Australia. Correct reporting of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples is essential to measure the effectiveness of policies and programmes aimed at reducing the health disadvantage experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. This study investigates the potential of record linkage to enhance reporting of deaths among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in NSW, Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics death registration data for 2007 were linked with four population health datasets relating to hospitalisations, emergency department attendances and births. Reporting of deaths was enhanced from linked records using two methods, and effects on patterns of demographic characteristics and mortality indicators were examined. Reporting of deaths increased by 34.5% using an algorithm based on a weight of evidence of a person being Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander, and by 56.6% using an approach based on 'at least one report' of a person being Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. The increase was relatively greater in older persons and those living in less geographically remote areas. Enhancement resulted in a reduction in the urban-remote differential in median age at death and increases in standardised mortality ratios particularly for chronic conditions. Record linkage creates a statistical construct that helps to correct under-reporting of deaths and potential bias in mortality statistics for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

Multi-model ensemble combinations of the water budget in the East/Japan Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

HAN, S.; Hirose, N.; Usui, N.; Miyazawa, Y.

2016-02-01

The water balance of East/Japan Sea is determined mainly by inflow and outflow through the Korea/Tsushima, Tsugaru and Soya/La Perouse Straits. However, the volume transports measured at three straits remain quantitatively unbalanced. This study examined the seasonal variation of the volume transport using the multiple linear regression and ridge regression of multi-model ensemble (MME) methods to estimate physically consistent circulation in East/Japan Sea by using four different data assimilation models. The MME outperformed all of the single models by reducing uncertainties, especially the multicollinearity problem with the ridge regression. However, the regression constants turned out to be inconsistent with each other if the MME was applied separately for each strait. The MME for a connected system was thus performed to find common constants for these straits. The estimation of this MME was found to be similar to the MME result of sea level difference (SLD). The estimated mean transport (2.42 Sv) was smaller than the measurement data at the Korea/Tsushima Strait, but the calibrated transport of the Tsugaru Strait (1.63 Sv) was larger than the observed data. The MME results of transport and SLD also suggested that the standard deviation (STD) of the Korea/Tsushima Strait is larger than the STD of the observation, whereas the estimated results were almost identical to that observed for the Tsugaru and Soya/La Perouse Straits. The similarity between MME results enhances the reliability of the present MME estimation.

Conservation Status of Killer Whales, Orcinus orca, in the Strait of Gibraltar.

PubMed

Esteban, R; Verborgh, P; Gauffier, P; Alarcón, D; Salazar-Sierra, J M; Giménez, J; Foote, A D; de Stephanis, R

Killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the Mediterranean Sea are currently restricted to the Strait of Gibraltar and surrounding waters. Thirty-nine individuals were present in 2011, with a well-differentiated social structure, organized into five pods. Killer whale occurrence in the Strait is apparently related to the migration of their main prey, Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). In spring, whale distribution was restricted to shallow waters off the western coast of the Strait where all pods were observed actively hunting tuna. In summer, the whales were observed in the shallow central waters of the Strait. A relatively new feeding strategy has been observed among two of the five pods. These two pods interact with an artisanal drop-line fishery. Pods depredating the fishery had access to larger tuna in comparison with pods that were actively hunting. The Strait of Gibraltar killer whales are socially and ecologically different from individuals in the Canary Islands. Molecular genetic research has indicated that there is little or no female-mediated gene migration between these areas. Conservation threats include small population size, prey depletion, vessel traffic, and contaminants. We propose the declaration of the Strait of Gibraltar killer whales as an endangered subpopulation. A conservation plan to protect the Strait of Gibraltar killer whales is urgently needed, and we recommend implementation of a seasonal management area where activities producing underwater noise are restricted, and the promotion of bluefin tuna conservation. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Monthly Variation of Taiwan Strait Through-flow Transports and Associated Water Masses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jan, S.; Sheu, D.; Kuo, H.

2005-05-01

Through-flow transports and associated water masses are analyzed using current data measured by bottom-mounted and ship-board ADCP (1999-2001) across the central Taiwan Strait and strait-wide hydrographic data acquired from 79 CTD survey cruises (1986-2003). The East Asian monsoon, from southwest in July to August and northeast in October to March, controls the transport fluctuation which peaks in August (2.34 Sv northward), is hampered by the northeast monsoon after September and diminishes to the minimum (0.26 Sv southward) in December. The standard deviation of the calculated transport ranges from 0.56 to 1.05 Sv during northeast monsoon months and is relatively small in other months. A cluster analysis together with conventional T-S diagrams identifies the saline and warm Kuroshio Branch Water (KBW), the less saline South China Sea Surface Water (SCSSW), the brackish and cold China Coastal Water (CCW), the saline Subsurface Water (SW) (depth > 100 m) and the Diluted Coastal Water (DCW). The majority of the northward transport in summer carries the SCSSW to the East China Sea. Meanwhile, the DCW appears off the northwest bank of the strait and the SW resides in the bottom layer of a deep trench in the southeastern strait. The onset of the northeast monsoon in September drives the CCW from the Yangtze river mouth to the northern strait. In the southern strait, the northward-moving KBW replaces the SCSSW and meets the southward-intruding CCW in the middle strait during November to April.

A technique for fast and accurate measurement of hand volumes using Archimedes' principle.

PubMed

Hughes, S; Lau, J

2008-03-01

A new technique for measuring hand volumes using Archimedes principle is described. The technique involves the immersion of a hand in a water container placed on an electronic balance. The volume is given by the change in weight divided by the density of water. This technique was compared with the more conventional technique of immersing an object in a container with an overflow spout and collecting and weighing the volume of overflow water. The hand volume of two subjects was measured. Hand volumes were 494 +/- 6 ml and 312 +/- 7 ml for the immersion method and 476 +/- 14 ml and 302 +/- 8 ml for the overflow method for the two subjects respectively. Using plastic test objects, the mean difference between the actual and measured volume was -0.3% and 2.0% for the immersion and overflow techniques respectively. This study shows that hand volumes can be obtained more quickly than the overflow method. The technique could find an application in clinics where frequent hand volumes are required.

Distinct enantiomeric signals of ibuprofen and naproxen in treated wastewater and sewer overflow.

PubMed

Khan, Stuart J; Wang, Lili; Hashim, Nor H; McDonald, James A

2014-11-01

Ibuprofen and naproxen are commonly used members of a class of pharmaceuticals known as 2-arylpropionic acids (2-APAs). Both are chiral chemicals and can exist as either of two (R)- and (S)-enantiomers. Enantioselective analyses of effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and from untreated sewage overflow reveal distinctly different enantiomeric fractions for both pharmaceuticals. The (S)-enantiomers of both were dominant in untreated sewage overflow, but the relative proportions of the (R)-enantiomers were shown to be increased in WWTP effluents. (R)-naproxen was below method detection limits (<1 ng.L(-1)) in sewage overflow, but measurable at higher concentrations in WWTP effluents. Accordingly, enantiomeric fractions (EF) for naproxen were consistently 1.0 in sewage overflow, but ranged from 0.7–0.9 in WWTP effluents. Ibuprofen EF ranged from 0.6–0.8 in sewage overflow and receiving waters, and was 0.5 in two WWTP effluents. Strong evidence is provided to indicate that chiral inversion of (S)-2-APAs to produce (R)-2-APAs may occur during wastewater treatment processes. It is concluded that this characterization of the enantiomeric fractions for ibuprofen and naproxen in particular effluents could facilitate the distinction of treated and untreated sources of pharmaceutical contamination in surface waters.

MK-801 protection against methamphetamine-induced striatal dopamine terminal injury is associated with attenuated dopamine overflow.

PubMed

Weihmuller, F B; O'Dell, S J; Marshall, J F

1992-06-01

Repeated administrations of methamphetamine (m-AMPH) produce high extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) and subsequent striatal DA terminal damage. Pharmacological blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors has been shown previously to prevent m-AMPH-induced striatal DA terminal injury, but the mechanism for this protection is unclear. In the present study, in vivo microdialysis was used to determine the effects of blockade of NMDA receptors with the noncompetitive antagonist MK-801 on m-AMPH-induced striatal DA overflow. Four injections of MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg, ip) alone did not significantly change extracellular striatal DA concentrations from pretreatment values. Four treatments with m-AMPH (4.0 mg/kg, sc at 2-hr intervals) increased striatal DA overflow, and the overflow was particularly extensive following the fourth injection. This m-AMPH regimen produced a 40% reduction in striatal DA tissue content 1 week later. Treatment with MK-801 15 min before each of the four m-AMPH injections or prior to only the last two m-AMPH administrations attenuated the m-AMPH-induced increase in striatal DA overflow and protected completely against striatal DA depletions. Other MK-801 treatment regimens less effectively reduced the m-AMPH-induced striatal DA efflux and were ineffective in protecting against striatal DA depletions. Linear regression analysis indicated that cumulative DA overflow was strongly predictive (r = -.68) of striatal DA tissue levels measured one week later. These findings suggest that the extensive DA overflow seen during a neurotoxic regimen of m-AMPH is a crucial component of the subsequent neurotoxicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Operational Art of Maritime Straits

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-10-29

13  Operation CHEETAH ...Operational Art Paradigm Shift A strait is a narrow body of water navigationally constricted on two sides and usually connects two larger bodies of...level of risk. Space Space, in the terms of straits, encompasses more than just the body of water. Control of the approaches, shorelines and

76 FR 28950 - Lynn Canal/Icy Straits Resource Advisory Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-19

... DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Forest Service Lynn Canal/Icy Straits Resource Advisory Committee AGENCY: Forest Service, USDA. ACTION: Notice of meeting. SUMMARY: The Lynn Canal/Icy Straits Resource Advisory Committee will hold a teleconference, June 9, 2011. The purpose of this meeting is to discuss metrics and...

Hydrological conditions in the straits of the Ryukyu archipelago and adjacent basins

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moroz, V. V.; Bogdanov, K. T.

2007-10-01

The structure and dynamics of the water are studied on the basis of hydrological and meteorological long-term data combined with the materials of field observations over a period longer than half a century in the region of the Ryukyu archipelago. New data about the hydrological characteristics of the waters were obtained. Characteristic differences of waters of various modifications in the main straits between the islands are demonstrated. The dependence of the water structure formation in the straits on the seasonal variability of the water exchange through the straits is distinguished.

Occurrence and distribution of bacteria indicators, chemical tracers and pathogenic vibrios in Singapore coastal waters.

PubMed

Goh, Shin Giek; Bayen, Stéphane; Burger, David; Kelly, Barry C; Han, Ping; Babovic, Vladan; Gin, Karina Yew-Hoong

2017-01-15

Water quality in Singapore's coastal area was evaluated with microbial indicators, pathogenic vibrios, chemical tracers and physico-chemical parameters. Sampling sites were grouped into two clusters (coastal sites at (i) northern and (ii) southern part of Singapore). The coastal sites located at northern part of Singapore along the Johor Straits exhibited greater pollution. Principal component analysis revealed that sampling sites at Johor Straits have greater loading on carbamazepine, while turbidity poses greater influence on sampling sites at Singapore Straits. Detection of pathogenic vibrios was also more prominent at Johor Straits than the Singapore Straits. This study examined the spatial variations in Singapore's coastal water quality and provided the baseline information for health risk assessment and future pollution management. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Facilitating engagement through strong relationships between primary healthcare and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

PubMed

Davy, Carol; Cass, Alan; Brady, John; DeVries, Joanne; Fewquandie, Barry; Ingram, Suzzane; Mentha, Ricky; Simon, Pamela; Rickards, Bernadette; Togni, Samantha; Liu, Hueming; Peiris, David; Askew, Deborah; Kite, Elaine; Sivak, Leda; Hackett, Maree; Lavoie, Josée; Brown, Alex

2016-12-01

Given the high prevalence of chronic disease, it is of concern that access to and sustained engagement with primary healthcare services by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians is often far lower than would be expected. This study sought to explore ways in which relationships can support sustained engagement with healthcare services. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 126 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander participants with and without chronic disease and 97 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous healthcare providers, healthcare service managers or administrative staff. Our findings indicate that when faced with acute health issues, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander participants did prioritise care, provided that the service was both physically and emotionally welcoming. Trustworthiness of healthcare providers and strong relationships with patients were the most important factors for encouraging sustained engagement overtime. Responsibility for sustaining relationships does not rest solely with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patients. Rather, healthcare providers need to commit to the process of building and maintaining relationships. First and foremost healthcare providers should take time to establish and then maintain relationships. Healthcare services can also contribute by ensuring facilities are welcoming for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. © 2016 Public Health Association of Australia.

A Numerical Model of Seawater Volume and Velocity Dynamic for Marine Currents Power Plant in the Bangka Strait, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rompas, P. T. D.; Taunaumang, H.; Sangari, F. J.

2017-03-01

One of equipment as prime movers in the marine current power plant is turbine. Marine current turbines require a data of marine currents velocity in its design. The objective of this study was to get the velocities distribution of marine currents in the Bangka strait. The method used survey, observation, and measurement in the Bangka strait. The data of seawater density conducted measurement in the Bangka strait. The data of width and depth of the strait collected from the map of Bangka strait and its depth of the sea. Problem solving of the study used a numerical model. The velocities distribution of marine current obtained from a numerical model in the form of numerical program. The results showed that the velocities distribution at seawater column when low and high tide currents which the maximum happened at 0.1 Sv were 0-0.9 and 0-1.0 m/s respectively, while at 0.3 Sv were 0-2.7 and 0-3.0 m/s respectively. The results will be a product in analyzing the potential kinetic energy that used to design profile of the turbines as prime mover for marine currents power plant in the Bangka strait, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Effects of tidal current phase at the junction of two straits

USGS Publications Warehouse

Warner, J.; Schoellhamer, D.; Burau, J.; Schladow, G.

2002-01-01

Estuaries typically have a monotonic increase in salinity from freshwater at the head of the estuary to ocean water at the mouth, creating a consistent direction for the longitudinal baroclinic pressure gradient. However, Mare Island Strait in San Francisco Bay has a local salinity minimum created by the phasing of the currents at the junction of Mare Island and Carquinez Straits. The salinity minimum creates converging baroclinic pressure gradients in Mare Island Strait. Equipment was deployed at four stations in the straits for 6 months from September 1997 to March 1998 to measure tidal variability of velocity, conductivity, temperature, depth, and suspended sediment concentration. Analysis of the measured time series shows that on a tidal time scale in Mare Island Strait, the landward and seaward baroclinic pressure gradients in the local salinity minimum interact with the barotropic gradient, creating regions of enhanced shear in the water column during the flood and reduced shear during the ebb. On a tidally averaged time scale, baroclinic pressure gradients converge on the tidally averaged salinity minimum and drive a converging near-bed and diverging surface current circulation pattern, forming a "baroclinic convergence zone" in Mare Island Strait. Historically large sedimentation rates in this area are attributed to the convergence zone. 

Effects of a 20 year rain event: a quantitative microbial risk assessment of a case of contaminated bathing water in Copenhagen, Denmark.

PubMed

Andersen, S T; Erichsen, A C; Mark, O; Albrechtsen, H-J

2013-12-01

Quantitative microbial risk assessments (QMRAs) often lack data on water quality leading to great uncertainty in the QMRA because of the many assumptions. The quantity of waste water contamination was estimated and included in a QMRA on an extreme rain event leading to combined sewer overflow (CSO) to bathing water where an ironman competition later took place. Two dynamic models, (1) a drainage model and (2) a 3D hydrodynamic model, estimated the dilution of waste water from source to recipient. The drainage model estimated that 2.6% of waste water was left in the system before CSO and the hydrodynamic model estimated that 4.8% of the recipient bathing water came from the CSO, so on average there was 0.13% of waste water in the bathing water during the ironman competition. The total estimated incidence rate from a conservative estimate of the pathogenic load of five reference pathogens was 42%, comparable to 55% in an epidemiological study of the case. The combination of applying dynamic models and exposure data led to an improved QMRA that included an estimate of the dilution factor. This approach has not been described previously.

Orion Launch Abort Vehicle Separation Analysis Using OVERFLOW

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Booth, Tom

2010-01-01

This slide presentation reviews the use of OVERFLOW, a flow solver, to analyze the effect of separation for a launch abort vehicle (i.e., Orion capsule) if required. Included in the presentation are views of the geometry, and the Overset grids, listing of the assumptions, the general run strategy, inputs into the Overflow solver, the required computational resources, the results of the convergence study. Charts and graphics are presented to show the results.

Effects of combined-sewer overflows and urban runoff on the water quality of Fall Creek, Indianapolis, Indiana

USGS Publications Warehouse

Martin, Jeffrey D.

1995-01-01

Concentrations of dissolved oxygen measured at the station in the middle of the combined-sewer overflows were less than the Indiana minimum ambient water-quality standard of 4.0 milligrams per liter during all storms. Concentrations of ammonia, oxygen demand, copper, lead, zinc, and fecal coliform bacteria at the stations downstream from the combined-sewer overflows were much higher in storm runoff than in base flow. Increased concentrations of oxygen demand in runoff probably were caused by combined-sewer overflows, urban runoff, and the resuspension of organic material deposited on the streambed. Some of the increased concentrations of lead, zinc, and probably copper can be attributed to the discharge and resuspension of filter backwash

Estimation of Atlantic-Mediterranean netflow variability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guerreiro, Catarina; Peliz, Alvaro; Miranda, Pedro

2016-04-01

The exchanges at the Strait of Gibraltar are extremely difficult to measure due to the strong temporal and across-strait variabilities; yet the Atlantic inflow into the Mediterranean is extremely important both for climate and to ecosystems. Most of the published numerical modeling studies do not resolve the Strait of Gibraltar realistically. Models that represent the strait at high resolution focus primarily in high frequency dynamics, whereas long-term dynamics are studied in low resolution model studies, and for that reason the Strait dynamics are poorly resolved. Estimating the variability of the exchanges requires long term and high-resolutions studies, thus an improved simulation with explicit and realistic representation of the Strait is necessary. On seasonal to inter-annual timescales the flow is essentially driven by the net evaporation contribution and consequently realistic fields of precipitation and evaporation are necessary for model setup. A comparison between observations, reanalysis and combined products shows ERA-Interim Reanalysis has the most suitable product for Mediterranean Sea. Its time and space variability are in close agreement with NOC 1.1 for the common period (1980 - 1993) and also with evaporation from OAFLUX (1989 - 2014). Subinertial fluctuations, periods from days to a few months, are the second most energetic, after tides, and are the response to atmospheric pressure fluctuations and local winds. Atmospheric pressure fluctuations in the Mediterranean cause sea level oscillations that induce a barotropic flow through the Strait. Candela's analytical model has been used to quantify this response in later studies, though comparison with observations points to an underestimation of the flow at strait. An improved representation of this term contribution to the Atlantic - Mediterranean exchange must be achieved on longer time-scales. We propose a new simulation for the last 36 years (1979 - 2014) for the Mediterranean - Atlantic domain with explicit representation of the Strait. The simulations are performed using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) and forced with the different contributions of the freshwater budget, sea level pressure fluctuations and winds from ERA-Interim Reanalysis. The model of sea level pressure induced barotropic fluctuations simulates the barotropic variability at the Strait of Gibraltar for the last decades.

Along-slope variability of barotropic transport in the Nordic Seas: Simplified dynamics tested against observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aaboe, S.; NøSt, O. A.; Hansen, E.

2009-03-01

The present study combines simple geostrophic considerations and observational data to examine the along-slope evolution of the barotropic transport following the continental slope in the Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean. Following geostrophic theory, the transport evolution is calculated from bottom densities in five different transects within the Nordic Seas. This theoretically predicted transport evolution is compared with transports estimated directly from velocity measurements. Between the Faroe-Shetland Channel and the Svinøy section off southern Norway, across the Fram Strait (below 800 m), and between the Fram Strait and the Greenland Sea the agreement is generally good between geostrophic theory and observations. This indicates that many aspects of the barotropic flow in these regions are captured by geostrophic dynamics. Between the eastern and western Fram Strait above 800 m and between Svinøy and the eastern Fram Strait the observed flow fields differ to a large extent from the flow field predicted by geostrophic dynamics, indicating that ageostrophic dynamics play a more important role in these regions. The barotropic transport differences between the eastern and western Fram Strait contain information about the barotropic transport evolution along the entire Arctic continental slope. The good agreement between observations and theory across the strait (below 800 m) therefore indicates that the flow along the deeper part of the Arctic continental slope is well described by geostrophic dynamics. According to our results, the noticeably more baroclinic nature of the flow in the western Fram Strait, compared with the eastern strait, can then be ascribed to water mass modifications along the Arctic continental slope.

Improving the Participation and Engagement of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Students in Business Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dang, Thi Kim Anh; Vitartas, Peter; Ambrose, Kurt; Millar, Hayley

2016-01-01

Most Australian universities have among their goals to increase the number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students at their institutions. In the Australian higher education context, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students are seriously under-represented, particularly in business education compared to other disciplines. An…

Intellectual Disability in Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 2007

2007-01-01

In mid-2001, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population in Australia was approximately 458,500 people (2.4% of the national population). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia experience disadvantage compared to non-Indigenous Australians in a number of areas, including greater prevalence of health risk factors, early…

National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education Strategy 2015

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Education Council, 2015

2015-01-01

Despite determined effort much more needs to be done to close the gap in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander education outcomes. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are the first Australians with the oldest continuing cultures in human history. Governments across Australia affirm the right of Aboriginal and Torres Islander people to…

33 CFR 100.1307 - Special Local Regulations, Strait Thunder Performance, Port Angeles, WA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Special Local Regulations, Strait Thunder Performance, Port Angeles, WA. 100.1307 Section 100.1307 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST... § 100.1307 Special Local Regulations, Strait Thunder Performance, Port Angeles, WA. (a) Regulated Areas...

33 CFR 100.1307 - Special Local Regulations, Strait Thunder Performance, Port Angeles, WA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Special Local Regulations, Strait Thunder Performance, Port Angeles, WA. 100.1307 Section 100.1307 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST... § 100.1307 Special Local Regulations, Strait Thunder Performance, Port Angeles, WA. (a) Regulated Areas...

33 CFR 100.1307 - Special Local Regulations, Strait Thunder Performance, Port Angeles, WA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Special Local Regulations, Strait Thunder Performance, Port Angeles, WA. 100.1307 Section 100.1307 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST... § 100.1307 Special Local Regulations, Strait Thunder Performance, Port Angeles, WA. (a) Regulated Areas...

33 CFR 100.1307 - Special Local Regulations, Strait Thunder Performance, Port Angeles, WA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Special Local Regulations, Strait Thunder Performance, Port Angeles, WA. 100.1307 Section 100.1307 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST... § 100.1307 Special Local Regulations, Strait Thunder Performance, Port Angeles, WA. (a) Regulated Areas...

33 CFR 100.1307 - Special Local Regulations, Strait Thunder Performance, Port Angeles, WA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Special Local Regulations, Strait Thunder Performance, Port Angeles, WA. 100.1307 Section 100.1307 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST... § 100.1307 Special Local Regulations, Strait Thunder Performance, Port Angeles, WA. (a) Regulated Areas...

33 CFR 110.229 - Straits of Juan de Fuca, Wash.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Straits of Juan de Fuca, Wash. 110.229 Section 110.229 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY ANCHORAGES ANCHORAGE REGULATIONS Anchorage Grounds § 110.229 Straits of Juan de Fuca, Wash. (a) Anchorage...

33 CFR 110.229 - Straits of Juan de Fuca, Wash.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Straits of Juan de Fuca, Wash. 110.229 Section 110.229 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY ANCHORAGES ANCHORAGE REGULATIONS Anchorage Grounds § 110.229 Straits of Juan de Fuca, Wash. (a) Anchorage...

33 CFR 167.1310 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1310 In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: General. The traffic separation scheme in the Strait of Juan de Fuca consists of five parts: the western...

33 CFR 167.1310 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1310 In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: General. The traffic separation scheme in the Strait of Juan de Fuca consists of five parts: the western...

33 CFR 167.1310 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1310 In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: General. The traffic separation scheme in the Strait of Juan de Fuca consists of five parts: the western...

33 CFR 167.1310 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1310 In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: General. The traffic separation scheme in the Strait of Juan de Fuca consists of five parts: the western...

Consultation with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People in Early Childhood Education: The Impact of Colonial Discourses

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Melinda G.

2015-01-01

In Australian early years education, consultation and partnerships with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are central to embedding Indigenous perspectives. Building sustained and reciprocal partnerships with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people supports access to local knowledges and perspectives to inform curriculum planning,…

The anomalous amplification of M2 tide in the Taiwan Strait

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jan, Sen; Chern, Ching-Sheng; Wang, Joe; Chao, Shenn-Yu

2004-04-01

The complex tidal wave propagation pattern in the Taiwan Strait invites parochialism. Along the eastern (Taiwan) boundary of the strait, the anomalous amplification of M2 tide in the middle often led to the parochial view that two tidal waves coming from both ends of the strait collide in the middle, creating wave resonance. Along the western (China) boundary, one sees a southward progressive tidal wave and hence no wave collision. To reconcile, we examine a few solutions of a numerical tidal model below. Both realistic bottom bathymetry and idealized bottom topographies are used to identify dominant mechanism leading to the complex tidal wave propagation. Our process of elimination identifies the wave reflection of southward propagating tidal wave by the deep trench in the southern strait as the true cause responsible for the complex wave propagation pattern.

Thermohaline variability in the Adriatic and Northern Ionian Seas observed from the Argo floats during 2010-2014

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kovačević, Vedrana; Ursella, Laura; Gačić, Miroslav; Notarstefano, Giulio; Menna, Milena; Bensi, Manuel; Civitarese, Giuseppe; Poulain, Pierre-Marie

2015-04-01

The Adriatic Sea is the northernmost basin of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMed). At its southern end, the basin communicates with the adjacent Ionian Sea through the 80 km wide and 850 m deep Strait of Otranto. Due to the river discharge in the north and due to the strong winter cooling, the Adriatic is both a dilution basin and the dense water formation region. The basin-wide circulation is cyclonic. The circulation is however, energetic also at smaller spatial and temporal scales, and several circulation cells and mesoscale features are regularly observed equally along the littoral and in the open sea. The North Adriatic Dense Water (NAdDW) formed during winter is the densest water of the whole Mediterranean Sea (up to 1060 kg/m3). It flows as a density driven bottom current from the northern shelf toward south, filling the deep layers of the middle and southern Adriatic pits. The deep open-sea area of the South Adriatic Pit (SAP, 1200 m) feels the influence of a water mass exchange through the Strait of Otranto. Specifically, it receives salty and warm surface and Levantine Intermediate Waters from the Ionian Sea. Through the open-sea winter convection that homogenizes and ventilates 400-800 m thick upper water column, this salty water contributes to the formation of the Adriatic Deep Water (AdDW, 1029.17-1029.20 kg/m3), which is not as dense as the NAdDW. Both dense waters eventually mix and spill across the sill ventilating the deep and bottom layers of the Ionian Sea, and driving the deep thermohaline cell of the EMed. Thermohaline properties of the Adriatic Sea vary at wide spatial and temporal scales, and this in turn affects the properties of its dense waters. The long-term scales are of a particular interest, as they are often associated with the biogeochemical and biotic variability such as intrusion of alien species into the Adriatic Sea and interconnection with the adjacent Ionian basin. Due to the extremely variable meteo- and climatic conditions, the signal of the Adriatic dense waters can be fairly irregular and impulsive. Sporadic in-situ surveys by research vessels are not always sufficient to capture this irregularity and its consequences on the circulation. The Lagrangian platforms are disseminated within the whole Mediterranean through the international Argo program. They are a useful tool to assess some of the spatial and temporal variability in the two basins. Combining the information from the floats and in-situ CTD profiles from oceanographic campaigns, we picture the inter-annual variability of the thermohaline properties in general during 2010-2014. In addition, the peculiarities of the very dense water overflow that during 2012 spilled out form the Strait of Otranto into the Northern Ionian is evidenced. Also, by the remotely sensed sea surface topography, we depict the most prominent circulation features of the upper layer.

Effect of mesoscale eddies on the Taiwan Strait Current

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chang, Y. L.; Miyazawa, Y.; Guo, X.

2016-02-01

This study shows that mesoscale eddies can alter the Taiwan Strait current. The 20-year data-assimilated Japan Coastal Ocean Predictability Experiment 2 (JCOPE2) reanalysis data are analyzed, and the results are confirmed with idealized experiments. The leading wind-forced seasonal cycle is excluded to focus on the effect of the eddy. The warm eddy southwest of Taiwan is shown to generate a northward flow, whereas the cold eddy produces a southward current. The effect of the eddy penetrates onto the shelf through the Joint Effect of Baroclinicity and Relief (JEBAR). The cross-isobath fluxes lead to shelfward convergence and divergence, setting up the modulation of the sea level slope. The resulting along-strait current anomaly eventually affects a wide area of the Taiwan Strait. The stronger eddy leads to larger modification of the cross-shelf flows and sea level slope, producing a greater transport anomaly. The composite Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) serves as an indicator to show the change in Chl-a concentration in the strait in response to the eddy-induced current. During the warm eddy period, the current carries the southern water of lower concentration northward, reducing Chl-a concentration in the strait. In contrast, Chl-a is enhanced because the cold eddy-induced southward current carries the northern water of higher concentration southward into the strait.

The validation of a self-report measure and physical activity of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous rural children.

PubMed

Gwynn, Josephine D; Hardy, Louise L; Wiggers, John H; Smith, Wayne T; D'Este, Catherine A; Turner, Nicole; Cochrane, Janine; Barker, Daniel J; Attia, John R

2010-07-01

To validate a self-report measure of physical activity for both Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous rural children, and to describe their physical activity participation. In this cross-sectional study, 84 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and 146 non-Indigenous children aged 10-12 years old completed the Many Rivers Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire (MRPARQ), a modified version of the Adolescent Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire (APARQ). A sub-group (n=86) wore an accelerometer for seven consecutive days in order to validate the instrument. Pearson and Intra Class Correlation coefficients between the survey and acceleromtery for weekdays only are 0.31 and 0.16, respectively, for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, and 0.38 and 0.31, respectively, for non-Indigenous children, and demonstrate a modest (p<0.05) correlation. Self-reported MVPA for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children is between 162 and 172 minutes/day, and is 125 minutes by accelerometer; for non-Indigenous children MVPA is between 123 and 149 minutes (survey) and 107 minutes (accelerometer). Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children's self-report of physical activity is at least as valid as non-Indigenous children, given culturally appropriate support; they tend to be more active than non-Indigenous children. The MRPARQ can be administered with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous children.

Numerical Analysis of the Effect of Active Wind Speed and Direction on Circulation of Sea of Azov Water with and without Allowance for the Water Exchange through the Kerch Strait

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cherkesov, L. V.; Shul'ga, T. Ya.

2018-01-01

The effect of seawater movement through the Kerch Strait for extreme deviations in the level and speed of currents in the Sea of Azov caused by the action of climate wind fields has been studied using the Princeton ocean model (POM), a general three-dimensional nonlinear model of ocean circulation. Formation of the water flow through the strait is caused by the long-term action of the same type of atmospheric processes. The features of the water dynamics under conditions of changing intensity and active wind direction have been studied. Numerical experiments were carried out for two versions of model Sea of Azov basins: closed (without the Kerch Strait) and with a fluid boundary located in the Black Sea. The simulation results have shown that allowance for the strait leads to a significant change in the velocities of steady currents and level deviations at wind speeds greater than 5 m/s. The most significant effect on the parameters of steady-state movements is exerted by the speed of the wind that generates them; allowance for water exchange through the strait is less important. Analysis of the directions of atmospheric circulation has revealed that the response generated by the movement of water through the strait is most pronounced when a southeast wind is acting.

Valve for controlling solids flow

DOEpatents

Staiger, M. Daniel

1985-01-01

A valve for controlling the flow of solids comprises a vessel having an overflow point, an inlet line for discharging solids into the vessel positioned within the vessel such that the inlet line's discharge point is lower than the vessel's overflow point, and apparatus for introducing a fluidizing fluid into the vessel. The fluidizing fluid fluidizes the solids within the vessel so that they overflow at the vessel's overflow point. For the removal of nuclear waste product the vessel may be placed within a sealed container having a bottom connected transport line for transporting the solids to storage or other sites. The rate of solids flow is controlled by the flow rate of the fluidizing fluid and by V-notch weirs of different sizes spaced about the top of the vessel.

Valve for controlling solids flow

DOEpatents

Staiger, M.D.

1982-09-29

A valve for controlling the flow of solids comprises a vessel having an overflow point, an inlet line for discharging solids into the vessel positioned within the vessel such that the inlet line's discharge point is lower than the vessel's overflow point, and means for introducing a fluidizing fluid into the vessel. The fluidizing fluid fluidizes the solids within the vessel so that they overflow at the vessel's overflow point. For the removal of nuclear waste product the vessel may be placed within a sealed container having a bottom connected transport line for transporting the solids to storage or other sites. The rate of solids flow is controlled by the flow rate of the fluidizing fluid and by V-notch weirs of different sizes spaced about the top of the vessel.

77 FR 39418 - Safety Zone: Independence Day Fireworks Celebration for the City of Vallejo, Mare Island Strait...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-03

...-AA00 Safety Zone: Independence Day Fireworks Celebration for the City of Vallejo, Mare Island Strait... establishing a temporary safety zone in the navigable waters of Mare Island Strait near Vallejo, CA in support... zone is established to ensure the safety of participants and spectators from the dangers associated...

33 CFR 167.1302 - In the approaches to the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Southwestern approach.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... of Juan de Fuca: Southwestern approach. 167.1302 Section 167.1302 Navigation and Navigable Waters....1302 In the approaches to the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Southwestern approach. In the southwestern approach to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the following are established: (a) A separation zone bounded by a...

The Re-Creation and Resolution of the 'Problem' of Indigenous Education in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Cross-Curriculum Priority

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maxwell, Jacinta; Lowe, Kevin; Salter, Peta

2018-01-01

This paper focuses on the 'problem' of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander education represented in the Australian Curriculum's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories and cultures cross-curriculum priority. Looking beyond particular curriculum content, we uncover the policy discourses that construct (and reconstruct) the…

33 CFR 117.169 - Mare Island Strait and the Napa River.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... SECURITY BRIDGES DRAWBRIDGE OPERATION REGULATIONS Specific Requirements California § 117.169 Mare Island Strait and the Napa River. (a) The draw of the Mare Island Drawbridge, mile 2.8, at Vallejo shall open on... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Mare Island Strait and the Napa...

33 CFR 117.169 - Mare Island Strait and the Napa River.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... SECURITY BRIDGES DRAWBRIDGE OPERATION REGULATIONS Specific Requirements California § 117.169 Mare Island Strait and the Napa River. (a) The draw of the Mare Island Drawbridge, mile 2.8, at Vallejo shall open on... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Mare Island Strait and the Napa...

33 CFR 117.169 - Mare Island Strait and the Napa River.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... SECURITY BRIDGES DRAWBRIDGE OPERATION REGULATIONS Specific Requirements California § 117.169 Mare Island Strait and the Napa River. (a) The draw of the Mare Island Drawbridge, mile 2.8, at Vallejo shall open on... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Mare Island Strait and the Napa...

33 CFR 117.169 - Mare Island Strait and the Napa River.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... SECURITY BRIDGES DRAWBRIDGE OPERATION REGULATIONS Specific Requirements California § 117.169 Mare Island Strait and the Napa River. (a) The draw of the Mare Island Drawbridge, mile 2.8, at Vallejo shall open on... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Mare Island Strait and the Napa...

33 CFR 117.169 - Mare Island Strait and the Napa River.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... SECURITY BRIDGES DRAWBRIDGE OPERATION REGULATIONS Specific Requirements California § 117.169 Mare Island Strait and the Napa River. (a) The draw of the Mare Island Drawbridge, mile 2.8, at Vallejo shall open on... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Mare Island Strait and the Napa...

Flu Widget

MedlinePlus

... 0" width="300" title="Flu I.Q. Widget" style="overflow: hidden;"> Flu ... 0" width="280" title="CDC Flu Vaccine Finder" style="overflow: hidden;"> FluView Widget < ...

Earth Observation

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-06-23

ISS036-E-010628 (24 June 2013) --- Strait of Tiran, Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba are featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 36 crew member on the International Space Station. The approximately six-kilometer wide Strait of Tiran (also known as the Straits of Tiran) between the Egyptian mainland and Tiran Island separates the Gulf of Aqaba from the Red Sea, and provides two channels (290 meters and 73 meters deep, respectively) navigable by large ships bound for ports in Jordan and Israel. A smaller passage also exists between the east side of Tiran Island and Saudi Arabia, but this a single channel that is 16 meters deep. Due to its strategic position, control of the Strait has been an important factor in historical conflicts of the region, such as the Suez Crisis in 1956 and the Six-Day War in 1967. This photograph illustrates the morphology of the Strait. The relatively clear, deep-water passages of the western Strait of Tiran are visible at right, while the more sinuous shallow-water passage on the Saudi Arabia side can be seen at bottom center. Light blue to turquoise areas around Tiran Island indicate shallow water, while the island itself is arid and largely free of vegetation. Coral reefs are also found in the Straits of Tiran and are a popular diving destination. The silvery sheen on the water surface within the Strait and the south of Tiran Island is sunglint – light reflecting off the water surface back towards the observer on the space station. Disturbance to the water surface, as well as presence of substances such as oils and surfactants, can change the reflective properties of the water surface and highlight both surface waves and subsurface currents. For example, a large wave set is highlighted by sunglint at upper left.

Fault patterns in the Strait of Messina, Southern Italy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fu, L.; Krastel, S.; Chiocci, F. L.; Ridente, D.; Schulten, I.; Cukur, D.; Gross, F.; Bialas, J.

2013-12-01

The Strait of Messina is one of the seismically most active areas in the Mediterranean region. The structural and seismotectonic settings of the area are still poorly understood. A number of faults have been identified on new high-resolution 2D seismic data collected in December 2011/January 2012. Most of the faults trending NWW-SEE are high angle (>60°) faults; they are located in the northern (off Calabria) and southern part of the Messina Straits. A number of faults identified in the central part of the Straits along the central channel or on the Calabrian side strike NNE-SSW or NNW-NNE. They dip at intermediate (30°-60°) to low (<30°) angles. The NNW-ward motion of Sicily and the NE-ward motion of Calabria indicate that faults in the strait are transtensional and that the strait is basically an asymmetric pull-apart basin (half-graben) under transtensional condition. This is confirmed by the appearances of negative flower structures, an en-echelon fault zone, and two main depocentres in the northern and central part of the straits, respectively. A fault located close to the Sicilian coast between Taormina and Briga may represent the so called Taormina fault. The existence of this fault is heavily debated in literatures. As the Strait of Messina is a transtensional basin, the Taormina fault should be a surface fault, which may outcrop very close to the Ionian coast off Sicily rather than a blind basement fault as identified on our data. Faults in the north may be the source of the 1908 Messina earthquake, because the area is in an early mature developing stage of a pull-apart basin. The cross-basin faults transecting this part of the basin would increase the slippage and the potential for large-magnitude earthquakes.

Gravitational circulation in a tidal strait

USGS Publications Warehouse

Smith, P.E.; Cheng, R.T.; Burau, J.R.; Simpson, M.R.; ,

1991-01-01

Eight months of continuous measurements of tidal current profiles with an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) were made in Carquinez Strait, California, during 1988 for the purpose of estimating long-term variations in vertical profiles of Eulerian residual currents. Salinity stratification near the ADCP deployment site also was analyzed. The strength of density-driven gravitational circulation and the amount of salinity stratification in the strait varied significantly over the spring-neap tidal cycle. Density currents and stratification were greater during neap tides when vertical mixing from the tide is at a minimum. Landward residual currents along the bottom were observed only during neap tides. Simulations made with a three-dimensional model to supplement the field measurements show a significant, tidally induced lateral variation in residual currents across the strait. The Stokes drift of 1-2 cm/s in the strait is small relative to the speed of gravitational currents.

Outpatient alcohol withdrawal management for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

PubMed

Brett, Jonathan; Lawrence, Leanne; Ivers, Rowena; Conigrave, Kate

2014-08-01

There is concern from within Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities about the lack of access to alcohol withdrawal management ('detox') services. Outpatient detox is described within national Australian guidelines as a safe option for selected drinkers. However, uncertainly exists as to how suited Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are to this approach. 
 Consultations were conducted with stakeholders of four health services providing outpatient detox for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in NSW. Thematic analysis was performed to determine elements perceived as important for success. Key themes that emerged were individual engagement, flexibility, assessment of suitability, Aboriginal staff and community engagement, practical support, counselling, staff education and support, coping with relapse and contingency planning. 
 There is a need to improve access to alcohol detox services for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. The outpatient setting seems to be a feasible and safe environment to provide this kind of service for selected drinkers.

Intraseasonal variability and tides in Makassar Strait

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Susanto, R. Dwi; Gordon, Arnold L.; Sprintall, Janet; Herunadi, Bambang

2000-05-01

Intraseasonal variability and tides along the Makassar Strait, the major route of Indonesian throughflow, are investigated using spectral and time-frequency analyses which are applied to sea level, wind and mooring data. Semidiurnal and diurnal tides are dominant features, with higher (lower) semidiurnal (diurnal) energy in the north compared to the south. Sea levels and mooring data display intraseasonal variability which are probably a response to remotely forced Kelvin waves from the Indian Ocean through Lombok Strait and to Rossby waves from the Pacific Ocean. Sea levels in Tarakan and Balikpapan and Makassar mooring velocities reveal intraseasonal features with periods of 48-62 days associated with Rossby waves from the Sulawesi Sea. Kelvin wave features with periods of 67-100 days are seen in Bali (Lombok Strait), at the mooring sites and in Balikpapan, however, they are not seen in Tarakan, which implies that these waves diminish after passing through the Makassar Strait.

Scylla and Charybdis observed from space

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alpers, Werner; Salusti, Ettore

1983-02-01

Scylla and Charybdis are, in Greek mythology, two immortal and irresistible monsters who beset the narrow waters separating the Italian peninsula from Sicily. They give poetic expressions to exceptional oceanographic features encountered in the Strait of Messina. Recently, the SEASAT satellite has added new information on the oceanography of this strait. For the first time, experimental evidence is presented that internal waves are generated in the Strait of Messina. The generation mechanism is linked to tidal currents washing over the shallow sill within the strait. The experimental data originate from a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image obtained from the SEASAT satellite on Sept, 15, 1978, and from subsequent in situ measurements carried out from the Italian research vessel Bannock in Nov. 1980. The circular wave pattern visible on the SEASAT SAR image is interpreted in terms of internal solitons. Furthermore, the SEASAT SAR image also reveals `tagli,' special types of tidal bores, encountered in the Strait of Messina.

A simulation of rainfall infiltration based on two-phase flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jun; Xi, Niannian; Liu, Gang; Hao, Shuang

2016-04-01

Rainfall infiltration in slope usually is one of major reasons cause landslide, which involves multiphase flow coupling with soil, water and gas. In order to study the mechanism of landslide caused by rainfall infiltration, a simulation of rainfall infiltration of DaPing slope, which locates in the Three Gorges Region of China, is presented based on the numerical solution of governing equations of two-phase flow in this paper. The results of this research suggest that there are two sections can be divided in the surface of slope, one is inflow area and the other is overflow area, according to where it is infiltration and discharge. The general inflow area is on the upside of slope, while the overflow area is on the underside. The middle section of slope is on a fluctuant position between inflow and overflow area, which is dramatically affected by the water content inside of slope. Moreover, the average rate of infiltration is more stable in both inflow and overflow area, whose numerical value is depend on the geometry and transmission characteristics of slope. And the factors of rainfall characteristics, surface flow and temperature have little effect on them. Furthermore, in the inflow area, when rainfall intensity is higher than infiltration the rain on the surface of slope will run off, otherwise water and gas will completely infiltrate through soil. The situation is different in the overflow area whose overland flow condition is depended on whether it is saturated or not inside of slope. When it is saturated in the slope, there is no infiltration in the overflow area. But when it is unsaturated, the infiltration intensity will equal to rainfall intensity. In a summary, the difference from inflow and overflow area is the evidence that the landslide may likely to happen on the slope of overflow area when it comes to a rainfall. It is disadvantageous for slope stability when transmitting the pressure of saturated water weight at the top of slope through the pore gas to groundwater, the groundwater pressure will increased sharply.

Combined sewer overflows to surface waters detected by the anthropogenic marker caffeine.

PubMed

Buerge, Ignaz J; Poiger, Thomas; Müller, Markus D; Buser, Hans-Rudolf

2006-07-01

Continuous progress in wastewater treatment technology and the growing number of households connected to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have generally resulted in decreased environmental loading of many pollutants. Nonetheless, further reduction of pollutant inputs is required to improve the quality of surface waters in densely populated areas. In this context, the relative contribution of combined sewer overflows as sources of wastewater-derived contaminants has attracted more and more attention, but the quantitative importance of these overflows has barely been investigated. In this study, caffeine was successfully used as a chemical marker to estimate the fraction of sewer overflows in the catchment area of lake Greifensee, Switzerland. Caffeine is a ubiquitous compound in raw, domestic wastewater with typical per capita loads of approximately 16 mg person(-1) d(-1). In WWTPs of the Greifensee region, caffeine is largely eliminated (>99%), resulting in much smaller loads of < or = 0.15 mg person(-1) d(-1) in treated wastewater. However, in receiving streams as in the inflows to Greifensee, caffeine loads (0.1-1.6 mg person(-1) d(-1)) were higher than those in WWTP effluents, indicating additional sources. As the loads in the streams correlated with precipitation during sampling, it was concluded that combined sewer overflows were the most likely source of caffeine. Using a mass balance approach, it was possible to determine the fraction of wastewater (in dry weather equivalents) discharged untreated to the receiving streams (up to 10%, annual mean, approximately 2-3%). The concept of caffeine as a marker for combined sewer overflows was then applied to estimate phosphorus inputs to Greifensee with untreated and treated wastewater (approximately 1.5 and 2.0 t P y(-1), respectively), which corresponded well with P inputs determined in a separate study based on hydraulic considerations. For compounds with high elimination in WWTPs such as phosphorus (96-98% in the Greifensee area), inputs from combined sewer overflows are thus of similar magnitude as inputs from treated wastewater. The study demonstrated that caffeine is a suitable marker for untreated wastewater (from combined sewer overflows, direct discharges, etc.), but its sensitivity depends on regional conditions and decreases with decreasing elimination efficiency in WWTPs.

50 CFR Table 44 to Part 679 - Nunivak Island, Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 13 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Nunivak Island, Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area 44 Table 44 to Part 679 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION..., Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area Longitude Latitude 1651.54W 6045.54N* 1627.01W...

50 CFR Figure 21 to Part 679 - Nunivak Island, Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 13 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Nunivak Island, Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area 21 Figure 21 to Part 679 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION..., Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area ER25JY08.012 [73 FR 43372, July 25, 2008] ...

50 CFR Figure 21 to Part 679 - Nunivak Island, Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 11 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Nunivak Island, Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area 21 Figure 21 to Part 679 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION..., Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area ER25JY08.012 [73 FR 43372, July 25, 2008] ...

50 CFR Figure 21 to Part 679 - Nunivak Island, Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Nunivak Island, Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area 21 Figure 21 to Part 679 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION..., Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area ER25JY08.012 [73 FR 43372, July 25, 2008] ...

50 CFR Table 44 to Part 679 - Nunivak Island, Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 13 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Nunivak Island, Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area 44 Table 44 to Part 679 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION..., Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area Longitude Latitude 1651.54W 6045.54N* 1627.01W...

50 CFR Table 44 to Part 679 - Nunivak Island, Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 13 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Nunivak Island, Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area 44 Table 44 to Part 679 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION..., Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area Longitude Latitude 1651.54W 6045.54N* 1627.01W...

50 CFR Table 44 to Part 679 - Nunivak Island, Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 11 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Nunivak Island, Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area 44 Table 44 to Part 679 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION..., Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area Longitude Latitude 1651.54W 6045.54N* 1627.01W...

50 CFR Figure 21 to Part 679 - Nunivak Island, Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 13 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Nunivak Island, Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area 21 Figure 21 to Part 679 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION..., Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area ER25JY08.012 [73 FR 43372, July 25, 2008] ...

50 CFR Figure 21 to Part 679 - Nunivak Island, Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 13 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Nunivak Island, Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area 21 Figure 21 to Part 679 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION..., Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area ER25JY08.012 [73 FR 43372, July 25, 2008] ...

50 CFR Table 44 to Part 679 - Nunivak Island, Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Nunivak Island, Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area 44 Table 44 to Part 679 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION..., Etolin Strait, and Kuskokwim Bay Habitat Conservation Area Longitude Latitude 1651.54W 6045.54N* 1627.01W...

33 CFR 334.1180 - Strait of Juan de Fuca, Wash.; air-to-surface weapon range, restricted area.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Strait of Juan de Fuca, Wash.; air-to-surface weapon range, restricted area. 334.1180 Section 334.1180 Navigation and Navigable... REGULATIONS § 334.1180 Strait of Juan de Fuca, Wash.; air-to-surface weapon range, restricted area. (a) The...

33 CFR 334.1180 - Strait of Juan de Fuca, Wash.; air-to-surface weapon range, restricted area.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Strait of Juan de Fuca, Wash.; air-to-surface weapon range, restricted area. 334.1180 Section 334.1180 Navigation and Navigable... REGULATIONS § 334.1180 Strait of Juan de Fuca, Wash.; air-to-surface weapon range, restricted area. (a) The...

33 CFR 334.1180 - Strait of Juan de Fuca, Wash.; air-to-surface weapon range, restricted area.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Strait of Juan de Fuca, Wash.; air-to-surface weapon range, restricted area. 334.1180 Section 334.1180 Navigation and Navigable... REGULATIONS § 334.1180 Strait of Juan de Fuca, Wash.; air-to-surface weapon range, restricted area. (a) The...

Sea Country: Navigating Indigenous and Colonial Ontologies in Australian Environmental Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Whitehouse, Hilary; Watkin Lui, Felecia; Sellwood, Juanita; Barrett, M. J.; Chigeza, Philemon

2014-01-01

In this paper, we contribute to land education research by focusing on the Torres Strait Islands in the Coral Sea at the far north of tip of Cape York, Australia. We describe the Torres Strait Islander concept of Sea Country and Torres Strait "Ailan Kastom" (translated as "Island Custom"). We then analyse some of the ways in…

78 FR 38835 - Safety Zone: City of Vallejo Fourth of July Fireworks Display, Mare Island Strait, Vallejo, CA

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-28

...-AA00 Safety Zone: City of Vallejo Fourth of July Fireworks Display, Mare Island Strait, Vallejo, CA... temporary safety zone in the navigable waters of Mare Island Strait near Vallejo, CA in support of the City of Vallejo Fourth of July Fireworks Display on July 4, 2013. This safety zone is established to...

78 FR 38833 - Safety Zone: City of Martinez Fourth of July Fireworks Display, Carquinez Strait, Martinez, CA

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-28

...-AA00 Safety Zone: City of Martinez Fourth of July Fireworks Display, Carquinez Strait, Martinez, CA... temporary safety zone in the navigable waters of Carquinez Strait near Martinez, CA in support of the City of Martinez Fourth of July Fireworks Display on July 4, 2013. This safety zone is established to...

33 CFR 167.1322 - In Puget Sound and its approaches: Approaches to Puget Sound other than Rosario Strait.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false In Puget Sound and its approaches: Approaches to Puget Sound other than Rosario Strait. 167.1322 Section 167.1322 Navigation and Navigable... Coast § 167.1322 In Puget Sound and its approaches: Approaches to Puget Sound other than Rosario Strait...

33 CFR 167.1322 - In Puget Sound and its approaches: Approaches to Puget Sound other than Rosario Strait.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false In Puget Sound and its approaches: Approaches to Puget Sound other than Rosario Strait. 167.1322 Section 167.1322 Navigation and Navigable... Coast § 167.1322 In Puget Sound and its approaches: Approaches to Puget Sound other than Rosario Strait...

33 CFR 167.1322 - In Puget Sound and its approaches: Approaches to Puget Sound other than Rosario Strait.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false In Puget Sound and its approaches: Approaches to Puget Sound other than Rosario Strait. 167.1322 Section 167.1322 Navigation and Navigable... Coast § 167.1322 In Puget Sound and its approaches: Approaches to Puget Sound other than Rosario Strait...

33 CFR 334.1180 - Strait of Juan de Fuca, Wash.; air-to-surface weapon range, restricted area.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Strait of Juan de Fuca, Wash.; air-to-surface weapon range, restricted area. 334.1180 Section 334.1180 Navigation and Navigable... REGULATIONS § 334.1180 Strait of Juan de Fuca, Wash.; air-to-surface weapon range, restricted area. (a) The...

33 CFR 334.1180 - Strait of Juan de Fuca, Wash.; air-to-surface weapon range, restricted area.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Strait of Juan de Fuca, Wash.; air-to-surface weapon range, restricted area. 334.1180 Section 334.1180 Navigation and Navigable... REGULATIONS § 334.1180 Strait of Juan de Fuca, Wash.; air-to-surface weapon range, restricted area. (a) The...

33 CFR 167.1301 - In the approaches to the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Western approach.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... of Juan de Fuca: Western approach. 167.1301 Section 167.1301 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST....1301 In the approaches to the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Western approach. In the western approach to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the following are established: (a) A separation zone bounded by a line connecting...

76 FR 23191 - Traffic Separation Schemes: In the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Its Approaches; in Puget Sound and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-26

...-AA48 Traffic Separation Schemes: In the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Its Approaches; in Puget Sound and... rule codifying traffic separation schemes in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and its Approaches; in Puget... established these traffic separation schemes under authority of the Ports and Waterways Safety Act. DATES...

75 FR 70818 - Traffic Separation Schemes: In the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Its Approaches; in Puget Sound and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-19

...-AA48 Traffic Separation Schemes: In the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Its Approaches; in Puget Sound and..., the Coast Guard codifies traffic separation schemes in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and its approaches.... These traffic separation schemes (TSSs) were validated by a Port Access Route Study (PARS) conducted...

33 CFR 167.1322 - In Puget Sound and its approaches: Approaches to Puget Sound other than Rosario Strait.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false In Puget Sound and its approaches: Approaches to Puget Sound other than Rosario Strait. 167.1322 Section 167.1322 Navigation and Navigable... Coast § 167.1322 In Puget Sound and its approaches: Approaches to Puget Sound other than Rosario Strait...

Study of dissolved oxygen content in the Eastern Bosporus Strait (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grigoryeva, N. I.

2017-09-01

Seasonal changes in the dissolved oxygen (DO) content in water were analyzed based on long-term observations (2006-2013) in the Eastern Bosporus Strait (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). It was found that the monthly average DO concentrations at the bottom of the strait were significantly lower in summer than the average annual long-term data. The minimum DO contents were recorded during four months, from July to October. It was shown that the DO content in water depended on changes in current directions in the strait: lower DO contents resulted from hypoxic water inflow, mostly from Amur Bay.

Australia’s Efforts to Improve Food Security for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

Abstract Australia is a wealthy country; however, available evidence suggests that food security among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples has not yet been achieved. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples living in remote, regional, and urban parts of Australia experience food insecurity for a number of reasons that usually include low income and a lack of access to affordable and healthy food. The much higher rate of illness and disease that this population experiences compared to non-indigenous Australians is directly related to food insecurity. This paper examines the food insecurity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and recent Australian government efforts to combat this problem. The paper first considers what constitutes a human rights-based approach to achieving food security. Second, it describes the food insecurity that currently exists among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples across the three pillars of food access, food availability, and food use. Third, the paper critically examines recent and current Australian government policy aimed at improving food security. The paper concludes with some reflections regarding how the Australian government can improve its efforts to achieve food security for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. PMID:28559687

Earth observations taken by the Expedition 14 crew

NASA Image and Video Library

2006-11-09

ISS014-E-08138 (9 Nov. 2006) --- Gallipoli and Dardanelles Strait, Turkey are featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 14 crewmember on the International Space Station. The city of Gallipoli (or Gelibolu in Turkish) sits at a crossroads between the Marmara and Aegean Seas, connected by the Dardanelles Strait. According to scientists, the strait is a 61 kilometer-long drowned fault valley formed during tectonic activity during the Tertiary period as the Arabian, Indian, and African plates collided with the Eurasian plate. This faulting, which formed the great mountain ranges of the Alps and Himalayas, also created the rugged terrain of western Turkey visible in the lower half of this image. Plate collision continues today, leading to frequent strike-slip (side-by-side relative motion along a fault, rather than up or down motion) earthquakes in the region as Turkey moves westward in relation to Eurasia (sometimes called escape tectonics). The urbanized area of modern Gallipoli is visible as a light gray to pink region at the entrance to the Dardanelles Strait. Water in the Strait flows in both northeast and southwest directions due to opposite surface and undercurrents. Several ships are visible in the Strait to the southwest of Gallipoli (center left).

Ice-Ocean Interactions to the North-West of Greenland: Glaciers, Straits, Ice Bridges, and the Rossby Radius (Invited)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muenchow, A.; Falkner, K. K.; Melling, H.; Johnson, H. L.; Huntley, H. S.; Ryan, P.; Friends Of Petermann

2010-12-01

Petermann Glacier at 81 N latitude is a major outlet glacier adjacent to Nares Strait. It terminates in a long (70 km), narrow (16 km) and thin (50 m) floating tongue and has a grounding line more than 500 m below sea level. A calving event in 2010 reduced the floating area by 25% and produced a single 240 km2 ice island currently moving south in Nares Strait where it will likely interact with island to potentially create a temporary polynya in Nares Strait. The 2010 calving from Petermann Glacier contributes <10% to its mass balance as more than 80% is lost due to basal melting by the ocean. Hence the largely unexplored physics at the ice-ocean interface determine how a changing climate impacts this outlet glacier. Conducting exploratory surveys inside Petermann Fjord in 2003, 2007, and 2009, we find a 1100 m deep fjord connected to Nares Strait via a sill at 350-450 m depth. The fjord receives about 3 times the amount of heat required for the basal melt rates. Furthermore, limited data and analytical modeling suggests a 3-dimensional circulation over the upper 300-m of the water column with a coastally trapped buoyant outflow. We integrate these findings with more complete oceanic time series data from an array moored in Nares Strait from 2003 through 2009 near 80.5 N. In the past Nares Strait and Petermann Fjord were covered by land fast sea ice during the 9-10 month long winter season. Archeological and remotely sensed records indicate that an ice bridge formed regularly at the southern end of Nares Strait creating the North-Water polynya near 79 N latitude. Since 2006 this ice bridge has largely failed to form, leading, perhaps, to the occasional formation of a secondary ice bridge 300 km to the north where Nares Strait connects to the Arctic Ocean. However, this ice bridge appears to form for shorter periods only. Consequently Arctic sea ice can now exit the Arctic in winter via pathways to the west of Greenland all year. We speculate that this changed ocean and sea ice regime in Nares Strait and the Arctic Ocean may contribute to the recently observed calving events in Petermann Fjord.

Arctic Outflow West of Greenland: Mass and Freshwater Fluxes at Davis Strait

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Craig; Curry, Beth; Petrie, Brian; Azetsu-Scott, Kumiko; Gobat, Jason

2014-05-01

Eberhard Fahrbach worked to understand the communication between the Arctic and subpolar oceans and its role in modulating Arctic change. This included long-standing leadership in the Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Flux program and the long-term quantification of fluxes east of Greenland, through Fram Strait, the primary pathway for Atlantic water passing into the Arctic and one of two gateways for freshwater flowing out. Freshwater also exits the Arctic west of Greenland, though the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and, to the south, Davis Strait. The strait provides a convenient choke point for monitoring temporal and spatial variability of Arctic outflow while also characterizing a critical upstream boundary condition for Labrador Sea convection. Fluxes through the Strait represent the net integrated Canadian Archipelago throughflow, over 50% of the Arctic's liquid freshwater discharge, modified by terrestrial inputs and oceanic processes during its southward transit through Baffin Bay. By the time they reach Davis Strait, Arctic waters already embody most of the transformations they undergo prior to exerting their influence on the deepwater formation sites in the Labrador Sea. An ongoing program has characterized Davis Strait volume, freshwater and heat flux since September 2004. Measurements include continuous velocity, temperature and salinity time series collected by a moored array, autumn ship-based hydrographic sections and high-resolution sections occupied by autonomous gliders. Moored instrumentation includes novel new instruments that provide temperature and salinity measurements in the critical region neat the ice-ocean interface and measurements over the shallow Baffin and West Greenland shelves, while gliders have captured the first high-resolution wintertime sections across the Strait. These data show large interannual variability in volume and freshwater transport, with no clear trends observed between 2004-2010. Average volume, liquid freshwater and sea ice transports are -1.6 +- 0.2 Sv, -93 +- 6 mSv and -10 +- 1 mSv, respectively (negative indicates southward transport). However, changes in circulation have occurred, as freshwater outflow from Baffin Bay has decreased and warm, salty North Atlantic inflow has increased since 1987-90. Local atmospheric variability within Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea influence the observed variability in Davis Strait volume transport either directly or indirectly. Large-scale atmospheric teleconnections, such as the AO and NAO, correlate poorly with Davis Strait volume transport and are likely only an indicator of transport variability when the indices are strong.

Changes in the Composition of the Fram Strait Freshwater Outflow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dodd, Paul; Granskog, Mats; Fransson, Agneta; Chierici, Melissa; Stedmon, Colin

2016-04-01

Fram Strait is the largest gateway and only deep connection between the Arctic Ocean and the subpolar oceans. Monitoring the exchanges through Fram Strait allows us to detect and understand current changes occurring in the Arctic Ocean and to predict the effects of those changes on the Arctic and Subarctic climate and ecosystems. Polar water, recirculating Atlantic Water and deeper water masses exported from the Arctic Ocean through western Fram Strait are monitored year-round by an array of moored instruments along 78°50'N, continuously maintained by the Norwegian Polar Institute since the 1990s. Complimentary annual hydrographic sections have been repeated along the same latitude every September. This presentation will focus on biogeochemical tracer measurements collected along repeated sections from 1997-2015, which can be used to identify freshwater from different sources and reveal the causes of variations in total volume of freshwater exported e. g.: pulses of freshwater from the Pacific. Repeated tracer sections across Fram Strait reveal significant changes in the composition of the outflow in recent years, with recent sections showing positive fractions of sea ice meltwater at the surface near the core of the EGC, suggesting that more sea ice melts back into the surface than previously. The 1997-2015 time series of measurements reveals a strong anti-correlation between run-off and net sea ice meltwater inventories, suggesting that run-off and brine may be delivered to Fram Strait together from a common source. While the freshwater outflow at Fram Strait typically exhibits a similar run-off to net sea ice meltwater ratio to the central Arctic Ocean and Siberian shelves, we find that the ratio of run-off to sea ice meltwater at Fram Strait is decreasing with time, suggesting an increased surface input of sea ice meltwater in recent years. In 2014 and 2015 measurements of salinity, δ18O and total alkalinity were collected from sea ice cores as well as the underlying water column in Fram Strait. We use this dataset to investigate the feasibility of using concurrent δ18O and total alkalinity measurements to separately identify precipitation, which probably makes up a significant fraction of the freshwater in Fram Strait, but has so far not been separately monitored.

NASA's Observes Effects of Summer Melt on Greenland Ice Sheet

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-12-08

NASA's IceBridge, an airborne survey of polar ice, flew over the Helheim/Kangerdlugssuaq region of Greenland on Sept. 11, 2016. This photograph from the flight captures Greenland's Steenstrup Glacier, with the midmorning sun glinting off of the Denmark Strait in the background. IceBridge completed the final flight of the summer campaign to observe the impact of the summer melt season on the ice sheet on Sept. 16. The IceBridge flights, which began on Aug. 27, are mostly repeats of lines that the team flew in early May, so that scientists can observe changes in ice elevation between the spring and late summer. For this short, end-of-summer campaign, the IceBridge scientists flew aboard an HU-25A Guardian aircraft from NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. Credit: NASA/John Sonntag NASA image use policy. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook Find us on Instagram

36 CFR 261.77 - Prohibitions in Region 8, Southern Region.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Ford, Sandy Ford, Highway 76, Woodall Shoals, or Overflow Bridge or unless authorized under special use... Bridge, Earl's Ford, Sandy Ford, Highway 76, Woodall Shoals, or Overflow Bridge or unless authorized...

Channel overflows of the Pōhue Bay flow, Mauna Loa, Hawai'i: examples of the contrast between surface and interior lava

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jurado-Chichay, Zinzuni; Rowland, Scott K.

1995-04-01

A number of overflows from a large lava channel and tube system on the southwest rift zone of Mauna Loa were studied. Initial overflows were very low viscosity gas-rich pāhoehoe evidenced by flow-unit aspect ratios and vesicle sizes and contents. Calculated volumetric flow-rates in the channel range between 80 and 890 m3/s, and those of the overflows between 35 and 110 m3/s. After traveling tens to hundreds of meters the tops of these sheet-like overflows were disrupted into a surface composed of clinker and pāhoehoe fragments. After these 'a'ā overflows came to rest, lava from the interiors was able to break out on to the surface as pāhoehoe. The surface structure of a lava flow records the interaction between the differential shear rate (usually correlated with the volumetric flow-rate) and viscosity-induced resistance to flow. However, the interior of a flow, being better insulated, may react differently or record a later set of emplacement conditions. Clefts of toothpaste lava occurring within fields of clinker on proximal-type 'a'ā flows also record different shear rates during different times of flow emplacement. The interplay between viscosity and shear rate determines the final morphological lava type, and although no specific portion of lava ever makes a transition from 'a'ā back to pāhoehoe, parts of a flow can appear to do so.

Currents and Mixing in the San Lorenzo Overflow, Northern Gulf of California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rosas-Villegas, Froylán.; López, Manuel; Candela, Julio

2018-02-01

The main properties of the San Lorenzo (SL) overflow are studied, using data from two nonsimultaneous ADCP moorings (located at the sill, and 5 km downstream), as well as CTD and LADCP profiles. Strong tidal currents at the sill modulate the overflow, which is not shut down during the neaps. At the downstream site, the largest flood currents are associated with colder water advected from the sill, flowing downslope, and creating an asymmetry in the semidiurnal tidal cycle. The overflow introduces a significant fortnightly harmonic at the downstream site, and delays the M2 tidal currents for more than an hour with respect to the currents at the sill. The overflow mixes with the overlying water by entrainment during its supercritical stage, reaching near-bottom velocities as high as 1.5 ms-1 and an estimated mean transport of 0.11 Sv; almost twice that estimated at the sill for the same period of the year. Estimated Froude numbers during spring tides suggest the development of an internal hydraulic jump. After relaxation of the maximum downstream currents, high-frequency temperature fluctuations, likely linked to upstream traveling waves, are consistently observed. Direct estimations of the turbulent dissipation rates were used to compute diapycnal diffusivity (Kρ) profiles. Mean estimates of Kρ, as high as 5.5 × 10-2 m2s-1, show that shear at the interface is the most significant source of cross-isopycnal mixing along the SL overflow during ebb tides.

A study of overflow simulations using MPAS-Ocean: Vertical grids, resolution, and viscosity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reckinger, Shanon M.; Petersen, Mark R.; Reckinger, Scott J.

2015-12-01

MPAS-Ocean is used to simulate an idealized, density-driven overflow using the dynamics of overflow mixing and entrainment (DOME) setup. Numerical simulations are carried out using three of the vertical coordinate types available in MPAS-Ocean, including z-star with partial bottom cells, z-star with full cells, and sigma coordinates. The results are first benchmarked against other models, including the MITgcm's z-coordinate model and HIM's isopycnal coordinate model, which are used to set the base case used for this work. A full parameter study is presented that looks at how sensitive overflow simulations are to vertical grid type, resolution, and viscosity. Horizontal resolutions with 50 km grid cells are under-resolved and produce poor results, regardless of other parameter settings. Vertical grids ranging in thickness from 15 m to 120 m were tested. A horizontal resolution of 10 km and a vertical resolution of 60 m are sufficient to resolve the mesoscale dynamics of the DOME configuration, which mimics real-world overflow parameters. Mixing and final buoyancy are least sensitive to horizontal viscosity, but strongly sensitive to vertical viscosity. This suggests that vertical viscosity could be adjusted in overflow water formation regions to influence mixing and product water characteristics. Lastly, the study shows that sigma coordinates produce much less mixing than z-type coordinates, resulting in heavier plumes that go further down slope. Sigma coordinates are less sensitive to changes in resolution but as sensitive to vertical viscosity compared to z-coordinates.

Gastrointestinal illness among triathletes swimming in non-polluted versus polluted seawater affected by heavy rainfall, Denmark, 2010-2011.

PubMed

Harder-Lauridsen, Nina Majlund; Kuhn, Katrin Gaardbo; Erichsen, Anders Christian; Mølbak, Kåre; Ethelberg, Steen

2013-01-01

Recent years have seen an increase in the frequency of extreme rainfall and subsequent flooding across the world. Climate change models predict that such flooding will become more common, triggering sewer overflows, potentially with increased risks to human health. In August 2010, a triathlon sports competition was held in Copenhagen, Denmark, shortly after an extreme rainfall. The authors took advantage of this event to investigate disease risks in two comparable cohorts of physically fit, long distance swimmers competing in the sea next to a large urban area. An established model of bacterial concentration in the water was used to examine the level of pollution in a spatio-temporal manner. Symptoms and exposures among athletes were examined with a questionnaire using a retrospective cohort design and the questionnaire investigation was repeated after a triathlon competition held in non-polluted seawater in 2011. Diagnostic information was collected from microbiological laboratories. The results showed that the 3.8 kilometer open water swimming competition coincided with the peak of post-flooding bacterial contamination in 2010, with average concentrations of 1.5x10(4) E. coli per 100 ml water. The attack rate of disease among 838 swimmers in 2010 was 42% compared to 8% among 931 swimmers in the 2011 competition (relative risk (RR) 5.0; 95% CI: 4.0-6.39). In 2010, illness was associated with having unintentionally swallowed contaminated water (RR 2.5; 95% CI: 1.8-3.4); and the risk increased with the number of mouthfuls of water swallowed. Confirmed aetiologies of infection included Campylobacter, Giardia lamblia and diarrhoeagenic E. coli. The study demonstrated a considerable risk of illness from water intake when swimming in contaminated seawater in 2010, and a small but measureable risk from non-polluted water in 2011. This suggests a significant risk of disease in people ingesting small amounts of flood water following extreme rainfall in urban areas.

Gastrointestinal Illness among Triathletes Swimming in Non-Polluted versus Polluted Seawater Affected by Heavy Rainfall, Denmark, 2010-2011

PubMed Central

Harder-Lauridsen, Nina Majlund; Kuhn, Katrin Gaardbo; Erichsen, Anders Christian; Mølbak, Kåre; Ethelberg, Steen

2013-01-01

Recent years have seen an increase in the frequency of extreme rainfall and subsequent flooding across the world. Climate change models predict that such flooding will become more common, triggering sewer overflows, potentially with increased risks to human health. In August 2010, a triathlon sports competition was held in Copenhagen, Denmark, shortly after an extreme rainfall. The authors took advantage of this event to investigate disease risks in two comparable cohorts of physically fit, long distance swimmers competing in the sea next to a large urban area. An established model of bacterial concentration in the water was used to examine the level of pollution in a spatio-temporal manner. Symptoms and exposures among athletes were examined with a questionnaire using a retrospective cohort design and the questionnaire investigation was repeated after a triathlon competition held in non-polluted seawater in 2011. Diagnostic information was collected from microbiological laboratories. The results showed that the 3.8 kilometer open water swimming competition coincided with the peak of post-flooding bacterial contamination in 2010, with average concentrations of 1.5x104 E. coli per 100 ml water. The attack rate of disease among 838 swimmers in 2010 was 42% compared to 8% among 931 swimmers in the 2011 competition (relative risk (RR) 5.0; 95% CI: 4.0-6.39). In 2010, illness was associated with having unintentionally swallowed contaminated water (RR 2.5; 95% CI: 1.8-3.4); and the risk increased with the number of mouthfuls of water swallowed. Confirmed aetiologies of infection included Campylobacter, Giardia lamblia and diarrhoeagenic E. coli. The study demonstrated a considerable risk of illness from water intake when swimming in contaminated seawater in 2010, and a small but measureable risk from non-polluted water in 2011. This suggests a significant risk of disease in people ingesting small amounts of flood water following extreme rainfall in urban areas. PMID:24244306

33 CFR 165.1182 - Safety/Security Zone: San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, and Suisun Bay, CA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., Carquinez Strait, and Suisun Bay, CA. (a) Regulated area. The following area is established as a moving... Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, and Suisun Bay, CA. 165.1182 Section 165.1182 Navigation and... vessels transit from a line drawn between San Francisco Main Ship Channel buoys 7 and 8 (LLNR 4190 & 4195...

33 CFR 165.1182 - Safety/Security Zone: San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, and Suisun Bay, CA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., Carquinez Strait, and Suisun Bay, CA. (a) Regulated area. The following area is established as a moving... Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, and Suisun Bay, CA. 165.1182 Section 165.1182 Navigation and... vessels transit from a line drawn between San Francisco Main Ship Channel buoys 7 and 8 (LLNR 4190 & 4195...

33 CFR 165.1182 - Safety/Security Zone: San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, and Suisun Bay, CA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., Carquinez Strait, and Suisun Bay, CA. (a) Regulated area. The following area is established as a moving... Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, and Suisun Bay, CA. 165.1182 Section 165.1182 Navigation and... vessels transit from a line drawn between San Francisco Main Ship Channel buoys 7 and 8 (LLNR 4190 & 4195...

33 CFR 165.1182 - Safety/Security Zone: San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, and Suisun Bay, CA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., Carquinez Strait, and Suisun Bay, CA. (a) Regulated area. The following area is established as a moving... Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, and Suisun Bay, CA. 165.1182 Section 165.1182 Navigation and... vessels transit from a line drawn between San Francisco Main Ship Channel buoys 7 and 8 (LLNR 4190 & 4195...

33 CFR 165.1182 - Safety/Security Zone: San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, and Suisun Bay, CA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., Carquinez Strait, and Suisun Bay, CA. (a) Regulated area. The following area is established as a moving... Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, and Suisun Bay, CA. 165.1182 Section 165.1182 Navigation and... vessels transit from a line drawn between San Francisco Main Ship Channel buoys 7 and 8 (LLNR 4190 & 4195...

Using Participatory Action Research to Share Knowledge of the Local Environment and Climate Change: Case Study of Erub Island, Torres Strait

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McNamara, Karen Elizabeth; McNamara, John Patrick

2011-01-01

Reading seasons and environments has been a long-held practice for Torres Strait Islanders through their close relationships with their islands and seas. This research project worked with elders on Erub (Darnley) Island, in the eastern group of islands in the Torres Strait, to document and synthesise their knowledge of seasonal patterns and…

Strait of Gibraltar

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1982-01-01

The Strait of Gibraltar as seen from the south (36.0N, 5.5W). This scene shows the actual Rock of Gibraltar under cloud cover but most of the Strait of Gibraltar, at the mouth of the Mediterranaen Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, can be seen in good detail. Despite the obliquity of the scene, much of the beauty of the Spanish and Moroccan countryside can still be appreciated.

Indonesia, Sumatra, Singapore

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1991-01-01

This view shows the area around Northeastern Sumatra, Indonesia (1.0N, 104.0E). The city of Singapore and the Singapore Strait is in the center at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. The Singapore Strait is the eastern extension of the Strait of Malacca and separates the Malay Peninsula from Sumatra. Large sediment plumes from the rivers attest to the local soil erosion and industrial dumping ofd wastes.

33 CFR 334.1200 - Strait of Juan de Fuca, eastern end; off the westerly shore of Whidbey Island; naval restricted...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Strait of Juan de Fuca, eastern end; off the westerly shore of Whidbey Island; naval restricted areas. 334.1200 Section 334.1200... AND RESTRICTED AREA REGULATIONS § 334.1200 Strait of Juan de Fuca, eastern end; off the westerly shore...

33 CFR 334.1200 - Strait of Juan de Fuca, eastern end; off the westerly shore of Whidbey Island; naval restricted...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Strait of Juan de Fuca, eastern end; off the westerly shore of Whidbey Island; naval restricted areas. 334.1200 Section 334.1200... AND RESTRICTED AREA REGULATIONS § 334.1200 Strait of Juan de Fuca, eastern end; off the westerly shore...

Indonesia, Sumatra, Singapore

NASA Image and Video Library

1991-08-11

This view shows the area around Northeastern Sumatra, Indonesia (1.0N, 104.0E). The city of Singapore and the Singapore Strait is in the center at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. The Singapore Strait is the eastern extension of the Strait of Malacca and separates the Malay Peninsula from Sumatra. Large sediment plumes from the rivers attest to the local soil erosion and industrial dumping ofd wastes.

Advanced Concepts Research Initiative

EPA Science Inventory

This initiative is investigating various approaches to controlling and treating wet-weather flow (WWF) discharges in the urban watershed. WWF, including combined sewer overflow (CSO), sanitary sewer overflow (SSO) and stormwater discharges are leading causes of receiving water q...

A Screening Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Climate ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA announced the availability of the report, A Screening Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Mitigation in the Great Lakes and New England Regions. This report is a screening-level assessment of the potential implications climate change has had on combined sewer overflow (CSO) mitigation in the Great Lakes and New England Regions. This report describes the potential scope and magnitude of climate change impacts on combined sewer overflow (CSOs) mitigation efforts in the Great Lakes Region and New England Region.

PX Andromedae and the SW Sextantis phenomenon

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hellier, Coel; Robinson, E. L.

1994-01-01

We show that the emission-line peculiarities of PX And and other SW Sex stars can be explained by an accretion stream which overflows the initial impact with the accretion disk and continues to a later reimpact. The overflowing stream is seen projected against a brighter disk and produces the 'phase 0.5 absorption' features. Emission from the reimpact site produces the high-velocity line wings which alternate from red to blue on the orbital cycle. We conclude that substantial disk overflow is the property distinguishing SW Sex stars from other cataclysmic variables.

Temperature and salinity variability in the exit passages of the Indonesian Throughflow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sprintall, Janet; Potemra, James T.; Hautala, Susan L.; Bray, Nancy A.; Pandoe, Wahyu W.

2003-07-01

The Indonesian Throughflow was monitored from December 1995 until May 1999 in the five major exit passages of the Lesser Sunda Islands, as it flows from the Indonesian interior seas into the southeast Indian Ocean. The monitoring array included pairs of shallow pressure gauges at each side of the straits, equipped with temperature and salinity sensors. As in the inferred geostrophic velocity from the cross-strait pressure gauge data, the temperature and salinity data show strong variability over all time scales related to the local regional and remote forcing mechanisms of heat, freshwater and wind. The annual cycle dominates the temperature time series, with warmest temperatures occurring during the austral summer northwest monsoon, except in Lombok Strait where the semi-annual signal is dominant, and related to the Indian Ocean westerly wind-forced Kelvin waves during the monsoon transitions that supply Indian Ocean warmer surface water to the strait. In the salinity data, the annual signal again dominates the time series in all straits, with a distinct freshening occurring in March-May. This is partly related to the rainfall and resultant voluminous river runoff impacting the region, one month after the wetter northwest monsoon ends in March. The fresh, warm water from the monsoon-transition Indian Ocean Kelvin wave also contributes to the freshening observed in May. There is little cross-strait gradient in near-surface temperature and salinity through the outflow straits, except in Lombok Strait, where Lombok is warmer (except during the northwest monsoon) and fresher than the Bali site (especially during March through May). A fortnightly signal in temperature is found in Ombai and Sumba Straits, and is probably related to the proximity of these straits to the interior Banda Sea where the fortnightly tidal signal is strong. The fortnightly signal is also evident at the Bali site, although not at the Lombok site. Numerous ADCP surveys taken during the survey period suggest a western intensification of the flow through Lombok Strait, such that the Bali site also may be more influenced by the internal Indonesian seas. Finally, there is regional variability in temperature and salinity on interannual time scales. From mid-1997 through early 1998, the region is cooler and saltier than normal. These property changes are related to both the strong 1997-1998 El Niño event in the Pacific, and the strong 1997 Dipole Mode in the Indian Ocean, which together can result in lower regional precipitation; lower transport of the fresh, warm Throughflow water; and changes in the upwelling regime along the Lesser Sunda Island chain. From mid-1998 on, warmer conditions returned to the region probably related to the La Niña event.

Incision of Licus Vallis, Mars, From Multiple Lake Overflow Floods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goudge, Timothy A.; Fassett, Caleb I.

2018-02-01

Licus Vallis is a large valley (>350 km long, >2 km wide, and >150 m deep) that heads at the outlet breach of an 30 km diameter impact crater. We present observations of the geomorphology and topography of this paleolake outlet valley and associated tributary valleys to constrain the history of incision of the Licus Vallis system. Licus Vallis has an abrupt increase in gradient by a factor of approximately 4 along its longitudinal profile, and a knickpoint that drops 200 m over a reach of 2 km approximately 12 km downstream from the valley head. We also describe a set of paired terraces within Licus Vallis, which are continuous for tens of kilometers and define an interior valley >2 km in width. We interpret the geomorphology of Licus Vallis as recording at least two discrete, major episodes of valley incision, both driven by lake overflow floods. The main portion of Licus Vallis formed by overflow flooding from a large ( 103-104 km2) lake contained in an intercrater basin. Subsequently, overflow flooding from a lake within the 30 km diameter impact crater reactivated Licus Vallis, forming a major knickpoint at the valley head and establishing the upstream section of the valley at a lower slope. Farther down the valley, this flood event incised an interior valley bounded by paired terraces. Regional tributary valleys that feed Licus Vallis also have prominent knickpoints, which have retreated farthest for downstream valleys. We conclude that these knickpoints record successive waves of incision that swept up Licus Vallis during lake overflow flooding, with erosion in the main trunk of the valley (from overflow floods) significantly outpacing erosion in the tributary valleys (from regional surface runoff). These observations of Licus Vallis illustrate how lake overflow floods may have provided an important control on the pace of landscape evolution on Mars.

Sea Level Trend and Variability in the Straits of Singapore and Malacca

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luu, Q.; Tkalich, P.

2013-12-01

The Straits of Singapore and Malacca (SSM) connect the Andaman Sea located northeast of the Indian Ocean to the South China Sea, the largest marginal sea situated in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Consequently, sea level in the SSM is assumed to be governed by various regional phenomena associated with the adjacent parts of Indian and Pacific Oceans. At annual scale sea level variability is dominant by the Asian monsoon. Interannual sea level signals are modulated by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). In the long term, regional sea level is driven by the global climate change. However, relative impacts of these multi-scale phenomena on regional sea level in the SSM are yet to be quantified. In present study, publicly available tide gauge records and satellite altimetry data are used to derive long-term sea level trend and variability in SSM. We used the data from research-quality stations, including four located in the Singapore Strait (Tanjong Pagar, Raffles Lighthouse, Sultan Shoal and Sembawang) and seven situated in the Malacca Strait (Kelang, Keling, Kukup, Langkawji, Lumut, Penang and Ko Taphao Noi), each one having 25-39 year data up to the year 2011. Harmonic analysis is performed to filter out astronomic tides from the tide gauge records when necessary; and missing data are reconstructed using identified relationships between sea level and the governing phenomena. The obtained sea level anomalies (SLAs) and reconstructed mean sea level are then validated against satellite altimetry data from AVISO. At multi-decadal scale, annual measured sea level in the SSM is varying with global mean sea level, rising for the period 1984-2009 at the rate 1.8-2.3 mm/year in the Singapore Strait and 1.1-2.8 mm/year in the Malacca Strait. Interannual regional sea level drops are associated with El Niño events, while the rises are correlated with La Niña episodes; both variations are in the range of ×5 cm with correlation coefficient of -0.7 (in correspondence with the Multivariate ENSO Index). The IOD modulates interannual sea level variability only in the Malacca Strait in the range of ×3 cm with a correlation coefficient of -0.6 (with respect to the Dipole Mode Index). At annual scale, SLAs in the SSM are mainly monsoon-driven; of the order of 20 cm. Mean sea level in the Singapore Strait reach the peak during northeast monsoon and trough during southwest monsoon; while these in the Malacca Strait are highest at middle of both monsoons and lowest during their transitional monsoonal seasons. Global and regional signals are quantitatively captured in the SSM. In comparison with the global sea level trends, SSM sea level rise are larger for recent decades 1984-2009. Taking into account the rough estimate of land subsidence rates in Singapore (2006-2011) and Peninsular Malaysia (1994-2004), the trend of absolute sea level rise in SSM follows regional tendency. At interannual scale, ENSO modulates sea level variabilities in the entire SSM region, while IOD affects the Malacca Strait only. At annual scale, sea level responds differently to the Asian monsoon: quasi-periodic cycles are observed twice a year in the Malacca Strait, but once a year in the Singapore Strait. Such behavior implies that the narrow channel constriction between the Singapore and Malacca Straits may be a reason of different variability of sea level in the domains.

USEPA CAPSTONE REPORT: DISINFECTION

EPA Science Inventory

Wet-weather flow (WWF), including combined-sewer overflow (CSO), sanitary-sewer overflow, and stormwater (SW) is a significant contributor of microbial contamination to surface water and ground water. Contamination with human-origin fecal coliform (FC) is of great concern for san...

VERIFICATION OF HIGH-RATE DISINFECTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR WET-WEATHER FLOWS

EPA Science Inventory

This paper describes the critical components of the USEPA's Environmental Technology Verification Program for two specific technologies categories: ultraviolet disinfection technologies for treating combined sewer overflow (CSO) and sanitary sewer overflow (SSO), and; induction m...

OPTIMIZATION OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW CONTROL SYSTEMS

EPA Science Inventory

The highly variable and intermittent pollutant concentrations and flowrates associated with wet-weather events in combined sewersheds necessitates the use of storage-treatment systems to control pollution.An optimized combined-sewer-overflow (CSO) control system requires a manage...

MANAGEMENT OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW: RESEARCH PROGRAM CAPSTONE

EPA Science Inventory

Combined-sewer overflow (CSO) is a mixture of urban storm drainage, municipal-industrial wastewater, and subterranean infiltration. Untreated discharges of CSOs have caused substantial pollution impacts on the quality of receiving-water bodies. Problem constituents include visi...

MANAGEMENT OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW RESEARCH PROGRAM CAPSTONE

EPA Science Inventory

Combined-sewer overflow (CSO) is a mixture of urban storm drainage, municipal-industrial wastewater, and subterranean infiltration. Untreated discharges of CSOs have caused substantial pollution impacts on the quality of receiving-water bodies. Problem constituents include ...

Numerical simulation of overflow at vertical weirs using a hybrid level set/VOF method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lv, Xin; Zou, Qingping; Reeve, Dominic

2011-10-01

This paper presents the applications of a newly developed free surface flow model to the practical, while challenging overflow problems for weirs. Since the model takes advantage of the strengths of both the level set and volume of fluid methods and solves the Navier-Stokes equations on an unstructured mesh, it is capable of resolving the time evolution of very complex vortical motions, air entrainment and pressure variations due to violent deformations following overflow of the weir crest. In the present study, two different types of vertical weir, namely broad-crested and sharp-crested, are considered for validation purposes. The calculated overflow parameters such as pressure head distributions, velocity distributions, and water surface profiles are compared against experimental data as well as numerical results available in literature. A very good quantitative agreement has been obtained. The numerical model, thus, offers a good alternative to traditional experimental methods in the study of weir problems.

Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation in children with dystonia: a pilot open-label trial.

PubMed

Young, Scott J; Bertucco, Matteo; Sheehan-Stross, Rebecca; Sanger, Terence D

2013-10-01

Studies suggest that dystonia is associated with increased motor cortex excitability. Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation can temporarily reduce motor cortex excitability. To test whether stimulation of the motor cortex can reduce dystonic symptoms in children, we measured tracking performance and muscle overflow using an electromyogram tracking task before and after stimulation. Of 10 participants, 3 showed a significant reduction in overflow, and a fourth showed a significant reduction in tracking error. Overflow decreased more when the hand contralateral to the cathode performed the task than when the hand ipsilateral to the cathode performed the task. Averaged over all participants, the results did not reach statistical significance. These results suggest that cathodal stimulation may allow a subset of children to control muscles or reduce involuntary overflow activity. Further testing is needed to confirm these results in a blinded trial and identify the subset of children who are likely to respond.

Excessive motor overflow reveals abnormal inter-hemispheric connectivity in Friedreich ataxia.

PubMed

Low, Sze-Cheen; Corben, Louise A; Delatycki, Martin B; Ternes, Anne-Marie; Addamo, Patricia K; Georgiou-Karistianis, Nellie

2013-07-01

This study sought to characterise force variability and motor overflow in 12 individuals with Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) and 12 age- and gender-matched controls. Participants performed a finger-pressing task by exerting 30 and 70 % of their maximum finger force using the index finger of the right and left hand. Control of force production was measured as force variability, while any involuntary movements occurring on the finger of the other, passive hand, was measured as motor overflow. Significantly greater force variability in individuals with FRDA compared with controls is indicative of cortico-cerebellar disruption affecting motor control. Meanwhile, significantly greater motor overflow in this group provides the first evidence of possible abnormal inter-hemispheric activity that may be attributable to asymmetrical neuronal loss in the dentate nucleus. Overall, this study demonstrated a differential engagement in the underlying default processes of the motor system in FRDA.

Estimation of Interbasin Transport Using Ocean Bottom Pressure: Theory and Model for Asian Marginal Seas

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Song, Y. Tony

2006-01-01

The Asian Marginal Seas are interconnected by a number of narrow straits, such as the Makassar Strait connecting the Pacific Ocean with the Indian Ocean, the Luzon Strait connecting the South China Sea with the Pacific Ocean, and the Korea/Tsushima Strait connecting the East China Sea with the Japan/East Sea. Here we propose a method, the combination of the "geostrophic control" formula of Garrett and Toulany (1982) and the "hydraulic control" theory of Whitehead et al. (1974), allowing the use of satellite-observed sea-surface-height (SSH) and ocean-bottom-pressure (OBP) data for estimating interbasin transport. The new method also allows separating the interbasin transport into surface and bottom fluxes that play an important role in maintaining the mass balance of the regional oceans. Comparison with model results demonstrates that the combined method can estimate the seasonal variability of the strait transports and is significantly better than the method of using SSH or OBP alone.

Two-stage opening of the Dover Strait and the origin of island Britain

PubMed Central

Gupta, Sanjeev; Collier, Jenny S.; Garcia-Moreno, David; Oggioni, Francesca; Trentesaux, Alain; Vanneste, Kris; De Batist, Marc; Camelbeeck, Thierry; Potter, Graeme; Van Vliet-Lanoë, Brigitte; Arthur, John C. R.

2017-01-01

Late Quaternary separation of Britain from mainland Europe is considered to be a consequence of spillover of a large proglacial lake in the Southern North Sea basin. Lake spillover is inferred to have caused breaching of a rock ridge at the Dover Strait, although this hypothesis remains untested. Here we show that opening of the Strait involved at least two major episodes of erosion. Sub-bottom records reveal a remarkable set of sediment-infilled depressions that are deeply incised into bedrock that we interpret as giant plunge pools. These support a model of initial erosion of the Dover Strait by lake overspill, plunge pool erosion by waterfalls and subsequent dam breaching. Cross-cutting of these landforms by a prominent bedrock-eroded valley that is characterized by features associated with catastrophic flooding indicates final breaching of the Strait by high-magnitude flows. These events set-up conditions for island Britain during sea-level highstands and caused large-scale re-routing of NW European drainage. PMID:28375202

Two-stage opening of the Dover Strait and the origin of island Britain

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gupta, Sanjeev; Collier, Jenny S.; Garcia-Moreno, David; Oggioni, Francesca; Trentesaux, Alain; Vanneste, Kris; de Batist, Marc; Camelbeeck, Thierry; Potter, Graeme; van Vliet-Lanoë, Brigitte; Arthur, John C. R.

2017-04-01

Late Quaternary separation of Britain from mainland Europe is considered to be a consequence of spillover of a large proglacial lake in the Southern North Sea basin. Lake spillover is inferred to have caused breaching of a rock ridge at the Dover Strait, although this hypothesis remains untested. Here we show that opening of the Strait involved at least two major episodes of erosion. Sub-bottom records reveal a remarkable set of sediment-infilled depressions that are deeply incised into bedrock that we interpret as giant plunge pools. These support a model of initial erosion of the Dover Strait by lake overspill, plunge pool erosion by waterfalls and subsequent dam breaching. Cross-cutting of these landforms by a prominent bedrock-eroded valley that is characterized by features associated with catastrophic flooding indicates final breaching of the Strait by high-magnitude flows. These events set-up conditions for island Britain during sea-level highstands and caused large-scale re-routing of NW European drainage.

Survey of Sea Strait Data Around Japan.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-07-01

study was financially supported by the Office of Naval Research, Coastal Sciences Program, under contract N00014-809-C-0039, Project No. NR 388-159/9...Objective The principal objective of this study is to review and consolidate existing oceanographic information relating to three major sea straits...these sea straits are shown in Figure 1-1. More specifically, the study called for ccmpiling the following products: 1. Data Inventory System o Search

33 CFR 167.1303 - In the approaches to the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Precautionary area “JF.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... of Juan de Fuca: Precautionary area âJF.â 167.1303 Section 167.1303 Navigation and Navigable Waters....1303 In the approaches to the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Precautionary area “JF.” In the approaches to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, precautionary area “JF” is established and is bounded by a line connecting the...

Water exchange between Algeciras Bay and the Strait of Gibraltar: A study based on HF coastal radar

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chioua, J.; Dastis, C.; González, C. J.; Reyes, E.; Mañanes, R.; Ruiz, M. I.; Álvarez, E.; Yanguas, F.; Romero, J.; Álvarez, O.; Bruno, M.

2017-09-01

This study analyses the water mass exchanges at subinertial scale between Algeciras Bay and the adjacent Strait of Gibraltar. The mechanisms triggering this exchange process is investigated with the aid of recently-acquired data on surface currents obtained using a system of HF coastal radars deployed on the eastern side of the Strait, and remotely-sensed images of sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll from the MODIS sensor of the Aqua satellite. HF radar data on surface currents are analyzed by the application of real empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decomposition, which produces three EOF modes explaining more than 70% of the variance of the surface currents at the mouth of the Bay (modes 2, 3, and 6). Mode 2 is related to the fluctuations of the Atlantic Jet in the central zone of the Strait, mainly due to a combined effect of the atmospheric pressure fluctuations in the Western Mediterranean Sea and local wind in the eastern side of the Strait; mode 3 is related to the coastal currents induced by zonal wind forcing on the north-western coast of the Strait and Alboran Sea; and mode 6 seems to be related to water transport induced by winds blowing with a significant north component into and out of the Bay.

Assisting an Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander person with gambling problems: a Delphi study.

PubMed

Bond, Kathy S; Dart, Katrina M; Jorm, Anthony F; Kelly, Claire M; Kitchener, Betty A; Reavley, Nicola J

2017-08-02

Gambling problems appear to be more prevalent in the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population than in the non-Indigenous population. Although gambling harms can be significant, treatment-seeking rates are low. The Delphi expert consensus method was used to develop a set of guidelines on how a family or community member can assist an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person with gambling problems. Building on a previous systematic review of websites, books and journal articles a questionnaire was developed that contained items about the knowledge, skills and actions needed for supporting an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person with gambling problems. These items were rated over three rounds by an expert panel comprising professionals who provide treatment to or conduct research with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with gambling problems. A total of 22 experts rated 407 helping statements according to whether they thought the statements should be included in these guidelines. There were 225 helping statements that were endorsed by at least 90% of participants. These endorsed statements were used to develop the guidelines. Experts were able to reach substantial consensus on how someone can recognise the signs of gambling problems and support an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person to change.

Arctic Sea Ice Export Through Fram Strait and Atmospheric Planetary Waves

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cavalieri, Donald J.; Koblinsky, Chester (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

A link is found between the variability of Arctic sea ice export through Ram Strait and the phase of the longest atmospheric planetary wave (zonal wave 1) in SLP for the period 1958-1997. Previous studies have identified a link between From Strait ice export and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), but this link has been described as unstable because of a lack of consistency over time scales longer than the last two decades. Inconsistent and low correlations are also found between From Strait ice export and the Arctic Oscillation (AD) index. This paper shows that the phase of zonal wave 1 explains 60% - 70% of the simulated From Strait ice export variance over the Goodyear period 1958 - 1997. Unlike the NAB and AD links, these high variances are consistent for both the first and second halves of the Goodyear period. This consistency is attributed to the sensitivity of the wave I phase at high latitudes to the presence of secondary low pressure systems in the Barents Sea that serve to drive sea ice southward through From Strait. These results provide further evidence that the phase of zonal wave 1 in SLP at high latitudes drives regional as well as hemispheric low frequency Arctic Ocean and sea ice variability.

Dependence in a national sample of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander daily smokers.

PubMed

Thomas, David P; Panaretto, Kathryn S; Stevens, Matthew; Borland, Ron

2015-06-01

To examine indicators of nicotine dependence in a national sample of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander daily smokers and their association with sustaining a quit attempt for at least 1 month, and to make comparisons with a national sample of Australian daily smokers. The Talking About The Smokes project used a quota sampling design to recruit 1392 daily smokers from communities served by 34 Aboriginal community-controlled health services and one community in the Torres Strait from April 2012 to October 2013. These were compared with 1010 daily smokers from the general Australian population surveyed by the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project from September 2011 to February 2012. Cigarettes per day (CPD), time to first cigarette, Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI), other indicators of dependence, and whether smokers had ever sustained a quit attempt for at least 1 month. There was little difference in the mean HSI scores for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and other Australian daily smokers. A higher proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander daily smokers smoked ≤ 10 CPD (40% v 33.4%), but more also smoked their first cigarette within 30 minutes of waking (75% v 64.6%). Lower proportions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smokers reported having strong urges to smoke at least several times a day (51% v 60.7%) or that it would be very hard to quit (39% v 47.9%). Most Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smokers reported experiencing difficulties during their most recent quit attempt. All indicators of dependence, except CPD and strong urges, were positively associated with not having made a sustained quit attempt. Reported difficulties during the most recent quit attempt were more strongly associated with being unable to sustain quit attempts than were traditional measures of dependence. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smokers' experiences of past attempts to quit may be more useful than conventional indicators of nicotine dependence in understanding their dependence.

Improving delivery of health care to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children.

PubMed

Attwood, Lucy; Rodrigues, Sarah; Winsor, Josephine; Warren, Shirley; Biviano, Lyn; Gunasekera, Hasantha

2015-05-01

To identify opportunities to improve health-care delivery for urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children requiring hospital admission and to determine their characteristics. We analysed all documentation of admissions of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander children to a tertiary paediatric hospital in 2010. We reviewed the medical records to determine whether the Aboriginal status of patients was known, whether Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander children and their families were reviewed by Aboriginal staff during admission and whether basic health-care quality indicators were met, including documentation of anthropometry, ear examination findings, immunisation status and catch-up immunisation delivery. In 2010, 543 (2%) patients admitted to the institution were identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander: 140/538 (26.0%) were from the first decile (most disadvantaged) on Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas index. Of all admitted children, 148/543 (27.3%) were referred to Aboriginal health professionals during admission, more when length of stay was greater than 7 days (61% vs. 23%, P < 0.001). There was documentation of weight in 533/543 (98.2%), ear examinations in 64/543 (11.8%), immunisations being not up to date in 126/543 (23%), catch-up immunisation given in 7/126 (5.6%), Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander status in 8/543 (1.5%) medical and 1/543 (0.2%) nursing discharge summaries. We have identified several opportunities to improve culturally appropriate health-care delivery for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children admitted to hospital, including improved recognition of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander status of patients, improved access to Aboriginal health professionals and increased performance and documentation of basic anthropometry, ear examination and immunisation catch-up. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health © 2014 Paediatrics and Child Health Division (Royal Australasian College of Physicians).

The bottom water exchange between the Singapore Strait and the West Johor Strait

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Yunfang; Eltahir, Elfatih; Malanotte-Rizzoli, Paola

2017-08-01

As a part of the border between Singapore and Malaysia, the West Johor Strait (WJS) suffered newly from harmful algal blooms. There is no previous study showing the source of the nutrients in the WJS. This paper is investigating the possible water exchange between the water in the WJS and the bottom water in Singapore Strait. This paper adopts a two-level nesting atmosphere-ocean coupled models to downscale the global atmosphere-ocean model into the Singapore coastal water, keeping the large-scale and long-term ocean and climate circulation signals and the advantages of the high-resolution. Based on the high-resolution ocean circulation fields, a Lagrangian particle tracking model is used to trace the Singapore Strait's bottom water movement and the water mixing in the WJS. The results showed that the numerical models well resolved the Singapore coastal water regional circulation. There is a small but significant bottom water (1.25%) transport from the Singapore Strait to the WJS, which occurs from the southwest coastline of Singapore. The bottom water in the Singapore Strait prefers to enter the WJS during the spring tide and the flood period, and stay in Johor Strait for 6.4 days. The spring tide is the first-order factor for the water vertical mixing in the WJS, the wind is also very important for the vertical mixing especially in neap tide condition. An overall very important factor is the light perturbation. With the strongest vertical mixing of nutrients and bottom sediments due to the spring tide, the latter ones may inhibit the light penetration during the spring tide and reduce the algal bloom. The light penetration otherwise is greater during the neap tide, when the winds are the most important factor and hence favor the algal bloom. With the strongest wind in February and the longest permanence time in June and the sufficient nutrient supply in February and June, the most serious algal blooms may happen in February and June in the WJS.

Hand digit control in children: motor overflow in multi-finger pressing force vector space during maximum voluntary force production.

PubMed

Shim, Jae Kun; Karol, Sohit; Hsu, Jeffrey; de Oliveira, Marcio Alves

2008-04-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the contralateral motor overflow in children during single-finger and multi-finger maximum force production tasks. Forty-five right handed children, 5-11 years of age produced maximum isometric pressing force in flexion or extension with single fingers or all four fingers of their right hand. The forces produced by individual fingers of the right and left hands were recorded and analyzed in four-dimensional finger force vector space. The results showed that increases in task (right) hand finger forces were linearly associated with non-task (left) hand finger forces. The ratio of the non-task hand finger force magnitude to the corresponding task hand finger force magnitude, termed motor overflow magnitude (MOM), was greater in extension than flexion. The index finger flexion task showed the smallest MOM values. The similarity between the directions of task hand and non-task hand finger force vectors in four-dimensional finger force vector space, termed motor overflow direction (MOD), was the greatest for index and smallest for little finger tasks. MOM of a four-finger task was greater than the sum of MOMs of single-finger tasks, and this phenomenon was termed motor overflow surplus. Contrary to previous studies, no single-finger or four-finger tasks showed significant changes of MOM or MOD with the age of children. We conclude that the contralateral motor overflow in children during finger maximum force production tasks is dependent upon the task fingers and the magnitude and direction of task finger forces.

Emerging Contaminants in Wet-Weather Flow: Characterization and Treatability

EPA Science Inventory

An extensive literature review was conducted on the presence and magnitude of emerging contaminants (ECs) in wet-weather flow (WWF) including separate stormwater, combined sewer overflow (CSO), and sanitary sewer overflow (SSO). Although little information exists for stormwater ...

URBAN RUNOFF POLLUTION CONTROL - STATE-OF-THE-ART

EPA Science Inventory

Combined sewer overflows are major sources of water pollution problems, but even discharges of stormwater alone can seriously affect water quality. Current approaches involve control of overflows, treatment, and combinations of the two. Control may involve maximizing treatment wi...

VERIFICATION OF HIGH-RATE DISINFECTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR WET-WEATHER FLOW APPLICATIONS

EPA Science Inventory

This paper describes the critical components of the USEPA's Environmental Technology Verification Program for two specific technologies categories: ultraviolet disinfection technologies for treating combined sewer overflow (CSO) and sanitary sewer overflow (SSO), and; and mechani...

2. PLANK WALKWAY ATOP PIPE, ALSO SHOWING OVERFLOW CONTROL BOX ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. PLANK WALKWAY ATOP PIPE, ALSO SHOWING OVERFLOW CONTROL BOX AT JUNCTION OF PIPE WITH CONCRETE CHANNEL TO FISH SCREEN. VIEW TO NORTHEAST. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Pipeline to Fish Screen, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

Implementation of Premixed Equilibrium Chemistry Capability in OVERFLOW

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Olsen, M. E.; Liu, Y.; Vinokur, M.; Olsen, T.

2003-01-01

An implementation of premixed equilibrium chemistry has been completed for the OVERFLOW code, a chimera capable, complex geometry flow code widely used to predict transonic flowfields. The implementation builds on the computational efficiency and geometric generality of the solver.

Implementation of Premixed Equilibrium Chemistry Capability in OVERFLOW

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Olsen, Mike E.; Liu, Yen; Vinokur, M.; Olsen, Tom

2004-01-01

An implementation of premixed equilibrium chemistry has been completed for the OVERFLOW code, a chimera capable, complex geometry flow code widely used to predict transonic flowfields. The implementation builds on the computational efficiency and geometric generality of the solver.

HIGH-RATE DISINFECTION TECHNIQUES FOR COMBIND SEWER OVERFLOW

EPA Science Inventory

This paper presents high-rate disinfection technologies for combined sewer overflow (CSO). The high-rate disinfection technologies of interest are: chlorination/dechlorination, ultraviolet light irradiation (UV), chlorine dioxide (ClO2 ), ozone (O3), peracetic acid (CH3COOOH )...

76 FR 63954 - Notice of Lodging of Consent Decree Under the Clean Water Act

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-14

... overflows and correcting the effluent limitation violations. The City will comply with a mutually agreed... report on the status of any overflows from the Combined Sewer System (``CSS'') and their duration and...

Aerosol Characteristics in the Marine Boundary Layer Over the Straits of Gibraltar - June 1986

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-04-01

calibration test points were performed and slight adjustments were made when necessary. Sun photometry data at several wavelengths, sea surface temperature...Straits of Gibraltar, the acquisition of aerosol data began. In general, readings were taken on the hour. Special observations were made to coincide...Gibraltar for the duration of the experiment. Early in the experiment, north/south transects of the Straits were made , followed by several days at station

Strait of Hormuz

NASA Image and Video Library

1982-07-04

Portions of Oman, The United Arab Emirates and Iran are seen at the Strait of Hormuz (26.0N, 56.0E) in this view. A number of ship wakes can be seen in the area of the strait. Sunglint in the Persian Gulf to the northwest, accentuates the complex currents and oil slicks, seen as dark toned blue streaks on the surface. Qeshm Island, just off the coast of Iran, can be seen on the edge of the photo.

Profiling Dissipation Measurements Using Chipods on Moored Profilers in Luzon Strait

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-30

quantify the energy losses to turbulence dissipation in the Luzon Strait in a systematic, comprehensive and extended way; • quantify the spring...neap variation in these energy losses; • obtain meaningful, long-term observations of the turbulent heat and momentum flux profiles in Luzon Strait...Std Z39-18 2 Initial engineering tests in December 2009 in Puget Sound prompted refinements which were incorporated into the unit deployed in

SANITARY-SEWER OVERFLOW CONTROL STRATEGY

EPA Science Inventory

This paper presents a strategy for the abatement of pollution from storm-generated sanitary-sewer overflows (SSO). Because of the great lengths of sanitary-sewer systems and their associated vast number of house-service laterals or building connections, it is often less expensive...

SSOAP Toolbox Enhancements and Case Study

EPA Science Inventory

Recognizing the need for tools to support the development of sanitary sewer overflow (SSO) control plans, in October 2009 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released the first version of the Sanitary Sewer Overflow Analysis and Planning (SSOAP) Toolbox. This first ve...

Conservative Overset Grids for Overflow For The Sonic Wave Atmospheric Propagation Project

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Onufer, Jeff T.; Cummings, Russell M.

1999-01-01

Methods are presented that can be used to make multiple, overset grids communicate in a conservative manner. The methods are developed for use with the Chimera overset method using the PEGSUS code and the OVERFLOW solver.

USEPA CAPSTONE REPORT: CONTROL AND TREATMENT

EPA Science Inventory

Combined-sewer overflows (CSOs), sanitary-sewer overflows and stormwater (SW) are significant contributors of contamination to surface waters. During a rain event, the flow in a combined sewer system may exceed the capacity of the intercepting sewer leading to the wastewater trea...

OVERVIEW OF EPA'S WET-WEATHER FLOW RESEARCH PROGRAM

EPA Science Inventory

Surface waters receive three types of urban wet-weather flow discharges: combined-sewer overflow (CSO), stormwater, and sanitary-sewer overflow (SSO); all are principally untreated discharges that occur during storm-flow events. WWFs have proven to generate a substantial amount o...

41. VIEW FROM END OF FLUME, LOOKING WEST, SHOWING OVERFLOW ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

41. VIEW FROM END OF FLUME, LOOKING WEST, SHOWING OVERFLOW CHUTE ON RIGHT (PARALLEL TO FLUME), RESERVOIR EMBANKMENT IN BACKGROUND, AND HOOKS ON END OF RAILING FOR SPILLBOARDS - Electron Hydroelectric Project, Along Puyallup River, Electron, Pierce County, WA

USING VISUAL PLUMES PREDICTIONS TO MODULATE COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW (CSO) RATES

EPA Science Inventory

High concentrations of pathogens and toxic residues in creeks and rivers can pose risks to human health and ecological systems. Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) discharging into these watercourses often contribute significantly to elevating pollutant concentrations during wet weat...

Notification: Review of Atlanta Combined Sewer Overflow Consent Decree

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Project #OPE-FY17-0014, March 30, 2017. The EPA OIG plans to begin a review of EPA Region 4’s oversight of the Atlanta combined sewer overflow consent decree. For more information, please click on the link above.

Ground penetrating radar detection of subsnow slush on ice-covered lakes in interior Alaska

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gusmeroli, A.; Grosse, G.

2012-12-01

Lakes are abundant throughout the pan-Arctic region. For many of these lakes ice cover lasts for up to two thirds of the year. The frozen cover allows human access to these lakes, which are therefore used for many subsistence and recreational activities, including water harvesting, fishing, and skiing. Safe traveling condition onto lakes may be compromised, however, when, after significant snowfall, the weight of the snow acts on the ice and causes liquid water to spill through weak spots and overflow at the snow-ice interface. Since visual detection of subsnow slush is almost impossible our understanding on overflow processes is still very limited and geophysical methods that allow water and slush detection are desirable. In this study we demonstrate that a commercially available, lightweight 1 GHz, ground penetrating radar system can detect and map extent and intensity of overflow. The strength of radar reflections from wet snow-ice interfaces are at least twice as much in strength than returns from dry snow-ice interface. The presence of overflow also affects the quality of radar returns from the base of the lake ice. During dry conditions we were able to profile ice thickness of up to 1 m, conversely, we did not retrieve any ice-water returns in areas affected by overflow.

Assessment of pollutant load emission from combined sewer overflows based on the online monitoring.

PubMed

Brzezińska, Agnieszka; Zawilski, Marek; Sakson, Grażyna

2016-09-01

Cities equipped with combined sewer systems discharge during wet weather a lot of pollutants into receiving waters by combined storm overflows (CSOs). According to the Polish legislation, CSOs should be activated no more than ten times per year, but in Lodz, most of the 18 existing CSOs operate much more frequently. To assess the pollutant load emitted by one of the existing CSOs, the sensors for measuring the concentration of total suspended solids (SOLITAX sc) and dissolved chemical oxygen demand (UVAS plus) installed in the overflow chamber as well as two flowmeters placed in the outflow sewer were used. In order to check the data from sensors, laboratory tests of combined wastewater quality were conducted simultaneously. For the analysis of the total pollutant load emitted from the overflow, the raw data was denoised using the Savitzky-Golay method. Comparing the load calculated from the analytical results to online smoothed measurements, negligible differences were found, which confirms the usefulness of applying the sensors in the combined sewer system. Online monitoring of the quantity and quality of wastewater emitted by the combined sewer overflows to water receivers, provides a considerable amount of data very useful for combined sewerage upgrading based on computer modelling, and allows for a significant reduction of laboratory analysis.

Variability in Migration Routes Influences Early Marine Survival of Juvenile Salmon Smolts

PubMed Central

Furey, Nathan B.; Vincent, Stephen P.; Hinch, Scott G.; Welch, David W.

2015-01-01

Variability in animal migratory behavior is expected to influence fitness, but few empirical examples demonstrating this relationship exist. The initial marine phase in the migration of juvenile salmon smolts has been identified as a potentially critical life history stage to overall population productivity, yet how fine-scale migration routes may influence survival are unknown. Large-scale acoustic telemetry studies have estimated survival rates of outmigrant Pacific salmon smolts through the Strait of Georgia (SOG) along the British Columbian coastline to the Pacific Ocean, but these data have not been used to identify and characterize fine-scale movements. Data collected on over 850 sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) smolts detected at an array in the Strait of Georgia in 2004–2008 and 2010–2013 were analyzed to characterize migration routes and link movements to subsequent survival at an array 250 km further along the marine migration pathway. Both species exhibited disproportionate use of the most eastern route in the Strait of Georgia (Malaspina Strait). While many smolts moved across the northern Strait of Georgia acoustic array with no indication of long-term milling or large-scale east-to-west movements, large proportions (20–40% of sockeye and 30–50% of steelhead) exhibited a different behavior, apparently moving in a westward or counterclockwise pattern. Variability in migratory behavior for both species was linked to subsequent survival through the Strait of Georgia. Survival for both species was influenced by initial east-to-west location, and sockeye were further influenced by migration timing and duration of time spent near the northern Strait of Georgia array. Westward movements result in a net transport of smolts from Malaspina Strait to the Strait of Georgia, particularly for steelhead. Counterclockwise movements may be due to the currents in this area during the time of outmigration, and the higher proportion of steelhead smolts exhibiting this counterclockwise behavior may reflect a greater exposure to wind-altered currents for the more surface-oriented steelhead. Our results provide an empirical example of how movements can affect migration survival, for which examples remain rare in movement ecology, confirming that variability in movements themselves are an important part of the migratory process. PMID:26451837

Use of nicotine replacement therapy and stop-smoking medicines in a national sample of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smokers and ex-smokers.

PubMed

Thomas, David P; Briggs, Viki L; Couzos, Sophia; Panaretto, Kathryn S; van der Sterren, Anke E; Stevens, Matthew; Borland, Ron

2015-06-01

To examine the use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and the stop-smoking medicines (SSMs) varenicline and bupropion in a national sample of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smokers and recent ex-smokers. The Talking About The Smokes (TATS) project used a quota sampling design to recruit a nationally representative sample of 1721 smokers and ex-smokers who had quit ≤ 12 months before from communities served by 34 Aboriginal community-controlled health services and one community in the Torres Strait. Baseline surveys were conducted from April 2012 to October 2013. These were compared with 1017 daily smokers from the general Australian population surveyed by the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC Project) from July 2010 to May 2011. Past and intended use of NRT and SSMs, duration of use, and whether participants thought NRT and SSMs help smokers to quit. Compared with other daily Australian smokers, lower proportions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander daily smokers had ever used any NRT or SSMs (TATS, 37% v ITC, 58.5%) or used them in the past year (TATS, 23% v ITC, 42.1%). Nicotine patches were most commonly used by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smokers and recent ex-smokers (24%), followed by varenicline (11%) and nicotine gum (10%); most (74%) had got their last NRT at no cost. Among dependent Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander daily smokers, those who were more socioeconomically advantaged were more likely than the disadvantaged to have used NRT or SSMs. Similar proportions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander daily smokers and other Australian daily smokers said that NRT or SSMs help smokers to quit (TATS, 70% v ITC, 74.2%). Dependent Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smokers who had previously used NRT or SSMs were more likely to believe they help in quitting and to intend to use them in the future. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander daily smokers, particularly those who are most disadvantaged, are less likely to have used NRT or SSMs than other Australian daily smokers. Some of the barriers to use, including cost, are being overcome, but further improvements are possible.

Fram Strait: Atmospheric Forcing of The Sea Ice Flux

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Widell, K.; Østerhus, S.; Gammelsrød, T.

Measuring the magnitude and variability of the ice and freshwater flux through Fram Strait is an important element in understanding climate variability in the Arctic. Since the major part of the ice and freshwater that leaves the Arctic passes through Fram Strait, this passage can be considered a key area for estimating the net ice production in the Arctic Ocean. In 1990, the Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI) started a monitoring program in the strait, most years by means of two moorings with Upward Looking Sonars (ULS) measuring ice draft. From 1995 and on, these moorings were also equipped with Doppler Current Meters (DCM) to measure the ice velocity. These measurements give an opportunity to investigate the different forces affecting ice motion in the strait. Maximum correlation coefficient between atmospheric sea level pressure (from NCEP/NCAR reanalysed data) and southward ice velocity is found when using the cross strait pressure difference along 80N between 10W and 5E (R = 0.72) consider- ing monthly means. Subtracting current velocity at 50 m depth (also measured by the DCM) from ice velocity improves the correlation to R = 0.84. This gives insight in the relative importance of current and wind on the ice motion, and indicates that pressure data can be used to make fairly good estimates of the ice velocity in the strait. In combination with data on ice thickness and ice stream width, this result is used to calculate the ice volume transport. By making assumptions on the parameters in- volved, the time series is extended back to 1948, the start of the pressure record. This time series will be presented and compared to literature, and annual and seasonal vari- ation of the ice flux will be discussed.

Acceptability of Mental Health Apps for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: A Qualitative Study.

PubMed

Povey, Josie; Mills, Patj Patj Janama Robert; Dingwall, Kylie Maree; Lowell, Anne; Singer, Judy; Rotumah, Darlene; Bennett-Levy, James; Nagel, Tricia

2016-03-11

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians experience high rates of mental illness and psychological distress compared to their non-Indigenous counterparts. E-mental health tools offer an opportunity for accessible, effective, and acceptable treatment. The AIMhi Stay Strong app and the ibobbly suicide prevention app are treatment tools designed to combat the disproportionately high levels of mental illness and stress experienced within the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community. This study aimed to explore Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community members' experiences of using two culturally responsive e-mental health apps and identify factors that influence the acceptability of these approaches. Using qualitative methods aligned with a phenomenological approach, we explored the acceptability of two culturally responsive e-mental health apps through a series of three 3-hour focus groups with nine Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community members. Thematic analysis was conducted and coresearcher and member checking were used to verify findings. Findings suggest strong support for the concept of e-mental health apps and optimism for their potential. Factors that influenced acceptability related to three key themes: personal factors (eg, motivation, severity and awareness of illness, technological competence, and literacy and language differences), environmental factors (eg, community awareness, stigma, and availability of support), and app characteristics (eg, ease of use, content, graphics, access, and security and information sharing). Specific adaptations, such as local production, culturally relevant content and graphics, a purposeful journey, clear navigation, meaningful language, options to assist people with language differences, offline use, and password protection may aid uptake. When designed to meet the needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, e-mental health tools add an important element to public health approaches for improving the well-being of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

The Fram Strait integrated ocean observatory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fahrbach, E.; Beszczynska-Möller, A.; Rettig, S.; Rohardt, G.; Sagen, H.; Sandven, S.; Hansen, E.

2012-04-01

A long-term oceanographic moored array has been operated since 1997 to measure the ocean water column properties and oceanic advective fluxes through Fram Strait. While the mooring line along 78°50'N is devoted to monitoring variability of the physical environment, the AWI Hausgarten observatory, located north of it, focuses on ecosystem properties and benthic biology. Under the EU DAMOCLES and ACOBAR projects, the oceanographic observatory has been extended towards the innovative integrated observing system, combining the deep ocean moorings, multipurpose acoustic system and a network of gliders. The main aim of this system is long-term environmental monitoring in Fram Strait, combining satellite data, acoustic tomography, oceanographic measurements at moorings and glider sections with high-resolution ice-ocean circulation models through data assimilation. In future perspective, a cable connection between the Hausgarten observatory and a land base on Svalbard is planned as the implementation of the ESONET Arctic node. To take advantage of the planned cabled node, different technologies for the underwater data transmission were reviewed and partially tested under the ESONET DM AOEM. The main focus was to design and evaluate available technical solutions for collecting data from different components of the Fram Strait ocean observing system, and an integration of available data streams for the optimal delivery to the future cabled node. The main components of the Fram Strait integrated observing system will be presented and the current status of available technologies for underwater data transfer will be reviewed. On the long term, an initiative of Helmholtz observatories foresees the interdisciplinary Earth-Observing-System FRAM which combines observatories such as the long term deep-sea ecological observatory HAUSGARTEN, the oceanographic Fram Strait integrated observing system and the Svalbard coastal stations maintained by the Norwegian ARCTOS network. A vision of this modular underwater observatory network in Fram Strait will be presented.

Urban Runoff and Combined Sewer Overflow.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Field, Richard; Gardner, Bradford B.

1978-01-01

Presents a literature review of wastewater treatment, covering publications of 1976-77. This review includes areas such as: (1) urban runoff quality and quantity; (2) urban hydrology; (3) management practices; and (4) combined sewer overflows. A list of 140 references is also presented. (HM)

High-Rate Disinfection Techniques for Combined Sewer Overflow (Proceedings Paper)

EPA Science Inventory

This paper presents high-rate disinfection technologies for combined sewer overflow (CSO). The high-rate disinfection technologies of interest are: chlorination/dechlorination, ultraviolet light irradiation (UV), chlorine dioxide (ClO2 ), ozone (O3), peracetic acid (CH3COOOH ), a...

Stage Separation CFD Tool Development and Evaluation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Droege, Alan; Gomez, Reynaldo; Wang, Ten-See

2002-01-01

This viewgraph presentation evaluates CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) tools for solving stage separation problems. The demonstration and validation of the tools is for a second generation RLV (Reusable Launch Vehicle) stage separation. The flow solvers are: Cart3D; Overflow/Overflow-D; Unic.

CONTROL STRATEGY FOR STORM-GENERATED SANITARY-SEWER OVERFLOWS

EPA Science Inventory

This paper presents a strategy for the abatement of pollution from storm-generated sanitary-sewer overflows (SSO). Because of the great lengths of sanitary sewer systems, it is often less expensive to use alterantives to sewerline rehabilitation for infiltration/inflow (I/I) and ...

CONTROL STRATEGY FOR STORM-GENERATED SANITARY-SEWER OVERFLOWS

EPA Science Inventory

This paper presents a strategy for the abatement of pollution from storm-generated sanitary-sewer overflows (SSO). Because of the great lengths of sanitary-sewer systems and their associated vast number of house-service laterals or building connections, it is often less expensiv...

Report: Atlanta Is Largely in Compliance with Its Combined Sewer Overflow Consent Decree, but Has Not Yet Met All Requirements

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Report #18-P-0206, May 30, 2018. Decreases in sewage overflows from Atlanta's wastewater treatment facilities and sewage transmission pipes reduce the risk of city residents being exposed to pathogens.

Sanitary Sewer Overflow Analysis and Planning (SSOAP) Toolbox

EPA Science Inventory

Rainfall-derived infiltration and inflow (RDII) into sanitary sewer systems has long been recognized as a source of operating problems in sewerage systems. RDII is the main cause of sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) to basements, streets, or nearby receiving waters and can also ...

Implementation of Finite Rate Chemistry Capability in OVERFLOW

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Olsen, M. E.; Venkateswaran, S.; Prabhu, D. K.

2004-01-01

An implementation of both finite rate and equilibrium chemistry have been completed for the OVERFLOW code, a chimera capable, complex geometry flow code widely used to predict transonic flow fields. The implementation builds on the computational efficiency and geometric generality of the solver.

Overset Grid Methods Applied to Nonlinear Potential Flows

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Holst, Terry; Kwak, Dochan (Technical Monitor)

2000-01-01

The objectives of this viewgraph presentation are to develop Chimera-based potential methodology which is compatible with overflow and overflow infrastructure, creating options for an advanced problem solving environment and to significantly reduce turnaround time for aerodynamic analysis and design (primarily cruise conditions).

Control Strategy for Storm-Generated Sanitary Sewer Overflows

EPA Science Inventory

This presentation covers a strategy for the abatement of pollution from sanitary-sewer overflows (SSO). Because of the great lengths of sanitary sewer systems, it is often less expensive to use alternatives to sewerline rehabilitation for infiltration/inflow (I/I) and associated ...

SEWER SEDIMENT AND CONTROL: A MANAGEMENT PRACTICES REFERENCES GUIDE

EPA Science Inventory

Sewer-solids sediment is one of major sources of pollutants in urban wet-weather flow (WWF) discharges that include combined-sewer overflow (CSO), separate sanitary-sewer overflow (SSO), and stormwater runoff. During low-flow, dry-weather periods, sanitary wastewater solids depo...

CHALLENGES OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW DISINFECTION BY ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT IRRADIATION

EPA Science Inventory

This article examines the performance and effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation for disinfection of combined sewer overflow (CSO). Due to the negative impact of conventional water disinfectants on aquatic life, new agents (e.g., UV light) are being investigated for ...

EVALUATING INNOVATIVE STORMWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES UNDER THE ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY VERIFICATION (ETV) PROGRAM

EPA Science Inventory

Assessing, controlling, and treating combined-sewer overflows (CSO), sanitary sewer overflows (SSO), and urban stormwater runoff have become priorities for communities. Improved and cost effective treatment technologies are needed to reduce the adverse impacts that wet weather f...

PERFORMANCE OF OZONE AS A DISINFECTANT FOR COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW

EPA Science Inventory

Disinfection of combined sewer overflow (CSO) minimizes the amount of disease-causing microorganisms (pathogens) released into receiving waters. Currently, the primary disinfecting agent used in the US for wastewater treatment is chlorine (Cl2); however, Cl2 produces problems in ...

Piracy and Armed Robbery in the Malacca Strait: A Problem Solved

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY IN THE MALACCA STRAIT A Problem Solved? Catherine Zara Raymond The Malacca Strait is a narrow waterway that extends nearly...waterway is extremely small. With statistics such as these, one might wonder why we are still seeing the publication of articles such Catherine Zara Raymond...Shrivenham, United Kingdom. She is also a PhD student at King’s College London. Previ- ously, Zara worked as an analyst for the security consul- tancy

Profiling Dissipation Measurements using (chi)pods on Moored Profilers in Luzon Strait

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-30

quantify the energy losses to turbulence dissipation in the Luzon Strait in a systematic, comprehensive and extended way; • quantify the spring-neap...variation in these energy losses; • obtain meaningful, long-term observations of the turbulent heat and momentum flux profiles in Luzon Strait, from...Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 2 Initial engineering tests in December 2009 in Puget Sound prompted refinements which were

Structural Features of the Western Taiwan Foreland Basin in the Eastern Taiwan Strait since Late Miocene

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

WANG, J. H.; Liu, C. S.; Chang, J. H.; Yang, E. Y.

2017-12-01

The western Taiwan Foreland Basin lies on the eastern part of Taiwan Strait. The structures in this region are dominated by crustal stretch and a series of flexural normal faults have been developed since Late Miocene owing to the flexural of Eurasia Plate. Through deciphering multi-channel seismic data and drilling data, these flexural features are observed in the offshore Changhua coastal area. The flexure normal faults are important features to realize structural activity in the western Taiwan Foreland Basin. Yang et al. (2016) mention that the reactivated normal faults are found north of the Zhushuixi estuary. It should be a significant issue to decipher whether these faults are still active. In this study, we have analyzed all the available seismic reflections profiles in the central part of the Taiwan Strait, and have observed many pre-Pliocene normal faults that are mainly distributed in the middle of the Taiwan Strait to Changyun Rise, and we tentatively suggest that the formation of these faults may be associated with the formation of the foreland basal unconformity. Furthermore, we will map the distribution of these normal faults and examine whether the reactivated normal faults have extended to south of the Zhushuixi estuary. Finally, we discuss the relation between the reactivated normal faults in the Taiwan Strait and those faults onshore. Key words: Multichannel seismic reflection profile, Taiwan Strait, Foreland basin, normal fault.

Microbial ecological associations in the surface sediments of Bohai strait

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Bin; Liu, Hongmei; Tang, Haitian; Hu, Xiaoke

2017-09-01

Microbial communities play key roles in the marine ecosystem. Despite a few studies on marine microbial communities in deep straits, ecological associations among microbial communities in the sediments of shallow straits have not been fully investigated. The Bohai Strait in northern China (average depth less than 20 m) separates the Bohai Sea from the Yellow Sea and has organic-rich sediments. In this study, in the summer of 2014, six stations across the strait were selected to explore the taxonomic composition of microbial communities and their ecological associations. The four most abundant classes were Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Bacilli and Flavobacteriia. Temperature, total carbon, depth, nitrate, fishery breeding and cold water masses influenced the microbial communities, as suggested by representational difference and composition analyses. Network analysis of microbial associations revealed that key families included Flavobacteriaceae, Pirellulaceae and Piscirickettsiaceae. Our findings suggest that the families with high phylogenetic diversity are key populations in the microbial association network that ensure the stability of microbial ecosystems. Our study contributes to a better understanding of microbial ecology in complex hydrological environments.

Validation of a Numerical Program for Analyzing Kinetic Energy Potential in the Bangka Strait, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rompas, P. T. D.; Taunaumang, H.; Sangari, F. J.

2018-02-01

The paper presents validation of the numerical program that computes the distribution of marine current velocities in the Bangka strait and the kinetic energy potential in the form the distributions of available power per area in the Bangka strait. The numerical program used the RANS model where the pressure distribution in the vertical assumed to be hydrostatic. The 2D and 3D numerical program results compared with the measurement results that are observation results to the moment conditions of low and high tide currents. It found no different significant between the numerical results and the measurement results. There are 0.97-2.2 kW/m2 the kinetic energy potential in the form the distributions of available power per area in the Bangka strait when low tide currents, whereas when high tide currents of 1.02-2.1 kW/m2. The results show that to be enabling the installation of marine current turbines for construction of power plant in the Bangka strait, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Endothelial dysfunction impairs vascular neurotransmission in tail arteries.

PubMed

Sousa, Joana B; Fresco, Paula; Diniz, Carmen

2015-01-01

The present study intends to clarify if endothelium dysfunction impairs vascular sympathetic neurotransmission. Electrically-evoked tritium overflow (100 pulses/5 Hz) was evaluated in arteries (intact and denuded) or exhibiting some degree of endothelium dysfunction (spontaneously hypertensive arteries), pre-incubated with [(3)H]-noradrenaline in the presence of enzymes (nitric oxide synthase (NOS); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase; xanthine oxidase; cyclooxygenase; adenosine kinase) inhibitors and a nucleoside transporter inhibitor. Inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase with L-NIO dihydrochloride reduced tritium overflow in intact arteries whereas inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase with Nω-Propyl-L-arginine hydrochloride was devoid of effect showing that only endothelial nitric oxide synthase is involved in vascular sympathetic neuromodulation. Inhibition of enzymes involved in reactive oxygen species or prostaglandins production with apocynin and allopurinol or indomethacin, respectively, failed to alter tritium overflow. A facilitation or reduction of tritium overflow was observed in the presence of 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) or of 5-iodotubericidin, respectively, but only in intact arteries. These effects can be ascribed to a tonic inhibitory effect mediated by A1 receptors. In denuded and hypertensive arteries, 7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c] pyrimidine (SCH 58261) reduced tritium overflow, suggesting the occurrence of a tonic activation of A2A receptors. When endogenous adenosine bioavailability was increased by the nucleoside transporter inhibitor, S-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine, tritium overflow increased in intact, denuded and hypertensive arteries. Among the endothelium-derived substances studied that could alter vascular sympathetic transmission only adenosine/adenosine receptor mediated mechanisms were clearly impaired by endothelium injury/dysfunction. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Very large eddy simulation of the Red Sea overflow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ilıcak, Mehmet; Özgökmen, Tamay M.; Peters, Hartmut; Baumert, Helmut Z.; Iskandarani, Mohamed

Mixing between overflows and ambient water masses is a critical problem of deep-water mass formation in the downwelling branch of the meridional overturning circulation of the ocean. Modeling approaches that have been tested so far rely either on algebraic parameterizations in hydrostatic ocean circulation models, or on large eddy simulations that resolve most of the mixing using nonhydrostatic models. In this study, we examine the performance of a set of turbulence closures, that have not been tested in comparison to observational data for overflows before. We employ the so-called very large eddy simulation (VLES) technique, which allows the use of k-ɛ models in nonhydrostatic models. This is done by applying a dynamic spatial filtering to the k-ɛ equations. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the VLES approach is adopted for an ocean modeling problem. The performance of k-ɛ and VLES models are evaluated by conducting numerical simulations of the Red Sea overflow and comparing them to observations from the Red Sea Outflow Experiment (REDSOX). The computations are constrained to one of the main channels transporting the overflow, which is narrow enough to permit the use of a two-dimensional (and nonhydrostatic) model. A large set of experiments are conducted using different closure models, Reynolds numbers and spatial resolutions. It is found that, when no turbulence closure is used, the basic structure of the overflow, consisting of a well-mixed bottom layer (BL) and entraining interfacial layer (IL), cannot be reproduced. The k-ɛ model leads to unrealistic thicknesses for both BL and IL, while VLES results in the most realistic reproduction of the REDSOX observations.

Earth observations taken during STS-77 mission

NASA Image and Video Library

1996-05-21

STS077-718-088 (19-29 May 1996) --- A popular photographic target of Space Shuttle astronauts has always been the Strait of Gibraltar seen at center in this wide photograph, shot from the Space Shuttle Endeavour. Spain is to the north (right) and Morocco to the south. The strait is 36 miles (58 kilometers) long and narrows to 8 miles (13 kilometers) at it’s most narrow point. The winds in the strait are either easterly or westerly. The British colony of Gibraltar is the semi-circular feature north of the strait. Gibraltar is considered to be one of the Pillars of Hercules. The white colored area to the southeast of Gibraltar on the Moroccan coast is the city of Tanger (Tangier). The snow covered mountains in Spain are the Sistemas Penibeticos.

ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT DISINFECTION OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW (NEW ORLEANS)

EPA Science Inventory

The objective of this state-of-the-art review is to examine the performance and effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) light disinfection for combined sewer overflow (CSO) applications. Topics presented include the use of UV light as a disinfecting agent, its practical applications, d...

APPROACH TO "FURTHER-REASONABLE-PROGRESS" TO ATTAIN WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

EPA Science Inventory

Watershed managers in urban areas in the US are pursuing optimum strategies or plans for managing wastewater treatment plants, stormwater systems, sanitary sewer overflows (SSO) and combined sewer overflows (CSO). Often these strategies are based on an iterative process or a "fur...

APPROACH TO "FURTHER-REASONABLE-PROGRESS" TO ATTAIN WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

EPA Science Inventory

Watershed managers in urban areas in the US are pursuing optimum strategies or plans for managing wastewater treatment plants, stormwater systems, sanitary sewer overflows (SSO) and combined sewer overflows (CSO). Often thes strategies are based on an iterative process or a "furt...

Enforcement to Address Sewer Overflows | Eliminating ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

2017-04-10

EPA's compliance goal is to eliminate sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) from municipal collection systems and to ensure that wastewater is being conveyed to treatment plants in accordance with the requirements of the Clean Water Act. To eliminate SSOs, EPA uses a mix of compliance and enforcement tools.

Subterranean drilling and in situ treatment of wastes using a contamination control system and methods relating thereto

DOEpatents

Jessmore, James J.; Loomis, Guy G.; Pettet, Mark C.; Flyckt, Melissa C.

2004-09-28

Systems and methods relating to subterranean drilling while maintaining containment of any contaminants released during the drilling. A thrust block installed over a zone of interest provides an overflow space for retaining any contaminants and excess sealant returns. Negative air pressure may be maintained in the overflow space by a ventilation system. Access ports in the thrust block seal the overflow space from the surrounding environment with a membrane seal. A flexible sack seal in the access port may be connected to a drill shroud prior to drilling, providing containment during drilling after the drill bit penetrates the membrane seal. The drill shroud may be adapted to any industry standard drilling rig and includes a connection conduit for connecting to the flexible sack seal and a flexible enclosure surrounding the drill shaft and of a length to accommodate full extension thereof. Upon withdrawal, the sack seal may be closed off and separated, maintaining containment of the overflow space and the drill shroud.

Release inhibitory receptors activation favours the A2A-adenosine receptor-mediated facilitation of noradrenaline release in isolated rat tail artery

PubMed Central

Fresco, Paula; Diniz, Carmen; Queiroz, Glória; Gonçalves, Jorge

2002-01-01

Interactions between A2A-adenosine receptors and α2-, A1- and P2- release-inhibitory receptors, on the modulation of noradrenaline release were studied in isolated rat tail artery. Preparations were labelled with [3H]-noradrenaline, superfused with desipramine-containing medium, and stimulated electrically (100 pulses at 5 Hz or 20 pulses at 50 Hz).Blockade of α2-autoreceptors with yohimbine (1 μM) increased tritium overflow elicited by 100 pulses at 5 Hz but not by 20 pulses at 50 Hz.The selective A2A-receptor agonist 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS 21680; 1 – 100 nM) enhanced tritium overflow elicited by 100 pulses at 5 Hz. Yohimbine prevented the effect of CGS 21680, which was restored by the A1-receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA; 100 nM) or by the P2-receptor agonist 2-methylthioadenosine triphosphate (2-MeSATP; 80 μM).CGS 21680 (100 nM) failed to increase tritium overflow elicited by 20 pulses at 50 Hz. The α2-adrenoceptor agonist 5-bromo-6-(2-imidazolin-2-ylamino)-quinoxaline (UK 14304; 30 nM), the A1-receptor agonist CPA (100 nM) or the P2-receptor agonist 2-MeSATP (80 μM) reduced tritium overflow. In the presence of these agonists CGS 21680 elicited a facilitation of tritium overflow.Blockade of potassium channels with tetraethylammonium (TEA; 5 mM) increased tritium overflow elicited by 100 pulses at 5 Hz to values similar to those obtained in the presence of yohimbine but did not prevent the effect of CGS 21680 (100 nM) on tritium overflow.It is concluded that, in isolated rat tail artery, the facilitation of noradrenaline release mediated by A2A-adenosine receptors is favoured by activation of release inhibitory receptors. PMID:12010771

East Sea Spatial and Temporal Variability of Thermohaline Structure and Circulation Identified From Observational (T, S) Profiles

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

salinity effect caused by the Amur River’s discharge into the Tatar Strait, and a one- month delay after maximum discharge in September. The research...discovered another low salinity effect through the Korea Strait in summer by the Changjiang River’s discharge into the East China Sea, which identified... effect caused by the Amur River’s discharge into the Tatar Strait, and a one-month delay after maximum discharge in September. The research discovered

Moored Observations of Internal Waves in Luzon Strait: 3-D Structure, Dissipation, and Evolution

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-03-01

Strait: 3-D Structure, Dissipation, and Evolution Matthew H. Alford Scripps Institution of Oceanography 9500 Gilman Drive, mail code 0213 La...during IWISE. This work is done in collaboration with Craig Lee (APL/UW), and Dan Rudnick and Shaun Johnston at Scripps Institution of Oceanography ...Y.J. Yang, M.-H. Chang, and Q. Li. 2011. From Luzon Strait to Dongsha Plateau: Stages in the life of an internal wave. Oceanography 24(4):64–77

Observed Volume Fluxes and Mixing in the Dardanelles Strait

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-10-04

et al , 2001; Kara el al ., 2008]. [3] It has been recognized for years that the upper-layer outflow from the Dardanelles Strait to the Aegean Sea...than the interior of the sea and manifests itself as a subsurface flow bounded by the upper layer of the Sea of Mannara. 5007 JAROSZ ET AL ...both ends of the Dardanelles Strait, and assuming a steady state mass budget, Unl’uata et al . [1990] estimated mean annual volume transports in the

Modern Piracy and Regional Security Cooperation in the Maritime Domain: The Middle East and Southeast Asia

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-01

Information Sharing Centre (ISC),” 433. 33 Catherine Zara Raymond, “Piracy and Armed Robbery in the Malacca Straits,” Naval War College Review 62:3...2009); Catherine Zara Raymond, “Piracy and Armed Robbery in the Malacca Straits,” Naval War College Review 62:3 (Summer 2009); Carolin Liss, “The...Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia, 1988). Raymond, Catherine Zara . “Piracy and Armed Robbery in the Malacca Straits.” Naval War College

A Strait Comparison: Lessons Learned from the 1915 Dardanelles Campaign in the Context of a Strait of Hormuz Closure Event

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-01

Council, which began discussing what to do after the fall of Constantinople . It perhaps played too well. Admiral Carden, apparently realizing the...the Strait, but political/ economic realities might dictate dealing with these threats concurrently. — U.S. strategists and planners should think hard...great ports of Constantinople [now Istanbul], Odessa, and Sebastopol. In 1914, an endless flow of steamships carried nine-tenths of Russia’s exported

Defining the gap: a systematic review of the difference in rates of diabetes-related foot complications in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians and non-Indigenous Australians.

PubMed

West, Matthew; Chuter, Vivienne; Munteanu, Shannon; Hawke, Fiona

2017-01-01

The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community has an increased risk of developing chronic illnesses including diabetes. Among people with diabetes, foot complications are common and make a significant contribution to the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. The aim of this review was to systematically evaluate the literature comparing the rates of diabetes related foot complications in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians to non-Indigenous Australians. MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library; PUBMED and CINAHL were searched from inception until August 2016. Inclusion criteria were: published cross-sectional or longitudinal studies reporting the prevalence of diabetes related foot complications in both a cohort of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians and a cohort of one other Australian population of any age with diabetes. Risk of bias was assessed using the STROBE tool. Eleven studies including a total of 157,892 participants were included. Studies were set in Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia, primarily in rural and remote areas. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians experienced substantially more diabetes related foot complications with the mean age up to 14 years younger than non-Indigenous Australians. Aboriginality was associated with increased risk of peripheral neuropathy, foot ulceration and amputation. In several studies, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians accounted for the vast majority of diabetes related foot complications (up to 91%) while comprising only a small proportion of the regional population. Reporting quality as assessed with the STROBE tool showed underreporting of: methods, sample description and potential sources of bias. There are no data available for some Australian states and for specific types of diabetes related foot complications. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians have a 3-6 fold increased likelihood of experiencing a diabetes related foot complication compared to non-Indigenous Australians. Evidence-based, culturally appropriate screening and intervention programs and improved access to effective health care services are required to prevent a widening of the gap in diabetes related foot complications between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous Australians.

Patterns, trends, and toxicological significance of chlorinated hydrocarbon and mercury contaminants in bald eagle eggs from the Pacific coast of Canada, 1990-1994.

PubMed

Elliott, J E; Norstrom, R J; Smith, G E

1996-10-01

Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) eggs were collected during incubation, 1990-1992, from 16 nests near three bleached-kraft pulp mills, from six nests in the Fraser River estuary and from seven nests at a reference site on the Pacific coast of Canada. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were present in all eggs in a qualitatively similar pattern among sites. Mean concentrations of 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) were significantly higher in eggs collected from near three kraft pulp mill sites in the Strait of Georgia (44, 45, 84 ng/kg) than from the reference area in Johnstone Strait (15 ng/kg). There were few differences among sites in mean organochlorine pesticide levels, indicating the diffuse distribution of those chemicals and the domination of atmospheric inputs. Mean concentrations of total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were highest in eggs from the Strait of Georgia (4.86 mg/kg) and the PCB congener pattern was significantly different between that area and both the lower Fraser valley and Johnstone Strait. Mean mercury concentrations, which were mainly methyl-mercury, were significantly higher in eggs collected from the lower Fraser Valley (0.258 mg/kg) and Johnstone Strait (0.294 mg/kg) compared to the Strait of Georgia (0.188 mg/kg). Individual and regional variation in concentrations of organochlorine pesticides, PCBs and mercury in eagle eggs were thought to be influenced mainly by dietary differences. Toxicologically, in 1990, mean TCDD-toxic equivalents (TEQs) in bald eagle eggs were about two-fold greater than a lowest-observed-effect level, suggested elsewhere for this species, of 210 ng/kg TEQs. In the Strait of Georgia, PCCDs and PCDFs made a greater contribution to TEQs than non-ortho and mono-ortho PCBs, whereas the reverse was true for eggs outside the strait. Mean eggshell thickness was less than the pre-1947 value at all sites, although there was no significant relationship between eggshell thickness and DDE concentrations. Levels of other organochlorine pesticides and mercury were below those considered to be toxic.

Temporal variability in the life history and reproductive biology of female dugongs in Torres Strait: The likely role of sea grass dieback

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marsh, Helene; Kwan, Donna

2008-09-01

The extensive sea grass meadows in Torres Strait enable it to be a globally important habitat for the dugong, Dugong dugon, a marine mammal of cultural and dietary significance to Torres Strait Islanders and the basis for the substantial island-based fishery in the Torres Strait Protected Zone. Torres Strait sea grass communities are subjected to episodic diebacks which are now believed to be largely natural events. Information on dugong life history was obtained from specimens obtained from female dugongs as they were butchered for food by Indigenous hunters at two major dugong hunting communities in Torres Strait: Daru (9.04°S, 143.21°E) in 1978-1982 (a time of sea grass dieback and recovery) and Mabuiag Island (9.95°S, 142.15°E) in 1997-1999 (when sea grasses were abundant). Dugongs sampled in 1997-1999 had their first calf at younger ages (minimum of 6 cf. 10 years), and more frequently (interbirth interval based on all possible pregnancies 2.6±0.4 (S.E.) yr cf. 5.8±1.0 yr) than the dugongs sampled in 1978-1982. Pregnancy rates increased monotonically during 1978-1982, coincident with sea grass recovery. The age distribution of the female dugongs collected in 1997-1999 also suggested a low birth rate between 1973 and 1983 and/or or a high level of mortality for animals born during this period. These results add to the evidence from other regions that the life history and reproductive rate of female dugongs are adversely affected by sea grass loss, the effect of which cannot be separated from a possible density-dependent response to changes in dugong population size. Many green turtles in Torres Strait were also in poor body condition coincident with the 1970s sea grass dieback. The impacts of future sea grass diebacks need to be anticipated when management options for the traditional Torres Strait fisheries for dugongs and green turtles are evaluated.

Soil infiltration characteristics in the Tarim River floodplain

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Overflow from rivers play an important role for ecological conservation in Tarim Basin, however, there was limited information on infiltration from overflow of the Tarim River. The objective of this study was to investigate steady infiltration rate for three types of land use (forest, shrub and bare...

DEVELOPMENT OF SANITARY SEWER OVERFLOW ANALYSIS AND PLANNING (SSOAP) TOOLBOX

EPA Science Inventory

Rainfall Derived Infiltration and Inflow (RDII) into sanitary sewer systems has long been recognized as a source of operating problems in sewerage systems. RDII is the main cause of sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) to basements, streets, or nearby streams. RDII can also cause se...

SSOAP - A TOOLBOX FOR SANITARY SEWER OVERFLOW ANALYSIS AND PLANNING

EPA Science Inventory

Rainfall Derived Infiltration and Inflow (RDII) into sanitary sewer systems has long been recognized as a source of operating problems in sewerage systems. RDII is the main cause of sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) to basements, streets, or nearby streams and can also cause serio...

SSOAP - A TOOLBOX FOR SANITARY SEWER OVERFLOW ANALYSIS AND PLANNING

EPA Science Inventory

Rainfall Derived Infiltration and Inflow (RDII) into sanitary sewer systems has long been recognized as a source of operating problems in sewerage systems. RDII is the main cause of sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) to basements, streets, or nearby streams and can also cause seriou...

Algorithm Calculates Cumulative Poisson Distribution

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bowerman, Paul N.; Nolty, Robert C.; Scheuer, Ernest M.

1992-01-01

Algorithm calculates accurate values of cumulative Poisson distribution under conditions where other algorithms fail because numbers are so small (underflow) or so large (overflow) that computer cannot process them. Factors inserted temporarily to prevent underflow and overflow. Implemented in CUMPOIS computer program described in "Cumulative Poisson Distribution Program" (NPO-17714).

Optimise inlet condition and design parameters of a new sewer overflow screening device using numerical model.

PubMed

Aziz, M A; Imteaz, M A; Huda, Nazmul; Naser, J

2014-01-01

After heavy rainfall, sewer overflow spills to receiving water bodies cause serious concern for the environment, aesthetics and public health. To overcome these problems this study investigated a new self-cleansing sewer overflow screening device. The device has a sewer overflow chamber, a rectangular tank and a slotted ogee weir to capture the gross pollutants. To design an efficient screening device a numerical computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model was used. A plausibility check of the CFD model was done using a one-dimensional analytical model. Results showed that an inlet parallel to the weir ensured better self-cleansing than an inlet perpendicular to the weir. Perforations should be at the bottom of the weir to get increased velocity and shear stress to create a favourable self-cleaning effect of the screening device. Increasing inlet length from 0.3 to 1.5 m reduced wave reflection up to 10%, which increased flow uniformity downstream and improved self-cleansing effect. The orientation of the ogee weir with the rectangular tank was found most uniform with a 1:3 (horizontal:vertical) slope. These results will help to maximise functional efficiency of the new sewer overflow screening device. Otherwise it would be too expensive to alter after installation and at times difficult to customise accordingly to existing urban drainage systems.

Fram Strait sea ice outflow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kwok, R.; Cunningham, G. F.; Pang, S. S.

2004-01-01

We summarize 24 years (1978??2) of ice export estimates and examine, over a 9-year record, the associated variability in the time-varying upward-looking sonar (ULS) thickness distributions of the Fram Strait.

Analysis of Sea Level Rise in Singapore Strait

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tkalich, Pavel; Luu, Quang-Hung

2013-04-01

Sea level in Singapore Strait is governed by various scale phenomena, from global to local. Global signals are dominated by the climate change and multi-decadal variability and associated sea level rise; at regional scale seasonal sea level variability is caused by ENSO-modulated monsoons; locally, astronomic tides are the strongest force. Tide gauge records in Singapore Strait are analyzed to derive local sea level trend, and attempts are made to attribute observed sea level variability to phenomena at various scales, from global to local. It is found that at annual scale, sea level anomalies in Singapore Strait are quasi-periodic, of the order of ±15 cm, the highest during northeast monsoon and the lowest during southwest monsoon. Interannual regional sea level falls are associated with El Niño events, while the rises are related to La Niña episodes; both variations are in the range of ±9 cm. At multi-decadal scale, sea level in Singapore Strait has been rising at the rate 1.2-1.9 mm/year for the period 1975-2009, 2.0±0.3 mm/year for 1984-2009, and 1.3-4.7 mm/year for 1993-2009. When compared with the respective global trends of 2.0±0.3, 2.4, and 2.8±0.8 mm/year, Singapore Strait sea level rise trend was weaker at the earlier period and stronger at the recent decade.

Effective communication tools to engage Torres Strait Islanders in scientific research

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jones, A.; Barnett, B.; Williams, A. J.; Grayson, J.; Busilacchi, S.; Duckworth, A.; Evans-Illidge, E.; Begg, G. A.; Murchie, C. D.

2008-09-01

Often, research activities in Torres Strait have not delivered full benefit to Torres Strait Islanders due to a lack of consultation, ineffectual communication of research information and lack of empathy for the needs of Islander communities. As for other stakeholder groups, integration of Islanders into the research process through practical involvement in research may overcome these problems. Three case studies from research projects conducted in Torres Strait are discussed to highlight a variety of communication and engagement activities carried out by non-Indigenous researchers. How these communication and extension activities facilitate collaboration between Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous researchers provides insight in the importance of these activities to the relative success of research projects. The benefits for Islanders in collaborating with researchers may be: improved understanding of the research and how it contributes to natural resource management; a sense of control in future management decisions; a greater likelihood of successful self-regulatory management systems; enhanced skills; and increased employment opportunities. The potential benefits for researchers are enhanced support for research projects resulting in increased access to data and logistic support that may ultimately impact the successful completion of projects. Such an approach will require researchers to take time to develop relationships with Torres Strait Islanders, effectively involve Islanders in research on an equitable basis and be flexible. This will ultimately require funding organisations to recognise the importance of such activities in research proposals and provide support through sufficient funding to enable these activities to be carried out.

40 CFR 35.2024 - Combined sewer overflows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... project priority list, it addresses impaired uses in priority water quality areas which are due to the... must demonstrate to the Administrator that the water quality goals of the Act will not be achieved... priority water quality areas in marine bays and estuaries due to the impacts of combined sewer overflows...

76 FR 16722 - Proposed Flood Elevation Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-25

..., Overflow Creek Tributary, Red Cut Slough, Red Cut Slough Tributary, Red Cut Slough Tributary 2, and Red Cut... flooding sources: Gum Creek Flooding Effects, Little Red River, Overflow Creek Tributary, Red Cut Slough, Red Cut Slough Tributary, Red Cut Slough Tributary 2, and Red Cut Slough Tributary A. In this notice...

COMPUTER MODEL ANALYSIS FOR MITIGATION PLANNING OF SANITARY-SEWER OVERFLOWS

EPA Science Inventory

Sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) are generally difficult to witness or document as they usually occur during rain events when people are indoors or out of sight. To anser where and when an SSO may occur, it is necessary to know the flow conveyance capacity at various parts of the ...

A TOOLBOX FOR SANITARY SEWER OVERFLOW ANALYSIS AND PLANNING (SSOAP) AND APPLICATIONS

EPA Science Inventory

Rainfall Derived Infiltration and Inflow (RDII) into sanitary sewer systems has long been recognized as a source of operating problems in sewerage systems. RDII is the main cause of sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) to basements, streets, or nearby streams and can also cause seriou...

21. Overflow pipe in filtration bed. Located at each corner ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

21. Overflow pipe in filtration bed. Located at each corner of the bed, the pipes drain off any excess water and maintain a limit on water depth. - Lake Whitney Water Filtration Plant, Filtration Plant, South side of Armory Street between Edgehill Road & Whitney Avenue, Hamden, New Haven County, CT

Demonstration of Green/Gray Infrastructure for Combined Sewer Overflow Control

EPA Science Inventory

This project is a major national demonstration of the integration of green and gray infrastructure for combined sewer overflow (CSO) control in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner. It will use Kansas City, MO, as a case example. The project will have a major in...

Sanitary Sewer Overflows and Association with Gastrointestinal Illness: A case crossover analysis of Massachusetts Data, 2006-2007

EPA Science Inventory

Sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) occur when untreated sewage is discharged into water sources potentially causing contamination. SSOs are primarily caused by heavy rainfall, which is expected to become heavier and more episodic due to climate change. We conducted a case-crossover ...

Water quality in the Mahoning River and selected tributaries in Youngstown, Ohio

USGS Publications Warehouse

Stoeckel, Donald M.; Covert, S. Alex

2002-01-01

The lower reaches of the Mahoning River in Youngstown, Ohio, have been characterized by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA) as historically having poor water quality. Most wastewater-treatment plants (WWTPs) in the watershed did not provide secondary sewage treatment until the late 1980s. By the late 1990s, the Mahoning River still received sewer-overflow discharges from 101 locations within the city of Youngstown, Ohio. The Mahoning River in Youngstown and Mill Creek, a principal tributary to the Mahoning River in Youngstown, have not met biotic index criteria since the earliest published assessment by OEPA in 1980. Youngstown and the OEPA are working together toward the goal of meeting water-quality standards in the Mahoning River. The U.S. Geological Survey collected information to help both parties assess water quality in the area of Youngstown and to estimate bacteria and inorganic nitrogen contributions from sewer-overflow discharges to the Mahoning River. Two monitoring networks were established in the lower Mahoning River: the first to evaluate hydrology and microbiological and chemical water quality and the second to assess indices of fish and aquatic-macroinvertebrate-community health. Water samples and water-quality data were collected from May through October 1999 and 2000 to evaluate where, when, and for how long water quality was affected by sewer-overflow discharges. Water samples were collected during dry- and wet-weather flow, and biotic indices were assessed during the first year (1999). The second year of sample collection (2000) was directed toward evaluating changes in water quality during wet-weather flow, and specifically toward assessing the effect of sewer-overflow discharges on water quality in the monitoring network. Water-quality standards for Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentration and draft criteria for nitrate plus nitrite and total phosphorus were the regulations most commonly exceeded in the Mahoning River and Mill Creek sampling networks. E. coli concentrations increased during wet-weather flow and remained higher than dry-weather concentrations for 48 hours after peak flow. E. coli concentration criteria were more commonly exceeded during wet-weather flow than during dry-weather flow. Exceedances of nutrient-concentration criteria were not substantially more common during wet-weather flow. The fish and aquatic macroinvertebrate network included Mill Creek and its tributaries but did not include the main stem of the Mahoning River. Persistent exceedances of chemical water-quality standards in Mill Creek and the presence of nutrient concentrations in excess of draft criteria may have contributed to biotic index scores that on only one occasion met State criteria throughout the fish and aquatic macroinvertebrate sampling network. Monitored tributary streams did not contribute concentrations of E. coli, nitrate plus nitrite, or total phosphorus to the Mahoning River and Mill Creek that were higher than main-stem concentrations, but monitored WWTP and sewer-overflow discharges did contribute. Twenty-four hour load estimates of sewer-overflow discharge contributions during wet-weather flow indicated that sewer-overflow discharges contributed large loads of bacteria and inorganic nitrogen to the Mahoning River relative to the instream load. The sewer-overflow loads appeared to move as a slug of highly enriched water that passed through Youngstown on the rising limb of the storm hydrograph. The median estimated sewer-overflow load contribution of bacteria was greater than the estimated instream load by a factor of five or more; however, the median estimated sewer-overflow load of inorganic nitrogen was less than half of the estimated instream load. Sewer-overflow discharges contributed loads of E. coli and nutrients to the Mahoning River and Mill Creek at a point where the streams already did not meet State water-quality regulations. Improvement of water quality of

Earth Observation

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-08-03

ISS036-E-028444 (3 Aug. 2013) --- Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia is featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 36 crew member on the International Space Station. The northern end of the Great Sandy Strait and Hervey Bay are highlighted in this photograph. The Strait is an estuary that separates the mainland coastline of the state of Queensland, Australia from neighboring Fraser Island. The mainland side of the Strait includes the city of Hervey Bay, visible at top center. Other communities that have become part of the larger metropolitan area include Scarness, Booral, and Urangan. A small vegetated island and shallow sand bars of the Great Sandy Strait are visible at center left, while submerged sands appear as bright blue flowing ribbons at center. A small, bright white exposure of sand is visible above the water level near the center point of the image. While once a major freighting center for the sugar cane industry, the local economy is now largely based on tourism, with whale watching tours a popular attraction. The Great Sandy Strait estuary provides habitat for breeding fish, crustaceans, turtles, and other sea life, as well as a wide variety of birds. Nearby Fraser Island is the world?s largest sand island and a World Heritage site.

Late glacial ice advances in the Strait of Magellan, Southern Chile

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mcculloch, Robert D.; Bentley, Michael J.

During the last glacial cycle low gradient glaciers repeatedly drained north-eastward into the Strait of Magellan and dammed extensive proglacial lakes in the central section of the strait. This paper focuses on the two most recent glacial advances in the strait, culminating over 150 and 80 km from the present ice limits. The timing of the first of the two advances has, up to now, been ambiguous and depended on the interpretation of anomously older dates of 16,590-15,800 yr BP for deglaciation at Puerto del Hambre. Here, we show there is evidence from seismic data and truncated shorelines that the Puerto del Hambre basin has been tectonically displaced and that the dates do not represent minimums for deglaciation. Several other dates show that the advance occurred sometime before 14,260 yr BP. The timing of the second advance has been investigated using a refined tephrochronology for the region, which has also enabled a palaeoshoreline and glaciolacustrine sediments to be linked to a moraine limit. 14C dating of peat and a key tephra layer, above and below the glaciolacustrine deposits, respectively suggest that the advance culminated in the Strait of Magellan between 12,010 and 10,050 yr BP.

Ship collision risk assessment for the Singapore Strait.

PubMed

Qu, Xiaobo; Meng, Qiang; Suyi, Li

2011-11-01

The Singapore Strait is considered as the bottleneck and chokepoint of the shipping routes connecting the Indian and the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, the ship collision risk assessment is of significant importance for ships passing through the narrow, shallow, and busy waterway. In this paper, three ship collision risk indices are initially proposed to quantitatively assess the ship collision risks in the Strait: index of speed dispersion, degree of acceleration and deceleration, and number of fuzzy ship domain overlaps. These three risk indices for the Singapore Strait are estimated by using the real-time ship locations and sailing speeds provide by Lloyd's MIU automatic identification system (AIS). Based on estimation of these three risk indices, it can be concluded that Legs 4W, 5W, 11E, and 12E are the most risky legs in the Strait. Therefore, the ship collision risk reduction solutions should be prioritized being implemented in these four legs. This study also finds that around 25% of the vessels sail with a speed in excess of the speed limit, which results in higher potentials of ship collision. Analysis indicates that the safety level would be significantly improved if all the vessels follow the passage guidelines. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Understanding practitioner professionalism in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health: lessons from student and registrar placements at an urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander primary healthcare service.

PubMed

Askew, Deborah A; Lyall, Vivian J; Ewen, Shaun C; Paul, David; Wheeler, Melissa

2017-10-01

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples continue to be pathologised in medical curriculum, leaving graduates feeling unequipped to effectively work cross-culturally. These factors create barriers to culturally safe health care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. In this pilot pre-post study, the learning experiences of seven medical students and four medical registrars undertaking clinical placements at an urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander primary healthcare service in 2014 were followed. Through analysis and comparison of pre- and post-placement responses to a paper-based case study of a fictitious Aboriginal patient, four learning principles for medical professionalism were identified: student exposure to nuanced, complex and positive representations of Aboriginal peoples; positive practitioner role modelling; interpersonal skills that build trust and minimise patient-practitioner relational power imbalances; and knowledge, understanding and skills for providing patient-centred, holistic care. Though not exhaustive, these principles can increase the capacity of practitioners to foster culturally safe and optimal health care for Aboriginal peoples. Furthermore, competence and effectiveness in Aboriginal health care is an essential component of medical professionalism.

Needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients residing in Australian residential aged-care facilities.

PubMed

Brooke, Nicole J

2011-08-01

This review was undertaken to identify evidence-based practice guidelines to support the care needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients residing in residential aged-care facilities. A systematic literature review was undertaken. An electronic search of online databases and subsequent manual retrieval process was undertaken to identify relevant reports and studies that explored interventions for care of an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander person. Very limited published material identified strategies necessary within residential aged care. Sixty-seven articles were considered for inclusion, and a subsequent review resulted in 34 being included due to direct alignment with the study aim. Strategies recommended within the review cover areas such as care, communication, palliative care, activities and the environment. Care for an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander person in an Australian residential aged-care facility requires a collaborative and individual approach. Cultural safety principles should be maintained across a culturally competent workforce. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander persons in care is a significant experience that should not be considered 'routine' as there is much to consider in the care of this person and their community. © 2011 The Author. Australian Journal of Rural Health © National Rural Health Alliance Inc.

Sea ice and surface water circulation, Alaskan Continental Shelf

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wright, F. F. (Principal Investigator); Sharma, G. D.; Burn, J. J.

1973-01-01

The author has identified the following significant results. The boundaries of land-fast ice, distribution of pack ice, and major polynya were studied in the vicinity of the Bering Strait. Movement of pack ice during 24 hours was determined by plotting the distinctly identifiable ice floes on ERTS-1 imagery obtained from two consecutive passes. Considerably large shallow area along the western Seward Peninsula just north of the Bering Strait is covered by land fast ice. This ice hinders the movement of ice formed in eastern Chukchi Sea southward through the Bering Strait. The movement of ice along the Russian coast is relatively faster. Plotting of some of the ice floes indicated movement of ice in excess of 30 km in and south of the Bering Strait between 6 and 7 March, 1973. North of the Bering Strait the movement approached 18 km. The movement of ice observed during March 6 and 7 considerably altered the distribution and extent of polynya. These features when continually plotted should be of considerable aid in navigation of ice breakers. The movement of ice will also help delineate the migration and distribution of sea mammals.

Tide-surge Interaction Intensified by the Taiwan Strait

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Wen-Zhou; Shi, Fengyan; Hong, Hua-Sheng; Shang, Shao-Ping; Kirby, James T.

2010-06-01

The Taiwan Strait is a long and wide shelf-channel where the hydrodynamics is extremely complex, being characterized by strong tides, and where storm surges frequently occur during the typhoon season. Obvious oscillations due to tide-surge interaction were observed by tide gauges along the northern Fujian coast, the west bank of the Taiwan Strait, during Typhoon Dan (1999). Numerical experiments indicate that nonlinear bottom friction (described by the quadratic formula) is a major factor to predict these oscillations while the nonlinear advective terms and the shallow water effect have little contribution. It is found that the tide-surge interaction in the northern portion of the Taiwan Strait is intensified by the strait. Simulations based on simplified topographies with and without the island of Taiwan show that, in the presence of the island, the channel effect strengthens tidal currents and tends to align the major axes of tidal ellipses along the channel direction. Storm-induced currents are also strengthened by the channel. The pattern of strong tidal currents and storm-induced currents along the channel direction enhances tide-surge interaction via the nonlinear bottom friction, resulting in the obvious oscillations along the northern Fujian coast.

Strait of Gibraltar

NASA Image and Video Library

1973-06-22

SL2-05-370 (22 June 1973) --- Gateway to the Atlantic, since ancient times the Strait of Gibraltar (36.5N, 4.5W) is also the border between Africa and Europe. In Spain to the north, the dark area near the coast is the delta of the Guadalquivir River and the city of Seville. The small spike of land on the north side of the strait is the actual Rock of Gibraltar. On the African side, a cloud front cutting across from the coast is blowing into Europe from Morocco and Algeria. Photo credit: NASA

Retreat of the Coalescent Greenland and Innuitian Ice Sheets from Nares Strait

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jennings, A. E.; Bailey, E.; Oliver, B.; Andrews, J. T.; Prins, M. A.; Troelstra, S.; Stoner, J. S.; Reilly, B. T.; Davies-Walczak, M.; Mix, A. C.

2015-12-01

Nares Strait, which forms one of the main connections between the Arctic Ocean and Baffin Bay was blocked by coalescent Innuitian and Greenland ice sheets during the LGM. Nares Strait opened ca. 9000 cal ka BP when the connection between the two ice sheets was finally severed. Our research focuses on the events and processes leading up to the opening of the strait and the response of the glacier and marine systems to establishment of the throughflow. The study at present involves new analysis of two sediment cores: 2001LSSL-163PC from Smith Sound, at the southern end of Nares Strait, and 2001LSSL-079PC from the mouth of Petermann Fjord at the northern end of the strait. X-radiography and core photographs were studied to establish basic lithofacies and stratigraphy. Foraminiferal faunas provide insight into changes in ice margin proximity, Atlantic Water advection and sea-ice conditions and are used to develop the radiocarbon chronologies. Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of bulk sediments aids in determining sediment provenance and the establishment of a north to south connection. Grain size analysis allows sediment processes and sedimentary environments, such as iceberg rafting, current deposition, and sub ice-shelf deposition to be evaluated. A radiocarbon date of >50 kyr was obtained from foraminifera in an overconsolidated, gray diamicton in core 163PC. The diamicton is overlain by a red deglacial sequence of barren laminated sediments followed by gray pebbly mud. Two radiocarbon dates submitted from near the base of the pebbly mud constrain the timing of ice retreat from Smith Sound. The chronology of core 079PC indicates that it captures the opening of Nares Strait, but 4 submitted radiocarbon dates will further constrain its chronology. The goal of the work on these two cores is to lay a framework for extensive marine fieldwork to study ice sheet-ocean interactions in the Petermann Glacier in late summer 2015.

Acceptability of Mental Health Apps for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: A Qualitative Study

PubMed Central

Mills, Patj Patj Janama Robert; Dingwall, Kylie Maree; Lowell, Anne; Singer, Judy; Rotumah, Darlene; Bennett-Levy, James; Nagel, Tricia

2016-01-01

Background Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians experience high rates of mental illness and psychological distress compared to their non-Indigenous counterparts. E-mental health tools offer an opportunity for accessible, effective, and acceptable treatment. The AIMhi Stay Strong app and the ibobbly suicide prevention app are treatment tools designed to combat the disproportionately high levels of mental illness and stress experienced within the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community. Objective This study aimed to explore Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community members’ experiences of using two culturally responsive e-mental health apps and identify factors that influence the acceptability of these approaches. Methods Using qualitative methods aligned with a phenomenological approach, we explored the acceptability of two culturally responsive e-mental health apps through a series of three 3-hour focus groups with nine Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community members. Thematic analysis was conducted and coresearcher and member checking were used to verify findings. Results Findings suggest strong support for the concept of e-mental health apps and optimism for their potential. Factors that influenced acceptability related to three key themes: personal factors (eg, motivation, severity and awareness of illness, technological competence, and literacy and language differences), environmental factors (eg, community awareness, stigma, and availability of support), and app characteristics (eg, ease of use, content, graphics, access, and security and information sharing). Specific adaptations, such as local production, culturally relevant content and graphics, a purposeful journey, clear navigation, meaningful language, options to assist people with language differences, offline use, and password protection may aid uptake. Conclusions When designed to meet the needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, e-mental health tools add an important element to public health approaches for improving the well-being of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. PMID:26969043

121. Plan and profile of proposed highway bridge across Carquinez ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

121. Plan and profile of proposed highway bridge across Carquinez Strait. 10/17/1923. The Rodeo-Vallejo Ferry Co., Aven Hanford, President. - Carquinez Bridge, Spanning Carquinez Strait at Interstate 80, Vallejo, Solano County, CA

33 CFR 167.1314 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Eastern lanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1314 In the Strait of Juan de...

33 CFR 167.1312 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Southern lanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1312 In the Strait of Juan de...

33 CFR 167.1311 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Western lanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1311 In the Strait of Juan de...

33 CFR 167.1314 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Eastern lanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1314 In the Strait of Juan de...

33 CFR 167.1313 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Northern lanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1313 In the Strait of Juan de...

33 CFR 167.1311 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Western lanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1311 In the Strait of Juan de...

33 CFR 167.1311 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Western lanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1311 In the Strait of Juan de...

33 CFR 167.1314 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Eastern lanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1314 In the Strait of Juan de...

33 CFR 167.1313 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Northern lanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1313 In the Strait of Juan de...

33 CFR 167.1314 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Eastern lanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1314 In the Strait of Juan de...

33 CFR 167.1312 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Southern lanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1312 In the Strait of Juan de...

33 CFR 167.1311 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Western lanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1311 In the Strait of Juan de...

33 CFR 167.1313 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Northern lanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1313 In the Strait of Juan de...

33 CFR 167.1312 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Southern lanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1312 In the Strait of Juan de...

33 CFR 167.1313 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Northern lanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1313 In the Strait of Juan de...

33 CFR 167.1312 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Southern lanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1312 In the Strait of Juan de...

Climate modulates internal wave activity in the Northern South China Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

DeCarlo, Thomas M.; Karnauskas, Kristopher B.; Davis, Kristen A.; Wong, George T. F.

2015-02-01

Internal waves (IWs) generated in the Luzon Strait propagate into the Northern South China Sea (NSCS), enhancing biological productivity and affecting coral reefs by modulating nutrient concentrations and temperature. Here we use a state-of-the-art ocean data assimilation system to reconstruct water column stratification in the Luzon Strait as a proxy for IW activity in the NSCS and diagnose mechanisms for its variability. Interannual variability of stratification is driven by intrusions of the Kuroshio Current into the Luzon Strait and freshwater fluxes associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Warming in the upper 100 m of the ocean caused a trend of increasing IW activity since 1900, consistent with global climate model experiments that show stratification in the Luzon Strait increases in response to radiative forcing. IW activity is expected to increase in the NSCS through the 21st century, with implications for mitigating climate change impacts on coastal ecosystems.

Household economic modelsof gill net fishermen at Madura strait

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Primyastanto, M.

2018-04-01

The purposes of this research was to analyze household economic models of gill net fishermen at Madura strait. 30 families of gillnet fishermenwere used for purposive sampling. Data analysis used descriptive qualitative and quantitative (regression analysis). Quantitative descriptive analysis was used to analyze research and compare to factors that affecting household economic models of gill net fishermen family. Research results showed tha thousehold economic models of gill net fishermen at Madura strait was production value level or fishermen revenue at sea was strongly influenced byp roduction asset production, education level, fuel, and work flow. Work flow rate of fishermen families affected by asset production, non fisheries workflow and number of male workforce. Non fishing income level was strongly influenced by non-fishery business assets, number of family members owned andnon-fishing work flow. Spending levels of gill net fishermen at Madura strait was affected by fishing income, non-fishing income, fishermen wife education and fishermen family members.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coastal Sediment of Klang Strait, Malaysia: Distribution Pattern, Risk Assessment and Sources

PubMed Central

Tavakoly Sany, Seyedeh Belin; Hashim, Rosli; Salleh, Aishah; Rezayi, Majid; Mehdinia, Ali; Safari, Omid

2014-01-01

Concentration, source, and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in 22 stations from surface sediments in the areas of anthropogenic pollution in the Klang Strait (Malaysia). The total PAH level in the Klang Strait sediment was 994.02±918.1 µg/kg dw. The highest concentration was observed in stations near the coastline and mouth of the Klang River. These locations were dominated by high molecular weight PAHs. The results showed both pyrogenic and petrogenic sources are main sources of PAHs. Further analyses indicated that PAHs primarily originated from pyrogenic sources (coal combustion and vehicular emissions), with significant contribution from petroleum inputs. Regarding ecological risk estimation, only station 13 was moderately polluted, the rest of the stations suffered rare or slight adverse biological effects with PAH exposure in surface sediment, suggesting that PAHs are not considered as contaminants of concern in the Klang Strait. PMID:24747349

--No Title--

Science.gov Websites

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THE CHOICE OF REAL-TIME CONTROL STRATEGY FOR COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW CONTROL

EPA Science Inventory

This paper focuses on the strategies used to operate a collection system in real-time control (RTC) in order to optimize use of system capacity and to reduce the cost of long-term combined sewer overflow (CSO) control. Three RTC strategies were developed and analyzed based on the...

Interim Significant Noncompliance Policy for Clean Water Act Violations Associated with CSOs, SSOs, CAFOs, and Storm Water Point Sources

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This policy addresses significant noncompliance (SNC) violations associated with combined sewer overflows (CSOs), sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs), concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), and storm water point source discharges covered by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under the Clean Water Act (CWA).

A Closer Look at Motor Overflow in Dyslexic Children.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Parlow, S. E.

Unintentional movement "overflow" between the hands or "mirror movements" are common in young children, but are generally regarded as indicative of developmental delay in older children. This study was designed to investigate mirror movements in a sample of 23 very poor readers, ages 11-13, with learning disabilities, and in a…

Soil characteristics of the vadose zone in the flood plain of the Tarim River

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Overflow from rivers plays an important role in ecological conservation. The desert-oasis ecotone in the Tarim River Basin of Northwest China, for example, relies upon overflow from the river to support a diversity of soil, vegetation, and wildlife. There is, however, limited information on soil tex...

7. SAND FILTERS, CANAL TO LEFT. CONCRETE OVERFLOW AREA TO ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. SAND FILTERS, CANAL TO LEFT. CONCRETE OVERFLOW AREA TO LEFT OF CANAL ORIGINALLY PLANNED AS A STORAGE LAKE. VIEW LOOKING DUE WEST OF HINDS COMPLEX IN BACKGROUND OF SAND FILTERS. - Hinds Pump Plant, East of Joshua Tree National Monument, 5 miles north of Route 10, Hayfield, Riverside County, CA

75 FR 32205 - Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge, Ashley, Bradley, and Union Counties, AR; Overflow National...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-07

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service [FWS-R4-R-2010-N061; 40136-1265-0000-S3] Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge, Ashley, Bradley, and Union Counties, AR; Overflow National Wildlife Refuge, Ashley County, AR AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior. ACTION: Notice of availability...

HIGH-RATE DISINFECTION OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW USING CHLORINE DIOXIDE

EPA Science Inventory

This presentation is a state-of-the-art review of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) used for high-rate disinfection of combined sewer overflow (CSO). The review includes bench-, pilot-, and fullscale studies on the use of ClO2 as a disinfecting agent for a variety of wastewaters. Specific ...

DSM-flux: A new technology for reliable Combined Sewer Overflow discharge monitoring with low uncertainties.

PubMed

Maté Marín, Ainhoa; Rivière, Nicolas; Lipeme Kouyi, Gislain

2018-06-01

In the past ten years, governments from the European Union have been encouraged to collect volume and quality data for all the effluent overflows from separated stormwater and combined sewer systems that result in a significant environmental impact on receiving water bodies. Methods to monitor and control these flows require improvements, particularly for complex Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) structures. The DSM-flux (Device for Stormwater and combined sewer flows Monitoring and the control of pollutant fluxes) is a new pre-designed and pre-calibrated channel that provides appropriate hydraulic conditions suitable for measurement of overflow rates and volumes by means of one water level gauge. In this paper, a stage-discharge relation for the DSM-flux is obtained experimentally and validated for multiple inflow hydraulic configurations. Uncertainties in CSO discharges and volumes are estimated within the Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) framework. Whatever the upstream hydraulic conditions are, relative uncertainties are lower than 15% and 2% for the investigated discharges and volumes, respectively. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Mediterranean Overflow in the Gulf of Cadiz: A rugged journey

PubMed Central

Sánchez-Leal, Ricardo F.; Bellanco, María Jesús; Fernández-Salas, Luis Miguel; García-Lafuente, Jesús; Gasser-Rubinat, Marc; González-Pola, César; Hernández-Molina, Francisco J.; Pelegrí, Josep L.; Peliz, Alvaro; Relvas, Paulo; Roque, David; Ruiz-Villarreal, Manuel; Sammartino, Simone; Sánchez-Garrido, José Carlos

2017-01-01

The pathways and transformations of dense water overflows, which depend on small-scale interactions between flow dynamics and erosional-depositional processes, are a central piece in the ocean’s large-scale circulation. A novel, high-resolution current and hydrographic data set highlights the intricate pathway travelled by the saline Mediterranean Overflow as it enters the Atlantic. Interaction with the topography constraints its spreading. Over the initial 200 km west of the Gibraltar gateway, distinct channels separate the initial gravity current into several plunging branches depth-sorted by density. Shallow branches follow the upper slope and eventually detach as buoyant plumes. Deeper branches occupy mid slope channels and coalesce upon reaching a diapiric ridge. A still deeper branch, guided by a lower channel wall marked by transverse furrows, experiences small-scale overflows which travel downslope to settle at mid-depths. The Mediterranean salt flux into the Atlantic has implications for the buoyancy balance in the North Atlantic. Observations on how this flux enters at different depth levels are key to accurately measuring and understanding the role of Mediterranean Outflow in future climate scenarios. PMID:29152570

Low latency counter event indication

DOEpatents

Gara, Alan G [Mount Kisco, NY; Salapura, Valentina [Chappaqua, NY

2008-09-16

A hybrid counter array device for counting events with interrupt indication includes a first counter portion comprising N counter devices, each for counting signals representing event occurrences and providing a first count value representing lower order bits. An overflow bit device associated with each respective counter device is additionally set in response to an overflow condition. The hybrid counter array includes a second counter portion comprising a memory array device having N addressable memory locations in correspondence with the N counter devices, each addressable memory location for storing a second count value representing higher order bits. An operatively coupled control device monitors each associated overflow bit device and initiates incrementing a second count value stored at a corresponding memory location in response to a respective overflow bit being set. The incremented second count value is compared to an interrupt threshold value stored in a threshold register, and, when the second counter value is equal to the interrupt threshold value, a corresponding "interrupt arm" bit is set to enable a fast interrupt indication. On a subsequent roll-over of the lower bits of that counter, the interrupt will be fired.

Low latency counter event indication

DOEpatents

Gara, Alan G.; Salapura, Valentina

2010-08-24

A hybrid counter array device for counting events with interrupt indication includes a first counter portion comprising N counter devices, each for counting signals representing event occurrences and providing a first count value representing lower order bits. An overflow bit device associated with each respective counter device is additionally set in response to an overflow condition. The hybrid counter array includes a second counter portion comprising a memory array device having N addressable memory locations in correspondence with the N counter devices, each addressable memory location for storing a second count value representing higher order bits. An operatively coupled control device monitors each associated overflow bit device and initiates incrementing a second count value stored at a corresponding memory location in response to a respective overflow bit being set. The incremented second count value is compared to an interrupt threshold value stored in a threshold register, and, when the second counter value is equal to the interrupt threshold value, a corresponding "interrupt arm" bit is set to enable a fast interrupt indication. On a subsequent roll-over of the lower bits of that counter, the interrupt will be fired.

Occurrence of enrofloxacin in overflows from animal lot and residential sewage lagoons and a receiving-stream.

PubMed

Ikem, Abua; Lin, Chung-Ho; Broz, Bob; Kerley, Monty; Thi, Ho Le

2017-10-01

Enrofloxacin (ENRO), a fluoroquinolone, was quantified in overflows from an animal lot and residential sewage lagoons and in a receiving-stream (Gans Creek). The concentrations of ENRO in samples was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. In total, ninety samples including duplicates were analyzed during several monthly sampling campaigns. The samples collected represented the residential sewage lagoon overflow (RLO), animal lot lagoon overflow (ALLO), the combined overflows (RLO and ALLO), and Gans Creek (upstream, midstream and downstream positions). The frequency of detection of ENRO was 90% for RLO and 100% for both ALLO and Gans Creek. The highest concentration of ENRO (0.44 μg/L) was found in ALLO sample collected during high precipitation. ENRO levels found in RLO samples ranged from < LOQ to 259 ng/L and the highest value observed also coincided with high flow. The levels of ENRO found in Gans Creek ranged from 17-216 ng/L. A preliminary ecotoxicological assessment was conducted through calculation of the risk quotients (RQs) for organisms based on the ratio of the measured environmental concentrations in this study to the predicted-no-effect-concentrations (acute and chronic effect) data. From the RQs, high risks were observed for Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacteria; RQ = 4.4); Anabaena flosaquae (cyanobacteria; RQ = 1.3); and Lemna minor (aquatic vascular plant; RQ = 2.0). The long-term effects of mixtures of PHCs on Gans Creek watershed are probable.

Increased release of norepinephrine and dopamine from canine kidney during bilateral carotid occlusion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bradley, T.; Hjemdahl, P.; DiBona, G.F.

1987-02-01

The renal overflow of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) to plasma from the innervated kidney was studied at rest and during sympathetic nervous system activation by bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCO) in vagotomized dogs under barbiturate or barbiturate/nitrous oxide anesthesia. BCO elevated arterial pressure and the arterial plasma concentration of NE, DA, and epinephrine (Epi). Renal vascular resistance (renal arterial pressure kept constant) increased by 15 +/- 7% and the net renal venous outflows (renal veno-arterial concentration difference x renal plasma flow) of NE and DA were enhanced. To obtain more correct estimates of the renal contribution to the renalmore » venous catecholamine outflow, they corrected for the renal extraction of arterial catecholamines, assessed as the extractions of (/sup 3/H)NE, (/sup 3/H)DA, or endogenous Epi. The (/sup 3/H)NE corrected renal NE overflow to plasma increased from 144 +/- 40 to 243 +/- 64 pmol-min/sup -1/ during BCO, which, when compared with a previous study of the (/sup 3/H)NE corrected renal NE overflow to plasma evoked by electrical renal nerve stimulation, corresponds to a 40% increase in nerve impulse frequency from approx. 0.6 Hz. If the renal catecholamine extraction was not taken into account the effect of BCO was underestimated. The renal DA overflow to plasma was about one-fifth of the NE overflow both at rest and during BCO, indicating that there was no preferential activation of noradrenergic or putative dopaminergic nerves by BCO.« less

Detention storage volume for combined sewer overflow into a river.

PubMed

Temprano, J; Tejero, I

2002-06-01

This article discusses the storage volume needed in a combined sewer system tank in order to preserve the water quality. There are a lot of design criteria which do not take into account the conditions of the receiving water, and as a result are inappropriate. A model was used to simulate the performance of a theoretical combined sewer system where a tank was located downstream. Results were obtained from the overflows produced by the rain recorded in Santander (Spain) for 11 years, with several combinations of storage volume and treatment capacity in the wastewater treatment plant. Quality criteria were also proposed for faecal coliforms, BOD, and total nitrogen to evaluate the effects from the overflows in the river water quality. Equations have been obtained which relate the number of overflows, the storage volume and the treatment plant capacity. The bacteriological pollution, quantified by means of faecal coliforms, was the analytical parameter which produced the most adverse effects in the river, so that more storage volume is needed (45 to 180 m3 ha(-1) net) than with other simulated pollutants (5 to 50 m3 ha(-1) net for BOD, and less than 4 m3 ha(-1) net for the total nitrogen). The increase in the treatment plant's capacity, from two to three times the flow in dry weather, reduces the impact on the river water in a more effective way, allowing a reduction of up to 65% in the number of overflows rather than increasing the storage volume.

Using Indigenist and Indigenous methodologies to connect to deeper understandings of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' quality of life.

PubMed

Kite, Elaine; Davy, Carol

2015-12-01

The lack of a common description makes measuring the concept of quality of life (QoL) a challenge. Whether QoL incorporates broader social features or is attributed to health conditions, the diverse range of descriptions applied by various disciplines has resulted in a concept that is multidimensional and vague. The variety of theoretical conceptualisations of QoL confounds and confuses even the most astute. Measuring QoL in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations is even more challenging. Instruments commonly developed and used to measure QoL are often derived from research methodologies shaped by Western cultural perspectives. Often they are simply translated for use among culturally and linguistically diverse Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. This has implications for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations whose perceptions of health are derived from within their specific cultures, value systems and ways of knowing and being. Interconnections and relationships between themselves, their communities, their environment and the natural and spiritual worlds are complex. The way in which their QoL is currently measured indicates that very little attention is given to the diversity of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' beliefs or the ways in which those beliefs shape or give structure and meaning to their health and their lives. The use of Indigenist or Indigenous methodologies in defining what Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples believe gives quality to their lives is imperative. These methodologies have the potential to increase the congruency between their perceptions of QoL and instruments to measure it.

Summer nitrogenous nutrient transport and its fate in the Taiwan Strait: A coupled physical-biological modeling approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jia; Hong, Huasheng; Jiang, Yuwu; Chai, Fei; Yan, Xiao-Hai

2013-09-01

In order to understand the fate of nutrients in the Taiwan Strait during summer, we built a coupled physical-biological numerical ocean model, which can capture the basic hydrographic and biological features within the strait. The nutrient that we chose to model is dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). The model includes individual reservoirs for nitrate (NO3) and ammonium (NH4). Both the observational evidence and model results show that NO3 in the strait originates primarily from the upwelling subsurface water in the northern South China Sea (SCS) that enters the strait via the eastern and western routes separated by the Taiwan Bank. The coupled physical and biological effects on the NO3 transport at these two routes are highlighted in the study. For the western route, the shallow topography and the coastal upwelling intensify the biological uptake of NO3 in the whole water column. Consequently, the nitrogenous contribution by this route is mainly in form of the particulate organic nitrogen (PON). In contrast, NO3 is transported conservatively below the nitricline at the deep eastern route, contributing the whole NO3 supply in the TWS. The model estimates the fluxes of DIN and PON into the TWS, from the northern SCS, are 1.8 and 4 kmol s-1, respectively. Over half (˜1 kmol s-1) of the DIN is synthesized into PON by the phytoplankton in the strait. Overall, this study estimates the physical and biological effects on the nutrient transport in the TWS during summer.

Removal of nutrients from combined sewer overflows and lake water in a vertical-flow constructed wetland system.

PubMed

Gervin, L; Brix, H

2001-01-01

Lake Utterslev is situated in a densely built-up area of Copenhagen, and is heavily eutrophicated from combined sewer overflows. At the same time the lake suffers from lack of water. Therefore, a 5,000 m2 vertical flow wetland system was constructed in 1998 to reduce the phosphorus discharge from combined sewer overflows without reducing the water supply to the lake. During dry periods the constructed wetland is used to remove phosphorus from the lake water. The system is designed as a 90 m diameter circular bed with a bed depth of c. 2 m. The system is isolated from the surroundings by a polyethylene membrane. The bed medium consists of a mixture of gravel and crushed marble, which has a high binding capacity for phosphorus. The bed is located within the natural littoral zone of the lake and is planted with common reed (Phragmites australis). The constructed wetland is intermittently loaded with combined sewer overflow water or lake water and, after percolation through the bed medium, the water is collected in a network of drainage pipes at the bottom of the bed and pumped to the lake. The fully automated loading cycle results in alternating wet and dry periods. During the initial two years of operation, the phosphorus removal for combined sewer overflows has been consistently high (94-99% of inflow concentrations). When loaded with lake water, the phosphorus removal has been high during summer (71-97%) and lower during winter (53-75%) partly because of lower inlet concentrations. Effluent phosphorus concentrations are consistently low (0.03-0.04 mg/L). Ammonium nitrogen is nitrified in the constructed wetland, and total suspended solids and COD are generally reduced to concentrations below 5 mg/L and 25 mg/L, respectively. The study documents that a subsurface flow constructed wetland system can be designed and operated to effectively remove phosphorus and other pollutants from combined sewer overflows and eutrophicated lake water.

77 FR 16566 - Notice of Permit Applications Received under the Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-21

... marine ASPAs (ASPA 145--Port Foster, Deception Caldera, ASPA 152--Western Bransfield Strait, and ASPA 153... Foster, Deception Caldera, ASPA 152--Western Bransfield Strait, and ASPA 153--Eastern Dallmann Bay. Dates...

33 CFR 167.1315 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Precautionary area “PA.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1315 In the Strait of Juan de...

33 CFR 167.1315 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Precautionary area “PA.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1315 In the Strait of Juan de...

33 CFR 167.1315 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Precautionary area “PA.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1315 In the Strait of Juan de...

33 CFR 167.1315 - In the Strait of Juan de Fuca: Precautionary area “PA.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1315 In the Strait of Juan de...

Understanding the interplay of carbon and nitrogen supply for ectoines production and metabolic overflow in high density cultures of Chromohalobacter salexigens.

PubMed

Salar-García, María J; Bernal, Vicente; Pastor, José M; Salvador, Manuel; Argandoña, Montserrat; Nieto, Joaquín J; Vargas, Carmen; Cánovas, Manuel

2017-02-08

The halophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens has been proposed as promising cell factory for the production of the compatible solutes ectoine and hydroxyectoine. This bacterium has evolved metabolic adaptations to efficiently grow under high salt concentrations by accumulating ectoines as compatible solutes. However, metabolic overflow, which is a major drawback for the efficient conversion of biological feedstocks, occurs as a result of metabolic unbalances during growth and ectoines production. Optimal production of ectoines is conditioned by the interplay of carbon and nitrogen metabolisms. In this work, we set out to determine how nitrogen supply affects the production of ectoines. Chromohalobacter salexigens was challenged to grow in media with unbalanced carbon/nitrogen ratio. In C. salexigens, overflow metabolism and ectoines production are a function of medium composition. At low ammonium conditions, the growth rate decreased importantly, up to 80%. Shifts in overflow metabolism were observed when changing the C/N ratio in the culture medium. 13 C-NMR analysis of ectoines labelling revealed a high metabolic rigidity, with almost constant flux ratios in all conditions assayed. Unbalanced C/N ratio led to pyruvate accumulation, especially upon N-limitation. Analysis of an ect - mutant demonstrated the link between metabolic overflow and ectoine biosynthesis. Under non ectoine synthesizing conditions, glucose uptake and metabolic overflow decreased importantly. Finally, in fed-batch cultures, biomass yield was affected by the feeding scheme chosen. High growth (up to 42.4 g L -1 ) and volumetric ectoine yields (up to 4.21 g L -1 ) were obtained by minimizing metabolite overflow and nutrient accumulation in high density cultures in a low nitrogen fed-batch culture. Moreover, the yield coefficient calculated for the transformation of glucose into biomass was 30% higher in fed-batch than in the batch culture, demonstrating that the metabolic efficiency of C. salexigens can be improved by careful design of culture feeding schemes. Metabolic shifts observed at low ammonium concentrations were explained by a shift in the energy required for nitrogen assimilation. Carbon-limited fed-batch cultures with reduced ammonium supply were the best conditions for cultivation of C. salexigens, supporting high density growth and maintaining high ectoines production.

Bering Strait

Atmospheric Science Data Center

2014-05-15

... west, the Bering Strait separates the United States and the Russian Federation by only 90 kilometers. It is named for Danish explorer Vitus ... the Alaskan mainland in 1741 while leading an expedition of Russian sailors. This view of the region was captured by the Multi-angle ...

33 CFR 165.1197 - Security Zones; San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, Suisun Bay, California.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., Carquinez Strait, Suisun Bay, California. (a) Locations. The following areas are security zones: (1) Chevron... sea floor within approximately 100 yards of the Chevron Long Wharf, Richmond, CA, and encompasses all...

33 CFR 165.1197 - Security Zones; San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, Suisun Bay, California.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., Carquinez Strait, Suisun Bay, California. (a) Locations. The following areas are security zones: (1) Chevron... sea floor within approximately 100 yards of the Chevron Long Wharf, Richmond, CA, and encompasses all...

33 CFR 165.1197 - Security Zones; San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, Suisun Bay, California.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., Carquinez Strait, Suisun Bay, California. (a) Locations. The following areas are security zones: (1) Chevron... sea floor within approximately 100 yards of the Chevron Long Wharf, Richmond, CA, and encompasses all...

33 CFR 165.1197 - Security Zones; San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, Suisun Bay, California.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., Carquinez Strait, Suisun Bay, California. (a) Locations. The following areas are security zones: (1) Chevron... sea floor within approximately 100 yards of the Chevron Long Wharf, Richmond, CA, and encompasses all...

33 CFR 165.1197 - Security Zones; San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, Suisun Bay, California.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., Carquinez Strait, Suisun Bay, California. (a) Locations. The following areas are security zones: (1) Chevron... sea floor within approximately 100 yards of the Chevron Long Wharf, Richmond, CA, and encompasses all...

Studies on the wintertime current structure and T-S fine-structure in the Taiwan Strait

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Jianyu; Fu, Zilang; Wu, Lianxing

1990-12-01

A cruise through the western sea area of the Taiwan Strait was carried out by the R/V Dong Fang Hong in December, 1987. Eight anchored and 10 not anchored stations were set up. Over 25 time-series current observations were made at each station and CTD (Conductivity-temperature-depth) measurements were made at 5 anchored and 10 not anchored stations. Based on the measured data. fine-structures and step-like vertical structures of temperature and salinity were analysed and a tentative wintertime current structure in the Taiwan Strait was described.

Solar forcing of Florida Straits surface salinity during the early Holocene

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schmidt, Matthew W.; Weinlein, William A.; Marcantonio, Franco; Lynch-Stieglitz, Jean

2012-09-01

Previous studies showed that sea surface salinity (SSS) in the Florida Straits as well as Florida Current transport covaried with changes in North Atlantic climate over the past two millennia. However, little is known about earlier Holocene hydrographic variability in the Florida Straits. Here, we combine Mg/Ca-paleothermometry and stable oxygen isotope measurements on the planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber (white variety) from Florida Straits sediment core KNR166-2 JPC 51 (24° 24.70' N, 83° 13.14' W, 198 m deep) to reconstruct a high-resolution (˜25 yr/sample) early to mid Holocene record of sea surface temperature and δ18OSW (a proxy for SSS) variability. After removing the influence of global δ18OSW change due to continental ice volume variability, we find that early Holocene SSS enrichments are associated with increased evaporation/precipitation ratios in the Florida Straits during periods of reduced solar forcing, increased ice rafted debris in the North Atlantic and the development of more permanent El Niño-like conditions in the eastern equatorial Pacific. When considered with previous high-resolution reconstructions of Holocene tropical atmospheric circulation changes, our results provide evidence that variations in solar forcing over the early Holocene had a significant impact on the global tropical hydrologic cycle.

Arctic pathways of Pacific Water: Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison experiments.

PubMed

Aksenov, Yevgeny; Karcher, Michael; Proshutinsky, Andrey; Gerdes, Rüdiger; de Cuevas, Beverly; Golubeva, Elena; Kauker, Frank; Nguyen, An T; Platov, Gennady A; Wadley, Martin; Watanabe, Eiji; Coward, Andrew C; Nurser, A J George

2016-01-01

Pacific Water (PW) enters the Arctic Ocean through Bering Strait and brings in heat, fresh water, and nutrients from the northern Bering Sea. The circulation of PW in the central Arctic Ocean is only partially understood due to the lack of observations. In this paper, pathways of PW are investigated using simulations with six state-of-the art regional and global Ocean General Circulation Models (OGCMs). In the simulations, PW is tracked by a passive tracer, released in Bering Strait. Simulated PW spreads from the Bering Strait region in three major branches. One of them starts in the Barrow Canyon, bringing PW along the continental slope of Alaska into the Canadian Straits and then into Baffin Bay. The second begins in the vicinity of the Herald Canyon and transports PW along the continental slope of the East Siberian Sea into the Transpolar Drift, and then through Fram Strait and the Greenland Sea. The third branch begins near the Herald Shoal and the central Chukchi shelf and brings PW into the Beaufort Gyre. In the models, the wind, acting via Ekman pumping, drives the seasonal and interannual variability of PW in the Canadian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. The wind affects the simulated PW pathways by changing the vertical shear of the relative vorticity of the ocean flow in the Canada Basin.

Anguilla rostrata glass eel migration and recruitment in the estuary and Gulf of St Lawrence.

PubMed

Dutil, J-D; Dumont, P; Cairns, D K; Galbraith, P S; Verreault, G; Castonguay, M; Proulx, S

2009-06-01

This study describes catches of Anguilla rostrata glass eels and associated oceanographic conditions in the St Lawrence Estuary and Gulf. Ichthyoplankton survey data suggest that they enter the Gulf primarily in May, migrate at the surface at night, and disperse broadly once they have passed Cabot Strait. They arrive in estuaries beginning at about mid-June and through the month of July. Migration extends west up to Québec City, in the freshwater zone of the St Lawrence Estuary, 1000 km west of Cabot Strait. Anguilla rostrata glass eels travel between Cabot Strait and receiving estuaries at a straight-line ground speed of c. 10-15 km day(-1). Catches of fish per unit effort in estuaries in the St Lawrence system are much lower than those reported for the Atlantic coast of Canada. Low abundance of A. rostrata glass eels in the St Lawrence system may be due to cold surface temperatures during the migration period which decrease swimming capacity, long distances from the spawning ground to Cabot Strait and from Cabot Strait to the destination waters (especially the St Lawrence River), complex circulation patterns, and hypoxic conditions in bottom waters of the Laurentian Channel and the St Lawrence Estuary.

Simulation of mesoscale circulation in the Tatar Strait of the Japan Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ponomarev, V. I.; Fayman, P. A.; Prants, S. V.; Budyansky, M. V.; Uleysky, M. Yu.

2018-06-01

The eddy-resolved ocean circulation model RIAMOM (Lee et al., 2003) is used to analyze seasonal variability of mesoscale circulation in the Tatar Strait of the Japan Sea. The model domain is a vast area including the northern Japan Sea, Okhotsk Sea and adjacent region in the Pacific Ocean. A numerical experiment with a horizontal 1/18° resolution has been carried out under realistic meteorological conditions from the ECMWF ERA-40 reanalysis with restoring of surface temperature and salinity. The simulated seasonal variability of both the current system and mesoscale eddy dynamics in the Tatar Strait is in a good agreement with temperature and salinity distributions of oceanographic observation data collected during various seasons and years. Two general circulation regimes in the Strait have been found. The circulation regime changes from summer to winter due to seasonal change of the North Asian Monsoon. On a synoptic time scale, the similar change of the circulation regime occurs due to change of the southeastern wind to the northwestern one when the meteorological situation with an anticyclone over the Okhotsk Sea changes to that with a strong cyclone. The Lagrangian maps illustrate seasonal changes in direction of the main currents and in polarity and location of mesoscale eddies in the Strait.

Circulation in a bay influenced by flooding of a river discharging outside the bay

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kakehi, Shigeho; Takagi, Takamasa; Okabe, Katsuaki; Takayanagi, Kazufumi

2017-03-01

To investigate the influence of a river discharging outside a bay on circulation in the bay, we carried out current and salinity measurements from mooring systems and hydrographic observations in Matsushima Bay, Japan, and off the Naruse River, which discharges outside the bay. Previously, enhancement of horizontal circulation in the bay induced by increased freshwater input from the Naruse River was reported to have degraded the seedling yield of wild Pacific oysters in the bay, but the freshwater inflow from the river was not directly measured. Our hydrographic observations in Katsugigaura Strait, approximately 3 km southwest of the Naruse River mouth, detected freshwater derived from the river. The mooring data revealed that freshwater discharged by the river flowed into Matsushima Bay via the strait and that the freshwater transport increased when the river was in flood. The inflow through straits other than Katsugigaura was estimated by a box model analysis to be 26-145 m3 s-1 under normal river discharge conditions, and it decreased to 6 m3 s-1 during flood conditions. During flood events, the salt and water budgets in the bay were maintained by the horizontal circulation: inflow occurred mainly via Katsugigaura Strait, and outflow was mainly via other straits.

Making every Australian count: challenges for the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) and the equal inclusion of homeless Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples with neurocognitive disability.

PubMed

Townsend, Clare; White, Paul; Cullen, Jennifer; Wright, Courtney J; Zeeman, Heidi

2017-03-30

This article highlights the dearth of accurate evidence available to inform the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) regarding the extent and nature of neurocognitive disability amongst homeless Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Without accurate prevalence rates of neurocognitive disability, homeless Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are in danger of not being counted by the NDIS and not receiving supports to which they are entitled. Addressing this knowledge gap is challenged by a range of factors, including: (1) the long-term effect of profound intergenerational disenfranchisement of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people; (2) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultural perspectives around disability; (3) the generally unrecognised and poorly understood nature of neurocognitive disability; (4) the use of research methods that are not culturally safe; (5) research logistics; and (6) the absence of culturally appropriate assessment tools to identify prevalence. It is argued that an accurate evidence base that is informed by culturally safe research methods and assessment tools is needed to accurately guide the Commonwealth government and the National Disability Insurance Agency about the expected level of need for the NDIS. Research within this framework will contribute to the realisation of a truly inclusive NDIS.

Self-management programs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples with chronic conditions: A rapid review.

PubMed

Moore, Ellie; Lawn, Sharon; Oster, Candice; Morello, Andrea

2017-01-01

Objectives Review the evidence for the effectiveness of chronic condition self-management programs applied to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples. Methods A rapid review methodology was followed to develop an evidence summary from peer-reviewed and grey literature. Results Only seven peer-reviewed studies were identified. The evidence indicated that group programs, particularly the Stanford Program, and structured individual chronic condition self-management programs were of good quality for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, although these need to be integrated into practice in order to see the greatest benefits. The Flinders Program showed promise as a standardised program with content designed specifically with and for these populations. Numerous grey literature sources were identified, many using strong participatory approaches developed locally within Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples. However, few of these programs have been subject to rigorous evaluation. Discussion Despite the significant focus on chronic condition self-management programs to help address the burden of disease for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, few studies exist that have been properly evaluated. The Closing the Gap Principles developed by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare offer important guidance for how to proceed to maximise engagement, cultural appropriateness and ownership of program initiatives.

Intermediate to deep water hydrographic changes of the Japan Sea over the past 10 Myr, inferred from radiolarian data (IODP Exp. 346, Site U1425)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matsuzaki, Kenji M.; Itaki, Takuya; Tada, Ryuji; Kurokawa, Shunsuke

2017-04-01

The Japan Sea is a back-arc basin opened under a continental rifting during the Early to Middle Miocene (ca. 25-13 Ma). This area is characterized by active tectonism, which drastically modified the Japan Sea paleogeography such as the sill depth of its key straits. In modern condition, the Japan Sea is connected to adjacent marginal seas and the Pacific Ocean by four straits shallower than 130 m. These straits are the Tsushima Strait connecting to the East China Sea, the Tsugaru Strait connecting to the Pacific, and the Soya and Mamiya Straits connecting to the Sea of Okhotsk. Therefore, the intermediate and deep water of the Japan Sea is isolated, leading the formation of a unique and regional deep sea water, known as the Japan Sea Proper Water. However, past studies show that during the late Miocene and Pliocene, only the Tsugaru Strait connecting to the North Pacific was opened. This strait was deeper during Plio-Miocene and have likely enable inflow of deep to intermediate water of the North Pacific in the Japan Sea. Radiolarians are one of the planktic micro-organisms group bearing siliceous skeletons. Their species comprise shallow to deep water dwellers, sensitive to changes in sea water physical/ecological properties forced by climate changes. Their fossils are known for be well preserved in the deep-sea sediments of the North Pacific. Therefore, in this study we propose to monitor changes in intermediate to deep water hydrography of the Japan Sea since the late Miocene, using radiolarian as an environmental proxy. In 2013 the IODP Expedition 346 retrieved sediment cores at different sites in the Japan Sea. In this study, we have analyzed 139 core sediments samples collected at Site U1425. This site is situated in the middle of the Yamato Bank. We selected this site because the past 10 Myr could be recovered continuously without hiatuses. Changes in radiolarian assemblages reveal that the oceanographic setting of the Japan Sea changed drastically at ca. 2.7 Ma. For older interval (2.7- 10 Ma), deep water species of the North Pacific could be identified at site U1425, inferring influences of deep water from the North Pacific and consequently a deeper sill depths of the connecting strait. Radiolarian assemblages also show that the intermediate water of the Japan sea is characterized by taxa living in equatorial to mid latitude area of the Northwest Pacific during the time interval between 2.7-10 Ma. While between 4 and 5 Ma, taxa related to the Sea of Okhotsk show very high abundances, inferring also inflow of intermediate water from the Sea of Okhotsk in the Japan Sea.

Prospective Science Teachers' Subject-Matter Knowledge about Overflow Container

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ültay, Eser

2016-01-01

The purpose of this study was to determine prospective science teachers' subject-matter knowledge (SMK) about overflow container. This study was carried out in the form of a case study in spring term of the academic year of 2013-2014 with seven sophomore prospective science teachers who were studying at Elementary Science Teaching Department in…

The Importance of Lake Overflow Floods for Early Martian Landscape Evolution: Insights From Licus Vallis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goudge, T. A.; Fassett, C. I.

2017-01-01

Open-basin lake outlet valleys are incised when water breaches the basin-confining topography and overflows. Outlet valleys record this flooding event and provide insight into how the lake and surrounding terrain evolved over time. Here we present a study of the paleolake outlet Licus Vallis, a >350 km long, >2 km wide, >100 m deep valley that heads at the outlet breach of an approx.30 km diameter impact crater. Multiple geomorphic features of this valley system suggest it records a more complex evolution than formation from a single lake overflow flood. This provides unique insight into the paleohydrology of lakes on early Mars, as we can make inferences beyond the most recent phase of activity..

OVERFLOW-Interaction with Industry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buning, Pieter G.; George, Michael W. (Technical Monitor)

1996-01-01

A Navier-Stokes flow solver, OVERFLOW, has been developed by researchers at NASA Ames Research Center to use overset (Chimera) grids to simulate the flow about complex aerodynamic shapes. Primary customers of the OVERFLOW flow solver and related software include McDonnell Douglas and Boeing, as well as the NASA Focused Programs for Advanced Subsonic Technology (AST) and High Speed Research (HSR). Code development has focused on customer issues, including improving code performance, ability to run on workstation clusters and the NAS SP2, and direct interaction with industry on accuracy assessment and validation. Significant interaction with NAS has produced a capability tailored to the Ames computing environment, and code contributions have come from a wide range of sources, both within and outside Ames.

Implementation of Slater Boundary Condition into OVERFLOW

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duncan, Sean

Bleed is one of the primary methods of controlling the flow within a mixed compression inlet. In this work the Slater boundary condition, first applied in WindUS, is implemented in OVERFLOW. Further, a simulation using discrete holes is run in order to show the differences between use of the boundary condition and use of the bleed hole geometry. Recent tests at Wright Patterson Air Force Base seek to provide a baseline for study of mixed compression inlets. The inlet used by the Air Force Research Laboratory is simulated in the modified OVERFLOW. The results from the experiment are compared to the CFD to qualitatively assess the accuracy of the simulations. The boundary condition is shown to be robust and viable in studying bleed.

76 FR 49797 - Notice of Permit Modification Received Under the Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978 (Pub. L. 95-541)

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-11

..., ASPA 145- Port Foster, Deception Island, APA 150-Ardley Island, and ASPA 152- Western Bransfield Strait...-Port Foster, Deception Island, APA 150-Ardley Island, and ASPA 152-Western Bransfield Strait, and the...

Assessment of circulation and inter-basin transport in the Salish Sea including Johnstone Strait and Discovery Islands pathways

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Khangaonkar, Tarang; Long, Wen; Xu, Wenwei

The Salish Sea consisting of Puget Sound and Georgia Basin in U.S and Canadian waters has been the subject of several independent data collection and modeling studies. However, these interconnected basins and their hydrodynamic interactions have not received attention as a contiguous unit. The Strait of Juan de Fuca is the primary pathway through which Pacific Ocean water enters the Salish Sea but the role played by Johnstone Strait and the complex channels northeast of Vancouver Island, connecting the Salish Sea and the Pacific Ocean, on overall Salish Sea circulation has not been characterized. In this paper we present amore » modeling-based assessment of the two-layer circulation and transport through the multiple interconnected sub-basins within the Salish Sea including the effect of exchange via Johnstone Strait and Discovery Islands. The Salish Sea Model previously developed using the finite volume community ocean model (FVCOM) was expanded over the continental shelf for this assessment encircling Vancouver Island, including Discovery Islands, Johnstone Strait, Broughton Archipelago and the associated waterways. A computational technique was developed to allow summation of volume fluxes across arbitrary transects through unstructured finite volume cells. Tidally averaged volume fluxes were computed at multiple transects. The results were used to validate the classic model of Circulation in Embracing Sills for Puget Sound and to provide quantitative estimates of the lateral distribution of tidally averaged transport through the system. Sensitivity tests with and without exchanges through Johnstone Strait demonstrate that it is a pathway for Georgia Basin runoff and Fraser River water to exit the Salish Sea and for Pacific Ocean inflow. However the relative impact of this exchange on circulation and flushing in Puget Sound Basin is small.« less

A new model for the Paleogene motion of Greenland relative to North America: Plate reconstructions of the Davis Strait and Nares Strait regions between Canada and Greenland

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oakey, Gordon N.; Chalmers, James A.

2012-10-01

A simplified plate kinematic model for the Paleogene motion of Greenland relative to North America has been developed to provide a new framework for modeling the oceanic spreading system in Baffin Bay and the intraplate tectonic development of the Davis Strait and Nares Strait regions of the Arctic. A single Euler rotation pole was calculated for the C13N to C24N Eocene motion of the Greenland Plate relative to North America using spreading centers and fracture zones interpreted from satellite derived gravity data in Baffin Bay combined with fracture zones in Labrador Sea from published sources. A single stage pole is proposed for the C25N to C27N portion of the Paleocene and a short-lived stage pole was found necessary to accommodate the C24N to C25N interval. This kinematic model has been used to reinterpret published shipborne magnetic profiles in central Baffin Bay to reveal a Paleocene spreading center and limits of both Eocene and Paleocene oceanic crust. Aeromagnetic data over northeastern Baffin Bay have been used to identify a new fracture zone in northern Baffin Bay. Plate reconstructions are presented incorporating constraints on plate boundaries from onshore and offshore geological and geophysical mapping. Within the Davis Strait, Paleocene oceanic crust was emplaced in an elongated rift that was subsequently inverted by approximately 300 km of Eocene transpression along the Ungava Fault Zone. In the Nares Strait Region, a "microplate" scenario is presented to explain the simultaneous formation of the Lancaster Sound Rift Basin and complex deformation within the Eurekan Orogenic Belt.

Post-glacial flooding of the Bering Land Bridge dated to 11 cal ka BP based on new geophysical and sediment records

USGS Publications Warehouse

Jakobsson, Martin; Pearce, Christof; Cronin, Thomas M.; Backman, Jan; Anderson, Leif G.; Barrientos, Natalia; Bjork, Goran; Coxhall, Helen; de Boer, Agatha; Mayer, Larry; Morth, Carl-Magnus; Nilsson, Johan; Rattray, Jayne; Sranne, Christian; Semiletov, Igor; O'Regan, Matt

2017-01-01

The Bering Strait connects the Arctic and Pacific oceans and separates the North American and Asian landmasses. The presently shallow ( ∼  53 m) strait was exposed during the sea level lowstand of the last glacial period, which permitted human migration across a land bridge today referred to as the Bering Land Bridge. Proxy studies (stable isotope composition of foraminifera, whale migration into the Arctic Ocean, mollusc and insect fossils and paleobotanical data) have suggested a range of ages for the Bering Strait reopening, mainly falling within the Younger Dryas stadial (12.9–11.7 cal ka BP). Here we provide new information on the deglacial and post-glacial evolution of the Arctic–Pacific connection through the Bering Strait based on analyses of geological and geophysical data from Herald Canyon, located north of the Bering Strait on the Chukchi Sea shelf region in the western Arctic Ocean. Our results suggest an initial opening at about 11 cal ka BP in the earliest Holocene, which is later than in several previous studies. Our key evidence is based on a well-dated core from Herald Canyon, in which a shift from a near-shore environment to a Pacific-influenced open marine setting at around 11 cal ka BP is observed. The shift corresponds to meltwater pulse 1b (MWP1b) and is interpreted to signify relatively rapid breaching of the Bering Strait and the submergence of the large Bering Land Bridge. Although the precise rates of sea level rise cannot be quantified, our new results suggest that the late deglacial sea level rise was rapid and occurred after the end of the Younger Dryas stadial.

Post-glacial flooding of the Bering Land Bridge dated to 11 cal ka BP based on new geophysical and sediment records

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jakobsson, Martin; Pearce, Christof; Cronin, Thomas M.; Backman, Jan; Anderson, Leif G.; Barrientos, Natalia; Björk, Göran; Coxall, Helen; de Boer, Agatha; Mayer, Larry A.; Mörth, Carl-Magnus; Nilsson, Johan; Rattray, Jayne E.; Stranne, Christian; Semiletov, Igor; O'Regan, Matt

2017-08-01

The Bering Strait connects the Arctic and Pacific oceans and separates the North American and Asian landmasses. The presently shallow ( ˜ 53 m) strait was exposed during the sea level lowstand of the last glacial period, which permitted human migration across a land bridge today referred to as the Bering Land Bridge. Proxy studies (stable isotope composition of foraminifera, whale migration into the Arctic Ocean, mollusc and insect fossils and paleobotanical data) have suggested a range of ages for the Bering Strait reopening, mainly falling within the Younger Dryas stadial (12.9-11.7 cal ka BP). Here we provide new information on the deglacial and post-glacial evolution of the Arctic-Pacific connection through the Bering Strait based on analyses of geological and geophysical data from Herald Canyon, located north of the Bering Strait on the Chukchi Sea shelf region in the western Arctic Ocean. Our results suggest an initial opening at about 11 cal ka BP in the earliest Holocene, which is later than in several previous studies. Our key evidence is based on a well-dated core from Herald Canyon, in which a shift from a near-shore environment to a Pacific-influenced open marine setting at around 11 cal ka BP is observed. The shift corresponds to meltwater pulse 1b (MWP1b) and is interpreted to signify relatively rapid breaching of the Bering Strait and the submergence of the large Bering Land Bridge. Although the precise rates of sea level rise cannot be quantified, our new results suggest that the late deglacial sea level rise was rapid and occurred after the end of the Younger Dryas stadial.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Worldviews and Cultural Safety Transforming Sexual Assault Service Provision for Children and Young People

PubMed Central

Funston, Leticia

2013-01-01

Child Sexual Assault (CSA) in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities is a complex issue that cannot be understood in isolation from the ongoing impacts of colonial invasion, genocide, assimilation, institutionalised racism and severe socio-economic deprivation. Service responses to CSA are often experienced as racist, culturally, financially and/or geographically inaccessible. A two-day forum, National Yarn Up: Sharing the Wisdoms and Challenges of Young People and Sexual Abuse, was convened by sexual assault services to identify the main practice and policy concerns regarding working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and young people (C&YP), families and communities in the context of CSA. The forum also aimed to explore how services can become more accountable and better engaged with the communities they are designed to support. The forum was attended by eighty invited Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Aboriginal youth sexual assault managers and workers representing both “victim” and “those who sexually harm others” services. In keeping with Aboriginal Community-Based Research methods forum participants largely directed discussions and contributed to the analysis of key themes and recommendations reported in this article. The need for sexual assault services to prioritise cultural safety by meaningfully integrating Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Worldviews emerged as a key recommendation. It was also identified that collaboration between “victims” and “those who sexually harm” services are essential given Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander C&YP who sexually harm others may have also been victims of sexual assault or physical violence and intergenerational trauma. By working with the whole family and community, a collaborative approach is more likely than the current service model to develop cultural safety and thus increase the accessibility of sexual assault services. PMID:23975109

Annual sediment flux estimates in a tidal strait using surrogate measurements

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ganju, N.K.; Schoellhamer, D.H.

2006-01-01

Annual suspended-sediment flux estimates through Carquinez Strait (the seaward boundary of Suisun Bay, California) are provided based on surrogate measurements for advective, dispersive, and Stokes drift flux. The surrogates are landward watershed discharge, suspended-sediment concentration at one location in the Strait, and the longitudinal salinity gradient. The first two surrogates substitute for tidally averaged discharge and velocity-weighted suspended-sediment concentration in the Strait, thereby providing advective flux estimates, while Stokes drift is estimated with suspended-sediment concentration alone. Dispersive flux is estimated using the product of longitudinal salinity gradient and the root-mean-square value of velocity-weighted suspended-sediment concentration as an added surrogate variable. Cross-sectional measurements validated the use of surrogates during the monitoring period. During high freshwater flow advective and dispersive flux were in the seaward direction, while landward dispersive flux dominated and advective flux approached zero during low freshwater flow. Stokes drift flux was consistently in the landward direction. Wetter than average years led to net export from Suisun Bay, while dry years led to net sediment import. Relatively low watershed sediment fluxes to Suisun Bay contribute to net export during the wet season, while gravitational circulation in Carquinez Strait and higher suspended-sediment concentrations in San Pablo Bay (seaward end of Carquinez Strait) are responsible for the net import of sediment during the dry season. Annual predictions of suspended-sediment fluxes, using these methods, will allow for a sediment budget for Suisun Bay, which has implications for marsh restoration and nutrient/contaminant transport. These methods also provide a general framework for estimating sediment fluxes in estuarine environments, where temporal and spatial variability of transport are large. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Spatial and temporal patterns of sea ice variations in Vilkitsky strait, Russian High Arctic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ci, T.; Cheng, X.; Hui, F.

2013-12-01

The Arctic Ocean has been greatly affected by climate change. Future predications show an even more drastic reduction of the ice cap which will open new areas for the exploration of natural resources and maritime transportation.Shipping through the Arctic Ocean via the Northern Sea Route (NSR) could save about 40% of the sailing distance from Asia (Yokohama) to Europe (Rotterdam) compared to the traditional route via the Suez Canal. Vilkitsky strait is the narrowest and northest portion of the Northern Sea Route with heaviest traffic between the Taimyr Peninsular and the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. The preliminary results of sea ice variations are presented by using moderate-resolution imaging spectro radiometer(MODIS) data with 250-m resolution in the Vilkitsky strait during 2009-2012. Temporally, the first rupture on sea ice in Vilkitsky strait usually comes up in April and sea ice completely break into pieces in early June. The strait would be ice-free between August and late September. The frequency of ice floes grows while temperature falls down in October. There are always one or two months suitable for transport. Spatially, Sea ice on Laptev sea side breaks earlier than that of Kara sea side while sea ice in central of strait breaks earlier than in shoreside. The phenomena are directly related with the direction of sea wind and ocean current. In summmary, study on Spatial and temporal patterns in this area is significant for the NSR. An additional research issue to be tackled is to seeking the trends of ice-free duration in the context of global warming. Envisat ASAR data will also be used in this study.

Recall of anti-tobacco advertising and information, warning labels and news stories in a national sample of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smokers.

PubMed

Nicholson, Anna K; Borland, Ron; Sarin, Jasmine; Wallace, Sharon; van der Sterren, Anke E; Stevens, Matthew; Thomas, David P

2015-06-01

To describe recall of anti-tobacco advertising (mainstream and targeted), pack warning labels, and news stories among a national sample of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smokers, and to assess the association of these messages with attitudes that support quitting, including wanting to quit. A quota sampling design was used to recruit participants from communities served by 34 Aboriginal community-controlled health services and one community in the Torres Strait. We surveyed 1643 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smokers from April 2012 to October 2013. Frequency of recall of advertising and information, warning labels and news stories; recall of targeted and local advertising; attitudes about smoking and wanting to quit. More smokers recalled often noticing warning labels in the past month (65%) than recalled advertising and information (45%) or news stories (24%) in the past 6 months. When prompted, most (82%) recalled seeing a television advertisement. Just under half (48%) recalled advertising that featured an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person or artwork (targeted advertising), and 16% recalled targeted advertising from their community (local advertising). Frequent recall of warning labels, news stories and advertising was associated with worry about health and wanting to quit, but only frequent advertising recall was associated with believing that society disapproves of smoking. The magnitude of association with relevant attitudes and wanting to quit increased for targeted and local advertising. Strategies to tackle Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smoking should sustain high levels of exposure to anti-tobacco advertising, news stories and warning labels. More targeted and local information may be particularly effective to influence relevant beliefs and subsequently increase quitting.

Social determinants and lifestyle risk factors only partially explain the higher prevalence of food insecurity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders in the Australian state of Victoria: a cross-sectional study

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Background The prevalence of food insecurity is substantially higher among Australians of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent. The purpose of this study is to explain the relationship between food insecurity and Aboriginal and Torres Islander status in the state of Victoria. Methods Data were obtained from the 2008 Victorian Population Health Survey; a cross-sectional landline computer-assisted telephone interview survey of 34,168 randomly selected Victorians aged 18 years and older; including 339 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. We categorised a respondent as food insecure, if in the previous 12 months, they reported having run out of food and not being able to afford to buy more. We used multivariable logistic regression to adjust for age, sex, socioeconomic status (household income), lifestyle risk factors (smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity), social support (ability to get help from family, friends or neighbours), household composition (lone parent status, household with a child, and household size), and geographic location (rurality). Results Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders (20.3%) were more likely than their non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander counterparts (5.4%) to have experienced food insecurity; odds ratio (OR) = 4.5 (95% CI; 2.7-7.4). Controlling for age, SES, smoking, obesity and inability to get help from family or friends reduced the odds ratio by 38%; ORadjusted = 2.8 (1.6-5.0). Conclusions Social determinants and lifestyle risk factors only partially explained the higher prevalence of food insecurity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders in Victoria. Further research is needed to explain the disparity in food insecurity between the two populations in order to inform and guide corrective action. PMID:24924598

The Holocene history of Nares Strait: Transition from glacial bay to Arctic-Atlantic throughflow

USGS Publications Warehouse

Jennings, Anne E.; Sheldon, Christina; Cronin, Thomas M.; Francus, Pierre; Stoner, Joseph; Andrews, John

2011-01-01

Retreat of glacier ice from Nares Strait and other straits in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago after the end of the last Ice Age initiated an important connection between the Arctic and the North Atlantic Oceans, allowing development of modern ocean circulation in Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea. As low-salinity, nutrient-rich Arctic Water began to enter Baffin Bay, it contributed to the Baffin and Labrador currents flowing southward. This enhanced freshwater inflow must have influenced the sea ice regime and likely is responsible for poor calcium carbonate preservation that characterizes the Baffin Island margin today. Sedimentologic and paleoceanographic data from radiocarbon-dated core HLY03-05GC, Hall Basin, northern Nares Strait, document the timing and paleoenvironments surrounding the retreat of waning ice sheets from Nares Strait and opening of this connection between the Arctic Ocean and Baffin Bay. Hall Basin was deglaciated soon before 10,300 cal BP (calibrated years before present) and records ice-distal sedimentation in a glacial bay facing the Arctic Ocean until about 9,000 cal BP. Atlantic Water was present in Hall Basin during deglaciation, suggesting that it may have promoted ice retreat. A transitional unit with high ice-rafted debris content records the opening of Nares Strait at approximately 9,000 cal BP. High productivity in Hall Basin between 9,000 and 6,000 cal BP reflects reduced sea ice cover and duration as well as throughflow of nutrient-rich Pacific Water. The later Holocene is poorly resolved in the core, but slow sedimentation rates and heavier carbon isotope values support an interpretation of increased sea ice cover and decreased productivity during the Neoglacial period.

Geodiversity of a large meander bend in the Little Belt strait in the inner Danish waters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brandbyge Ernstsen, Verner; Øbro Hansen, Lars; Becker, Marius; Brivio, Lara; Vang, Torben; Lynnerup Trinhammer, Per; Andresen, Katrine Juul; Seidenkrantz, Marit-Solveig; Boldreel, Lars Ole; Bartholdy, Jesper

2017-04-01

The Little Belt strait in the inner Danish waters is characterised by a high biodiversity, and continuous monitoring of flora and fauna and the water quality is undertaken by the authorities. However, the surface sedimentology and geomorphology, i.e. elements of the geodiversity, are less well-constrained. The aim of this study is to investigate the surface sediment and morphology of a large meander bend (with a channel width of 1 km) located between the two bridges crossing the strait (a channel reach of 4 km) in order to assess a potential coupling between geodiversity and biodiversity. More specifically, the objectives are 1) to identify and classify morphological units for creating a geomorphological map, 2) to quantify surface material characteristics for creating a surface material map, and 3) to develop a conceptual model of the substrate and the morphology and morphodynamics in the meander bend between the two bridges in the strait. Preliminary results reveal a diverse morphology in the meander bend; and the annual morphological changes reveal complex sediment transport patterns along and across the bend. Likewise significant sediment sorting trends exist along and across the meander bend. Hence, the preliminary results indicate a high geodiversity in the strait. Acknowledgements The data were collected as part of the MSc course Marine Geoscience, a joint MSc course between the Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management at the University of Copenhagen and the Department of Geoscience at Aarhus University. Additional data were included from the research project Control in the Danish Straits 1 (CiDS-1) funded by the Danish Centre for Marine Research (PI Morten Holtegaard). Thanks to the crew on board RV Aurora.

Hypertension: high prevalence and a positive association with obesity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth in far north Queensland.

PubMed

Esler, Danielle; Raulli, Alexandra; Pratt, Rohan; Fagan, Patricia

2016-04-01

Hypertension and other chronic disease risks are common among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults but there is little evidence regarding the epidemiology of these risk factors during adolescence. This study examines the prevalence of pre-hypertension, hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 15-24 years living in remote Indigenous communities in north Queensland. In so doing, it aims to better inform the approach to cardiovascular disease in this population. This is a descriptive study that retrospectively examines health service data from a program of community screening, the Young Persons Check (YPC). Participants were 1,883 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 15-24 years who attended for a YPC in 11 remote communities in north Queensland between March 2009 and April 2011. Overall, the prevalence of pre-hypertension was 34.0%; stage I hypertension was 17.7% and stage II hypertension was 3.3%. The prevalence of elevated waist circumference was 47.6%, overweight or obesity 45.9%, elevated triglycerides 18.3%, decreased HDL 54.8% and proteinuria 24.3%. The prevalence of hypertension (stage I or II) among Torres Strait Islander males was 34.1%, Aboriginal males 26.9%, Torres Strait Islander females 12.6% and Aboriginal females 13.0%. Hypertension was associated with sex (males) (OR= 4.37, p<0.000), overweight (OR=2.46, p<0.000), obesity (OR=4.59, p<0.000) and elevated triglycerides (OR=2.38, p<0.000). Pre-hypertension, hypertension and other cardiovascular risk in this population is highly prevalent. Hypertension was particularly prevalent among male participants. The results reiterate the importance of early life experience in cardiovascular disease prevention. © 2015 The Authors.

Modafinil evokes striatal [(3)H]dopamine release and alters the subjective properties of stimulants.

PubMed

Dopheide, Marsha M; Morgan, Russell E; Rodvelt, Kelli R; Schachtman, Todd R; Miller, Dennis K

2007-07-30

Modafinil is a mild psychostimulant used for the treatment of sleep and arousal-related disorders, and has been considered a pharmacotherapy for cocaine and amphetamine dependence; however, modafinil's mechanism of action is largely unclear. The present study investigated modafinil using drug discrimination and slice superfusion techniques. Rats were trained to discriminate cocaine (1.6 or 5 mg/kg) or amphetamine (0.3 mg/kg) from saline injection for food reinforcement. Modafinil (64-128 mg/kg) substituted partially for both cocaine doses and amphetamine. Pretreatment with a lower modafinil dose (32 mg/kg) augmented the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine (1.6 mg/kg dose group) and amphetamine. In neurochemical experiments, modafinil (100-300 microM) evoked [(3)H]overflow from rat striatal slices preloaded with [(3)H]dopamine in a concentration-dependent manner; however, modafinil was less potent and efficacious than amphetamine and nicotine. The dopamine transporter inhibitor nomifensine (10 microM) blocked modafinil-evoked [(3)H]overflow, and concentrations of modafinil (<100 microM) that did not have intrinsic activity attenuated amphetamine (1 and 3 microM)-evoked [(3)H]overflow. Modafinil-evoked [(3)H]overflow was not altered by the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine, and modafinil did not alter nicotine-evoked [(3)H]overflow, indicating that nicotinic acetylcholine receptors likely are not important for modafinil's mechanism of action. The present results indicate that modafinil evokes dopamine release from striatal neurons and is a psychostimulant that is pharmacologically similar to, but much less potent and efficacious than, amphetamine.

Chronic nicotine exposure selectively activates a carrier-mediated release of endogenous glutamate and aspartate from rat hippocampal synaptosomes.

PubMed

Marchi, Mario; Zappettini, Stefania; Olivero, Guendalina; Pittaluga, Anna; Grilli, Massimo

2012-05-01

The effect of chronic nicotine treatment on the release of endogenous glutamate (GLU), aspartate (ASP) and GABA evoked in vitro by KCl, 4-aminopyridine (4AP) and nicotinic agonists in synaptosomes of rat hippocampus was investigated. Rats were chronically administered with nicotine bitartrate or saline vehicle each for 14 days using osmotic mini-pumps. Hippocampal synaptosomes were stimulated with KCl, 4AP, nicotine or with choline (Ch) and 5-iodo-A-85380 dihydrochloride (5IA85380). The GLU and ASP overflow evoked by Ch, nicotine, KCl and 4AP were increased in treated animals while the nicotine-evoked GABA overflow was reduced and that evoked by Ch, KCl and 4AP was unaffected. The 5IA85380-evoked overflow of the three aminoacids (AAs) was always reduced. The increase of ASP and GLU overflow evoked by KCl, 4AP or Ch was blocked by dl-threo-β-benzyloxyaspartic acid (dl-TBOA), a carrier transporter inhibitor, and by inhibitors of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers 2-[[4-[(4-nitrophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]methyl]-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (SN-6) and 2-[2-[4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl]ethyl]isothiourea mesylate (KB-R7943). In conclusion long-term nicotine treatment may selectively increase GLU and ASP overflow elicited by KCl, 4AP and Ch through the activation of a carrier-mediated release mechanism and completely abolished the stimulatory effects of α4β2 nAChRs which modulate the release of all the three AA. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bering Strait - Choke Point Control

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-13

for safeguarding the security of the Arctic region.” ii US defensive capabilities must expand beyond mere operating capability. To heed this...Dragon Eyes…”, p 4. ii Ibid, p 38. iii L. Brigham, et al, “Bering Strait Region Case Study,” Arctic Maritime Shipping Assessment, Arctic

Climatic Influences on Southern Makassar Strait Salinity Over the Past Century

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murty, S. A.; Goodkin, N. F.; Halide, H.; Natawidjaja, D.; Suwargadi, B.; Suprihanto, I.; Prayudi, D.; Switzer, A. D.; Gordon, A. L.

2017-12-01

The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) is a globally important ocean current that fuels heat and buoyancy fluxes throughout the Indo-Pacific and is known to covary in strength with the El Niño Southern Oscillation at interannual time scales. A climate system with a less well-quantified impact on the ITF is the East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM), which drives less saline surface waters from the South China Sea (SCS) into the Makassar Strait, obstructing surface ITF flow. We present a subannually resolved record of sea surface salinity (SSS) from 1927 to 2011 based on coral δ18O from the Makassar Strait that reveals variability in the relative contributions of different source waters to the surface waters of the Makassar Strait during the boreal winter monsoon. We find that the EAWM (January-March) strongly influences interannual SSS variability during boreal winter over the twentieth century (r = 0.54, p << 0.0001), impacting surface water circulation in the SCS and Indonesian Seas.

SPCZ zonal events and downstream influence on surface ocean conditions in the Indonesian Throughflow region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Linsley, Braddock K.; Wu, Henry C.; Rixen, Tim; Charles, Christopher D.; Gordon, Arnold L.; Moore, Michael D.

2017-01-01

Seasonal surface freshening of the Makassar Strait, the main conduit of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), is a key factor controlling the ITF. Here we present a 262 year reconstruction of seasonal sea-surface-salinity variability from 1742 to 2004 Common Era by using coral δ18O records from the central Makassar Strait. Our record reveals persistent seasonal freshening and also years with significant truncations of seasonal freshening that correlate exactly with South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) zonal events >4000 km to the east. During these events, the SPCZ dramatically rotates 15° north to near the equator and stronger westward flowing South Pacific boundary currents force higher-salinity water through the Makassar Strait in February-May halting the normal seasonal freshening in the strait. By these teleconnections, our Makassar coral δ18O series provides the first record of the recurrence interval of these zonal SPCZ events and demonstrates that they have occurred on a semiregular basis since the mid-1700s.

The role of the exchanges through the Strait of Gibraltar on the budget of elements in the Western Mediterranean Sea: consequences of human-induced modifications.

PubMed

Gómez, Fernando

2003-06-01

The role of the Strait of Gibraltar on the exchanges of substances between Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean is reviewed. The previous estimations have been recalculated by using a similar water flux and compared with the river and atmospheric inputs to the Western Mediterranean Sea. The man-induced changes in the dimensions of the Strait of Gibraltar increasing (planning the sill) or reducing of the cross-section by a total or partial dam are discussed. A total dam will control the sea-level rise in the Mediterranean Sea, but an annual increase of major nutrient concentrations of 1-2% could be expected, lower than the rate of increase of the river and atmospheric inputs in the Western Mediterranean Sea. The increase of the cross-section of the Strait by increasing the depth (planning) at the sill could compensate the increase of the external nutrient inputs.

Modeling of the Bosphorus exchange flow dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sözer, Adil; Özsoy, Emin

2017-04-01

The fundamental hydrodynamic behavior of the Bosphorus Strait is investigated through a numerical modeling study using alternative configurations of idealized or realistic geometry. Strait geometry and basin stratification conditions allow for hydraulic controls and are ideally suited to support the maximal-exchange regime, which determines the rate of exchange of waters originating from the adjacent Black and Mediterranean Seas for a given net transport. Steady-state hydraulic controls are demonstrated by densimetric Froude number calculations under layered flow approximations when corrections are applied to account for high velocity shears typically observed in the Bosphorus. Analyses of the model results reveal many observed features of the strait, including critical transitions at hydraulic controls and dissipation by turbulence and hydraulic jumps. It is found that the solution depends on initialization, especially with respect to the basin initial conditions. Significant differences between the controlled maximal-exchange and drowned solutions suggest that a detailed modeling implementation involving coupling with adjacent basins needs to take full account of the Bosphorus Strait in terms of the physical processes to be resolved.

A Screening Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Mitigation in the Great Lakes and New England Regions (Final Report)

EPA Science Inventory

EPA announced the availability of the report, A Screening Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Mitigation in the Great Lakes and New England Regions. This report is a screening-level assessment of the potential implications...

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Science.gov Websites

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Protective effect of agmatine on ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal injury in rats.

PubMed

Sugiura, Takahiro; Tsutsui, Hidenobu; Takaoka, Masanori; Kobuchi, Shuhei; Hayashi, Kentaro; Fujii, Toshihide; Matsumura, Yasuo

2008-03-01

Enhanced renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) during ischemic period and the renal venous norepinephrine (NE) overflow after reperfusion play important roles in the development of ischemic/reperfusion (I/R)-induced acute renal failure (ARF) in rats. This study evaluated whether agmatine, which is known to reduce sympathetic nerve activity and NE overflow by electrical stimulation, would prevent the I/R-induced renal dysfunction. Ischemic ARF was induced by clamping the left renal artery and vein for 45 minutes followed by reperfusion 2 weeks after the contralateral nephrectomy. Intravenous (IV) injection of agmatine (100 and 300 micromol/kg) to ischemic ARF rats dose-dependently suppressed the enhanced RSNA and attenuated the I/R-induced renal dysfunction and histological damage. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of agmatine (600 nmol/kg) to ischemic ARF rats suppressed the enhanced RSNA during the ischemic period and attenuated the I/R-induced renal injury. Furthermore, both IV and ICV injection of agmatine significantly suppressed the renal venous NE overflow after the reperfusion. These results indicate that agmatine prevents the development of I/R-induced renal injury, and the effect is accompanied by suppression of the enhanced RSNA during ischemic period and NE overflow from renal sympathetic nerve endings.

Time-Frequency Variability of Kuroshio Meanders in Tokara Strait

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakamura, H.; Yamashiro, T.; Nishina, A.; Ichikawa, H.

2006-12-01

The Kuroshio path in the northern Okinawa Trough, Japan, located between the continental slope and Tokara Strait, exhibits meandering motions with largest displacements in the East China Sea; these motions have dominant periods in the broad range of 30-90 days. Understanding the dynamic nature of such meanders is crucial to predicting small and large meanders of the Kuroshio path off the south coast of Japan. Previous numerical simulations suggest that the Kuroshio path meanders in the northern Okinawa Trough become nonstationary in variance because of changes in background states of the Kuroshio in the northern Okinawa Trough, but a detailed analysis based on observed data has yet to be performed. The purpose of the present study is to provide a detailed description of the time-frequency variability of Kuroshio path meanders observed in Tokara Strait. Three Kuroshio indicators were subjected to wavelet analysis for the period 1984-2004: the Kuroshio Position Index (KPI) in Tokara Strait, Kuroshio Volume Transport (KVT) in Tokara Strait, and the basal current velocity of the Kuroshio on the continental slope in the northern Okinawa Trough. The 30-90 day variance of the KPI shows a season-fixed nature, with larger amplitudes in the period December-July. The amplitude of the variance in this phenomenon is also modulated by interannual variations, with small variance recorded during 1989-1992, large variance during 1993-1998, and a return to small variance from 1999-2003. This interannual variation is positively correlated with that of the KVT. The largest variance of the KPI during February-April precedes the largest volume transport in April-May by about 1 month, suggesting that eddy vorticity flux strengthens the mean current field. Previous numerical simulations reproduce the recirculation gyre as a cyclonic eddy in the area between the continental slope and Tokara Strait; this gyre is analogous to the northern recirculation gyre associated with the eastward jet. On the basis of data from a moored current-meter situated on the continental slope, the genesis of the 30-90 day meanders within Tokara Strait is ascribed to nonlinear energy transfer from 8-25 day meanders on the continental slope.

Transitional changes in microfossil assemblages in the Japan Sea from the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene related to global climatic and local tectonic events

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Itaki, Takuya

2016-12-01

Many micropaleontological studies based on data from on-land sections, oil wells, and deep-sea drilling cores have provided important information about environmental changes in the Japan Sea that are related to the global climate and the local tectonics of the Japanese Islands. Here, major changes in the microfossil assemblages during the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene are reviewed. Late Pliocene (3.5-2.7 Ma) surface-water assemblages were characterized mainly by cold-temperate planktonic flora and fauna (nannofossils, diatoms, radiolarians, and planktonic foraminifera), suggesting that nutrient-rich North Pacific surface waters entered the Japan Sea via northern straits. The common occurrence of Pacific-type deep-water radiolarians during this period also suggests that deep water from the North Pacific entered the Japan Sea via the northern straits, indicating a sill depth >500 m. A weak warm-water influence is recognized along the Japanese coast, suggesting a small inflow of warm water via a southern strait. Nannofossil and sublittoral ostracod assemblages record an abrupt cooling event at 2.75 Ma that correlates with the onset of the Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Subsequently, cold intermediate- and deep-water assemblages of ostracods and radiolarians increased in abundance, suggesting active ventilation and the formation of the Japan Sea Proper Water, associated with a strengthened winter monsoon. Pacific-type deep-water radiolarians also disappeared around 2.75 Ma, which is attributed to the intermittent occurrence of deep anoxic environments and limited migration from the North Pacific, resulting from the near-closure or shallowing of the northern strait by a eustatic fall in sea level and tectonic uplift of northeastern Japan. A notable reduction in primary productivity from 2.3 to 1.3 Ma also suggests that the nutrient supply from the North Pacific was restricted by the near-closure of the northern strait. An increase in the abundance of subtropical surface fauna suggests that the inflow of the Tsushima Warm Current into the Japan Sea via a southern strait began at 1.7 Ma. The opening of the southern strait may have occurred after the subsidence of southwestern Japan.

Seasonal transport variations in the straits connecting Prince William Sound to the Gulf of Alaska

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Halverson, Mark J.; Bélanger, Claude; Gay, Shelton M.

2013-07-01

Exchange of water between Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska has a significant impact on its circulation and biological productivity. Current meter records from moored instruments in the two major straits connecting Prince William Sound to the Gulf of Alaska are analyzed to characterize the seasonal variations in water exchange. Eight individual deployments, each lasting for about 6 months, were made during the years 2005-2010. Two moorings were placed across each passage to account for horizontal flow variability. Monthly averaged, depth-integrated transport in winter is characterized by a strong barotropic inflow through Hinchinbrook Entrance and outflow through Montague Strait. The transport through each passage can reach 0.2Sv, which could replenish the volume of Prince William Sound in as little as 3 months. Depth-integrated transport is weaker and more variable in direction in summer than in winter, implying that Prince William sound is not always a simple flow-through system. Monthly transports range between -0.05 and 0.08Sv in each passage, and the corresponding flushing times exceed 1 year. The flow through both passages is highly baroclinic in the summer, so that the layer transport can be significant. For example, the deep inflow through Hinchinbrook Entrance can reach 0.05Sv, which would flush the deep regions of Prince William Sound (>400m) in only 23 days. The transport imbalance between Montague Strait and Hinchinbrook Entrance cannot be accounted for by considering other terms in a volume budget such as local freshwater input, meaning the imbalance is mostly a result of under-resolving the cross-strait flow variability. The magnitude of the monthly mean depth-integrated transport through Montague Strait and Hinchinbrook Entrance depends non-linearly on the shelf winds. Strong downwelling conditions, characteristic of the winter, drive inflow through Hinchinbrook Entrance, which is balanced by outflow through Montague Strait. Weak downwelling or upwelling conditions, characteristic of the summer, allow deep water from below the shelf break to flow in through Hinchinbrook Entrance.

The Prospects for Using Little Diomede Island as a Base for Monitoring Bering Strait

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cooper, L. W.; Kelly, V.; Codispoti, L. A.; Sheffield, G.; Grebmeier, J. M.

2002-12-01

Diomede, Alaska is arguably the most isolated community in the United States, located on a small island in the center of Bering Strait, one mile from the international dateline, where nutrient-rich waters from the Bering Sea enter the Arctic Ocean. Postal service is once weekly via helicopter, weather permitting and the 140 Native Inupiat residents (2000 census) are highly dependent upon a subsistence lifestyle utilizing local seabirds, marine mammals, and shellfish. Since the summer of 2000, we have worked with the local community to improve analytical capabilities to analyze waters flowing through the Bering Strait. Other goals of the Bering Strait Environmental Observatory include evaluating the biological health and contaminant burdens of marine mammals used for subsistence by island residents. We have also been annually using the Canadian Coast Guard Service Sir Wilfrid Laurier to assess the biological productivity of benthic organisms that are important as food sources in the Bering Strait region for apex predators such as bearded seal, walrus, diving ducks and gray whale. Future infrastructure that is needed includes a subsea water intake system that would be less vulnerable to wave and ice damage than the interim systems we have employed to date. Using a jet well pump in August, 2001, we pumped water onshore through a thermosalinograph, automated nutrient monitoring devices, a fluorometer, and we also collected discrete samples for silica and oxyen-18/oxygen-16 ratios in a small laboratory constructed under the village school. Results indicate that there is a strong relationship between the surface wind regime and the fertility of waters flowing through the center of Bering Strait. Following sustained northerly wind events, and an approximate 72 hour lag period, waters passing Little Diomede Island were predominantly of Alaska Coastal Water origin, with low nutrients and salinity, and comparatively high temperatures. Southerly winds were by contrast significantly correlated with higher nutrients, lower temperatures, and higher salinities following a similar 72-hour period. These observations are consistent with expected Coriolis forcing and suggest that the flux of high nutrient water flowing through Bering Strait may be particularly sensitive to short and long-term variability in surface wind patterns in this localized region.

Bio-optical characteristics along the Straits of Magallanes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lutz, Vivian; Frouin, Robert; Negri, Rubén; Silva, Ricardo; Pompeu, Mayza; Rudorff, Natalia; Cabral, Anderson; Dogliotti, Ana; Martinez, Gustavo

2016-05-01

The Straits of Magallanes at the tip of South America connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The variability in the absorption characteristics by phytoplankton (aph(440)), non-pigmented particles, NPP (aNPP(440)), and chromophoric dissolved organic matter, CDOM (ay(440)), measured along the Straits in late summer 2011 (R/V Melville MV1102 cruise), was analyzed. Satellite-derived monthly PAR data showed that at the time of the cruise the western sector was exposed to a low-light environment (~ 16 mol quanta m-2d-1) while the eastern sector received higher irradiance (~ 28 mol quanta m-2d-1). In the Patagonian Shelf total absorption was dominated by phytoplankton (up to 76%; aph(440)=0.265 m-1), while in the Atlantic Sector of the Straits, the major contributor was NPP (up to 42%; aNPP(440)=0.138 m-1), and in the Pacific Sector of the Straits CDOM contributed up to 80% of the total absorption (ay(440)=0.232 m-1). These changes could be related in part to the input of fresh water from glacier melting and rain in the Pacific Sector (ay(440) vs salinity rs=-0.98). The carbon biomass (C) was composed in its majority by pico-phytoplankton and secondly by nano-phytoplankton, with exception of the Atlantic Sector where the micro-phytoplankton dominated. Carbon to chlorophyll-a ratios (C:Chla) were very low throughout the Straits (average of ~ 6) because of photoacclimation to the extremely low light. Complementary pigments data obtained in spring 2003 by the BEAGLE expedition indicated the predominance of diatoms all along the Straits, but the bio-optical trend resembled the one found in late summer 2011, i.e., NPP dominated the absorption in the well mixed Atlantic Sector, phytoplankton in the Middle Sector, and CDOM in the Pacific Sector. These results emphasize that underwater light is the major factor affecting phytoplankton growth and physiology, and that prevalent physical and geochemical conditions play an important role regulating the bio-optical properties in this heterogeneous area. These effects should be considered to adjust parameters (such as C:Chla) when running biogeochemical models for this region.

Research methods of Talking About The Smokes: an International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project study with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians.

PubMed

Thomas, David P; Briggs, Viki L; Couzos, Sophia; Davey, Maureen E; Hunt, Jennifer M; Panaretto, Kathryn S; van der Sterren, Anke E; Stevens, Matthew; Nicholson, Anna K; Borland, Ron

2015-06-01

To describe the research methods and baseline sample of the Talking About The Smokes (TATS) project. The TATS project is a collaboration between research institutions and Aboriginal community-controlled health services (ACCHSs) and their state and national representative bodies. It is one of the studies within the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project, enabling national and international comparisons. It includes a prospective longitudinal study of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smokers and recent ex-smokers; a survey of non-smokers; repeated cross-sectional surveys of ACCHS staff; and descriptions of the tobacco policies and practices at the ACCHSs. Community members completed face-to-face surveys; staff completed surveys on paper or online. We compared potential biases and the distribution of variables common to the main community baseline sample and unweighted and weighted results of the 2008 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey (NATSISS). The baseline survey (Wave 1) was conducted between April 2012 and October 2013. 2522 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in 35 locations (the communities served by 34 ACCHSs and one community in the Torres Strait), and 645 staff in the ACCHSs. Sociodemographic and general health indicators, smoking status, number of cigarettes smoked per day and quit attempts. The main community baseline sample closely matched the distribution of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population in the weighted NATSISS by age, sex, jurisdiction and remoteness. There were inconsistent differences in some sociodemographic factors between our sample and the NATSISS: our sample had higher proportions of unemployed people, but also higher proportions who had completed Year 12 and who lived in more advantaged areas. In both surveys, similar percentages of smokers reported having attempted to quit in the past year, and daily smokers reported similar numbers of cigarettes smoked per day. The TATS project provides a detailed and nationally representative description of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smoking behaviour, attitudes, knowledge and exposure to tobacco control activities and policies, and their association with quitting.

Description of gravity cores from San Pablo Bay and Carquinez Strait, San Francisco Bay, California

USGS Publications Warehouse

Woodrow, Donald L.; John L. Chin,; Wong, Florence L.; Fregoso, Theresa A.; Jaffe, Bruce E.

2017-06-27

Seventy-two gravity cores were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1990, 1991, and 2000 from San Pablo Bay and Carquinez Strait, California. The gravity cores collected within San Pablo Bay contain bioturbated laminated silts and sandy clays, whole and broken bivalve shells (mostly mussels), fossil tube structures, and fine-grained plant or wood fragments. Gravity cores from the channel wall of Carquinez Strait east of San Pablo Bay consist of sand and clay layers, whole and broken bivalve shells (less than in San Pablo Bay), trace fossil tubes, and minute fragments of plant material.

Locations of Combined Sewer Overflow Outfalls - US EPA Region 3

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This data layer identifies the locations of Combined sewer overflow outfalls. Combined sewer systems are sewers that are designed to collect rainwater runoff, domestic sewage, and industrial wastewater in the same pipe. Most of the time, combined sewer systems transport all of their wastewater to a sewage treatment plant, where it is treated and then discharged to a water body. During periods of heavy rainfall or snowmelt, however, the wastewater volume in a combined sewer system can exceed the capacity of the sewer system or treatment plant. For this reason, combined sewer systems are designed to overflow occasionally and discharge excess untreated wastewater directly to nearby streams, rivers, or other water bodies. For further information visit: http://cfpub1.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=5

Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation in children with dystonia: a sham-controlled study.

PubMed

Young, Scott J; Bertucco, Matteo; Sanger, Terence D

2014-02-01

Increased motor cortex excitability is a common finding in dystonia, and transcranial direct current stimulation can reduce motor cortex excitability. In an earlier study, we found that cathodal direct-current stimulation decreased motor overflow for some children with dystonia. To investigate this observation further, we performed a sham-controlled, double-blind, crossover study of 14 children with dystonia. We found a significant reduction in overflow following real stimulation, when participants performed the experimental task with the hand contralateral to the cathode. While these results suggest that cathodal stimulation may help some children to reduce involuntary overflow, the size of the effect is small. Further research will need to investigate ways to increase the magnitude of the effect of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation.

Use long short-term memory to enhance Internet of Things for combined sewer overflow monitoring

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Duo; Lindholm, Geir; Ratnaweera, Harsha

2018-01-01

Combined sewer overflow causes severe water pollution, urban flooding and reduced treatment plant efficiency. Understanding the behavior of CSO structures is vital for urban flooding prevention and overflow control. Neural networks have been extensively applied in water resource related fields. In this study, we collect data from an Internet of Things monitoring CSO structure and build different neural network models for simulating and predicting the water level of the CSO structure. Through a comparison of four different neural networks, namely multilayer perceptron (MLP), wavelet neural network (WNN), long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent unit (GRU), the LSTM and GRU present superior capabilities for multi-step-ahead time series prediction. Furthermore, GRU achieves prediction performances similar to LSTM with a quicker learning curve.

Bureaucratic Impediments to Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Empowerment, Self-Determination & Self-Management.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stewart, Ian; And Others

This paper examines the context of current social policy and analyzes the bureaucratic impediments to achieving greater coordination of programs and services for Australia's Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders. Specifically, the paper demonstrates how a "national commitment" involving bureaucratic rationality and imperatives continues…

The Terrorist Threat to Liquefied Natural Gas: Fact or Fiction?

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-02-01

which is heavily dependent on commerce traversing the strait. At least a dozen LNG tankers pass through the Strait every day.12 Catherine Zara ...terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=236669, April 25, 2007. 13 Catherine Zara Raymond, “Maritime Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Potential Scenarios

Exploration of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander perspectives of Home Medicines Review.

PubMed

Swain, Lindy S; Barclay, Lesley

2015-01-01

In Australia, Home Medicines Review (HMR) has been found to be an important tool to raise awareness of medication safety, reduce adverse events and improve medication adherence. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are 'underserviced' by the HMR program and are the most likely of all Australians to miss out on HMRs despite their high burden of chronic disease and high rates of hospitalisation due to medication misadventure. The goal of this study was to explore Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander perspectives of the Home Medicines Review program and their suggestions for an 'improved' or more readily accessible model of service. Eighteen semi-structured focus groups were conducted with 102 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patients at 11 Aboriginal Health Services (AHSs). Participants who were multiple medication users and understood English were recruited to the study by AHS staff. Seven focus groups were conducted for people who had already used the HMR program (User, n=23) and 11 focus groups were conducted for people who had not had an HMR (Non User, n=79). Focus groups were recorded, de-identified and transcribed. Transcripts were coded and analysed for themes. Focus groups continued and concepts were explored until no new findings were being generated and thus saturation of data occurred. Focus group participants who had not had an HMR had little or no awareness of the HMR program. All the participants felt that lack of awareness and promotion of the HMR program were contributing factors to the low uptake of the HMR program by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Most participants felt that an HMR would assist them to better understand their medicines, would empower them to seek information about medicines, would improve relationships with health professionals and would increase the likelihood of medication adherence. Most of the User participants reported that the HMR interview had been very useful for learning more about their medicines. However, many reported that they found the process confusing and confronting. The majority of participants felt HMRs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patients should be organised by AHS staff, with patients being offered a choice of location for the HMR interview. Participants identified that Aboriginal Health Workers should play a key role in communication, knowledge translation, referral and follow-up. Current HMR rules impede rather than facilitate HMRs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Tailoring and remodelling of the HMR program is needed to increase the awareness, accessibility, acceptability and effectiveness of the HMR program for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

Sedimentation of the mud belt along the coast of China from the mouth of the Yangtze (Changjiang) River to northern Taiwan Strait: An Source-to-Sink Perspective

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chien, C. C.; Liu, J. T.; Yang, R.; Huh, C. A.; Su, C. C.

2016-02-01

Sediments in the Taiwan Strait are originated from Mainland China and Taiwan. The China Coastal Current, influenced by the northeast monsoon in winter, becomes enhanced, which caries the sediments exported from the Yangtze River to the southern East China Sea and the Taiwan Strait along the Zhemin-Taiwan Strait mud belt. The sediment transport process is also influenced by tidal current and Kuroshio Branch Current and Taiwan Warm Current, making the seafloor sediment signals complex. This study used R/V Ocean Researcher V (Cruise 0032), to collect six box cores and three gravity cores along the Zhemin mud belt and the mud belt in northern Taiwan Strait in the winter of 2014. From the core samples, grain-size distribution, Multi-Sensor Core Logger, and 7Be activity were measured to investigate the sedimentation process along the mud belts. The box core taken at the mouth of the Changjiang- is composed of homogeneous clay and rich in shell fragments. The core off the mouth of Ou River is composed of homogeneous clay, but showing horizontal laminations. Near the Taishan Island off the coast of Zhejiang the core is consisted of a homogeneous sandy sediments that turned into clay. Off the mouth of the Min River the core consists of clay with shell fragments. Off the coast of the Wu River on the west coast of the Taiwan, the core is mainly composed of muddy sediments, which has the siltstone layers of oblique bedding. Off the mouth of Zhuoshui River in central Taiwan, the core is composed of sandy sediments. From the mouth of the Changhjiang, Zhemin mud belt, the northern Taiwan Strait mud belt, to the central Taiwan Strait, 7Be activity in the seafloor sediment indicates that the freshness of the terrigenous sediments decreased. The Mass Magnetic Susceptiblity (MSI) demonstrates that the terrigenous sediments decreased from north to south. The MSI signals in the core off the mouth of the Minjiang are different from those in the neighboring cores. This is suspected due to the convergence of sediments from the Changjiang and Taiwan. The particle sizes of the cores show that the sediment became coarser from the north to south. In the future the study will make use of 210Pbex, and other environmental and provenance such as water dynamic mechanism variables to explore the sediment source and sink patterns along with the Zhemin-Taiwan Strait mud belts.

Arctic pathways of Pacific Water: Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison experiments

PubMed Central

Karcher, Michael; Proshutinsky, Andrey; Gerdes, Rüdiger; de Cuevas, Beverly; Golubeva, Elena; Kauker, Frank; Nguyen, An T.; Platov, Gennady A.; Wadley, Martin; Watanabe, Eiji; Coward, Andrew C.; Nurser, A. J. George

2016-01-01

Abstract Pacific Water (PW) enters the Arctic Ocean through Bering Strait and brings in heat, fresh water, and nutrients from the northern Bering Sea. The circulation of PW in the central Arctic Ocean is only partially understood due to the lack of observations. In this paper, pathways of PW are investigated using simulations with six state‐of‐the art regional and global Ocean General Circulation Models (OGCMs). In the simulations, PW is tracked by a passive tracer, released in Bering Strait. Simulated PW spreads from the Bering Strait region in three major branches. One of them starts in the Barrow Canyon, bringing PW along the continental slope of Alaska into the Canadian Straits and then into Baffin Bay. The second begins in the vicinity of the Herald Canyon and transports PW along the continental slope of the East Siberian Sea into the Transpolar Drift, and then through Fram Strait and the Greenland Sea. The third branch begins near the Herald Shoal and the central Chukchi shelf and brings PW into the Beaufort Gyre. In the models, the wind, acting via Ekman pumping, drives the seasonal and interannual variability of PW in the Canadian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. The wind affects the simulated PW pathways by changing the vertical shear of the relative vorticity of the ocean flow in the Canada Basin. PMID:27818853

Evaluation of the pilot phase of an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Male Health Module.

PubMed

Tsey, Komla; Chigeza, Philemon; Holden, Carol A; Bulman, Jack; Gruis, Hilton; Wenitong, Mark

2014-01-01

This article evaluates the pilot phase of an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Male Health Module. Although men experience higher levels of illness and die younger than women, educational programs to support health workers utilise a gender-based approach to increase participation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males in health care are rare and lack appropriate content. Recognising this gap in service provision, and under the guidance of a Reference Group comprising community leaders in Aboriginal and Torres Strait male health, a comprehensive and culturally appropriate Male Health Module has been developed to enhance the capacity of health workers to improve access to services for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males. Methods used were: in-depth interviews with Module developers, pilot workshops for trainers and health workers, questionnaires and focus group discussions with workshop participants, and participant observations. As well as enhancing capacity to facilitate access to health services for men, the Module was deemed relevant because of its potential to promote health worker empowerment and wellbeing. Findings revealed that improving access to services for men required male and female health workers working in partnership. Despite overall enthusiasm for the Module, the findings also revealed deep fear that it would end up 'collecting dust on shelves'. Strategies to improve the Module quality and accessibility are highlighted.

Seasonal variation of the water exchange through the Bohai Strait

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Z.

2016-02-01

Seasonal variations of the Lubei coastal current off the northern Shandong Peninsula and water exchange between the Bohai and Yellow seas were analyzed, based on current and salinity data measured mainly in 2006, 2007 and 2012. In winter and autumn, the Lubei coastal current flows eastward through the Bohai Strait before ultimately heading southward into the waters off Chengshantou in the east of the Shandong Peninsula. In spring and summer, the Lubei coastal current disappears. There are three kinds of patterns of water exchange between the Bohai and Yellow seas. The first is the "inflow in the north and outflow in the south of the Bohai Strait" in winter and autumn, which is regarded as the permanent pattern during the whole year from literature. The second is "outflow in the surface layer and inflow in the underlying layer" in summer, where the outflow is significantly greater than the inflow related with increased runoff and precipitation. The third is "inflow together in the southern and northern channels of the Bohai Strait" in spring. The low mean sea level and N-S sea-level incline formed in winter in the Bohai Sea lose their dynamic balance because of the reversal of the northeast monsoon in spring. This forces the water from the northern Yellow Sea into the Bohai Sea via the southern and northern channels of the Bohai Strait, which constitutes the largest net inflow of the four seasons.

Environmental Transport of Emerging Human-Pathogenic Cryptosporidium Species and Subtypes through Combined Sewer Overflow and Wastewater

PubMed Central

Huang, Chengchen; Hu, Yue; Wang, Lin; Wang, Yuanfei; Li, Na; Guo, Yaqiong; Xiao, Lihua

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT The environmental transport of Cryptosporidium spp. through combined sewer overflow (CSO) and the occurrence of several emerging human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species in developing countries remain unclear. In this study, we collected 40 CSO samples and 40 raw wastewater samples from Shanghai, China, and examined them by PCR and DNA sequencing for Cryptosporidium species (targeting the small subunit rRNA gene) and Giardia duodenalis (targeting the triosephosphate isomerase, β-giardin, and glutamate dehydrogenase genes) and Enterocytozoon bieneusi (targeting the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer) genotypes. Human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species were further subtyped by sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene, with additional multilocus sequence typing on the emerging zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium ubiquitum. Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi were detected in 12 and 15, 33 and 32, and 37 and 40 CSO and wastewater samples, respectively, including 10 Cryptosporidium species, 3 G. duodenalis assemblages, and 8 E. bieneusi genotypes. In addition to Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum, two new pathogens identified in industrialized nations, C. ubiquitum and Cryptosporidium viatorum, were frequently detected. The two novel C. ubiquitum subtype families identified appeared to be genetic recombinants of known subtype families. Similarly, the dominant group 1 E. bieneusi genotypes and G. duodenalis subassemblage AII are known human pathogens. The similar distribution of human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species and E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis genotypes between wastewater and CSO samples reaffirms that storm overflow is potentially a significant contamination source of pathogens in surface water. The frequent identification of C. ubiquitum and C. viatorum in urban wastewater suggests that these newly identified human pathogens may be endemic in China. IMPORTANCE Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are major waterborne pathogens. Their transport into surface water through combined sewer overflow, which remains largely untreated in developing countries, has not been examined. In addition, the identification of these pathogens to genotypes and subtypes in urban storm overflow and wastewater is necessary for rapid and accurate assessment of pathogen transmission in humans and transport in the environment. Data from this study suggest that, like untreated urban wastewater, combined sewer overflow is commonly contaminated with human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi genotypes and subtypes, and urban storm overflow potentially plays a significant role in the contamination of drinking source water and recreational water with human pathogens. They also indicate that Cryptosporidium ubiquitum and Cryptosporidium viatorum, two newly identified human pathogens, may be common in China, and genetic recombination can lead to the emergence of novel C. ubiquitum subtype families. PMID:28600310

50 CFR Figure 19 to Part 679 - Shelikof Strait Conservation Area

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Shelikof Strait Conservation Area 19 Figure 19 to Part 679 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (CONTINUED) FISHERIES OF THE EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE OFF...

EFFECTS OF TIDAL CURRENT PHASE AT THE JUNCTION OF TWO STRAITS. (R826940)

EPA Science Inventory

Abstract

Estuaries typically have a monotonic increase in salinity from freshwater at the head of the estuary to ocean water at the mouth, creating a consistent direction for the longitudinal baroclinic pressure gradient. However, Mare Island Strait in San Francisco Ba...

75 FR 53870 - Security Zone, Mackinac Bridge, Straits of Mackinac, Michigan

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-02

... Zone, Mackinac Bridge, Straits of Mackinac, Michigan AGENCY: Coast Guard, DHS. ACTION: Notice of enforcement of regulation. SUMMARY: The Coast Guard will enforce the Mackinac Bridge Walk security zone on the... bridge. During the enforcement period, navigational and operational restrictions will be placed on all...

Research: Documenting an Urban/Rural Aboriginal Culture.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Weir, Margaret R.

During research on cultural differences in Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander pedagogy, it became obvious that the lack of an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander cultural typology was impeding research progress. The author's cultural heritage group, the Malara People, a subgroup of the Bandjalang People of northern New South Wales,…

Flow dependence of forearm noradrenaline overflow, as assessed during mental stress and sodium nitroprusside infusion.

PubMed

Lindqvist, M; Melcher, A; Hjemdahl, P

1999-01-01

To evaluate the influence of blood flow on measurements of regional sympathetic nerve activity by radiotracer methodology ([3H]noradrenaline). Ten healthy men were studied under two conditions of elevated forearm blood flow: mental stress (Stroop colour word conflict test) and an intra-arterial infusion of sodium nitroprusside. Arterial blood pressure was measured invasively and forearm blood flow with strain-gauge plethysmography. Arterial and venous plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography, and regional and total noradrenaline spillover were calculated. During mental stress, mean arterial pressure increased by 17%, heart rate by 16 beats/min, forearm blood flow by 117%, while forearm vascular resistance decreased by 44% (P < 0.001 for all). Sodium nitroprusside increased forearm blood flow dose-dependently, but elicited only minor effects on systemic haemodynamics. Mental stress increased arterial plasma noradrenaline by 52% (P < 0.001), and total body noradrenaline spillover by 75% (P < 0.001). During sodium nitroprusside infusion, arterial plasma noradrenaline increased only slightly and total body noradrenaline spillover was unaffected Forearm noradrenaline overflow increased from 5.4 +/- 0.9 to 16.9 +/- 2.6 pmol/min per I (P < 0.001) during mental stress and from 6.6 +/- 0.8 to 16.9 +/- 3.7 pmol/min per I (P < 0.001) during the second dose-step of sodium nitroprusside infusion. By intra-individual comparisons of forearm noradrenaline overflow increases during mental stress and during sodium nitroprusside infusion, with similar forearm blood flow increases, the flow dependence of forearm noradrenaline overflow was estimated. During mental stress, about 60% (median value, range 29-112%) of the increase in forearm noradrenaline overflow was attributed to the increase in forearm blood flow, whereas 40% was considered to reflect increased sympathetic nerve activity. There seems to be a considerable flow dependence of the regional overflow of noradrenaline, that is, a component of simple wash-out of noradrenaline from the forearm tissues during vasodilation. However, the present results still indicate that sympathetic nerve activity in the forearm is increased during mental stress, justifying the radiotracer technique for semiquantitative measurements, also during vasodilation.

Increases in the Pacific inflow to the Arctic from 1990 to 2015, and insights into seasonal trends and driving mechanisms from year-round Bering Strait mooring data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Woodgate, Rebecca A.

2018-01-01

Year-round in situ Bering Strait mooring data (1990-2015) document a long-term increase (∼0.01 Sv/yr) in the annual mean transport of Pacific waters into the Arctic. Between 2002 and 2015, all annual mean transports (except 2005 and 2012) are greater than the previously accepted climatology (∼0.8 Sv). The record-length maximum (2014: 1.2 ± 0.1 Sv) is 70% higher than the record-length minimum (2001: 0.7 ± 0.1 Sv), corresponding to a reduction in the flushing time of the Chukchi Sea (to ∼4.5 months from ∼7.5 months). The transport increase results from stronger northward flows (not fewer southward flow events), yielding a 150% increase in kinetic energy, presumably with impacts on bottom suspension, mixing, and erosion. Curiously, we find no significant trends in annual mean flow in the Alaskan Coastal Current (ACC), although note that these data are only available 2002-2015. Record-length trends in annually integrated heat and freshwater fluxes (primarily driven by volume flux trends) are large (0.06 ± 0.05 × 1020 J/yr; 30 ± 20 km3/yr; relative to -1.9 °C and 34.8 psu), with heat flux lows in 2001 and 2012 (∼3 × 1020 J) and highs in 2007 and 2015 (∼5.5 × 1020 J), and a freshwater range of ∼2300 km3 (2001) to ∼3500 km3 (2014). High-flow year 2015 (volume transport ∼1.1 Sv) has the highest annual mean temperature recorded, ∼0.7 °C, astoundingly warmer than the record-length mean of 0.0 ± 0.2 °C, while low-flow year 2012 (∼0.8 Sv) is also remarkably cold (∼-0.6 °C), likely due to anomalously weak northward flow in January-March, partly driven by anomalously strong southward winds in March. A seasonal decomposition of properties of the main flow shows significant freshening in winter (∼0.03 psu/yr, January-March) likely due to sea-ice changes, but no trend (or perhaps salinization) in the rest of the year. A seasonal warming trend in the strait proper in May and June (∼0.04 °C/yr) is reflected in a trend to earlier arrival (0.9 ± 0.8 days/yr) of waters warmer than 0 °C. Contrastingly, no significant trend is found in the time of cooling of the strait. The strait's seasonal increasing transport trends (∼0.02 Sv/yr) are largest from May-November, likely due to the large wind-driven variability masking the signal in other months. We show that Ekman set-up of waters along the coast in the strait can explain the strong correlation of the water velocity with along-strait winds (as opposed to across-strait winds). We highlight the strong seasonality of this relationship (r ∼ 0.8 in winter, but only ∼0.4 in summer), which reflects the weak influence of the (seasonally weak) winds in summer. By separating the flow into portions driven by (a) the local wind and (b) a far-field (Pacific-Arctic "pressure-head") forcing, we find the increase in the Bering Strait throughflow is primarily due to a strong increase in the far-field forcing, not changes in the wind. We propose a higher annual mean transport for the strait for the 2000s, (1.0 ± 0.05 Sv) based on recent flow increases, and present estimated seasonal climatologies for properties and fluxes for the strait and for the ACC. Heat and freshwater seasonalities are strongly influenced by the ACC and stratification. Finally we conclude that year-round in situ mooring are still the only currently viable way of obtaining accurate quantifications of the properties of the Pacific input to the Arctic.

Determinants of quality, latency, and amount of Stack Overflow answers about recent Android APIs

PubMed Central

Filkov, Vladimir

2018-01-01

Stack Overflow is a popular crowdsourced question and answer website for programming-related issues. It is an invaluable resource for software developers; on average, questions posted there get answered in minutes to an hour. Questions about well established topics, e.g., the coercion operator in C++, or the difference between canonical and class names in Java, get asked often in one form or another, and answered very quickly. On the other hand, questions on previously unseen or niche topics take a while to get a good answer. This is particularly the case with questions about current updates to or the introduction of new application programming interfaces (APIs). In a hyper-competitive online market, getting good answers to current programming questions sooner could increase the chances of an app getting released and used. So, can developers anyhow, e.g., hasten the speed to good answers to questions about new APIs? Here, we empirically study Stack Overflow questions pertaining to new Android APIs and their associated answers. We contrast the interest in these questions, their answer quality, and timeliness of their answers to questions about old APIs. We find that Stack Overflow answerers in general prioritize with respect to currentness: questions about new APIs do get more answers, but good quality answers take longer. We also find that incentives in terms of question bounties, if used appropriately, can significantly shorten the time and increase answer quality. Interestingly, no operationalization of bounty amount shows significance in our models. In practice, our findings confirm the value of bounties in enhancing expert participation. In addition, they show that the Stack Overflow style of crowdsourcing, for all its glory in providing answers about established programming knowledge, is less effective with new API questions. PMID:29547620

In vivo microdialysis of noradrenaline overflow: effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists measured by cumulative concentration-response curves.

PubMed Central

van Veldhuizen, M. J.; Feenstra, M. G.; Heinsbroek, R. P.; Boer, G. J.

1993-01-01

1. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of several alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on cerebral cortical overflow of endogenous noradrenaline (NA) in freely moving rats. One or two days after the implantation of transcerebral dialysis tubes in the frontoparietal cortex, extracellular NA levels were monitored on-line with high performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. The drugs were applied locally via the dialysis membrane, and effects on NA overflow were determined in cumulative concentration-response curves. 2. The average basal cortical NA overflow of all experiments was 0.25 pg min-1. The alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists caused a concentration-dependent decrease in NA levels. UK-14,304 was the most potent and B-HT 933 the least potent agonist. The maximal decrease in NA overflow was to 10-15% of control levels after UK-14,304 or moxonidine, to 30% after clonidine and to 50% after B-HT 933 administration. Continuous activation of the presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptor with 10(-6) M UK-14,304 caused a decrease in NA levels to 40-50% of basal levels. This decrease was reached within 1 h and remained stable for the entire 3 h measurement period. The alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists, phenylephrine and methoxamine, induced an increase in NA levels to 225% and 300%, respectively, at a concentration of 10(-3) M. 3. Local application of alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists caused an increase in NA levels, with idazoxan being more potent than piperoxan. Yohimbine did not cause any significant change. 4. All drugs used in these in vivo experiments had in vitro recoveries across the dialysis membrane between 10 and 20%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID:8102934

Acetate scavenging activity in Escherichia coli: interplay of acetyl-CoA synthetase and the PEP-glyoxylate cycle in chemostat cultures.

PubMed

Renilla, Sergio; Bernal, Vicente; Fuhrer, Tobias; Castaño-Cerezo, Sara; Pastor, José M; Iborra, José L; Sauer, Uwe; Cánovas, Manuel

2012-03-01

Impairment of acetate production in Escherichia coli is crucial for the performance of many biotechnological processes. Aerobic production of acetate (or acetate overflow) results from changes in the expression of central metabolism genes. Acetyl-CoA synthetase scavenges extracellular acetate in glucose-limited cultures. Once converted to acetyl-CoA, it can be catabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle or the glyoxylate pathway. In this work, we assessed the significance of these pathways on acetate overflow during glucose excess and limitation. Gene expression, enzyme activities, and metabolic fluxes were studied in E. coli knock-out mutants related to the glyoxylate pathway operon and its regulators. The relevance of post-translational regulation by AceK-mediated phosphorylation of isocitrate dehydrogenase for pathway functionality was underlined. In chemostat cultures performed at increasing dilution rates, acetate overflow occurs when growing over a threshold glucose uptake rate. This threshold was not affected in a glyoxylate-pathway-deficient strain (lacking isocitrate lyase, the first enzyme of the pathway), indicating that it is not relevant for acetate overflow. In carbon-limited chemostat cultures, gluconeogenesis (maeB, sfcA, and pck), the glyoxylate operon and, especially, acetyl-CoA synthetase are upregulated. A mutant in acs (encoding acetyl-CoA synthetase) produced acetate at all dilution rates. This work demonstrates that, in E. coli, acetate production occurs at all dilution rates and that overflow is the result of unbalanced synthesis and scavenging activities. The over-expression of acetyl-CoA synthetase by cAMP-CRP-dependent induction limits this phenomenon in cultures consuming glucose at low rate, ensuring the recycling of the acetyl-CoA and acetyl-phosphate pools, although establishing an energy-dissipating substrate cycle.

Determinants of quality, latency, and amount of Stack Overflow answers about recent Android APIs.

PubMed

Kavaler, David; Filkov, Vladimir

2018-01-01

Stack Overflow is a popular crowdsourced question and answer website for programming-related issues. It is an invaluable resource for software developers; on average, questions posted there get answered in minutes to an hour. Questions about well established topics, e.g., the coercion operator in C++, or the difference between canonical and class names in Java, get asked often in one form or another, and answered very quickly. On the other hand, questions on previously unseen or niche topics take a while to get a good answer. This is particularly the case with questions about current updates to or the introduction of new application programming interfaces (APIs). In a hyper-competitive online market, getting good answers to current programming questions sooner could increase the chances of an app getting released and used. So, can developers anyhow, e.g., hasten the speed to good answers to questions about new APIs? Here, we empirically study Stack Overflow questions pertaining to new Android APIs and their associated answers. We contrast the interest in these questions, their answer quality, and timeliness of their answers to questions about old APIs. We find that Stack Overflow answerers in general prioritize with respect to currentness: questions about new APIs do get more answers, but good quality answers take longer. We also find that incentives in terms of question bounties, if used appropriately, can significantly shorten the time and increase answer quality. Interestingly, no operationalization of bounty amount shows significance in our models. In practice, our findings confirm the value of bounties in enhancing expert participation. In addition, they show that the Stack Overflow style of crowdsourcing, for all its glory in providing answers about established programming knowledge, is less effective with new API questions.

Increased formate overflow is a hallmark of oxidative cancer.

PubMed

Meiser, Johannes; Schuster, Anne; Pietzke, Matthias; Vande Voorde, Johan; Athineos, Dimitris; Oizel, Kristell; Burgos-Barragan, Guillermo; Wit, Niek; Dhayade, Sandeep; Morton, Jennifer P; Dornier, Emmanuel; Sumpton, David; Mackay, Gillian M; Blyth, Karen; Patel, Ketan J; Niclou, Simone P; Vazquez, Alexei

2018-04-10

Formate overflow coupled to mitochondrial oxidative metabolism\\ has been observed in cancer cell lines, but whether that takes place in the tumor microenvironment is not known. Here we report the observation of serine catabolism to formate in normal murine tissues, with a relative rate correlating with serine levels and the tissue oxidative state. Yet, serine catabolism to formate is increased in the transformed tissue of in vivo models of intestinal adenomas and mammary carcinomas. The increased serine catabolism to formate is associated with increased serum formate levels. Finally, we show that inhibition of formate production by genetic interference reduces cancer cell invasion and this phenotype can be rescued by exogenous formate. We conclude that increased formate overflow is a hallmark of oxidative cancers and that high formate levels promote invasion via a yet unknown mechanism.

Competitive resource allocation to metabolic pathways contributes to overflow metabolisms and emergent properties in cross-feeding microbial consortia.

PubMed

Carlson, Ross P; Beck, Ashley E; Phalak, Poonam; Fields, Matthew W; Gedeon, Tomas; Hanley, Luke; Harcombe, William R; Henson, Michael A; Heys, Jeffrey J

2018-04-17

Resource scarcity is a common stress in nature and has a major impact on microbial physiology. This review highlights microbial acclimations to resource scarcity, focusing on resource investment strategies for chemoheterotrophs from the molecular level to the pathway level. Competitive resource allocation strategies often lead to a phenotype known as overflow metabolism; the resulting overflow byproducts can stabilize cooperative interactions in microbial communities and can lead to cross-feeding consortia. These consortia can exhibit emergent properties such as enhanced resource usage and biomass productivity. The literature distilled here draws parallels between in silico and laboratory studies and ties them together with ecological theories to better understand microbial stress responses and mutualistic consortia functioning. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society.

Laminar Heating Validation of the OVERFLOW Code

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lillard, Randolph P.; Dries, Kevin M.

2005-01-01

OVERFLOW, a structured finite difference code, was applied to the solution of hypersonic laminar flow over several configurations assuming perfect gas chemistry. By testing OVERFLOW's capabilities over several configurations encompassing a variety of flow physics a validated laminar heating was produced. Configurations tested were a flat plate at 0 degrees incidence, a sphere, a compression ramp, and the X-38 re-entry vehicle. This variety of test cases shows the ability of the code to predict boundary layer flow, stagnation heating, laminar separation with re-attachment heating, and complex flow over a three-dimensional body. In addition, grid resolutions studies were done to give recommendations for the correct number of off-body points to be applied to generic problems and for wall-spacing values to capture heat transfer and skin friction. Numerical results show good comparison to the test data for all the configurations.

OVERFLOW Validation for Predicting Plume Impingement of Underexpanded Axisymmetric Jets onto Angled Flat Plates

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, Henry C.; Klopfer, Goetz

2011-01-01

This report documents how OVERFLOW, a computational fluid dynamics code, predicts plume impingement of underexpanded axisymmetric jets onto both perpendicular and inclined flat plates. The effects of the plume impinging on a range of plate inclinations varying from 90deg to 30deg are investigated and compared to the experimental results in Reference 1 and 2. The flow fields are extremely complex due to the interaction between the shock waves from the free jet and those deflected by the plate. Additionally, complex mixing effects create very intricate structures in the flow. The experimental data is very limited, so these validation studies will focus only on cold plume impingement on flat and inclined plates. This validation study will help quantify the error in the OVERFLOW simulation when applied to stage separation scenarios.

Air Conditioning Overflow Sensor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1996-01-01

The Technology Transfer Office at Stennis Space Center helped a local inventor develop a prototype of an attachment for central air conditioners and heat pumps that helps monitor water levels to prevent condensation overflow. The sensor will indicate a need for drain line maintenance and prevent possible damage caused by drain pan water spillover. An engineer in the Stennis Space Center prototype Development Laboratory used SSC sensor technology in the development of the sensor.

Overflow control valve

DOEpatents

Hundal, Rolv; Kessinger, Boyd A.; Parlak, Edward A.

1984-07-24

An overflow control valve for use in a liquid sodium coolant pump tank which valve can be extended to create a seal with the pump tank wall or retracted to break the seal thereby accommodating valve removal. An actuating shaft which controls valve disc position also has cams which bear on roller surfaces to force retraction of a sliding cylinder against spring tension to retract the cylinder from sealing contact with the pump tank.

Performance of OVERFLOW-D Applications based on Hybrid and MPI Paradigms on IBM Power4 System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Djomehri, M. Jahed; Biegel, Bryan (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

This report briefly discusses our preliminary performance experiments with parallel versions of OVERFLOW-D applications. These applications are based on MPI and hybrid paradigms on the IBM Power4 system here at the NAS Division. This work is part of an effort to determine the suitability of the system and its parallel libraries (MPI/OpenMP) for specific scientific computing objectives.

33 CFR 165.928 - Security Zone; Mackinac Bridge, Straits of Mackinac, Michigan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Security Zone; Mackinac Bridge... § 165.928 Security Zone; Mackinac Bridge, Straits of Mackinac, Michigan. (a) Definitions. The following... described above includes all waters on either side of the Mackinac Bridge within one-quarter mile of the...

A Profile of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Higher Education Student Population

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilks, Judith; Wilson, Katie

2015-01-01

This paper brings together recent statistics relating to the participation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students in higher education. A number of key statistical realities relating to their enrolment into, retention during, and completion of, their university courses are depicted. Foremost among these realities is that despite…

Contextualising the Teaching and Learning of Measurement within Torres Strait Islander Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ewing, Bronwyn; Cooper, Thomas J.; Baturo, Annette R.; Matthews, Chris; Sun, Huayu

2010-01-01

A one-year mathematics project that focused on measurement was conducted with six Torres Strait Islander schools and communities. Its key focus was to contextualise the teaching and learning of measurement within the students' culture, communities and home languages. Six teachers and two teacher aides participated in the project. This paper…

Case Studies of Training Advantage for Remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island Learners. Support Document

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Skewes, Janet; Bat, Melodie; Guenther, John; Boughton, Bob; Williamson, Frances; Wooltorton, Sandra; Marshall, Mel; Dwyer, Anna; Stephens, Anne

2017-01-01

The case studies presented in this Support Document are a compilation of learnings derived from the research project, "Enhancing training advantage for remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander learners." The project, funded by the National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER), was conducted by a consortium of researchers…

Too Distant Shores: The Strait of Gibraltar and the Space of Exception

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gluhovic, Milija

2008-01-01

Focusing on "The Sheep and the Whale" ("Le mouton et la baleine," 2001) by Moroccan-Canadian playwright Ahmed Ghazali, this essay examines political and ethical issues concerning human migration from Africa to Europe. The play's representation of human rights abuses in the Strait of Gibraltar and the dilemmas facing illegal…

Pidgins, Creoles and Nonstandard Dialects in Education. Occasional Paper Number 12.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Siegel, Jeff, Ed.

Nine papers present either discussion of the issues or practical answers to the issues of nonstandard dialects, pidgins, and creoles in the classroom. They include: "The Case Against a Transfer Bilingual Program of Torres Strait Creole to English in Torres Strait Schools" (Anna Shnukal); "Summary: A Survey of Teachers' Attitudes…

107. View showing open caisson Pier 4 with anchor bolts ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

107. View showing open caisson Pier 4 with anchor bolts placed ready for last pour of concrete. Also pile driver driving falsework piles for south anchor arm. Located at end of the old ferry landing slip at Crockett side of straits. - Carquinez Bridge, Spanning Carquinez Strait at Interstate 80, Vallejo, Solano County, CA

Enhancing Training Advantage for Remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Learners. Research Report

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Guenther, John; Bat, Melodie; Stephens, Anne; Skewes, Janet; Boughton, Bob; Williamson, Frances; Wooltorton, Sandra; Marshall, Melissa; Dwyer, Anna

2017-01-01

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders in very remote parts of Australia are increasingly participating in vocational education and training (VET); however, completion rates remain low and employment outcomes are not improving. This project identifies how retention and completion can be improved and what other indicators of success are important…

33 CFR 167.1321 - In Puget Sound and its approaches: Rosario Strait.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false In Puget Sound and its approaches: Rosario Strait. 167.1321 Section 167.1321 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF... Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1321 In Puget Sound and its...

33 CFR 167.1321 - In Puget Sound and its approaches: Rosario Strait.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false In Puget Sound and its approaches: Rosario Strait. 167.1321 Section 167.1321 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF... Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1321 In Puget Sound and its...

33 CFR 167.1321 - In Puget Sound and its approaches: Rosario Strait.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false In Puget Sound and its approaches: Rosario Strait. 167.1321 Section 167.1321 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF... Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1321 In Puget Sound and its...

Effective Behaviour Management Strategies for Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Students: A Literature Review

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Llewellyn, Linda L.; Boon, Helen J.; Lewthwaite, Brian E.

2018-01-01

This paper reports findings from a systematic literature review conducted to identify effective behaviour management strategies which create a positive learning environment for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students. The search criteria employed resulted in 103 documents which were analysed in response to this focus. Results identified…

33 CFR 167.1300 - In the approaches to the Strait of Juan de Fuca: General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1300 In the approaches to the Strait of Juan de Fuca: General. The traffic separation scheme for the approaches to the...

33 CFR 167.1300 - In the approaches to the Strait of Juan de Fuca: General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1300 In the approaches to the Strait of Juan de Fuca: General. The traffic separation scheme for the approaches to the...

33 CFR 167.1300 - In the approaches to the Strait of Juan de Fuca: General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1300 In the approaches to the Strait of Juan de Fuca: General. The traffic separation scheme for the approaches to the...

33 CFR 167.1300 - In the approaches to the Strait of Juan de Fuca: General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES Description of Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1300 In the approaches to the Strait of Juan de Fuca: General. The traffic separation scheme for the approaches to the...

33 CFR 165.928 - Security Zone; Mackinac Bridge, Straits of Mackinac, Michigan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Security Zone; Mackinac Bridge... § 165.928 Security Zone; Mackinac Bridge, Straits of Mackinac, Michigan. (a) Definitions. The following... described above includes all waters on either side of the Mackinac Bridge within one-quarter mile of the...

Speaking Back to the Deficit Discourses: A Theoretical and Methodological Approach

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hogarth, Melitta

2017-01-01

The educational attainment of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students is often presented within a deficit view. The need for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander researchers to challenge the societal norms is necessary to contribute to the struggle for self-determination. This paper presents a theoretical and methodological approach that…

33 CFR 167.1321 - In Puget Sound and its approaches: Rosario Strait.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false In Puget Sound and its approaches: Rosario Strait. 167.1321 Section 167.1321 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF... Traffic Separation Schemes and Precautionary Areas Pacific West Coast § 167.1321 In Puget Sound and its...

Lip service: Public mental health services and the care of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

PubMed

Molloy, Luke; Lakeman, Richard; Walker, Kim; Lees, David

2018-06-01

The failure of public mental services in Australia to provide care deemed culturally safe for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people has persisted despite several national reports and policies that have attempted to promote positive service change. Nurses represent the largest professional group practising within these services. This article reports on a multisited ethnography of mental health nursing practice as it relates to this group of mental health service users. It explores the beliefs and ideas that nurses identified about public mental health services and the services they provided to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. During the fieldwork, mental health nurses described the constricting effect of the biomedical paradigm of mental illness on their abilities to provide authentic holistic care focused on social and emotional well-being. Despite being the most numerous professional group in mental health services, the speciality of mental health nursing appears unable to change this situation and in many cases maintain this status quo to the potential detriment of their Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander service users. © 2017 Australian College of Mental Health Nurses Inc.

On summer stratification and tidal mixing in the Taiwan Strait

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Jia; Hu, Jianyu; Liu, Zhiyu

2013-06-01

On continental shelves, a front that separates the sea into well-mixed and stratified zones is usually formed in warm seasons due to spatial variations of tidal mixing. In this paper, using eight years of in situ hydrographic observations, satellite images of sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll- a (Chl- a) concentration, and results of a tidal model, we investigate summer stratification in the Taiwan Strait and its dependence on tidal mixing, upwelling, and river diluted water plumes. In most regions of the strait the dominant role of tidal mixing in determining the thermohaline structure is confirmed by the correlation between the two; there are some regions, however, where thermohaline structure varies in different ways owing to significant influences of upwelling and river diluted water plumes. The well-mixed regions are mainly distributed on the Taiwan Bank and in the offshore regions off the Dongshan Island, Nanao Island, and Pingtan Island, while the northern and central Taiwan Strait and the region south of the Taiwan Bank are stratified. The critical Simpson-Hunter parameter for the region is estimated to be 1.78.

Development of a Hydrodynamic Model of Puget Sound and Northwest Straits

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yang, Zhaoqing; Khangaonkar, Tarang P.

2007-12-10

The hydrodynamic model used in this study is the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) developed by the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth. The unstructured grid and finite volume framework, as well as the capability of wetting/drying simulation and baroclinic simulation, makes FVCOM a good fit to the modeling needs for nearshore restoration in Puget Sound. The model domain covers the entire Puget Sound, Strait of Juan de Fuca, San Juan Passages, and Georgia Strait at the United States-Canada Border. The model is driven by tide, freshwater discharge, and surface wind. Preliminary model validation was conducted for tides at variousmore » locations in the straits and Puget Sound using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) tide data. The hydrodynamic model was successfully linked to the NOAA oil spill model General NOAA Operational Modeling Environment model (GNOME) to predict particle trajectories at various locations in Puget Sound. Model results demonstrated that the Puget Sound GNOME model is a useful tool to obtain first-hand information for emergency response such as oil spill and fish migration pathways.« less

Crustal and upper mantle S-wave velocity structures across the Taiwan Strait from ambient seismic noise and teleseismic Rayleigh wave analyses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Y.; Yao, H.; Wu, F. T.; Liang, W.; Huang, B.; Lin, C.; Wen, K.

2013-12-01

Although orogeny seems to have stopped in western Taiwan large and small earthquakes do occur in the Taiwan Strait. Limited studies have focused on this region before and were barely within reach for comprehensive projects like TAICRUST and TAIGER for logistical reasons; thus, the overall crustal structures of the Taiwan Strait remain unknown. Time domain empirical Green's function (TDEGF) from ambient seismic noise to determine crustal velocity structure allows us to study an area using station pairs on its periphery. This research aims to resolve 1-D average crustal and upper mantle S-wave velocity (Vs) structures alone paths of several broadband station-pairs across the Taiwan Strait; 5-120 s Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion data derived by combining TDEGF and traditional surface wave two-station method (TS). The average Vs structures show significant differences in the upper 15 km as expected. In general, the highest Vs are observed in the coastal area of Mainland China and the lowest Vs appear along the southwest offshore of the Taiwan Island; they differ by about 0.6-1.1 km/s. For different parts of the Strait, the Vs are lower in the middle by about 0.1-0.2 km/s relative to those in the northern and southern parts. The overall crustal thickness is approximately 30 km, much thinner and less variable than under the Taiwan Island.

Control of the phytoplankton distribution in the Strait of Gibraltar by wind and fortnightly tides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gómez, F.; Gorsky, G.; García-Górriz, E.; Picheral, M.

2004-03-01

CTD-fluorescence-turbidity profiles from two surveys conducted in June and September 1997 were examined in order to evaluate the influence of the predictable fortnightly (spring/neap) tidal cycle and the less predictable wind on the phytoplankton distribution in the Strait of Gibraltar. The injection of the nutrient-rich North Atlantic Water (NACW) in the Atlantic inflowing current is associated with initial phytoplankton blooming conditions (high fluorescence, low turbidity). In September, a thick layer of NACW was recorded in the euphotic zone of the Atlantic side of the Strait, but biological variables showed post-bloom conditions. This is interpreted as the previous development of a phytoplankton bloom favoured by the ascent of NACW into the euphotic zone during the neap tide period. The passage of NACW through the Strait into the Mediterranean Sea was initially hindered by easterly winds and later by the spring tide. The neap tide period favoured the injection and passage of nutrient-rich North Atlantic Water (NACW) into the Atlantic inflowing current, enhanced during the westerly winds regime. During the spring tides, the injection and passage of NACW is hindered, especially when the easterlies blow. The contribution of the NACW to the primary production was estimated as 100-150 kg carbon s -1 (enhanced during the neap tides). The influence of the wind-driven upwelling along the NW Alborán Sea on the northeastern side of the Strait is discussed.

Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, correlates and interventions among Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities: a scoping review protocol

PubMed Central

Avery, Jodie C; Bowden, Jacqueline A; Dono, Joanne; Gibson, Odette R; Brownbill, Aimee; Keech, Wendy; Miller, Caroline L

2017-01-01

Introduction Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities of Australia experience poorer health outcomes in the areas of overweight and obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Contributing to this burden of disease in the Australian community generally and in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, is the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). We have described a protocol for a review to systematically scope articles that document use of SSBs and interventions to reduce their consumption with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. These results will inform future work that investigates interventions aimed at reducing harm associated with SSB consumption. Methods and analysis This scoping review draws on a methodology that uses a six-step approach to search databases including PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, Informit (including Informit: Indigenous Peoples), Joanna Briggs Institute EBP Database and Mura, between January 1980 and February 2017. Two reviewers will be engaged to search for and screen studies independently, using formulated selection criteria, for inclusion in our review. We will include primary research studies, systematic reviews including meta-analysis or meta-synthesis, reports and unpublished grey literature. Results will be entered into a table identifying study details and characteristics, summarised using a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis chart and then critically analysed. Ethics and dissemination This review will not require ethics committee review. Results will be disseminated at appropriate scientific meetings, as well as through the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community. PMID:28760797

Varying sediment sources (Hudson Strait, Cumberland Sound, Baffin Bay) to the NW Labrador Sea slope between and during Heinrich events 0 to 4

USGS Publications Warehouse

Andrews, John T.; Barber, D.C.; Jennings, A.E.; Eberl, D.D.; Maclean, B.; Kirby, M.E.; Stoner, J.S.

2012-01-01

Core HU97048-007PC was recovered from the continental Labrador Sea slope at a water depth of 945 m, 250 km seaward from the mouth of Cumberland Sound, and 400 km north of Hudson Strait. Cumberland Sound is a structural trough partly floored by Cretaceous mudstones and Paleozoic carbonates. The record extends from ∼10 to 58 ka. On-board logging revealed a complex series of lithofacies, including buff-colored detrital carbonate-rich sediments [Heinrich (H)-events] frequently bracketed by black facies. We investigate the provenance of these facies using quantitative X-ray diffraction on drill-core samples from Paleozoic and Cretaceous bedrock from the SE Baffin Island Shelf, and on the < 2-mm sediment fraction in a transect of five cores from Cumberland Sound to the NW Labrador Sea. A sediment unmixing program was used to discriminate between sediment sources, which included dolomite-rich sediments from Baffin Bay, calcite-rich sediments from Hudson Strait and discrete sources from Cumberland Sound. Results indicated that the bulk of the sediment was derived from Cumberland Sound, but Baffin Bay contributed to sediments coeval with H-0 (Younger Dryas), whereas Hudson Strait was the source during H-events 1–4. Contributions from the Cretaceous outcrops within Cumberland Sound bracket H-events, thus both leading and lagging Hudson Strait-sourced H-events.

Effects of Community Singing Program on Mental Health Outcomes of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: A Meditative Approach.

PubMed

Sun, Jing; Buys, Nicholas

2016-03-01

To evaluate the impact of a meditative singing program on the health outcomes of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. The study used a prospective intervention design. The study took place in six Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities and Community Controlled Health Services in Queensland, Australia. Study participants were 210 Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults aged 18 to 71 years, of which 108 were in a singing intervention group and 102 in a comparison group. A participative community-based community singing program involving weekly singing rehearsals was conducted over an 18-month period. Standardized measures in depression, resilience, sense of connectedness, social support, and singing related quality of life were used. The general linear model was used to compare differences pre- and postintervention on outcome variables, and structural equation modeling was used to examine the pathway of the intervention effect. Results revealed a significant reduction in the proportion of adults in the singing group classified as depressed and a concomitant significant increase in resilience levels, quality of life, sense of connectedness, and social support among this group. There were no significant changes for these variables in the comparison group. The participatory community singing approach linked to preventative health services was associated with improved health, resilience, sense of connectedness, social support, and mental health status among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults. © The Author(s) 2016.

Glacimarine sedimentation in Petermann Fjord and Nares Strait, NW Greenland

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hogan, Kelly; Jakobsson, Martin; Mayer, Larry; Mix, Alan; Nielsen, Tove; Kamla, Elina; Reilly, Brendan; Heirman, Katrina An; Stranne, Christian; Mohammed, Rezwan; Eriksson, Bjorn; Jerram, Kevin

2017-04-01

Here we build on preliminary results from 6500 line-km of high-resolution chirp sub-bottom profiles (2-7 kHz) acquired in Petermann Fjord and Nares Strait during the Petermann 2015 Expedition of the Swedish icebreaker Oden. We map the unlithified sediment cover in Peterman Fjord, which consists of up to 3 conformable "drape" units and calculate volumes of this assumed "post-glacial" fill. In Nares Strait we have mapped sediment volumes in local basins just beyond the sill at the Petermann Fjord-mouth: do these sediments represent material flushed out from the grounding zone of Petermann Glacier when it was grounded at the sill? In this vein, and interestingly, some of the thickest sediments that we observe are found close to a grounding-zone wedge (GZW) in Nares Strait that represents a former grounding zone of ice retreating southwards through the strait. We also map conformable units across Nares Strait and consider the similarities between these and the sediment units in the fjord. Do the strong reflections between the units represent the same climatic, oceanographic or process-shift both inside and outside the fjord? We also aim to tie our new acoustic stratigraphy to sediment-core data (lithofacies, dates) and, therefore, to comment on the age of the mapped sediment units and present ideas on the glacimarine flux of material to the Petermann-Nares system. Primary sediment delivery to the seafloor in this environment is thought to be predominantly through sedimentation from meltwater plumes but also of iceberg-rafted debris (IRD). However, sediment redeposition by slope failures on a variety of scales also occurs and has focussed sediments into discrete basins where the seafloor is rugged. This work - which aims to relate past sediment, meltwater and iceberg fluxes to changes in climate - will help us to identify how the system has responded to a past global warming event, namely the last deglaciation. This is particularly relevant in light of the recent thinning and acceleration of NW Greenland's marine-terminating outlet glaciers.

Providing culturally appropriate mental health first aid to an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander adolescent: development of expert consensus guidelines.

PubMed

Chalmers, Kathryn J; Bond, Kathy S; Jorm, Anthony F; Kelly, Claire M; Kitchener, Betty A; Williams-Tchen, Aj

2014-01-28

It is estimated that the prevalence of mental illness is higher in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adolescents compared to non-Aboriginal adolescents. Despite this, only a small proportion of Aboriginal youth have contact with mental health services, possibly due to factors such as remoteness, language barriers, affordability and cultural sensitivity issues. This research aimed to develop culturally appropriate guidelines for anyone who is providing first aid to an Australian Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander adolescent who is experiencing a mental health crisis or developing a mental illness. A panel of Australian Aboriginal people who are experts in Aboriginal youth mental health, participated in a Delphi study investigating how members of the public can be culturally appropriate when helping an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander adolescent with mental health problems. The panel varied in size across the three sequential rounds, from 37-41 participants. Panellists were presented with statements about cultural considerations and communication strategies via online questionnaires and were encouraged to suggest additional content. All statements endorsed as either Essential or Important by ≥ 90% of panel members were written into a guideline document. To assess the panel members' satisfaction with the research method, participants were invited to provide their feedback after the final survey. From a total of 304 statements shown to the panel of experts, 194 statements were endorsed. The methodology was found to be useful and appropriate by the panellists. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Youth mental health experts were able to reach consensus about what the appropriate communication strategies for providing mental health first aid to an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adolescent. These outcomes will help ensure that the community provides the best possible support to Aboriginal adolescents who are developing mental illnesses or are in a mental health crisis.

Personal attitudes towards smoking in a national sample of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smokers and recent quitters.

PubMed

Nicholson, Anna K; Borland, Ron; Bennet, Pele T; van der Sterren, Anke E; Stevens, Matthew; Thomas, David P

2015-06-01

To describe attitudes towards smoking in a national sample of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smokers and recent quitters and assess how they are associated with quitting, and to compare these attitudes with those of smokers in the general Australian population. The Talking About The Smokes project used a quota sampling design to recruit participants from communities served by 34 Aboriginal community-controlled health services and one community in the Torres Strait. We surveyed 1392 daily smokers, 251 non-daily smokers and 78 recent quitters from April 2012 to October 2013. Personal attitudes towards smoking and quitting, wanting to quit, and attempting to quit in the past year. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander daily smokers were less likely than daily smokers in the general Australian population to report enjoying smoking (65% v 81%) and more likely to disagree that smoking is an important part of their life (49% v 38%); other attitudes were similar between the two groups. In the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander sample, non-daily smokers generally held less positive attitudes towards smoking compared with daily smokers, and ex-smokers who had quit within the past year reported positive views about quitting. Among the daily smokers, 78% reported regretting starting to smoke and 81% reported spending too much money on cigarettes, both of which were positively associated with wanting and attempting to quit; 32% perceived smoking to be an important part of their life, which was negatively associated with both quit outcomes; and 83% agreed that smoking calms them down when stressed, which was not associated with the quitting outcomes. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smokers were less likely than those in the general population to report positive reasons to smoke and held similar views about the negative aspects, suggesting that factors other than personal attitudes may be responsible for the high continuing smoking rate in this population.

Magnetic properties as tracers for source-to-sink dispersal of sediments: A case study in the Taiwan Strait

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Horng, Chorng-Shern; Huh, Chih-An

2011-09-01

Different lithologies between Taiwan and southeastern China lead to diverse mineralogical composition for weathering products derived from the two shores of the Taiwan Strait. Pyrrhotite and magnetite are respectively the dominant magnetic minerals associated with fluvial sediments from western Taiwan and southeastern China. While magnetite commonly co-exists with pyrrhotite in sediments sourced from Taiwan, pyrrhotite has not been found in sediments sourced from mainland China. Associated with such a distinction are vast differences in magnetic properties, including magnetic susceptibility (χ), SIRM, HIRM and the S-ratio, which can be used to study the provenances of sediments in the Taiwan Strait and adjoining marginal seas. Based on any two of these parameters, the magnetic characteristics of much of the Taiwan Strait sediment can be explained using a two-endmember mixing model. Source-to-sink dispersal of sediments in the Taiwan Strait can then be traced from the distribution of these parameters. The results not only corroborate an earlier study based on radionuclides and particle size distribution ( Huh et al., 2011) but reveal more diagnostic details. Besides spatial distribution based on a large number (216) of surface sediments, we also analyzed temporal variation of magnetic properties in six well-dated cores collected at key sites along the sediment source-to-sink pathways. From profiles of these parameters in cores from the middle of the northern Taiwan Strait, it is calculated that sediment supply from Taiwan has increased substantially in the past five decades, which may very well be related to accelerated land use and increased frequency of intense rainfalls in Taiwan during the same period. The approach described in this work may be extended to other source-to-sink systems around the world and through time, especially the mountainous islands fringing the Pacific and Indian Oceans in southeastern Asia. As with Taiwan, these islands have high denudation rates and pyrrhotite is in all likelihood a mineral characteristic of their metamorphic terrains.

Providing culturally appropriate mental health first aid to an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander adolescent: development of expert consensus guidelines

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Background It is estimated that the prevalence of mental illness is higher in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adolescents compared to non-Aboriginal adolescents. Despite this, only a small proportion of Aboriginal youth have contact with mental health services, possibly due to factors such as remoteness, language barriers, affordability and cultural sensitivity issues. This research aimed to develop culturally appropriate guidelines for anyone who is providing first aid to an Australian Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander adolescent who is experiencing a mental health crisis or developing a mental illness. Methods A panel of Australian Aboriginal people who are experts in Aboriginal youth mental health, participated in a Delphi study investigating how members of the public can be culturally appropriate when helping an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander adolescent with mental health problems. The panel varied in size across the three sequential rounds, from 37–41 participants. Panellists were presented with statements about cultural considerations and communication strategies via online questionnaires and were encouraged to suggest additional content. All statements endorsed as either Essential or Important by ≥ 90% of panel members were written into a guideline document. To assess the panel members’ satisfaction with the research method, participants were invited to provide their feedback after the final survey. Results From a total of 304 statements shown to the panel of experts, 194 statements were endorsed. The methodology was found to be useful and appropriate by the panellists. Conclusion Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Youth mental health experts were able to reach consensus about what the appropriate communication strategies for providing mental health first aid to an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adolescent. These outcomes will help ensure that the community provides the best possible support to Aboriginal adolescents who are developing mental illnesses or are in a mental health crisis. PMID:24467923

The Nares Strait problem: A re-evaluation of the geological evidence in terms of a diffuse oblique-slip plate boundary between Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Islands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miall, Andrew D.

1983-12-01

Geophysical models of sea floor spreading in Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea require that Greenland was displaced sinistrally relative to the Canadian Arctic Islands by 200-300 km. It has usually been assumed that this movement took place along Nares Strait, but onshore geological evidence recently compiled by Dawes and Kerr appears to rule out any displacement in excess of 50 km. Twenty different structural and stratigraphic markers cross the strait without significant displacement. A new approach is suggested here, which spreads the displacement across a diffuse oblique-slip plate boundary: (1) South of Bache Peninsula displacement of up to about 150 km may have occurred along Nares Strait. Bache Peninsula Arch probably did not cross the strait but is a north-south feature extending south from Bache Peninsula. (2) Revisions of Proterozoic stratigraphy show that the arch cannot have marked the limit of Thule Basin, as formerly assumed. Thule Basin isopach data can readily be accommodated to a 150 km sinistral displacement. (3) Cambrian-Ordovician strata in Bache Peninsula area may have occupied a north-south embayment similar to others along the southern border of Franklinian Geosyncline. (4) North of Bache Peninsula most of the strike-slip displacement probably took place along strike faults within Central Ellesmere and North Greenland fold belts. Paleozoic stratigraphic markers which cross Nares Strait without strike-slip displacement would not be displaced by these faults either, because stratigraphic and structural trends are parallel within the fold belts. The structural style of the Ellesmere fold belt is probably one of transpressive oblique-slip with local counterclockwise block rotations. (5) Up to 50 km of displacement may have occurred along northern Nares Strait itself, probably as a late phase of movement. A detailed palinspastic reconstruction must await further detailed groundwork. This should include the following (which would also serve as independent tests of the hypothesis): Detailed basin analysis of Thule Basin and Cambro-Ordovician strata immediately to the north; analysis of small scale structural features (joints, cleavage, slickenside) and map patterns of faults within the Central Ellesmere and North Greenland fold belts; deep reflection seismic and paleomagnetic analysis of the fold belts.

Enhancing national data to align with policy objectives: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smoking prevalence at finer geographic levels.

PubMed

Wright, Alyson; Lovett, Ray; Roe, Yvette; Richardson, Alice

2017-06-05

Objectives The aim of the study was to assess the utility of national Aboriginal survey data in a regional geospatial analysis of daily smoking prevalence for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians and discuss the appropriateness of this analysis for policy and program impact assessment. Methods Data from the last two Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) national surveys of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey 2014-15 (n=7022 adults) and the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey 2012-13 (n=10896 adults), were used to map the prevalence of smoking by Indigenous regions. Results Daily smoking prevalence in 2014-15 at Indigenous regions ranges from 27.1% (95%CI 18.9-35.3) in the Toowoomba region in Queensland to 68.0% (95%CI 58.1-77.9) in the Katherine region in the Northern Territory. The confidence intervals are wide and there is no significant difference in daily smoking prevalence between the two time periods for any region. Conclusion There are significant limitations with analysing national survey data at finer geographical scales. Given the national program for Indigenous tobacco control is a regional model, evaluation requires finer geographical analysis of smoking prevalence to inform public health progress, policy and program effects. Options to improve the data currently collected include increasing national survey sample sizes, implementing a smoking status question in census surveys, investing in current cohort studies focused on this population or implementing localised surveys. What is known about the topic? The last geospatial analysis of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smoking prevalence was undertaken in 1997. Current national survey data have not been analysed geospatially. What does this paper add? This paper provides new insights into the use of national survey data for understanding regional patterns and prevalence levels of smoking in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations. What are the implications for practitioners? The findings of the study suggest caution when interpreting prevalence maps and highlight the need for greater sample sizes in national survey data. The analysis is also an opportunity to assess the use of national survey data in evaluating the policy impact of programs targeted at a regional level.

Sedimentary constraints on the development of a narrow deep strait (São Sebastião Channel, SE Brazil)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alcántara-Carrió, Javier; Sasaki, Dalton Kei; Mahiques, Michel Michaelovitch de; Taborda, Rui; de Souza, Luiz Antonio Pereira

2017-10-01

The São Sebastião Channel (SSC), which separates São Sebastião Island from the continent, is a deep elongated strait on the inner shelf of the São Paulo Bight (SE Brazil). The aim of this study is to explain why it is presently sediment starved, instead of forming a tombolo. Wave data were obtained from both a WW3 model database and buoy records, and wave propagation patterns from the SWAN numerical model. Grain size trend analysis of 579 surficial sediment samples from the strait and the surrounding region served to estimate the residual transport directions. Bedload sediment transport was computed considering in situ currents and bottom sediment grain size. Moreover, six seismic profiles and one gravity core were obtained in the strait in order to evaluate the hickness of the sedimentary deposits. The geometry of the SSC (X/B=0.3, where B is the breakwater or island diameter and X is its cross-shore distance to the mainland) predicts that a tombolo should be formed, and wave patterns confirm that it is a zone sheltered from both S and NE waves. Previous studies have shown that the hydrodynamics of the SSC is controlled by wind-driven currents, which are more intense in the eastern and central sectors of the strait. The western sector is currently covered by sandy mud, whereas very coarse to fine sand prevails in the deeper eastern sector. Sediment patterns show a trend to deposition of fine sediment in the western sector of the SSC and two main depocentres located at the northern limit of the study area and at the southern mouth of the strait. Sandy mud in the western sector forms a 40-m-thick deposit close to the outer limit of Araçá Bay, whereas the remainder of the SSC is covered by a very thin layer of sandy sediments. Dominance of mud in the depositional western sector suggests low availability of sand in the area. Therefore, despite the geometry and wave patterns of the SSC favouring the formation of a tombolo, the dominance of wind-driven currents and the low availability of sand determine that such a sedimentary feature cannot be formed, resulting in a deep strait.

Airborne synthetic aperture radar tracking of internal waves in the Strait of Gibraltar

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Richez, Claude

As part of the International “Gibraltar Experiment”, we realized, on June 22 and 24, 1986, two surveys of the Strait of Gibraltar, on board an aircraft equipped with a Synthetic Aperture Radar. Our objective was to observe, at Spring tides, and during two twelve-hour tidal cycles, at 24 h interval, the generation of internal wave trains, linked to the hydraulic jump formed west of the sill during the westward phase of the tidal current, and their eastward propagation in the Strait. The speed of propagation of these waves and the effect of the diurnal component of the tide on their generation and propagation could then be determined. Our results suggest that two solitary waves of equal amplitude propagated eastwards in the strait on June 22 (the tidal coefficient being equal to 92), with a speed, relative to the ground, of 2.1 to 2.6 m s -1. 24 h later, during the second survey, on June 24 (tidal coefficient 90), we observed the propagation of a train of non-linear waves, the speed of the leading wave of which being about 1.9 ms -1. Our data show that other waves pass over the Camarinal Sill after the release of the bore, and “secondary” internal wave trains are shown to propagate eastwards from there. Although our SAR data show the appearance of waves west of the northern sill at about 4 h after High Water (HW), the mechanism leading to their generation is not clear. These waves could propagate eastwards, all along the strait, and/or northwestwards along the western Spanish coast. They could be responsible for the solitary-type events observed at the eastern entrance of the strait, at about 7 h after HW, by ZIEGENBEIN (1969, 1970). These events are noticeable in the hydrological parameters time series of ARMI and FARMER (1988) and in the high rate current data (2-min apart) from their April 1986 cruise. Besides these alongstrait waves, our SAR data show the existence of cross-strait waves, and give an idea of their wavelength and speed of propagation. Their presence leads to perturbations in the current, revealed by simultaneous current data, at the Camarinal Sill and north of Cape Cires.

Three-dimenstional crustal velocity structure beneath the strait of georgia, British Columbia

USGS Publications Warehouse

Zelt, B.C.; Ellis, R.M.; Zelt, C.A.; Hyndman, R.D.; Lowe, C.; Spence, G.D.; Fisher, M.A.

2001-01-01

The Strait of Georgia is a topographic depression straddling the boundary between the Insular and Coast belts in southwestern British Columbia. Two shallow earthquakes located within the strait (M = 4.6 in 1997 and M = 5.0 in 1975) and felt throughout the Vancouver area illustrate the seismic potential of this region. As part of the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation of Puget Sound (SHIPS) experiment, seismic instruments were placed in and around the Strait of Georgia to record shots from a marine source within the strait. We apply a tomographic inversion procedure to first-arrival travel-time data to derive a minimum-structure 3-D P-wave velocity model for the upper crust to about 13 km depth. We also present a 2-D velocity model for a profile orientated across the Strait of Georgia derived using a minimum-parameter traveltime inversion approach. This paper represents the first detailed look at crustal velocity variations within the major Cretaceous to Cenozoic Georgia Basin, which underlies the Strait of Georgia. The 3-D velocity model clearly delineates the structure of the Georgia Basin. Taking the 6 km s-1 isovelocity contour to represent the top of the underlying basement, the basin thickens from between 2 and 4 km in the northwestern half of the strait to between 8 and 9 km at the southeastern end of the study region. Basin velocities in the northeastern half are 4.5-6 km s-1 and primarily represent the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group. Velocities to the south are lower (3-6 km s-1) because of the additional presence of the overlying Tertiary Huntingdon Formation and more recent sediments, including glacial and modern Fraser River deposits. In contrast to the relatively smoothly varying velocity structure of the basin, velocities of the basement rocks, which comprise primarily Palaeozoic to Jurassic rocks of the Wrangellia Terrane and possibly Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous granitic rocks of the Coast Belt, show significantly more structure, probably an indication of the varying basement rock lithologies. The 2-D velocity model more clearly reveals the velocity layering associated with the recent sediments, Huntingdon Formation and Nanaimo Group of the southern Georgia Basin, as well as the underlying basement. We interpret lateral variation in sub-basin velocities of the 2-D model as a transition from Wrangellian to Coast Belt basement rocks. The effect of the narrow, onshore-offshore recording geometry of the seismic experiment on model resolution was tested to allow a critical assessment of the validity of the 3-D velocity model. Lateral resolution throughout the model to a depth of 3-5 km below the top of the basement is generally 10-20 km.

Diversity in eMental Health Practice: An Exploratory Qualitative Study of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Service Providers

PubMed Central

Bird, Jennifer; Rotumah, Darlene; Singer, Judy

2017-01-01

Background In Australia, mental health services are undergoing major systemic reform with eMental Health (eMH) embedded in proposed service models for all but those with severe mental illness. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander service providers have been targeted as a national priority for training and implementation of eMH into service delivery. Implementation studies on technology uptake in health workforces identify complex and interconnected variables that influence how individual practitioners integrate new technologies into their practice. To date there are only two implementation studies that focus on eMH and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander service providers. They suggest that the implementation of eMH in the context of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations may be different from the implementation of eMH with allied health professionals and mainstream health services. Objective The objective of this study is to investigate how Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander service providers in one regional area of Australia used eMH resources in their practice following an eMH training program and to determine what types of eMH resources they used. Methods Individual semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 16 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander service providers. Interviews were co-conducted by one indigenous and one non-indigenous interviewer. A sample of transcripts were coded and thematically analyzed by each interviewer and then peer reviewed. Consensus codes were then applied to all transcripts and themes identified. Results It was found that 9 of the 16 service providers were implementing eMH resources into their routine practice. The findings demonstrate that participants used eMH resources for supporting social inclusion, informing and educating, assessment, case planning and management, referral, responding to crises, and self and family care. They chose a variety of types of eMH resources to use with their clients, both culturally specific and mainstream. While they referred clients to online treatment programs, they used only eMH resources designed for mobile devices in their face-to-face contact with clients. Conclusions This paper provides Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander service providers and the eMH field with findings that may inform and guide the implementation of eMH resources. It may help policy developers locate this workforce within broader service provision planning for eMH. The findings could, with adaptation, have wider application to other workforces who work with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients. The findings highlight the importance of identifying and addressing the particular needs of minority groups for eMH services and resources. PMID:28554880

The Biggest Tuya or Table Mountain in the North Atlantic?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Helgadottir, G.; Reynisson, P.

2012-12-01

Multibeam mapping in cruise A201206 of the Marine Research Institute in June 2012 revealed a huge submarine mountain with a striking look of a tuya. Tuya is by defenition a subrectangular or circular, constructional, flat-topped mountain, made up of hyaloclastites and/or pillow lava, usually with cap lava (Mathews 1947). The mountain lies at 950-1.400 waterdepth some 120 nautical miles west of the Snaefellsnes peninsula and the mapped part of it is around 300 km2. For comparison, the largest tuya in Iceland is Eiriksjokull with a basal area of 77 km2 (Jakobsson and Gudmundsson 2008). Above the mountains edge at 1.100 m waterdepth the hight increases gradually towards the top of the mountain were some craters are exposed. The mountain has a a youthful apperance. Analysing of rock samples are needed to find out if that is the case or if it is connected with an old rifting zone. The goal of the survey was to map fishing areas (f. ex. of the Greenland halibut); to explore the environment of the strong ocean currents coming from north through the Greenland Strait (also called Denmark Strait) but also to gain additional bathymetrical data in the vicinity of what we believe are mud volcanoes, discovered in a fairly recent MRI's mapping cruise. Now, like erlier on, several mud volcanoes appeared, some of them up to 350 m high. If this proves to be right, this is the first finding of these features in Icelandic waters. The research area coincides largely with sediments of the Snorri drift. Seismic lines through this sediment show possible diapir formation (Egloff and Johnson 1978) which strengthens the idea of those features beeing mud volcanoes. The current 9.000 km2 mapping with EM 300 has added significantly to our knowledge of the morphology of the seafloor around Iceland. References: Mathews, W. H. 1947: "Tuyas": Flat-topped volcanoes in northern Brithish Columbia. Amer. J. Sci. 245, 560-570. Jakobsson, S. P. and Gudmundsson, M. T. 2008: Subglacial and intraglacial volcanic formations in Iceland. Jokull no. 58, 179-196. Egloff, J. and Johnson, G. L. 1978: Erosional and Depositional Structures of the Southwest Iceland Insular Margin: Thirteen Geophysical Profiles. AAPG Mem. Vol. 29, 43-63.

Recent Developments in OVERGRID, OVERFLOW-2 and Chimera Grid Tools Scripts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chan, William M.

2004-01-01

OVERGRID and OVERFLOW-2 feature easy to use multiple-body dynamics. The new features of OVERGRID include a preliminary chemistry interface, standard atmosphere and mass properties calculators, a simple unsteady solution viewer, and a debris tracking interface. Script library development in Chimera Grid Tools has applications in turbopump grid generation. This viewgraph presentation profiles multiple component dynamics, validation test cases for a sphere, cylinder, and oscillating airfoil, and debris analysis.

An Investigation into the Nature of Non-Voiding Contractions Resulting from Detrusor Hyperreflexia in Neurogenic Bladders Following Spinal Cord Injury

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-10-01

voiding contractions (NVC) during normal bladder filling. These NVC are responsible for incontinence episodes, bladder and bladder neck damage, as...eliminated, however, voiding occurred by a combination of augmented overflow incontinence (NVC-driven and a vesicosomatic reflex of the hindquarters...spinal micturition reflex, but rather an augmented overflow incontinence with a locomotor component (High amplitude pressure swings in bottom trace

A Pre-Emptive Horizontal Channel Borrowing and Vertical Traffic Overflowing Channel Allocation Scheme for Overlay Networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Fang-Ming; Jiang, Ling-Ge; He, Chen

In this paper, a channel allocation scheme is studied for overlay wireless networks to optimize connection-level QoS. The contributions of our work are threefold. First, a channel allocation strategy using both horizontal channel borrowing and vertical traffic overflowing (HCBVTO) is presented and analyzed. When all the channels in a given macrocell are used, high-mobility real-time handoff requests can borrow channels from adjacent homogeneous cells. In case that the borrowing requests fail, handoff requests may also be overflowed to heterogeneous cells, if possible. Second, high-mobility real-time service is prioritized by allowing it to preempt channels currently used by other services. And third, to meet the high QoS requirements of some services and increase the utilization of radio resources, certain services can be transformed between real-time services and non-real-time services as necessary. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed schemes can improve system performance.

Wafer-level Cu-Sn micro-joints with high mechanical strength and low Sn overflow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duan, Ani; Luu, Thi-Thuy; Wang, Kaiying; Aasmundtveit, Knut; Hoivik, Nils

2015-09-01

In this paper, we report wafer-level bonding using solid-liquid inter-diffusion (SLID) processes for fabricating micro-joints Cu-Sn at low temperature (270 °C). The evolution of multilayer Cu/Sn to micro-joint alloys has been characterized by optical microscopy and mechanical die-shear testing. The Cu-Sn joints with line width from 80 to 200 μm prove to be reliable packaging materials for bonding vacuum micro-cavities with controllable Sn overflow, as well as high mechanical strength (>70 MPa). A thermodynamic model has been performed to further understand the formation of Cu-Sn intermetallic alloys. There are two important findings for this work: 1) Using a two-step temperature profile may significantly reduce the amount of Sn overflow; 2) for packaging, a bond frame width greater than 80 μm will result in high yield.

Efficiency of a turbidity-based, real-time control strategy applied to a retention tank: a simulation study.

PubMed

Lacour, C; Joannis, C; Schuetze, M; Chebbo, G

2011-01-01

This paper compares several real-time control (RTC) strategies for a generic configuration consisting of a storage tank with two overflow facilities. Two of the strategies only make use of flow rate data, while the third also introduces turbidity data in order to exercise dynamic control between two overflow locations. The efficiency of each strategy is compared over a wide range of system setups, described by two parameters. This assessment is performed by simulating the application of control strategies to actual measurements time series recorded on two sites. Adding turbidity measurements into an RTC strategy leads to a significant reduction in the annual overflow pollutant load. The pollutant spills spared by such a control strategy strongly depend on the site and on the flow rate based strategy considered as a reference. With the datasets used in this study, values ranging from 5 to 50% were obtained.

On buffer overflow duration in a finite-capacity queueing system with multiple vacation policy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kempa, Wojciech M.

2017-12-01

A finite-buffer queueing system with Poisson arrivals and generally distributed processing times, operating under multiple vacation policy, is considered. Each time when the system becomes empty, the service station takes successive independent and identically distributed vacation periods, until, at the completion epoch of one of them, at least one job waiting for service is detected in the buffer. Applying analytical approach based on the idea of embedded Markov chain, integral equations and linear algebra, the compact-form representation for the cumulative distribution function (CDF for short) of the first buffer overflow duration is found. Hence, the formula for the CDF of next such periods is obtained. Moreover, probability distributions of the number of job losses in successive buffer overflow periods are found. The considered queueing system can be efficienly applied in modelling energy saving mechanisms in wireless network communication.

[Study on the characteristics of combined sewer overflow from the high density residential area in Shanghai].

PubMed

Li, He; Li, Tian

2006-08-01

The urban non-point pollution has become main pollution resource of urban water bodies of Shanghai. Character of combined sewer overflow from watershed SA in Shanghai was studied, and the correlation of influence factors to the EMCs of overflows was discussed. It is found that the EMCs of COD, BOD, SS, NH3-N, TN, TP are 614 mg/L, 208.5 mg/L, 684 mg/L, 17.6 mg/L, 29.8 mg/L, 3.0 mg/L respectively, and the values obtained herein are much higher than the documented data from other countries. From the probability plot of the EMCs, it is found that the BOD has the best fitness for lognormal distribution; and correlation between the EMCs of COD, SS and the ratio of antecedent dry weather time to rain duration is quite good.

Supporting Australian Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal Nursing Students Using Mentoring Circles: An Action Research Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mills, Jane; Felton-Busch, Catrina; Park, Tanya; Maza, Karen; Mills, Frances; Ghee, McCauley; Hitchins, Marnie; Chamberlain-Salaun, Jennifer; Neuendorf, Nalisa

2014-01-01

Attempts to recruit Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students into nursing degrees have made minimal impact on the number of registered nurses working in Australia's healthcare sector. Yet increasing the number of Indigenous nurses remains one of the most important objectives in strategies to close the health gap between Indigenous and…

Theory and Research on Bullying and Racism from an Aboriginal Australian Perspective

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bodkin-Andrews, Gawaian; Paradies, Yin; Parada, Roberto; Denson, Nida; Priest, Naomi; Bansel, Peter

2012-01-01

This paper offers a brief review of research on the impact of bullying and racism on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples within Australia. The overarching emphasis was on the variety of physical, social, mental, and educational outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and youth, whilst also critiquing the prevailing…

33 CFR 110.224 - San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, Suisun Bay, Sacramento River, San Joaquin...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Bay, Sacramento River, San Joaquin River, and connecting waters, CA. (a) General regulations. (1..., Carquinez Strait, Suisun Bay, Sacramento River, San Joaquin River, and connecting waters, CA. 110.224... notified to move by the Captain of the Port. (4) No vessel may anchor within a tunnel, cable, or pipeline...

33 CFR 110.224 - San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, Suisun Bay, Sacramento River, San Joaquin...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Bay, Sacramento River, San Joaquin River, and connecting waters, CA. (a) General regulations. (1..., Carquinez Strait, Suisun Bay, Sacramento River, San Joaquin River, and connecting waters, CA. 110.224... notified to move by the Captain of the Port. (4) No vessel may anchor within a tunnel, cable, or pipeline...

33 CFR 110.224 - San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, Suisun Bay, Sacramento River, San Joaquin...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Bay, Sacramento River, San Joaquin River, and connecting waters, CA. (a) General regulations. (1..., Carquinez Strait, Suisun Bay, Sacramento River, San Joaquin River, and connecting waters, CA. 110.224... notified to move by the Captain of the Port. (4) No vessel may anchor within a tunnel, cable, or pipeline...

Best Practice in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education. Proceedings of the Conference (Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia, November 17-18, 1993).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Australian National Languages and Literacy Inst., Deakin.

Papers from the conference on the education of Australian Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders include: "English Language and Numeracy Program for Aboriginal Students" (Alison Jarred); "The Aboriginal Identity Course: A Midstream Evaluation" (Simon Vaughan); "Making the Curriculum Your Own: The Senior Girls at Lajamanu…