Sample records for deterring human interference

  1. Scale dependent behavioral responses to human development by a large predator, the puma.

    PubMed

    Wilmers, Christopher C; Wang, Yiwei; Nickel, Barry; Houghtaling, Paul; Shakeri, Yasaman; Allen, Maximilian L; Kermish-Wells, Joe; Yovovich, Veronica; Williams, Terrie

    2013-01-01

    The spatial scale at which organisms respond to human activity can affect both ecological function and conservation planning. Yet little is known regarding the spatial scale at which distinct behaviors related to reproduction and survival are impacted by human interference. Here we provide a novel approach to estimating the spatial scale at which a top predator, the puma (Puma concolor), responds to human development when it is moving, feeding, communicating, and denning. We find that reproductive behaviors (communication and denning) require at least a 4× larger buffer from human development than non-reproductive behaviors (movement and feeding). In addition, pumas give a wider berth to types of human development that provide a more consistent source of human interference (neighborhoods) than they do to those in which human presence is more intermittent (arterial roads with speeds >35 mph). Neighborhoods were a deterrent to pumas regardless of behavior, while arterial roads only deterred pumas when they were communicating and denning. Female pumas were less deterred by human development than males, but they showed larger variation in their responses overall. Our behaviorally explicit approach to modeling animal response to human activity can be used as a novel tool to assess habitat quality, identify wildlife corridors, and mitigate human-wildlife conflict.

  2. Neuromolecular basis of repellent action

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Physical contact is not required for insect repellents to affect mosquito behavior; DEET not only interferes with the detection of host and oviposition sites suggesting the involvement of the olfactory pathway, but it also deters feeding, perhaps indicating involvement of the gustatory sense. Howev...

  3. Phytoestrogen signaling and symbiotic gene activation are disrupted by endocrine-disrupting chemicals.

    PubMed Central

    Fox, Jennifer E; Starcevic, Marta; Jones, Phillip E; Burow, Matthew E; McLachlan, John A

    2004-01-01

    Some organochlorine pesticides and other synthetic chemicals mimic hormones in representatives of each vertebrate class, including mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and fish. These compounds are called endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Similarly, hormonelike signaling has also been observed when vertebrates are exposed to plant chemicals called phytoestrogens. Previous research has shown the mechanism of action for EDCs and phytoestrogens is as unintended ligands for the estrogen receptor (ER). Although pesticides have been synthesized to deter insects and weeds, plants produce phytoestrogens to deter herbivores, as attractant cues for insects, and as recruitment signals for symbiotic soil bacteria. Our data present the first evidence that some of the same organochlorine pesticides and EDCs known to disrupt endocrine signaling through ERs in exposed wildlife and humans also disrupt the phytoestrogen signaling that leguminous plants use to recruit Sinorhizobium meliloti soil bacteria for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Here we report that a variety of EDCs and pesticides commonly found in agricultural soils interfere with the symbiotic signaling necessary for nitrogen fixation, suggesting that the principles underlying endocrine disruption may have more widespread biological and ecological importance than had once been thought. PMID:15121509

  4. Methodologies for Analyzing Remotely Piloted Aircraft in Future Roles and Missions

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-01-01

    flight paths, and other mission tasks. Geolocating targets based on signals intelligence (SIGINT) collections can be used as a means of cuing... properties of the target (emitter) and the sensor (receiver)—in this case, frequency and power—to deter- mine the likelihood of detection using standard...dB. Signals may use communications protocols to divide the spectrum by frequency or time; this may be used to prevent interference. Receiver

  5. Understanding the Effects of Host Evolution and Skin Bacteria Composition on Disease Vector Choices

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-04-14

    attractiveness of hosts to microbes suggests that if we are to develop a probiotic that deters mosquitoes that its value will depend greatly on the genome of the...influence of a single human gene on the attractiveness of hosts to microbes suggests that if we are to develop a probiotic that deters mosquitoes that

  6. Hormonal Interference with Pheromone Systems in Parasitic Acarines, Especially Ixodid Ticks.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1985-05-01

    was found in mites and ticks, Studies done by Dr. Oliver and his colleagues demonstrated partial loss o reproductive capacity in Dermanyssus gallinae ...involved the use of the anti-JH compound precocene 2 (P2) applied to ,.. the chicken mite, Dermanyssus gallinae . Experiments were designed to deter...in acarines similarly as in insects. Two mg of P2 were exposed to fed female Dermanyssus gallinae for vari- ous lengths of time (24-96 h) and at

  7. President to sign FACE bill aimed at deterring antiabortion violence.

    PubMed

    1994-05-23

    Both houses of the US Congress have approved the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act (FACE) which, when it is signed into law by President Clinton, will become the first freestanding legislation in US history to protect abortion rights. The aim of the bill is to deter violence aimed at providers of abortion services and at abortion seekers while protecting the free speech rights of antiabortion protesters. The bill makes it a federal offense to use or threaten to use force or to physically obstruct or destroy property in an attempt to interfere with access to reproductive health services. Fines and penalties range from $10,000 and 6 months in jail to $250,000 and 3 years in jail. In addition, the bill provides for civil remedies; affected clinics and individuals as well as the US attorney general and state attorneys general will be able to sue protestors who commit acts prohibited by FACE for compensatory and punitive damages. Plaintiffs will also be able to obtain federal injunctions against such protestors.

  8. How Bees Deter Elephants: Beehive Trials with Forest Elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) in Gabon.

    PubMed

    Ngama, Steeve; Korte, Lisa; Bindelle, Jérôme; Vermeulen, Cédric; Poulsen, John R

    2016-01-01

    In Gabon, like elsewhere in Africa, crops are often sources of conflict between humans and wildlife. Wildlife damage to crops can drastically reduce income, amplifying poverty and creating a negative perception of wild animal conservation among rural people. In this context, crop-raiding animals like elephants quickly become "problem animals". To deter elephants from raiding crops beehives have been successfully employed in East Africa; however, this method has not yet been tested in Central Africa. We experimentally examined whether the presence of Apis mellifera adansonii, the African honey bee species present in Central Africa, deters forest elephants (Loxodonta Africana cyclotis) from feeding on fruit trees. We show for the first time that the effectiveness of beehives as deterrents of elephants is related to bee activity. Empty hives and those housing colonies of low bee activity do not deter elephants all the time; but beehives with high bee activity do. Although elephant disturbance of hives does not impede honey production, there is a tradeoff between deterrence and the quantity of honey produced. To best achieve the dual goals of deterring elephants and producing honey colonies must maintain an optimum activity level of 40 to 60 bee movements per minute. Thus, beehives colonized by Apis mellifera adansonii bees can be effective elephant deterrents, but people must actively manage hives to maintain bee colonies at the optimum activity level.

  9. How Bees Deter Elephants: Beehive Trials with Forest Elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) in Gabon

    PubMed Central

    Ngama, Steeve; Korte, Lisa; Bindelle, Jérôme; Vermeulen, Cédric; Poulsen, John R.

    2016-01-01

    In Gabon, like elsewhere in Africa, crops are often sources of conflict between humans and wildlife. Wildlife damage to crops can drastically reduce income, amplifying poverty and creating a negative perception of wild animal conservation among rural people. In this context, crop-raiding animals like elephants quickly become “problem animals”. To deter elephants from raiding crops beehives have been successfully employed in East Africa; however, this method has not yet been tested in Central Africa. We experimentally examined whether the presence of Apis mellifera adansonii, the African honey bee species present in Central Africa, deters forest elephants (Loxodonta Africana cyclotis) from feeding on fruit trees. We show for the first time that the effectiveness of beehives as deterrents of elephants is related to bee activity. Empty hives and those housing colonies of low bee activity do not deter elephants all the time; but beehives with high bee activity do. Although elephant disturbance of hives does not impede honey production, there is a tradeoff between deterrence and the quantity of honey produced. To best achieve the dual goals of deterring elephants and producing honey colonies must maintain an optimum activity level of 40 to 60 bee movements per minute. Thus, beehives colonized by Apis mellifera adansonii bees can be effective elephant deterrents, but people must actively manage hives to maintain bee colonies at the optimum activity level. PMID:27196059

  10. United States Air Force Statistical Digest, Fiscal Year 1966, Twenty First Edition

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1966-09-30

    Economic Repair "m.. Abnor- Normal Ene "", Flying Cause Ene "", Aban- MISSION, DESIGN,Tested Fair ""’ Storage AND SERIESum to De - Deter- Deter- Action... De - Wear Deter- Deter- on on on Non- mentor struc- and Iore- tors- Combat Combat Combat Combat Ene ""School tion Tear tion tion Mission Mission...AND SERIESFairum to De - .Deter- Deter- on on on Non- mentWearor strue- iora- tore- Combat Combat Combat Combat Ene "\\YandSchool tion tion tion Mission

  11. A pilot study of the photoprotective effect of almond phytochemicals in a 3D human skin equivalent

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    UV exposure causes oxidative stress, inflammation, erythema, and skin cancer. Alpha-Tocopherol (AT) and polyphenols (AP) present in almonds may serve as photoprotectants. Our objectives were to assess the feasibility of using a 3D human skin equivalent (HSE) in photoprotectant research and to deter...

  12. Reassurance Strategy: Incentives for Use and Conditions for Success

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-03-01

    Cold War, people hoped for a more peaceful world and expected a tremendous decrease in the frequency of war. However, war is still part of human life...war has been more common than peace.”7 It seems that the arguments of classical realists and neorealists are true in human history. They basically...states behave as they do is firmly rooted in human biological impulses: 4 Derek D. Smith, Deterring

  13. An Anthology: Rationale for a U.S. Ballistic Missile Defense (1969-1984).

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1985-04-01

    country against accidental attacks by other nations. The ability to avoid escalation into a massive nclear retaliation because of human error or...fact remains that unprotected humans or unhardened structures the popular suspicions generated in connection or communication facilities would be fatally...for resisting aggression and deterring conflict that are safer and more humane than exclusive reliance on the threat of nuclear retaliation. A

  14. Expert judgment on markers to deter inadvertent human intrusion into the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Trauth, K.M.; Hora, S.C.; Guzowski, R.V.

    1993-11-01

    The expert panel identified basic principles to guide current and future marker development efforts: (1) the site must be marked, (2) message(s) must be truthful and informative, (3) multiple components within a marker system, (4) multiple means of communication (e.g., language, pictographs, scientific diagrams), (5) multiple levels of complexity within individual messages on individual marker system elements, (6) use of materials with little recycle value, and (7) international effort to maintain knowledge of the locations and contents of nuclear waste repositories. The efficacy of the markers in deterring inadvertent human intrusion was estimated to decrease with time, with the probabilitymore » function varying with the mode of intrusion (who is intruding and for what purpose) and the level of technological development of the society. The development of a permanent, passive marker system capable of surviving and remaining interpretable for 10,000 years will require further study prior to implementation.« less

  15. What exactly is an exact copy? And why it matters when trying to ban human reproductive cloning in Australia.

    PubMed

    Gogarty, B

    2003-04-01

    This paper examines the current Australian regulatory response to human reproductive cloning. The central consideration is the capacity of the current regulatory regime to effectively deter human cloning efforts. A legislative prohibition on human cloning must be both effective and clear enough to allow researchers to know what practices are acceptable. This paper asks whether the current Australian regime evinces these qualities and suggests that Australia should follow the example set in the UK by the enactment of the Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001.

  16. Toward Cyber Omniscience: Deterring Cyber Attacks by Hostile Individuals in 2035

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-02-17

    omniscience is a characteristic most often ascribed to God. Although omniscience is not considered humanly attainable, this essay has intentionally, but...New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2005. Library of Congress. ―Amazing Grace.‖ Lyrics and history of John Newton‘s Christian hymn. http

  17. Patterning N-type and S-type neuroblastoma cells with Pluronic F108 and ECM proteins.

    PubMed

    Corey, Joseph M; Gertz, Caitlyn C; Sutton, Thomas J; Chen, Qiaoran; Mycek, Katherine B; Wang, Bor-Shuen; Martin, Abbey A; Johnson, Sara L; Feldman, Eva L

    2010-05-01

    Influencing cell shape using micropatterned substrates affects cell behaviors, such as proliferation and apoptosis. Cell shape may also affect these behaviors in human neuroblastoma (NBL) cancer, but to date, no substrate design has effectively patterned multiple clinically important human NBL lines. In this study, we investigated whether Pluronic F108 was an effective antiadhesive coating for human NBL cells and whether it would localize three NBL lines to adhesive regions of tissue culture plastic or collagen I on substrate patterns. The adhesion and patterning of an S-type line, SH-EP, and two N-type lines, SH-SY5Y and IMR-32, were tested. In adhesion assays, F108 deterred NBL adhesion equally as well as two antiadhesive organofunctional silanes and far better than bovine serum albumin. Patterned stripes of F108 restricted all three human NBL lines to adhesive stripes of tissue culture plastic. We then investigated four schemes of applying collagen and F108 to different regions of a substrate. Contact with collagen obliterates the ability of F108 to deter NBL adhesion, limiting how both materials can be applied to substrates to produce high fidelity NBL patterning. This patterned substrate design should facilitate investigations of the role of cell shape in NBL cell behavior. Copyright 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  18. Patterning N-type and S-type Neuroblastoma Cells with Pluronic F108 and ECM Proteins

    PubMed Central

    Corey, Joseph M.; Gertz, Caitlyn C.; Sutton, Thomas J.; Chen, Qiaoran; Mycek, Katherine B.; Wang, Bor-Shuen; Martin, Abbey A.; Johnson, Sara L.; Feldman, Eva L.

    2009-01-01

    Influencing cell shape using micropatterned substrates affects cell behaviors, such as proliferation and apoptosis. Cell shape may also affect these behaviors in human neuroblastoma (NBL) cancer, but to date, no substrate design has effectively patterned multiple clinically important human NBL lines. In this study, we investigated whether Pluronic F108 was an effective anti-adhesive coating for human NBL cells and whether it would localize three NBL lines to adhesive regions of tissue culture plastic or collagen I on substrate patterns. The adhesion and patterning of an S-type line, SH-EP, and two N-type lines, SH-SY5Y and IMR-32, were tested. In adhesion assays, F108 deterred NBL adhesion equally as well as two anti-adhesive organofunctional silanes and far better than bovine serum albumin. Patterned stripes of F108 restricted all three human NBL lines to adhesive stripes of tissue culture plastic. We then investigated four schemes of applying collagen and F108 to different regions of a substrate. Contact with collagen obliterates the ability of F108 to deter NBL adhesion, limiting how both materials can be applied to substrates to produce high fidelity NBL patterning. This patterned substrate design should facilitate investigations of the role of cell shape in NBL cell behavior. PMID:19609877

  19. Conciliatory gestures promote forgiveness and reduce anger in humans.

    PubMed

    McCullough, Michael E; Pedersen, Eric J; Tabak, Benjamin A; Carter, Evan C

    2014-07-29

    Conflict is an inevitable component of social life, and natural selection has exerted strong effects on many organisms to facilitate victory in conflict and to deter conspecifics from imposing harms upon them. Like many species, humans likely possess cognitive systems whose function is to motivate revenge as a means of deterring individuals who have harmed them from harming them again in the future. However, many social relationships often retain value even after conflicts have occurred between interactants, so natural selection has very likely also endowed humans with cognitive systems whose function is to motivate reconciliation with transgressors whom they perceive as valuable and nonthreatening, notwithstanding their harmful prior actions. In a longitudinal study with 337 participants who had recently been harmed by a relationship partner, we found that conciliatory gestures (e.g., apologies, offers of compensation) were associated with increases in victims' perceptions of their transgressors' relationship value and reductions in perceptions of their transgressors' exploitation risk. In addition, conciliatory gestures appeared to accelerate forgiveness and reduce reactive anger via their intermediate effects on relationship value and exploitation risk. These results strongly suggest that conciliatory gestures facilitate forgiveness and reduce anger by modifying victims' perceptions of their transgressors' value as relationship partners and likelihood of recidivism.

  20. What exactly is an exact copy? And why it matters when trying to ban human reproductive cloning in Australia

    PubMed Central

    Gogarty, B

    2003-01-01

    This paper examines the current Australian regulatory response to human reproductive cloning. The central consideration is the capacity of the current regulatory regime to effectively deter human cloning efforts. A legislative prohibition on human cloning must be both effective and clear enough to allow researchers to know what practices are acceptable. This paper asks whether the current Australian regime evinces these qualities and suggests that Australia should follow the example set in the UK by the enactment of the Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001. PMID:12672887

  1. The Use of Flexible Staffing Arrangements in Core Production Jobs.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Gramm, Cynthia L.; Schnell, John F.

    2001-01-01

    A 1994-96 survey of Alabama human resource managers indicated that unions deterred the use of flexible arrangements; subcontracting was positively related to core employees' wages; and flexible staffing was associated with core employee hiring costs and low-cost production strategies. Core employees gained job security through use of flexible…

  2. 31 CFR 1025.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for insurance companies. 1025.520 Section 1025.520... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR INSURANCE COMPANIES Special Information Sharing... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for insurance companies. (a) Refer to § 1010.520 of...

  3. 31 CFR 1025.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for insurance companies. 1025.520 Section 1025.520... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR INSURANCE COMPANIES Special Information Sharing... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for insurance companies. (a) Refer to § 1010.520 of...

  4. 31 CFR 1025.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for insurance companies. 1025.520 Section 1025.520... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR INSURANCE COMPANIES Special Information Sharing... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for insurance companies. (a) Refer to § 1010.520 of...

  5. 31 CFR 1025.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for insurance companies. 1025.520 Section 1025.520... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR INSURANCE COMPANIES Special Information Sharing... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for insurance companies. (a) Refer to § 1010.520 of...

  6. 31 CFR 1028.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for operators of credit card systems. 1028.520...) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR OPERATORS OF CREDIT CARD SYSTEMS... information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for operators of credit card...

  7. 31 CFR 1028.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for operators of credit card systems. 1028.520...) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR OPERATORS OF CREDIT CARD SYSTEMS... information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for operators of credit card...

  8. 31 CFR 1028.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for operators of credit card systems. 1028.520...) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR OPERATORS OF CREDIT CARD SYSTEMS... information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for operators of credit card...

  9. 31 CFR 1028.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for operators of credit card systems. 1028.520...) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR OPERATORS OF CREDIT CARD SYSTEMS... information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for operators of credit card...

  10. 31 CFR 1021.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for casinos and card clubs. 1021.520 Section 1021... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.520 Special...

  11. 31 CFR 1021.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for casinos and card clubs. 1021.520 Section 1021... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.520 Special...

  12. 31 CFR 1021.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for casinos and card clubs. 1021.520 Section 1021... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.520 Special...

  13. 31 CFR 1021.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for casinos and card clubs. 1021.520 Section 1021... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.520 Special...

  14. 31 CFR 1024.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for mutual funds. 1024.520 Section 1024.520 Money... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR MUTUAL FUNDS Special Information Sharing Procedures... deter money laundering and terrorist activity for mutual funds. (a) Refer to § 1010.520 of this chapter...

  15. A Model for Deterring the Determined Thief of Patron Property

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    McKay, Richard

    2008-01-01

    Ongoing theft from library patrons may be the work of a determined thief, one who will not be deterred by the crimeproofing techniques that often stop less committed criminals. This type of theft can be deterred when the library staff makes their patrons aware that successful deterrence depends on them not abandoning their valuables. Other staff…

  16. The Long War Concept: Using the Security Cooperation Marine Air Ground Task Force to Address Irregular Threats through Shaping and Deterrence

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-01-01

    8217 relationships and alliances and/or deter potenrlal advetsaries. • PlltlSE 1: Deter the Enem ~’, This phase focuses on deterring specific opponents by...destruction of the enem ~’ in ol’der to break the opponent’s will for organized resistance. StabIllty operations WIll also be conducted as needed to

  17. Technology and Research Requirements for Combating Human Trafficking: Enhancing Communication, Analysis, Reporting, and Information Sharing

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kreyling, Sean J.; West, Curtis L.; Olson, Jarrod

    2011-03-17

    DHS’ Science & Technology Directorate directed PNNL to conduct an exploratory study on the domain of human trafficking in the Pacific Northwest in order to examine and identify technology and research requirements for enhancing communication, analysis, reporting, and information sharing – activities that directly support efforts to track, identify, deter, and prosecute human trafficking – including identification of potential national threats from smuggling and trafficking networks. This effort was conducted under the Knowledge Management Technologies Portfolio as part of the Integrated Federal, State, and Local/Regional Information Sharing (RISC) and Collaboration Program.

  18. Deterring Spoilers: Peace Enforcement Operations and Political Settlements to Conflict

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-03-01

    Intrastate Conflict ( Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press), 14. 5 include improving human rights standards, military codes of conduct, and the...Pamela Aall (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 2001), 543. 6 different indicators. Peace support operations ( PSO ) is a general term...International Affairs 81 (2005): 325-39. Regan, Patrick M. Civil Wars and Foreign Powers: Outside Intervention in Intrastate Conflict. Ann Arbor

  19. The restorative logic of punishment: another argument in favor of weak selection.

    PubMed

    Baumard, Nicolas

    2012-02-01

    Strong reciprocity theorists claim that punishment has evolved to promote the good of the group and to deter cheating. By contrast, weak reciprocity suggests that punishment aims to restore justice (i.e., reciprocity) between the criminal and his victim. Experimental evidences as well as field observations suggest that humans punish criminals to restore fairness rather than to support group cooperation.

  20. Pupal vibratory signals of a group-living beetle that deter larvae

    PubMed Central

    Kojima, Wataru; Ishikawa, Yukio; Takanashi, Takuma

    2012-01-01

    Pupae of some insects produce sounds or vibrations, but the function of the sounds/vibrations has not been clarified in most cases. Recently, we found vibratory communication between pupae and larvae of a group-living beetle Trypoxylus dichotoma, which live in humus soil. The vibratory signals produced by pupae were shown to deter approaching larvae, thereby protecting themselves. In the present study, we tested our hypothesis that pupal signals are mimics of vibratory noises associated with foraging of moles, the most common predators of T. dichotoma. Mole vibrations played back in laboratory experiments deterred larval approaches in the same way as pupal signals. These findings suggest that to deter conspecific larvae, pupae of T. dichotoma may have exploited a preexisting response of larvae to predator vibrations by emitting deceptive signals. PMID:22896788

  1. A Two-Hit Model of Autism: Adolescence as the Second Hit

    PubMed Central

    Picci, Giorgia; Scherf, K. Suzanne

    2015-01-01

    Adolescence brings dramatic changes in behavior and neural organization. Unfortunately, for some 30% of individuals with autism, there is marked decline in adaptive functioning during adolescence. We propose a two-hit model of autism. First, early perturbations in neural development function as a “first hit” that sets up a neural system that is “built to fail” in the face of a second hit. Second, the confluence of pubertal hormones, neural reorganization, and increasing social demands during adolescence provides the “second hit” that interferes with the ability to transition into adult social roles and levels of adaptive functioning. In support of this model, we review evidence about adolescent-specific neural and behavioral development in autism. We conclude with predictions and recommendations for empirical investigation about several domains in which developmental trajectories for individuals with autism may be uniquely deterred in adolescence. PMID:26609500

  2. The path of least resistance: paying for antibiotics in non-human uses.

    PubMed

    Hollis, Aidan; Ahmed, Ziana

    2014-11-01

    Antibiotic resistance is a critical threat to human and animal health. Despite the importance of antibiotics, regulators continue to allow antibiotics to be used in low-value applications--subtherapeutic dosing in animals, and spraying tobacco plants for blue mold, for example--where the benefits are unlikely to outweigh the costs in terms of increased resistance. We explore the application of a user fee in non-human uses of antibiotics. Such a fee would efficiently deter low value uses while also providing funding to support the development of the urgently needed new antibiotics. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  3. 10 CFR 960.4-2-8 - Human interference.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Human interference. 960.4-2-8 Section 960.4-2-8 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR THE PRELIMINARY SCREENING OF POTENTIAL SITES FOR A NUCLEAR WASTE REPOSITORY Postclosure Guidelines § 960.4-2-8 Human interference. The site shall be located such that...

  4. 10 CFR 960.4-2-8 - Human interference.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Human interference. 960.4-2-8 Section 960.4-2-8 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR THE PRELIMINARY SCREENING OF POTENTIAL SITES FOR A NUCLEAR WASTE REPOSITORY Postclosure Guidelines § 960.4-2-8 Human interference. The site shall be located such that...

  5. 10 CFR 960.4-2-8 - Human interference.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Human interference. 960.4-2-8 Section 960.4-2-8 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR THE PRELIMINARY SCREENING OF POTENTIAL SITES FOR A NUCLEAR WASTE REPOSITORY Postclosure Guidelines § 960.4-2-8 Human interference. The site shall be located such that...

  6. 10 CFR 960.4-2-8 - Human interference.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Human interference. 960.4-2-8 Section 960.4-2-8 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR THE PRELIMINARY SCREENING OF POTENTIAL SITES FOR A NUCLEAR WASTE REPOSITORY Postclosure Guidelines § 960.4-2-8 Human interference. The site shall be located such that...

  7. 10 CFR 960.4-2-8 - Human interference.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Human interference. 960.4-2-8 Section 960.4-2-8 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR THE PRELIMINARY SCREENING OF POTENTIAL SITES FOR A NUCLEAR WASTE REPOSITORY Postclosure Guidelines § 960.4-2-8 Human interference. The site shall be located such that...

  8. Deterring and Responding to Asymmetrical Threats

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2003-05-22

    adversary may not be willing to give up. 61 Maslow identified five levels that motivate human behavior: physiology, safety, belongingness, esteem , and self ...discussing regional powers this study assumed that self -preservation and rational thinking would prevent nuclear war. If, however, a radical regime...11th to kill 30,000 people, does any one doubt the terrorists would have not used them? If such actors exist and self -preservation is of a lesser value

  9. Deterrence in the Human Domain: A COIN Framework to Deterring Unconventional Warfare in Shaping Operations

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-05-25

    Wilkinson US Army School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 2017 Approved for...SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Advanced Military Studies Program 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S...adversary’s unconventional threat. To test this framework, this monograph analyzes a case study of how Russia will likely use unconventional forces and

  10. Social Integration and Divorce.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Booth, Alan; And Others

    1991-01-01

    Longitudinal data on over 1,300 married persons suggest that divorce was deterred by absence of divorce in reference group (normative integration) and was deterred for shorter marriages by more friends and organizational affiliations (communicative integration). Sharing friends and organization affiliations with spouse (functional integration) may…

  11. 31 CFR 1021.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.500 General. Casinos and card clubs are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering...

  12. 31 CFR 1021.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.500 General. Casinos and card clubs are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering...

  13. 31 CFR 1021.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.500 General. Casinos and card clubs are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering...

  14. 31 CFR 1021.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.500 General. Casinos and card clubs are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering...

  15. 49 CFR 543.9 - Terminating or modifying an exemption.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EXEMPTION FROM VEHICLE THEFT PREVENTION... compliance with the parts-marking requirements of part 541 in reducing and deterring motor vehicle theft... exemption has not been as effective as parts-marking in reducing and deterring motor vehicle theft. (2...

  16. Deterring Violent Extremism in America by Utilizing Good Counter-Radicalization Practices from Abroad: A Policy Perspective

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-03-01

    offering rehabilitation programs to former extremists. This thesis provides a way ahead for American policy makers by sharing good practices in each of...and offering training to prevent terrorism from when individuals are young. Understanding that humans are fallible, American policy makers and...in the United Kingdom that provided trained Islamic scholars to offer advice about the true teaching of Islam.102 The hotline “El-Hatef el- Islami’s

  17. Government Activities to Detect, Deter and Disrupt Threats Enumerating from the Dark Web

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-06-09

    the surface selling web website, the Silk Road site offered a variety of illegal goods and served as a grant for the customer transaction. The...order to degrade human prosperity. Tor network, besides offering legal anonymity, services is an infrastructure for illicit online services which are... customer ordered illegal goods from the website located on the dark web and paid in Bitcoins. The money stays on the site wallet until the customer

  18. The Middle East in 2015: The Impact of Regional Trends in U.S. Strategic Planning

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2002-07-01

    longevity , the activation of a Syrian- Israeli track, or the American election cycle—will eliminate the need to provide economic assistance and investment...to do so. But the movement toward elected, albeit still largely consultative, bodies pioneered by Kuwait has been followed in more modest measure in...The trends described in these chapters reflect an appreciation of demography , the natural laws of economics, history, and the deter- mination of human

  19. Why Security Force Assistance Fails

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-05-26

    operations. During a period of fiscal austerity while the US military is relying on a rotational presence of forces to shape and deter conflict, the...period of fiscal austerity while the US military is relying on a rotational presence of forces to shape and deter conflict, the necessity of working

  20. Defining Deterrence in Cyberspace Working Toward a Framework to Integrate Cyber Deterrence

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2011-04-01

    The goal of deterrence is not to deter the use of a particular weapon. Rather, a nation deters undesirable behavior. Cyber warfare can produce three...associated limitations will not produce a strategically decisive result. Cyber warfare must be used in conjunction with other instruments of power to

  1. Aggressive Attitudes and Prevalence of Bullying Bystander Behavior in Middle School

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Datta, Pooja; Cornell, Dewey; Huang, Francis

    2016-01-01

    Separate lines of research find that proaggressive attitudes promote peer aggression and that bystanders play a pivotal role in deterring or facilitating bullying behavior. The current study hypothesized that proaggressive attitudes in middle school would deter students from standing up to bullying and encourage them to reinforce bullying…

  2. 75 FR 29812 - Petition for Exemption From the Vehicle Theft Prevention Standard; Volkswagen

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-27

    ... in reducing and deterring motor vehicle theft as compliance with the parts marking requirements of... assemblies in motor vehicles related to performance. Volkswagen stated that it believes the immobilizer... deterring motor vehicle theft as compliance with the parts-marking requirements of the Theft Prevention...

  3. 31 CFR 1023.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ...) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for brokers or dealers in securities. 1023.520... securities. (a) Refer to § 1010.520 of this chapter. (b) [Reserved] ...

  4. 31 CFR 1023.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ...) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for brokers or dealers in securities. 1023.520... securities. (a) Refer to § 1010.520 of this chapter. (b) [Reserved] ...

  5. 31 CFR 1023.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ...) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for brokers or dealers in securities. 1023.520... securities. (a) Refer to § 1010.520 of this chapter. (b) [Reserved] ...

  6. 31 CFR 1023.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ...) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for brokers or dealers in securities. 1023.520... securities. (a) Refer to § 1010.520 of this chapter. (b) [Reserved] ...

  7. Ethics of paid organ donation.

    PubMed

    Phadke, Kishore D; Anandh, Urmila

    2002-05-01

    As the waiting list of patients requiring organ transplantation grows, there is a subtle but noticeable shift in society towards accepting organs as a commodity which can be paid for. Although nowhere is the organ trade legal, the commerce of organs goes on in different parts of the world, especially in developing countries such as India. This is largely due to societal and governmental failure to implement the existing "transplant laws". It is high time the medical profession ceased being an accomplice to this unscrupulous trade, which exploits the poor, deters altruism retarding the living-related and cadaver transplant programs, commercializes the human body and jeopardizes human dignity.

  8. Cue-independent memory impairment by reactivation-coupled interference in human declarative memory.

    PubMed

    Zhu, Zijian; Wang, Yingying; Cao, Zhijun; Chen, Biqing; Cai, Huaqian; Wu, Yanhong; Rao, Yi

    2016-10-01

    Memory is a dynamic process. While memory becomes increasingly resistant to interference after consolidation, a brief reactivation renders it unstable again. Previous studies have shown that interference, when applied upon reactivation, impairs the consolidated memory, presumably by disrupting the reconsolidation of the memory. However, attempts have failed in disrupting human declarative memory, raising a question about whether declarative memory becomes unstable upon reactivation. Here, we used a double-cue/one-target paradigm, which associated the same target with two different cues in initial memory formation. Only one cue/target association was later reactivated and treated with behavioral interference. Our results showed, for the first time, that reactivation-coupled interference caused cue-independent memory impairment that generalized to other cues associated with the memory. Critically, such memory impairment appeared immediately after interference, before the reconsolidation process was completed, suggesting that common manipulations of reactivation-coupled interference procedures might disrupt other processes in addition to the reconsolidation process in human declarative memory. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.

  9. Side effects associated with anti-HIV drugs.

    PubMed

    Highleyman, L

    1998-04-01

    Many side effects are associated with the use of anti-HIV drugs, impacting the development of drug resistance and the quality of life for HIV-patients. Concern about side effects is a primary factor in deterring people from beginning HIV therapy. Frequency and severity of side effects vary greatly, but they are frequently more common and severe in people who are taking a new drug or who have advanced HIV disease. Information on side effects comes largely from clinical trials; however, many side effects are not discovered until the drug has been approved and used by larger numbers of people. Side effects vary from serious toxicities that require stopping treatment to uncomfortable or annoying side effects that interfere with daily life. A table categorizes the four major side effects (nausea, fever, skin rash, and fatigue) and divides them into grades that describe their intensity. A chart lists the side effects associated with specific anti-HIV drugs. Suggestions for managing side effects are included.

  10. Adults with Pedophilic Interests in the United States: Current Practices and Suggestions for Future Policy and Research.

    PubMed

    Lasher, Michael P; Stinson, Jill D

    2017-04-01

    Adults with pedophilic interests are often viewed by the public as a homogenous subgroup based on what we know from those who sexually offend against children. The stigma associated with child sexual abuse may serve to deter such behaviors but may also interfere with the person's stability and willingness to seek assistance in managing pedophilic interests. This article contrasts the sex offender response and prevention efforts typically employed in the U.S. (i.e., containment, registration, and notification policies and public education programs) with treatment programs aimed at preventing child sexual abuse in Germany, Belgium, and Canada. Five major areas are identified that should be further examined with regard to implementing preventative outreach and treatment programs in the U.S.: barriers to outreach and treatment programs, how to expand or reframe current preventative educational programs, implementation of such programs in light of current mandating reporting policies, promising treatment approaches for pedophilic interests among non-offenders, and ethical concerns relevant to preventative psychological interventions.

  11. Eye-spots in Lepidoptera attract attention in humans

    PubMed Central

    Yorzinski, Jessica L.; Platt, Michael L.; Adams, Geoffrey K.

    2015-01-01

    Many prey species exhibit defensive traits to decrease their chances of predation. Conspicuous eye-spots, concentric rings of contrasting colours, are one type of defensive trait that some species exhibit to deter predators. We examined the function of eye-spots in Lepidoptera to determine whether they are effective at deterring predators because they resemble eyes (‘eye mimicry hypothesis’) or are highly salient (‘conspicuous signal hypothesis’). We recorded the gaze behaviour of men and women as they viewed natural images of butterflies and moths as well as images in which the eye-spots of these insects were modified. The eye-spots were modified by removing them, scrambling their colours, or replacing them with elliptical or triangular shapes that had either dark or light centres. Participants were generally more likely to look at, spend more time looking at and be faster to first fixate the eye-spots of butterflies and moths that were natural compared with ones that were modified, including the elliptical eye-spots with dark centres that most resembled eyes as well as the scrambled eye-spots that had the same contrast as the natural eye-spots. Participants were most likely to look at eye-spots that were numerous, had a large surface area and were located close to the insects' heads. Participants' pupils were larger when viewing eye-spots compared with the rest of the insects' body, suggesting a greater arousal when viewing eye-spots. Our results provide some support for the conspicuous signal hypothesis (and minimal support for the eye mimicry hypothesis) and suggest that eye-spots may be effective at deterring predators because they are highly conspicuous signals that draw attention. PMID:26543589

  12. Panacea or Perestroika: A Socio-Economic Analysis of the Equity and Efficiency Effects of Choice in Education

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1991-12-01

    better educational resources. Schools cannot be expected to win The War on Poverty, to defeat drugs, racism and sexism , when the school is but a...Equal Education Opportunity, Human Capital Theory 19 Ah$TPACT Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) This paper looks at the ...attainments at the primary and secondary level is obvious. The measures used by the National Center for Education Statistics to deter- mine the efficacy

  13. 31 CFR 1026.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for futures commission merchants and introducing brokers in commodities. 1026.520 Section 1026.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to...

  14. 31 CFR 1026.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for futures commission merchants and introducing brokers in commodities. 1026.520 Section 1026.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to...

  15. 31 CFR 1026.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for futures commission merchants and introducing brokers in commodities. 1026.520 Section 1026.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to...

  16. 31 CFR 1026.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for futures commission merchants and introducing brokers in commodities. 1026.520 Section 1026.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to...

  17. 31 CFR 1022.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for money...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for money services businesses. 1022.520 Section 1022.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES...

  18. 31 CFR 1022.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for money...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for money services businesses. 1022.520 Section 1022.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES...

  19. 31 CFR 1022.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for money...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for money services businesses. 1022.520 Section 1022.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES...

  20. 31 CFR 1022.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for money...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for money services businesses. 1022.520 Section 1022.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES...

  1. Observing and Deterring Social Cheating on College Exams

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Fendler, Richard J.; Yates, Michael C.; Godbey, Johnathan M.

    2018-01-01

    This research introduces a unique multiple choice exam design to observe and measure the degree to which students copy answers from their peers. Using data collected from the exam, an empirical experiment is conducted to determine whether random seat assignment deters cheating relative to a control group of students allowed to choose their seats.…

  2. Parents' Expectations about Childrearing after Divorce: Does Anticipating Difficulty Deter Divorce?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Poortman, Anne-Rigt; Seltzer, Judith A.

    2007-01-01

    Divorce is costly for parents because of the challenges of meeting children's economic and socioemotional needs after separation. Using the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 1,935), we investigate whether expected economic and parenting costs deter divorce. Mothers expect higher economic costs than fathers, whereas fathers expect…

  3. 50 CFR 18.34 - Guidelines for use in safely deterring polar bears.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Guidelines for use in safely deterring polar bears. 18.34 Section 18.34 Wildlife and Fisheries UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE..., EXPORTATION, AND IMPORTATION OF WILDLIFE AND PLANTS (CONTINUED) MARINE MAMMALS Special Exceptions § 18.34...

  4. 50 CFR 18.34 - Guidelines for use in safely deterring polar bears.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Guidelines for use in safely deterring polar bears. 18.34 Section 18.34 Wildlife and Fisheries UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE..., EXPORTATION, AND IMPORTATION OF WILDLIFE AND PLANTS (CONTINUED) MARINE MAMMALS Special Exceptions § 18.34...

  5. 50 CFR 18.34 - Guidelines for use in safely deterring polar bears.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Guidelines for use in safely deterring polar bears. 18.34 Section 18.34 Wildlife and Fisheries UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE..., EXPORTATION, AND IMPORTATION OF WILDLIFE AND PLANTS (CONTINUED) MARINE MAMMALS Special Exceptions § 18.34...

  6. 50 CFR 18.34 - Guidelines for use in safely deterring polar bears.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 8 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Guidelines for use in safely deterring polar bears. 18.34 Section 18.34 Wildlife and Fisheries UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE..., EXPORTATION, AND IMPORTATION OF WILDLIFE AND PLANTS (CONTINUED) MARINE MAMMALS Special Exceptions § 18.34...

  7. Can Nuclear Terrorists be Deterred?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ferguson, Charles

    2005-04-01

    Conventional thinking since September 11, 2001, posits that nuclear-armed terrorists cannot be deterred. However, not all terrorist groups are alike. For instance, those that are strongly affiliated with a national territory or a constituency that can be held hostage are more likely to be self-deterred against using or even acquiring nuclear weapons. In contrast, international terrorist organizations, such as al Qaeda, or apocalyptic groups, such as Aum Shinrikyo, may welcome retaliatory nuclear strikes because they embrace martyrdom. Such groups may be immune to traditional deterrence, which threatens direct punishment against the group in question or against territory or people the terrorists' value. Although deterring these groups may appear hopeless, nuclear forensic techniques could provide the means to establish deterrence through other means. In particular, as long as the source of the nuclear weapon or fissile material could be identified, the United States could threaten a retaliatory response against a nation that did not provide adequate security for its nuclear weapons or weapons-usable fissile material. This type of deterrent threat could be used to compel the nation with lax security to improve its security to meet rigorous standards.

  8. Patterns of light interference produced by damaged cuticle cells in human hair.

    PubMed

    Gamez-Garcia, Manuel; Lu, Yuan

    2007-01-01

    Colorful patterns of light interference have been observed to occur in human hair cuticle cells. The light interference phenomenon has been analyzed by optical microscopy. The strong patterns of light interference appeared only in cuticle cells that had been damaged either mechanically or by thermal stresses. Cuticle cells that were not damaged did not produce this phenomenon. The zones of light interference on the hair surface were seen to extend to cuticle sheath areas whose damage was not apparent when analyzed under the Scanning Electron Microscope. The presence of oils and other hydrophobic materials in the hair had a strong effect in the appearance or disappearance of the interference patterns.

  9. Prevention Research: Deterring Drug Abuse among Children and Adolescents. NIDA Research Monograph 63. A RAUS Review Report.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bell, Catherine S., Ed.; Battjes, Robert, Ed.

    Papers from the meeting "Prevention Research: Deterring Drug Abuse Among Children and Adolescents" which focused on social skills and social inoculation approaches and also included a contrasting cognitive-developmental approach are presented in this document. These papers are included: (1) "Overview of Drug Abuse Prevention Research," (Catherine…

  10. Outcomes of a Technology-Based Social Norms Intervention to Deter Alcohol Use in Freshman Residence Halls

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Thombs, Dennis L.; Olds, R. Scott; Osborn, Cynthia J.; Casseday, Sarah; Glavin, Kevin; Berkowitz, Alan D.

    2007-01-01

    Objective: The authors tested a prototype intervention designed to deter alcohol use in residence halls. Participants: Approximately 384 freshmen participated in the study over a 2-year period. Methods: The authors devised a feedback method that assessed residents' blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at night and allowed the readings to be retrieved…

  11. 31 CFR 1029.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for loan...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for loan or finance companies. 1029.520 Section 1029.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES...

  12. 31 CFR 1029.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for loan...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for loan or finance companies. 1029.520 Section 1029.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES...

  13. 31 CFR 1029.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for loan...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for loan or finance companies. 1029.520 Section 1029.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES...

  14. Memory Interference as a Determinant of Language Comprehension

    PubMed Central

    Van Dyke, Julie A.; Johns, Clinton L.

    2012-01-01

    The parameters of the human memory system constrain the operation of language comprehension processes. In the memory literature, both decay and interference have been proposed as causes of forgetting; however, while there is a long history of research establishing the nature of interference effects in memory, the effects of decay are much more poorly supported. Nevertheless, research investigating the limitations of the human sentence processing mechanism typically focus on decay-based explanations, emphasizing the role of capacity, while the role of interference has received comparatively little attention. This paper reviews both accounts of difficulty in language comprehension by drawing direct connections to research in the memory domain. Capacity-based accounts are found to be untenable, diverging substantially from what is known about the operation of the human memory system. In contrast, recent research investigating comprehension difficulty using a retrieval-interference paradigm is shown to be wholly consistent with both behavioral and neuropsychological memory phenomena. The implications of adopting a retrieval-interference approach to investigating individual variation in language comprehension are discussed. PMID:22773927

  15. Policing of reproduction by hidden threats in a cooperative mammal.

    PubMed

    Cant, Michael A; Nichols, Hazel J; Johnstone, Rufus A; Hodge, Sarah J

    2014-01-07

    The evolution of cooperation in animal and human societies is associated with mechanisms to suppress individual selfishness. In insect societies, queens and workers enforce cooperation by "policing" selfish reproduction by workers. Insect policing typically takes the form of damage limitation after individuals have carried out selfish acts (such as laying eggs). In contrast, human policing is based on the use of threats that deter individuals from acting selfishly in the first place, minimizing the need for damage limitation. Policing by threat could in principle be used to enforce reproductive suppression in animal societies, but testing this idea requires an experimental approach to simulate reproductive transgression and provoke out-of-equilibrium behavior. We carried out an experiment of this kind on a wild population of cooperatively breeding banded mongooses (Mungos mungo) in Uganda. In this species, each group contains multiple female breeders that give birth to a communal litter, usually on the same day. In a 7-y experiment we used contraceptive injections to manipulate the distribution of maternity within groups, triggering hidden threats of infanticide. Our data suggest that older, socially dominant females use the threat of infanticide to deter selfish reproduction by younger females, but that females can escape the threat of infanticide by synchronizing birth to the same day as older females. Our study shows that reproduction in animal societies can be profoundly influenced by threats that remain hidden until they are triggered experimentally. Coercion may thus extend well beyond the systems in which acts of infanticide are common.

  16. Repellent and deterrent effects of SS220, Picaridin, and Deet suppress human blood feeding by Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Phlebotomus papatasi.

    PubMed

    Klun, Jerome A; Khrimian, Ashot; Debboun, Mustapha

    2006-01-01

    A series of behavioral tests with Aedes aegypti (L.), Anopheles stephensi Liston, mosquitoes, and the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli in the presence of Deet, SS220, and Picaridin topically applied to the skin of human volunteers showed that the insects were deterred from feeding on and repelled from surfaces emanating the compounds. When offered a 12- or 24-cm2 area of skin, one-half treated with compound and one-half untreated, the insects fed almost exclusively on untreated skin. The sand flies and mosquitoes did not at any time physically contact chemically treated surfaces. When treated and untreated skin areas were covered with cloth, insects contacted, landed, and bit only through cloth covering untreated skin. These observations provided evidence that the compounds deterred feeding and repelled insects from treated surfaces primarily as a result of olfactory sensing. When cloth, one-half untreated and one-half treated with chemical, was placed over untreated skin, insects only touched and specifically bit through the untreated cloth. This showed that the activity of the chemicals does not involve a chemical x skin interaction. In the presence of any of the three chemicals, no matter how they were presented to the insects, overall population biting activity was reduced by about one-half relative to controls. This reduction showed a true repellent effect for the compounds. Results clearly showed that Deet, SS220, and Picaridin exert repellent and deterrent effects upon the behavior of mosquitoes and sand flies. Heretofore, the combined behavioral effects of these compounds upon mosquito and sand fly behavior were unknown. Moreover, protection afforded by Deet, SS220, and Picaridin against the feeding of these three disease vectors on humans is mechanistically a consequence of the two chemical effects.

  17. The virtues of gossip: reputational information sharing as prosocial behavior.

    PubMed

    Feinberg, Matthew; Willer, Robb; Stellar, Jennifer; Keltner, Dacher

    2012-05-01

    Reputation systems promote cooperation and deter antisocial behavior in groups. Little is known, however, about how and why people share reputational information. Here, we seek to establish the existence and dynamics of prosocial gossip, the sharing of negative evaluative information about a target in a way that protects others from antisocial or exploitative behavior. We present a model of prosocial gossip and the results of 4 studies testing the model's claims. Results of Studies 1 through 3 demonstrate that (a) individuals who observe an antisocial act experience negative affect and are compelled to share information about the antisocial actor with a potentially vulnerable person, (b) sharing such information reduces negative affect created by observing the antisocial behavior, and (c) individuals possessing more prosocial orientations are the most motivated to engage in such gossip, even at a personal cost, and exhibit the greatest reduction in negative affect as a result. Study 4 demonstrates that prosocial gossip can effectively deter selfishness and promote cooperation. Taken together these results highlight the roles of prosocial motivations and negative affective reactions to injustice in maintaining reputational information sharing in groups. We conclude by discussing implications for reputational theories of the maintenance of cooperation in human groups.

  18. Does the Perceived Risk of Punishment Deter Criminally Prone Individuals? Rational Choice, Self-Control, and Crime

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wright, Bradley R. E.; Caspi, Avshalom; Moffitt, Terrie E.; Paternoster, Ray

    2004-01-01

    Society's efforts to deter crime with punishment may be ineffective because those individuals most prone to commit crime often act impulsively, with little thought for the future, and so they may be unmoved by the threat of later punishment. Deterrence messages they receive, therefore, may fall on deaf ears. This article examines this issue by…

  19. What Deters Students from Studying Abroad? Evidence from Four European Countries and Its Implications for Higher Education Policy

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Netz, Nicolai

    2015-01-01

    This study examines factors that deter students in Austria, Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands from studying abroad. Using an adaptation of the Rubicon model of action phases, the path to gaining study abroad experience is conceptualised as a process involving two thresholds: the decision threshold and the realisation threshold. Theoretical…

  20. Influence ofAmaranthus hybridus L. allelochemics on oviposition behavior ofSpodoptera exigua andS. eridania (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

    PubMed

    Mitchell, E R; Heath, R R

    1985-05-01

    Common pigweed,Amaranthus hybridus L., is a favorite host of the beet army worm (BAW),Spodoptera exigua L. Chemicals extracted from homogenized pigweed with distilled water, ethanol, or dichloromethane and sprayed back on pigweed deterred oviposition by the BAW. Similarly, water extracts of frass from conspecific larvae or southern armyworm (SAW) larvae,S. eridania (Cramer), fed pigweed leaves and sprayed back on pigweed plants also deterred BAW oviposition, thus confirming that deterrence was due to plant allelochemics rather than specific compounds associated with the metabolic or excretory products of the larvae. Confirmation of the presence of oviposition-deterring chemicals in pigweed was used to explain a previously observed seasonal displacement of BAW by SAW on pigweed in the field.

  1. Public Forum on Youth and Tobacco: Breaking the Cycle. Hearing on Examining Proposals To Deter Youth From Using Tobacco Products before the Subcommittee on Public Health and Safety of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources. United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, First Session (October 27, 1997).

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources.

    This publication contains the testimony from a hearing on growth and tobacco use. Statements include: (1) Opening Statement of Senator Bill Frist; (2) Statements of a panel of teens, Brandi Battle, Washington, DC; Kellie Jolly, Tennessee; Nickita Bradley, Maryland; and Josh, Virginia; followed by discussion; (3) Discussion and prepared statements…

  2. No third-party punishment in chimpanzees

    PubMed Central

    Riedl, Katrin; Jensen, Keith; Call, Josep; Tomasello, Michael

    2012-01-01

    Punishment can help maintain cooperation by deterring free-riding and cheating. Of particular importance in large-scale human societies is third-party punishment in which individuals punish a transgressor or norm violator even when they themselves are not affected. Nonhuman primates and other animals aggress against conspecifics with some regularity, but it is unclear whether this is ever aimed at punishing others for noncooperation, and whether third-party punishment occurs at all. Here we report an experimental study in which one of humans' closest living relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), could punish an individual who stole food. Dominants retaliated when their own food was stolen, but they did not punish when the food of third-parties was stolen, even when the victim was related to them. Third-party punishment as a means of enforcing cooperation, as humans do, might therefore be a derived trait in the human lineage. PMID:22927412

  3. A bark-shaving technique to deter rat snakes from climbing red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees

    Treesearch

    Daniel Saenz; Christopher S. Collins; Richard N. Conner

    1999-01-01

    We developed a bark-shaving technique to deter rat snakes (Elaphe obsoleta) from climbing red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) trees as an aesthetically pleasing, more cost-effective, and safer alternative to other snake excluder devices. We used a drawknife to carefully shave the bark around the circumference of 4 treatment trees in a l-m-wide band to...

  4. Joint Strategic Oversight Plan for Afghanistan Reconstruction FY13

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-07-01

    programs within its ministries and made progress in deterring corruption by investi­ gating, prosecuting, sanctioning or removing corrupt officials from...within its ministries and made progress in deterring corruption by investigat­ ing, prosecuting, sanctioning or removing corrupt officials from office...of oversight and Lodin’s credibility. • Department of Justice and the Justice Sector Support Program continued their suspension of training the

  5. Avoiding the nest : responses of field sparrows to the threat of nest predation

    Treesearch

    Dirk E. Burhans

    2000-01-01

    Nest predation is a major source of reproductive failure in birds (Ricklefs 1969, Martin 1992). Birds confronted with an enemy near the nest may use behaviors to deter the prospect of nest predation. The benefits of nest defense have been shown for many agressive species (Martin 1992), but smaller birds that cannot deter predators may need to resort to other behaviors...

  6. Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy with Concurrent Exercise Training: Contrary Evidence for an Interference Effect.

    PubMed

    Murach, Kevin A; Bagley, James R

    2016-08-01

    Over the last 30+ years, it has become axiomatic that performing aerobic exercise within the same training program as resistance exercise (termed concurrent exercise training) interferes with the hypertrophic adaptations associated with resistance exercise training. However, a close examination of the literature reveals that the interference effect of concurrent exercise training on muscle growth in humans is not as compelling as previously thought. Moreover, recent studies show that, under certain conditions, concurrent exercise may augment resistance exercise-induced hypertrophy in healthy human skeletal muscle. The purpose of this article is to outline the contrary evidence for an acute and chronic interference effect of concurrent exercise on skeletal muscle growth in humans and provide practical literature-based recommendations for maximizing hypertrophy when training concurrently.

  7. Deterring War or Courting Disaster: An Analysis of Nuclear Weapons in the Indian Ocean

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-03-01

    16 II. DETERRING WAR BETWEEN THE U.S. AND U.S.S.R. ...................................17 A. DETERRENCE THEORY AND THE...thesis will show, the literature and theory developed around the Cold War does not accommodate the relatively small size and relative inexperience of...and theory regarding sea-based nuclear weapons. Close examination of the Indian Ocean rivalries and the assumptions underpinning the belief in

  8. Five-year operational trial of verbenone to deter mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae); Coleoptera: Scolytidae) attack of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta).

    Treesearch

    R.A. Progar

    2005-01-01

    The antiaggregation pheromone verbenone was operationally tested for 5 yr to deter mass attack by the mountain pine beetle on lodgepole pine in campgrounds and administrative areas surrounding Redfish and Little Redfish Lakes at the Sawtooth National Recreation Area in central Idaho. Each year, five-gram verbenone pouches were evenly distributed (-10 m apart) within...

  9. Transition to Ada

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1993-02-01

    the relative cost effectiveness of Ada and C++ [10]. (An overview of the Air Force report is given in Appendix D.) Surprisingly, the study deter- mined ...support; 5 = excellent support), followed by a total score, a weighted sum of the rankings based on weights deter- mined by an expert panel: Category...International Conference Location: Britannia International Hotel, London Sponsor. Ada Language UK, Ltd. POC: Helen Byard, Administrator, Ada UK, P.O. 322, York

  10. Engaging the Nation’s Critical Infrastructure Sector to Deter Cyber Threats

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-03-01

    is the component of CyberOps that extends cyber power beyond the defensive boundaries of the GIG to detect, deter, deny, and defeat adversaries... economy .16 DDOS attacks are based on multiple, malware infected personal computers, organized into networks called botnets, and are directed by...not condemn the actions of those involved. Of the two attacks on Estonia and Georgia, it was Estonia that had the greatest damage to its economy

  11. Biofouling and Design of a Biomimetic Hull-Grooming Tool

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-09-14

    have barred the use of organotin compounds such as tributyltin ( TBT ) and copper-based paints, which are currently used by the Navy and have become...copper into the water, killing the fouling organisms. There is new research in biomimetic polymers that deter fouling, but are non- toxic . These polymers...is new research in biomimetic polymers that deter fouling, but are non- toxic . These polymers are rigidly attached to the hull surface extending

  12. CBO’s 2011 Long-Term Budget Outlook

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2011-06-01

    asteroid strike. Other possibilities include an epidemic (whether on the scale of the 1918 pandemic flu, which killed roughly one out of every 150...AMT and the regular income tax and then pay the higher amount.7 The parameters that deter- mine the amount owed under the AMT are not indexed for...Compare with deficit. sustainable growth rate (SGR): The formula that deter- mines updates to payment rates for physicians under the Medicare program

  13. Providing support to nursing students in the clinical environment: a nursing standard requirement.

    PubMed

    Anderson, Carina; Moxham, Lorna; Broadbent, Marc

    2016-10-01

    This discussion paper poses the question 'What enables or deters Registered Nurses to take up their professional responsibility to support undergraduate nursing students through the provision of clinical education?'. Embedded within many nursing standards are expectations that Registered Nurses provide support and professional development to undergraduate nursing students undertaking clinical placements. Expectations within nursing standards that Registered Nurses provide support and professional development to nursing students are important because nursing students depend on Registered Nurses to help them to become competent practitioners. Contributing factors that enable and deter Registered Nurses from fulfilling this expectation to support nursing students in their clinical learning include; workloads, preparedness for the teaching role, confidence in teaching and awareness of the competency requirement to support students. Factors exist which can enable or deter Registered Nurses from carrying out the licence requirement to provide clinical education and support to nursing students.

  14. Exclusionary policies in urban development: Under-servicing migrant households in Brazilian cities

    PubMed Central

    Feler, Leo; Henderson, J. Vernon

    2012-01-01

    Localities in developed countries often enact regulations to deter low-income households from moving in. In developing countries, such restrictions lead to the emergence of informal housing sectors. To deter low-income migrants, localities in developing countries withhold public services to the informal housing sector. Using a large sample of Brazilian localities, we examine migration and exclusion, focusing on the public provision of water to small houses where low-income migrants are likely to live. Withholding water connections reduces the locality growth rate, particularly of low-education households. In terms of service provision, during dictatorship in Brazil, we find evidence of strategic exclusion, where localities appear to withhold services to deter in-migration. We also find evidence of strategic interactions among localities within metro areas in their setting of service levels: if one locality provides more services to migrant households, other localities respond by withholding service. PMID:22707807

  15. Satellite Relative Motion Control for MIT’s SPHERES Program

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-03-01

    rates of the SPHERES position and velocity are modeled. Section 2.5.2 illustrates how to deter- mine the quaternions and the angular rates to...velocity components are determined following the process described in Section 2.4.5. Once the feedback gains are deter- mined the switch line of the bang...Using Lasers in Space: Laser Orbital Debris Removal and Asteroid Deflection,” 2000. 17. Rogers, M. E., “Lasers in Space: Technological Options for

  16. What Deters Crime? Comparing the Effectiveness of Legal, Social, and Internal Sanctions Across Countries.

    PubMed

    Mann, Heather; Garcia-Rada, Ximena; Hornuf, Lars; Tafurt, Juan

    2016-01-01

    The question of what deters crime is of both theoretical and practical interest. The present paper focuses on what factors deter minor, non-violent crimes, i.e., dishonest actions that violate the law. Much research has been devoted to testing the effectiveness of legal sanctions on crime, while newer models also include social sanctions (judgment of friends or family) and internal sanctions (feelings of guilt). Existing research suggests that both internal sanctions and, to a lesser extent, legal sanctions deter crime, but it is unclear whether this pattern is unique to Western countries or robust across cultures. We administered a survey study to participants in China, Colombia, Germany, Portugal, and USA, five countries from distinct cultural regions of the world. Participants were asked to report the likelihood of engaging in seven dishonest and illegal actions, and were asked to indicate the probability and severity of consequences for legal, friend, family, and internal sanctions. Results indicated that across countries, internal sanctions had the strongest deterrent effects on crime. The deterrent effects of legal sanctions were weaker and varied across countries. Furthermore, the deterrent effects of legal sanctions were strongest when internal sanctions were lax. Unexpectedly, social sanctions were positively related to likelihood of engaging in crime. Taken together, these results suggest that the relative strengths of legal and internal sanctions are robust across cultures and dishonest actions.

  17. What Deters Crime? Comparing the Effectiveness of Legal, Social, and Internal Sanctions Across Countries

    PubMed Central

    Mann, Heather; Garcia-Rada, Ximena; Hornuf, Lars; Tafurt, Juan

    2016-01-01

    The question of what deters crime is of both theoretical and practical interest. The present paper focuses on what factors deter minor, non-violent crimes, i.e., dishonest actions that violate the law. Much research has been devoted to testing the effectiveness of legal sanctions on crime, while newer models also include social sanctions (judgment of friends or family) and internal sanctions (feelings of guilt). Existing research suggests that both internal sanctions and, to a lesser extent, legal sanctions deter crime, but it is unclear whether this pattern is unique to Western countries or robust across cultures. We administered a survey study to participants in China, Colombia, Germany, Portugal, and USA, five countries from distinct cultural regions of the world. Participants were asked to report the likelihood of engaging in seven dishonest and illegal actions, and were asked to indicate the probability and severity of consequences for legal, friend, family, and internal sanctions. Results indicated that across countries, internal sanctions had the strongest deterrent effects on crime. The deterrent effects of legal sanctions were weaker and varied across countries. Furthermore, the deterrent effects of legal sanctions were strongest when internal sanctions were lax. Unexpectedly, social sanctions were positively related to likelihood of engaging in crime. Taken together, these results suggest that the relative strengths of legal and internal sanctions are robust across cultures and dishonest actions. PMID:26903898

  18. Effects of auditory radio interference on a fine, continuous, open motor skill.

    PubMed

    Lazar, J M; Koceja, D M; Morris, H H

    1995-06-01

    The effects of human speech on a fine, continuous, and open motor skill were examined. A tape of auditory human radio traffic was injected into a tank gunnery simulator during each training session for 4 wk. of training for 3 hr. a week. The dependent variables were identification time, fire time, kill time, systems errors, and acquisition errors. These were measured by the Unit Conduct Of Fire Trainer (UCOFT). The interference was interjected into the UCOFT Tank Table VIII gunnery test. A Solomon four-group design was used. A 2 x 2 analysis of variance was used to assess whether interference gunnery training resulted in improvements in interference posttest scores. During the first three weeks of training, the interference group committed 106% more systems errors and 75% more acquisition errors than the standard group. The interference training condition was associated with a significant improvement from pre- to posttest of 44% in over-all UCOFT scores; however, when examined on the posttest the standard training did not improve performance significantly over the same period. It was concluded that auditory radio interference degrades performance of this fine, continuous, open motor skill, and interference training appears to abate the effects of this degradation.

  19. The human body odor compound androstadienone increases neural conflict coupled to higher behavioral costs during an emotional Stroop task.

    PubMed

    Hornung, Jonas; Kogler, Lydia; Erb, Michael; Freiherr, Jessica; Derntl, Birgit

    2018-05-01

    The androgen derivative androstadienone (AND) is a substance found in human sweat and thus may act as human chemosignal. With the current experiment, we aimed to explore in which way AND affects interference processing during an emotional Stroop task which used human faces as target and emotional words as distractor stimuli. This was complemented by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to unravel the neural mechanism of AND-action. Based on previous accounts we expected AND to increase neural activation in areas commonly implicated in evaluation of emotional face processing and to change neural activation in brain regions linked to interference processing. For this aim, a total of 80 healthy individuals (oral contraceptive users, luteal women, men) were tested twice on two consecutive days with an emotional Stroop task using fMRI. Our results suggest that AND increases interference processing in brain areas that are heavily recruited during emotional conflict. At the same time, correlation analyses revealed that this neural interference processing was paralleled by higher behavioral costs (response times) with higher interference related brain activation under AND. Furthermore, AND elicited higher activation in regions implicated in emotional face processing including right fusiform gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus and dorsomedial cortex. In this connection, neural activation was not coupled to behavioral outcome. Furthermore, despite previous accounts of increased hypothalamic activation under AND, we were not able to replicate this finding and discuss possible reasons for this discrepancy. To conclude, AND increased interference processing in regions heavily recruited during emotional conflict which was coupled to higher costs in resolving emotional conflicts with stronger interference-related brain activation under AND. At the moment it remains unclear whether these effects are due to changes in conflict detection or resolution. However, evidence most consistently suggests that AND does not draw attention to the most potent socio-emotional information (human faces) but rather highlights representations of emotional words. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  20. The Use of Natural Pozzolan in Concrete as an Additive or Substitute for Cement

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2011-12-01

    identified opal and chert as the common forms of reactive silica. ERDC/CERL TR-11-46 4 For cracking and expansion to result from the ASR, the following combi...chemical composition of three natural pozzolanic samples was deter- mined through XRD analysis. In addition to these analyses, several addi- tional tests...reflected angle, which results in an inaccurate plot. The correct angle is required to deter- mine the correct composition. A very finely ground sample

  1. Advertising and generic market entry.

    PubMed

    Königbauer, Ingrid

    2007-03-01

    The effect of purely persuasive advertising on generic market entry and social welfare is analysed. An incumbent has the possibility to invest in advertising which affects the prescribing physician's perceived relative qualities of the brand-name and the generic version of the drug. Advertising creates product differentiation and can induce generic market entry which is deterred without differentiation due to strong Bertrand competition. However, over-investment in advertising can deter generic market entry under certain conditions and reduces welfare as compared to accommodated market entry.

  2. Highly Stretchable and Transparent Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Film Based on Silver Nanowire Percolation Network for Wearable Electronics Applications.

    PubMed

    Jung, Jinwook; Lee, Habeom; Ha, Inho; Cho, Hyunmin; Kim, Kyun Kyu; Kwon, Jinhyeong; Won, Phillip; Hong, Sukjoon; Ko, Seung Hwan

    2017-12-27

    Future electronics are expected to develop into wearable forms, and an adequate stretchability is required for the forthcoming wearable electronics considering various motions occurring in human body. Along with stretchability, transparency can increase both the functionality and esthetic features in future wearable electronics. In this study, we demonstrate, for the first time, a highly stretchable and transparent electromagnetic interference shielding layer for wearable electronic applications with silver nanowire percolation network on elastic poly(dimethylsiloxane) substrate. The proposed stretchable and transparent electromagnetic interference shielding layer shows a high electromagnetic wave shielding effectiveness even under a high tensile strain condition. It is expected for the silver nanowire percolation network-based electromagnetic interference shielding layer to be beyond the conventional electromagnetic interference shielding materials and to broaden its application range to various fields that require optical transparency or nonplanar surface environment, such as biological system, human skin, and wearable electronics.

  3. The golden mimicry complex uses a wide spectrum of defence to deter a community of predators

    PubMed Central

    Pekár, Stano; Petráková, Lenka; Bulbert, Matthew W; Whiting, Martin J; Herberstein, Marie E

    2017-01-01

    Mimicry complexes typically consist of multiple species that deter predators using similar anti-predatory signals. Mimics in these complexes are assumed to vary in their level of defence from highly defended through to moderately defended, or not defended at all. Here, we report a new multi-order mimicry complex that includes at least 140 different putative mimics from four arthropod orders including ants, wasps, bugs, tree hoppers and spiders. All members of this mimicry complex are characterised by a conspicuous golden body and an ant Gestalt, but vary substantially in their defensive traits. However, they were similarly effective at deterring predators - even mildly defended mimics were rarely eaten by a community of invertebrate and vertebrate predators both in the wild and during staged trials. We propose that despite the predominance of less defended mimics the three predatory guilds avoid the mimics because of the additive influence of the various defensive traits. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22089.001 PMID:28170317

  4. We all lost the Cold War

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lebow, R.N.; Stein, J.G.

    1994-12-31

    The purpose of the book is to use the experience of two actual Cold War crises to test the hypothesis that it was the U.S. strategy of deterrence that was primarily responsible for preventing war with the Soviet Union and teaching them that aggression would not pay. The two crises; the Cuban missile crisis of 1962 and the Middle East crisis of 1973 have been widely interpreted as victories for U.S. deterence strategy. The authors draw on sources that were previously unavailable, both documents and interviews. The authors show that it was the fear of any nuclear use, not quantitativemore » assessments of the nuclear balance, that deterred both Soviet and American leaders in the two crises examined. Each side believed that the loss of even a single city was unacceptable. This implies that the benefits of nuclear weapons derive from their ability to annihilate cities. A policy of finite deterence would rely almost exclusively on this threat to civilians, raising further moral questions.« less

  5. Interference Mitigation Effects on Synthetic Aperture Radar Coherent Data Products

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Musgrove, Cameron

    2014-05-01

    For synthetic aperture radar image products interference can degrade the quality of the images while techniques to mitigate the interference also reduce the image quality. Usually the radar system designer will try to balance the amount of mitigation for the amount of interference to optimize the image quality. This may work well for many situations, but coherent data products derived from the image products are more sensitive than the human eye to distortions caused by interference and mitigation of interference. This dissertation examines the e ect that interference and mitigation of interference has upon coherent data products. An improvement tomore » the standard notch mitigation is introduced, called the equalization notch. Other methods are suggested to mitigation interference while improving the quality of coherent data products over existing methods.« less

  6. Opportunities to deter transplant tourism exist before referral for transplantation and during the workup and management of transplant candidates.

    PubMed

    Gill, Jagbir; Diec, Olivier; Landsberg, David N; Rose, Caren; Johnston, Olwyn; Keown, Paul A; Gill, John S

    2011-05-01

    Transplant tourism is a global issue, and physicians in the developed world may be in a position to actively deter this practice. To examine such opportunities, we identified 93 residents of British Columbia, Canada who had a kidney graft through tourism and determined their previous interactions with our transplant programs. These patients were mainly ethnic minorities (90%) who traveled to their country of origin for transplantation. Many tourists were transplanted early in their disease course, with 27 having a preemptive transplant. Among the 65 tourists referred for transplant, 33 failed to complete the evaluation. All tourists who completed an evaluation were placed on a waiting list in British Columbia and, after waiting a median of 2 years, pursued tourism. Most of these patients (62%) had a potential living donor, but none had an approved donor, with 13 donors found medically unsuitable, 8 ABO incompatible, and 12 who did not complete their evaluation. Thus, strategies to deter tourism should start before the development of end-stage renal disease and should be part of pretransplant workup and wait-list management, focusing on patients not progressing through their evaluation, those with a declined living donor, and those facing longer wait times, as these groups appear to be at higher risks for transplant tourism. Further studies are needed to identify individuals at risk for transplant tourism and to define effective strategies to deter these individuals.

  7. Tents and Shelters

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-07-15

    Electromagnetic Interference ( EMI ), Transportability, Environmental, Human Factors Engineering (HFE), Reliability, Availability and Maintainability (RAM), and...vehicles and trailers to store, protect, and secure equipment, tools, and other theft-prone items. CBCs are designed not to interfere with the carrier’s...Transportability Test Facility. d. Electromagnetic Interference ( EMI ) Test Facility. e. Areas capable of conducting Blackout, Sound, Sand and Dust tests

  8. I saw where you have been--The topography of human demonstration affects dogs' search patterns and perseverative errors.

    PubMed

    Péter, András; Topál, József; Miklósi, Ádám; Pongrácz, Péter

    2016-04-01

    Performance in object search tasks is not only influenced by the subjects' object permanence ability. For example, ostensive cues of the human manipulating the target markedly affect dogs' choices. However, the interference between the target's location and the spatial cues of the human hiding the object is still unknown. In a five-location visible displacement task, the experimental groups differed in the hiding route of the experimenter. In the 'direct' condition he moved straight towards the actual location, hid the object and returned to the dog. In the 'indirect' conditions, he additionally walked behind each screen before returning. The two 'indirect' conditions differed from each other in that the human either visited the previously baited locations before (proactive interference) or after (retroactive interference) hiding the object. In the 'indirect' groups, dogs' performance was significantly lower than in the 'direct' group, demonstrating that for dogs, in an ostensive context, spatial cues of the hider are as important as the observed location of the target. Based on their incorrect choices, dogs were most attracted to the previously baited locations that the human visited after hiding the object in the actual trial. This underlines the importance of retroactive interference in multiple choice tasks. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  9. African bees to control African elephants

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vollrath, Fritz; Douglas-Hamilton, Iain

    2002-11-01

    Numbers of elephants have declined in Africa and Asia over the past 30 years while numbers of humans have increased, both substantially. Friction between these two keystone species is reaching levels which are worryingly high from an ecological as well as a political viewpoint. Ways and means must be found to keep the two apart, at least in areas sensitive to each species' survival. The aggressive African bee might be one such method. Here we demonstrate that African bees deter elephants from damaging the vegetation and trees which house their hives. We argue that bees can be employed profitably to protect not only selected trees, but also selected areas, from elephant damage.

  10. God's punishment and public goods : A test of the supernatural punishment hypothesis in 186 world cultures.

    PubMed

    Johnson, Dominic D P

    2005-12-01

    Cooperation towards public goods relies on credible threats of punishment to deter cheats. However, punishing is costly, so it remains unclear who incurred the costs of enforcement in our evolutionary past. Theoretical work suggests that human cooperation may be promoted if people believe in supernatural punishment for moral transgressions. This theory is supported by new work in cognitive psychology and by anecdotal ethnographic evidence, but formal quantitative tests remain to be done. Using data from 186 societies around the globe, I test whether the likelihood of supernatural punishment-indexed by the importance of moralizing "high gods"-is associated with cooperation.

  11. African bees to control African elephants.

    PubMed

    Vollrath, Fritz; Douglas-Hamilton, Iain

    2002-11-01

    Numbers of elephants have declined in Africa and Asia over the past 30 years while numbers of humans have increased, both substantially. Friction between these two keystone species is reaching levels which are worryingly high from an ecological as well as a political viewpoint. Ways and means must be found to keep the two apart, at least in areas sensitive to each species' survival. The aggressive African bee might be one such method. Here we demonstrate that African bees deter elephants from damaging the vegetation and trees which house their hives. We argue that bees can be employed profitably to protect not only selected trees, but also selected areas, from elephant damage.

  12. Effects of methoprene on oviposition by Aedes japonicus and Culex spp

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Butler, M.; Suom, C.; LeBrun, R.A.; Ginsberg, H.S.; Gettman, A.D.

    2006-01-01

    The mosquito larvicide methoprene is a juvenile growth hormone mimic that is widely used to control mosquitoes. This chemical disrupts normal mosquito development, drastically inhibiting emergence from the pupal to the adult stage. If the presence of methoprene attracts or deters mosquitoes from ovipositing it could have implications for mosquito control. This study evaluates whether methoprene attracts or deters mosquitoes likely to oviposit in catch basins. In a field experiment, methoprene formulated as liquid larvicide did not affect oviposition of either Culex spp. or Aedes japonicus in 19 liter plastic buckets.

  13. Memory Reactivation Enables Long-Term Prevention of Interference.

    PubMed

    Herszage, Jasmine; Censor, Nitzan

    2017-05-22

    The ability of the human brain to successively learn or perform two competing tasks constitutes a major challenge in daily function. Indeed, exposing the brain to two different competing memories within a short temporal offset can induce interference, resulting in deteriorated performance in at least one of the learned memories [1-4]. Although previous studies have investigated online interference and its effects on performance [5-13], whether the human brain can enable long-term prevention of future interference is unknown. To address this question, we utilized the memory reactivation-reconsolidation framework [2, 12] stemming from studies at the synaptic level [14-17], according to which reactivation of a memory enables its update. In a set of experiments, using the motor sequence learning task [18] we report that a unique pairing of reactivating the original memory (right hand) in synchrony with novel memory trials (left hand) prevented future interference between the two memories. Strikingly, these effects were long-term and observed a month following reactivation. Further experiments showed that preventing future interference was not due to practice per se, but rather specifically depended on a limited time window induced by reactivation of the original memory. These results suggest a mechanism according to which memory reactivation enables long-term prevention of interference, possibly by creating an updated memory trace integrating original and novel memories during the reconsolidation time window. The opportunity to induce a long-term preventive effect on memories may enable the utilization of strategies optimizing normal human learning, as well as recovery following neurological insults. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  14. Slippage theory and the flanker paradigm: an early-selection account of selective attention failures.

    PubMed

    Gaspelin, Nicholas; Ruthruff, Eric; Jung, Kyunghun

    2014-06-01

    In the flanker paradigm, participants identify a target letter while attempting to ignore an irrelevant flanker. When the identity of this flanker mismatches the target, target identification is slowed (called the flanker compatibility effect). Interestingly, reducing the array set size greatly increases flanker compatibility effects. This finding inspired 2 prominent explanations: perceptual load (mandatory capacity spillover) and dilution (visual interference). However, an alternative explanation, based on early selection theory and attention capture research, can also explain the data pattern. According to this "slippage" account, observers sometimes accidentally allocate spatial attention to the flanker (see Lachter, Forster, & Ruthruff, 2004), especially when the flanker has the property used to find the target (cf. contingent capture). In Experiments 1 through 4, deterring slippage to the flanker nearly eliminated flanker compatibility effects, even at the low set size. In Experiment 5, promoting slippage to the flanker dramatically enhanced compatibility effects, even at the high set size. Thus, slippage strongly modulates flanker effects and can, by itself, readily explain the impact of set size. The perceptual load and dilution accounts are, at best, incomplete, and, at worst, not needed. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved.

  15. Interfering with theories of sleep and memory: sleep, declarative memory, and associative interference.

    PubMed

    Ellenbogen, Jeffrey M; Hulbert, Justin C; Stickgold, Robert; Dinges, David F; Thompson-Schill, Sharon L

    2006-07-11

    Mounting behavioral evidence in humans supports the claim that sleep leads to improvements in recently acquired, nondeclarative memories. Examples include motor-sequence learning; visual-discrimination learning; and perceptual learning of a synthetic language. In contrast, there are limited human data supporting a benefit of sleep for declarative (hippocampus-mediated) memory in humans (for review, see). This is particularly surprising given that animal models (e.g.,) and neuroimaging studies (e.g.,) predict that sleep facilitates hippocampus-based memory consolidation. We hypothesized that we could unmask the benefits of sleep by challenging the declarative memory system with competing information (interference). This is the first study to demonstrate that sleep protects declarative memories from subsequent associative interference, and it has important implications for understanding the neurobiology of memory consolidation.

  16. Effects of pesticide applications and cultural controls on efficacy of control for adult Japanese beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on roses.

    PubMed

    Vitullo, Justin M; Sadof, Clifford S

    2007-02-01

    Cultural and chemical controls were evaluated to determine their ability to deter feeding by Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), on floribunda type roses, Rosa 'Acadia Sunrise'. Roses were arranged in field plots and exposed to resident adult beetle populations. Cultural controls were designed to block the feeding-induced aggregation response by manually removing beetles and/ or damaged blooms from rose plants. Azadirachtin, carbaryl, and imidacloprid were evaluated in field and laboratory trials. In no-choice laboratory assays, foliar applications of azadirachtin caused low rates of morbidity to adult beetles and were unable to deter feeding. Foliar-applied carbaryl and soil-applied imidacloprid caused high rates of morbidity and reduced feeding injury. In the field, foliar sprays of azadirachtin and carbaryl, deterred feeding on foliage under low beetle pressure (maximum of 29% defoliation in untreated controls), when applied weekly after first beetle flight or every 2 wk after 5% injury was reached. A single foliar application of these materials at the 5% injury level did not significantly reduce peak defoliation. Soil applications of imidacloprid also deterred foliar feeding in the field. Blooms were more difficult to protect with both foliar- and soil-applied insecticides with only weekly application of foliar insecticides providing significant reductions in bloom injury. Removing beetles and/or blooms provided marginally greater reductions in leaf and flower injury. This suggests that blocking the feeding-induced aggregation response of Japanese beetles can provide only modest levels of control in roses where both flowers and feeding-induced volatiles recruit beetles to plants.

  17. Effect of occlusal interference on habitual activity of human masseter.

    PubMed

    Michelotti, A; Farella, M; Gallo, L M; Veltri, A; Palla, S; Martina, R

    2005-07-01

    It has been suggested that occlusal interference may increase habitual activity in the jaw muscles and may lead to temporomandibular disorders (TMD). We tested these hypotheses by means of a double-blind randomized crossover experiment carried out on 11 young healthy females. Strips of gold foil were glued either on a selected occlusal contact area (active interference) or on the vestibular surface of the same tooth (dummy interference) and left for 8 days each. Electromyographic masseter activity was recorded in the natural environment by portable recorders under interference-free, dummy-interference, and active-interference conditions. The active occlusal interference caused a significant reduction in the number of activity periods per hour and in their mean amplitude. The EMG activity did not change significantly during the dummy-interference condition. None of the subjects developed signs and/or symptoms of TMD throughout the whole study, and most of them adapted fairly well to the occlusal disturbance.

  18. Salient eyes deter conspecific nest intruders in wild jackdaws (Corvus monedula).

    PubMed

    Davidson, Gabrielle L; Clayton, Nicola S; Thornton, Alex

    2014-02-01

    Animals often respond fearfully when encountering eyes or eye-like shapes. Although gaze aversion has been documented in mammals when avoiding group-member conflict, the importance of eye coloration during interactions between conspecifics has yet to be examined in non-primate species. Jackdaws (Corvus monedula) have near-white irides, which are conspicuous against their dark feathers and visible when seen from outside the cavities where they nest. Because jackdaws compete for nest sites, their conspicuous eyes may act as a warning signal to indicate that a nest is occupied and deter intrusions by conspecifics. We tested whether jackdaws' pale irides serve as a deterrent to prospecting conspecifics by comparing prospectors' behaviour towards nest-boxes displaying images with bright eyes (BEs) only, a jackdaw face with natural BEs, or a jackdaw face with dark eyes. The jackdaw face with BEs was most effective in deterring birds from making contact with nest-boxes, whereas both BE conditions reduced the amount of time jackdaws spent in proximity to the image. We suggest BEs in jackdaws may function to prevent conspecific competitors from approaching occupied nest sites.

  19. A systematic review of the factors affecting choice of surgery as a career.

    PubMed

    Peel, John K; Schlachta, Christopher M; Alkhamesi, Nawar A

    2018-02-01

    Interest in surgical careers among medical students has declined over the past decade. Multiple explanations have been offered for why top students are deterred or rejected from surgical programs, though no consensus has emerged. We conducted a review of the literature to better characterize what factors affect the pursuit of a surgical career. We searched PubMed and EMBASE and performed additional reference checks. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and Newcastle-Ottawa Education scores were used to evaluate the included data. Our search identified 122 full-text, primary articles. Analysis of this evidence identified 3 core concepts that impact surgical career decision-making: gender, features of surgical education, and student "fit" in the culture of surgery. Real and perceived gender discrimination has deterred female medical students from entering surgical careers. In addition, limited exposure to surgery during medical school and differences between student and surgeon personality traits and values may deter students from entering surgical careers. We suggest that deliberate and visible effort to include women and early-career medical students in surgical settings may enhance their interest in carreers in surgery.

  20. Fluorescent blue lights, injecting drug use and related health risk in public conveniences: findings from a qualitative study of micro-injecting environments.

    PubMed

    Parkin, Stephen; Coomber, Ross

    2010-07-01

    This paper presents findings relating to injecting drug users' experiences and opinions of public toilets illuminated with fluorescent blue lights and presents an empirical assessment of the intended deterrent effect of such installations. Data analysis identified that blue lights deterred less than half the sample interviewed. Furthermore over half (18/31) of the sample were prepared to inject in conditions specifically designed to deter injecting practice. Of these, 11 respondents were completely undeterred and 7 individuals were only partially deterred by blue light environments. These findings are discussed within the interpretative frameworks of Pierre Bourdieu's theory of habitus and symbolic violence. The authors conclude that fluorescent blue lights contribute towards the development of situated resistance by injecting drug users within a public injecting habitus; a resistance that produces and reproduces drug-related harm and is a behaviour that opposes the symbolic violence of harm reduction intervention. The paper concludes with suggestions for theory-driven practical intervention that may seek to disrupt the harmful elements of the public injecting habitus. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  1. Use of the human calvaria and skull as alms bowls and drinking vessels by Aghori ascetics in present-day India.

    PubMed

    Bosmia, Anand N; Griessenauer, Christoph J; Tubbs, R Shane

    2013-10-01

    The purpose of this article is to discuss the use of the human calvaria and skull as alms bowls and drinking vessels by a sect of Hindu ascetics in present-day India known as the Aghoris. The authors attempt to explain the rationale behind the Aghoris' use of the human calvaria and skull in this manner. A review of the literature using standard search engines was conducted to obtain information about the history and philosophy of the Aghori ascetics. Multiple academic references confirm the persistence of the practice of using the human calvaria and skull as alms bowls and drinking vessels among Aghori ascetics in present-day India. This practice is inspired by the Aghoris' monistic philosophy, a principle of which is that observance of social convention deters the individual soul in its journey towards liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth. Certain anatomical features of the human body have had religious significance in the past. Multiple academic references concerning the Aghoris argue that religious significance continues to be ascribed to certain components of human anatomy. In the case of the Aghoris, these components are the calvaria and skull.

  2. Factors in life science textbooks that may deter girls' interest in science

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Potter, Ellen F.; Rosser, Sue V.

    In order to examine factors that may deter girls' interest in science, five seventh-grade life science textbooks were analyzed for sexism in language, images, and curricular content, and for features of activities that have been found to be useful for motivating girls. Although overt sexism was not apparent, subtle forms of sexism in the selection of language, images, and curricular content were found. Activities had some features useful to girls, but other features were seldom included. Teachers may wish to use differences that were found among texts as one basis for text selection.

  3. Contextual influence on orientation discrimination of humans and responses of neurons in V1 of alert monkeys.

    PubMed

    Li, W; Thier, P; Wehrhahn, C

    2000-02-01

    We studied the effects of various patterns as contextual stimuli on human orientation discrimination, and on responses of neurons in V1 of alert monkeys. When a target line is presented along with various contextual stimuli (masks), human orientation discrimination is impaired. For most V1 neurons, responses elicited by a line in the receptive field (RF) center are suppressed by these contextual patterns. Orientation discrimination thresholds of human observers are elevated slightly when the target line is surrounded by orthogonal lines. For randomly oriented lines, thresholds are elevated further and even more so for lines parallel to the target. Correspondingly, responses of most V1 neurons to a line are suppressed. Although contextual lines inhibit the amplitude of orientation tuning functions of most V1 neurons, they do not systematically alter the tuning width. Elevation of human orientation discrimination thresholds decreases with increasing curvature of masking lines, so does the inhibition of V1 neuronal responses. A mask made of straight lines yields the strongest interference with human orientation discrimination and produces the strongest suppression of neuronal responses. Elevation of human orientation discrimination thresholds is highest when a mask covers only the immediate vicinity of the target line. Increasing the masking area results in less interference. On the contrary, suppression of neuronal responses in V1 increases with increasing mask size. Our data imply that contextual interference observed in human orientation discrimination is in part directly related to contextual inhibition of neuronal activity in V1. However, the finding that interference with orientation discrimination is weaker for larger masks suggests a figure-ground segregation process that is not located in V1.

  4. A double-slit experiment for non-classical interference effects in decision making.

    PubMed

    La Mura, Pierfrancesco

    2014-01-01

    We discuss the possible nature and role of non-physical entanglement, and the classical vs. non-classical interface, in models of human decision-making. We also introduce an experimental setting designed after the double-slit experiment in physics, and discuss how it could be used to discriminate between classical and non-classical interference effects in human decisions. Copyright © 2013 Cognitive Science Society, Inc.

  5. Electromagnetic Interference Tests

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1994-05-31

    for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (300 kHz - 100 GHz), American National Standards Institute...Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (300 kHz - 100 GHz), American National Standards Institute, C95.1-1982, 30 July 1980...II il~l I!I 11 lll i 13. ABSTkACT (Waxlrnun 200woruh) This TOP is a general guideline for electromagnetic interference testing of electronic

  6. Tree community variation in a tropical continental island according to slope aspect and human interference.

    PubMed

    Gonçalves, Nathan B; Nettesheim, Felipe C; Conde, Marilena M S

    2018-01-01

    Associating description of unrecorded tropical tree community structure to sampling approaches that can help determine mechanisms behind floristic variation is important to further the comprehension of how plant species coexist at tropical forests. Thus, this study had the goals of (i) evaluating tree community structure on the continental island of Marambaia (23°4'37.09"S; 43°59'2.15"W) and (ii) testing the prediction that there are local scale changes in a tropical tree community structure between slopes facing different geographic orientation and with distinct human interference history. We established 60 (0.6 ha) sampling units in three different slope sites with distinct predominant geographic orientation and human interference. We sampled all woody trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥ 5 cm. We found a total of 1.170 individuals representing 220 species, 120 genera and 50 families. The overall tree community structure and structural descriptors (abundance of individuals, basal area, species richness and diversity) varied extensively between the sites. The evidence presented here supports that local scale topography variations and human interference history can be important factors contributing to the known floristic heterogeneity of the Atlantic Rainforest. Future work on the study area should focus on disentangling effects from distinct causal factors over tree community variation and species occurrence.

  7. Domain-Specific Interference Tests on Navigational Working Memory in Military Pilots.

    PubMed

    Verde, Paola; Boccia, Maddalena; Colangeli, Stefano; Barbetti, Sonia; Nori, Raffaella; Ferlazzo, Fabio; Piccolo, Francesco; Vitalone, Roberto; Lucertini, Elena; Piccardi, Laura

    2016-06-01

    Human navigation is a very complex ability that encompasses all four stages of human information processing (sensory input, perception/cognition, selection, and execution of an action), involving both cognitive and physical requirements. During flight, the pilot uses all of these stages and one of the most critical aspect is interference. In fact, spatial tasks competing for the same cognitive resource cause greater distraction from a concurrent task than another task that uses different resource modalities. Here we compared and contrasted the performance of pilots and nonpilots of both genders performing increasingly complex navigational memory tasks while exposed to various forms of interference. We investigated the effects of four different sources of interference: motor, spatial motor, verbal, and spatial environment, focusing on gender differences. We found that flight experts perform better than controls (Pilots: 6.50 ± 1.29; Nonpilots: 5.45 ± 1.41). Furthermore, in the general population, navigational working memory is compromised only by spatial environmental interference (Nonpilots: 4.52 ± 1.50); female nonpilots were less able than male nonpilots. Also, the flight expert group showed the same interference, even if reduced (Pilots: 5.24 ± 0.92); moreover, we highlighted a complete absence of gender-related effects. Spatial environmental interference is the only interference producing a decrease in performance. Nevertheless, pilots are less affected than the general population. This is probably a consequence of the need to commit substantial cognitive resources to process spatial information during flight.

  8. Audited credential delegation: a usable security solution for the virtual physiological human toolkit.

    PubMed

    Haidar, Ali N; Zasada, Stefan J; Coveney, Peter V; Abdallah, Ali E; Beckles, Bruce; Jones, Mike A S

    2011-06-06

    We present applications of audited credential delegation (ACD), a usable security solution for authentication, authorization and auditing in distributed virtual physiological human (VPH) project environments that removes the use of digital certificates from end-users' experience. Current security solutions are based on public key infrastructure (PKI). While PKI offers strong security for VPH projects, it suffers from serious usability shortcomings in terms of end-user acquisition and management of credentials which deter scientists from exploiting distributed VPH environments. By contrast, ACD supports the use of local credentials. Currently, a local ACD username-password combination can be used to access grid-based resources while Shibboleth support is underway. Moreover, ACD provides seamless and secure access to shared patient data, tools and infrastructure, thus supporting the provision of personalized medicine for patients, scientists and clinicians participating in e-health projects from a local to the widest international scale.

  9. Audited credential delegation: a usable security solution for the virtual physiological human toolkit

    PubMed Central

    Haidar, Ali N.; Zasada, Stefan J.; Coveney, Peter V.; Abdallah, Ali E.; Beckles, Bruce; Jones, Mike A. S.

    2011-01-01

    We present applications of audited credential delegation (ACD), a usable security solution for authentication, authorization and auditing in distributed virtual physiological human (VPH) project environments that removes the use of digital certificates from end-users' experience. Current security solutions are based on public key infrastructure (PKI). While PKI offers strong security for VPH projects, it suffers from serious usability shortcomings in terms of end-user acquisition and management of credentials which deter scientists from exploiting distributed VPH environments. By contrast, ACD supports the use of local credentials. Currently, a local ACD username–password combination can be used to access grid-based resources while Shibboleth support is underway. Moreover, ACD provides seamless and secure access to shared patient data, tools and infrastructure, thus supporting the provision of personalized medicine for patients, scientists and clinicians participating in e-health projects from a local to the widest international scale. PMID:22670214

  10. Measuring the reasons that discourage medical students from working in rural areas

    PubMed Central

    Goel, Sonu; Angeli, Federica; Singla, Neetu; Ruwaard, Dirk

    2018-01-01

    Abstract The sharply uneven distribution of human resources for health care across urban and rural areas has been a long-standing concern globally. The present study aims to develop and validate an instrument measuring the factors deterring final year students of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) in 3 northern states of India, from working in rural areas. The medical student's de-motivation to work in rural India (MSDRI) scale was developed using extensive literature review followed by Delphi technique. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were assessed in terms of content validity, construct validity, data quality and reliability. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to identify the primary deterrents. Thirty-three items were generated from literature search followed by Delphi exercise. After assessing psychometric properties, the final instrument included 29 items whereas the EFA and CFA highlighted 5 main factors, namely lack of professional challenge, social segregation, socio-cultural gap, hostile professional environment, and lack of financial incentives as underpinning students’ demotivation towards working in rural areas. The MSDRI instrument is the first valid and reliable measure for identifying deterring factors for MBBS students to work in rural areas of India. The use of it may be very helpful for policymakers as well as healthcare organizations in formulating effective measures to encourage medical students to work in rural areas, which suffer from a chronic shortage of medical personnel. PMID:29480833

  11. Stigma of mental illness and substance misuse in sub-Saharan African migrants: A qualitative study.

    PubMed

    McCann, Terence V; Renzaho, Andre; Mugavin, Janette; Lubman, Dan I

    2018-06-01

    Stigma of mental illness and substance misuse can deter help seeking, especially in immigrants who are often reluctant to seek help early for these issues. The aim of the present study was to explore the stigma experience surrounding mental illness and substance misuse, and its implications for improving help seeking, for youths and parents from sub-Saharan African immigrant communities. A qualitative, descriptive design was used. Individual interviews were undertaken with 28 youths, and focus group discussions were held with 41 parents and community leaders in Melbourne, Australia. The findings indicated that public stigma and self-stigma were common and deterred participants' help seeking within sub-Saharan African communities. There was concern about the consequences of disclosure. Personal shame, fear of community rejection, and being labelled a 'lunatic' deterred help seeking. Programmes are needed to address stigma, promote help seeking, and increase mental health knowledge. Mental health nurses and other clinicians in the mental health and alcohol and other drug fields can make an important contribution. Steps are needed to employ more sub-Saharan African immigrant clinicians to help increase help seeking from their communities. © 2017 Australian College of Mental Health Nurses Inc.

  12. Ground squirrel tail-flag displays alter both predatory strike and ambush site selection behaviours of rattlesnakes.

    PubMed

    Barbour, Matthew A; Clark, Rulon W

    2012-09-22

    Many species approach, inspect and signal towards their predators. These behaviours are often interpreted as predator-deterrent signals--honest signals that indicate to a predator that continued hunting is likely to be futile. However, many of these putative predator-deterrent signals are given when no predator is present, and it remains unclear if and why such signals deter predators. We examined the effects of one such signal, the tail-flag display of California ground squirrels, which is frequently given both during and outside direct encounters with northern Pacific rattlesnakes. We video-recorded and quantified the ambush foraging responses of rattlesnakes to tail-flagging displays from ground squirrels. We found that tail-flagging deterred snakes from striking squirrels, most likely by advertising squirrel vigilance (i.e. readiness to dodge a snake strike). We also found that tail-flagging by adult squirrels increased the likelihood that snakes would leave their ambush site, apparently by elevating the vigilance of nearby squirrels which reduces the profitability of the ambush site. Our results provide some of the first empirical evidence of the mechanisms by which a prey display, although frequently given in the absence of a predator, may still deter predators during encounters.

  13. Youth are more sensitive to price changes in cigarettes than adults.

    PubMed Central

    Ding, Alexander

    2003-01-01

    Virtually all smoking begins in our population's youth and remains as a habit into those smokers' elder years. If we desire to halt smoking in its infancy, we should seek to deter and induce cessation in the youth years. It has been cited that taxation is an effective means to deter smoking at all ages, particularly efficacious in the youth population. This paper explores the merits of this method of preventative medicine, and intends to investigate differences between the price elasticity of cigarette demand between various cohorts, particularly the adult versus the youth population. We use a two-variable log-log, ordinary least-squares econometric regression to determine the extent that price alterations have on participation rates and quantity smoked. Our results show that youth are quite responsive to price increases showing a decrease of 14 percent prevalence in smoking for a 10 percent increase in price; whereas, the adult population is relatively less responsive to such price changes, exhibiting nearly a 2 percent decrease in prevalence for a 10 percent increase in price. We conclude that taxation is an effective means of socially-enacted preventative medicine in deterring youth smoking. PMID:15369626

  14. A systematic review of the factors affecting choice of surgery as a career

    PubMed Central

    Peel, John K.; Schlachta, Christopher M.; Alkhamesi, Nawar A.

    2018-01-01

    Background Interest in surgical careers among medical students has declined over the past decade. Multiple explanations have been offered for why top students are deterred or rejected from surgical programs, though no consensus has emerged. Methods We conducted a review of the literature to better characterize what factors affect the pursuit of a surgical career. We searched PubMed and EMBASE and performed additional reference checks. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and Newcastle–Ottawa Education scores were used to evaluate the included data. Results Our search identified 122 full-text, primary articles. Analysis of this evidence identified 3 core concepts that impact surgical career decision-making: gender, features of surgical education, and student “fit” in the culture of surgery. Conclusion Real and perceived gender discrimination has deterred female medical students from entering surgical careers. In addition, limited exposure to surgery during medical school and differences between student and surgeon personality traits and values may deter students from entering surgical careers. We suggest that deliberate and visible effort to include women and early-career medical students in surgical settings may enhance their interest in carreers in surgery. PMID:29368678

  15. Responses of seagrass to anthropogenic and natural disturbances do not equally translate to its consumers.

    PubMed

    Tomas, Fiona; Martínez-Crego, Begoña; Hernán, Gema; Santos, Rui

    2015-11-01

    Coastal communities are under threat from many and often co-occurring local (e.g., pollution, eutrophication) and global stressors (e.g., climate change), yet understanding the interactive and cumulative impacts of multiple stressors in ecosystem function is far from being accomplished. Ecological redundancy may be key for ecosystem resilience, but there are still many gaps in our understanding of interspecific differences within a functional group, particularly regarding response diversity, that is, whether members of a functional group respond equally or differently to anthropogenic stressors. Herbivores are critical in determining plant community structure and the transfer of energy up the food web. Human disturbances may alter the ecological role of herbivory by modifying the defense strategies of plants and thus the feeding patterns and performance of herbivores. We conducted a suite of experiments to examine the independent and interactive effects of anthropogenic (nutrient and CO2 additions) and natural (simulated herbivory) disturbances on a seagrass and its interaction with two common generalist consumers to understand how multiple disturbances can impact both a foundation species and a key ecological function (herbivory) and to assess the potential existence of response diversity to anthropogenic and natural changes in these systems. While all three disturbances modified seagrass defense traits, there were contrasting responses of herbivores to such plant changes. Both CO2 and nutrient additions influenced herbivore feeding behavior, yet while sea urchins preferred nutrient-enriched seagrass tissue (regardless of other experimental treatments), isopods were deterred by these same plant tissues. In contrast, carbon enrichment deterred sea urchins and attracted isopods, while simulated herbivory only influenced isopod feeding choice. These contrasting responses of herbivores to disturbance-induced changes in seagrass help to better understand the ecological functioning of seagrass ecosystems in the face of human disturbances and may have important implications regarding the resilience and conservation of these threatened ecosystems. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  16. The effectiveness of the department of defense's field manual 3-11 in detecting, deterring and degrading the breach of a combat base by a human-borne with bioagent (HBBA): perceptions of security personnel.

    PubMed

    Alakpa, George Edafese; Collins, John W

    2015-01-01

    The department of defense's FM 3-11 is among the military's field manuals for preparing for, reacting to and recovering from chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear attacks. Since post 9-11, U.S. military service members have been deployed in the global war on terrorism. This study attempted to determine the effectiveness of the FM 3-11 in detecting, deterring or preventing a human-borne with bioagent (HBBA) terrorist breach at an entry control point (ECP). This time-specific, cross-sectional study disseminated a validated survey tool with Cronbach's α > 0.82 to respondents who have had antiterrorism training and combat ECP experience. The return rate was greater than 75.0 %; however, many of the respondents failed to meet the inclusion criteria. Consequently, only 26 questionnaires were included in the sample. The results revealed that while over 60.0 % of the respondents either strongly agreed or agreed that biointelligence, the deployment of biodetectors and the use of biowarning systems could be effective in preventing an ECP breach by a terrorist with a bioagent, the use of protective equipment and immunization to decontaminate service members or other TTPs would never prevent a breach. A large percentage of respondents claimed that soldiers at the ECP lacked the devices or the knowledge to detect an HBBA at an ECP, and 72.0 % suggested modifying current ECP TTPs to include education, training and equipment for security personnel at military base ECPs. If obtained from appropriate sources and communicated to the personnel at the ECP in an effective or timely manner, the possible effectiveness of certain TTPs in the FM 3-11, specifically FM 3-11.86 (intelligence), might increase.

  17. Statistical analysis of polarization interference images of biological fluids polycrystalline films in the tasks of optical anisotropy weak changes differentiation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ushenko, Yu. O.; Dubolazov, O. V.; Ushenko, V. O.; Zhytaryuk, V. G.; Prydiy, O. G.; Pavlyukovich, N.; Pavlyukovich, O.

    2018-01-01

    In this paper, we present the results of a statistical analysis of polarization-interference images of optically thin histological sections of biological tissues and polycrystalline films of biological fluids of human organs. A new analytical parameter is introduced-the local contrast of the interference pattern in the plane of a polarizationinhomogeneous microscopic image of a biological preparation. The coordinate distributions of the given parameter and the sets of statistical moments of the first-fourth order that characterize these distributions are determined. On this basis, the differentiation of degenerative-dystrophic changes in the myocardium and the polycrystalline structure of the synovial fluid of the human knee with different pathologies is realized.

  18. [Wireless human body communication technology].

    PubMed

    Sun, Lei; Zhang, Xiaojuan

    2014-12-01

    The Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a key part of the wearable monitoring technologies, which has many communication technologies to choose from, like Bluetooth, ZigBee, Ultra Wideband, and Wireless Human Body Communication (WHBC). As for the WHBC developed in recent years, it is worthy to be further studied. The WHBC has a strong momentum of growth and a natural advantage in the formation of WBAN. In this paper, we first briefly describe the technical background of WHBC, then introduce theoretical model of human-channel communication and digital transmission machine based on human channel. And finally we analyze various of the interference of the WHBC and show the AFH (Adaptive Frequency Hopping) technology which can effectively deal with the interference.

  19. Concepts and their dynamics: a quantum-theoretic modeling of human thought.

    PubMed

    Aerts, Diederik; Gabora, Liane; Sozzo, Sandro

    2013-10-01

    We analyze different aspects of our quantum modeling approach of human concepts and, more specifically, focus on the quantum effects of contextuality, interference, entanglement, and emergence, illustrating how each of them makes its appearance in specific situations of the dynamics of human concepts and their combinations. We point out the relation of our approach, which is based on an ontology of a concept as an entity in a state changing under influence of a context, with the main traditional concept theories, that is, prototype theory, exemplar theory, and theory theory. We ponder about the question why quantum theory performs so well in its modeling of human concepts, and we shed light on this question by analyzing the role of complex amplitudes, showing how they allow to describe interference in the statistics of measurement outcomes, while in the traditional theories statistics of outcomes originates in classical probability weights, without the possibility of interference. The relevance of complex numbers, the appearance of entanglement, and the role of Fock space in explaining contextual emergence, all as unique features of the quantum modeling, are explicitly revealed in this article by analyzing human concepts and their dynamics. © 2013 Cognitive Science Society, Inc.

  20. Approaches Toward Deterring Chinese Aggression in the South China Sea

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-06-09

    60 Military ..................................................................................................................... 61 Economic ...68 Economic Development .........................................................................................69 COA 1 Summary...Diplomatic Efforts .................................................................................................74 Economic Activity

  1. REM sleep rescues learning from interference

    PubMed Central

    McDevitt, Elizabeth A.; Duggan, Katherine A.; Mednick, Sara C.

    2015-01-01

    Classical human memory studies investigating the acquisition of temporally-linked events have found that the memories for two events will interfere with each other and cause forgetting (i.e., interference; Wixted, 2004). Importantly, sleep helps consolidate memories and protect them from subsequent interference (Ellenbogen, Hulbert, Stickgold, Dinges, & Thompson-Schill, 2006). We asked whether sleep can also repair memories that have already been damaged by interference. Using a perceptual learning paradigm, we induced interference either before or after a consolidation period. We varied brain states during consolidation by comparing active wake, quiet wake, and naps with either non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), or both NREM and REM sleep. When interference occurred after consolidation, sleep and wake both produced learning. However, interference prior to consolidation impaired memory, with retroactive interference showing more disruption than proactive interference. Sleep rescued learning damaged by interference. Critically, only naps that contained REM sleep were able to rescue learning that was highly disrupted by retroactive interference. Furthermore, the magnitude of rescued learning was correlated with the amount of REM sleep. We demonstrate the first evidence of a process by which the brain can rescue and consolidate memories damaged by interference, and that this process requires REM sleep. We explain these results within a theoretical model that considers how interference during encoding interacts with consolidation processes to predict which memories are retained or lost. PMID:25498222

  2. 30 CFR 74.7 - Design and construction requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... while monitoring atmospheres including such water mists. (f) Electromagnetic interference. The CPDM shall meet the following standards for control of and protection from electromagnetic interference. (1... with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz) and 47 CFR...

  3. 30 CFR 74.7 - Design and construction requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... while monitoring atmospheres including such water mists. (f) Electromagnetic interference. The CPDM shall meet the following standards for control of and protection from electromagnetic interference. (1... with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz) and 47 CFR...

  4. 30 CFR 74.7 - Design and construction requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... while monitoring atmospheres including such water mists. (f) Electromagnetic interference. The CPDM shall meet the following standards for control of and protection from electromagnetic interference. (1... with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz) and 47 CFR...

  5. 30 CFR 74.7 - Design and construction requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... while monitoring atmospheres including such water mists. (f) Electromagnetic interference. The CPDM shall meet the following standards for control of and protection from electromagnetic interference. (1... with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz) and 47 CFR...

  6. 30 CFR 74.7 - Design and construction requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... while monitoring atmospheres including such water mists. (f) Electromagnetic interference. The CPDM shall meet the following standards for control of and protection from electromagnetic interference. (1... with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz) and 47 CFR...

  7. Visual Working Memory Capacity and Proactive Interference

    PubMed Central

    Hartshorne, Joshua K.

    2008-01-01

    Background Visual working memory capacity is extremely limited and appears to be relatively immune to practice effects or the use of explicit strategies. The recent discovery that visual working memory tasks, like verbal working memory tasks, are subject to proactive interference, coupled with the fact that typical visual working memory tasks are particularly conducive to proactive interference, suggests that visual working memory capacity may be systematically under-estimated. Methodology/Principal Findings Working memory capacity was probed behaviorally in adult humans both in laboratory settings and via the Internet. Several experiments show that although the effect of proactive interference on visual working memory is significant and can last over several trials, it only changes the capacity estimate by about 15%. Conclusions/Significance This study further confirms the sharp limitations on visual working memory capacity, both in absolute terms and relative to verbal working memory. It is suggested that future research take these limitations into account in understanding differences across a variety of tasks between human adults, prelinguistic infants and nonlinguistic animals. PMID:18648493

  8. Visual working memory capacity and proactive interference.

    PubMed

    Hartshorne, Joshua K

    2008-07-23

    Visual working memory capacity is extremely limited and appears to be relatively immune to practice effects or the use of explicit strategies. The recent discovery that visual working memory tasks, like verbal working memory tasks, are subject to proactive interference, coupled with the fact that typical visual working memory tasks are particularly conducive to proactive interference, suggests that visual working memory capacity may be systematically under-estimated. Working memory capacity was probed behaviorally in adult humans both in laboratory settings and via the Internet. Several experiments show that although the effect of proactive interference on visual working memory is significant and can last over several trials, it only changes the capacity estimate by about 15%. This study further confirms the sharp limitations on visual working memory capacity, both in absolute terms and relative to verbal working memory. It is suggested that future research take these limitations into account in understanding differences across a variety of tasks between human adults, prelinguistic infants and nonlinguistic animals.

  9. Limits on perceptual encoding can be predicted from known receptive field properties of human visual cortex.

    PubMed

    Cohen, Michael A; Rhee, Juliana Y; Alvarez, George A

    2016-01-01

    Human cognition has a limited capacity that is often attributed to the brain having finite cognitive resources, but the nature of these resources is usually not specified. Here, we show evidence that perceptual interference between items can be predicted by known receptive field properties of the visual cortex, suggesting that competition within representational maps is an important source of the capacity limitations of visual processing. Across the visual hierarchy, receptive fields get larger and represent more complex, high-level features. Thus, when presented simultaneously, high-level items (e.g., faces) will often land within the same receptive fields, while low-level items (e.g., color patches) will often not. Using a perceptual task, we found long-range interference between high-level items, but only short-range interference for low-level items, with both types of interference being weaker across hemifields. Finally, we show that long-range interference between items appears to occur primarily during perceptual encoding and not during working memory maintenance. These results are naturally explained by the distribution of receptive fields and establish a link between perceptual capacity limits and the underlying neural architecture. (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).

  10. Interference in Ballistic Motor Learning: Specificity and Role of Sensory Error Signals

    PubMed Central

    Lundbye-Jensen, Jesper; Petersen, Tue Hvass; Rothwell, John C.; Nielsen, Jens Bo

    2011-01-01

    Humans are capable of learning numerous motor skills, but newly acquired skills may be abolished by subsequent learning. Here we ask what factors determine whether interference occurs in motor learning. We speculated that interference requires competing processes of synaptic plasticity in overlapping circuits and predicted specificity. To test this, subjects learned a ballistic motor task. Interference was observed following subsequent learning of an accuracy-tracking task, but only if the competing task involved the same muscles and movement direction. Interference was not observed from a non-learning task suggesting that interference requires competing learning. Subsequent learning of the competing task 4 h after initial learning did not cause interference suggesting disruption of early motor memory consolidation as one possible mechanism underlying interference. Repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of corticospinal motor output at intensities below movement threshold did not cause interference, whereas suprathreshold rTMS evoking motor responses and (re)afferent activation did. Finally, the experiments revealed that suprathreshold repetitive electrical stimulation of the agonist (but not antagonist) peripheral nerve caused interference. The present study is, to our knowledge, the first to demonstrate that peripheral nerve stimulation may cause interference. The finding underscores the importance of sensory feedback as error signals in motor learning. We conclude that interference requires competing plasticity in overlapping circuits. Interference is remarkably specific for circuits involved in a specific movement and it may relate to sensory error signals. PMID:21408054

  11. Explaining Human Recreational Use of ‘pesticides’: The Neurotoxin Regulation Model of Substance Use vs. the Hijack Model and Implications for Age and Sex Differences in Drug Consumption

    PubMed Central

    Hagen, Edward H.; Roulette, Casey J.; Sullivan, Roger J.

    2013-01-01

    Most globally popular drugs are plant neurotoxins or their close chemical analogs. These compounds evolved to deter, not reward or reinforce, consumption. Moreover, they reliably activate virtually all toxin defense mechanisms, and are thus correctly identified by human neurophysiology as toxins. Acute drug toxicity must therefore play a more central role in drug use theory. We accordingly challenge the popular idea that the rewarding and reinforcing properties of drugs “hijack” the brain, and propose instead that the brain evolved to carefully regulate neurotoxin consumption to minimize fitness costs and maximize fitness benefits. This perspective provides a compelling explanation for the dramatic changes in substance use that occur during the transition from childhood to adulthood, and for pervasive sex differences in substance use: because nicotine and many other plant neurotoxins are teratogenic, children, and to a lesser extent women of childbearing age, evolved to avoid ingesting them. However, during the course of human evolution many adolescents and adults reaped net benefits from regulated intake of plant neurotoxins. PMID:24204348

  12. Skill in Expert Dogs

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Helton, William S.

    2007-01-01

    The motor control of novice participants is often cognitively demanding and susceptible to interference by other tasks. As people develop expertise, their motor control becomes less susceptible to interference from other tasks. Researchers propose a transition in human motor skill from active control to automaticity. This progression may also be…

  13. Stroop-Like Effects for Monkeys and Humans: Processing Speed or Strength of Association?

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Washburn, David A.

    1994-01-01

    Stroop-like effects have been found using a variety of paradigms and subject groups. In the present investigation, 6 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and 28 humans exhibited Stroop-like interference and facilitation in a relative-numerousness task. Monkeys, like humans, processed the meanings of the numerical symbols automatically, despite the fact that these meanings were irrelevant to task performance. These data also afforded direct comparison of interpretations of the Stroop effect in terms of processing speed versus association strength. These findings were consistent with parallel-processing models of Stroop-like interference proposed elsewhere, but not with processing-speed accounts posited frequently to explain the effect.

  14. Immune Reconstitution Reactions in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Negative Patients

    PubMed Central

    Scharschmidt, Tiffany C.; Amerson, Erin H.; Rosenberg, Oren S.; Jacobs, Richard A.; McCalmont, Timothy H.; Shinkai, Kanade

    2013-01-01

    Background Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a phenomenon initially described in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Upon initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy, recovery of cellular immunity triggers inflammation to a preexisting infection or antigen that causes paradoxical worsening of clinical disease. A similar phenomenon can occur in human immunodeficiency virus–negative patients, including pregnant women, neutropenic hosts, solidorgan or stem cell transplant recipients, and patients receiving tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. Observations We report a case of leprosy unmasking and downgrading reaction after stem cell transplantation that highlights some of the challenges inherent to the diagnosis of IRIS, especially in patients without human immunodeficiency virus infection, as well as review the spectrum of previously reported cases of IRIS reactions in this population. Conclusions The mechanism of immune reconstitution reactions is complex and variable, depending on the underlying antigen and the mechanism of immunosuppression or shift in immune status. Use of the term IRIS can aid our recognition of an important phenomenon that occurs in the setting of immunosuppression or shifts in immunity but should not deter us from thinking critically about the distinct processes that underlie this heterogeneous group of conditions. PMID:23324760

  15. Moving Just Like You: Motor Interference Depends on Similar Motility of Agent and Observer

    PubMed Central

    Kupferberg, Aleksandra; Huber, Markus; Helfer, Bartosz; Lenz, Claus; Knoll, Alois; Glasauer, Stefan

    2012-01-01

    Recent findings in neuroscience suggest an overlap between brain regions involved in the execution of movement and perception of another’s movement. This so-called “action-perception coupling” is supposed to serve our ability to automatically infer the goals and intentions of others by internal simulation of their actions. A consequence of this coupling is motor interference (MI), the effect of movement observation on the trajectory of one’s own movement. Previous studies emphasized that various features of the observed agent determine the degree of MI, but could not clarify how human-like an agent has to be for its movements to elicit MI and, more importantly, what ‘human-like’ means in the context of MI. Thus, we investigated in several experiments how different aspects of appearance and motility of the observed agent influence motor interference (MI). Participants performed arm movements in horizontal and vertical directions while observing videos of a human, a humanoid robot, or an industrial robot arm with either artificial (industrial) or human-like joint configurations. Our results show that, given a human-like joint configuration, MI was elicited by observing arm movements of both humanoid and industrial robots. However, if the joint configuration of the robot did not resemble that of the human arm, MI could longer be demonstrated. Our findings present evidence for the importance of human-like joint configuration rather than other human-like features for perception-action coupling when observing inanimate agents. PMID:22761853

  16. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (DE-71)Interferes with Thyroid Hormone Action Independent Of Effects On Circulating Levels of Thyroid Hormone in Male Rats

    EPA Science Inventory

    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are routinely found in human tissues including cord blood and breast milk. PBDEs may interfere with thyroid hormone (TH) during development, which could produce neurobehavioral deficits. An assumption in experimental and epidemiological stud...

  17. Isolating the Neural Mechanisms of Interference During Continuous Multisensory Dual-task Performance

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-01-01

    sion accuracy in each task, the signal detection theory sensitivity measure of d0 was used (Macmillan & Creelman , 1991; Green & Swets, 1966). First...J. (1998). Sources of dual-task interference: Evidence from human electrophysiology. Psychological Science, 9, 223–227. Macmillan, N. A., & Creelman

  18. [Spatial domain display for interference image dataset].

    PubMed

    Wang, Cai-Ling; Li, Yu-Shan; Liu, Xue-Bin; Hu, Bing-Liang; Jing, Juan-Juan; Wen, Jia

    2011-11-01

    The requirements of imaging interferometer visualization is imminent for the user of image interpretation and information extraction. However, the conventional researches on visualization only focus on the spectral image dataset in spectral domain. Hence, the quick show of interference spectral image dataset display is one of the nodes in interference image processing. The conventional visualization of interference dataset chooses classical spectral image dataset display method after Fourier transformation. In the present paper, the problem of quick view of interferometer imager in image domain is addressed and the algorithm is proposed which simplifies the matter. The Fourier transformation is an obstacle since its computation time is very large and the complexion would be even deteriorated with the size of dataset increasing. The algorithm proposed, named interference weighted envelopes, makes the dataset divorced from transformation. The authors choose three interference weighted envelopes respectively based on the Fourier transformation, features of interference data and human visual system. After comparing the proposed with the conventional methods, the results show the huge difference in display time.

  19. Simulated seal scarer sounds scare porpoises, but not seals: species-specific responses to 12 kHz deterrence sounds

    PubMed Central

    Hermannsen, Line; Beedholm, Kristian

    2017-01-01

    Acoustic harassment devices (AHD) or ‘seal scarers’ are used extensively, not only to deter seals from fisheries, but also as mitigation tools to deter marine mammals from potentially harmful sound sources, such as offshore pile driving. To test the effectiveness of AHDs, we conducted two studies with similar experimental set-ups on two key species: harbour porpoises and harbour seals. We exposed animals to 500 ms tone bursts at 12 kHz simulating that of an AHD (Lofitech), but with reduced output levels (source peak-to-peak level of 165 dB re 1 µPa). Animals were localized with a theodolite before, during and after sound exposures. In total, 12 sound exposures were conducted to porpoises and 13 exposures to seals. Porpoises were found to exhibit avoidance reactions out to ranges of 525 m from the sound source. Contrary to this, seal observations increased during sound exposure within 100 m of the loudspeaker. We thereby demonstrate that porpoises and seals respond very differently to AHD sounds. This has important implications for application of AHDs in multi-species habitats, as sound levels required to deter less sensitive species (seals) can lead to excessive and unwanted large deterrence ranges on more sensitive species (porpoises). PMID:28791155

  20. Motivating Factors and Potential Deterrents to Blood Donation in High School Aged Blood Donors

    PubMed Central

    Phan-Tang, Michelle

    2016-01-01

    Background. To ensure an adequate supply of blood, collection centers must design campaigns that successfully recruit and maintain an active donor pool. Understanding factors that motivate and deter individuals from donating may help centers develop targeted recruitment campaigns. These factors among high school aged blood donors have not yet been fully investigated. Study Design and Methods. A voluntary, anonymous survey was administered to student donors at high school mobile blood drives. The survey instrument asked the students to rate several potential motivating factors in their importance in the decision to donate blood and several potential deterring factors in their future decision whether or not to donate blood again. The survey also asked the students to rate the desirability of several potential incentives. Results. Motivating factors that reflected prosocial, empathetic, and altruistic thoughts and beliefs were rated highly by students. Pain from phlebotomy was most commonly chosen as potential deterrent. Movie tickets and cookies/snacks at the drive were rated as the most attractive incentives. Conclusion. High school aged blood donors are similar to other donor groups in their expressed motives for donating blood. This group may be unique in the factors that deter them from donating and in their preferences for different incentives. PMID:27293985

  1. Ground squirrel tail-flag displays alter both predatory strike and ambush site selection behaviours of rattlesnakes

    PubMed Central

    Barbour, Matthew A.; Clark, Rulon W.

    2012-01-01

    Many species approach, inspect and signal towards their predators. These behaviours are often interpreted as predator-deterrent signals—honest signals that indicate to a predator that continued hunting is likely to be futile. However, many of these putative predator-deterrent signals are given when no predator is present, and it remains unclear if and why such signals deter predators. We examined the effects of one such signal, the tail-flag display of California ground squirrels, which is frequently given both during and outside direct encounters with northern Pacific rattlesnakes. We video-recorded and quantified the ambush foraging responses of rattlesnakes to tail-flagging displays from ground squirrels. We found that tail-flagging deterred snakes from striking squirrels, most likely by advertising squirrel vigilance (i.e. readiness to dodge a snake strike). We also found that tail-flagging by adult squirrels increased the likelihood that snakes would leave their ambush site, apparently by elevating the vigilance of nearby squirrels which reduces the profitability of the ambush site. Our results provide some of the first empirical evidence of the mechanisms by which a prey display, although frequently given in the absence of a predator, may still deter predators during encounters. PMID:22787023

  2. Cognitive interference can be mitigated by consonant music and facilitated by dissonant music.

    PubMed

    Masataka, Nobuo; Perlovsky, Leonid

    2013-01-01

    Debates on the origins of consonance and dissonance in music have a long history. While some scientists argue that consonance judgments are an acquired competence based on exposure to the musical-system-specific knowledge of a particular culture, others favor a biological explanation for the observed preference for consonance. Here we provide experimental confirmation that this preference plays an adaptive role in human cognition: it reduces cognitive interference. The results of our experiment reveal that exposure to a Mozart minuet mitigates interference, whereas, conversely, when the music is modified to consist of mostly dissonant intervals the interference effect is intensified.

  3. Cognitive interference can be mitigated by consonant music and facilitated by dissonant music

    PubMed Central

    Masataka, Nobuo; Perlovsky, Leonid

    2013-01-01

    Debates on the origins of consonance and dissonance in music have a long history. While some scientists argue that consonance judgments are an acquired competence based on exposure to the musical-system-specific knowledge of a particular culture, others favor a biological explanation for the observed preference for consonance. Here we provide experimental confirmation that this preference plays an adaptive role in human cognition: it reduces cognitive interference. The results of our experiment reveal that exposure to a Mozart minuet mitigates interference, whereas, conversely, when the music is modified to consist of mostly dissonant intervals the interference effect is intensified. PMID:23778307

  4. Interference of Apoptosis by Hepatitis B Virus

    PubMed Central

    2017-01-01

    Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes liver diseases that have been a consistent problem for human health, leading to more than one million deaths every year worldwide. A large proportion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases across the world are closely associated with chronic HBV infection. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death and is frequently altered in cancer development. HBV infection interferes with the apoptosis signaling to promote HCC progression and viral proliferation. The HBV-mediated alteration of apoptosis is achieved via interference with cellular signaling pathways and regulation of epigenetics. HBV X protein (HBX) plays a major role in the interference of apoptosis. There are conflicting reports on the HBV interference of apoptosis with the majority showing inhibition of and the rest reporting induction of apoptosis. In this review, we described recent studies on the mechanisms of the HBV interference with the apoptosis signaling during the virus infection and provided perspective. PMID:28820498

  5. Link Scheduling Algorithm with Interference Prediction for Multiple Mobile WBANs

    PubMed Central

    Le, Thien T. T.

    2017-01-01

    As wireless body area networks (WBANs) become a key element in electronic healthcare (e-healthcare) systems, the coexistence of multiple mobile WBANs is becoming an issue. The network performance is negatively affected by the unpredictable movement of the human body. In such an environment, inter-WBAN interference can be caused by the overlapping transmission range of nearby WBANs. We propose a link scheduling algorithm with interference prediction (LSIP) for multiple mobile WBANs, which allows multiple mobile WBANs to transmit at the same time without causing inter-WBAN interference. In the LSIP, a superframe includes the contention access phase using carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) and the scheduled phase using time division multiple access (TDMA) for non-interfering nodes and interfering nodes, respectively. For interference prediction, we define a parameter called interference duration as the duration during which disparate WBANs interfere with each other. The Bayesian model is used to estimate and classify the interference using a signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) and the number of neighboring WBANs. The simulation results show that the proposed LSIP algorithm improves the packet delivery ratio and throughput significantly with acceptable delay. PMID:28956827

  6. The utility of human sciences in nursing inquiry.

    PubMed

    Pratt, Maria

    2012-01-01

    This paper targets novice nurse researchers to highlight how the perspectives of human sciences are useful in understanding people's experiences. There is a need to address the utility of human sciences or the humanistic philosophy that values the understanding of subjective experiences in nursing, given that the mainstream development of nursing knowledge is still influenced by the positivist and post-positivist research paradigms. Discussion papers on Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology, human sciences, and qualitative research were accessed through the databases Cinahl and Medline over the past 30 years. Seminal works on phenomenology were addressed in this paper. Using Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology as a commonly referenced human philosophy and methodology, this paper discusses how Heidegger's (1962) perspective may be used in nursing practice and research. Van Manen's (1990) descriptions of phenomenological science are discussed to address the perspective's value in nursing inquiry and to reveal the biases associated with this humanistic approach. The limitations of human sciences should not deter nurse researchers from using this type of nursing inquiry as it can provide an important framework in nursing research, practice and knowledge development. The author's perspective as a graduate student highlights the importance of human sciences in exploring the experiences of people vital in the delivery of nursing practice. However, researchers wishing to undertake humanistic inquiry should learn the philosophical and methodological underpinnings of their chosen humanistic approach.

  7. No evidence for memory interference across sessions in food hoarding marsh tits Poecile palustris under laboratory conditions.

    PubMed

    Urhan, A Utku; Brodin, Anders

    2015-05-01

    Scatter hoarding birds are known for their accurate spatial memory. In a previous experiment, we tested the retrieval accuracy in marsh tits in a typical laboratory set-up for this species. We also tested the performance of humans in this experimental set-up. Somewhat unexpectedly, humans performed much better than marsh tits. In the first five attempts, humans relocated almost 90 % of the caches they had hidden 5 h earlier. Marsh tits only relocated 25 % in the first five attempts and just above 40 % in the first ten attempts. Typically, in this type of experiment, the birds will be caching and retrieving many times in the same sites in the same experimental room. This is very different from the conditions in nature where hoarding parids only cache once in a caching site. Hence, it is possible that memories from previous sessions will disturb the formation of new memories. If there is such proactive interference, the prediction is that success should decay over sessions. Here, we have designed an experiment to investigate whether there is such memory interference in this type of experiment. We allowed marsh tits and humans to cache and retrieve in three repeated sessions without prior experience of the arena. The performance did not change over sessions, and on average, marsh tits correctly visited around 25 % of the caches in the first five attempts. The corresponding success in humans was constant across sessions, and it was around 90 % on average. We conclude that the somewhat poor performance of the marsh tits did not depend on proactive memory interference. We also discuss other possible reasons for why marsh tits in general do not perform better in laboratory experiments.

  8. Human Cytomegalovirus Protein US2 Interferes with the Expression of Human HFE, a Nonclassical Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecule That Regulates Iron Homeostasis

    PubMed Central

    Ben-Arieh, Sayeh Vahdati; Zimerman, Baruch; Smorodinsky, Nechama I.; Yaacubovicz, Margalit; Schechter, Chana; Bacik, Igor; Gibbs, Jim; Bennink, Jack R.; Yewdell, Jon W.; Coligan, John E.; Firat, Hüseyin; Lemonnier, François; Ehrlich, Rachel

    2001-01-01

    HFE is a nonclassical class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule that is mutated in the autosomal recessive iron overload disease hereditary hemochromatosis. There is evidence linking HFE with reduced iron uptake by the transferrin receptor (TfR). Using a panel of HFE and TfR monoclonal antibodies to examine human HFE (hHFE)-expressing cell lines, we demonstrate the expression of stable and fully glycosylated TfR-free and TfR-associated hHFE/β2m complexes. We show that both the stability and assembly of hHFE complexes can be modified by the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) viral protein US2, known to interfere with the expression of classical class I MHC molecules. HCMV US2, but not US11, targets HFE molecules for degradation by the proteasome. Whether this interference with the regulation of iron metabolism by a viral protein is a means of potentiating viral replication remains to be determined. The reduced expression of classical class I MHC and HFE complexes provides the virus with an efficient tool for altering cellular metabolism and escaping certain immune responses. PMID:11581431

  9. Trends & Controversies: Sociocultural Predictive Analytics and Terrorism Deterrence

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sanfilippo, Antonio P.; McGrath, Liam R.

    2011-08-12

    The use of predictive analytics to model terrorist rhetoric is highly instrumental in developing a strategy to deter terrorism. Traditional (e.g. Cold-War) deterrence methods are ineffective with terrorist groups such as al Qaida. Terrorists typically regard the prospect of death or loss of property as acceptable consequences of their struggle. Deterrence by threat of punishment is therefore fruitless. On the other hand, isolating terrorists from the community that may sympathize with their cause can have a decisive deterring outcome. Without the moral backing of a supportive audience, terrorism cannot be successfully framed as a justifiable political strategy and recruiting ismore » curtailed. Ultimately, terrorism deterrence is more effectively enforced by exerting influence to neutralize the communicative reach of terrorists.« less

  10. Deterring Rearrests for Drinking and Driving

    PubMed Central

    Eldred, Lindsey; McCutchan, Sabrina; Platt, Alyssa

    2016-01-01

    This study assesses why some individuals are re-arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI). Using longitudinal data from North Carolina containing information on arrests and arrest outcomes, we test hypotheses that individuals prosecuted and convicted of DWI are less likely to be re-arrested for DWI. We allow for possible endogeneity of prosecution and conviction outcomes by using instrumental variables for the prosecutor’s prosecution rate and the judge’s conviction rate. With a three-year follow-up, the probability of DWI re-arrest was reduced by 6.6 percent if the person was prosecuted for DWI and, for those prosecuted, by 24.5 percent if convicted on this charge. Prosecution and conviction for DWI deters re-arrest for DWI. PMID:28626266

  11. 32 CFR 2001.51 - Technical security.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... Surveillance Countermeasures and TEMPEST necessary to detect or deter exploitation of classified information..., TEMPEST Countermeasures for Facilities, and SPB Issuance 6-97, National Policy on Technical Surveillance...

  12. 32 CFR 2001.51 - Technical security.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... Surveillance Countermeasures and TEMPEST necessary to detect or deter exploitation of classified information..., TEMPEST Countermeasures for Facilities, and SPB Issuance 6-97, National Policy on Technical Surveillance...

  13. 32 CFR 2001.51 - Technical security.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... Surveillance Countermeasures and TEMPEST necessary to detect or deter exploitation of classified information..., TEMPEST Countermeasures for Facilities, and SPB Issuance 6-97, National Policy on Technical Surveillance...

  14. 32 CFR 2001.51 - Technical security.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Surveillance Countermeasures and TEMPEST necessary to detect or deter exploitation of classified information..., TEMPEST Countermeasures for Facilities, and SPB Issuance 6-97, National Policy on Technical Surveillance...

  15. 32 CFR 2001.51 - Technical security.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... Surveillance Countermeasures and TEMPEST necessary to detect or deter exploitation of classified information..., TEMPEST Countermeasures for Facilities, and SPB Issuance 6-97, National Policy on Technical Surveillance...

  16. Strategic parenting, birth order, and school performance.

    PubMed

    Hotz, V Joseph; Pantano, Juan

    2015-10-01

    Fueled by new evidence, there has been renewed interest about the effects of birth order on human capital accumulation. The underlying causal mechanisms for such effects remain unsettled. We consider a model in which parents impose more stringent disciplinary environments in response to their earlier-born children's poor performance in school in order to deter such outcomes for their later-born offspring. We provide robust empirical evidence that school performance of children in the National Longitudinal Study Children (NLSY-C) declines with birth order as does the stringency of their parents' disciplinary restrictions. When asked how they will respond if a child brought home bad grades, parents state that they would be less likely to punish their later-born children. Taken together, these patterns are consistent with a reputation model of strategic parenting.

  17. Strategic parenting, birth order, and school performance

    PubMed Central

    Pantano, Juan

    2015-01-01

    Fueled by new evidence, there has been renewed interest about the effects of birth order on human capital accumulation. The underlying causal mechanisms for such effects remain unsettled. We consider a model in which parents impose more stringent disciplinary environments in response to their earlier-born children’s poor performance in school in order to deter such outcomes for their later-born offspring. We provide robust empirical evidence that school performance of children in the National Longitudinal Study Children (NLSY-C) declines with birth order as does the stringency of their parents’ disciplinary restrictions. When asked how they will respond if a child brought home bad grades, parents state that they would be less likely to punish their later-born children. Taken together, these patterns are consistent with a reputation model of strategic parenting. PMID:26366045

  18. Influence of press-fit parameters on the primary stability of uncemented femoral resurfacing implants.

    PubMed

    Gebert, A; Peters, J; Bishop, N E; Westphal, F; Morlock, M M

    2009-01-01

    Primary stability is essential to the success of uncemented prostheses. It is strongly influenced by implantation technique, implant design and bone quality. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of press-fit parameters on the primary stability of uncemented femoral head resurfacing prostheses. An in vitro study with human specimens and prototype implants (nominal radial interference 170 and 420 microm) was used to investigate the effect of interference on primary stability. A finite element model was used to assess the influence of interference, friction between implant and bone, and bone quality. Primary stability was represented by the torque capacity of the implant. The model predicted increasing stability with actual interference, bone quality and friction coefficient; plastic deformation of the bone began at interferences of less than 100 microm. Experimentally, however, stability was not related to interference. This may be due to abrasion or the collapse of trabecular bone structures at higher interferences, which could not be captured by the model. High nominal interferences as tested experimentally appear unlikely to result in improved stability clinically. An implantation force of about 2,500 N was estimated to be sufficient to achieve a torque capacity of about 30 N m with a small interference (70 microm).

  19. Use of electrical barriers to deter movement of round goby

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Savino, Jacqueline F.; Jude, David J.; Kostich, Melissa J.; Coutant, Charles C.

    2001-01-01

    An electrical barrier was chosen as a possible means to deter movement of round goby Neogobius melanostomus. Feasibility studies in a 2.1-m donut-shaped tank determined the electrical parameters necessary to inhibit round goby from crossing the 1-m stretch of the benthic, electrical barrier. Increasing electrical pulse duration and voltage increased effectiveness of the barrier in deterring round goby movement through the barrier. Differences in activity of round goby during daytime and nocturnal tests did not change the effectiveness of the barrier. In field verification studies, an electrical barrier was placed between two blocking nets in the Shiawassee River, Michigan. The barrier consisted of a 6-m wide canvas on which were laid four cables carrying the electrical current. Seven experiments were conducted, wherein 25 latex paint-marked round goby were introduced upstream of the electrical barrier and recovered 24 h later upstream, on, and downstream of the barrier. During control studies, round goby moved across the barrier within 20 min from release upstream. With the barrier on and using the prescribed electrical settings shown to inhibit passage in the laboratory, the only marked round goby found below the barrier were dead. At reduced pulse durations, a few round goby (mean one/test) were found alive, but debilitated, below the barrier. The electrical barrier could be incorporated as part of a program in reducing movement of adult round goby through artificial connections between watersheds.

  20. Family-centered program deters substance use, conduct problems, and depressive symptoms in black adolescents.

    PubMed

    Brody, Gene H; Chen, Yi-fu; Kogan, Steven M; Yu, Tianyi; Molgaard, Virginia K; DiClemente, Ralph J; Wingood, Gina M

    2012-01-01

    The present research addressed the following important question in pediatric medicine: Can participation in a new family-centered preventive intervention, the Strong African American Families-Teen (SAAF-T) program, deter conduct problems, substance use, substance use problems, and depressive symptoms among rural black adolescents across 22 months? Data were collected from 502 black families in rural Georgia, assigned randomly to SAAF-T or an attention control condition. The prevention condition consisted of 5 consecutive meetings at community facilities with separate, concurrent sessions for caregivers and adolescents followed by a caregiver-adolescent session in which families practiced skills they learned in the separate sessions. Adolescents self-reported conduct problem behaviors, substance use, substance use problems, and depressive symptoms at ages 16 years (pretest) and 17 years 10 months (long-term assessment). Adolescents who participated in SAAF-T evinced lower increases in conduct problem behavior, substance use, substance use problems, and depressive symptom frequencies than did adolescents in the attention control condition across the 22 months between pretest and long-term assessment. This is the first study to demonstrate efficacy in a prevention program designed to deter conduct problems, substance use, substance use problems, and depressive symptoms among rural black adolescents. Because SAAF-T is a manualized, structured program, it can be easily disseminated to public health agencies, schools, churches, boys' and girls' clubs, and other community organizations.

  1. Auditory Working Memory Load Impairs Visual Ventral Stream Processing: Toward a Unified Model of Attentional Load

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Klemen, Jane; Buchel, Christian; Buhler, Mira; Menz, Mareike M.; Rose, Michael

    2010-01-01

    Attentional interference between tasks performed in parallel is known to have strong and often undesired effects. As yet, however, the mechanisms by which interference operates remain elusive. A better knowledge of these processes may facilitate our understanding of the effects of attention on human performance and the debilitating consequences…

  2. 32 CFR 223.3 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... characteristics. (e) Information. Any fact or concept regardless of the physical form or characteristics of the... material control measures designed to deter, prevent, detect, and respond to unauthorized possession, use...

  3. 78 FR 12420 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-22

    ... of Special Information Sharing Procedures to Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity. Abstract... efficiency and effectiveness of its anti-money laundering and counter- terrorist financing policies. Affected...

  4. 31 CFR 1021.530 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.530 [Reserved] ...

  5. 31 CFR 1021.530 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.530 [Reserved] ...

  6. 31 CFR 1021.530 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.530 [Reserved] ...

  7. 31 CFR 1021.530 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.530 [Reserved] ...

  8. Responsible Rail and Deterring Deficiency Act

    THOMAS, 113th Congress

    Rep. Denham, Jeff [R-CA-10

    2014-01-16

    House - 01/17/2014 Referred to the Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

  9. 77 FR 19417 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-03-30

    ..., Attention: Desk Officer for Treasury, New Executive Office Building, Room 10235, Washington, DC 20503, or... label applications to prevent consumer deception and to deter falsification of unfair advertising...

  10. 31 CFR 1023.540 - Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and...

  11. 31 CFR 1023.540 - Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and...

  12. 31 CFR 1023.540 - Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and...

  13. 31 CFR 1023.540 - Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and...

  14. Backward Blocking and Interference between Cues Are Empirically Equivalent in Non-Causally Framed Learning Tasks

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Luque, David; Moris, Joaquin; Orgaz, Cristina; Cobos, Pedro L.; Matute, Helena

    2011-01-01

    Backward blocking (BB) and interference between cues (IbC) are cue competition effects produced by very similar manipulations. In a standard BB design, both effects might occur simultaneously, which implies a potential problem for studying BB. In the present study with humans, the magnitude of both effects was compared using a non-causal scenario…

  15. Pesticide risks around the home (image)

    MedlinePlus

    Pesticides are substances which kill or deter unwanted pests, such as insects or rodents. These substances can ... avoid an accidental ingestion is to keep all pesticides out of the reach of children.

  16. Synthetic cis-jasmone exposure induces wheat and barley volatiles that repel the pest cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus L.

    PubMed

    Delaney, Kevin J; Wawrzyniak, Maria; Lemańczyk, Grzegorz; Wrzesińska, Danuta; Piesik, Dariusz

    2013-05-01

    The plant semiochemical cis-jasmone primes/induces plant resistance that deters herbivores and attracts natural enemies. We studied the induction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in winter wheat and spring barley after exposure of plants to three synthetic cis-jasmone doses (50 μl of 1, 100, and 1 × 10(4) ng μl(-1)) and durations of exposure (1, 3, and 6 h). Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus, adult behavioral responses were examined in a Y-tube olfactometer to cis-jasmone induced plant VOC bouquets and to two synthetic blends of VOCs (3 green leaf volatiles (GLVs); 4 terpenes + indole). In both cereals, eight VOCs [(Z)-3-hexanal, (Z)-3-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexanyl acetate, (Z)-β-ocimene, linalool, β-caryophyllene, (E)-ß-farnesene, and indole] were induced 100- to 1000-fold after cis-jasmone exposure. The degree of induction in both cereals was usually positively and linearly associated with increasing exposure dose and duration. However, VOC emission rate was only ~2-fold greater from plants exposed to the highest vs. lowest cis-jasmone exposure doses (1 × 10(4) difference) or durations (6-fold difference). Male and female O. melanopus were deterred by both cereal VOC bouquets after plant exposure to the high cis-jasmone dose (1 × 10(4) ng μl(-1)), while females were also deterred after plant exposure to the low dose (1 ng μl(-1)) but attracted to unexposed plant VOC bouquets. Both O. melanopus sexes were repelled by terpene/indole and GLV blends at two concentrations (25 ng · min(-1); 125 ng · min(-1)), but attracted to the lowest dose (1 ng · min(-1)) of a GLV blend. It is possible that the biologically relevant low cis-jasmone dose has ecological activity and potential for inducing field crop VOCs to deter O. melanopus.

  17. Localizing semantic interference from distractor sounds in picture naming: A dual-task study.

    PubMed

    Mädebach, Andreas; Kieseler, Marie-Luise; Jescheniak, Jörg D

    2017-10-13

    In this study we explored the locus of semantic interference in a novel picture-sound interference task in which participants name pictures while ignoring environmental distractor sounds. In a previous study using this task (Mädebach, Wöhner, Kieseler, & Jescheniak, in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 43, 1629-1646, 2017), we showed that semantically related distractor sounds (e.g., BARKING dog ) interfere with a picture-naming response (e.g., "horse") more strongly than unrelated distractor sounds do (e.g., DRUMMING drum ). In the experiment reported here, we employed the psychological refractory period (PRP) approach to explore the locus of this effect. We combined a geometric form classification task (square vs. circle; Task 1) with the picture-sound interference task (Task 2). The stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the tasks was systematically varied (0 vs. 500 ms). There were three central findings. First, the semantic interference effect from distractor sounds was replicated. Second, picture naming (in Task 2) was slower with the short than with the long task SOA. Third, both effects were additive-that is, the semantic interference effects were of similar magnitude at both task SOAs. This suggests that the interference arises during response selection or later stages, not during early perceptual processing. This finding corroborates the theory that semantic interference from distractor sounds reflects a competitive selection mechanism in word production.

  18. Application of empirical mode decomposition in removing fidgeting interference in doppler radar life signs monitoring devices.

    PubMed

    Mostafanezhad, Isar; Boric-Lubecke, Olga; Lubecke, Victor; Mandic, Danilo P

    2009-01-01

    Empirical Mode Decomposition has been shown effective in the analysis of non-stationary and non-linear signals. As an application in wireless life signs monitoring in this paper we use this method in conditioning the signals obtained from the Doppler device. Random physical movements, fidgeting, of the human subject during a measurement can fall on the same frequency of the heart or respiration rate and interfere with the measurement. It will be shown how Empirical Mode Decomposition can break the radar signal down into its components and help separate and remove the fidgeting interference.

  19. The right posterior paravermis and the control of language interference.

    PubMed

    Filippi, Roberto; Richardson, Fiona M; Dick, Frederic; Leech, Robert; Green, David W; Thomas, Michael S C; Price, Cathy J

    2011-07-20

    Auditory and written language in humans' comprehension necessitates attention to the message of interest and suppression of interference from distracting sources. Investigating the brain areas associated with the control of interference is challenging because it is inevitable that activation of the brain regions that control interference co-occurs with activation related to interference per se. To isolate the mechanisms that control verbal interference, we used a combination of structural and functional imaging techniques in Italian and German participants who spoke English as a second language. First, we searched structural MRI images of Italian participants for brain regions in which brain structure correlated with the ability to suppress interference from the unattended dominant language (Italian) while processing heard sentences in their weaker language (English). This revealed an area in the posterior paravermis of the right cerebellum in which gray matter density was higher in individuals who were better at controlling verbal interference. Second, we found functional activation in the same region when our German participants made semantic decisions on written English words in the presence of interference from unrelated words in their dominant language (German). This combination of structural and functional imaging therefore highlights the contribution of the right posterior paravermis to the control of verbal interference. We suggest that the importance of this region for language processing has previously been missed because most fMRI studies limit the field of view to increase sensitivity, with the lower part of the cerebellum being the region most likely to be excluded.

  20. Interference Conditions of the Reconsolidation Process in Humans: The Role of Valence and Different Memory Systems

    PubMed Central

    Fernández, Rodrigo S.; Bavassi, Luz; Kaczer, Laura; Forcato, Cecilia; Pedreira, María E.

    2016-01-01

    Following the presentation of a reminder, consolidated memories become reactivated followed by a process of re-stabilization, which is referred to as reconsolidation. The most common behavioral tool used to reveal this process is interference produced by new learning shortly after memory reactivation. Memory interference is defined as a decrease in memory retrieval, the effect is generated when new information impairs an acquired memory. In general, the target memory and the interference task used are the same. Here we investigated how different memory systems and/or their valence could produce memory reconsolidation interference. We showed that a reactivated neutral declarative memory could be interfered by new learning of a different neutral declarative memory. Then, we revealed that an aversive implicit memory could be interfered by the presentation of a reminder followed by a threatening social event. Finally, we showed that the reconsolidation of a neutral declarative memory is unaffected by the acquisition of an aversive implicit memory and conversely, this memory remains intact when the neutral declarative memory is used as interference. These results suggest that the interference of memory reconsolidation is effective when two task rely on the same memory system or both evoke negative valence. PMID:28066212

  1. Interference Conditions of the Reconsolidation Process in Humans: The Role of Valence and Different Memory Systems.

    PubMed

    Fernández, Rodrigo S; Bavassi, Luz; Kaczer, Laura; Forcato, Cecilia; Pedreira, María E

    2016-01-01

    Following the presentation of a reminder, consolidated memories become reactivated followed by a process of re-stabilization, which is referred to as reconsolidation. The most common behavioral tool used to reveal this process is interference produced by new learning shortly after memory reactivation. Memory interference is defined as a decrease in memory retrieval, the effect is generated when new information impairs an acquired memory. In general, the target memory and the interference task used are the same. Here we investigated how different memory systems and/or their valence could produce memory reconsolidation interference. We showed that a reactivated neutral declarative memory could be interfered by new learning of a different neutral declarative memory. Then, we revealed that an aversive implicit memory could be interfered by the presentation of a reminder followed by a threatening social event. Finally, we showed that the reconsolidation of a neutral declarative memory is unaffected by the acquisition of an aversive implicit memory and conversely, this memory remains intact when the neutral declarative memory is used as interference. These results suggest that the interference of memory reconsolidation is effective when two task rely on the same memory system or both evoke negative valence.

  2. 31 CFR 1021.540 - Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.540 Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions...

  3. 31 CFR 1021.540 - Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.540 Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions...

  4. 31 CFR 1021.540 - Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.540 Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions...

  5. 31 CFR 1021.540 - Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.540 Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions...

  6. New experimental diffractive-optical data on E.Land's Retinex mechanism in human color vision: Part II

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lauinger, N.

    2007-09-01

    A better understanding of the color constancy mechanism in human color vision [7] can be reached through analyses of photometric data of all illuminants and patches (Mondrians or other visible objects) involved in visual experiments. In Part I [3] and in [4, 5 and 6] the integration in the human eye of the geometrical-optical imaging hardware and the diffractive-optical hardware has been described and illustrated (Fig.1). This combined hardware represents the main topic of the NAMIROS research project (nano- and micro- 3D gratings for optical sensors) [8] promoted and coordinated by Corrsys 3D Sensors AG. The hardware relevant to (photopic) human color vision can be described as a diffractive or interference-optical correlator transforming incident light into diffractive-optical RGB data and relating local RGB onto global RGB data in the near-field behind the 'inverted' human retina. The relative differences at local/global RGB interference-optical contrasts are available to photoreceptors (cones and rods) only after this optical pre-processing.

  7. The nuclear issue: where do we go from here?.

    PubMed

    Rotblat, Joseph

    2003-01-01

    The drive for the elimination of nuclear weapons is going badly and there is currently little support from the general public. The United States Nuclear Posture Review incorporates nuclear capability into conventional war planning. The Stockpile Stewardship Program is designed to maintain nuclear weapon capability. The US is planning an essentially new earth-penetrating nuclear weapon and is prepared to test this in the national interest if thought necessary. These policies could stimulate nuclear proliferation by others, do nothing to deter terrorism, promote persisting polarization of the world, are a clear breach of the Non-Proliferation Treaty and rest world security on a continued balance of terror. A renewed mass campaign to counteract all this, on legal and moral grounds in particular, is urgently needed. IPPNW and kindred organizations must restore sanity in our policies and humanity to our actions.

  8. Stories from Lake Volta: the lived experiences of trafficked children in Ghana.

    PubMed

    Hamenoo, Emma Seyram; Sottie, Cynthia Akorfa

    2015-02-01

    Child trafficking is one of the worst forms of child maltreatment and is often difficult to recognize when it happens intra-country. This paper presents the narratives of children on their experiences as victims of trafficking in fishing communities along the Volta Lake in the Volta region of Ghana. The narratives were co-constructed with the children through child-friendly participatory approaches which involved drawings, writing, and in-depth interviews. The stories reflect the magnitude of maltreatment trafficked children suffer, which ranges from physical to psychological and emotional. The authors recommend commitment by the government to the implementation of the Human Trafficking Act to deter child traffickers. Further studies on the living conditions of rescued children and the need to implement strategies to prevent re-trafficking are suggested. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  9. Holding Individuals Accountable and Deterring Money Laundering Act

    THOMAS, 113th Congress

    Rep. Waters, Maxine [D-CA-43

    2013-10-23

    House - 01/09/2014 Referred to the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Investigations. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

  10. Lamprey Tagging

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Colotelo, Alison; Deters, Kate

    2017-05-26

    Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has developed a super-small acoustic tracking tag designed just for juvenile lamprey. In this video, PNNL researcher Alison Colotelo describes how she and her colleague Kate Deters inject young lamprey with the PNNL tag.

  11. Deter Cyber Theft Act of 2014

    THOMAS, 113th Congress

    Sen. Levin, Carl [D-MI

    2014-05-22

    Senate - 05/22/2014 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

  12. Does Tribolium brevicornis Cuticular Chemistry Deter Cannibalism and Predation of Pupae?

    PubMed Central

    Alabi, T; Dean, J; Michaud, JP; Verheggen, F; Lognay, G; Haubruge, E

    2011-01-01

    The cuticular hydrocarbons of insects are species-specific and often function as semiochemicals. The activity of Tribolium brevicornis cuticular hydrocarbons as feeding deterrents that ostensibly function to prevent pupal cannibalism and predation was evaluated. The cuticular hydrocarbons of T. brevicornis pupae were characterized and flour disk bioassays conducted with individual and combined extract components incorporated into artificial diets on which Tribolium adults fed for six days. Feeding by T. brevicornis and T. castaneum on flour disks containing cuticular extracts of T. brevicornis pupae resulted in reduced consumption and weight loss relative to feeding on control flour disks. In both cases, feeding deterrence indices exceeded 80% suggesting that T. brevicornis cuticular hydrocarbons could function to deter cannibalism and predation of pupae by larvae and adult beetles. Sixteen different cuticular hydrocarbons were identified in T. brevicornis pupal extracts. Eight of the commercially available linear alkanes were tested individually in feeding trials with eight Tribolium species. One compound (C28) significantly reduced the amount of food consumed by three species compared to control disks, whereas the compounds C25, C26, and C27 elicited increased feeding in some species. Four other compounds had no effect on consumption for any species. When four hydrocarbon mixtures were tested for synergistic deterrence on T. brevicornis and T. castaneum, none significantly influenced consumption. Our results indicate that the cuticular chemistry of T. brevicornis pupae could serve to deter predation by conspecific and congeneric beetles. PMID:22224957

  13. Trace element analysis of human urine collected after administration of Gd-based MRI contrast agents: characterizing spectral interferences using inorganic mass spectrometry

    PubMed Central

    Steuerwald, Amy J.; Parsons, Patrick J.; Arnason, John G.; Chen, Zhen; Peterson, C. Matthew; Louis, Germaine M. Buck

    2013-01-01

    Analysis of human urine is commonly used in biomonitoring studies to assess exposure to essential (e.g., Cu, Zn, Se) and non-essential (Pb, Cd, Pt) trace elements. These data are also used in epidemiological studies to evaluate potential associations between trace element exposure and various health outcomes within a population. Today most trace element analyses are typically performed using quadrupole-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Q-ICP-MS). However, there is always the potential for spectral interferences with Q-ICP-MS instrumentation, especially when analyzing human specimens that may contain medications and other exogenous substances. Moreover, such xenobiotics may be unknown to the investigators. In a recent study focusing on environmental exposures and endometriosis: Endometriosis: Natural History, Diagnosis, and Outcomes (ENDO Study), urine specimens (n=619) were collected from participating women upon enrollment into the study or prior to surgery or pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and analyzed for 21 trace elements by Q-ICP-MS. Here we report on some anomalous results observed for Se and Pt with elevated concentrations up to several orders of magnitude greater than what might be expected based on established reference intervals. Further investigations using Sector Field (SF-) ICP-MS instrumentation led to identification of doubly charged and polyatomic gadolinium (Gd) species traced to a Gd-based contrast agent that was administered to some subjects just prior to urine collection. Specifically, interferences from Gd2+ and several minor polyatomics were identified as interferences on all of the major isotopes of Se including 74Se, 76Se, 77Se, 78Se, 80Se, and 82Se. While trace amounts of Pt were present in the urine, a number of Gd-containing polyatomic species were also evident as major interferences on all isotopes of Pt (190Pt, 192Pt, 194Pt, 195Pt, 196Pt, and 198Pt), including Gd-chlorides, Gd-argides, and Gd-oxides. These observations underscore the importance of considering potential isobaric interferences when interpreting unusual trace element results for clinical specimens. PMID:27397951

  14. Impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis activity, spermatogenesis, and sperm function promote infertility in males with lead poisoning.

    PubMed

    Gandhi, Jason; Hernandez, Rafael J; Chen, Andrew; Smith, Noel L; Sheynkin, Yefim R; Joshi, Gargi; Khan, Sardar Ali

    2017-04-01

    Lead poisoning is a stealthy threat to human physiological systems as chronic exposure can remain asymptomatic for long periods of time before symptoms manifest. We presently review the biophysical mechanisms of lead poisoning that contribute to male infertility. Environmental and occupational exposure of lead may adversely affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, impairing the induction of spermatogenesis. Dysfunction at the reproductive axis, namely testosterone suppression, is most susceptible and irreversible during pubertal development. Lead poisoning also appears to directly impair the process of spermatogenesis itself as well as sperm function. Spermatogenesis issues may manifest as low sperm count and stem from reproductive axis dysfunction or testicular degeneration. Generation of excessive reactive oxygen species due to lead-associated oxidative stress can potentially affect sperm viability, motility, DNA fragmentation, membrane lipid peroxidation, capacitation, hyperactivation, acrosome reaction, and chemotaxis for sperm-oocyte fusion, all of which can contribute to deter fertilization. Reproductive toxicity has been tested through cross-sectional analysis studies in humans as well as in vivo and in vitro studies in animals.

  15. New learning following reactivation in the human brain: targeting emotional memories through rapid serial visual presentation.

    PubMed

    Wirkner, Janine; Löw, Andreas; Hamm, Alfons O; Weymar, Mathias

    2015-03-01

    Once reactivated, previously consolidated memories destabilize and have to be reconsolidated to persist, a process that might be altered non-invasively by interfering learning immediately after reactivation. Here, we investigated the influence of interference on brain correlates of reactivated episodic memories for emotional and neutral scenes using event-related potentials (ERPs). To selectively target emotional memories we applied a new reactivation method: rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). RSVP leads to enhanced implicit processing (pop out) of the most salient memories making them vulnerable to disruption. In line, interference after reactivation of previously encoded pictures disrupted recollection particularly for emotional events. Furthermore, memory impairments were reflected in a reduced centro-parietal ERP old/new difference during retrieval of emotional pictures. These results provide neural evidence that emotional episodic memories in humans can be selectively altered through behavioral interference after reactivation, a finding with further clinical implications for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  16. The Whorfian time warp: Representing duration through the language hourglass.

    PubMed

    Bylund, Emanuel; Athanasopoulos, Panos

    2017-07-01

    How do humans construct their mental representations of the passage of time? The universalist account claims that abstract concepts like time are universal across humans. In contrast, the linguistic relativity hypothesis holds that speakers of different languages represent duration differently. The precise impact of language on duration representation is, however, unknown. Here, we show that language can have a powerful role in transforming humans' psychophysical experience of time. Contrary to the universalist account, we found language-specific interference in a duration reproduction task, where stimulus duration conflicted with its physical growth. When reproducing duration, Swedish speakers were misled by stimulus length, and Spanish speakers were misled by stimulus size/quantity. These patterns conform to preferred expressions of duration magnitude in these languages (Swedish: long/short time; Spanish: much/small time). Critically, Spanish-Swedish bilinguals performing the task in both languages showed different interference depending on language context. Such shifting behavior within the same individual reveals hitherto undocumented levels of flexibility in time representation. Finally, contrary to the linguistic relativity hypothesis, language interference was confined to difficult discriminations (i.e., when stimuli varied only subtly in duration and growth), and was eliminated when linguistic cues were removed from the task. These results reveal the malleable nature of human time representation as part of a highly adaptive information processing system. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).

  17. Convenient radioimmunoassay for urinary human choriogonadotropin without interference by urinary human lutropin

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wehmann, R.E.; Harman, S.M.; Birken, S.

    1981-12-01

    We have devised a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for human choriogonadotropin (hCG) in first morning-voided urine specimens. Concanavalin A, a lectin, is used to extract and concentrate the hCG from urine. A high-affinity antiserum is used, directed to the hCG..beta.. carboxy-terminal peptide, a unique immunological determinant not shared by the beta subunit of human lutropin. This ensures that urinary human lutropin-related molecules, which interfere with RIAs involving antisera to the intact hCG..beta.. subunit, will not cross react in this assay. A concentration of hCG as low as 0.4 ..mu..g/L can be detected in the first morning-voided urine. The effective sensitivity of thismore » assay for the unequivocal detection of hCG production is somewhat better than that achieved with the serum hCG RIA involving antisera to the hCG..beta.. subunit. The improved specificity and sensitivity of this assay, and the greater convenience of collecting samples of urine rather than blood, are clinically useful advantages of this approach to assessing hCG production in humans.« less

  18. The Human Antimicrobial Protein Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein (BPI) Inhibits the Infectivity of Influenza A Virus

    PubMed Central

    Pinkenburg, Olaf; Meyer, Torben; Bannert, Norbert; Norley, Steven; Bolte, Kathrin; Czudai-Matwich, Volker; Herold, Susanne; Gessner, André; Schnare, Markus

    2016-01-01

    In addition to their well-known antibacterial activity some antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) display also antiviral effects. A 27 aa peptide from the N-terminal part of human bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) previously shown to harbour antibacterial activity inhibits the infectivity of multiple Influenza A virus strains (H1N1, H3N2 and H5N1) the causing agent of the Influenza pneumonia. In contrast, the homologous murine BPI-peptide did not show activity against Influenza A virus. In addition human BPI-peptide inhibits the activation of immune cells mediated by Influenza A virus. By changing the human BPI-peptide to the sequence of the mouse homologous peptide the antiviral activity was completely abolished. Furthermore, the human BPI-peptide also inhibited the pathogenicity of the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus but failed to interfere with HIV and measles virus. Electron microscopy indicate that the human BPI-peptide interferes with the virus envelope and at high concentrations was able to destroy the particles completely. PMID:27273104

  19. Entrepreneurs and Informal Finance in Kenya

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-09-01

    have created uncertainty, hurt prospects for growth in tourism , and potentially deterred foreign investors. Agriculture, which contributes greatly to...and age-groups organized around a certain sport , 132 Kimuyu, “Rotating Saving and Credit,” 1300

  20. Regulatory aviation medicine : its philosophies and limitations.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1982-09-01

    The application of aviation medicine is relatively standardized throughout the world, both in civil and military operations. Substantial differences exist, however, in the way different countries, or even different agencies in the same country, deter...

  1. Gene silencing in non-model insects: Overcoming hurdles using symbiotic bacteria for trauma-free sustainable delivery of RNA interference: Sustained RNA interference in insects mediated by symbiotic bacteria: Applications as a genetic tool and as a biocide.

    PubMed

    Whitten, Miranda; Dyson, Paul

    2017-03-01

    Insight into animal biology and development provided by classical genetic analysis of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster was an incentive to develop advanced genetic tools for this insect. But genetic systems for the over one million other known insect species are largely undeveloped. With increasing information about insect genomes resulting from next generation sequencing, RNA interference is now the method of choice for reverse genetics, although it is constrained by the means of delivery of interfering RNA. A recent advance to ensure sustained delivery with minimal experimental intervention or trauma to the insect is to exploit commensal bacteria for symbiont-mediated RNA interference. This technology not only offers an efficient means for RNA interference in insects in laboratory conditions, but also has potential for use in the control of human disease vectors, agricultural pests and pathogens of beneficial insects. © 2017 WILEY Periodicals, Inc.

  2. The promises and pitfalls of RNA-interference-based therapeutics

    PubMed Central

    Castanotto, Daniela; Rossi, John J.

    2009-01-01

    The discovery that gene expression can be controlled by the Watson–Crick base-pairing of small RNAs with messenger RNAs containing complementary sequence — a process known as RNA interference — has markedly advanced our understanding of eukaryotic gene regulation and function. The ability of short RNA sequences to modulate gene expression has provided a powerful tool with which to study gene function and is set to revolutionize the treatment of disease. Remarkably, despite being just one decade from its discovery, the phenomenon is already being used therapeutically in human clinical trials, and biotechnology companies that focus on RNA-interference-based therapeutics are already publicly traded. PMID:19158789

  3. Human health and ecological risk assessments for SmartStax PRO (MON 89034 x TC1507 x MON 87411 x DAS-59122-7), a plant-incorporated protectant intended to control corn rootworm through ribonucleic acid (RNA) interference

    EPA Science Inventory

    The use of RNA interference (RNAi) gene silencing technology, particularly RNAi for pesticidal purposes to control macroorganism pests, is a relatively recent innovation. Post-transcriptional silencing of gene function is a very rapid process where double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) dir...

  4. Chemical modification: the key to clinical application of RNA interference?

    PubMed Central

    Corey, David R.

    2007-01-01

    RNA interference provides a potent and specific method for controlling gene expression in human cells. To translate this potential into a broad new family of therapeutics, it is necessary to optimize the efficacy of the RNA-based drugs. As discussed in this Review, it might be possible to achieve this optimization using chemical modifications that improve their in vivo stability, cellular delivery, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, potency, and specificity. PMID:18060019

  5. Utility of high-resolution accurate MS to eliminate interferences in the bioanalysis of ribavirin and its phosphate metabolites.

    PubMed

    Wei, Cong; Grace, James E; Zvyaga, Tatyana A; Drexler, Dieter M

    2012-08-01

    The polar nucleoside drug ribavirin (RBV) combined with IFN-α is a front-line treatment for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. RBV acts as a prodrug and exerts its broad antiviral activity primarily through its active phosphorylated metabolite ribavirin 5´-triphosphate (RTP), and also possibly through ribavirin 5´-monophosphate (RMP). To study RBV transport, diffusion, metabolic clearance and its impact on drug-metabolizing enzymes, a LC-MS method is needed to simultaneously quantify RBV and its phosphorylated metabolites (RTP, ribavirin 5´-diphosphate and RMP). In a recombinant human UGT1A1 assay, the assay buffer components uridine and its phosphorylated derivatives are isobaric with RBV and its phosphorylated metabolites, leading to significant interference when analyzed by LC-MS with the nominal mass resolution mode. Presented here is a LC-MS method employing LC coupled with full-scan high-resolution accurate MS analysis for the simultaneous quantitative determination of RBV, RMP, ribavirin 5´-diphosphate and RTP by differentiating RBV and its phosphorylated metabolites from uridine and its phosphorylated derivatives by accurate mass, thus avoiding interference. The developed LC-high-resolution accurate MS method allows for quantitation of RBV and its phosphorylated metabolites, eliminating the interferences from uridine and its phosphorylated derivatives in recombinant human UGT1A1 assays.

  6. Cardiovascular RNA interference therapy: the broadening tool and target spectrum.

    PubMed

    Poller, Wolfgang; Tank, Juliane; Skurk, Carsten; Gast, Martina

    2013-08-16

    Understanding of the roles of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) within complex organisms has fundamentally changed. It is increasingly possible to use ncRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in medicine. Regarding disease pathogenesis, it has become evident that confinement to the analysis of protein-coding regions of the human genome is insufficient because ncRNA variants have been associated with important human diseases. Thus, inclusion of noncoding genomic elements in pathogenetic studies and their consideration as therapeutic targets is warranted. We consider aspects of the evolutionary and discovery history of ncRNAs, as far as they are relevant for the identification and selection of ncRNAs with likely therapeutic potential. Novel therapeutic strategies are based on ncRNAs, and we discuss here RNA interference as a highly versatile tool for gene silencing. RNA interference-mediating RNAs are small, but only parts of a far larger spectrum encompassing ncRNAs up to many kilobasepairs in size. We discuss therapeutic options in cardiovascular medicine offered by ncRNAs and key issues to be solved before clinical translation. Convergence of multiple technical advances is highlighted as a prerequisite for the translational progress achieved in recent years. Regarding safety, we review properties of RNA therapeutics, which may immunologically distinguish them from their endogenous counterparts, all of which underwent sophisticated evolutionary adaptation to specific biological contexts. Although our understanding of the noncoding human genome is only fragmentary to date, it is already feasible to develop RNA interference against a rapidly broadening spectrum of therapeutic targets and to translate this to the clinical setting under certain restrictions.

  7. Foam-reinforced elderly human tibia approximates young human tibia better than porcine tibia: a study of the structural properties of three soft tissue fixation devices.

    PubMed

    Bailey, Shana B; Grover, Dustin M; Howell, Stephen M; Hull, Maury L

    2004-01-01

    Because there is an insufficient supply of young human knees, an alternative is needed for evaluating anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. The authors determined whether an elderly human tibia reinforced with foam is a better substitute for a young human tibia than a porcine tibia in this study of the tibialfixation of a soft tissue anterior cruciate ligament graft using 3 devices. A foam-reinforced elderly human tibia more closely approximates the performance of a young human tibia than porcine tibia. Biomechanical study. Failure mode, stiffness, yield, and slippage were determined for a double-looped tendon graft fixed with either an interference screw, WasherLoc, or tandem washers in young human tibiae, foam-reinforced tibiae from elderly humans, and porcine tibiae. The stiffness and yield of interference screw and WasherLoc fixation in foam-reinforced tibiae more closely approximate those in young human tibiae than in porcine tibiae. Slippage of all combinations of tibiae and fixation devices was similar A foam-reinforced human tibia more closely approximates the performance of a young human tibia than that of porcine tibia in this study. Fixation devices should be tested in foam-reinforced tibiae from elderly humans rather than tibiae from large farm animals when the supply of young human knees is insufficient.

  8. Security Package for the VAX

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Marks, V. J.; Benigue, C. E.

    1983-01-01

    Four programs deal with intruders and resource managment. Package available from COSMIC provides DEC VAX-11/780 with certain "deterent" security features. Although packages is not comprehensive security system, of interest for any VAX installation where security is concern.

  9. Nuclear Forensics at Los Alamos National Laboratory

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kinman, William Scott; Steiner, Robert Ernest; Lamont, Stephen Philip

    Nuclear forensics assists in responding to any event where nuclear material is found outside of regulatory control; a response plan is presented and a nuclear forensics program is undergoing further development so that smugglers are sufficiently deterred.

  10. Characterization of the Ground Paprika Samples Using Raman Spectroscopy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gucsik, A.; Veres, M.; Himics, L.; Rigó, I.

    2017-11-01

    Micro-Raman spectroscopy as a powerful technique can be used in food industry, especially in the ground pepper or paprika characterization in order to deter-mine the paprika sample’s origin as well as their quality.

  11. Effectiveness and efficiencies in police traffic services programs

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1982-03-01

    Traffic law violations were causative factors in about 90 percent of all motor vehicle crashes. Primary responsibility for deterring traffic law violations and for apprehending violators of these laws rest with State, county and municipal police agen...

  12. Assessment of changes in DWI enforcement/level

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1991-01-01

    The report summarizes a study of the long term experience of six law enforcement agencies with enforcement programs coupled with public information and education (PI&E) designed to deter driving while intoxicated (DWI). Six communities were identifie...

  13. Counseling the Coronary Patient

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Semmler, Caryl; Semmler, Maynard

    1974-01-01

    The article discusses counseling sessions designed to a) help the coronary patient adjust to cardiovascular disease, b) diminish patient anxieties and fears, and c) educate the patient and family members on controlling risk factors to deter another coronary attack. (JS)

  14. Quantitative phase imaging of human red blood cells using phase-shifting white light interference microscopy with colour fringe analysis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Singh Mehta, Dalip; Srivastava, Vishal

    2012-11-01

    We report quantitative phase imaging of human red blood cells (RBCs) using phase-shifting interference microscopy. Five phase-shifted white light interferograms are recorded using colour charge coupled device camera. White light interferograms were decomposed into red, green, and blue colour components. The phase-shifted interferograms of each colour were then processed by phase-shifting analysis and phase maps for red, green, and blue colours were reconstructed. Wavelength dependent refractive index profiles of RBCs were computed from the single set of white light interferogram. The present technique has great potential for non-invasive determination of refractive index variation and morphological features of cells and tissues.

  15. [The nonlinear parameters of interference EMG of two day old human newborns].

    PubMed

    Voroshilov, A S; Meĭgal, A Iu

    2011-01-01

    Temporal structure of interference electromyogram (iEMG) was studied in healthy two days old human newborns (n = 76) using the non-linear parameters (correlation dimension, fractal dimension, correlation entropy). It has been found that the non-linear parameters of iEMG were time-dependent because they were decreasing within the first two days of life. Also, these parameters were sensitive to muscle function, because correlation dimension, fractal dimension, and correlation entropy of iEMG in gastrocnemius muscle differed from the other muscles. The non-linear parameters were proven to be independent of the iEMG amplitude. That model of early ontogenesis may be of potential use for investigation of anti-gravitation activity.

  16. Deterring Online Advertising Fraud through Optimal Payment in Arrears

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Edelman, Benjamin

    Online advertisers face substantial difficulty in selecting and supervising small advertising partners: Fraud can be well-hidden, and limited reputation systems reduce accountability. But partners are not paid until after their work is complete, and advertisers can extend this delay both to improve detection of improper partner practices and to punish partners who turn out to be rule-breakers. I capture these relationships in a screening model with delayed payments and probabilistic delayed observation of agents’ types. I derive conditions in which an advertising principal can set its payment delay to deter rogue agents and to attract solely or primarily good-type agents. Through the savings from excluding rogue agents, the principal can increase its profits while offering increased payments to good-type agents. I estimate that a leading affiliate network could have invoked an optimal payment delay to eliminate 71% of fraud without decreasing profit.

  17. Smokeless tobacco in Canada: deterring market development

    PubMed Central

    Wyckham, R.

    1999-01-01

    DATA SOURCES—A review of the literature identified demographic, cultural, and marketing variables related to the uptake and continuation of smokeless tobacco use. Government and industry data on production, marketing, and consumption of smokeless tobacco products are presented.
METHODS—The Canadian and American markets are compared in terms of prevalence, consumption per capita, and marketing practices. Lessons to be learned from the well-orchestrated development of the American market in the past 30 years are examined. Canadian tobacco regulations are described. Strategies by which the increased exploitation of the Canadian smokeless tobacco market can be deterred are discussed.
CONCLUSIONS—A long-term, independently financed strategy built around a national smokeless tobacco de-marketing organisation with a constellation of private local institutions is suggested as a means of combating smokeless tobacco marketing efforts.


Keywords: smokeless tobacco; marketing; Canada PMID:10629248

  18. A Brinkmanship Game Theory Model of Terrorism

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Melese, Francois

    This study reveals conditions under which a world leader might credibly issue a brinkmanship threat of preemptive action to deter sovereign states or transnational terrorist organizations from acquiring weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The model consists of two players: the United Nations (UN) “Principal,” and a terrorist organization “Agent.” The challenge in issuing a brinkmanship threat is that it needs to be sufficiently unpleasant to deter terrorists from acquiring WMD, while not being so repugnant to those that must carry it out that they would refuse to do so. Two “credibility constraints” are derived. The first relates to the unknown terrorist type (Hard or Soft), and the second to acceptable risks (“blowback”) to the World community. Graphing the incentive-compatible Nash equilibrium solutions reveals when a brinkmanship threat is credible, and when it is not - either too weak to be effective, or unacceptably dangerous to the World community.

  19. Comparing cognition by integrating concept learning, proactive interference, and list memory.

    PubMed

    Wright, Anthony A; Kelly, Debbie M; Katz, Jeffrey S

    2018-06-01

    This article describes an approach for training a variety of species to learn the abstract concept of same/different, which in turn forms the basis for testing proactive interference and list memory. The stimulus set for concept-learning training was progressively doubled from 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 . . . to 1,024 different pictures with novel-stimulus transfer following learning. All species fully learned the same/different abstract concept: capuchin and rhesus monkeys learned more readily than pigeons; nutcrackers and magpies were at least equivalent to monkeys and transferred somewhat better following initial training sets. A similar task using the 1,024-picture set plus delays was used to test proactive interference on occasional trials. Pigeons revealed greater interference with 10-s than with 1-s delays, whereas delay time had no effect on rhesus monkeys, suggesting that the monkeys' interference was event based. This same single-item same/different task was expanded to a 4-item list memory task to test animal list memory. Humans were tested similarly with lists of kaleidoscope pictures. Delays between the list and test were manipulated, resulting in strong initial recency effects (i.e., strong 4th-item memory) at short delays and changing to a strong primacy effect (i.e., strong 1st-item memory) at long delays (pigeons 0-s to 10-s delays; monkeys 0-s to 30-s delays; humans 0-s to 100-s delays). Results and findings are discussed in terms of these species' cognition and memory comparisons, evolutionary implications, and future directions for testing other species in these synergistically related tasks.

  20. Monte Carlo study for physiological interference reduction in near-infrared spectroscopy based on empirical mode decomposition

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Yan; Sun, JinWei; Rolfe, Peter

    2010-12-01

    Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can be used as the basis of non-invasive neuroimaging that may allow the measurement of haemodynamic changes in the human brain evoked by applied stimuli. Since this technique is very sensitive, physiological interference arising from the cardiac cycle and breathing can significantly affect the signal quality. Such interference is difficult to remove by conventional techniques because it occurs not only in the extracerebral layer but also in the brain tissue itself. Previous work on this problem employing temporal filtering, spatial filtering, and adaptive filtering have exhibited good performance for recovering brain activity data in evoked response studies. However, in this study, we present a time-frequency adaptive method for physiological interference reduction based on the combination of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and Hilbert spectral analysis (HSA). Monte Carlo simulations based on a five-layered slab model of a human adult head were implemented to evaluate our methodology. We applied an EMD algorithm to decompose the NIRS time series derived from Monte Carlo simulations into a series of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). In order to identify the IMFs associated with symmetric interference, the extracted components were then Hilbert transformed from which the instantaneous frequencies could be acquired. By reconstructing the NIRS signal by properly selecting IMFs, we determined that the evoked brain response is effectively filtered out with even higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The results obtained demonstrated that EMD, combined with HSA, can effectively separate, identify and remove the contamination from the evoked brain response obtained with NIRS using a simple single source-detector pair.

  1. Is there an effective approach to deterring students from plagiarizing?

    PubMed

    Bilic-Zulle, Lidija; Azman, Josip; Frkovic, Vedran; Petrovecki, Mladen

    2008-03-01

    The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of plagiarism detection software and penalty for plagiarizing in detecting and deterring plagiarism among medical students. The study was a continuation of previously published research in which second-year medical students from 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 school years were required to write an essay based on one of the four scientific articles offered by the instructor. Students from 2004/2005 (N = 92) included in present study were given the same task. Topics of two of the four articles were considered less complex, and two were more complex. One less and one more complex articles were available only as hardcopies, whereas the other two were available in electronic format. The students from 2001/2002 (N = 111) were only told to write an original essay, whereas the students from 2002/2003 (N = 87) were additionally warned against plagiarism, explained what plagiarism was, and how to avoid it. The students from 2004/2005 were warned that their essays would be examined by plagiarism detection software and that those who had plagiarized would be penalized. Students from 2004/2005 plagiarized significantly less of their essays than students from the previous two groups (2% vs. 17% vs. 21%, respectively, P < 0.001). Over time, students more frequently choose articles with more complex subjects (P < 0.001) and articles in electronic format (P < 0.001) as a source for their essays, but it did not influence the rate of plagiarism. Use of plagiarism detection software in evaluation of essays and consequent penalties had effectively deterred students from plagiarizing.

  2. Lichen palatability depends on investments in herbivore defence.

    PubMed

    Gauslaa, Yngvar

    2005-03-01

    Lichens are well-suited organisms for experimental herbivory studies because their secondary compounds, assumed to deter grazing, can be non-destructively extracted. Thalli of 17 lichen species from various habitats were cut in two equal parts; compounds were extracted from one part by acetone, the other served as a control. These two pieces were offered as a paired choice to the generalist herbivore snail Cepaea hortensis. Control thalli of all lichens were consumed at a low rate regardless of their investments in acetone-extractable lichen compounds; naturally compound-deficient lichen species were not preferred compared to those with high contents. However, for extracted thalli, there was a highly significant positive correlation between rate of consumption and the extracted compound contents. These data imply that herbivore defence has evolved in different directions in different lichens. Studied members of Parmeliaceae, common in oligotrophic habitats, have high contents of carbon-rich acetone-soluble compounds; these lichens became highly palatable to snails subsequent to acetone rinsing. Extracted lichen compounds were applied to pieces of filter paper and fed to snails. Extracts from members of the Parmeliaceae significantly deterred feeding on paper. Such data suggest that generalist herbivores may have shaped evolution in the widespread and highly diverse Parmeliaceae towards high investments in lichen compounds. On the other hand, lichens belonging to the Physciaceae and Teloschistales, common in nutrient-enriched habitats, are deficient in, or have low concentrations of, lichen compounds. Such lichens did not become more palatable after acetone rinsing. The orange anthraquinone compound parietin, restricted to the Teloschistales, and which has previously been found to protect against excess light, did not deter grazing.

  3. Growing up in a permissive household: what deters at-risk adolescents from heavy drinking?

    PubMed

    Tucker, Joan S; Ellickson, Phyllis L; Klein, David J

    2008-07-01

    This study identified psychosocial factors that may deter adolescents living in permissive households from heavy drinking in Grades 9 and 11. Longitudinal data were obtained from 710 youth who completed surveys from Grades 7 to 11. Permissive household was defined based on adolescent reports of whether the parents (1) would be upset if the adolescent drank or used marijuana, (2) knew their child's whereabouts when the adolescent was away from home, and (3) set curfews. Frequency of heavy drinking in the last 30 days was the number of days the adolescent had at least three alcoholic drinks. Three quarters of adolescents from permissive households reported heavy drinking at Grade 9, with less frequent heavy drinking among those who concurrently reported less exposure to peer and adult drinking, less peer approval of drinking, weaker positive beliefs about drinking, a stronger academic orientation, higher resistance self-efficacy, and less delinquency. Further, social influences and alcohol beliefs predicted the frequency of heavy drinking 2 years later among adolescents from permissive households. Although most of these factors were also relevant for adolescents from nonpermissive households, social influences, alcohol beliefs and resistance self-efficacy were stronger predictors of heavy drinking at Grade 9 among youth from permissive households. Growing up in a permissive household was associated with heavy drinking. Nonetheless, several psychosocial factors were associated with less frequent heavy drinking even within this at-risk population. Alcohol prevention programs that target pro-drinking peer and adult influences, positive attitudes toward drinking, and resistance self-efficacy may be particularly important in deterring heavy drinking among adolescents living in permissive households.

  4. An Approach to Noise Reduction in Human Skin Admittance Measurements

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2001-10-25

    1966, 4, 439-449. [ 4] D. H. Gordon, "Triboelectric interference in the ECG", IEEE Trans., 1975, BME -22, 252-255. [ 5] J. C. Huhta and J. G...Webster, ඄-Hz interference in electrocardiography", IEEE Trans., 1973, BME -20, 91-101. [ 6] S. Grimnes, "Electrovibration, cutaneous sensation of...this period he has published two textbooks about UNIX and Shell Programming, and concentrated at computer simulation and digital signal processing

  5. Using RNA Interference to Reveal Genetic Vulnerabilities in Human Cancer Cells

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2005-07-01

    pl of RNase/DNase free water and performed PCR amplification in 50pl reaction volumes using Invitrogen’s Platinum® Pfx DNA Polymerase . To obtain a...destroyed1’ 2. This pathway, known as RNA interference (RNAi), has been exploited in organisms ranging from plants to fungi to animals for...experimentally alter its targeting capability. Indeed such strategies have previously succeeded in both plants and animals23󈧜. My initial studies

  6. Homo sapiens Systemic RNA Interference-defective-1 Transmembrane Family Member 1 (SIDT1) Protein Mediates Contact-dependent Small RNA Transfer and MicroRNA-21-driven Chemoresistance*

    PubMed Central

    Elhassan, Mohamed O.; Christie, Jennifer; Duxbury, Mark S.

    2012-01-01

    Locally initiated RNA interference (RNAi) has the potential for spatial propagation, inducing posttranscriptional gene silencing in distant cells. In Caenorhabditis elegans, systemic RNAi requires a phylogenetically conserved transmembrane channel, SID-1. Here, we show that a human SID-1 orthologue, SIDT1, facilitates rapid, contact-dependent, bidirectional small RNA transfer between human cells, resulting in target-specific non-cell-autonomous RNAi. Intercellular small RNA transfer can be both homotypic and heterotypic. We show SIDT1-mediated intercellular transfer of microRNA-21 to be a driver of resistance to the nucleoside analog gemcitabine in human adenocarcinoma cells. Documentation of a SIDT1-dependent small RNA transfer mechanism and the associated phenotypic effects on chemoresistance in human cancer cells raises the possibility that conserved systemic RNAi pathways contribute to the acquisition of drug resistance. Mediators of non-cell-autonomous RNAi may be tractable targets for novel therapies aimed at improving the efficacy of current cytotoxic agents. PMID:22174421

  7. Loss-of-function analyses of the fragile X-related and dopamine receptor genes by RNA interference in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus.

    PubMed

    Hamada, Aska; Miyawaki, Katsuyuki; Honda-sumi, Eri; Tomioka, Kenji; Mito, Taro; Ohuchi, Hideyo; Noji, Sumihare

    2009-08-01

    In order to explore a possibility that the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus would be a useful model to unveil molecular mechanisms of human diseases, we performed loss-of-function analyses of Gryllus genes homologous to human genes that are responsible for human disorders, fragile X mental retardation 1 (fmr1) and Dopamine receptor (DopR). We cloned cDNAs of their Gryllus homologues, Gb'fmr1, Gb'DopRI, and Gb'DopRII, and analyzed their functions with use of nymphal RNA interference (RNAi). For Gb'fmr1, three major phenotypes were observed: (1) abnormal wing postures, (2) abnormal calling song, and (3) loss of the circadian locomotor rhythm, while for Gb'DopRI, defects of wing posture and morphology were found. These results indicate that the cricket has the potential to become a novel model system to explore human neuronal pathogenic mechanisms and to screen therapeutic drugs by RNAi. Copyright (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

  8. Report: State Enforcement of Clean Water Act Dischargers Can Be More Effective

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Report #2001-P-00013, August 14, 2001. We believe that state enforcement programs could be much more effective in deterring noncompliance with discharge permits and, ultimately, improving the quality of the nation’s water.

  9. Rochester rail link feasibility study

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2003-01-01

    The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of connecting Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport to Rochester International Airport with a high-speed rail line to move passengers and cargo. The primary goal of this study is to deter...

  10. Determine feasible and acceptable age 21 support programs

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1990-09-01

    The objective of this project was to identify programs which are feasible, acceptable, and effective in deterring adolescent drinking. To begin the project, information was collected on 22 prevention programs using a wide range of approaches. Next, a...

  11. Automated enforcement : a compendium of worldwide evaluations of results

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2007-03-01

    Excessive speeding, red-light-running, and other high-risk behaviors are often associated with crash fatalities and injuries in the United States. Traditional law enforcement alone is not enough to deter high-risk driving behaviors. Automated enforce...

  12. Street Intersection Characteristics and Their Impacts on Perceived Bicycling Safety

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2018-01-01

    Safety concern is one of the core issues that deter people from bicycling in the US. Earlier studies have explored the associations between intersection design characteristics and bicyclist safety perceptions. Research shows that there are significan...

  13. Securing Mitigation as Injunctive Relief in Certain Civil Enforcement Settlements (2nd edition)

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    To ensure that EPA's environmental enforcement efforts not only correct and deter illegal conduct but maximize the redress of its consequences, this memorandum is intended to strongly encourage case teams to seek mitigation.

  14. AGU Council adopts position statement on scientific expression

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Landau, Elizabeth; Uhlenbrock, Kristan

    2011-09-01

    On 17 August the AGU Council voted to adopt an American Meteorological Society (AMS) statement on free and open communication of scientific findings as an official position of AGU. The statement appears below. Recent attacks on scientists who present facts that are controversial or politically charged, such as in cases involving climate science, have sparked action by AGU and other scientific societies, including the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Open communication and collaboration are essential to the scientific process and must not be deterred by politics, media, or faith. In a recent letter to the New York Times, AGU president Michael McPhaden stated that “misguided attempts to suppress scientific research, particularly through political pressure, will not make climate change or the role human activity plays in it magically disappear. It will, however, make the objective knowledge needed to inform good policy decisions disappear.”

  15. Contaminant Interferences with SIMS Analyses of Microparticle Impactor Residues on LDEF Surfaces

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Simon, C. G.; Batchelor, D.; Griffis, D. P.; Hunter, J. L.; Misra, V.; Ricks, D. A.; Wortman, J. J.

    1992-01-01

    Elemental analyses of impactor residues on high purity surface exposed to the low earth orbit (LEO) environment for 5.8 years on Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) has revealed several probable sources for microparticles at this altitude, including natural micrometeorites and manmade debris ranging from paint pigments to bits of stainless steel. A myriad of contamination interferences were identified and their effects on impactor debris identification mitigated during the course of this study. These interferences included pre-, post-, and in-flight deposited particulate surface contaminants, as well as indigenous heterogeneous material contaminants. Non-flight contaminants traced to human origins, including spittle and skin oils, contributed significant levels of alkali-rich carbonaceous interferences. A ubiquitous layer of in-flight deposited silicaceous contamination varied in thickness with location on LDEF and proximity to active electrical fields. In-flight deposited (low velocity) contaminants included urine droplets and bits of metal film from eroded thermal blankets.

  16. Viral Interference and Persistence in Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses.

    PubMed

    Salas-Benito, Juan Santiago; De Nova-Ocampo, Mónica

    2015-01-01

    Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are important pathogens for humans, and the detection of two or more flaviviruses cocirculating in the same geographic area has often been reported. However, the epidemiological impact remains to be determined. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are primarily transmitted through Aedes and Culex mosquitoes; these viruses establish a life-long or persistent infection without apparent pathological effects. This establishment requires a balance between virus replication and the antiviral host response. Viral interference is a phenomenon whereby one virus inhibits the replication of other viruses, and this condition is frequently associated with persistent infections. Viral interference and persistent infection are determined by several factors, such as defective interfering particles, competition for cellular factors required for translation/replication, and the host antiviral response. The interaction between two flaviviruses typically results in viral interference, indicating that these viruses share common features during the replicative cycle in the vector. The potential mechanisms involved in these processes are reviewed here.

  17. Doppler Radar Vital Signs Detection Method Based on Higher Order Cyclostationary.

    PubMed

    Yu, Zhibin; Zhao, Duo; Zhang, Zhiqiang

    2017-12-26

    Due to the non-contact nature, using Doppler radar sensors to detect vital signs such as heart and respiration rates of a human subject is getting more and more attention. However, the related detection-method research meets lots of challenges due to electromagnetic interferences, clutter and random motion interferences. In this paper, a novel third-order cyclic cummulant (TOCC) detection method, which is insensitive to Gaussian interference and non-cyclic signals, is proposed to investigate the heart and respiration rate based on continuous wave Doppler radars. The k -th order cyclostationary properties of the radar signal with hidden periodicities and random motions are analyzed. The third-order cyclostationary detection theory of the heart and respiration rate is studied. Experimental results show that the third-order cyclostationary approach has better estimation accuracy for detecting the vital signs from the received radar signal under low SNR, strong clutter noise and random motion interferences.

  18. Interference Mitigation Schemes for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks: A Comparative Survey

    PubMed Central

    Le, Thien T.T.; Moh, Sangman

    2015-01-01

    A wireless body area sensor network (WBASN) consists of a coordinator and multiple sensors to monitor the biological signals and functions of the human body. This exciting area has motivated new research and standardization processes, especially in the area of WBASN performance and reliability. In scenarios of mobility or overlapped WBASNs, system performance will be significantly degraded because of unstable signal integrity. Hence, it is necessary to consider interference mitigation in the design. This survey presents a comparative review of interference mitigation schemes in WBASNs. Further, we show that current solutions are limited in reaching satisfactory performance, and thus, more advanced solutions should be developed in the future. PMID:26110407

  19. Event Recognition for Contactless Activity Monitoring Using Phase-Modulated Continuous Wave Radar.

    PubMed

    Forouzanfar, Mohamad; Mabrouk, Mohamed; Rajan, Sreeraman; Bolic, Miodrag; Dajani, Hilmi R; Groza, Voicu Z

    2017-02-01

    The use of remote sensing technologies such as radar is gaining popularity as a technique for contactless detection of physiological signals and analysis of human motion. This paper presents a methodology for classifying different events in a collection of phase modulated continuous wave radar returns. The primary application of interest is to monitor inmates where the presence of human vital signs amidst different, interferences needs to be identified. A comprehensive set of features is derived through time and frequency domain analyses of the radar returns. The Bhattacharyya distance is used to preselect the features with highest class separability as the possible candidate features for use in the classification process. The uncorrelated linear discriminant analysis is performed to decorrelate, denoise, and reduce the dimension of the candidate feature set. Linear and quadratic Bayesian classifiers are designed to distinguish breathing, different human motions, and nonhuman motions. The performance of these classifiers is evaluated on a pilot dataset of radar returns that contained different events including breathing, stopped breathing, simple human motions, and movement of fan and water. Our proposed pattern classification system achieved accuracies of up to 93% in stationary subject detection, 90% in stop-breathing detection, and 86% in interference detection. Our proposed radar pattern recognition system was able to accurately distinguish the predefined events amidst interferences. Besides inmate monitoring and suicide attempt detection, this paper can be extended to other radar applications such as home-based monitoring of elderly people, apnea detection, and home occupancy detection.

  20. Matrix interference from Fc-Fc interactions in immunoassays for detecting human IgG4 therapeutics.

    PubMed

    Partridge, Michael A; Karayusuf, Elif Kabuloglu; Dhulipala, Gangadhar; Dreyer, Robert; Daly, Thomas; Sumner, Giane; Pyles, Erica; Torri, Albert

    2015-01-01

    An assay measuring an IgG4 biotherapeutic in human serum used a drug-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) capture reagent and an antihuman IgG4 mAb as detection reagent. However, serum IgG4 binding to the capture mAb via Fc-interactions was detected by the anti-IgG4 mAb, causing high background. Two approaches were developed to minimize background; incorporating a mild acid sample preparation step or using the Fab of the capture antibody. Either strategy improved signal:noise dramatically, increasing assay sensitivity >20-fold. Biophysical analyses of antibody domains indicated that noncovalent Fc oligomers could inhibit the background. Matrix interference from human IgG4 binding to the capture mAb was reduced with a Fab fragment of the drug-specific capture antibody or by incorporating a mild acid sample treatment into the assay.

  1. Sexuality and human rights in europe.

    PubMed

    Graupner, Helmut

    2005-01-01

    Written human rights law in Europe is as scanty as in the rest of the world. Case-law however provides considerable protection of sexual rights. It guarantees comprehensive protection of autonomy in sexual life, also for minors, and provides protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation. Negative attitudes of a majority may not justify interferences with the sexual rights of a minority and society could be expected to tolerate a certain inconvenience to enable individuals to live in dignity and worth in accordance with the sexual identity chosen by them. Compensation for interference with sexual autonomy and freedom is awarded. This high-level protection (as compared to other parts of the world) is however limited. It seems to be granted only in areas where it corresponds with public attitudes and social developments. And it is seldom secured on the national level but nearly exclusively by the European Court of Human Rights, whose case-law is often weakened by inconsistency.

  2. Voice tracking and spoken word recognition in the presence of other voices

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Litong-Palima, Marisciel; Violanda, Renante; Saloma, Caesar

    2004-12-01

    We study the human hearing process by modeling the hair cell as a thresholded Hopf bifurcator and compare our calculations with experimental results involving human subjects in two different multi-source listening tasks of voice tracking and spoken-word recognition. In the model, we observed noise suppression by destructive interference between noise sources which weakens the effective noise strength acting on the hair cell. Different success rate characteristics were observed for the two tasks. Hair cell performance at low threshold levels agree well with results from voice-tracking experiments while those of word-recognition experiments are consistent with a linear model of the hearing process. The ability of humans to track a target voice is robust against cross-talk interference unlike word-recognition performance which deteriorates quickly with the number of uncorrelated noise sources in the environment which is a response behavior that is associated with linear systems.

  3. Interference Effects Demonstrate Distinct Roles for Visual and Motor Imagery during the Mental Representation of Human Action

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stevens, J.A.

    2005-01-01

    Four experiments were completed to characterize the utilization of visual imagery and motor imagery during the mental representation of human action. In Experiment 1, movement time functions for a motor imagery human locomotion task conformed to a speed-accuracy trade-off similar to Fitts' Law, whereas those for a visual imagery object motion task…

  4. RNAi therapeutics and applications of microRNAs in cancer treatment.

    PubMed

    Uchino, Keita; Ochiya, Takahiro; Takeshita, Fumitaka

    2013-06-01

    RNA interference-based therapies are proving to be powerful tools for combating various diseases, including cancer. Scientists are researching the development of safe and efficient systems for the delivery of small RNA molecules, which are extremely fragile in serum, to target organs and cells in the human body. A dozen pre-clinical and clinical trials have been under way over the past few years involving biodegradable nanoparticles, lipids, chemical modification and conjugation. On the other hand, microRNAs, which control the balance of cellular biological processes, have been studied as attractive therapeutic targets in cancer treatment. In this review, we provide an overview of RNA interference-based therapeutics in clinical trials and discuss the latest technology for the systemic delivery of nucleic acid drugs. Furthermore, we focus on dysregulated microRNAs in human cancer, which have progressed in pre-clinical trials as therapeutic targets, and describe a wide range of strategies to control the expression levels of endogenous microRNAs. Further development of RNA interference technologies and progression of clinical trials will contribute to the achievement of practical applications of nucleic acid drugs.

  5. Trivalent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) VLP vaccine covering HPV type 58 can elicit high level of humoral immunity but also induce immune interference among component types.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Ting; Xu, Yufei; Qiao, Liang; Wang, Youchun; Wu, Xueling; Fan, Dongsheng; Peng, Qinglin; Xu, Xuemei

    2010-04-26

    Both Human Papillomavirus (HPV) type 16/18 bivalent vaccine and type 16/18/6/11 quadrivalent vaccine have been proved to be safe and effective, and licensed for public use. However, these two vaccines do not quite match the distribution of HPV types in China, Southeast Asia and Latin America, where HPV 58 is highly prevalent. Here we produced three types of virus-like particles (VLPs) in baculovirus expression system, formulated a trivalent vaccine containing HPV 16, 18, and 58 L1 VLPs and examined its in vitro neutralizing titers. This vaccine could induce high level and long-term humoral immunity against the component types. But immune interference was observed when comparing type specific neutralizing antibody levels induced by trivalent vaccine to those by corresponding monovalent vaccines. This kind of interference would become more obvious when formulating more types of VLPs into multivalent vaccines, but could be greatly overcome by decreasing the antigen dosage and adding a proper adjuvant. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  6. Accelerator mass spectrometry of strontium-90 for homeland security, environmental monitoring and human health

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tumey, Scott J.; Brown, Thomas A.; Hamilton, Terry E.; Hillegonds, Darren J.

    2008-05-01

    Strontium-90 is one of the most hazardous materials managed by agencies charged with protecting the public from radiation. Traditional radiometric methods have been limited by low sample throughput and slow turnaround times. Mass spectrometry offers the advantage of shorter analysis times and the ability to measure samples immediately after processing, however conventional mass spectrometric techniques are susceptible to molecular isobaric interferences that limit their overall sensitivity. In contrast, accelerator mass spectrometry is insensitive to molecular interferences and we have therefore begun developing a method for determination of 90Sr by accelerator mass spectrometry. Despite a pervasive interference from 90Zr, our initial development has yielded an instrumental background of ∼108 atoms (75 mBq) per sample. Further refinement of our system (e.g. redesign of our detector, use of alternative target materials) is expected to push the background below 106 atoms, close to the theoretical limit for AMS. Once we have refined our system and developed suitable sample preparation protocols, we will utilize our capability in applications to homeland security, environmental monitoring and human health.

  7. Measurements of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis: A methodological review

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Gluconeogenesis is a complex metabolic process that involves multiple enzymatic steps regulated by myriad factors, including substrate concentrations, the redox state, activation and inhibition of specific enzyme steps, and hormonal modulation. At present, the most widely accepted technique to deter...

  8. Identifying Characteristics of Airline Frequent-Fliers in Australia: Implications for Market Segmentation, Target Marketing, and Product Differentiation

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1998-01-01

    Airlines can cultivate new business, enjoy repeat patronage through progressively attractive awards given directly to frequent fliers, deter emerging airlines from entering established markets, and compile the demographic profiles and travel characte...

  9. Native American Healing Traditions

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Portman, Tarrell A. A.; Garrett, Michael T.

    2006-01-01

    Indigenous healing practices among Native Americans have been documented in the United States since colonisation. Cultural encapsulation has deterred the acknowledgement of Native American medicinal practices as a precursor to folk medicine and many herbal remedies, which have greatly influenced modern medicine. Understanding Native American…

  10. 17 CFR 37.203 - Rule enforcement program.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... shall establish and enforce trading, trade processing, and participation rules that will deter abuses... practices prohibited. A swap execution facility shall prohibit abusive trading practices on its markets by members and market participants. Swap execution facilities that permit intermediation shall prohibit...

  11. Culvert Length and Interior Lighting Impacts to Topeka Shiner Passage

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2017-11-01

    Culverts can act as barriers to fish passage for a number of reasons including insufficient water depth or excess velocity. In addition, concern is being raised over behavioral barriers where culvert conditions elicit an avoidance response that deter...

  12. Combining enforcement and public information to deter DWI : the experience of three communities

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1990-04-01

    This report summarizes the results of three field tests of the concept of combining enforcement with public information and education (PI&E) activities to achieve general deterrence of driving while intoxicated (DWI). Test communities were Clearwater...

  13. Centromere synteny among Brachypodium, wheat, and rice

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Rice, wheat and Brachypodium are plant genetic models with variable genome complexity and basic chromosome numbers, representing two subfamilies of the Poaceae. Centromeres are prominent chromosome landmarks, but their fate during this convoluted chromosome evolution has been more difficult to deter...

  14. Strategic advertising plans to deter drunk driving

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1996-12-01

    Primary objective for this study was to identify and profile subpopulations at highest risk for drinking and driving, and persons who may be in a position to intervene in their drinking and driving behavior. A related objective was to explore media m...

  15. Selected Patterns of Interference in Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication Between Black and White Middle Class Cultures. Reference Pamphlets on Intercultural Communication, No.2. Human Relations in Cultural Context, Series C: Teacher Training Materials.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Condon, E. C., Ed.; Freundlich, Joyce

    Verbal and nonverbal patterns of communication found in the black community are discussed in this paper. They have been selected on the basis of their potential as interference factors in intergroup communication. A section on black language describes and explains the following categories: rapping, running it down, jiving, shucking, copping a…

  16. Gene interactions in the DNA damage-response pathway identified by genome-wide RNA-interference analysis of synthetic lethality

    PubMed Central

    van Haaften, Gijs; Vastenhouw, Nadine L.; Nollen, Ellen A. A.; Plasterk, Ronald H. A.; Tijsterman, Marcel

    2004-01-01

    Here, we describe a systematic search for synthetic gene interactions in a multicellular organism, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We established a high-throughput method to determine synthetic gene interactions by genome-wide RNA interference and identified genes that are required to protect the germ line against DNA double-strand breaks. Besides known DNA-repair proteins such as the C. elegans orthologs of TopBP1, RPA2, and RAD51, eight genes previously unassociated with a double-strand-break response were identified. Knockdown of these genes increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation and camptothecin and resulted in increased chromosomal nondisjunction. All genes have human orthologs that may play a role in human carcinogenesis. PMID:15326288

  17. The Biological Basis of Human Irrationality.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ellis, Albert

    If we define irrationality as thought, emotion, or behavior that leads to self-defeating consequences or that significantly interferes with the survival and happiness of the organism, we find that literally hundreds of major irrationalities exist in all societies and in virtually all humans in those societies. These irrationalities persist despite…

  18. A Cognitive Framework for Understanding and Improving Interference Resolution in the Brain

    PubMed Central

    Mishra, Jyoti; Anguera, Joaquin A.; Ziegler, David A.; Gazzaley, Adam

    2014-01-01

    All of us are familiar with the negative impact of interference on achieving our task goals. We are referring to interference by information, which either impinges on our senses from an external environmental source or is internally generated by our thoughts. Informed by more than a decade of research on the cognitive and neural processing of interference, we have developed a framework for understanding how interference impacts our neural systems and especially how it is regulated and suppressed during efficient on-task performance. Importantly, externally and internally generated interferences have distinct neural signatures, and further, distinct neural processing emerges depending on whether individuals must ignore and suppress the interference, as for distractions, or engage with them in a secondary task, as during multitasking. Here, we elaborate on this cognitive framework and how it changes throughout the human lifespan, focusing mostly on research evidence from younger adults and comparing these findings to data from older adults, children, and cognitively impaired populations. With insights gleaned from our growing understanding, we then describe three novel translational efforts in our lab directed at improving distinct aspects of interference resolution using cognitive training. Critically, these training approaches were specifically developed to target improved interference resolution based on neuroplasticity principles and have shown much success in randomized controlled first version evaluations in healthy aging. Our results show not only on-task training improvements but also robust generalization of benefit to other cognitive control abilities. This research showcases how an in-depth understanding of neural mechanisms can then inform the development of effective deficit-targeted interventions, which can in turn benefit both healthy and cognitively impaired populations. PMID:24309262

  19. The human body odor compound androstadienone leads to anger-dependent effects in an emotional Stroop but not dot-probe task using human faces.

    PubMed

    Hornung, Jonas; Kogler, Lydia; Wolpert, Stephan; Freiherr, Jessica; Derntl, Birgit

    2017-01-01

    The androgen derivative androstadienone is a substance found in human sweat and thus is a putative human chemosignal. Androstadienone has been studied with respect to effects on mood states, attractiveness ratings, physiological and neural activation. With the current experiment, we aimed to explore in which way androstadienone affects attention to social cues (human faces). Moreover, we wanted to test whether effects depend on specific emotions, the participants' sex and individual sensitivity to smell androstadienone. To do so, we investigated 56 healthy individuals (thereof 29 females taking oral contraceptives) with two attention tasks on two consecutive days (once under androstadienone, once under placebo exposure in pseudorandomized order). With an emotional dot-probe task we measured visuo-spatial cueing while an emotional Stroop task allowed us to investigate interference control. Our results suggest that androstadienone acts in a sex, task and emotion-specific manner as a reduction in interference processes in the emotional Stroop task was only apparent for angry faces in men under androstadienone exposure. More specifically, men showed a smaller difference in reaction times for congruent compared to incongruent trials. At the same time also women were slightly affected by smelling androstadienone as they classified angry faces more often correctly under androstadienone. For the emotional dot-probe task no modulation by androstadienone was observed. Furthermore, in both attention paradigms individual sensitivity to androstadienone was neither correlated with reaction times nor error rates in men and women. To conclude, exposure to androstadienone seems to potentiate the relevance of angry faces in both men and women in connection with interference control, while processes of visuo-spatial cueing remain unaffected.

  20. The human body odor compound androstadienone leads to anger-dependent effects in an emotional Stroop but not dot-probe task using human faces

    PubMed Central

    Kogler, Lydia; Wolpert, Stephan; Freiherr, Jessica; Derntl, Birgit

    2017-01-01

    The androgen derivative androstadienone is a substance found in human sweat and thus is a putative human chemosignal. Androstadienone has been studied with respect to effects on mood states, attractiveness ratings, physiological and neural activation. With the current experiment, we aimed to explore in which way androstadienone affects attention to social cues (human faces). Moreover, we wanted to test whether effects depend on specific emotions, the participants' sex and individual sensitivity to smell androstadienone. To do so, we investigated 56 healthy individuals (thereof 29 females taking oral contraceptives) with two attention tasks on two consecutive days (once under androstadienone, once under placebo exposure in pseudorandomized order). With an emotional dot-probe task we measured visuo-spatial cueing while an emotional Stroop task allowed us to investigate interference control. Our results suggest that androstadienone acts in a sex, task and emotion-specific manner as a reduction in interference processes in the emotional Stroop task was only apparent for angry faces in men under androstadienone exposure. More specifically, men showed a smaller difference in reaction times for congruent compared to incongruent trials. At the same time also women were slightly affected by smelling androstadienone as they classified angry faces more often correctly under androstadienone. For the emotional dot-probe task no modulation by androstadienone was observed. Furthermore, in both attention paradigms individual sensitivity to androstadienone was neither correlated with reaction times nor error rates in men and women. To conclude, exposure to androstadienone seems to potentiate the relevance of angry faces in both men and women in connection with interference control, while processes of visuo-spatial cueing remain unaffected. PMID:28369152

  1. Interval Between Infections and Viral Hierarchy Are Determinants of Viral Interference Following Influenza Virus Infection in a Ferret Model

    PubMed Central

    Laurie, Karen L.; Guarnaccia, Teagan A.; Carolan, Louise A.; Yan, Ada W. C.; Aban, Malet; Petrie, Stephen; Cao, Pengxing; Heffernan, Jane M.; McVernon, Jodie; Mosse, Jennifer; Kelso, Anne; McCaw, James M.; Barr, Ian G.

    2015-01-01

    Background. Epidemiological studies suggest that, following infection with influenza virus, there is a short period during which a host experiences a lower susceptibility to infection with other influenza viruses. This viral interference appears to be independent of any antigenic similarities between the viruses. We used the ferret model of human influenza to systematically investigate viral interference. Methods. Ferrets were first infected then challenged 1–14 days later with pairs of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, influenza A(H3N2), and influenza B viruses circulating in 2009 and 2010. Results. Viral interference was observed when the interval between initiation of primary infection and subsequent challenge was <1 week. This effect was virus specific and occurred between antigenically related and unrelated viruses. Coinfections occurred when 1 or 3 days separated infections. Ongoing shedding from the primary virus infection was associated with viral interference after the secondary challenge. Conclusions. The interval between infections and the sequential combination of viruses were important determinants of viral interference. The influenza viruses in this study appear to have an ordered hierarchy according to their ability to block or delay infection, which may contribute to the dominance of different viruses often seen in an influenza season. PMID:25943206

  2. Virtual targeting in three-dimensional space with sound and light interference

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chua, Florence B.; DeMarco, Robert M.; Bergen, Michael T.; Short, Kenneth R.; Servatius, Richard J.

    2006-05-01

    Law enforcement and the military are critically concerned with the targeting and firing accuracy of opponents. Stimuli which impede opponent targeting and firing accuracy can be incorporated into defense systems. An automated virtual firing range was developed to assess human targeting accuracy under conditions of sound and light interference, while avoiding dangers associated with live fire. This system has the ability to quantify sound and light interference effects on targeting and firing accuracy in three dimensions. This was achieved by development of a hardware and software system that presents the subject with a sound or light target, preceded by a sound or light interference. SonyXplod. TM 4-way speakers present sound interference and sound targeting. The Martin ® MiniMAC TM Profile operates as a source of light interference, while a red laser light serves as a target. A tracking system was created to monitor toy gun movement and firing in three-dimensional space. Data are collected via the Ascension ® Flock of Birds TM tracking system and a custom National Instrument ® LabVIEW TM 7.0 program to monitor gun movement and firing. A test protocol examined system parameters. Results confirm that the system enables tracking of virtual shots from a fired simulation gun to determine shot accuracy and location in three dimensions.

  3. Non-Interfering Effects of Active Post-Encoding Tasks on Episodic Memory Consolidation in Humans

    PubMed Central

    Varma, Samarth; Takashima, Atsuko; Krewinkel, Sander; van Kooten, Maaike; Fu, Lily; Medendorp, W. Pieter; Kessels, Roy P. C.; Daselaar, Sander M.

    2017-01-01

    So far, studies that investigated interference effects of post-learning processes on episodic memory consolidation in humans have used tasks involving only complex and meaningful information. Such tasks require reallocation of general or encoding-specific resources away from consolidation-relevant activities. The possibility that interference can be elicited using a task that heavily taxes our limited brain resources, but has low semantic and hippocampal related long-term memory processing demands, has never been tested. We address this question by investigating whether consolidation could persist in parallel with an active, encoding-irrelevant, minimally semantic task, regardless of its high resource demands for cognitive processing. We distinguish the impact of such a task on consolidation based on whether it engages resources that are: (1) general/executive, or (2) specific/overlapping with the encoding modality. Our experiments compared subsequent memory performance across two post-encoding consolidation periods: quiet wakeful rest and a cognitively demanding n-Back task. Across six different experiments (total N = 176), we carefully manipulated the design of the n-Back task to target general or specific resources engaged in the ongoing consolidation process. In contrast to previous studies that employed interference tasks involving conceptual stimuli and complex processing demands, we did not find any differences between n-Back and rest conditions on memory performance at delayed test, using both recall and recognition tests. Our results indicate that: (1) quiet, wakeful rest is not a necessary prerequisite for episodic memory consolidation; and (2) post-encoding cognitive engagement does not interfere with memory consolidation when task-performance has minimal semantic and hippocampally-based episodic memory processing demands. We discuss our findings with reference to resource and reactivation-led interference theories. PMID:28424596

  4. Chimeric recombinant antibody fragments in cardiac troponin I immunoassay.

    PubMed

    Hyytiä, Heidi; Heikkilä, Taina; Brockmann, Eeva-Christine; Kekki, Henna; Hedberg, Pirjo; Puolakanaho, Tarja; Lövgren, Timo; Pettersson, Kim

    2015-03-01

    To introduce a novel nanoparticle-based immunoassay for cardiac troponin I (cTnI) utilizing chimeric antibody fragments and to demonstrate that removal of antibody Fc-part and antibody chimerization decrease matrix related interferences. A sandwich-type immunoassay for cTnI based on recombinant chimeric (mouse variable/human constant) antigen binding (cFab) antibodies and intrinsically fluorescent nanoparticles was developed. To test whether using chimeric antibody fragments helps to avoid matrix related interferences, samples (n=39) with known amounts of triglycerides, bilirubin, rheumatoid factor (RF) or human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMAs) were measured with the novel assay, along with a previously published nanoparticle-based research assay with the same antibody epitopes. The limit of detection (LoD) was 3.30ng/L. Within-laboratory precision for 29ng/L and 2819ng/L cTnI were 13.7% and 15.9%, respectively. Regression analysis with Siemens ADVIA Centaur® yielded a slope (95% confidence intervals) of 0.18 (0.17-1.19) and a y-intercept of 1.94 (-1.28-3.91) ng/L. When compared to a previously published nanoparticle-based assay, the novel assay showed substantially reduced interference in the tested interference prone samples, 15.4 vs. 51.3%. A rheumatoid factor containing sample was decreased from 241ng/L to

  5. Non-Interfering Effects of Active Post-Encoding Tasks on Episodic Memory Consolidation in Humans.

    PubMed

    Varma, Samarth; Takashima, Atsuko; Krewinkel, Sander; van Kooten, Maaike; Fu, Lily; Medendorp, W Pieter; Kessels, Roy P C; Daselaar, Sander M

    2017-01-01

    So far, studies that investigated interference effects of post-learning processes on episodic memory consolidation in humans have used tasks involving only complex and meaningful information. Such tasks require reallocation of general or encoding-specific resources away from consolidation-relevant activities. The possibility that interference can be elicited using a task that heavily taxes our limited brain resources, but has low semantic and hippocampal related long-term memory processing demands, has never been tested. We address this question by investigating whether consolidation could persist in parallel with an active, encoding-irrelevant, minimally semantic task, regardless of its high resource demands for cognitive processing. We distinguish the impact of such a task on consolidation based on whether it engages resources that are: (1) general/executive, or (2) specific/overlapping with the encoding modality. Our experiments compared subsequent memory performance across two post-encoding consolidation periods: quiet wakeful rest and a cognitively demanding n-Back task. Across six different experiments (total N = 176), we carefully manipulated the design of the n-Back task to target general or specific resources engaged in the ongoing consolidation process. In contrast to previous studies that employed interference tasks involving conceptual stimuli and complex processing demands, we did not find any differences between n-Back and rest conditions on memory performance at delayed test, using both recall and recognition tests. Our results indicate that: (1) quiet, wakeful rest is not a necessary prerequisite for episodic memory consolidation; and (2) post-encoding cognitive engagement does not interfere with memory consolidation when task-performance has minimal semantic and hippocampally-based episodic memory processing demands. We discuss our findings with reference to resource and reactivation-led interference theories.

  6. Rutherford's war

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Campbell, John

    2016-02-01

    Seagulls, sea lions and the comic-book hero Professor Radium were all recruited to fight the threat of submarines during the First World War. But as John Campbell explains, it was Ernest Rutherford who led the way a century ago in using acoustics to deter these deadly craft.

  7. Develop and test messages to deter drinking and driving

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1998-04-01

    This document summarizes the results of a study which developed pilot media messages to support and/or encourage anti-DWI norms. The target audience for these messages was individuals 18-25 years of age. Initially, focus groups were held in the Bosto...

  8. Evaluation of crack-sealing milled pavement in the effort to reduce transverse cracking.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2015-01-01

    To determine if crack sealing milled pavement prior to overlay will deter the : migration of transverse cracking, or have an effect on pavement performance, : when compared to an adjacent milled pavement that receives no crack sealing : treatment.

  9. Examination of the feasibility of alcohol interlocks for motorcycles.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2017-06-01

    In 2011 some 30 percent of the 4,612 motorcycle operators involved in fatal crashes had blood alcohol concentrations : (BACs) of .08 g/dL or higher. Although alcohol ignition interlocks are a common sanction to deter impaired driving, : they are not ...

  10. 14 CFR 293.10 - Exemption.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs will, by notice, issue and periodically update a list... REGULATIONS INTERNATIONAL PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION Exemption From Filing Tariffs § 293.10 Exemption. (a) Air... carriers of the Parties; (ii) Whether the country's Government has disapproved or deterred U.S. carrier...

  11. 14 CFR 293.10 - Exemption.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs will, by notice, issue and periodically update a list... REGULATIONS INTERNATIONAL PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION Exemption From Filing Tariffs § 293.10 Exemption. (a) Air... carriers of the Parties; (ii) Whether the country's Government has disapproved or deterred U.S. carrier...

  12. 14 CFR 293.10 - Exemption.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs will, by notice, issue and periodically update a list... REGULATIONS INTERNATIONAL PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION Exemption From Filing Tariffs § 293.10 Exemption. (a) Air... carriers of the Parties; (ii) Whether the country's Government has disapproved or deterred U.S. carrier...

  13. 14 CFR 293.10 - Exemption.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs will, by notice, issue and periodically update a list... REGULATIONS INTERNATIONAL PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION Exemption From Filing Tariffs § 293.10 Exemption. (a) Air... carriers of the Parties; (ii) Whether the country's Government has disapproved or deterred U.S. carrier...

  14. The Battered-Woman Syndrome: Contributing Factors and Remedial Interventions.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mullen, Roseland McG; Carroll, Marguerite R.

    1983-01-01

    Discusses factors that deter counselors in responding to wife abuse. Characteristics of the abused wife are outlined. Strategies used in helping abused women are discussed, including support groups, feminist-oriented counseling, and exploring the possibility of ending the relationship. (Author/JAC)

  15. Regulatory and legal review of automated and connected truck platooning technology.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2017-05-01

    Commercial truck platooning is a relatively novel concept in Texas and around the country. This white paper : presents the results of a review of state and federal code to identify regulatory and legislative hurdles that : may delay or deter platooni...

  16. The Runaway Crisis: Is Family Therapy the Answer?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ostensen, Kay Wickett

    1981-01-01

    Presents research on the relationship of two family counseling models (one with temporary foster placement, one without) to the recidivism of runaway teenagers. Research shows the Brief Family Intervention counseling model to be a statistically viable tool in deterring repeated runaway episodes. (Author)

  17. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Anesthetics: A Review.

    PubMed

    Besnier, Emmanuel; Clavier, Thomas; Compere, Vincent

    2017-04-01

    The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is essential for human adaptation to stress. However, many anesthetic agents may interfere with the activity of this axis. Although etomidate is known for its suppressive effect on HPA axis function, in vitro evidence suggests that many other drugs used in anesthesia care may also interfere with HPA activity. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which all HPA axis activity may be altered during anesthesia and critical care and focus on the impact of hypnotic and analgesic drugs.

  18. Desensitisation to cigarette package graphic health warnings: a cohort comparison between London and Singapore

    PubMed Central

    Ratneswaran, Culadeeban; Chisnall, Ben; Li, Mingyue; Tan, Sarah; Douiri, Abdel; Anantham, Devanand; Steier, Joerg

    2016-01-01

    Objectives We compared 2 sociocultural cohorts with different duration of exposure to graphic health warning labels (GHWL), to investigate a possible desensitisation to their use. We further studied how a differing awareness and emotional impact of smoking-associated risks could be used to prevent this. Setting Structured interviews of patients from the general respiratory department were undertaken between 2012 and 2013 in 2 tertiary hospitals in Singapore and London. Participants 266 participants were studied, 163 Londoners (35% smokers, 54% male, age 52±18 years) and 103 Singaporeans (53% smokers, p=0.003; 78% male, p<0.001; age 58±15 years, p=0.012). Main outcomes and measures 50 items assessed demographics, smoking history, knowledge and the deterring impact of smoking-associated risks. After showing 10 GHWL, the impact on emotional response, cognitive processing and intended smoking behaviour was recorded. Results Singaporeans scored lower than the Londoners across all label processing constructs, and this was consistent for the smoking and non-smoking groups. Londoners experienced more ‘disgust’ and felt GHWL were more effective at preventing initiation of, or quitting, smoking. Singaporeans had a lower awareness of lung cancer (82% vs 96%, p<0.001), despite ranking it as the most deterring consequence of smoking. Overall, ‘blindness’ was the least known potential risk (28%), despite being ranked as more deterring than ‘stroke’ and ‘oral cancer’ in all participants. Conclusions The length of exposure to GHWL impacts on the effectiveness. However, acknowledging the different levels of awareness and emotional impact of smoking-associated risks within different sociocultural cohorts could be used to maintain their impact. PMID:27798017

  19. Desensitisation to cigarette package graphic health warnings: a cohort comparison between London and Singapore.

    PubMed

    Ratneswaran, Culadeeban; Chisnall, Ben; Li, Mingyue; Tan, Sarah; Douiri, Abdel; Anantham, Devanand; Steier, Joerg

    2016-10-24

    We compared 2 sociocultural cohorts with different duration of exposure to graphic health warning labels (GHWL), to investigate a possible desensitisation to their use. We further studied how a differing awareness and emotional impact of smoking-associated risks could be used to prevent this. Structured interviews of patients from the general respiratory department were undertaken between 2012 and 2013 in 2 tertiary hospitals in Singapore and London. 266 participants were studied, 163 Londoners (35% smokers, 54% male, age 52±18 years) and 103 Singaporeans (53% smokers, p=0.003; 78% male, p<0.001; age 58±15 years, p=0.012). 50 items assessed demographics, smoking history, knowledge and the deterring impact of smoking-associated risks. After showing 10 GHWL, the impact on emotional response, cognitive processing and intended smoking behaviour was recorded. Singaporeans scored lower than the Londoners across all label processing constructs, and this was consistent for the smoking and non-smoking groups. Londoners experienced more 'disgust' and felt GHWL were more effective at preventing initiation of, or quitting, smoking. Singaporeans had a lower awareness of lung cancer (82% vs 96%, p<0.001), despite ranking it as the most deterring consequence of smoking. Overall, 'blindness' was the least known potential risk (28%), despite being ranked as more deterring than 'stroke' and 'oral cancer' in all participants. The length of exposure to GHWL impacts on the effectiveness. However, acknowledging the different levels of awareness and emotional impact of smoking-associated risks within different sociocultural cohorts could be used to maintain their impact. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

  20. Non-violent threats and promises among closed-market drug dealers.

    PubMed

    Dickinson, Timothy

    2017-04-01

    An unintended consequence of drug prohibitions is that they often fail to absolutely deter potential drug dealers and users and instead restrictively deter them. One way in which dealers sometimes alter their behaviour in response to these prohibitions is by using violent forms of social control to prevent their customers from committing careless behaviour or from becoming police informants. Many dealers, however, are reluctant to use violent forms of social control for various reasons. Little research has explored how these dealers use nonviolent threats and promises to prevent these behaviours among their customers and how these forms of social control then influence their perceptions of the risk of formal punishment. To perform this examination, this paper employs information gathered through semi-structured interviews with 33 unincarcerated illicit drug sellers operating in and around St. Louis, Missouri. This group of drug dealers relied on threats of nonviolent outcomes to prevent their customers from behaving carelessly before, during, and after drug transactions and used implicit promises of continued rewards to dissuade customers from providing information to the police. They presumed that these measures reduced the likelihood of their customers committing these actions. This then decreased their perceptions of the risks of selling illicit drugs. The present findings suggest that an unintended impact of drug prohibitions is that they sometimes restrictively deter drug dealers instead of preventing them from selling illicit drugs. They also suggest that restrictive deterrence among drug dealers can take the shape of social control. The findings also indicate that friendship norms can serve to inoculate dealers against the threat of formal punishment. Finally, the study suggests that levels of drug market violence may be related more to the nature of the relationships between drug market participants and their cultures. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  1. Hormophysa triquerta polyphenol, an elixir that deters CXCR4- and COX2-dependent dissemination destiny of treatment-resistant pancreatic cancer cells

    PubMed Central

    Aravindan, Sheeja; Ramraj, Satishkumar; Kandasamy, Kathiresan; Thirugnanasambandan, Somasundaram S.; Somasundaram, Dinesh Babu; Herman, Terence S.; Aravindan, Natarajan

    2017-01-01

    Therapy-resistant pancreatic cancer (PC) cells play a crucial role in tumor relapse, recurrence, and metastasis. Recently, we showed the anti-PC potential of an array of seaweed polyphenols and identified efficient drug deliverables. Herein, we investigated the benefit of one such deliverable, Hormophysa triquerta polyphenol (HT-EA), in regulating the dissemination physiognomy of therapy-resistant PC cells in vitro,and residual PC in vivo. Human PC cells exposed to ionizing radiation (IR), with/without HT-EA pre-treatment were examined for the alterations in the tumor invasion/metastasis (TIM) transcriptome (93 genes, QPCR-profiling). Utilizing a mouse model of residual PC, we investigated the benefit of HT-EA in the translation regulation of crucial TIM targets (TMA-IHC). Radiation activated 30, 50, 15, and 38 TIM molecules in surviving Panc-1, Panc-3.27, BxPC3, and MiaPaCa-2 cells. Of these, 15, 44, 12, and 26 molecules were suppressed with HT-EA pre-treatment. CXCR4 and COX2 exhibited cell-line-independent increases after IR, and was completely suppressed with HT-EA, across all PC cells. HT-EA treatment resulted in translational repression of IR-induced CXCR4, COX2, β-catenin, MMP9, Ki-67, BAPX, PhPT-1, MEGF10, and GRB10 in residual PC. Muting CXCR4 or COX2 regulated the migration/invasion potential of IR-surviving cells, while forced expression of CXCR4 or COX2 significantly increased migration/invasion capabilities of PC cells. Further, treatment with HT-EA significantly inhibited IR-induced and CXCR4/COX2 forced expression-induced PC cell migration/invasion. This study (i) documents the TIM blueprint in therapy-resistant PC cells, (ii) defines the role of CXCR4 and COX2 in induced metastatic potential, and (iii) recognizes the potential of HT-EA in deterring the CXCR4/COX2-dependent dissemination destiny of therapy-resistant residual PC cells. PMID:27974694

  2. Hormophysa triquerta polyphenol, an elixir that deters CXCR4- and COX2-dependent dissemination destiny of treatment-resistant pancreatic cancer cells.

    PubMed

    Aravindan, Sheeja; Ramraj, Satishkumar; Kandasamy, Kathiresan; Thirugnanasambandan, Somasundaram S; Somasundaram, Dinesh Babu; Herman, Terence S; Aravindan, Natarajan

    2017-01-24

    Therapy-resistant pancreatic cancer (PC) cells play a crucial role in tumor relapse, recurrence, and metastasis. Recently, we showed the anti-PC potential of an array of seaweed polyphenols and identified efficient drug deliverables. Herein, we investigated the benefit of one such deliverable, Hormophysa triquerta polyphenol (HT-EA), in regulating the dissemination physiognomy of therapy-resistant PC cells in vitro,and residual PC in vivo. Human PC cells exposed to ionizing radiation (IR), with/without HT-EA pre-treatment were examined for the alterations in the tumor invasion/metastasis (TIM) transcriptome (93 genes, QPCR-profiling). Utilizing a mouse model of residual PC, we investigated the benefit of HT-EA in the translation regulation of crucial TIM targets (TMA-IHC). Radiation activated 30, 50, 15, and 38 TIM molecules in surviving Panc-1, Panc-3.27, BxPC3, and MiaPaCa-2 cells. Of these, 15, 44, 12, and 26 molecules were suppressed with HT-EA pre-treatment. CXCR4 and COX2 exhibited cell-line-independent increases after IR, and was completely suppressed with HT-EA, across all PC cells. HT-EA treatment resulted in translational repression of IR-induced CXCR4, COX2, β-catenin, MMP9, Ki-67, BAPX, PhPT-1, MEGF10, and GRB10 in residual PC. Muting CXCR4 or COX2 regulated the migration/invasion potential of IR-surviving cells, while forced expression of CXCR4 or COX2 significantly increased migration/invasion capabilities of PC cells. Further, treatment with HT-EA significantly inhibited IR-induced and CXCR4/COX2 forced expression-induced PC cell migration/invasion. This study (i) documents the TIM blueprint in therapy-resistant PC cells, (ii) defines the role of CXCR4 and COX2 in induced metastatic potential, and (iii) recognizes the potential of HT-EA in deterring the CXCR4/COX2-dependent dissemination destiny of therapy-resistant residual PC cells.

  3. Punishment and spite, the dark side of cooperation

    PubMed Central

    Jensen, Keith

    2010-01-01

    Causing harm to others would hardly seem to be relevant to cooperation, other than as a barrier to it. However, because selfish individuals will exploit cooperators, functional punishment is an effective mechanism for enforcing cooperation by deterring free-riding. Although functional punishment can shape the social behaviour of others by targeting non-cooperative behaviour, it can also intimidate others into doing almost anything. Second-party functional punishment is a self-serving behaviour at the disposal of dominant individuals who can coerce others into behaving cooperatively, but it need not do so. Third-party and altruistic functional punishment are less likely to be selfishly motivated and would seem more likely to maintain norms of cooperation in large groups. These forms of functional punishment may be an essential part of non-kin cooperation on a scale exhibited only by humans. While punitive sentiments might be the psychological force behind punitive behaviours, spiteful motives might also play an important role. Furthermore, functionally spiteful acts might not be maladaptive; reckoning gains relative to others rather than in absolute terms can lead to hyper-competitiveness, which might also be an important part of human cooperation, rather than just an ugly by-product. PMID:20679108

  4. Television: The Anti-Wellness Tool.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Leary, John E.

    1979-01-01

    The influence of television pervades American society to the extent that it seriously interferes with the development of desirable attitudes towards sexuality, nutrition, exercise, nonviolence, and general human wellness. (LH)

  5. On the isobaric space of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in human serum: potential for interferences in liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, systematic errors and accuracy issues.

    PubMed

    Qi, Yulin; Geib, Timon; Schorr, Pascal; Meier, Florian; Volmer, Dietrich A

    2015-01-15

    Isobaric interferences in human serum can potentially influence the measured concentration levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], when low resolving power liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) instruments and non-specific MS/MS product ions are employed for analysis. In this study, we provide a detailed characterization of these interferences and a technical solution to reduce the associated systematic errors. Detailed electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) experiments were used to characterize co-extracted isobaric components of 25(OH)D from human serum. Differential ion mobility spectrometry (DMS), as a gas-phase ion filter, was implemented on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for separation of the isobars. HRMS revealed the presence of multiple isobaric compounds in extracts of human serum for different sample preparation methods. Several of these isobars had the potential to increase the peak areas measured for 25(OH)D on low-resolution MS instruments. A major isobaric component was identified as pentaerythritol oleate, a technical lubricant, which was probably an artifact from the analytical instrumentation. DMS was able to remove several of these isobars prior to MS/MS, when implemented on the low-resolution triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. It was shown in this proof-of-concept study that DMS-MS has the potential to significantly decrease systematic errors, and thus improve accuracy of vitamin D measurements using LC/MS/MS. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  6. Identification of parental program structures for deterring adolescent drinking and driving. Volume 2, Literature review

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1989-11-01

    The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of developing programs for assisting parents in preventing driving after drinking among their children. This report contains results from a literature review conducted in order to identify ...

  7. Prioritization of Ecosystem Services Research: Tampa Bay Demonstration Project.

    EPA Science Inventory

    The Tampa Bay Ecosystem Services Demonstration Project (TBESDP) is a component of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Ecosystem Services Research Program. The principal objectives of TBESDP are (1) to quantify the ecosystem services of the Tampa Bay watershed, (2) to deter...

  8. 49 CFR 1549.101 - Acceptance, screening, and transfer of cargo.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ...) TRANSPORTATION SECURITY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY CERTIFIED CARGO SCREENING PROGRAM Operations § 1549.101 Acceptance, screening, and transfer of cargo. (a) Preventing or... facilities, equipment, and procedures described in its security program to prevent or deter the carriage...

  9. Commercial Skills Test Information Management System (CSTIMS) final report and self-sustainability plan.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2014-03-01

    The Commercial Skills Test Information Management System (CSTIMS) was developed as a Web-based, software-as-a-service system to prevent and deter fraud perpetrated by third-party commercial drivers license (CDL) examiners in the portion of the CDL...

  10. 31 CFR 1028.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR OPERATORS OF CREDIT CARD SYSTEMS Special Information... credit card systems are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering... credit card systems should also refer to subpart E of part 1010 of this chapter for special information...

  11. 31 CFR 1028.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR OPERATORS OF CREDIT CARD SYSTEMS Special Information... credit card systems are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering... credit card systems should also refer to subpart E of part 1010 of this chapter for special information...

  12. 31 CFR 1028.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR OPERATORS OF CREDIT CARD SYSTEMS Special Information... credit card systems are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering... credit card systems should also refer to subpart E of part 1010 of this chapter for special information...

  13. 31 CFR 1028.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR OPERATORS OF CREDIT CARD SYSTEMS Special Information... credit card systems are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering... credit card systems should also refer to subpart E of part 1010 of this chapter for special information...

  14. 49 CFR 1546.203 - Acceptance and screening of checked baggage.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... foreign air carrier must refuse to transport any individual's checked baggage or property if the...) TRANSPORTATION SECURITY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY FOREIGN AIR... deterring the carriage of any explosive or incendiary. Each foreign air carrier must use the procedures...

  15. Inference of soil hydrologic parameters from electronic soil moisture records

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Soil moisture is an important control on hydrologic function, as it governs vertical fluxes from and to the atmosphere, groundwater recharge, and lateral fluxes through the soil. Historically, the traditional model parameters of saturation, field capacity, and permanent wilting point have been deter...

  16. Do ICBMs Have a Future

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-06-01

    21st century signaled the beginning of a cultural shift towards stopping terror organizations. The initial problem was how to stop the attacks from...hardly deter militias such as the Taliban, or terrorists such as those who attacked New York, Washington, London, Madrid, and Mumbai in recent

  17. 33 CFR 104.265 - Security measures for access control.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Security measures for access... SECURITY MARITIME SECURITY MARITIME SECURITY: VESSELS Vessel Security Requirements § 104.265 Security... security measures to: (1) Deter the unauthorized introduction of dangerous substances and devices...

  18. Report: EPA Can Better Reduce Risks From Illegal Pesticides by Effectively Identifying Imports for Inspection and Sampling

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Report #17-P-0412, September 28, 2017. Low rates of inspections and sampling can create a risk that the EPA may not be identifying and deterring the import of pesticides harmful to people or the environment.

  19. Using temperature sweeps to investigate rheology of bioplastics

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    As part of research on extrusion of proteins for food fortification, the viscoelastic properties and microstructure of 20 percent solutions of calcium caseinate (CC), egg albumin (EA), fish protein isolate (FPI), soy protein isolate (SPI), wheat gluten (WG), and whey protein isolate (WPI) were deter...

  20. Athletic Involvement and Adolescent Delinquency

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Miller, Kathleen E.; Melnick, Merrill J.; Barnes, Grace M.; Sabo, Don; Farrell, Michael P.

    2007-01-01

    Although conventional wisdom suggests that organized sport deters delinquency by building character, structuring adolescents' time, and providing incentives for socially approved behavior, the empirical evidence to date has been mixed. Based on a sample of approximately 600 Western New York adolescents, the present study examined how self-reported…

  1. DISCOVERING SPATIO-TEMPORAL MODELS OF THE SPREAD OF WEST NILE VIRUS

    EPA Science Inventory

    Understanding interactions among pathogens, hosts, and the environment is important in developing rapid response to disease outbreak. To facilitate the development of control strategies during an outbreak, we have developed a tool for utilizing data to its maximum extent to deter...

  2. 31 CFR 1023.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES Special Information... in securities are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and... securities should also refer to subpart E of part 1010 of this chapter for special information sharing...

  3. 31 CFR 1023.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES Special Information... in securities are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and... securities should also refer to subpart E of part 1010 of this chapter for special information sharing...

  4. 31 CFR 1023.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES Special Information... in securities are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and... securities should also refer to subpart E of part 1010 of this chapter for special information sharing...

  5. 31 CFR 1023.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES Special Information... in securities are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and... securities should also refer to subpart E of part 1010 of this chapter for special information sharing...

  6. Intrusions in Episodic Memory: Reconsolidation or Interference?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Klingmüller, Angela; Caplan, Jeremy B.; Sommer, Tobias

    2017-01-01

    It would be profoundly important if reconsolidation research in animals and other memory domains generalized to human episodic memory. A 3-d-list-discrimination procedure, based on free recall of objects, with a contextual reminder cue (the testing room), has been thought to demonstrate reconsolidation of human episodic memory (as noted in a…

  7. Independent Oscillatory Patterns Determine Performance Fluctuations in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Yordanova, Juliana; Albrecht, Bjorn; Uebel, Henrik; Kirov, Roumen; Banaschewski, Tobias; Rothenberger, Aribert; Kolev, Vasil

    2011-01-01

    The maintenance of stable goal-directed behaviour is a hallmark of conscious executive control in humans. Notably, both correct and error human actions may have a subconscious activation-based determination. One possible source of subconscious interference may be the default mode network that, in contrast to attentional network, manifests…

  8. Potential implications of acoustic stimuli as a non-physical barrier to silver carp and bighead carp

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Murchy, Kelsie; Cupp, Aaron R.; Amberg, Jon J.; Vetter, Brooke J.; Fredricks, Kim; Gaikowski, Mark; Mensinger, Allen F.

    2017-01-01

    The effectiveness of an acoustic barrier to deter the movement of silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes) and bighead carp, H. nobilis (Richardson) was evaluated. A pond (10 m × 5 m × 1.2 m) was divided in half by a concrete-block barrier with a channel (1 m across) allowing fish access to each side. Underwater speakers were placed on each side of the barrier opening, and an outboard motor noise (broadband sound; 0.06–10 kHz) was broadcast to repel carp that approached within 1 m of the channel. Broadband sound was effective at reducing the number of successful crossings in schools of silver carp, bighead carp and a combined school. Repulsion rates were 82.5% (silver carp), 93.7% (bighead carp) and 90.5% (combined). This study demonstrates that broadband sound is effective in deterring carp and could be used as a deterrent in an integrated pest management system.

  9. How can the uptake of cervical cytology screening be improved?

    PubMed

    Perry, M A

    Cervical cancer remains a killer, despite a screening programme designed to detect cases in the early stages of development. A number of factors appear to influence a woman's decision to attend for a smear test. This literature review considers these factors, and whether nurses can play a part in reducing the death rate by dispelling the misapprehensions and misinformation that deter vulnerable women from attending. There is a great need for modification and improvement of the present screening programme if all women who are at risk from cervical cancer are to be encouraged to attend for screening. The attitude of those who conduct smear tests is often crucial in gaining women's confidence--an unpleasant experience might deter a patient from attending again. Other barriers to attendance include administrative errors and lack of knowledge. Given the impact of mass advertising and health promotion campaigns in other areas, such as smoking cessation, there is clearly a need for a similar strategy to be applied to cervical screening.

  10. A potential role for RNA interference in controlling the activity of the human LINE-1 retrotransposon.

    PubMed

    Soifer, Harris S; Zaragoza, Adriana; Peyvan, Maany; Behlke, Mark A; Rossi, John J

    2005-01-01

    Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE-1 or L1) comprise 17% of the human genome, although only 80-100 L1s are considered retrotransposition-competent (RC-L1). Despite their small number, RC-L1s are still potential hazards to genome integrity through insertional mutagenesis, unequal recombination and chromosome rearrangements. In this study, we provide several lines of evidence that the LINE-1 retrotransposon is susceptible to RNA interference (RNAi). First, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) generated in vitro from an L1 template is converted into functional short interfering RNA (siRNA) by DICER, the RNase III enzyme that initiates RNAi in human cells. Second, pooled siRNA from in vitro cleavage of L1 dsRNA, as well as synthetic L1 siRNA, targeting the 5'-UTR leads to sequence-specific mRNA degradation of an L1 fusion transcript. Finally, both synthetic and pooled siRNA suppressed retrotransposition from a highly active RC-L1 clone in cell culture assay. Our report is the first to demonstrate that a human transposable element is subjected to RNAi.

  11. In silico molecular docking analysis of the human Argonaute 2 PAZ domain reveals insights into RNA interference.

    PubMed

    Kandeel, Mahmoud; Kitade, Yukio

    2013-07-01

    RNA interference (RNAi) is a critical cellular pathway activated by double stranded RNA and regulates the gene expression of target mRNA. During RNAi, the 3' end of siRNA binds with the PAZ domain, followed by release and rebinding in a cyclic manner, which deemed essential for proper gene silencing. Recently, we provided the forces underlying the recognition of small interfering RNA by PAZ in a computational study based on the structure of Drosophila Argonaute 2 (Ago2) PAZ domain. We have now reanalyzed these data within the view of the new available structures from human Argonauts. While the parameters of weak binding are correlated with higher (RNAi) in the Drosophila model, a different profile is predicted with the human Ago2 PAZ domain. On the basis of the human Ago2 PAZ models, the indicators of stronger binding as the total binding energy and the free energy were associated with better RNAi efficacy. This discrepancy might be attributable to differences in the binding site topology and the difference in the conformation of the bound nucleotides.

  12. EPHRIN-B1 Mosaicism Drives Cell Segregation in Craniofrontonasal Syndrome hiPSC-Derived Neuroepithelial Cells.

    PubMed

    Niethamer, Terren K; Larson, Andrew R; O'Neill, Audrey K; Bershteyn, Marina; Hsiao, Edward C; Klein, Ophir D; Pomerantz, Jason H; Bush, Jeffrey O

    2017-03-14

    Although human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) hold great potential for the study of human diseases affecting disparate cell types, they have been underutilized in seeking mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of congenital craniofacial disorders. Craniofrontonasal syndrome (CFNS) is a rare X-linked disorder caused by mutations in EFNB1 and characterized by craniofacial, skeletal, and neurological anomalies. Heterozygous females are more severely affected than hemizygous males, a phenomenon termed cellular interference that involves mosaicism for EPHRIN-B1 function. Although the mechanistic basis for cellular interference in CFNS has been hypothesized to involve Eph/ephrin-mediated cell segregation, no direct evidence for this has been demonstrated. Here, by generating hiPSCs from CFNS patients, we demonstrate that mosaicism for EPHRIN-B1 expression induced by random X inactivation in heterozygous females results in robust cell segregation in human neuroepithelial cells, thus supplying experimental evidence that Eph/ephrin-mediated cell segregation is relevant to pathogenesis in human CFNS patients. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  13. Atypical Local Interference Affects Global Processing in Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1.

    PubMed

    Payne, Jonathan M; Porter, Melanie A; Bzishvili, Samantha; North, Kathryn N

    2017-05-01

    To examine hierarchical visuospatial processing in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a single gene disorder associated with visuospatial impairments, attention deficits, and executive dysfunction. We used a modified Navon paradigm consisting of a large "global" shape composed of smaller "local" shapes that were either congruent (same) or incongruent (different) to the global shape. Participants were instructed to name either the global or local shape within a block. Reaction times, interference ratios, and error rates of children with NF1 (n=30) and typically developing controls (n=24) were compared. Typically developing participants demonstrated the expected global processing bias evidenced by a vulnerability to global interference when naming local stimuli without a cost of congruence when naming global stimuli. NF1 participants, however, experienced significant interference from the unattended level when naming both local and global levels of the stimuli. Findings suggest that children with NF1 do not demonstrate the typical human bias of processing visual information from a global perspective. (JINS, 2017, 23, 446-450).

  14. First case report of testosterone assay-interference in a female taking maca (Lepidium meyenii).

    PubMed

    Srikugan, L; Sankaralingam, A; McGowan, B

    2011-03-25

    A young female with prolonged intermenstrual bleeding was found to have raised total plasma testosterone of 25.8 nmol/l (NR<2.9 nmol/l) using the Roche Elecsys Testosterone I immunoassay without clinical features of virulisation. Few months ago investigations for lethargy and low libido had shown normal total testosterone of 0.8 nmol/l. Further history revealed that she was using maca extract to improve her lethargy and low libido. Maca is traditionally used for its aphrodisiac and fertility-enhancing properties. Maca use has not been shown to affect serum testosterone in mice and human studies. Immunoassay interference with maca was suspected. Testosterone immunoassays use monoclonal antibodies specifically directed against testosterone. They are prone to interference from androgenic compounds. Reanalysis of the original serum sample using Elecsys Testosterone II assay, a higher affinity assay, revealed a total testosterone level of 2.9 nmol/l. It is important to exclude assay interference when testosterone level is greater than 5 nmol/l without supportive clinical signs.

  15. First case report of testosterone assay-interference in a female taking maca (Lepidium meyenii)

    PubMed Central

    Srikugan, L; Sankaralingam, A; McGowan, B

    2011-01-01

    A young female with prolonged intermenstrual bleeding was found to have raised total plasma testosterone of 25.8 nmol/l (NR<2.9 nmol/l) using the Roche Elecsys Testosterone I immunoassay without clinical features of virulisation. Few months ago investigations for lethargy and low libido had shown normal total testosterone of 0.8 nmol/l. Further history revealed that she was using maca extract to improve her lethargy and low libido. Maca is traditionally used for its aphrodisiac and fertility-enhancing properties. Maca use has not been shown to affect serum testosterone in mice and human studies. Immunoassay interference with maca was suspected. Testosterone immunoassays use monoclonal antibodies specifically directed against testosterone. They are prone to interference from androgenic compounds. Reanalysis of the original serum sample using Elecsys Testosterone II assay, a higher affinity assay, revealed a total testosterone level of 2.9 nmol/l. It is important to exclude assay interference when testosterone level is greater than 5 nmol/l without supportive clinical signs. PMID:22700073

  16. Modulation of alpha oscillations is required for the suppression of semantic interference.

    PubMed

    Melnik, Natalia; Mapelli, Igor; Özkurt, Tolga Esat

    2017-10-01

    Recent findings on alpha band oscillations suggest their important role in memory consolidation and suppression of external distractors such as environmental noise. However, less attention was given to the phenomenon of internal distracting information being solely inherent to the stimuli content. Human memory may be prone to internal distractions caused by semantic relatedness between the meaning of words (e.g., atom, neutron, nucleus, etc.) to be encoded, i.e., semantic interference. Our study investigates the brain oscillatory dynamics behind the semantic interference phenomenon, whose possible outcome is known as false memories. In this direction, Deese-Roediger-McDermott word lists were appropriated for a modified Sternberg paradigm in auditory modality. Participants received semantically related and unrelated word lists via headphones while EEG data were acquired. Semantic interference triggered the false memory rates to be higher than those of other types of memory errors. Analysis demonstrated that the upper part of alpha band (∼10-12Hz) power decreases on parieto-occipital channels in the retention interval, prior to the probe item for semantically related condition. Our study elucidates the oscillatory mechanisms behind semantic interference by relying on alpha functional inhibition theory. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  17. Contributions of the hippocampus to feedback learning

    PubMed Central

    Dickerson, Kathryn C.; Delgado, Mauricio R.

    2015-01-01

    Humans learn about the world in a variety of manners, including by observation, by associating cues in the environment, and via feedback. Across species, two brain structures have been predominantly involved in these learning processes: the hippocampus—supporting learning via observation and paired association—and the striatum—critical for feedback learning. This simple dichotomy, however, has recently been challenged by reports of hippocampal engagement in feedback learning, although the role of the hippocampus is not fully understood. The purpose of this experiment was to characterize the hippocampal response during feedback learning by manipulating varying levels of memory interference. Consistent with prior reports, feedback learning recruited the striatum and midbrain. Notably, feedback learning also engaged the hippocampus. The level of activity in these regions was modulated by the degree of memory interference, such that the greatest activation occurred during the highest level of memory interference. Importantly, the accuracy of information learned via feedback correlated with hippocampal activation and was reduced by the presence of high memory interference. Taken together, these findings provide evidence of hippocampal involvement in feedback learning by demonstrating both its relevance for the accuracy of information learned via feedback and its susceptibility to interference. PMID:26055632

  18. Improved recovery of the hemodynamic response in Diffuse Optical Imaging using short optode separations and state-space modeling

    PubMed Central

    Gagnon, Louis; Perdue, Katherine; Greve, Douglas N.; Goldenholz, Daniel; Kaskhedikar, Gayatri; Boas, David A.

    2011-01-01

    Diffuse Optical Imaging (DOI) allows the recovery of the hemodynamic response associated with evoked brain activity. The signal is contaminated with systemic physiological interference which occurs in the superficial layers of the head as well as in the brain tissue. The back-reflection geometry of the measurement makes the DOI signal strongly contaminated by systemic interference occurring in the superficial layers. A recent development has been the use of signals from small source-detector separation (1 cm) optodes as regressors. Since those additional measurements are mainly sensitive to superficial layers in adult humans, they help in removing the systemic interference present in longer separation measurements (3 cm). Encouraged by those findings, we developed a dynamic estimation procedure to remove global interference using small optode separations and to estimate simultaneously the hemodynamic response. The algorithm was tested by recovering a simulated synthetic hemodynamic response added over baseline DOI data acquired from 6 human subjects at rest. The performance of the algorithm was quantified by the Pearson R2 coefficient and the mean square error (MSE) between the recovered and the simulated hemodynamic responses. Our dynamic estimator was also compared with a static estimator and the traditional adaptive filtering method. We observed a significant improvement (two-tailed paired t-test, p < 0.05) in both HbO and HbR recovery using our Kalman filter dynamic estimator compared to the traditional adaptive filter, the static estimator and the standard GLM technique. PMID:21385616

  19. Issues concerning the adoption of an administrative per se statute by the Commonwealth of Virginia.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1989-01-01

    The most effective measures to deter drunken driving are legal actions that provide for certain, serious, and swift sanctions. An administrative per se statute that summarily revokes or suspends a driver's license for a DUI offense satisfies these cr...

  20. Incest: A Laughing Matter.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mulhern, Sherrill

    1990-01-01

    The Chulupi Indians of Paraguay use a humorous tale containing an incest sequence to transmit information and approved social attitudes toward incest to members of their culture. Accounts of incestuous rape need to be included in United States prevention programs to deter this destructive form of child sexual abuse. (JDD)

  1. Deterrence and Engagement: A Blended Strategic Approach to a Resurgent Russia

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-04-15

    increasing the alliances’ hard power projection to contain and deter further aggression. This strategic approach represents an extreme pendulum ...This strategic approach represents an extreme pendulum swing that is a polar opposite of the U.S. administration’s 2009 approach to ‘Reset’ relations

  2. Semiannual Report to Congress on the Effectiveness of the Civil Aviation Security Program.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1984-10-11

    deterred by airline and airport security procedures cannot be determined with certainty. However, the number of firearms detected at passenger screening... airport security measures continue to provide increased safety and protection to air travelers, aircraft crewmembers, air carrier aircraft, and air

  3. 49 CFR 38.85 - Between-car barriers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Between-car barriers. 38.85 Section 38.85... SPECIFICATIONS FOR TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES Light Rail Vehicles and Systems § 38.85 Between-car barriers. Where..., deter or warn individuals from inadvertently stepping off the platform between cars. Appropriate devices...

  4. 49 CFR 38.85 - Between-car barriers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Between-car barriers. 38.85 Section 38.85... SPECIFICATIONS FOR TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES Light Rail Vehicles and Systems § 38.85 Between-car barriers. Where..., deter or warn individuals from inadvertently stepping off the platform between cars. Appropriate devices...

  5. 49 CFR 38.85 - Between-car barriers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Between-car barriers. 38.85 Section 38.85... SPECIFICATIONS FOR TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES Light Rail Vehicles and Systems § 38.85 Between-car barriers. Where..., deter or warn individuals from inadvertently stepping off the platform between cars. Appropriate devices...

  6. 49 CFR 38.85 - Between-car barriers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Between-car barriers. 38.85 Section 38.85... SPECIFICATIONS FOR TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES Light Rail Vehicles and Systems § 38.85 Between-car barriers. Where..., deter or warn individuals from inadvertently stepping off the platform between cars. Appropriate devices...

  7. 49 CFR 38.85 - Between-car barriers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Between-car barriers. 38.85 Section 38.85... SPECIFICATIONS FOR TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES Light Rail Vehicles and Systems § 38.85 Between-car barriers. Where..., deter or warn individuals from inadvertently stepping off the platform between cars. Appropriate devices...

  8. National Defense on the High Frontier.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Graham, Daniel O.

    1983-01-01

    A new American defense policy based on satellites which can track down and destroy Soviet missiles is less expensive and more workable than is commonly believed. Such a policy would provide a greater margin of safety than the present policy of deterence based on mutually assured destruction. (IS)

  9. 75 FR 19946 - Privacy Act of 1974; System of Records

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-16

    ... of records in the system: Delete entry and replace with ``Individual's name, organizational and home..., contact listing files, organizational telephone directories, and listing of office personnel.'' [[Page... are used to control access to the system data, and procedures are in place to deter and detect...

  10. Taiwan: America’s Next War?

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1998-04-08

    7. 29 Megatrends China, Beijing: Hauling Publishing House, May 1996, as cited in Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with...other economic interests in Asia  To prevent, deter and reduce the threat of nuclear, biological , and chemical (NBC) attacks on the U.S. and its

  11. 49 CFR 1544.205 - Acceptance and screening of cargo.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... provided in its security program. Such methods may include TSA-approved x-ray systems, explosives detection systems, explosives trace detection, explosives detection canine teams certified by TSA, or a physical...) Preventing or deterring the carriage of any explosive or incendiary. Each aircraft operator operating under a...

  12. 49 CFR 1544.205 - Acceptance and screening of cargo.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... provided in its security program. Such methods may include TSA-approved x-ray systems, explosives detection systems, explosives trace detection, explosives detection canine teams certified by TSA, or a physical...) Preventing or deterring the carriage of any explosive or incendiary. Each aircraft operator operating under a...

  13. 49 CFR 1544.205 - Acceptance and screening of cargo.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... provided in its security program. Such methods may include TSA-approved x-ray systems, explosives detection systems, explosives trace detection, explosives detection canine teams certified by TSA, or a physical...) Preventing or deterring the carriage of any explosive or incendiary. Each aircraft operator operating under a...

  14. 49 CFR 1544.205 - Acceptance and screening of cargo.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... provided in its security program. Such methods may include TSA-approved x-ray systems, explosives detection systems, explosives trace detection, explosives detection canine teams certified by TSA, or a physical...) Preventing or deterring the carriage of any explosive or incendiary. Each aircraft operator operating under a...

  15. 7 CFR 3201.61 - Animal repellents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 15 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Animal repellents. 3201.61 Section 3201.61... Designated Items § 3201.61 Animal repellents. (a) Definition. Products used to aid in deterring animals that... animal repellents. By that date, Federal agencies that have the responsibility for drafting or reviewing...

  16. 7 CFR 3201.61 - Animal repellents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 15 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Animal repellents. 3201.61 Section 3201.61... Designated Items § 3201.61 Animal repellents. (a) Definition. Products used to aid in deterring animals that... animal repellents. By that date, Federal agencies that have the responsibility for drafting or reviewing...

  17. 7 CFR 3201.61 - Animal repellents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 15 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Animal repellents. 3201.61 Section 3201.61... Designated Items § 3201.61 Animal repellents. (a) Definition. Products used to aid in deterring animals that... animal repellents. By that date, Federal agencies that have the responsibility for drafting or reviewing...

  18. 27 CFR 19.966 - Security.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Security. 19.966 Section 19.966 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF... and Security § 19.966 Security. Proprietors shall provide security adequate to deter the unauthorized...

  19. 49 CFR 1548.9 - Acceptance of cargo.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... program. (b) Refusal to transport. Each indirect air carrier must refuse to offer for transport on an..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY INDIRECT AIR CARRIER SECURITY § 1548.9 Acceptance of cargo. (a) Preventing or deterring the carriage of any explosive or incendiary. Each indirect air...

  20. 31 CFR 1024.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR MUTUAL FUNDS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity § 1024.500 General. Mutual funds are subject to the... forth and cross referenced in this subpart. Mutual funds should also refer to subpart E of part 1010 of...

  1. 76 FR 11668 - Minimum Capital

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-03

    ... Finance Agency The Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (HERA), Public Law 110-289, 122 Stat. 2654...) ensure profitability in their new books of business without deterring market participation or hindering market recovery; and (c) minimize losses on the mortgages already on their books. D. The Proposed Rule On...

  2. Watershed Central: Dynamic Collaboration for Improving Watershed Management (Philadelphia)

    EPA Science Inventory

    The Watershed Central web and wiki pages will be presented and demonstrated real-time as part of the overview of Web 2.0 collaboration tools for watershed management. The presentation portion will discuss how EPA worked with watershed practitioners and within the Agency to deter...

  3. 31 CFR 103.100 - Information sharing between Federal law enforcement agencies and financial institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... FOREIGN TRANSACTIONS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist... money laundering—(1) In general. A law enforcement agency investigating terrorist activity or money... suspected based on credible evidence of engaging in, terrorist activity or money laundering; include enough...

  4. HALONITROMETHANE DRINKING WATER DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS: CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND MAMMALIAN CELL CYTOTOXICITY AND GENOTOXICITY

    EPA Science Inventory

    Halonitromethanes are drinking water disinfection by-products that have recently received a high priority for health effects research from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Our purpose was to identify and synthesize where necessary the mixed halonitromethanes and to deter...

  5. Social Construction of Cervical Cancer Screening among Panamanian Women

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Calvo, Arlene; Brown, Kelli McCormack; McDermott, Robert J.; Bryant, Carol A.; Coreil, Jeanine; Loseke, Donileen

    2012-01-01

    Background: Understanding how "health issues" are socially constructed may be useful for creating culturally relevant programs for Hispanic/Latino populations. Purpose: We explored the constructed meanings of cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening among Panamanian women, as well as socio-cultural factors that deter or encourage…

  6. Joint Services Electronics Program Progress Report.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1982-09-30

    method has been successfully applied to scattering by submerged targets and to partially buried targets I0 . Other applications of our computational...The AES analyzer will enable us to detect possible contaminants on the sub- strate surface prior to MBR groqh as we have already done and to deter

  7. A Human Serum-Based Enzyme-Free Continuous Glucose Monitoring Technique Using a Needle-Type Bio-Layer Interference Sensor.

    PubMed

    Seo, Dongmin; Paek, Sung-Ho; Oh, Sangwoo; Seo, Sungkyu; Paek, Se-Hwan

    2016-09-24

    The incidence of diabetes is continually increasing, and by 2030, it is expected to have increased by 69% and 20% in underdeveloped and developed countries, respectively. Therefore, glucose sensors are likely to remain in high demand in medical device markets. For the current study, we developed a needle-type bio-layer interference (BLI) sensor that can continuously monitor glucose levels. Using dialysis procedures, we were able to obtain hypoglycemic samples from commercial human serum. These dialysis-derived samples, alongside samples of normal human serum were used to evaluate the utility of the sensor for the detection of the clinical interest range of glucose concentrations (70-200 mg/dL), revealing high system performance for a wide glycemic state range (45-500 mg/dL). Reversibility and reproducibility were also tested over a range of time spans. Combined with existing BLI system technology, this sensor holds great promise for use as a wearable online continuous glucose monitoring system for patients in a hospital setting.

  8. Social and religious dimensions of unwanted pregnancy: an Islamic perspective.

    PubMed

    Kasule, O H

    2003-03-01

    The concept of 'unwanted pregnancy' is a recent in human history and is associated with social stresses of modern life. The purposes of the law, maqasid al shari'at, and its principles, qawa'id a shari'at, focus on preventing 'unwanted pregnancy', protecting the rights of the fetus and infant, and mitigating the adverse effects of 'unwanted pregnancy' by social measures. 'Unwanted pregnancy' is associated with general social determinants (hedonistic life styles, sexual transgression, addiction to drugs, fear of poverty, and low female status) and specific antecedent causes (sexual crimes, egoistic greed, maternal/fetal disease, and gender discrimination). It is prevented by sexual hygiene, marriage, contraception, deterring sexual crimes, and raising the status of women. The adverse sequelae of 'unwanted pregnancy' (feticide, infanticide, or child abuse and neglect) can be prevented by defending the basic human right of the fetus and infant to life, promoting social institutions for child welfare (nuclear family, extended family, foster care, and open adoption). Closed adoption is forbidden by Law but care in a foster home is allowed and is encouraged if the nuclear and extended families are unwilling or are unable to care for children. Abortion at any stage of pregnancy is a crime against humanity. It is not a solution to the problem but is part of the problem. It will encourage more 'unwanted pregnancies'.

  9. Enhanced susceptibility of cancer cells to oncolytic rhabdo-virotherapy by expression of Nodamura virus protein B2 as a suppressor of RNA interference.

    PubMed

    Bastin, Donald; Aitken, Amelia S; Pelin, Adrian; Pikor, Larissa A; Crupi, Mathieu J F; Huh, Michael S; Bourgeois-Daigneault, Marie-Claude; Bell, John C; Ilkow, Carolina S

    2018-06-19

    Antiviral responses are barriers that must be overcome for efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy. In mammalian cells, antiviral responses involve the interferon pathway, a protein-signaling cascade that alerts the immune system and limits virus propagation. Tumour-specific defects in interferon signaling enhance viral infection and responses to oncolytic virotherapy, but many human cancers are still refractory to oncolytic viruses. Given that invertebrates, fungi and plants rely on RNA interference pathways for antiviral protection, we investigated the potential involvement of this alternative antiviral mechanism in cancer cells. Here, we detected viral genome-derived small RNAs, indicative of RNAi-mediated antiviral responses, in human cancer cells. As viruses may encode suppressors of the RNA interference pathways, we engineered an oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus variant to encode the Nodamura virus protein B2, a known inhibitor of RNAi-mediated immune responses. B2-expressing oncolytic virus showed enhanced viral replication and cytotoxicity, impaired viral genome cleavage and altered microRNA processing in cancer cells. Our data establish the improved therapeutic potential of our novel virus which targets the RNAi-mediated antiviral defense of cancer cells.

  10. Accelerator mass spectrometry of Strontium-90 for homeland security, environmental monitoring, and human health

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tumey, S J; Brown, T A; Hamilton, T F

    2008-03-03

    Strontium-90 is one of the most hazardous materials managed by agencies charged with protecting the public from radiation. Traditional radiometric methods have been limited by low sample throughput and slow turnaround times. Mass spectrometry offers the advantage of shorter analysis times and the ability to measure samples immediately after processing, however conventional mass spectrometric techniques are susceptible to molecular isobaric interferences that limit their overall sensitivity. In contrast, accelerator mass spectrometry is insensitive to molecular interferences and we have therefore begun developing a method for determination of {sup 90}Sr by accelerator mass spectrometry. Despite a pervasive interference from {sup 90}Zr,more » our initial development has yielded an instrumental background of {approx} 10{sup 8} atoms (75 mBq) per sample. Further refinement of our system (e.g., redesign of our detector, use of alternative target materials) is expected to push the background below 10{sup 6} atoms, close to the theoretical limit for AMS. Once we have refined our system and developed suitable sample preparation protocols, we will utilize our capability in applications to homeland security, environmental monitoring, and human health.« less

  11. Investigating the Consequences of Interference between Multiple CD8+ T Cell Escape Mutations in Early HIV Infection

    PubMed Central

    Garcia, Victor; Feldman, Marcus W.; Regoes, Roland R.

    2016-01-01

    During early human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection multiple CD8+ T cell responses are elicited almost simultaneously. These responses exert strong selective pressures on different parts of HIV’s genome, and select for mutations that escape recognition and are thus beneficial to the virus. Some studies reveal that the later these escape mutations emerge, the more slowly they go to fixation. This pattern of escape rate decrease(ERD) can arise by distinct mechanisms. In particular, in large populations with high beneficial mutation rates interference among different escape strains –an effect that can emerge in evolution with asexual reproduction and results in delayed fixation times of beneficial mutations compared to sexual reproduction– could significantly impact the escape rates of mutations. In this paper, we investigated how interference between these concurrent escape mutations affects their escape rates in systems with multiple epitopes, and whether it could be a source of the ERD pattern. To address these issues, we developed a multilocus Wright-Fisher model of HIV dynamics with selection, mutation and recombination, serving as a null-model for interference. We also derived an interference-free null model assuming initial neutral evolution before immune response elicitation. We found that interference between several equally selectively advantageous mutations can generate the observed ERD pattern. We also found that the number of loci, as well as recombination rates substantially affect ERD. These effects can be explained by the underexponential decline of escape rates over time. Lastly, we found that the observed ERD pattern in HIV infected individuals is consistent with both independent, interference-free mutations as well as interference effects. Our results confirm that interference effects should be considered when analyzing HIV escape mutations. The challenge in estimating escape rates and mutation-associated selective coefficients posed by interference effects cannot simply be overcome by improved sampling frequencies or sizes. This problem is a consequence of the fundamental shortcomings of current estimation techniques under interference regimes. Hence, accounting for the stochastic nature of competition between mutations demands novel estimation methodologies based on the analysis of HIV strains, rather than mutation frequencies. PMID:26829720

  12. Studying Biological Rhythms of Person's Skin-galvanic Reaction and Dynamics of Light Transmission by Isomeric Substance in Space Flight Conditions

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Glushko, Vladimir

    2004-01-01

    Intensity and amplitude of human functional systems and human most important organs are wavelike, rhythmic by nature. These waves have constant periodicity, phase and amplitude. The mentioned characteristics can vary, however their variations have a pronounced reiteration in the course of time. This indicates a hashing of several wave processes and their interference. Stochastic changes in wave processes characteristics of a human organism are explained either by 'pulsations' associated with hashing (superposition) of several wave processes and their interference, or by single influence of environmental physical factors on a human organism. Human beings have respectively periods of higher and lower efficiency, state of health and so on, depending not only of environmental factors, but also of 'internal' rhythmic factor. Sometimes peaks and falls periodicity of some or other characteristics is broken. Disturbance of steady-state biological rhythms is usually accompanied by reduction of activity steadiness of the most important systems of a human organism. In its turn this has an effect on organism's adaptation to changing living conditions as well as on general condition and efficiency of a human being. The latter factor is very important for space medicine. Biological rhythmology is a special branch of biology and medicine, it studies rhythmic activity mechanisms of organs, their systems, individuals and species. Appropriate researches were also carried out in space medicine.

  13. Punitive Damages in Civil Rights Actions.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Frels, Kelly

    Punitive damages have been permitted in certain cases to deter wrongdoers from similar conduct in the future. The Supreme Court decision in the case of "Smith vs. Wade" set the standard for the award of punitive damages by permitting punitive award on varying standards of negligence, gross negligence, recklessness, or other culpable…

  14. Addressing Interstate Ethnic Tensions In the Pacific Through Cooperative Sea Lane Strategy

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-04-01

    political stability and secure, open Sea Lines of Communications (SLOCs) for continued economic development and therefore, the United States must deter conflict and reassure allies within a complex, geopolitical environment rife with ethnic mistrust and successfully welcome a rising but fragile, economic and military

  15. Does the Exclusionary Rule Exclude Justice?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jensen, D. Lowell

    1983-01-01

    The exclusionary rule, which prevents the use of evidence gathered illegally, was developed to deter police misconduct. Its use has expanded so far that it seriously hinders justice. Examples are given of cases where evidence gathered in good faith was excluded. Changes suggested by the Reagan administration should be adopted. (IS)

  16. Job Satisfaction among Minnesota High School Principals

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Heyd, Steven DuWayne

    2010-01-01

    It has been reported the demands of the high school principalship in the United States has deterred qualified candidates from accepting the position. The purpose of this study was to investigate levels of job satisfaction among Minnesota high school principals within a potentially dwindling supply of qualified candidates as reported in other…

  17. 75 FR 12559 - Statement of Organization, Functions and Delegations of Authority

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-16

    ... National, State and local professional organizations to promote quality assurance efforts and deter fraud... publishes State Board compliance reports; (3) conducts audits to ensure validity of data in the banks; (4) develops programs of research on trends in data, quality assurance, risk management, medical liability and...

  18. Identification of parental program structures for deterring adolescent drinking and driving. Volume 1, Report on focus groups with parents

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1989-11-01

    The objective of this project was to determine the feasibility of developing programs to assist parents in preventing driving after drinking among their children. The project began with a literature review to learn what information about developing p...

  19. 75 FR 6254 - Petition for Exemption From the Vehicle Theft Prevention Standard; Mazda

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-08

    ... From the Vehicle Theft Prevention Standard; Mazda AGENCY: National Highway Traffic Safety... in accordance with 49 CFR part 543, Exemption from the Theft Prevention Standard. This petition is... equipment is likely to be as effective in reducing and deterring motor vehicle theft as compliance with the...

  20. Use of a School Referendum to Deter Teen-Age Tobacco Use.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Males, Mike

    1992-01-01

    Montana's school tobacco referendum includes youth in decisions regarding tobacco and health, demonstrating peer disapproval of tobacco use. The referendum, which asked students whether vendors should refuse tobacco sales to minors, follows the example of the Bozeman, Montana, school district in which secondary students and staff supported tobacco…

  1. Photodegradation of emamectin benzoate and its influence on efficacy against the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Emamectin benzoate is a novel insecticide with characteristics of translaminar movement into plant leaf tissue. The compound was derived from the avermectin family and improved with thermal stability, greater water solubility, and a broader spectrum of insecticidal activity than avermectin. To deter...

  2. Applying Deterrence Strategy to Agents of Asymmetrical Threats

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-09-01

    decapitating, which might be viewed as “deter by crushing” on an individual level. One drawback , however, may be that the collateral damage spawns...well as determining if the course is the right one.347 A pendulum swing to state-level conflicts, a substantial shift to terrorism motivated by

  3. Student Searches, Urinalysis and Drug Dogs.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stader, David L.

    A review of legal decisions provides thought-provoking considerations for administrators who want to deter drug use on campus. The United States Supreme Court has recognized that even a limited search of students is a substantial invasion of privacy, but also that school officials need to maintain school discipline. Guidelines for the…

  4. Annual Report to the Congress, Fiscal Year 1988, Caspar W. Weinberger, Secretary of Defense. Executive Summary.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1988-01-01

    these threats are not merely isolated occurrences. Terrorism is increasingly transnacional and state-supported. Drug trafficking is increasingly...deter- rence and defense through their presence abroad and by our capability to deploy them from the continental United States (CONUS) to crisis areas

  5. Examining Willingness to Attack Critical Infrastructure Online and Offline

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Holt, Thomas J.; Kilger, Max

    2012-01-01

    The continuing adoption of technologies by the general public coupled with the expanding reliance of critical infrastructures connected through the Internet has created unique opportunities for attacks by civilians and nation-states alike. Although governments are increasingly focusing on policies to deter nation-state level attacks, it is unclear…

  6. 48 CFR 3.701 - Purpose.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... competitive advantage in the award of a Federal agency procurement contract; and (b) A means to deter similar... information or source selection information in exchange for a thing of value or to give anyone a competitive advantage in the award of a Federal agency procurement contract, or similar misconduct; or (2) An agency...

  7. Evaluating the use of red light running photographic enforcement using collisions and red light running violations ; Final Report

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2004-12-01

    The issue of red light running (RLR) has long been a problem throughout the United States. : There is considerable debate within the general public and public agencies regarding the use of : photographic enforcement to deter red light violations. Man...

  8. A Case Study on Multiple-Choice Testing in Anatomical Sciences

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Golda, Stephanie DuPont

    2011-01-01

    Objective testing techniques, such as multiple-choice examinations, are a widely accepted method of assessment in gross anatomy. In order to deter cheating on these types of examinations, instructors often design several versions of an examination to distribute. These versions usually involve the rearrangement of questions and their corresponding…

  9. Current Developments in DETER Cybersecurity Testbed Technology

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-12-08

    management on PlanetLab [12], such as Plush and Nebula [4], PlMan [19], Stork [20], pShell [21], Planetlab Application Manager [22], parallel open...SSH tools [23], plDist [24], Nixes [25], PLDeploy [26] and vxargs [27]. With the exception of Plush and Nebula , these tools are all low-level

  10. 77 FR 38017 - Regulation Strengthening Accountability of Attorneys and Non-Attorney Representatives Appearing...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-26

    ... disciplinary action for misconduct based upon good cause. The proposed rule will assist the Department in maintaining the integrity of its proceedings by deterring misconduct by those who appear before it in... application of sanctions for misconduct, (ii) identifies possible sanctions for misconduct including...

  11. Vasoconstrictive responses of lambs grazing endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass paddocks

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    The AR6 novel endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) produces ergovaline that deters against the African black beetle, but also causes vasoconstriction that restricts an animal’s ability to dissipate body heat. An experiment was conducted with 3, 0.10-ha pastures of ‘Extreme’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium per...

  12. Associations between urban landscape characteristics and Body Mass Index

    EPA Science Inventory

    Obesity is one of the major public-health concerns in many countries today. In the United States, more than 70% of the U.S. adults aged 20 and over are overweight or obese. The prevalence of obesity has been grown rapidly during the last three decades. Obesity prevalence is deter...

  13. Relating the Military: A Public Affairs Perspective of the All-Volunteer Force

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-01-01

    the President had reinterpreted the formerly-assumed US responsibility to deter the Soviet Union from worldwide hegemony . o Nixon believed his...wanting "a few good men" and as demanding toughness; physical capabilities; and offering masculinity , prestige, and physical action. The Navy image was

  14. An Assessment of Small Submarines and Encapsulation of Ballistic Missiles--Phase 2 Survey

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1980-11-01

    capsules will tend to offset the reduced investment costs of the submarine. It would be necessary to deter- mine total sytem costs (including RDT&E...missile basing concepts and missile performance characteristics required to counter potential Soviet strategic offensive forces and ABM proliferation

  15. Toxin content of commercial castor cultivars

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    The castor plant Ricinus communis L. is the source of castor oil which has numerous uses and is a key chemical feedstock for an array of products from polymers to cosmetics. Although castor was once widely grown throughout the world, the presence of the toxic protein ricin has deterred the re-introd...

  16. Exploration of conditions for microwave roasting of almonds

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Almond roasting is an energy-intensive process that is usually performed via hot-air convection. Microwave roasting could be a more energy-efficient alternative to hot-air roasting, but microwave roasting of almonds has not yet been thoroughly explored. Thus, the purpose of this study was to deter...

  17. Exploration of conditions for microwave roasting of almonds (abstract)

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Almond roasting is an energy-intensive process that is usually performed via hot-air convection. Microwave roasting could be a more energy-efficient alternative to hot-air roasting, but microwave roasting of almonds has not yet been thoroughly explored. Thus, the purpose of this study was to deter...

  18. 10 CFR 26.406 - Fitness monitoring.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fitness monitoring. 26.406 Section 26.406 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS FFD Program for Construction § 26.406 Fitness monitoring. (a...) Licensees and other entities shall implement a fitness monitoring program to deter substance abuse and...

  19. 10 CFR 26.406 - Fitness monitoring.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fitness monitoring. 26.406 Section 26.406 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS FFD Program for Construction § 26.406 Fitness monitoring. (a...) Licensees and other entities shall implement a fitness monitoring program to deter substance abuse and...

  20. 10 CFR 26.406 - Fitness monitoring.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fitness monitoring. 26.406 Section 26.406 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS FFD Program for Construction § 26.406 Fitness monitoring. (a...) Licensees and other entities shall implement a fitness monitoring program to deter substance abuse and...

  1. The toxicity of Poison Dart Frog alkaloids against the Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta)

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Hundreds of alkaloids, representing over 20 structural classes, have been identified from the skin of neotropical poison frogs (Dendrobatidae). These alkaloids are derived from arthropod prey of the frogs, and are generally are believed to deter vertebrate predators. We developed a method to put ind...

  2. The need for a paradigm shift in toxicology xx.

    EPA Science Inventory

    This manuscript briefly reviews the impact of the NAS report “Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and A Strategy” and it’s potential impact on the field of toxicology. ). This report provides a strategic and tactical framework for attaining the goals of deter...

  3. 10 CFR 26.406 - Fitness monitoring.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fitness monitoring. 26.406 Section 26.406 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS FFD Program for Construction § 26.406 Fitness monitoring. (a...) Licensees and other entities shall implement a fitness monitoring program to deter substance abuse and...

  4. 10 CFR 26.406 - Fitness monitoring.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fitness monitoring. 26.406 Section 26.406 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS FFD Program for Construction § 26.406 Fitness monitoring. (a...) Licensees and other entities shall implement a fitness monitoring program to deter substance abuse and...

  5. 78 FR 12623 - Insurer Reporting Requirements

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-25

    ... NHTSA's regulation requiring motor vehicle insurers to submit information on the number of thefts and recoveries of insured vehicles and actions taken by the insurer to deter or reduce motor vehicle theft. NHTSA..., which requires insurers to submit information about the make, model, and year of all vehicle thefts, the...

  6. Best Practices in Juvenile Accountability: Overview. JAIBG Bulletin.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Beyer, Marty

    This bulletin examines the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention's Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants (JAIBG) program, which asserts that juvenile offenders should be held accountable for their crimes as a matter of basic justice and to prevent and deter delinquency. It reviews the developmental perspective shaping…

  7. On the determination of Toxoplasma gondii virulence in mice

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most successful pathogens on earth, capable of infecting mammals and birds. Numerous papers and reports are published on isolation of T .gondii from various natural sources worldwide. The house mouse (Mus musculus) has been used as the laboratory animal model to deter...

  8. Barriers to Mammography among Inadequately Screened Women

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stoll, Carolyn R. T.; Roberts, Summer; Cheng, Meng-Ru; Crayton, Eloise V.; Jackson, Sherrill; Politi, Mary C.

    2015-01-01

    Mammography use has increased over the past 20 years, yet more than 30% of women remain inadequately screened. Structural barriers can deter individuals from screening, however, cognitive, emotional, and communication barriers may also prevent mammography use. This study sought to identify the impact of number and type of barriers on mammography…

  9. Identification of the ubiquitous antioxidant tripeptide glutathione as a fruit fly semiochemical

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Many insects mark their oviposition sites with a host marking pheromone (HMP) to deter other females from over-exploiting these sites for egg-laying. Previous studies have identified and used HMPs to manage certain fruit fly species. However, few examples are known for African indigenous fruit flie...

  10. Post-partum anaphylaxis: universal but successful management protocol should not deter appreciation of underlying etio-pathogenesis plethora.

    PubMed

    Gupta, Deepak; Rubens, Andrew; Marjanovic, Milos

    2012-03-30

    Post-partum Anaphylaxis in mothers is extremely rare and has been reported secondary to initiation of the breast-feeding. However, we hereby report the occurrence of post-partum anaphylaxis in a post-partum patient in the absence of the initiated breast-feeding.

  11. 31 CFR 103.110 - Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity § 103.110 Voluntary.... 5312(a)(2) that is required under this part to establish and maintain an anti-money laundering program... suspects may involve possible terrorist activity or money laundering. (2) Notice requirement. A financial...

  12. 75 FR 6560 - Financial Crimes Enforcement Network; Expansion of Special Information Sharing Procedures To...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-10

    ...; Expansion of Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity AGENCY... continuing effort to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of its anti-money laundering and counter...-5332, to promote the prevention, detection, and prosecution of international money laundering and the...

  13. 75 FR 20925 - Petition for Approval of Alternate Odometer Disclosure Requirements

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-22

    ... the online instructions for accessing the dockets. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Andrew DiMarsico... provisions to limit odometer fraud and assure that the purchaser of a motor vehicle knows the true mileage of... statements did not necessarily deter odometer fraud employing altered documents, discarded titles, and title...

  14. Deterrents to Women's Participation in Continuing Professional Development

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chuang, Szu-Fang

    2015-01-01

    This study was designed to explore and define key factors that deter women from participating in continuing professional development (CPD) in the workplace. Four dimensions of deterrents that are caused by women's social roles, gender inequality and gender dimensions are discussed: family and time constraints, cost and work constraints, lack of…

  15. Banded cucumber beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) resistance in romaine lettuce: understanding latex chemistry

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Many plants subjected to herbivore damage exude latex, a rich source of biochemicals, which play important roles in host plant resistance. Our previous studies showed that fresh latex from Valmaine, a resistant cultivar of romaine lettuce Lactuca sativa L., applied to artificial diet is highly deter...

  16. Reducing Plagiarism by Using Online Software: An Experimental Study

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kose, Ozgur; Arikan, Arda

    2011-01-01

    This action research attempts to explore the perceptions of Turkish university students on plagiarism while evaluating the effectiveness of an online application used to deter plagiarism. The participants were 40 first year university students studying in two different sections of an academic writing class. The findings show that the participants…

  17. Motivating Faculty to Use Multimedia as a Lecture Tool.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sammons, Martha C.

    1994-01-01

    Describes factors that motivate as well as factors that deter faculty in using multimedia workstations connected to peripherals and projection systems for classroom presentations. Based on a faculty survey, current use of multimedia at Wright State University is explained, including a universitywide project and a liberal arts project using…

  18. Deterring Russia’s Revanchist Ambitions in the Baltic Republics

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-02-16

    John Hindon and Patrick Salmon , The Baltic Nations and Europe, (NY: Longman, 1994), 193. / Also, supported by Purs, 105. 18 Eugene R. Wittkopf and...Knopf, 2014), 272. Hindon, John. and Patrick Salmon , The Baltic Nations and Europe, (NY: Longman, 1994), 193. / Also, seen in Purs, 105. Kasekamp

  19. Off-Stream Watering Systems and Partial Barriers as a Strategy to Maximize Cattle Production and Minimize Time Spent in the Riparian Area

    PubMed Central

    Rawluk, Ashley A.; Crow, Gary; Legesse, Getahun; Veira, Douglas M.; Bullock, Paul R.; González, Luciano A.; Dubois, Melanie; Ominski, Kim H.

    2014-01-01

    Simple Summary The implementation of off-stream waterers (OSW) may reduce the amount of time cattle spend in riparian areas, thus minimizing impacts such as removal of vegetation, soil compaction, and deterioration in water quality. Furthermore, when used with natural barriers as a partial exclusion method, these management strategies may offer a cost-effective alternative to completely excluding cattle via streambank fencing. This study was conducted to determine the impact of OSW and barriers on animal performance and watering behavior. The presence of OSW had no significant effect on cow and calf weights averaged over the grazing season. Although the results were not consistent over the periods and locations, the data provided some indication of the efficacy of the natural barriers on deterring cattle from the riparian area. Cattle watered at the OSW when available, but they did not use the OSW exclusively. The observed inconsistency may, in part, be attributed to the environmental conditions present during this field trial. Abstract A study was conducted in 2009 at two locations in Manitoba (Killarney and Souris), Canada to determine the impact of off-stream waterers (OSW) with or without natural barriers on (i) amount of time cattle spent in the 10 m buffer created within the riparian area, referred to as the riparian polygon (RP), (ii) watering location (OSW or stream), and (iii) animal performance measured as weight gain. This study was divided into three 28-day periods over the grazing season. At each location, the pasture—which ranged from 21.0 ha to 39.2 ha in size—was divided into three treatments: no OSW nor barriers (1CONT), OSW with barriers along the stream bank to deter cattle from watering at the stream (2BARR), and OSW without barriers (3NOBARR). Cattle in 2BARR spent less time in the RP in Periods 1 (p = 0.0002), 2 (p = 0.1116), and 3 (p < 0.0001) at the Killarney site compared to cattle in 3NOBARR at the same site. Cattle in 2BARR at the Souris site spent more time in the RP in Period 1 (p < 0.0001) and less time in Period 2 (p = 0.0002) compared to cattle in 3NOBARR. Cattle did use the OSW, but not exclusively, as watering at the stream was still observed. The observed inconsistency in the effectiveness of the natural barriers on deterring cattle from the riparian area between periods and locations may be partly attributable to the environmental conditions present during this field trial as well as difference in pasture size and the ability of the established barriers to deter cattle from using the stream as a water source. Treatment had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on cow and calf weights averaged over the summer period. These results indicate that the presence of an OSW does not create significant differences in animal performance when used in extensive pasture scenarios such as those studied within the present study. Whereas the barriers did not consistently discourage watering at the stream, the results provide some indication of the efficacy of the OSW as well as the natural barriers on deterring cattle from the riparian area. PMID:26479006

  20. 78 FR 23598 - National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Advisory Board; Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-19

    ...: Mr. James J. Miller, Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, NASA Headquarters... potential PNT service degradation if adjacent radio-band spectrum interference is introduced. Patricia D...

  1. Direct Evidence of Acetaminophen Interference with Subcutaneous Glucose Sensing in Humans: A Pilot Study

    PubMed Central

    Basu, Ananda; Veettil, Sona; Dyer, Roy; Peyser, Thomas

    2016-01-01

    Abstract Background: Recent advances in accuracy and reliability of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices have focused renewed interest on the use of such technology for therapeutic dosing of insulin without the need for independent confirmatory blood glucose meter measurements. An important issue that remains is the susceptibility of CGM devices to erroneous readings in the presence of common pharmacologic interferences. We report on a new method of assessing CGM sensor error to pharmacologic interferences using the example of oral administration of acetaminophen. Materials and Methods: We examined the responses of several different Food and Drug Administration–approved and commercially available CGM systems (Dexcom [San Diego, CA] Seven® Plus™, Medtronic Diabetes [Northridge, CA] Guardian®, and Dexcom G4® Platinum) to oral acetaminophen in 10 healthy volunteers without diabetes. Microdialysis catheters were placed in the abdominal subcutaneous tissue. Blood and microdialysate samples were collected periodically and analyzed for glucose and acetaminophen concentrations before and after oral ingestion of 1 g of acetaminophen. We compared the response of CGM sensors with the measured acetaminophen concentrations in the blood and interstitial fluid. Results: Although plasma glucose concentrations remained constant at approximately 90 mg/dL (approximately 5 mM) throughout the study, CGM glucose measurements varied between approximately 85 to 400 mg/dL (from approximately 5 to 22 mM) due to interference from the acetaminophen. The temporal profile of CGM interference followed acetaminophen concentrations measured in interstitial fluid (ISF). Conclusions: This is the first direct measurement of ISF concentrations of putative CGM interferences with simultaneous measurements of CGM performance in the presence of the interferences. The observed interference with glucose measurements in the tested CGM devices coincided temporally with appearance of acetaminophen in the ISF. The method applied here can be used to determine the susceptibility of current and future CGM systems to interference from acetaminophen or other exogenous pharmacologic agents. PMID:26784129

  2. Multitasking in a plant-ant interaction: how does Acacia myrtifolia manage both ants and pollinators?

    PubMed

    Martínez-Bauer, Angélica E; Martínez, Gerardo Cerón; Murphy, Daniel J; Burd, Martin

    2015-06-01

    Plant associations with protective ants are widespread among angiosperms, but carry the risk that ants will deter pollinators as well as herbivores. Such conflict, and adaptations to ameliorate or prevent the conflict, have been documented in African and neotropical acacias. Ant-acacia associations occur in Australia, but little is known of their ecology. Moreover, recent phylogenetic evidence indicates that Australian acacias are only distantly related to African and American acacias, providing an intercontinental natural experiment in the management of ant-pollinator conflict. We examined four populations of Acacia myrtifolia over a 400-km environmental gradient in southeastern Australia using ant and pollinator exclusion as well as direct observation of ants and pollinators to assess the potential for ant-pollinator conflict to affect seed set. Native bees were the only group of floral visitors whose visitation rates were a significant predictor of fruiting success, although beetles and wasps may play an important role as "insurance" pollinators. We found no increase in pollinator visitation or fruiting success following ant exclusion, even with large sample sizes and effective exclusion. Because ants are facultative visitors to A. myrtifolia plants, their presence may be insufficient to interfere greatly with floral visitors. It is also likely that the morphological location of extrafloral nectaries tends to draw ants away from reproductive parts, although we commonly observed ants on inflorescences, so the spatial separation is not strict. A. myrtifolia appears to maintain a generalized mutualism over a wide geographic range without the need for elaborate adaptations to resolve ant-pollinator conflict.

  3. Plant-mediated effects on an insect-pathogen interaction vary with intraspecific genetic variation in plant defences.

    PubMed

    Shikano, Ikkei; Shumaker, Ketia L; Peiffer, Michelle; Felton, Gary W; Hoover, Kelli

    2017-04-01

    Baculoviruses are food-borne microbial pathogens that are ingested by insects on contaminated foliage. Oxidation of plant-derived phenolics, activated by insect feeding, can directly interfere with infections in the gut. Since phenolic oxidation is an important component of plant resistance against insects, baculoviruses are suggested to be incompatible with plant defences. However, plants among and within species invest differently in a myriad of chemical and physical defences. Therefore, we hypothesized that among eight soybean genotypes, some genotypes would be able to maintain both high resistance against an insect pest and high efficacy of a baculovirus. Soybean constitutive (non-induced) and jasmonic acid (JA)-induced (anti-herbivore response) resistance was measured against the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (weight gain, leaf consumption and utilization). Indicators of phenolic oxidation were measured as foliar phenolic content and peroxidase activity. Levels of armyworm mortality inflicted by baculovirus (SfMNPV) did not vary among soybean genotypes when the virus was ingested with non-induced foliage. Ingestion of the virus on JA-induced foliage reduced armyworm mortality, relative to non-induced foliage, on some soybean genotypes. Baculovirus efficacy was lower when ingested with foliage that contained higher phenolic content and defensive properties that reduced armyworm weight gain and leaf utilization. However, soybean genotypes that defended the plant by reducing consumption rate and strongly deterred feeding upon JA-induction did not reduce baculovirus efficacy, indicating that these defences may be more compatible with baculoviruses to maximize plant protection. Differential compatibility of defence traits with the third trophic level highlights an important cost/trade-off associated with plant defence strategies.

  4. Hierarchical analytical and simulation modelling of human-machine systems with interference

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Braginsky, M. Ya; Tarakanov, D. V.; Tsapko, S. G.; Tsapko, I. V.; Baglaeva, E. A.

    2017-01-01

    The article considers the principles of building the analytical and simulation model of the human operator and the industrial control system hardware and software. E-networks as the extension of Petri nets are used as the mathematical apparatus. This approach allows simulating complex parallel distributed processes in human-machine systems. The structural and hierarchical approach is used as the building method for the mathematical model of the human operator. The upper level of the human operator is represented by the logical dynamic model of decision making based on E-networks. The lower level reflects psychophysiological characteristics of the human-operator.

  5. Citizens, farmers fight huge transmission lines

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Brummer, J.

    1982-02-01

    Opposition to high tension power lines with a 20-story towers is growing as coalitions of farmers and advocates of safe energy respond with legal intervention and sabotage, and sometimes with success. Examples of citizen action are the efforts opposing a 450 kilovolt direct current line connecting the US with Quebec Hydro and another opposing a 500 kilovolt alternating current line from Georgia Power Co.'s nuclear plants to Florida. The opposition derives partly from evidence of health hazards to humans and adverse effects on livestock. High voltage lines are felt to symbolize a utility and regulatory failure to assess the recentmore » decline in power demand. It is stated that administration efforts to outlaw organized resistence will not deter the opposition, which cites instances of ground shock, aborted and stillborn cattle, physical irritants, and other phenomena. The General Assembly to Stop the Powerline (GASP) objects to the guinea pig position forced upon residents by the utilities. 6 references. (DCK)« less

  6. Effectiveness of lethal, directed wolf-depredation control in Minnesota

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Harper, E.K.; Paul, W.J.; Mech, L.D.; Weisberg, S.

    2008-01-01

    Wolf (Canis lupus) depredations on livestock in Minnesota, USA, are an economic problem for many livestock producers, and depredating wolves are lethally controlled. We sought to determine the effectiveness of lethal control through the analysis of data from 923 government-verified wolf depredations from 1979 to 1998. We analyzed the data by 1) assessing the correlations between the number of wolves killed in response to depredations with number of depredations the following year at state and local levels, and 2) the time to the next depredation. No analysis indicated that trapping wolves substantially reduced the following year's depredations at state or local levels. However, more specific analyses indicated that in certain situations, killing wolves was more effective than no action (i.e., not trapping). For example, trapping and killing adult males decreased the re-depredation risk. At sheep farms, killing wolves was generally effective. Attempting to trap, regardless of the results, seemed more effective at reducing depredations than not trapping, suggesting that mere human activity near depredation sites might deter future depredations.

  7. Caloric restriction in the presence of attractive food cues: external cues, eating, and weight.

    PubMed

    Polivy, Janet; Herman, C Peter; Coelho, Jennifer S

    2008-08-06

    A growing body of research on caloric restriction (CR) in many species of laboratory animals suggests that underfeeding leads to better health and longevity in the calorically-restricted animal (e.g., see [[34]. J.P. Pinel, S. Assanand and D.R. Lehman, (2000). Hunger, eating and ill health. Am Psychol, 55, 1105-1116.], for a review). Although some objections have been raised by scientists concerned about negative psychological and behavioral sequelae of such restriction, advocates of CR continue to urge people to adopt sharply reduced eating regimes in order to increase their longevity. Yet very few people are even attempting to reap the benefits of such restriction. The present paper explores one factor that may deter many humans from drastically reducing their food consumption--the presence of abundant, attractive food cues in the environment. Research on the influence of food cues on food-related behaviors is reviewed to demonstrate that the presence of food cues makes restriction of intake more difficult.

  8. Reducing stigma in reproductive health.

    PubMed

    Cook, Rebecca J; Dickens, Bernard M

    2014-04-01

    Stigmatization marks individuals for disgrace, shame, and even disgust-spoiling or tarnishing their social identities. It can be imposed accidentally by thoughtlessness or insensitivity; incidentally to another purpose; or deliberately to deter or punish conduct considered harmful to actors themselves, others, society, or moral values. Stigma has permeated attitudes toward recipients of sexual and reproductive health services, and at times to service providers. Resort to contraceptive products, to voluntary sterilization and abortion, and now to medically assisted reproductive care to overcome infertility has attracted stigma. Unmarried motherhood has a long history of shame, projected onto the "illegitimate" (bastard) child. The stigma of contracting sexually transmitted infections has been reinvigorated with HIV infection. Gynecologists and their professional associations, ethically committed to uphold human dignity and equality, especially for vulnerable women for whom they care, should be active to guard against, counteract, and relieve stigmatization of their patients and of related service providers. Copyright © 2014 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  9. Induction of virulence factors in Giardia duodenalis independent of host attachment

    PubMed Central

    Emery, Samantha J.; Mirzaei, Mehdi; Vuong, Daniel; Pascovici, Dana; Chick, Joel M.; Lacey, Ernest; Haynes, Paul A.

    2016-01-01

    Giardia duodenalis is responsible for the majority of parasitic gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Host-parasite interaction models in vitro provide insights into disease and virulence and help us to understand pathogenesis. Using HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) as a model we have demonstrated that initial sensitisation by host secretions reduces proclivity for trophozoite attachment, while inducing virulence factors. Host soluble factors triggered up-regulation of membrane and secreted proteins, including Tenascins, Cathepsin-B precursor, cystatin, and numerous Variant-specific Surface Proteins (VSPs). By comparison, host-cell attached trophozoites up-regulated intracellular pathways for ubiquitination, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification and production of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). We reason that these results demonstrate early pathogenesis in Giardia involves two independent host-parasite interactions. Motile trophozoites respond to soluble secreted signals, which deter attachment and induce expression of virulence factors. Trophozoites attached to host cells, in contrast, respond by up-regulating intracellular pathways involved in clearance of ROS, thus anticipating the host defence response. PMID:26867958

  10. Social media microblogs as an HPV vaccination forum.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Chupei; Gotsis, Marientina; Jordan-Marsh, Maryalice

    2013-11-01

    The 2006 US FDA approval of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine brought new hope for cancer prevention. Gardasil and Cervarix are widely available vaccines that can deter HPV infection, which causes 70% of cervical cancer. Acceptance of vaccination varies due to a lack of HPV awareness and HPV vaccine knowledge. Recent observations of the Chinese microblog "SinaWeibo" suggest a new approach to engage health professionals and consumer website bloggers. Websites that present the latest fashion, fitness or beauty news and ways to obtain "deals" have created informative blogs or online communities that appeal to female users. Some users raise health questions of their peers. Health professionals, as website bloggers, can introduce vaccine news or respond to conversations between bloggers and their followers. By transforming medical vocabulary into ordinary chat, microblogs may promote efficiency in vaccine education and communication. A web-based, interactive social media-microblog could offer an ideal platform to speed up information dissemination and increase targeted communication.

  11. Social media microblogs as an HPV vaccination forum

    PubMed Central

    Zhang, Chupei; Gotsis, Marientina; Jordan-Marsh, Maryalice

    2013-01-01

    The 2006 US FDA approval of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine brought new hope for cancer prevention. Gardasil and Cervarix are widely available vaccines that can deter HPV infection, which causes 70% of cervical cancer. Acceptance of vaccination varies due to a lack of HPV awareness and HPV vaccine knowledge. Recent observations of the Chinese microblog “SinaWeibo” suggest a new approach to engage health professionals and consumer website bloggers. Websites that present the latest fashion, fitness or beauty news and ways to obtain “deals” have created informative blogs or online communities that appeal to female users. Some users raise health questions of their peers. Health professionals, as website bloggers, can introduce vaccine news or respond to conversations between bloggers and their followers. By transforming medical vocabulary into ordinary chat, microblogs may promote efficiency in vaccine education and communication. A web-based, interactive social media-microblog could offer an ideal platform to speed up information dissemination and increase targeted communication. PMID:23842072

  12. The evolution of anti-social punishment in optional public goods games

    PubMed Central

    Rand, David G.; Nowak, Martin A.

    2011-01-01

    Cooperation, where one individual incurs a cost to help another, is a fundamental building block of the natural world and of human society. It has been suggested that costly punishment can promote the evolution of cooperation, with the threat of punishment deterring free-riders. Recent experiments, however, have revealed the existence of ‘anti-social’ punishment, where non-cooperators punish cooperators. While various theoretical models find that punishment can promote the evolution of cooperation, these models a priori exclude the possibility of anti-social punishment. Here we extend the standard theory of optional public goods games to include the full set of punishment strategies. We find that punishment no longer increases cooperation, and that selection favors substantial levels of anti-social punishment for a wide range of parameters. Furthermore, we conduct behavioral experiments, which lead to results that are consistent with our model predictions. As opposed to an altruistic act that promotes cooperation, punishment is mostly a self-interested tool for protecting oneself against potential competitors. PMID:21847108

  13. The Gravity of High-Skilled Migration Policies.

    PubMed

    Czaika, Mathias; Parsons, Christopher R

    2017-04-01

    Combining unique, annual, bilateral data on labor flows of highly skilled immigrants for 10 OECD destinations between 2000 and 2012, with new databases comprising both unilateral and bilateral policy instruments, we present the first judicious cross-country assessment of policies aimed to attract and select high-skilled workers. Points-based systems are much more effective in attracting and selecting high-skilled migrants than requiring a job offer, labor market tests, and shortage lists. Offers of permanent residency, while attracting the highly skilled, overall reduce the human capital content of labor flows because they prove more attractive to non-high-skilled workers. Bilateral recognition of diploma and social security agreements foster greater flows of high-skilled workers and improve the skill selectivity of immigrant flows. Conversely, double taxation agreements deter high-skilled migrants, although they do not alter overall skill selectivity. Our results are robust to a variety of empirical specifications that account for destination-specific amenities, multilateral resistance to migration, and the endogeneity of immigration policies.

  14. HIV seroprevalence among street-recruited injection drug and crack cocaine users in 16 US municipalities.

    PubMed Central

    Kral, A H; Bluthenthal, R N; Booth, R E; Watters, J K

    1998-01-01

    OBJECTIVES: This study deter- mined human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroprevalence and factors associated with HIV infection among street-recruited injection drug users and crack cocaine smokers. METHODS: An analysis was performed on HIV serologies and risk behaviors of 6402 injection drug users and 3383 crack smokers in 16 US municipalities in 1992 and 1993. RESULTS: HIV seroprevalence was 12.7% among injection drug users and 7.5% among crack smokers. Most high-seroprevalence municipalities (>25%) were located along the eastern seaboard of the United States. In high-seroprevalence municipalities, but not in others, HIV seroprevalence was higher for injection drug users than for crack smokers. Among injection drug users, cocaine injection, use of speedballs (cocaine or amphetamines with heroin), and sexual risk behaviors were independently associated with HIV infection. Among crack smokers, sexual risk behaviors were associated with HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Injection drug users and crack smokers are at high risk for HIV infection. PMID:9584014

  15. Self-organization of punishment in structured populations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Perc, Matjaž; Szolnoki, Attila

    2012-04-01

    Cooperation is crucial for the remarkable evolutionary success of the human species. Not surprisingly, some individuals are willing to bear additional costs in order to punish defectors. Current models assume that, once set, the fine and cost of punishment do not change over time. Here we show that relaxing this assumption by allowing players to adapt their sanctioning efforts in dependence on the success of cooperation can explain both the spontaneous emergence of punishment and its ability to deter defectors and those unwilling to punish them with globally negligible investments. By means of phase diagrams and the analysis of emerging spatial patterns, we demonstrate that adaptive punishment promotes public cooperation through the invigoration of spatial reciprocity, the prevention of the emergence of cyclic dominance, or the provision of competitive advantages to those that sanction antisocial behavior. The results presented indicate that the process of self-organization significantly elevates the effectiveness of punishment, and they reveal new mechanisms by means of which this fascinating and widespread social behavior could have evolved.

  16. High HIV Prevalence, Suboptimal HIV Testing, and Low Knowledge of HIV-Positive Serostatus Among Injection Drug Users in St. Petersburg, Russia

    PubMed Central

    Toussova, Olga V.; Verevochkin, Sergei V.; Barbour, Russell; Heimer, Robert; Kozlov, Andrei P.

    2011-01-01

    The purpose of this analysis was to estimate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence and testing patterns among injection drug users (IDUs) in St. Petersburg, Russia. HIV prevalence among 387 IDUs in the sample was 50%. Correlates of HIV-positive serostatus included unemployment, recent unsafe injections, and history/current sexually transmitted infection. Seventy-six percent had been HIV tested, but only 22% of those who did not report HIV-positive serostatus had been tested in the past 12 months and received their test result. Correlates of this measure included recent doctor visit and having been in prison or jail among men. Among the 193 HIV-infected participants, 36% were aware of their HIV-positive serostatus. HIV prevalence is high and continuing to increase in this population. Adequate coverage of HIV testing has not been achieved, resulting in poor knowledge of positive serostatus. Efforts are needed to better understand motivating and deterring factors for HIV testing in this setting. PMID:18843531

  17. Disease-modifying anti-Alzheimer's drugs: inhibitors of human cholinesterases interfering with β-amyloid aggregation.

    PubMed

    Brogi, Simone; Butini, Stefania; Maramai, Samuele; Colombo, Raffaella; Verga, Laura; Lanni, Cristina; De Lorenzi, Ersilia; Lamponi, Stefania; Andreassi, Marco; Bartolini, Manuela; Andrisano, Vincenza; Novellino, Ettore; Campiani, Giuseppe; Brindisi, Margherita; Gemma, Sandra

    2014-07-01

    We recently described multifunctional tools (2a-c) as potent inhibitors of human Cholinesterases (ChEs) also able to modulate events correlated with Aβ aggregation. We herein propose a thorough biological and computational analysis aiming at understanding their mechanism of action at the molecular level. We determined the inhibitory potency of 2a-c on Aβ1-42 self-aggregation, the interference of 2a with the toxic Aβ oligomeric species and with the postaggregation states by capillary electrophoresis analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The modulation of Aβ toxicity was assessed for 2a and 2b on human neuroblastoma cells. The key interactions of 2a with Aβ and with the Aβ-preformed fibrils were computationally analyzed. 2a-c toxicity profile was also assessed (human hepatocytes and mouse fibroblasts). Our prototypical pluripotent analogue 2a interferes with Aβ oligomerization process thus reducing Aβ oligomers-mediated toxicity in human neuroblastoma cells. 2a also disrupts preformed fibrils. Computational studies highlighted the bases governing the diversified activities of 2a. Converging analytical, biological, and in silico data explained the mechanism of action of 2a on Aβ1-42 oligomers formation and against Aβ-preformed fibrils. This evidence, combined with toxicity data, will orient the future design of safer analogues. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  18. The Uncanny Valley Does Not Interfere with Level 1 Visual Perspective Taking

    PubMed Central

    MacDorman, Karl F.; Srinivas, Preethi; Patel, Himalaya

    2014-01-01

    When a computer-animated human character looks eerily realistic, viewers report a loss of empathy; they have difficulty taking the character’s perspective. To explain this perspective-taking impairment, known as the uncanny valley, a novel theory is proposed: The more human or less eerie a character looks, the more it interferes with level 1 visual perspective taking when the character’s perspective differs from that of the human observer (e.g., because the character competitively activates shared circuits in the observer’s brain). The proposed theory is evaluated in three experiments involving a dot-counting task in which participants either assumed or ignored the perspective of characters varying in their human photorealism and eeriness. Although response times and error rates were lower when the number of dots faced by the observer and character were the same (congruent condition) than when they were different (incongruent condition), no consistent pattern emerged between the human photorealism or eeriness of the characters and participants’ response times and error rates. Thus, the proposed theory is unsupported for level 1 visual perspective taking. As the effects of the uncanny valley on empathy have not previously been investigated systematically, these results provide evidence to eliminate one possible explanation. PMID:25221383

  19. Effects of Context Change upon Retrieval of First and Second-Learned Information in Human Predictive Learning

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rosas, Juan M.; Garcia-Gutierrez, Ana; Callejas-Aguilera, Jose E.

    2006-01-01

    Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the context switch effect upon retrieval of the information about a cue-outcome relationship in human predictive learning. The results replicated the well-known effect of renewal of the cue-outcome relationship due to a context change after a retroactive interference treatment, as much as the null effect…

  20. 77 FR 44288 - National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Advisory Board; Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-27

    .... James J. Miller, Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC... potential PNT service degradation if adjacent radio-band spectrum interference is introduced. Susan M. Burch...

  1. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS IN THE ENVIRONMENT

    EPA Science Inventory

    The endocrine system produces hormones which are powerful natural chemicals that regulate important life processes. Endocrine disruptors are human-made chemicals distributed globally which have the potential to interfere with the endocrine system and produce serious biological e...

  2. Human IgG is produced in a pro-form that requires clipping of C-terminal lysines for maximal complement activation

    PubMed Central

    van den Bremer, Ewald TJ; Beurskens, Frank J; Voorhorst, Marleen; Engelberts, Patrick J; de Jong, Rob N; van der Boom, Burt G; Cook, Erika M; Lindorfer, Margaret A; Taylor, Ronald P; van Berkel, Patrick HC; Parren, Paul WHI

    2015-01-01

    Human IgG is produced with C-terminal lysines that are cleaved off in circulation. The function of this modification was unknown and generally thought not to affect antibody function. We recently reported that efficient C1q binding and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) requires IgG hexamerization at the cell surface. Here we demonstrate that C-terminal lysines may interfere with this process, leading to suboptimal C1q binding and CDC of cells opsonized with C-terminal lysine-containing IgG. After we removed these lysines with a carboxypeptidase, maximal complement activation was observed. Interestingly, IgG1 mutants containing either a negative C-terminal charge or multiple positive charges lost CDC almost completely; however, CDC was fully restored by mixing C-terminal mutants of opposite charge. Our data indicate a novel post-translational control mechanism of human IgG: human IgG molecules are produced in a pro-form in which charged C-termini interfere with IgG hexamer formation, C1q binding and CDC. To allow maximal complement activation, C-terminal lysine processing is required to release the antibody's full cytotoxic potential. PMID:26037225

  3. ICP-MS multielemental determination of metals potentially released from dental implants and articular prostheses in human biological fluids.

    PubMed

    Sarmiento-González, Alejandro; Marchante-Gayón, Juan Manuel; Tejerina-Lobo, José María; Paz-Jiménez, José; Sanz-Medel, Alfredo

    2005-06-01

    A sector field high-resolution (HR)-ICP-MS and an octapole reaction system (ORS)-ICP-MS have been compared for the simultaneous determination of traces of metals (Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, and Mo) released from dental implants and articular prostheses in human biological fluids. Optimum sample treatments were evaluated to minimize matrix effects in urine and whole blood. Urine samples were diluted tenfold with ultrapure water, whereas whole blood samples were digested with high-purity nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide and finally diluted tenfold with ultrapure water. In both matrices, internal standardization (Ga and Y) was employed to avoid potential matrix interferences and ICP-MS signal drift. Spectral interferences arising from the plasma gases or the major components of urine and whole blood were identified by (HR)-ICP-MS at 3,000 resolving power. The capabilities of (HR)-ICP-MS and (ORS)-ICP-MS for the removal of such spectral interferences were evaluated and compared. Results indicate that polyatomic interferences, which hamper the determination of such metallic elements in these biological samples, could be overcome by using a resolving power of 3,000. Using (ORS)-ICP-MS, all those elements could be quantified except Ti and V (due to the polyatomic ions 31P16O and 35Cl16O, respectively). The accuracy of the proposed methodologies by (HR)- and (ORS)-ICP-MS was checked against two reference materials. Good agreement between the given values and the concentrations obtained for all the analytes under scrutiny was found except for Ti and V when analyzed by (ORS)-ICP-MS.

  4. Recovering fNIRS brain signals: physiological interference suppression with independent component analysis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Y.; Shi, M.; Sun, J.; Yang, C.; Zhang, Yajuan; Scopesi, F.; Makobore, P.; Chin, C.; Serra, G.; Wickramasinghe, Y. A. B. D.; Rolfe, P.

    2015-02-01

    Brain activity can be monitored non-invasively by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), which has several advantages in comparison with other methods, such as flexibility, portability, low cost and fewer physical restrictions. However, in practice fNIRS measurements are often contaminated by physiological interference arising from cardiac contraction, breathing and blood pressure fluctuations, thereby severely limiting the utility of the method. Hence, further improvement is necessary to reduce or eliminate such interference in order that the evoked brain activity information can be extracted reliably from fNIRS data. In the present paper, the multi-distance fNIRS probe configuration has been adopted. The short-distance fNIRS measurement is treated as the virtual channel and the long-distance fNIRS measurement is treated as the measurement channel. Independent component analysis (ICA) is employed for the fNIRS recordings to separate the brain signals and the interference. Least-absolute deviation (LAD) estimator is employed to recover the brain activity signals. We also utilized Monte Carlo simulations based on a five-layer model of the adult human head to evaluate our methodology. The results demonstrate that the ICA algorithm has the potential to separate physiological interference in fNIRS data and the LAD estimator could be a useful criterion to recover the brain activity signals.

  5. Using a simulation model to assess risk of false negative point-of-care urinary human chorionic gonadotropin device results due to high-dose hook interference.

    PubMed

    Milhorn, Denise; Korpi-Steiner, Nichole

    2015-02-01

    It is unclear if the point-of-care (POC) Clinitest hCG device is subject to high-dose hook interference from physiological concentrations of intact human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), β-core fragment of hCG (hCGβcf), and hCG free β-subunit (hCGβ) found in urine during pregnancy. We used a simulation model to address this question and related our findings to our institution's pregnant population in order to assess risk for potential false-negative hCG results. The expected distribution of days relative to ovulation during routine POC hCG testing was estimated from 182 patients. Clinitest-Clinitek Status hCG device susceptibility to high-dose hook interference from hCG variants and potential risk of false-negative results as it relates to this population were evaluated by testing increasing concentrations of hCG, hCGβcf, hCGβ as well as urine simulating physiological hCG, hCGβcf and hCGβ concentrations expected during early pregnancy (≤44 days post-ovulation). The Clinitest-Clinitek Status hCG device exhibited high-dose hook interference from hCGβcf alone, but not from hCG, hCGβ, or simulated physiological urinary concentrations of combined hCG, hCGβcf and hCGβ expected during early pregnancy. The majority of our patient population had urinary hCG testing conducted during early pregnancy. The Clinitest-Clinitek Status hCG device is unlikely to exhibit false-negative urinary hCG results due to high-dose hook interference for women in early healthy pregnancy, although additional studies are necessary to determine potential risk in other patient populations. Visual interpretation of POC urinary hCG device results is an important failure mode to consider in risk analyses for erroneous urinary hCG device results. Published by Elsevier Inc.

  6. Mechanisms and neuronal networks involved in reactive and proactive cognitive control of interference in working memory.

    PubMed

    Irlbacher, Kerstin; Kraft, Antje; Kehrer, Stefanie; Brandt, Stephan A

    2014-10-01

    Cognitive control can be reactive or proactive in nature. Reactive control mechanisms, which support the resolution of interference, start after its onset. Conversely, proactive control involves the anticipation and prevention of interference prior to its occurrence. The interrelation of both types of cognitive control is currently under debate: Are they mediated by different neuronal networks? Or are there neuronal structures that have the potential to act in a proactive as well as in a reactive manner? This review illustrates the way in which integrating knowledge gathered from behavioral studies, functional imaging, and human electroencephalography proves useful in answering these questions. We focus on studies that investigate interference resolution at the level of working memory representations. In summary, different mechanisms are instrumental in supporting reactive and proactive control. Distinct neuronal networks are involved, though some brain regions, especially pre-SMA, possess functions that are relevant to both control modes. Therefore, activation of these brain areas could be observed in reactive, as well as proactive control, but at different times during information processing. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  7. Cortical bone viscoelasticity and fixation strength of press-fit femoral stems: an in-vitro model.

    PubMed

    Norman, T L; Ackerman, E S; Smith, T S; Gruen, T A; Yates, A J; Blaha, J D; Kish, V L

    2006-02-01

    Cementless total hip femoral components rely on press-fit for initial stability and bone healing and remodeling for secondary fixation. However, the determinants of satisfactory press-fit are not well understood. In previous studies, human cortical bone loaded circumferentially to simulate press-fit exhibited viscoelastic, or time dependent, behavior. The effect of bone viscoelastic behavior on the initial stability of press-fit stems is not known. Therefore, in the current study, push-out loads of cylindrical stems press-fit into reamed cadaver diaphyseal femoral specimens were measured immediately after assembly and 24 h with stem-bone diametral interference and stem surface treatment as independent variables. It was hypothesized that stem-bone interference would result in a viscoelastic response of bone that would decrease push-out load thereby impairing initial press-fit stability. Results showed that push-out load significantly decreased over a 24 h period due to bone viscoelasticity. It was also found that high and low push-out loads occurred at relatively small amounts of stem-bone interference, but a relationship between stem-bone interference and push-out load could not be determined due to variability among specimens. On the basis of this model, it was concluded that press-fit fixation can occur at relatively low levels of diametral interference and that stem-bone interference elicits viscoelastic response that reduces stem stability over time. From a clinical perspective, these results suggest that there could be large variations in initial press-fit fixation among patients.

  8. Effect of Paper Color and Question Order on Exam Performance

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tal, Ilanit R.; Akers, Katherine G.; Hodge, Gordon K.

    2008-01-01

    To deter cheating, teachers commonly use exams printed on differently colored paper or with varied question orders. Previous studies, however, reported that paper color and question order affect exam performance and suggested that teachers should adjust students' scores accordingly and discontinue the use of alternate exam forms. We conducted 2…

  9. Portrayals of Bullying in Children's Picture Books and Implications for Bibliotherapy

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Moulton, Emily; Heath, Melissa Allen; Prater, Mary Anne; Dyches, Tina Taylor

    2011-01-01

    Bullying, a serious issue in today's schools, negatively impacts children. This article summarizes research and emphasizes the need for effective tools, such as bibliotherapy, to deter bullying. To assist professionals in selecting books for bibliotherapy, 38 bully-themed children's K-3 picture books ranked 1-4 by "The Horn Book Guide"…

  10. A Method for Atomic Layer Deposition of Complex Oxide Thin Films

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-12-01

    characterization. Fourth, the phase of the crystallized film was analyzed in detail to deter- mine behavior of the films post-annealing. XRD was used extensively for...Schneider. Stacking of ceramic in- verse opals with different lattice constants. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 95(7):2226–2235, July 2012. [52

  11. Expanded Kill Chain Analysis of Manned-Unmanned Teaming for Future Strike Operations

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-09-01

    the BLUEFORCE targeting and engagement kill chain to deter- mine areas of improvement or capability development to the chain. Opportunities exist to...systems integrated roadmap, FY2013 - 2038,” Department of Defense, Washington, DC, Tech. Rep. 14-S-0553, 2013. [7] B. Opall -Rome. (2014, Aug. 12). Israeli

  12. Learning Curves: Expanding the Constituency for Comprehensive Sexuality Education, Fall 2005

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sen, Rinku; Fellner, Kim

    2005-01-01

    Support in the United States for comprehensive sexuality education is overwhelming. Yet a small, vocal opposition and increasingly hostile public policy have deterred its implementation in many communities across the country. The chasm between community needs and public policy prompted the Ms. Foundation for Women and the David and Lucille Packard…

  13. An Empirical Assessment of the "Above the Influence" Advertising Campaign

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Scheier, Lawrence M.; Grenard, Jerry L.; Holtz, Kristen D.

    2011-01-01

    This study evaluated the efficacy of "Above the Influence" (ATI), a national media-based health persuasion campaign to deter youth drug use. The campaign uses public service anti-drug prevention messages and targets youth between the ages of 14 and 16, a period of heightened susceptibility to peer influences. The evaluation utilized mall…

  14. An Analysis of Evaluative Comments in Teachers' Online Discussions of Representations of Practice

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chieu, Vu Minh; Kosko, Karl W.; Herbst, Patricio G.

    2015-01-01

    It has been common to use video records of instruction in teacher professional development, but participants have rarely been encouraged to evaluate teachers and students' actions in those records, allegedly because evaluation deters from the development of a professional discourse. In this study, we inspected teachers' online discussions of…

  15. Life cycle assessment for emerging materials: case study of a garden bed constructed from lumber produced with three different copper treatments

    EPA Science Inventory

    Although important data and methodological challenges facing LCA and emerging materials exist, this LCA captures material and process changes that are important drivers of environmental impacts. LCA methods need to be amended to reflect properties of emerging materials that deter...

  16. 76 FR 2444 - Petition for Exemption From the Vehicle Theft Prevention Standard; Ford Motor Company

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-01-13

    ... From the Vehicle Theft Prevention Standard; Ford Motor Company AGENCY: National Highway Traffic Safety... vehicle line in accordance with 49 CFR Part 543, Exemption from the Theft Prevention Standard. This... standard equipment is likely to be as effective in reducing and deterring motor vehicle theft as compliance...

  17. 76 FR 12220 - Petition for Exemption From the Federal Motor Vehicle Motor Theft Prevention Standard; Jaguar...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-04

    ... From the Federal Motor Vehicle Motor Theft Prevention Standard; Jaguar Land Rover AGENCY: National... 543, Exemption from the Theft Prevention Standard. This petition is granted because the agency has... effective in reducing and deterring motor vehicle theft as compliance with the parts-marking requirements of...

  18. Callicarpenal and Intermedeol: Two Natural Arthropod Feeding Deterrent and Repellent Compounds Identified from the Southern Folk Remedy Plant, Callicarpa americana

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    In previous studies on the American beautyberry (Callicarpa americana), it was demonstrated that callicarpenal and intermedeol were responsible for the arthropod repellent and feeding deterrent activity of this folk remedy. Both compounds showed significant bite-deterring activity against Aedes aeg...

  19. Proposition 187: An Effective Measure To Deter Undocumented Migration to California?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Alarcon, Rafael

    In 1994, California voters approved Proposition 187, which prohibits provision of publicly funded education and social services to undocumented immigrants, and which requires public schools to verify the legal status of students and their parents. This paper examines socioeconomic and immigration trends leading to the emergence of Proposition 187,…

  20. Minimizing the chaos following the loss of article 59: suggestions for a necessary discussion

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    We believe that the decision at the 2011 Melbourne Botanical Congress to suppress the dual nomenclature for pleomorphic fungi was premature since the great majority of fungal genera still remain inadequately typified and need molecularly based revisions. We deplore the move from a clearly rule-deter...

  1. Is Undergraduate Debt an Impediment to Postgraduate Enrolment in England?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wakeling, Paul; Hampden-Thompson, Gillian; Hancock, Sally

    2017-01-01

    Changes to undergraduate student funding arrangements in England have prompted concerns that increased indebtedness will deter graduates from postgraduate study. While it is clear that student debt has increased substantially in recent years, international evidence is equivocal on whether such debt is a deterrent to further study and there is…

  2. The Negotiations On German Reunification and Their Impact On Relations Between Russia and the West

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-06-09

    the Baltic states as a deterrence mechanism against possible Russian aggression ( Watkins 2016). The Deputy Minister of Defense of Poland contributed...article/ 2007/02/12/AR2007021200555.html. Watkins , Thomas. 2016. “Four NATO Battalions to Go to Eastern Europe to Deter Russia.” Military, July 8

  3. Boot Camp Prisons as Masculine Organizations: Rethinking Recidivism and Program Design

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lutze, Faith E.; Bell, Cortney A.

    2005-01-01

    A number of studies have tested the effectiveness of boot camp prisons in reducing recidivism and results indicate that they have not been as successful as originally anticipated. While no two programs are comparable in terms of programming and treatment, most programs utilize a hypermasculine paramilitary prison structure to deter, punish, and…

  4. Strategic Personality and the Effectiveness of Nuclear Deterrence: Deterring Iraq and Iran

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2001-09-01

    ES-1 I. NUCLEAR DETERRENCE AND THREAT REDUCTION IN THE ERA OF THE “KOSOVO SYNDROME ...without the Kosovo Syndrome ? ................................... 106 Appendix A: The Strategic Personality Types...the United States from intervening in their future internal ethnic, religious, political, or regional disputes. The rise of this “Kosovo Syndrome

  5. Development of phytoplankton communities and common off-flavors in a biofloc technology system used to culture channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    The use of biofloc technology production systems continues to increase in the aquaculture industry worldwide. Recent research demonstrated that outdoor biofloc systems can be used to produce high yields of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). However, studies have not yet been performed to deter...

  6. A comparison of corn residue and its biochar on soil C and plant growth

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Biochar amendment can be beneficial to soils because it contains mostly recalcitrant forms of C, and biochar contributes base cations that can remedy nutrient deficiencies on acid soils. However, the benefits of biochars on neutral or calcareous soils needs to be assessed. In order to properly deter...

  7. Government Collection of Private Information: Background and Issues Related to the USA PATRIOT Act Reauthorization

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-12-23

    3 History of Congressional Action ...term is defined in Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. Namely, government action constitutes a search when it intrudes upon a person’s “reasonable...eavesdropping deter vigorous citizen dissent and discussion of Government action in private conversation. For private dissent, no less than open public

  8. Cyberprints: Identifying Cyber Attackers by Feature Analysis

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Blakely, Benjamin A.

    2012-01-01

    The problem of attributing cyber attacks is one of increasing importance. Without a solid method of demonstrating the origin of a cyber attack, any attempts to deter would-be cyber attackers are wasted. Existing methods of attribution make unfounded assumptions about the environment in which they will operate: omniscience (the ability to gather,…

  9. 49 CFR 1544.205 - Acceptance and screening of cargo.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ...) Preventing or deterring the carriage of any explosive or incendiary. Each aircraft operator operating under a... operator operating under a full program or a full all-cargo program, or a twelve-five program in an all... program, before loading it on its aircraft. (c) Control. Each aircraft operator operating under a full...

  10. Passive Sampling to Capture the Spatial Variability of Coarse Particles by Composition in Cleveland, OH

    EPA Science Inventory

    Passive samplers deployed at 25 sites for three week-long intervals were used to characterize spatial variability in the mass and composition of coarse particulate matter (PM10-2.5) in Cleveland, OH in summer 2008. The size and composition of individual particles deter...

  11. 49 CFR 232.607 - Inspection and testing requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... car in a train has traveled since receiving a Class I brake test by a qualified mechanical inspector... restricts access to the train and provides sufficient security to deter vandalism. (c) Cars added en route. (1) Each freight car equipped with an ECP brake system that is added to a freight train operating in...

  12. 49 CFR 232.607 - Inspection and testing requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... car in a train has traveled since receiving a Class I brake test by a qualified mechanical inspector... restricts access to the train and provides sufficient security to deter vandalism. (c) Cars added en route. (1) Each freight car equipped with an ECP brake system that is added to a freight train operating in...

  13. 49 CFR 232.607 - Inspection and testing requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... car in a train has traveled since receiving a Class I brake test by a qualified mechanical inspector... restricts access to the train and provides sufficient security to deter vandalism. (c) Cars added en route. (1) Each freight car equipped with an ECP brake system that is added to a freight train operating in...

  14. 27 CFR 6.4 - Jurisdictional limits.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ..., wine, or malt beverages from such industry member to the exclusion in whole or in part of products sold or offered for sale by other persons in interstate or foreign commerce; and (2) If: (i) The... inducement is to prevent, deter, hinder or restrict other persons from selling or offering for sale any such...

  15. 27 CFR 6.4 - Jurisdictional limits.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ..., wine, or malt beverages from such industry member to the exclusion in whole or in part of products sold or offered for sale by other persons in interstate or foreign commerce; and (2) If: (i) The... inducement is to prevent, deter, hinder or restrict other persons from selling or offering for sale any such...

  16. 27 CFR 6.4 - Jurisdictional limits.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ..., wine, or malt beverages from such industry member to the exclusion in whole or in part of products sold or offered for sale by other persons in interstate or foreign commerce; and (2) If: (i) The... inducement is to prevent, deter, hinder or restrict other persons from selling or offering for sale any such...

  17. Talking to Youth about Drugs: What Do Late Adolescents Say about Parental Strategies?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Miller-Day, Michelle

    2008-01-01

    This research, comprised of 2 studies, extends current knowledge of parent-child communication about drugs. The first study developed a typology of parental strategies used to deter children's substance use. The second study examined relationships among the parental strategies identified in the first study, which included family communication…

  18. Big Field, Small Potatoes: An Empirical Assessment of EPA's Self-Audit Policy

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Pfaff, Alexander; Sanchirico, Chris William

    2004-01-01

    Environmental self-auditing is said to deserve and require encouragement. Although firms can audit themselves more cheaply and effectively than regulators, they are deterred for fear that information they uncover will be used against them. To reduce this disincentive, the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Audit Policy lowers punitive fines…

  19. 78 FR 22773 - Regulation Strengthening Accountability of Attorneys and Non-Attorney Representatives Appearing...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-17

    ... misconduct based upon good cause. The rule will assist the Department in maintaining the integrity of its proceedings by deterring misconduct by those who appear before it in antidumping duty (AD) and countervailing... misconduct. The Department received a number of comments on its proposed rule, which can be accessed using...

  20. 75 FR 8171 - Privacy Act of 1974, as Amended; Proposed System of Records and Routine Use Disclosures

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-23

    ... applicable to this system of records entitled, the Administrative Law Judge/Public Alleged Misconduct... committed misconduct; and Provide us with management information to document, monitor, and track complaints..., and to assist us in deterring recurring incidences of ALJ bias or misconduct. B. Collection and...

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