Embedded Fiber Optic Sensors for Measuring Transient Detonation/Shock Behavior;Time-of-Arrival Detection and Waveform Determination.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chavez, Marcus Alexander; Willis, Michael David; Covert, Timothy Todd

2014-09-01

The miniaturization of explosive components has driven the need for a corresponding miniaturization of the current diagnostic techniques available to measure the explosive phenomena. Laser interferometry and the use of spectrally coated optical windows have proven to be an essential interrogation technique to acquire particle velocity time history data in one- dimensional gas gun and relatively large-scale explosive experiments. A new diagnostic technique described herein allows for experimental measurement of apparent particle velocity time histories in microscale explosive configurations and can be applied to shocks/non-shocks in inert materials. The diagnostic, Embedded Fiber Optic Sensors (EFOS), has been tested in challengingmore » microscopic experimental configurations that give confidence in the technique's ability to measure the apparent particle velocity time histories of an explosive with pressure outputs in the tenths of kilobars to several kilobars. Embedded Fiber Optic Sensors also allow for several measurements to be acquired in a single experiment because they are microscopic, thus reducing the number of experiments necessary. The future of EFOS technology will focus on further miniaturization, material selection appropriate for the operating pressure regime, and extensive hydrocode and optical analysis to transform apparent particle velocity time histories into true particle velocity time histories as well as the more meaningful pressure time histories.« less

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

1998-09-30

Optical ports ring the Electrostatic Levitator (ESL) vacuum chamber to admit light from the heating laser (beam passes through the window at left), positioning lasers (one port is at center), and lamps to allow diagnostic instruments to view the sample. The ESL uses static electricity to suspend an object (about 2-3 mm in diameter) inside a vacuum chamber while a laser heats the sample until it melts. This lets scientists record a wide range of physical properties without the sample contacting the container or any instruments, conditions that would alter the readings. The Electrostatic Levitator is one of several tools used in NASA's microgravity materials science program.

Evaluation of optimized magnetic resonance perfusion imaging scanning time window after contrast agent injection for differentiating benign and malignant breast lesions

PubMed Central

Dong, Jie; Wang, Dawei; Ma, Zhenshen; Deng, Guodong; Wang, Lanhua; Zhang, Jiandong

2017-01-01

The aim of the study was evaluate the 3.0 T magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion imaging scanning time window following contrast injection for differentiating benign and malignant breast lesions and to determine the optimum scanning time window for increased scanner usage efficiency and reduced diagnostic adverse risk factors. A total of 52 women with breast abnormalities were selected for conventional MR imaging and T1 dynamic-enhanced imaging. Quantitative parameters [volume transfer constant (Ktrans), rate constant (Kep) and extravascular extracellular volume fraction (Ve)] were calculated at phases 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50, which represented time windows at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min, respectively, following injection of contrast agent. The association of the parameters at different phases with benign and malignant tumor diagnosis was analyzed. MR perfusion imaging was verified as an effective modality in the diagnosis of breast malignancies and the best scanning time window was identified: i) Values of Ktrans and Kep at all phases were statistically significant in differentiating benign and malignant tumors (P<0.05), while the value of Ve had statistical significance only at stage 10, but not at any other stages (P>0.05); ii) values of Ve in benign tumors increased with phase number, but achieved no obvious changes at different phases in malignant tumors; iii) the optimum scanning time window of breast perfusion imaging with 3.0 T MR was between phases 10 and 30 (i.e., between 5 and 15 min after contrast agent injection). The variation trend of Ve values at different phases may serve as a diagnostic reference for differentiating benign and malignant breast abnormalities. The most efficient scanning time window was indicated to be 5 min after contrast injection, based on the observation that the Ve value only had statistical significance in diagnosis at stage 10. However, the optimal scanning time window is from 5 to 15 min following the injection of contrast agent, since that the variation trend of Ve is able to serve as a diagnostic reference. PMID:28450944

Evaluation of optimized magnetic resonance perfusion imaging scanning time window after contrast agent injection for differentiating benign and malignant breast lesions.

PubMed

Dong, Jie; Wang, Dawei; Ma, Zhenshen; Deng, Guodong; Wang, Lanhua; Zhang, Jiandong

2017-03-01

The aim of the study was evaluate the 3.0 T magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion imaging scanning time window following contrast injection for differentiating benign and malignant breast lesions and to determine the optimum scanning time window for increased scanner usage efficiency and reduced diagnostic adverse risk factors. A total of 52 women with breast abnormalities were selected for conventional MR imaging and T1 dynamic-enhanced imaging. Quantitative parameters [volume transfer constant (K trans ), rate constant (K ep ) and extravascular extracellular volume fraction (V e )] were calculated at phases 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50, which represented time windows at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min, respectively, following injection of contrast agent. The association of the parameters at different phases with benign and malignant tumor diagnosis was analyzed. MR perfusion imaging was verified as an effective modality in the diagnosis of breast malignancies and the best scanning time window was identified: i) Values of K trans and K ep at all phases were statistically significant in differentiating benign and malignant tumors (P<0.05), while the value of V e had statistical significance only at stage 10, but not at any other stages (P>0.05); ii) values of V e in benign tumors increased with phase number, but achieved no obvious changes at different phases in malignant tumors; iii) the optimum scanning time window of breast perfusion imaging with 3.0 T MR was between phases 10 and 30 (i.e., between 5 and 15 min after contrast agent injection). The variation trend of V e values at different phases may serve as a diagnostic reference for differentiating benign and malignant breast abnormalities. The most efficient scanning time window was indicated to be 5 min after contrast injection, based on the observation that the V e value only had statistical significance in diagnosis at stage 10. However, the optimal scanning time window is from 5 to 15 min following the injection of contrast agent, since that the variation trend of V e is able to serve as a diagnostic reference.

46 CFR 127.410 - Safety-glazing materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ARRANGEMENTS Construction of Windows, Visibility, and Operability of Coverings § 127.410 Safety-glazing materials. Glass and other glazing material used in windows must be material that will not break into...

46 CFR 116.1010 - Safety glazing materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ARRANGEMENT Window Construction and Visibility § 116.1010 Safety glazing materials. Glass and other glazing material used in windows must be of material that will not break into dangerous fragments if fractured. ...

First results from the Thomson scattering diagnostic on proto-MPEX.

PubMed

Biewer, T M; Meitner, S; Rapp, J; Ray, H; Shaw, G

2016-11-01

A Thomson scattering (TS) diagnostic has been successfully implemented on the prototype Material Plasma Exposure eXperiment (Proto-MPEX) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The diagnostic collects the light scattered by plasma electrons and spectroscopically resolves the Doppler shift imparted to the light by the velocity of the electrons. The spread in velocities is proportional to the electron temperature, while the total number of photons is proportional to the electron density. TS is a technique used on many devices to measure the electron temperature (T e ) and electron density (n e ) of the plasma. A challenging aspect of the technique is to discriminate the small number of Thomson scattered photons against the large peak of background photons from the high-power laser used to probe the plasma. A variety of methods are used to mitigate the background photons in Proto-MPEX, including Brewster angled windows, viewing dumps, and light baffles. With these methods, first results were measured from argon plasmas in Proto-MPEX, indicating T e ∼ 2 eV and n e ∼ 1 × 10 19 m -3 . The configuration of the Proto-MPEX TS diagnostic will be described and plans for improvement will be given.

First results from the Thomson scattering diagnostic on Proto-MPEX

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Biewer, Theodore M; Meitner, Steven J; Rapp, Juergen

2016-01-01

A Thomson scattering diagnostic has been successfully implemented on the prototype Material Plasma Exposure eXperiment (Proto-MPEX) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The diagnostic collects the light scattered by plasma electrons and spectroscopically resolves the Doppler shift imparted to the light by the velocity of the electrons. The spread in velocities is proportional to the electron temperature, while the total number of photons is proportional to the electron density. Thomson scattering is a technique used on many devices to measure the electron temperature (Te) and electron density (ne) of the plasma. A challenging aspect of the technique is to discriminate themore » small number of Thomson scattered photons against the large peak of background photons from the high-power laser used to probe the plasma. A variety of methods are used to mitigate the background photons in Proto-MPEX, including Brewster angled windows, viewing dumps, and light baffles. With these methods, first results were measured from Argon plasmas in Proto-MPEX, indicating Te ~ 2 eV and ne ~ 1x1019 m-3. The configuration of the Proto-MPEX Thomson scattering diagnostic will be described and plans for improvement will be given.« less

High-impact resistance optical sensor windows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Askinazi, Joel; Ceccorulli, Mark L.; Goldman, Lee

2011-06-01

Recent field experience with optical sensor windows on both ground and airborne platforms has shown a significant increase in window fracturing from foreign object debris (FOD) impacts and as a by-product of asymmetrical warfare. Common optical sensor window materials such as borosilicate glass do not typically have high impact resistance. Emerging advanced optical window materials such as aluminum oxynitride offer the potential for a significant improvement in FOD impact resistance due to their superior surface hardness, fracture toughness and strength properties. To confirm the potential impact resistance improvement achievable with these emerging materials, Goodrich ISR Systems in collaboration with Surmet Corporation undertook a set of comparative FOD impact tests of optical sensor windows made from borosilicate glass and from aluminum oxynitride. It was demonstrated that the aluminum oxynitride windows could withstand up to three times the FOD impact velocity (as compared with borosilicate glass) before fracture would occur. These highly encouraging test results confirm the utility of this new highly viable window solution for use on new ground and airborne window multispectral applications as well as a retrofit to current production windows. We believe that this solution can go a long way to significantly reducing the frequency and life cycle cost of window replacement.

Polarization Rotation Caused by Cross-Beam Energy Transfer in Direct-Drive Implosions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Edgell, D. H.; Follett, R. K.; Katz, J.; Myatt, J. F.; Shaw, J. G.; Turnbull, D.; Froula, D. H.

2017-10-01

The first evidence of polarization rotation caused by cross-beam energy transfer (CBET) during direct-drive implosions has been provided by a new beamlets diagnostic that was fielded on OMEGA. Beamlet images are, in essence, the end points of beamlets of light originating from different regions of each beam profile and following paths determined by refraction through the coronal plasma. The intensity of each beamlet varies because of absorption and many CBET interactions along that path. The new diagnostic records images in two time windows and includes a Wollaston prism to split each beamlet into two orthogonal polarization images recording the polarization of each beamlet. Only the common polarization components couple during CBET so when each beam is linearly polarized, CBET rotates the polarization of each beam. A 3-D CBET postprocessor for hydrodynamics codes was used to model the beamlet images. The predicted images are compared to the images recorded by the new diagnostic. This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration under Award Number DE-NA0001944.

State-of-the-Art Highly Insulating Window Frames - Research and Market Review

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gustavsen, Arild; Jelle, Bjorn Petter; Arasteh, Dariush

2007-01-01

This document reports the findings of a market and research review related to state-of-the-art highly insulating window frames. The market review focuses on window frames that satisfy the Passivhaus requirements (window U-value less or equal to 0.8 W/m{sup 2}K ), while other examples are also given in order to show the variety of materials and solutions that may be used for constructing window frames with a low thermal transmittance (U-value). The market search shows that several combinations of materials are used in order to obtain window frames with a low U-value. The most common insulating material seems to be Polyurethanemore » (PUR), which is used together with most of the common structural materials such as wood, aluminum, and PVC. The frame research review also shows examples of window frames developed in order to increase the energy efficiency of the frames and the glazings which the frames are to be used together with. The authors find that two main tracks are used in searching for better solutions. The first one is to minimize the heat losses through the frame itself. The result is that conductive materials are replaced by highly thermal insulating materials and air cavities. The other option is to reduce the window frame area to a minimum, which is done by focusing on the net energy gain by the entire window (frame, spacer and glazing). Literature shows that a window with a higher U-value may give a net energy gain to a building that is higher than a window with a smaller U-value. The net energy gain is calculated by subtracting the transmission losses through the window from the solar energy passing through the windows. The net energy gain depends on frame versus glazing area, solar factor, solar irradiance, calculation period and U-value. The frame research review also discusses heat transfer modeling issues related to window frames. Thermal performance increasing measures, surface modeling, and frame cavity modeling are among the topics discussed. The review shows that the current knowledge gives the basis for improving the calculation procedures in the calculation standards. At the same time it is room for improvement within some areas, e.g. to fully understand the natural convection effects inside irregular vertical frame cavities (jambs) and ventilated frame cavities.« less

46 CFR 177.1010 - Safety glazing materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... TONS) CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT Window Construction and Visibility § 177.1010 Safety glazing materials. Glass and other glazing material used in windows accessible to passengers and crew must be of...

Computer-Based Medical System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1998-01-01

SYMED, Inc., developed a unique electronic medical records and information management system. The S2000 Medical Interactive Care System (MICS) incorporates both a comprehensive and interactive medical care support capability and an extensive array of digital medical reference materials in either text or high resolution graphic form. The system was designed, in cooperation with NASA, to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of physician practices. The S2000 is a MS (Microsoft) Windows based software product which combines electronic forms, medical documents, records management, and features a comprehensive medical information system for medical diagnostic support and treatment. SYMED, Inc. offers access to its medical systems to all companies seeking competitive advantages.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

1998-09-30

Optical prots ring the Electrostatic Levitator (ESL) vacuum chamber to admit light from the heating laser (the beam passes through the window at left), poisitioning lasers (one port is at center), and lamps (such as the deuterium arc lamp at right), and to allow diagnostic instruments to view the sample. The ESL uses static electricity to suspend an object (about 2-3 mm in diameter) inside a vacuum chamber while a laser heats the sample until it melts. This lets scientists record a wide range of physical properties without the sample contacting the container or any instruments, conditions that would alter the readings. The Electrostatic Levitator is one of several tools used in NASA's microgravity materials science program.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

1998-09-30

Optical prots ring the Electrostatic Levitator (ESL) vacuum chamber to admit light from the heating laser (the beam passes through the window at left), poisitioning lasers (one port is at center), and lamps (arc lamp at right), and to allow diagnostic instruments to view the sample. The ESL uses static electricity to suspend an object (about 2-3 mm in diameter) inside a vacuum chamber while a laser heats the sample until it melts. This lets scientists record a wide range of physical properties without the sample contacting the container or any instruments, conditions that would alter the readings. The Electrostatic Levitator is one of several tools used in NASA's microgravity materials science program.

Study of noise transmission through double wall aircraft windows

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vaicaitis, R.

1983-01-01

Analytical and experimental procedures were used to predict the noise transmitted through double wall windows into the cabin of a twin-engine G/A aircraft. The analytical model was applied to optimize cabin noise through parametric variation of the structural and acoustic parameters. The parametric study includes mass addition, increase in plexiglass thickness, decrease in window size, increase in window cavity depth, depressurization of the space between the two window plates, replacement of the air cavity with a transparent viscoelastic material, change in stiffness of the plexiglass material, and different absorptive materials for the interior walls of the cabin. It was found that increasing the exterior plexiglass thickness and/or decreasing the total window size could achieve the proper amount of noise reduction for this aircraft. The total added weight to the aircraft is then about 25 lbs.

49 CFR 393.60 - Glazing in specified openings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION Glazing and Window Construction § 393.60 Glazing in specified openings. (a) Glazing material. Glazing material used in windshields, windows, and doors on a motor vehicle.... (d) Coloring or tinting of windshields and windows. Coloring or tinting of windshields and the...

Refractory clad transient internal probe for magnetic field measurements in high temperature plasmas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Hyundae; Cellamare, Vincent; Jarboe, Thomas R.; Mattick, Arthur T.

2005-05-01

The transient internal probe (TIP) is a diagnostic for local internal field measurements in high temperature plasmas. A verdet material, which rotates the polarization angle of the laser light under magnetic fields, is launched into a plasma at about 1.8km/s. A linearly polarized Ar+ laser illuminates the probe in transit and the light retroreflected from the probe is analyzed to determine the local magnetic field profiles. The TIP has been used for magnetic field measurements on the helicity injected torus where electron temperature Te⩽80eV. In order to apply the TIP in higher temperature plasmas, refractory clad probes have been developed utilizing a sapphire tube, rear disc, and a MgO window on the front. The high melting points of these refractory materials should allow probe operation at plasma electron temperatures up to Te˜300eV. A retroreflecting probe has also been developed using "catseye" optics. The front window is replaced with a plano-convex MgO lens, and the back surface of the probe is aluminized. This approach reduces spurious polarization effects and provides refractory cladding for the probe entrance face. In-flight measurements of a static magnetic field demonstrate the ability of the clad probes to withstand gun-launch acceleration, and provide high accuracy measurements of magnetic field.

High-Temperature Optical Window Design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roeloffs, Norman; Taranto, Nick

1995-01-01

A high-temperature optical window is essential to the optical diagnostics of high-temperature combustion rigs. Laser Doppler velocimetry, schlieren photography, light sheet visualization, and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy are a few of the tests that require optically clear access to the combustor flow stream. A design was developed for a high-temperature window that could withstand the severe environment of the NASA Lewis 3200 F Lean Premixed Prevaporized (LPP) Flame Tube Test Rig. The development of this design was both time consuming and costly. This report documents the design process and the lessons learned, in an effort to reduce the cost of developing future designs for high-temperature optical windows.

Investigation of high temperature antennas for space shuttle

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kuhlman, E. A.

1973-01-01

The design and development of high temperature antennas for the space shuttle orbiter are discussed. The antenna designs were based on three antenna types, an annular slot (L-Band), a linear slot (C-Band), and a horn (C-Band). The design approach was based on combining an RF window, which provides thermal protection, with an off-the-shelf antenna. Available antenna window materials were reviewed and compared, and the materials most compatible with the design requirements were selected. Two antenna window design approaches were considered: one employed a high temperature dielectric material and a low density insulation material, and the other an insulation material usable for the orbiter thermal protection system. Preliminary designs were formulated and integrated into the orbiter structure. Simple electrical models, with a series of window configurations, were constructed and tested. The results of tests and analyses for the final antenna system designs are given and show that high temperature antenna systems consisting of off-the-shelf antennas thermally protected by RF windows can be designed for the Space Shuttle Orbiter.

Rugged sensor window materials for harsh environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bayya, Shyam; Villalobos, Guillermo; Kim, Woohong; Sanghera, Jasbinger; Hunt, Michael; Aggarwal, Ishwar D.

2014-09-01

There are several military or commercial systems operating in very harsh environments that require rugged windows. On some of these systems, windows become the single point of failure. These applications include sensor or imaging systems, high-energy laser weapons systems, submarine photonic masts, IR countermeasures and missiles. Based on the sea or land or air based platforms the window or dome on these systems must withstand wave slap, underwater or ground based explosions, or survive flight through heavy rain and sand storms while maintaining good optical transmission in the desired wavelength range. Some of these applications still use softer ZnS or fused silica windows because of lack of availability of rugged materials in shapes or sizes required. Sapphire, ALON and spinel are very rugged materials with significantly higher strengths compared to ZnS and fused silica. There have been recent developments in spinel, ALON and sapphire materials to fabricate in large sizes and conformal shapes. We have been developing spinel ceramics for several of these applications. We are also developing β-SiC as a transparent window material as it has higher hardness, strength, and toughness than sapphire, ALON and spinel. This paper gives a summary of our recent findings.

Optical Characterization of Window Materials for Aerospace Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tedjojuwono, Ken K.; Clark, Natalie; Humphreys, William M., Jr.

2013-01-01

An optical metrology laboratory has been developed to characterize the optical properties of optical window materials to be used for aerospace applications. Several optical measurement systems have been selected and developed to measure spectral transmittance, haze, clarity, birefringence, striae, wavefront quality, and wedge. In addition to silica based glasses, several optical lightweight polymer materials and transparent ceramics have been investigated in the laboratory. The measurement systems and selected empirical results for non-silica materials are described. These measurements will be used to form the basis of acceptance criteria for selection of window materials for future aerospace vehicle and habitat designs.

First results from the Thomson scattering diagnostic on proto-MPEX

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Biewer, T. M., E-mail: biewertm@ornl.gov; Meitner, S.; Rapp, J.

2016-11-15

A Thomson scattering (TS) diagnostic has been successfully implemented on the prototype Material Plasma Exposure eXperiment (Proto-MPEX) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The diagnostic collects the light scattered by plasma electrons and spectroscopically resolves the Doppler shift imparted to the light by the velocity of the electrons. The spread in velocities is proportional to the electron temperature, while the total number of photons is proportional to the electron density. TS is a technique used on many devices to measure the electron temperature (T{sub e}) and electron density (n{sub e}) of the plasma. A challenging aspect of the technique is tomore » discriminate the small number of Thomson scattered photons against the large peak of background photons from the high-power laser used to probe the plasma. A variety of methods are used to mitigate the background photons in Proto-MPEX, including Brewster angled windows, viewing dumps, and light baffles. With these methods, first results were measured from argon plasmas in Proto-MPEX, indicating T{sub e} ∼ 2 eV and n{sub e} ∼ 1 × 10{sup 19} m{sup −3}. The configuration of the Proto-MPEX TS diagnostic will be described and plans for improvement will be given.« less

Window Frame Types | Efficient Windows Collaborative

Science.gov Websites

metal frames. Metal Frames Metal Frame with Thermal Break Non-metal Frames Non-metal There is a variety of non-metal framing materials for windows including, wood, wood with metal/vinyl cladding, vinyl disadvantages. Non-metal Frames Non-metal Frame, Thermally Improved Does frame material type matter? The

Lagrangian technique to calculate window interface velocity from shock velocity measurements: Application for quartz windows

DOE PAGES

McCoy, Chad A.; Knudson, Marcus D.

2017-08-24

Measurement of the window interface velocity is a common technique for investigating the dynamic response materials at high strain rates. However, these measurements are limited in pressure to the range where the window remains transparent. The most common window material for this application is lithium fluoride, which under single shock compression becomes opaque at ~200 GPa. To date, no other window material has been identified for use at higher pressures. Here, we present a Lagrangian technique to calculate the interface velocity from a continuously measured shock velocity, with application to quartz. The quartz shock front becomes reflective upon melt, atmore » ~100 GPa, enabling the use of velocity interferometry to continuously measure the shock velocity. This technique overlaps with the range of pressures accessible with LiF windows and extends the region where wave profile measurements are possible to pressures in excess of 2000 GPa. Lastly, we show through simulated data that the technique accurately reproduces the interface velocity within 20% of the initial state, and that the Lagrangian technique represents a significant improvement over a simple linear approximation.« less

Lagrangian technique to calculate window interface velocity from shock velocity measurements: Application for quartz windows

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McCoy, Chad A.; Knudson, Marcus D.

Measurement of the window interface velocity is a common technique for investigating the dynamic response materials at high strain rates. However, these measurements are limited in pressure to the range where the window remains transparent. The most common window material for this application is lithium fluoride, which under single shock compression becomes opaque at ~200 GPa. To date, no other window material has been identified for use at higher pressures. Here, we present a Lagrangian technique to calculate the interface velocity from a continuously measured shock velocity, with application to quartz. The quartz shock front becomes reflective upon melt, atmore » ~100 GPa, enabling the use of velocity interferometry to continuously measure the shock velocity. This technique overlaps with the range of pressures accessible with LiF windows and extends the region where wave profile measurements are possible to pressures in excess of 2000 GPa. Lastly, we show through simulated data that the technique accurately reproduces the interface velocity within 20% of the initial state, and that the Lagrangian technique represents a significant improvement over a simple linear approximation.« less

Advances in Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Haas, Julian; Mizaikoff, Boris

2016-06-01

Infrared spectroscopy in the 3-20 μm spectral window has evolved from a routine laboratory technique into a state-of-the-art spectroscopy and sensing tool by benefitting from recent progress in increasingly sophisticated spectra acquisition techniques and advanced materials for generating, guiding, and detecting mid-infrared (MIR) radiation. Today, MIR spectroscopy provides molecular information with trace to ultratrace sensitivity, fast data acquisition rates, and high spectral resolution catering to demanding applications in bioanalytics, for example, and to improved routine analysis. In addition to advances in miniaturized device technology without sacrificing analytical performance, selected innovative applications for MIR spectroscopy ranging from process analysis to biotechnology and medical diagnostics are highlighted in this review.

How to be smart and energy efficient: A general discussion on thermochromic windows

PubMed Central

Long, Linshuang; Ye, Hong

2014-01-01

A window is a unique element in a building because of its simultaneous properties of being “opaque” to inclement weather yet transparent to the observer. However, these unique features make the window an element that can reduce the energy efficiency of buildings. A thermochromic window is a type of smart window whose solar radiation properties vary with temperature. It is thought that the solar radiation gain of a room can be intelligently regulated through the use of thermochromic windows, resulting in lower energy consumption than with standard windows. Materials scientists have made many efforts to improve the performance of thermochromic materials. Despite these efforts, fundamental problems continue to confront us. How should a “smart” window behave? Is a “smart” window really the best candidate for energy-efficient applications? What is the relationship between smartness and energy performance? To answer these questions, a general discussion of smartness and energy performance is provided. PMID:25233891

Switchable Materials for Smart Windows.

PubMed

Wang, Yang; Runnerstrom, Evan L; Milliron, Delia J

2016-06-07

This article reviews the basic principles of and recent developments in electrochromic, photochromic, and thermochromic materials for applications in smart windows. Compared with current static windows, smart windows can dynamically modulate the transmittance of solar irradiation based on weather conditions and personal preferences, thus simultaneously improving building energy efficiency and indoor human comfort. Although some smart windows are commercially available, their widespread implementation has not yet been realized. Recent advances in nanostructured materials provide new opportunities for next-generation smart window technology owing to their unique structure-property relations. Nanomaterials can provide enhanced coloration efficiency, faster switching kinetics, and longer lifetime. In addition, their compatibility with solution processing enables low-cost and high-throughput fabrication. This review also discusses the importance of dual-band modulation of visible and near-infrared (NIR) light, as nearly 50% of solar energy lies in the NIR region. Some latest results show that solution-processable nanostructured systems can selectively modulate the NIR light without affecting the visible transmittance, thus reducing energy consumption by air conditioning, heating, and artificial lighting.

FOREX-A Fiber Optics Diagnostic System For Study Of Materials At High Temperatures And Pressures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, D. E.; Roeske, F.

1983-03-01

We have successfully fielded a Fiber Optics Radiation EXperiment system (FOREX) designed for measuring material properties at high temperatures and pressures on an underground nuclear test. The system collects light from radiating materials and transmits it through several hundred meters of optical fibers to a recording station consisting of a streak camera with film readout. The use of fiber optics provides a faster time response than can presently be obtained with equalized coaxial cables over comparable distances. Fibers also have significant cost and physical size advantages over coax cables. The streak camera achieves a much higher information density than an equivalent oscilloscope system, and it also serves as the light detector. The result is a wide bandwidth high capacity system that can be fielded at a relatively low cost in manpower, space, and materials. For this experiment, the streak camera had a 120 ns time window with a 1.2 ns time resolution. Dynamic range for the system was about 1000. Beam current statistical limitations were approximately 8% for a 0.3 ns wide data point at one decade above the threshold recording intensity.

Determination of levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) present in caulk and window glazing material samples from older buildings

EPA Science Inventory

Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in caulk and window glazing material samples from older buildings were determined, using a method developed for this purpose. This method was evaluated by analyzing a combination of 47 samples of caulk, glazing materials, including quali...

Bi-level microelectronic device package with an integral window

DOEpatents

Peterson, Kenneth A.; Watson, Robert D.

2004-01-06

A package with an integral window for housing a microelectronic device. The integral window is bonded directly to the package without having a separate layer of adhesive material disposed in-between the window and the package. The device can be a semiconductor chip, CCD chip, CMOS chip, VCSEL chip, laser diode, MEMS device, or IMEMS device. The multilayered package can be formed of a LTCC or HTCC cofired ceramic material, with the integral window being simultaneously joined to the package during LTCC or HTCC processing. The microelectronic device can be flip-chip bonded so that the light-sensitive side is optically accessible through the window. The package has at least two levels of circuits for making electrical interconnections to a pair of microelectronic devices. The result is a compact, low-profile package having an integral window that is hermetically sealed to the package prior to mounting and interconnecting the microelectronic device(s).

Single level microelectronic device package with an integral window

DOEpatents

Peterson, Kenneth A.; Watson, Robert D.

2003-12-09

A package with an integral window for housing a microelectronic device. The integral window is bonded directly to the package without having a separate layer of adhesive material disposed in-between the window and the package. The device can be a semiconductor chip, CCD chip, CMOS chip, VCSEL chip, laser diode, MEMS device, or IMEMS device. The package can be formed of a multilayered LTCC or HTCC cofired ceramic material, with the integral window being simultaneously joined to the package during cofiring. The microelectronic device can be flip-chip interconnected so that the light-sensitive side is optically accessible through the window. A glob-top encapsulant or protective cover can be used to protect the microelectronic device and electrical interconnections. The result is a compact, low profile package having an integral window that is hermetically sealed to the package prior to mounting and interconnecting the microelectronic device.

Chest CT window settings with multiscale adaptive histogram equalization: pilot study.

PubMed

Fayad, Laura M; Jin, Yinpeng; Laine, Andrew F; Berkmen, Yahya M; Pearson, Gregory D; Freedman, Benjamin; Van Heertum, Ronald

2002-06-01

Multiscale adaptive histogram equalization (MAHE), a wavelet-based algorithm, was investigated as a method of automatic simultaneous display of the full dynamic contrast range of a computed tomographic image. Interpretation times were significantly lower for MAHE-enhanced images compared with those for conventionally displayed images. Diagnostic accuracy, however, was insufficient in this pilot study to allow recommendation of MAHE as a replacement for conventional window display.

Weibull Analysis and Area Scaling for Infrared Window Materials (U)

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-08-01

the strength of a window scales inversely with the size of the window. This report was reviewed for technical accuracy by Howard Poisl, Thomas M...strength of a window scales inversely with the size of the window. Test data are given for aluminum oxynitride (ALON), calcium fluoride, chemical vapor...failure of an optical window in the absence of slow crack growth. This report illustrates how the strength of a window scales inversely with the size of

Warm/cool-tone switchable thermochromic material for smart windows by orthogonally integrating properties of pillar[6]arene and ferrocene.

PubMed

Wang, Sai; Xu, Zuqiang; Wang, Tingting; Xiao, Tangxin; Hu, Xiao-Yu; Shen, Ying-Zhong; Wang, Leyong

2018-04-30

Functional materials play a vital role in the fabrication of smart windows, which can provide a more comfortable indoor environment for humans to enjoy a better lifestyle. Traditional materials for smart windows tend to possess only a single functionality with the purpose of regulating the input of solar energy. However, different color tones also have great influences on human emotions. Herein, a strategy for orthogonal integration of different properties is proposed, namely the thermo-responsiveness of ethylene glycol-modified pillar[6]arene (EGP6) and the redox-induced reversible color switching of ferrocene/ferrocenium groups are orthogonally integrated into one system. This gives rise to a material with cooperative and non-interfering dual functions, featuring both thermochromism and warm/cool tone-switchability. Consequently, the obtained bifunctional material for fabricating smart windows can not only regulate the input of solar energy but also can provide a more comfortable color tone to improve the feelings and emotions of people in indoor environments.

Applying Fused Silica and Other Transparent Window Materials in Aerospace Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Salem, Jon

2017-01-01

A variety of transparent ceramics, such as AlONs and spinels, that were developed for military applications hold promise as spacecraft windows. Window materials in spacecraft such as the Space Shuttle must meet many requirements such as maintaining cabin pressure, sustaining thermal shock, and tolerating damage from hyper-velocity impact while providing superior optical characteristics. The workhorse transparent material for space missions from Apollo to the International Space Station has been fused silica due in part to its low density, low coefficient of expansion and optical quality. Despite its successful use, fused silica exhibits lower fracture toughness and impact resistance as compared to newer materials. Can these newer transparent ceramics lighten spacecraft window systems and might they be useful for applications such as phone screens? This presentation will compare recent optical ceramics to fused silica and demonstrate how weight can be saved.

14 CFR 27.775 - Windshields and windows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Windshields and windows. 27.775 Section 27.775 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT... § 27.775 Windshields and windows. Windshields and windows must be made of material that will not break...

14 CFR 29.775 - Windshields and windows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Windshields and windows. 29.775 Section 29.775 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT... Accommodations § 29.775 Windshields and windows. Windshields and windows must be made of material that will not...

14 CFR 27.775 - Windshields and windows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Windshields and windows. 27.775 Section 27.775 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT... § 27.775 Windshields and windows. Windshields and windows must be made of material that will not break...

14 CFR 27.775 - Windshields and windows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Windshields and windows. 27.775 Section 27.775 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT... § 27.775 Windshields and windows. Windshields and windows must be made of material that will not break...

14 CFR 29.775 - Windshields and windows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Windshields and windows. 29.775 Section 29.775 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT... Accommodations § 29.775 Windshields and windows. Windshields and windows must be made of material that will not...

14 CFR 29.775 - Windshields and windows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Windshields and windows. 29.775 Section 29.775 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT... Accommodations § 29.775 Windshields and windows. Windshields and windows must be made of material that will not...

14 CFR 29.775 - Windshields and windows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Windshields and windows. 29.775 Section 29.775 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT... Accommodations § 29.775 Windshields and windows. Windshields and windows must be made of material that will not...

14 CFR 27.775 - Windshields and windows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Windshields and windows. 27.775 Section 27.775 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT... § 27.775 Windshields and windows. Windshields and windows must be made of material that will not break...

14 CFR 29.775 - Windshields and windows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Windshields and windows. 29.775 Section 29.775 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT... Accommodations § 29.775 Windshields and windows. Windshields and windows must be made of material that will not...

14 CFR 27.775 - Windshields and windows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Windshields and windows. 27.775 Section 27.775 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT... § 27.775 Windshields and windows. Windshields and windows must be made of material that will not break...

Modifications to the synthetic aperture microwave imaging diagnostic.

PubMed

Brunner, K J; Chorley, J C; Dipper, N A; Naylor, G; Sharples, R M; Taylor, G; Thomas, D A; Vann, R G L

2016-11-01

The synthetic aperture microwave imaging diagnostic has been operating on the MAST experiment since 2011. It has provided the first 2D images of B-X-O mode conversion windows and showed the feasibility of conducting 2D Doppler back-scattering experiments. The diagnostic heavily relies on field programmable gate arrays to conduct its work. Recent successes and newly gained experience with the diagnostic have led us to modify it. The enhancements will enable pitch angle profile measurements, O and X mode separation, and the continuous acquisition of 2D DBS data. The diagnostic has also been installed on the NSTX-U and is acquiring data since May 2016.

Coronary CT Angiography Incorporating Doppler-Guided Prospective ECG Gating in Patients with High Heart Rate: Comparison with Results of Traditional Prospective ECG Gating

PubMed Central

Li, Min; Yu, Bing-bing; Wu, Jian-hua; Xu, Lin; Sun, Gang

2013-01-01

Purpose As Doppler ultrasound has been proven to be an effective tool to predict and compress the optimal pulsing windows, we evaluated the effective dose and diagnostic accuracy of coronary CT angiography (CTA) incorporating Doppler-guided prospective electrocardiograph (ECG) gating, which presets pulsing windows according to Doppler analysis, in patients with a heart rate >65 bpm. Materials and Methods 119 patients with a heart rate >65 bpm who were scheduled for invasive coronary angiography were prospectively studied, and patients were randomly divided into traditional prospective (n = 61) and Doppler-guided prospective (n = 58) ECG gating groups. The exposure window of traditional prospective ECG gating was set at 30%–80% of the cardiac cycle. For the Doppler group, the length of diastasis was analyzed by Doppler. For lengths greater than 90 ms, the pulsing window was preset during diastole (during 60%–80%); otherwise, the optimal pulsing intervals were moved from diastole to systole (during 30%–50%). Results The mean heart rates of the traditional ECG and the Doppler-guided group during CT scanning were 75.0±7.7 bpm (range, 66–96 bpm) and 76.5±5.4 bpm (range: 66–105 bpm), respectively. The results indicated that whereas the image quality showed no significant difference between the traditional and Doppler groups (P = 0.42), the radiation dose of the Doppler group was significantly lower than that of the traditional group (5.2±3.4mSv vs. 9.3±4.5mSv, P<0.001). The sensitivities of CTA applying traditional and Doppler-guided prospective ECG gating to diagnose stenosis on a segment level were 95.5% and 94.3%, respectively; specificities 98.0% and 97.1%, respectively; positive predictive values 90.7% and 88.2%, respectively; negative predictive values 99.0% and 98.7%, respectively. There was no statistical difference in concordance between the traditional and Doppler groups (P = 0.22). Conclusion Doppler-guided prospective ECG gating represents an improved method in patients with a high heart rate to reduce effective radiation doses, while maintaining high diagnostic accuracy. PMID:23696793

Integral window/photon beam position monitor and beam flux detectors for x-ray beams

DOEpatents

Shu, Deming; Kuzay, Tuncer M.

1995-01-01

A monitor/detector assembly in a synchrotron for either monitoring the position of a photon beam or detecting beam flux may additionally function as a vacuum barrier between the front end and downstream segment of the beamline in the synchrotron. A base flange of the monitor/detector assembly is formed of oxygen free copper with a central opening covered by a window foil that is fused thereon. The window foil is made of man-made materials, such as chemical vapor deposition diamond or cubic boron nitrate and in certain configurations includes a central opening through which the beams are transmitted. Sensors of low atomic number materials, such as aluminum or beryllium, are laid on the window foil. The configuration of the sensors on the window foil may be varied depending on the function to be performed. A contact plate of insulating material, such as aluminum oxide, is secured to the base flange and is thereby clamped against the sensor on the window foil. The sensor is coupled to external electronic signal processing devices via a gold or silver lead printed onto the contact plate and a copper post screw or alternatively via a copper screw and a copper spring that can be inserted through the contact plate and coupled to the sensors. In an alternate embodiment of the monitor/detector assembly, the sensors are sandwiched between the window foil of chemical vapor deposition diamond or cubic boron nitrate and a front foil made of similar material.

New technology for ultrasensitive detection and isolation of rare cells for clinical diagnostics and therapeutics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leary, James F.; McLaughlin, Scott R.

1995-04-01

A high-speed, 11-parameter, 6-color fluorescence, laser flow cytometer/cell sorter with a number of special and unique features has been built for ultrasensitive detection and isolation of rare cells for clinical diagnostics and therapeutics. The software for real-time data acquisition and sort control, written as C++ programming language modules with a WindowsTM graphical user interface, runs on a 66-MHz 80486 computer joined by an extended bus to 23 sophisticated multi-layered boards of special data acquisition and sorting electronics. Special features include: high-speed (> 100,000 cells/sec) real-time data classification module (U.S. Patent 5,204,884 (1993)); real-time principal component cell sorting; multi-queue signal-processing system with multiple hardware and software event buffers to reduce instrument dead time, LUT charge-pulse definition, high-resolution `flexible' sorting for optimal yield/purity sort strategies (U.S. Patent 5,199,576); pre-focusing optical wavelength correction for a second laser beam; and two trains of three fluorescence detectors-- each adjustable for spatial separation to interrogate only one of two laser beams, syringe- driven or pressure-driven fluidics, and time-windowed parameters. The system has been built to be both expandable and versatile through the use of LUT's and a modular hardware and software design. The instrument is especially useful at detection and isolation of rare cell subpopulations for which our laboratory is well-known. Cell subpopulations at frequencies as small as 10-7 have been successfully studied with this system. Current applications in clinical diagnostics and therapeutics include detection and isolation of (1) fetal cells from material blood for prenatal diagnosis of birth defects, (2) hematopoietic stem and precursor cells for autologous bone marrow transplantation, (3) metastatic breast cancer cells for molecular characterization, and (4) HIV-infected maternal cells in newborn blood to study mother-to-infant vertical transmission of AIDS.

Video Diagnostic for W7-X Stellarator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sárközi, J.; Grosser, K.; Kocsis, G.; König, R.; Neuner, U.; Molnár, Á.; Petravich, G.; Por, G.; Porempovics, G.; Récsei, S.; Szabó, V.; Szappanos, A.; Zoletnik, S.

2008-03-01

The video diagnostics for W7-X—which is under development—is devoted to observe plasma and frrst wall elements during operation, to warn in case of hot spots and dangerous heat load and to give information about the plasma size, position, edge structure, the geometry and location of magnetic islands and distribution of impurities. The video diagnostics will be mounted on the tangential AEQ-ports of the torus that are not straight and have about 2m length and a typical diameter of 0.1m which makes its realization more difficult. The geometry of the 10 tangential views of the AEQ-ports allows giving an almost complete overview of the vessel interior making this diagnostic indispensable for the machine operation. Different concepts of the diagnostics were investigated and finally the following design was selected. As a large heat load is expected on the optical window located at the plasma-facing end of the AEQ-port, the port window is protected by a cooled pinhole. An uncooled shutter located behind the pinhole can be closed to prevent window contamination during vessel conditioning discharges (glow discharge cleaning) and from inter-pulse deposition of soft a-C:H layers. The imaging optics and the detection sensor are located behind the port window in the port tube, which will be under atmospheric pressure. To detect the visible radiation distribution a new camera system called Event Detection Intelligent Camera (EDICAM) is under development. The system is divided into three major separated components. The Sensor Module contains only the selected CMOS sensor, the analog digital converters and the minimal electronics necessary for the communication with the subsequent camera system module called Image Processing and Control Unit (IPCU). Its simple structure makes the Sensor Module suitable to operate despite being exposed to ionizing (neutron, γ-) radiation. The IPCU, which can be located far from the Sensor Module and therefore far from the plasma, is designed to perform real time evaluation of the images detecting predefined events, managing the sensor read-out and the input triggers and producing the output triggers generated by the detected events. The IPCU can also be used to reduce the amount of the stored data. A Standard 10 Gigabit Ethernet fiber optics connection connects the IPCU module to the PC with GigEVision communication protocol.

Protective broadband window coatings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Askinazi, Joel; Narayanan, Authi A.

1997-06-01

Optical windows employed in current and future airborne and ground based optical sensor systems are required to provide long service life under extreme environmental conditions including blowing sand and high speed rain. State of the art sensor systems are employing common aperture windows which must provide optical bandpasses from the TV to the LWIR. Operation Desert Storm experience indicates that current optical coatings provide limited environmental protection which adversely affects window life cycle cost. Most of these production coatings also have limited optical bandpasses (LWIR, MWIR, or TV-NIR). A family of optical coatings has been developed which provide a significant increase in rain and sand impact protection to current optical window materials. These coatings can also be tailored to provide either narrow optical bandwidth (e.g., LWIR) or broadband transmittance (TV- LWIR). They have been applied to a number of standard optical window materials. These coating have successfully completed airborne rain and sand abrasion test with minimal impact on optical window performance. Test results are presented. Low cost service life is anticipated as well as the ability to operate windows in even more taxing environments than currently feasible.

Thermoelastic Analysis of Hyper-X Camera Windows Suddenly Exposed to Mach 7 Stagnation Aerothermal Shock

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ko, William L.; Gong, Leslie

2000-01-01

To visually record the initial free flight event of the Hyper-X research flight vehicle immediately after separation from the Pegasus(registered) booster rocket, a video camera was mounted on the bulkhead of the adapter through which Hyper-X rides on Pegasus. The video camera was shielded by a protecting camera window made of heat-resistant quartz material. When Hyper-X separates from Pegasus, this camera window will be suddenly exposed to Mach 7 stagnation thermal shock and dynamic pressure loading (aerothermal loading). To examine the structural integrity, thermoelastic analysis was performed, and the stress distributions in the camera windows were calculated. The critical stress point where the tensile stress reaches a maximum value for each camera window was identified, and the maximum tensile stress level at that critical point was found to be considerably lower than the tensile failure stress of the camera window material.

Assessment of candidates for target window material in accelerator-driven molybdenum-99 production

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Strons, Philip; Bailey, James; Makarashvili, Vakhtang

2016-10-01

NorthStar Medical Technologies is pursuing production of an important medical isotope, Mo-99, through a photo-nuclear reaction of a Mo-100 target using a high-power electron accelerator. The current target utilizes an Inconel 718 window. The purpose of this study was to evaluate other candidate materials for the target window, which separates the high-pressure helium gas inside the target from the vacuum inside the accelerator beamline and is subjected to significant stress. Our initial analysis assessed the properties (density, thermal conductivity, maximum stress, minimum window thickness, maximum temperature, and figure of merit) for a range of materials, from which the three mostmore » promising were chosen: Inconel 718, 250 maraging steel, and standard-grade beryllium. These materials were subjected to further analysis to determine the effects of thermal and mechanical strain versus beam power at varying thicknesses. Both beryllium and the maraging steel were calculated to withstand more than twice as high beam power than Inconel 718.« less

The formation of IRIS diagnostics. III. Near-ultraviolet spectra and images

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pereira, T. M. D.; Leenaarts, J.; De Pontieu, B.

The Mg II h and k lines are the prime chromospheric diagnostics of NASA's Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS). In the previous papers of this series, we used a realistic three-dimensional radiative magnetohydrodynamics model to calculate the h and k lines in detail and investigated how their spectral features relate to the underlying atmosphere. In this work, we employ the same approach to investigate how the h and k diagnostics fare when taking into account the finite resolution of IRIS and different noise levels. In addition, we investigate the diagnostic potential of several other photospheric lines and near-continuum regions presentmore » in the near-ultraviolet (NUV) window of IRIS and study the formation of the NUV slit-jaw images. We find that the instrumental resolution of IRIS has a small effect on the quality of the h and k diagnostics; the relations between the spectral features and atmospheric properties are mostly unchanged. The peak separation is the most affected diagnostic, but mainly due to limitations of the simulation. The effects of noise start to be noticeable at a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 20, but we show that with noise filtering one can obtain reliable diagnostics at least down to a S/N of 5. The many photospheric lines present in the NUV window provide velocity information for at least eight distinct photospheric heights. Using line-free regions in the h and k far wings, we derive good estimates of photospheric temperature for at least three heights. Both of these diagnostics, in particular the latter, can be obtained even at S/Ns as low as 5.« less

49 CFR 571.205(a) - Glazing equipment manufactured before September 1, 2006 and glazing materials used in vehicles...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... vehicle windows for driver visibility, and to minimize the possibility of occupants being thrown through the vehicle windows in collisions. S3. Application. This standard applies to glazing equipment...) [Reserved] (j) Windows and doors in motor homes, except for the windshield and windows to the immediate...

Stimuli-responsive nanotherapeutics for precision drug delivery and cancer therapy.

PubMed

Qiao, Yiting; Wan, Jianqin; Zhou, Liqian; Ma, Wen; Yang, Yuanyuan; Luo, Weixuan; Yu, Zhiqiang; Wang, Hangxiang

2018-05-04

Cancer remains one of the world's leading causes of death. However, most conventional chemotherapeutic drugs only show a narrow therapeutic window in patients because of their inability to discriminate cancer cells from healthy cells. Nanoparticle-based therapeutics (termed nanotherapeutics) have emerged as potential solutions to mitigate many obstacles posed by these free drugs. Deep insights into knowledge of the tumor microenvironment and materials science make it possible to construct nanotherapeutics that are able to release cargoes in response to a variety of internal stimuli and external triggers. Therefore, such highly sophisticated nanosystems could help impede the premature release of toxic drugs in the blood circulation or healthy tissues, thus enhancing the safety profiles of encapsulated drugs. In this context, this review offers a comprehensive overview of several specific stimuli, including internal stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, enzyme, redox, and H 2 O 2 ) and external stimuli (e.g., magnetic, photo, and ultrasound). We envision that applications of these smart nanotherapeutics can benefit cancer patients and provide a good chance for clinical translation of many nanoparticle formulas. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Diagnostic Tools > in vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Challenges to Laser-Based Imaging Techniques in Gas Turbine Combustor Systems for Aerospace Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Locke, Randy J.; Anderson, Robert C.; Zaller, Michelle M.; Hicks, Yolanda R.

1998-01-01

Increasingly severe constraints on emissions, noise and fuel efficiency must be met by the next generation of commercial aircraft powerplants. At NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) a cooperative research effort with industry is underway to design and test combustors that will meet these requirements. To accomplish these tasks, it is necessary to gain both a detailed understanding of the combustion processes and a precise knowledge of combustor and combustor sub-component performance at close to actual conditions. To that end, researchers at LeRC are engaged in a comprehensive diagnostic investigation of high pressure reacting flowfields that duplicate conditions expected within the actual engine combustors. Unique, optically accessible flame-tubes and sector rig combustors, designed especially for these tests. afford the opportunity to probe these flowfields with the most advanced, laser-based optical diagnostic techniques. However, these same techniques, tested and proven on comparatively simple bench-top gaseous flame burners, encounter numerous restrictions and challenges when applied in these facilities. These include high pressures and temperatures, large flow rates, liquid fuels, remote testing, and carbon or other material deposits on combustor windows. Results are shown that document the success and versatility of these nonintrusive optical diagnostics despite the challenges to their implementation in realistic systems.

Modifications to the synthetic aperture microwave imaging diagnostic

DOE PAGES

Brunner, K. J.; Chorley, J. C.; Dipper, N. A.; ...

2016-09-02

The synthetic aperture microwave imaging diagnostic has been operating on the MAST experiment since 2011. It has provided the first 2D images of B-X-O mode conversion windows and showed the feasibility of conducting 2D Doppler back-scattering experiments. The diagnostic heavily relies on field programmable gate arrays to conduct its work. Recent successes and newly gained experience with the diagnostic have led us to modify it. The enhancements will enable pitch angle profile measurements, O and X mode separation, and the continuous acquisition of 2D DBS data. Finally, the diagnostic has also been installed on the NSTX-U and is acquiring datamore » since May 2016.« less

SU-F-I-06: Evaluation of Imaging Dose for Modulation Layer Based Dual Energy Cone-Beam CT

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ju, Eunbin; Ahn, SoHyun; Cho, Samju

Purpose: Dual energy cone beam CT system is finding a variety of promising applications in diagnostic CT, both in imaging of endogenous materials and exogenous materials across a range of body sites. Dual energy cone beam CT system to suggest in this study acquire image by rotating 360 degree with half of the X-ray window covered using copper modulation layer. In the region that covered by modulation layer absorb the low energy X-ray by modulation layer. Relative high energy X-ray passes through the layer and contributes to image reconstruction. Dose evaluation should be carried out in order to utilize suchmore » an imaging acquirement technology for clinical use. Methods: For evaluating imaging dose of modulation layer based dual energy cone beam CT system, Prototype cone beam CT that configured X-ray tube (D054SB, Toshiba, Japan) and detector (PaxScan 2520V, Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) is used. A range of 0.5–2.0 mm thickness of modulation layer is implemented in Monte Carlo simulation (MCNPX, ver. 2.6.0, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA) with half of X-ray window covered. In-house phantom using in this study that has 3 cylindrical phantoms configured water, Teflon air with PMMA covered for verifying the comparability the various material in human body and is implemented in Monte Carlo simulation. The actual dose with 2.0 mm copper covered half of X-ray window is measured using Gafchromic EBT3 film with 5.0 mm bolus for compared with simulative dose. Results: Dose in phantom reduced 33% by copper modulation layer of 2.0 mm. Scattering dose occurred in modulation layer by Compton scattering effect is 0.04% of overall dose. Conclusion: Modulation layer of that based dual energy cone beam CT has not influence on unnecessary scatter dose. This study was supported by the Radiation Safety Research Programs (1305033) through the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission.« less

Bispectral analysis: comparison of two windowing functions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silvagni, D.; Djerroud, C.; Réveillé, T.; Gravier, E.

2018-02-01

Amongst all the normalized forms of bispectrum, the bicoherence is shown to be a very useful diagnostic tool in experimental studies of nonlinear wave interactions in plasma, as it measures the fraction of wave power due to the quadratic wave coupling in a self-excited fluctuation spectrum [1, 2]. In order to avoid spectral leakage, the application of a windowing function is needed during the bicoherence computation. Spectral leakage from statistically dependent components are of crucial importance in the discrimination between coupled and uncoupled modes, as they will introduce in the bicoherence spectrum phase-coupled modes which in reality do not exist. Therefore, the windowing function plays a key role in the bicoherence estimation. In this paper, two windowing methods are compared: the multiplication of the initial signal by the Hanning function and the subtraction of the straight line which links the two extremities of the signal. The influence of these two windowing methods on both the power spectrum and the bicoherence spectrum is showed. Although both methods give precise results, the Hanning function appears to be the more suitable window.

30 CFR 57.14103 - Operators' stations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Equipment Safety Devices and Maintenance Requirements § 57.14103 Operators' stations. (a) If windows are provided on operators' stations of self-propelled mobile equipment, the windows shall be made of safety glass or material with equivalent safety characteristics. The windows shall be maintained to provide...

Design of a Paraxial Inverse Compton Scattering Diagnostic for an Intense Relativistic Electron Beam

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

with a 50 cm focal length plano-convex lens (Fig. 4). Prior to entering the vacuum the laser light passes through a Brewster angled window, which...1/γ ~ 25 mrad. Brewster angled windows Beam dump Spectra Physics 5J Nd:YAG Focusing lens Insertable power meter z x y 37.8 cm Figure 4...visible green light is upscattered into the soft X-ray range and diverges from the interception point downstream at an angle θs = 1/γ ~ 25 mrad

Canonical Probability Distributions for Model Building, Learning, and Inference

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-07-14

hand , are for Ranked nodes set at Unobservable and Auxiliary nodes. The value of alpha is set in the diagnostic window by moving the slider in the upper...right hand side of the window. The upper bound of alpha can be modified by typing the new value in the small edit box to the right of the slider. f...TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER University of Pittsburgh

Fabrication of Microcapsules for Dye-Doped Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal-Based Smart Windows.

PubMed

Kim, Mingyun; Park, Kyun Joo; Seok, Seunghwan; Ok, Jong Min; Jung, Hee-Tae; Choe, Jaehoon; Kim, Do Hyun

2015-08-19

A dye-doped polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) is an attractive material for application in smart windows. Smart windows using a PDLC can be operated simply and have a high contrast ratio compared to those of other devices that employed photochromic or thermochromic material. However, in conventional dye-doped PDLC methods, dye contamination can cause problems and has a limited degree of commercialization of electric smart windows. Here, we report on an approach to resolve dye-related problems by encapsulating the dye in monodispersed capsules. By encapsulation, a fabricated dye-doped PDLC had a contrast ratio of >120 at 600 nm. This fabrication method of encapsulating the dye in a core-shell structured microcapsule in a dye-doped PDLC device provides a practical platform for dye-doped PDLC-based smart windows.

Design and Verification of Critical Pressurised Windows for Manned Spaceflight

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lamoure, Richard; Busto, Lara; Novo, Francisco; Sinnema, Gerben; Leal, Mendes M.

2014-06-01

The Window Design for Manned Spaceflight (WDMS) project was tasked with establishing the state-of-art and explore possible improvements to the current structural integrity verification and fracture control methodologies for manned spacecraft windows.A critical review of the state-of-art in spacecraft window design, materials and verification practice was conducted. Shortcomings of the methodology in terms of analysis, inspection and testing were identified. Schemes for improving verification practices and reducing conservatism whilst maintaining the required safety levels were then proposed.An experimental materials characterisation programme was defined and carried out with the support of the 'Glass and Façade Technology Research Group', at the University of Cambridge. Results of the sample testing campaign were analysed, post-processed and subsequently applied to the design of a breadboard window demonstrator.Two Fused Silica glass window panes were procured and subjected to dedicated analyses, inspection and testing comprising both qualification and acceptance programmes specifically tailored to the objectives of the activity.Finally, main outcomes have been compiled into a Structural Verification Guide for Pressurised Windows in manned spacecraft, incorporating best practices and lessons learned throughout this project.

Noise Transmission Characteristics of Damped Plexiglas Windows

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gibbs, Gary P.; Buehrle, Ralph D.; Klos, Jacob; Brown, Sherilyn A.

2002-01-01

Most general aviation aircraft utilize single layer plexiglas material for the windshield and side windows. Adding noise control treatments to transparent panels is a challenging problem. In this paper, damped plexiglas windows are evaluated for replacement of conventional windows in general aviation aircraft to reduce the structure-borne and airborne noise transmitted into the interior. In contrast to conventional solid windows, the damped plexiglas window panels are fabricated using two or three layers of plexiglas with transparent viscoelastic damping material sandwiched between the layers. Results from acoustic tests conducted in the NASA Langley Structural Acoustic Loads and Transmission (SALT) facility are used to compare different designs of the damped plexiglas panels with solid windows of the same nominal thickness. Comparisons of the solid and damped plexiglas panels show reductions in the radiated sound power of up to 8 dB at low frequency resonances and as large as 4.5 dB over a 4000 Hz bandwidth. The weight of the viscoelastic treatment was approximately 1% of the panel mass. Preliminary FEM/BEM modeling shows good agreement with experimental results for radiated sound power.

Conceptual design and development of GEM based detecting system for tomographic tungsten focused transport monitoring

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chernyshova, M.; Czarski, T.; Malinowski, K.; Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, E.; Poźniak, K.; Kasprowicz, G.; Zabołotny, W.; Wojeński, A.; Kolasiński, P.; Mazon, D.; Malard, P.

2015-10-01

Implementing tungsten as a plasma facing material in ITER and future fusion reactors will require effective monitoring of not just its level in the plasma but also its distribution. That can be successfully achieved using detectors based on Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology. This work presents the conceptual design of the detecting unit for poloidal tomography to be tested at the WEST project tokamak. The current stage of the development is discussed covering aspects which include detector's spatial dimensions, gas mixtures, window materials and arrangements inside and outside the tokamak ports, details of detector's structure itself and details of the detecting module electronics. It is expected that the detecting unit under development, when implemented, will add to the safe operation of tokamak bringing the creation of sustainable nuclear fusion reactors a step closer. A shorter version of this contribution is due to be published in PoS at: 1st EPS conference on Plasma Diagnostics

Design and comparison of laser windows for high-power lasers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Niu, Yanxiong; Liu, Wenwen; Liu, Haixia; Wang, Caili; Niu, Haisha; Man, Da

2014-11-01

High-power laser systems are getting more and more widely used in industry and military affairs. It is necessary to develop a high-power laser system which can operate over long periods of time without appreciable degradation in performance. When a high-energy laser beam transmits through a laser window, it is possible that the permanent damage is caused to the window because of the energy absorption by window materials. So, when we design a high-power laser system, a suitable laser window material must be selected and the laser damage threshold of the window must be known. In this paper, a thermal analysis model of high-power laser window is established, and the relationship between the laser intensity and the thermal-stress field distribution is studied by deducing the formulas through utilizing the integral-transform method. The influence of window radius, thickness and laser intensity on the temperature and stress field distributions is analyzed. Then, the performance of K9 glass and the fused silica glass is compared, and the laser-induced damage mechanism is analyzed. Finally, the damage thresholds of laser windows are calculated. The results show that compared with K9 glass, the fused silica glass has a higher damage threshold due to its good thermodynamic properties. The presented theoretical analysis and simulation results are helpful for the design and selection of high-power laser windows.

30 CFR 56.14103 - Operators stations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Safety Devices and Maintenance Requirements § 56.14103 Operators stations. (a) If windows are provided on operators' stations of self-propelled mobile equipment, the windows shall be made of safety glass or material with equivalent safety characteristics. The windows shall be maintained to provide visibility for...

Infrared sensor and window system issues

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hargraves, Charles H., Jr.; Martin, James M.

1992-12-01

EO/IR windows are a significant challenge for the weapon system sensor designer who must design for high EO performance, low radar cross section (RCS), supersonic flight, durability, producibility and affordable initial and life cycle costs. This is particularly true in the 8 to 12 micron IR band at which window materials and coating choices are limited by system design requirements. The requirements also drive the optimization of numerous mechanical, optical, materials, and electrical parameters. This paper addresses the EO/IR window as a system design challenge. The interrelationship of the optical, mechanical, and system design processes are examined. This paper presents a summary of the test results, trade studies and analyses that were performed for multi-segment, flight-worthy optical windows with superior optical performance at subsonic and supersonic aircraft velocities and reduced radar cross section. The impact of the window assembly on EO system modulation transfer function (MTF) and sensitivity will be discussed. The use of conductive coatings for shielding/signature control will be discussed.

VIS-IR transmitting BGG glass windows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bayya, Shyam S.; Chin, Geoff D.; Sanghera, Jasbinder S.; Aggarwal, Ishwar D.

2003-09-01

BaO-Ga2O3-GeO2 (BGG) glasses have the desired properties for various window applications in the 0.5-5 μm wavelength region. These glasses are low cost alternatives to the currently used window materials. Fabrication of a high optical quality 18" diameter BGG glass window has been demonstrated with a transmitted wave front error of λ/10 at 632 nm. BGG substrates have also been successfully tested for environmental weatherability (MIL-F-48616) and rain erosion durability up to 300 mph. Preliminary EMI grids have been successfully applied on BGG glasses demonstrating attenuation of 20dB in X and Ku bands. Although the mechanical properties of BGG glasses are acceptable for various window applications, it is demonstrated here that the properties can be further improved significantly by the glassceramization process. The ceramization process does not add any significant cost to the final window material. The crystallite size in the present glass-ceramic limits its transmission to the 2-5 μm region.

Window treatments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nielson, K.J.

1990-01-01

This book includes basic material as well as information the professional needs for designing appropriate window treatments for residential and nonresidential buildings: site, orientation, climate, energy efficiency, sound-proofing, privacy, protection, view, ventilation and interior and exterior aesthetics. Also includes a guide to the window treatment industry, a list of manufacturers, distributors, and retailers, information on window treatment fibers and fabrics, three glossaries, an extensive bibliography, and over 800 illustrations.

46 CFR 177.1030 - Operating station visibility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... TONS) CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT Window Construction and Visibility § 177.1030 Operating station visibility. (a) Windows and other openings at the operating station must be of sufficient size and properly... glazing material used in windows at the operating station must have a light transmission of not less than...

Variability in the vacuum-ultraviolet transmittance of magnesium fluoride windows. [for Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Herzig, Howard; Fleetwood, Charles M., Jr.; Toft, Albert R.

1992-01-01

Sample window materials tested during the development of a domed magnesium fluoride detector window for the Hubble Space Telescope's Imaging Spectrograph are noted to exhibit wide variability in VUV transmittance; a test program was accordingly instituted to maximize a prototype domed window's transmittance. It is found that VUV transmittance can be maximized if the boule from which the window is fashioned is sufficiently large to allow such a component to be cut from the purest available portion of the boule.

HOT CELL BUILDING, TRA632, INTERIOR. DETAIL OF HOT CELL NO. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

HOT CELL BUILDING, TRA-632, INTERIOR. DETAIL OF HOT CELL NO. 2 SHOWS MANIPULATION INSTRUMENTS AND SHIELDED OPERATING WINDOWS. PENETRATIONS FOR OPERATING INSTRUMENTS GO THROUGH SHIELDING ABOVE WINDOWS. CONDUIT FOR UTILITIES AND CONTROLS IS BEHIND METAL CABINET BELOW WINDOWS NEAR FLOOR. CAMERA FACES WEST. WARNING SIGN LIMITS FISSILE MATERIAL TO SPECIFIED NUMBER OF GRAMS OF URANIUM AND PLUTONIUM. INL NEGATIVE NO. HD46-28-2. Mike Crane, Photographer, 2/2005 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Reactor Area, Materials & Engineering Test Reactors, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Mechanical charactization of sonar window materials

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

DeTeresa, S.J.; Groves, S.E.; Harwood, P.J.

1996-03-25

The three-dimensional mechanical behavior of thick Spectra/epoxy sonar window materials containing various special materials is summarized in this report. Three different materials, which were fabricated by two companies known as `A` and `B` were received from the Naval Warfare Center. The three materials designated `A with microspheres (A micron),` `A without microspheres (A),` and `B` were measured for all properties. The total number of tests was reduced through the assumption that the two orthogonal, in-place directions were identical. Consequently, these materials should have only six independent elastic variables. The measured constants and strengths are given.

Solar radiation control using nematic curvilinear aligned phase (NCAP) liquid crystal technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

vanKonynenburg, Peter; Marsland, Stephen; McCoy, James

1987-11-01

A new, advanced liquid crystal technology has made economical, large area, electrically-controlled windows a commercial reality. The new technology, Nematic Curvilinear Aligned Phase (NCAP), is based on a polymeric material containing small droplets of nematic liquid crystal which is coated and laminated between transparent electrodes and fabricated into large area field effect devices. NCAP windows feature variable solar transmission and reflection through a voltage-controlled scattering mechanism. Laminated window constructions provide the excellent transmission and visibility of glass in the powered condition. In the unpowered condition, the windows are highly translucent, and provide 1) blocked vision for privacy, security, and obscuration of information, and 2) glare control and solar shading. The stability is excellent during accelerated aging tests. Degradation mechanisms which can limit performance and lifetime are discussed. Maximum long term stability is achieved by product designs that incorporate the appropriate window materials to provide environmental protection.

Characterization of lithium fluoride windows at 450 K for shock wave experiments: Hugoniot curves and refractive index at 532 nm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fraizier, E.; Antoine, P.; Godefroit, J.-L.; Lanier, G.; Roy, G.; Voltz, C.

Lithium fluoride (LiF) windows are extensively used in traditional shock wave experiments because of their transparency beyond 100 GPa along [100] axis. A correct knowledge of the optical and mechanical properties of these windows is essential in order to analyze the experimental data and to determine the equation of state on a large variety of metals. This in mind, the windows supply is systematically characterized in order to determine the density, the thermal expansion and the crystalline orientation. Furthermore, an experimental campaign is conducted in order to characterize the windows properties under shock loading at 300 K and preheated conditions (450 K). This article describes the experiments, details the analysis and presents the results. Particle velocity measurements are carried out at the interface of a multiple windows stack using interferometer diagnostic (VISAR and IDL) at 532 nm wavelength. Shock velocity is calculated as a function of the time of flight through each window. The optical correction is calculated as the ratio of the apparent velocity gap and the particle velocity at the free surface. To go further, the Rankine-Hugoniot relations are applied to calculate the pressure and the density. Then, the results and uncertainties are presented and compared with literature data.

Absolute Two-Photon Absorption Coefficients in UltraViolet Window Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-12-01

fvtt* tld » II ntctHB,-y md Idtnlll’ by block number; The absolute two-photon absorption coefficiehts of u. v. transmitting materials have been...measured using well-calibrated single picosecond pulses, at the third and fourth harmonic of a mode locked Nd:YAG laser systems. Twc photon...30, 1977. Work in the area of laser induced breakdown and multiphoton absorption in ultraviolet and infrared laser window materials was carried

Templated fabrication of hollow nanospheres with 'windows' of accurate size and tunable number.

PubMed

Xie, Duan; Hou, Yidong; Su, Yarong; Gao, Fuhua; Du, Jinglei

2015-01-01

The 'windows' or 'doors' on the surface of a closed hollow structure can enable the exchange of material and information between the interior and exterior of one hollow sphere or between two hollow spheres, and this information or material exchange can also be controlled through altering the window' size. Thus, it is very interesting and important to achieve the fabrication and adjustment of the 'windows' or 'doors' on the surface of a closed hollow structure. In this paper, we propose a new method based on the temple-assisted deposition method to achieve the fabrication of hollow spheres with windows of accurate size and number. Through precisely controlling of deposition parameters (i.e., deposition angle and number), hollow spheres with windows of total size from 0% to 50% and number from 1 to 6 have been successfully achieved. A geometrical model has been developed for the morphology simulation and size calculation of the windows, and the simulation results meet well with the experiment. This model will greatly improve the convenience and efficiency of this temple-assisted deposition method. In addition, these hollow spheres with desired windows also can be dispersed into liquid or arranged regularly on any desired substrate. These advantages will maximize their applications in many fields, such as drug transport and nano-research container.

Arcjet exploratory tests of ARC optical window design for the AFE vehicle

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Whiting, Ellis E.; Terrazas-Salinas, Imelda; Craig, Roger A.; Sobeck, Charles K.; Sarver, George L., III; Salerno, Louis J.; Love, Wendell; Maa, Scott; Covington, AL

1991-01-01

Tests were made in the 20 MW arc jet facility at the NASA ARC to determine the suitability of sapphire and fused silica as window materials for the Aeroassist Flight Experiment (AFE) entry vehicle. Twenty nine tests were made; 25 at a heating rate about 80 percent of that expected during the AFE entry and 4 at approximately the full, 100 percent AFE heating rate profile, that produces a temperature of about 2900 F on the surface of the tiles that protect the vehicle. These tests show that a conductively cooled window design using mechanical thermal contacts and sapphire is probably not practical. Cooling the window using mechanical thermal contacts produces thermal stresses in the sapphire that cause the window to crack. An insulated design using sapphire, that cools the window as little as possible, appears promising although some spectral data in the vacuum-ultra-violet (VUV) will be lost due to the high temperature reached by the sapphire. The surface of the insulated sapphire windows, tested at the 100 percent AFE heating rate, showed some slight ablation, and cracks appeared in two of three test windows. One small group of cracks were obviously caused by mechanical binding of the window in the assembly, which can be eliminated with improved design. Other cracks were long, straight, thin crystallographic cracks that have very little effect on the optical transmission of the window. Also, the windows did not fall apart along these crystallographic cracks when the windows were removed from their assemblies. Theoretical results from the thermal analysis computer program SINDA indicate that increasing the window thickness from 4 to 8 mm may enable surface ablation to be avoided. An insulated design using a fused silica window tested at the nominal AFE heating rate experienced severe ablation, thus fused silica is not considered to be an acceptable window material.

High-Reliability Waveguide Vacuum/Pressure Window

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Britcliffe, Michael J.; Hanson, Theodore R.; Long, Ezra M.; Montanez, Steven

2013-01-01

The NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) uses commercial waveguide windows on the output waveguide of Ka-band (32 GHz) low-noise amplifiers. Mechanical failure of these windows resulted in an unacceptable loss in tracking time. To address this issue, a new Ka-band WR-28 waveguide window has been designed, fabricated, and tested. The window uses a slab of low-loss, low-dielectric constant foam that is bonded into a 1/2-wave-thick waveguide/flange. The foam is a commercially available, rigid, closed-cell polymethacrylimide. It has excellent electrical properties with a dielectric constant of 1.04, and a loss tangent of 0.01. It is relatively strong with a tensile strength of 1 MPa. The material is virtually impermeable to helium. The finished window exhibits a leak rate of less than 3x10(exp -3)cu cm/s with helium. The material is also chemically resistant and can be cleaned with acetone. The window is constructed by fabricating a window body by brazing a short length of WR-28 copper waveguide into a standard rectangular flange, and machining the resulting part to a thickness of 4.6 mm. The foam is machined to a rectangular shape with a dimension of 7.06x3.53 mm. The foam is bonded into the body with a two-part epoxy. After curing, the excess glue and foam are knife-trimmed by hand. The finished window has a loss of less than 0.08 dB (2%) and a return loss of greater than 25 dB at 32 GHz. This meets the requirements for the DSN application. The window is usable for most applications over the entire 26-to-40-GHz waveguide band. The window return loss can be tuned to a required frequency by var y in g the thickness of the window slightly. Most standard waveguide windows use a thin membrane of material bonded into a recess in a waveguide flange, or sandwiched between two flanges with a polymer seal. Designs using the recessed window are prone to mechanical failure over time due to constraints on the dimensions of the recess that allow the bond to fail. Designs using the sandwich method are often permeable to helium, which prohibits the use of helium leak detection. At the time of this reporting, 40 windows have been produced. Twelve are in operation with a combined operating time of over 30,000 hours without a failure.

Using of Aerogel to Improve Thermal Insulating Properties of Windows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Valachova, Denisa; Zdrazilova, Nada; Panovec, Vladan; Skotnicova, Iveta

2018-06-01

For the best possible thermal-technical properties of building structures it is necessary to use materials with very low thermal conductivity. Due to the increasing thermal-technical requirements for building structures, the insulating materials are developed. One of the modern thermal insulating materials is so-called aerogel. Unfortunately, this material is not used in the field of external thermal insulation composite systems because of its price and its properties. The aim of this paper is to present possibilities of using this insulating material in the civil engineering - specifically a usage of aerogel in the production of windows.

Generically Used Expert Scheduling System (GUESS): User's Guide Version 1.0

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liebowitz, Jay; Krishnamurthy, Vijaya; Rodens, Ira

1996-01-01

This user's guide contains instructions explaining how to best operate the program GUESS, a generic expert scheduling system. GUESS incorporates several important features for a generic scheduler, including automatic scheduling routines to generate a 'first' schedule for the user, a user interface that includes Gantt charts and enables the human scheduler to manipulate schedules manually, diagnostic report generators, and a variety of scheduling techniques. The current version of GUESS runs on an IBM PC or compatible in the Windows 3.1 or Windows '95 environment.

Ocean Engineering Studies Compiled 1991. Volume 6. Acrylic Windows - Typical Applications in Pressure Housings

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-01

either the metallic or plastic composite pressure envelope. The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section 8 provides such design criteria, and the...fabricated of metallic or piastic composite materials. To preclude potential catastrophic failures of windows designed on the basis of inadequate data, in...pressure-resistant acrylic windows (reference 12). Acrylic windows are usually machined from Plexiglas G plate, which is limited in thickness to 4 inches

Hydrofluoric acid-resistant composite window and method for its fabrication

DOEpatents

Ostenak, C.A.; Mackay, H.A.

1985-07-18

A hydrofluoric acid-resistant composite window and method for its fabrication are disclosed. The composite window comprises a window having first and second sides. The first side is oriented towards an environment containing hydrofluoric acid. An adhesive is applied to the first side. A layer of transparent hydrofluoric acid-resistant material, such as Mylar, is applied to the adhesive and completely covers the first side. The adhesive is then cured.

Hydrofluoric acid-resistant composite window and method for its fabrication

DOEpatents

Ostenak, Carl A.; Mackay, Harold A.

1987-01-01

A hydrofluoric acid-resistant composite window and method for its fabrication are disclosed. The composite window comprises a window having first and second sides. The first side is oriented towards an environment containing hydrofluoric acid. An adhesive is applied to the first side. A layer of transparent hydrofluoric acid-resistant material, such as Mylar, is applied to the adhesive and completely covers the first side. The adhesive is then cured.

The value of "liver windows" settings in the detection of small renal cell carcinomas on unenhanced computed tomography.

PubMed

Sahi, Kamal; Jackson, Stuart; Wiebe, Edward; Armstrong, Gavin; Winters, Sean; Moore, Ronald; Low, Gavin

2014-02-01

To assess if "liver window" settings improve the conspicuity of small renal cell carcinomas (RCC). Patients were analysed from our institution's pathology-confirmed RCC database that included the following: (1) stage T1a RCCs, (2) an unenhanced computed tomography (CT) abdomen performed ≤ 6 months before histologic diagnosis, and (3) age ≥ 17 years. Patients with multiple tumours, prior nephrectomy, von Hippel-Lindau disease, and polycystic kidney disease were excluded. The unenhanced CT was analysed, and the tumour locations were confirmed by using corresponding contrast-enhanced CT or magnetic resonance imaging studies. Representative single-slice axial, coronal, and sagittal unenhanced CT images were acquired in "soft tissue windows" (width, 400 Hounsfield unit (HU); level, 40 HU) and liver windows (width, 150 HU; level, 88 HU). In addition, single-slice axial, coronal, and sagittal unenhanced CT images of nontumourous renal tissue (obtained from the same cases) were acquired in soft tissue windows and liver windows. These data sets were randomized, unpaired, and were presented independently to 3 blinded radiologists for analysis. The presence or absence of suspicious findings for tumour was scored on a 5-point confidence scale. Eighty-three of 415 patients met the study criteria. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis, t test analysis, and kappa analysis were used. ROC analysis showed statistically superior diagnostic performance for liver windows compared with soft tissue windows (area under the curve of 0.923 vs 0.879; P = .0002). Kappa statistics showed "good" vs "moderate" agreement between readers for liver windows compared with soft tissue windows. Use of liver windows settings improves the detection of small RCCs on the unenhanced CT. Copyright © 2014 Canadian Association of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A history of semi-active laser dome and window materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sullivan, Roger M.

2014-05-01

Semi-Active Laser (SAL) guidance systems were developed starting in the mid-1960's and today form an important class of precision guided weapons. The laser wavelengths generally fall in the short wave infrared region of the spectrum. Relative to passive, image based, infrared seekers the optical demands placed on the domes or windows of SAL seekers is very modest, allowing the use of low cost, easily manufactured materials, such as polycarbonate. This paper will examine the transition of SAL window and dome science and technology from the laboratory to battlefield, with special emphasis on the story of polycarbonate domes.

High-temperature strain cell for tomographic imaging

DOEpatents

MacDowell, Alastair A.; Nasiatka, James; Haboub, Abdel; Ritchie, Robert O.; Bale, Hrishikesh A.

2015-06-16

This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to the high temperature mechanical testing of materials. In one aspect, a method includes providing an apparatus. The apparatus may include a chamber. The chamber may comprise a top portion and a bottom portion, with the top portion and the bottom portion each joined to a window material. A first cooled fixture and a second cooled fixture may be mounted to the chamber and configured to hold the sample in the chamber. A plurality of heating lamps may be mounted to the chamber and positioned to heat the sample. The sample may be placed in the first and the second cooled fixtures. The sample may be heated to a specific temperature using the heating lamps. Radiation may be directed though the window material, the radiation thereafter interacting with the sample and exiting the chamber through the window material.

Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure Air Plasma via Pulsed Electron Beam and Sustaining Electric Field

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-08-29

cell plasma code ( MAGIC ) and an air-chemistry code are used to quantify beam propagation through an electron-beam transmission window into air and the...to generate and maintain plasma in air on the timescale of 1 ms. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Air Chemistry, Air Plasma, MAGIC Modeling, Plasma, Power, Test-Cell...Microwave diagnostics quantify electron number density and optical diagnostics quantify ozone production. A particle in cell plasma code ( MAGIC ) and an

46 CFR 116.433 - Windows and air ports in fire control boundaries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... fitted with frames of steel or equivalent material. Glazing beads or angles of steel or equivalent... event of a fire if: (1) Where a steel frame is used, it is not arranged to retain the glass in place; or (2) A frame of aluminum or other material with low melting point is used. (d) A window or air port...

Nonideal detonation regimes in low density explosives

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ershov, A. P.; Kashkarov, A. O.; Pruuel, E. R.; Satonkina, N. P.; Sil'vestrov, V. V.; Yunoshev, A. S.; Plastinin, A. V.

2016-02-01

Measurements using Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector (VISAR) were performed for three high explosives at densities slightly above the natural loose-packed densities. The velocity histories at the explosive/window interface demonstrate that the grain size of the explosives plays an important role. Fine-grained materials produced rather smooth records with reduced von Neumann spike amplitudes. For commercial coarse-grained specimens, the chemical spike (if detectable) was more pronounced. This difference can be explained as a manifestation of partial burn up. In fine-grained explosives, which are more sensitive, the reaction can proceed partly within the compression front, which leads to a lower initial shock amplitude. The reaction zone was shorter in fine-grained materials because of higher density of hot spots. The noise level was generally higher for the coarse-grained explosives, which is a natural stochastic effect of the highly non-uniform flow of the heterogeneous medium. These results correlate with our previous data of electrical conductivity diagnostics. Instead of the classical Zel'dovich-von Neumann-Döring profiles, violent oscillations around the Chapman-Jouguet level were observed in about half of the shots using coarse-grained materials. We suggest that these unusual records may point to a different detonation wave propagation mechanism.

A line-imaging velocity interferometer technique for shock diagnostics without x-ray preheat limitation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang Feng; Peng Xiaoshi; Liu Shenye

2011-10-15

A study was conducted with a line-imaging velocity interferometer on sandwich targets at the Shen Guang-III prototype laser facility in China, with the goal of eliminating the preheat effect. A sandwich target structure was used to reduce the x-ray preheat limitation (radiation temperature {approx}170 eV) in a radiative drive shock experiment. With a thick ablator, the preheat effect appeared before the shock arrived at the window. After adding a shield layer of high-Z material on the ablator, x-rays which penetrated the ablator were so weak that the blank-out effect could not be measured. This experiment indicates that the sandwich targetmore » may provide a valuable technique in experiments such as equation of state and shock timing for inertial confinement fusion studies.« less

Systems design study of the Pioneer Venus spacecraft. Appendices to volume 1, sections 3-6 (part 1 of 3). [design of Venus probe windows

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1973-01-01

The design is described of the Venus probe windows, which are required to measure solar flux, infrared flux, aureole, and cloud particles. Window heating and structural materials for the probe window assemblies are discussed along with the magnetometer. The command lists for science, power and communication requirements, telemetry sign characteristics, mission profile summary, mass properties of payloads, and failure modes are presented.

Method of making photovoltaic cell

DOEpatents

Cruz-Campa, Jose Luis; Zhou, Xiaowang; Zubia, David

2017-06-20

A photovoltaic solar cell comprises a nano-patterned substrate layer. A plurality of nano-windows are etched into an intermediate substrate layer to form the nano-patterned substrate layer. The nano-patterned substrate layer is positioned between an n-type semiconductor layer composed of an n-type semiconductor material and a p-type semiconductor layer composed of a p-type semiconductor material. Semiconductor material accumulates in the plurality of nano-windows, causing a plurality of heterojunctions to form between the n-type semiconductor layer and the p-type semiconductor layer.

Final Technical Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stoessel, Chris

2013-11-13

This project developed a new high-performance R-10/high SHGC window design, reviewed market positioning and evaluated manufacturing solutions required for broad market adoption. The project objectives were accomplished by: identifying viable technical solutions based on modeling of modern and potential coating stacks and IGU designs; development of new coating material sets for HM thin film stacks, as well as improved HM IGU designs to accept multiple layers of HM films; matching promising new coating designs with new HM IGU designs to demonstrate performance gains; and, in cooperation with a window manufacturer, assess the potential for high-volume manufacturing and cost efficiency ofmore » a HM-based R-10 window with improved solar heat gain characteristics. A broad view of available materials and design options was applied to achieve the desired improvements. Gated engineering methodologies were employed to guide the development process from concept generation to a window demonstration. The project determined that a slightly de-rated window performance allows formulation of a path to achieve the desired cost reductions to support end consumer adoption.« less

Additive Manufacturing for Highly Efficient Window Inserts CRADA Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roschli, Alex C.; Chesser, Phillip C.; Love, Lonnie J.

ORNL partnered with the Mackinac Technology Company to demonstrate how additive manufacturing can be used to create highly energy efficient window inserts for retrofit in pre-existing buildings. Many early iterations of the window inserts were fabricated using carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics and polycarbonate films as a stand in for the low-e coated films produced by the Mackinac Technology Company. After demonstration of the proof of concept, i.e. custom window inserts with tensioned film, the materials used for the manufacture of the frames was more closely examined. Hollow particle-filled syntactic foam and low-density polymer composites formed by expandable microspheres were exploredmore » as the materials used to additively manufacture the frames of the inserts. It was concluded that low-cost retrofit window inserts in custom sizes could be easily fabricated using large scale additive manufacturing. Furthermore, the syntactic and expanded foams developed and tested satisfy the mechanical performance requirements for the application.« less

14 CFR 417.229 - Far-field overpressure blast effects analysis.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... characteristics; (2) The potential for broken windows due to peak incident overpressures below 1.0 psi and related... the potentially affected windows, including their size, location, orientation, glazing material, and...

Plasma cleaning of ITER first mirrors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moser, L.; Marot, L.; Steiner, R.; Reichle, R.; Leipold, F.; Vorpahl, C.; Le Guern, F.; Walach, U.; Alberti, S.; Furno, I.; Yan, R.; Peng, J.; Ben Yaala, M.; Meyer, E.

2017-12-01

Nuclear fusion is an extremely attractive option for future generations to compete with the strong increase in energy consumption. Proper control of the fusion plasma is mandatory to reach the ambitious objectives set while preserving the machine’s integrity, which requests a large number of plasma diagnostic systems. Due to the large neutron flux expected in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), regular windows or fibre optics are unusable and were replaced by so-called metallic first mirrors (FMs) embedded in the neutron shielding, forming an optical labyrinth. Materials eroded from the first wall reactor through physical or chemical sputtering will migrate and will be deposited onto mirrors. Mirrors subject to net deposition will suffer from reflectivity losses due to the deposition of impurities. Cleaning systems of metallic FMs are required in more than 20 optical diagnostic systems in ITER. Plasma cleaning using radio frequency (RF) generated plasmas is currently being considered the most promising in situ cleaning technique. An update of recent results obtained with this technique will be presented. These include the demonstration of cleaning of several deposit types (beryllium, tungsten and beryllium proxy, i.e. aluminium) at 13.56 or 60 MHz as well as large scale cleaning (mirror size: 200 × 300 mm2). Tests under a strong magnetic field up to 3.5 T in laboratory and first experiments of RF plasma cleaning in EAST tokamak will also be discussed. A specific focus will be given on repetitive cleaning experiments performed on several FM material candidates.

Region of interest and windowing-based progressive medical image delivery using JPEG2000

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nagaraj, Nithin; Mukhopadhyay, Sudipta; Wheeler, Frederick W.; Avila, Ricardo S.

2003-05-01

An important telemedicine application is the perusal of CT scans (digital format) from a central server housed in a healthcare enterprise across a bandwidth constrained network by radiologists situated at remote locations for medical diagnostic purposes. It is generally expected that a viewing station respond to an image request by displaying the image within 1-2 seconds. Owing to limited bandwidth, it may not be possible to deliver the complete image in such a short period of time with traditional techniques. In this paper, we investigate progressive image delivery solutions by using JPEG 2000. An estimate of the time taken in different network bandwidths is performed to compare their relative merits. We further make use of the fact that most medical images are 12-16 bits, but would ultimately be converted to an 8-bit image via windowing for display on the monitor. We propose a windowing progressive RoI technique to exploit this and investigate JPEG 2000 RoI based compression after applying a favorite or a default window setting on the original image. Subsequent requests for different RoIs and window settings would then be processed at the server. For the windowing progressive RoI mode, we report a 50% reduction in transmission time.

Stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) powered electrochromic window

DOEpatents

Benson, David K.; Crandall, Richard S.; Deb, Satyendra K.; Stone, Jack L.

1995-01-01

A variable transmittance double pane window includes an electrochromic material that has been deposited on one pane of the window in conjunction with an array of photovoltaic cells deposited along an edge of the pane to produce the required electric power necessary to vary the effective transmittance of the window. A battery is placed in a parallel fashion to the array of photovoltaic cells to allow the user the ability to manually override the system when a desired transmittance is desired.

Stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) powered electrochromic window

DOEpatents

Benson, D.K.; Crandall, R.S.; Deb, S.K.; Stone, J.L.

1995-01-24

A variable transmittance double pane window includes an electrochromic material that has been deposited on one pane of the window in conjunction with an array of photovoltaic cells deposited along an edge of the pane to produce the required electric power necessary to vary the effective transmittance of the window. A battery is placed in a parallel fashion to the array of photovoltaic cells to allow the user the ability to manually override the system when a desired transmittance is desired. 11 figures.

Secondary Electron Emission Measurements on Materials Under Stress

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-10-01

2) low rf reflection, and (3) a vacuum-tight seal. Pillbox rf windows are used for the output of S - band (2856MHz) pulsed klystrons (3.5 us, 30MW peak...of Multipactoring Electrons in an S - band Pillbox RF Window", IEEE Trans. on Nucl. Sci., Vol.39, pp.278-282, 1992. [101 Research on Microwave Window...Simulation of Multipactoring Electrons in S - Band Pillbox RF Window", IEEE Transaction on Nuclear Science, Vol. 39, No. 2, 1992. [41 R. V. Latham: "High

Lobster eye as a collector for water window microscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pina, L.; Maršíková, V.; Inneman, A.; Nawaz, M. F.; Jančárek, A.; Havlíková, R.

2017-08-01

Imaging in EUV, SXR and XR spectral bands of radiation is of increasing interest. Material science, biology and hot plasma are examples of relevant fast developing areas. Applications include spectroscopy, astrophysics, Soft X-ray Ray metrology, Water Window microscopy, radiography and tomography. Especially Water Window imaging has still not fully recognized potential in biology and medicine microscopy applications. Theoretical study and design of Lobster Eye (LE) optics as a collector for water window (WW) microscopy and comparison with a similar size ellipsoidal mirror condensor are presented.

Early Risk Reduction Phase 1 FLIR/Laser Designator Window. Revision

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-12-31

Sandwich-Type FLIR Windows," Air Force AFWAL-TR-83- 4122, Nov 1983. 4-1 Hughes Danbury Optical Systems Final Report, "ATA Window Technology Program," PRBll...Risk Reduction -- Phase I, Optical Properties Measurement Techniques of Three Wide Band Window Materials," 22 August 1991. xii I i 86PR0869 30... Optical Systems, Lexington, MA, 02173, 1 Feb 1991. 5-7 McDonnell Aircraft Company Technical Memorandum TM 256.91.0056.01, "Early Risk Reduction -- Phase

Composition of 12-18 th century window glass in Belgium: Non-figurative windows in secular buildings and stained-glass windows in religious buildings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schalm, Olivier; Janssens, Koen; Wouters, Hilde; Caluwé, Danielle

2007-07-01

A set of ca. 500 window glass fragments originating from different historical sites in Belgium and covering the period 12 th-18 th century was analyzed by means of electron probe microanalysis. Most samples are archaeological finds deriving from non-figurative windows in secular buildings. However, the analyzed set also contains glass sampled from still existing non-figurative windows in secular buildings and stained-glass windows in religious buildings. A sudden compositional change at the end of the 14 th century can be noticed among the series of glass compositions that were obtained. These changes could be related to the use of different glassmaker recipes and to the introduction of new raw materials for glass making.

Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Imaging Method for Eliminating Sample Thickness Variation Effects

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roth, Don J. (Inventor)

1997-01-01

A pulse-echo, immersion method for ultrasonic evaluation of a material which accounts for and eliminates nonlevelness in the equipment set-up and sample thickness variation effects employs a single transducer and automatic scanning and digital imaging to obtain an image of a property of the material, such as pore fraction. The nonlevelness and thickness variation effects are accounted for by pre-scan adjustments of the time window to insure that the echoes received at each scan point are gated in the center of the window. This information is input into the scan file so that, during the automatic scanning for the material evaluation, each received echo is centered in its time window. A cross-correlation function calculates the velocity at each scan point, which is then proportionalized to a color or grey scale and displayed on a video screen.

International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 18th, Univ. of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom, Sept. 6-10, 1993, Conference Digest

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Birch, James R.; Parker, Terence J.

Papers presented in these proceedings are grouped under the topics of FEL, detectors and sources, gas lasers, spectroscopy, windows for high-power applications, scattering, plasma diagnostics, waveguides, gyrotron, quasi-optical components, biological effects of IR and millimeter waves, and astronomical and atmospheric systems. Particular attention is given to the ENEA compact millimeter wave FEL, excitonic detectors of IR and submm waves, identification of submm CD2O lines, a two-frequency quasi-optical radiospectrometer for substance investigations, the effect of window tolerances on gyrotron performance, and analysis of scattering of the open resonator field from the cavity-backed aperture. Other papers are on submm laser interferometer-polarimeter for plasma diagnostics, the characteristics of the closed circular groove guide, a kW sixth-harmonic gyrofrequency multiplier, rugged FIR bandpass filters, millimeter waves and quantum medicines, and a horizontal atmospheric temperature sounder based on the 60-GHz oxygen absorptions.

All 2D, high mobility, flexible, transparent thin film transistor

DOEpatents

Das, Saptarshi; Sumant, Anirudha V.; Roelofs, Andreas

2017-01-17

A two-dimensional thin film transistor and a method for manufacturing a two-dimensional thin film transistor includes layering a semiconducting channel material on a substrate, providing a first electrode material on top of the semiconducting channel material, patterning a source metal electrode and a drain metal electrode at opposite ends of the semiconducting channel material from the first electrode material, opening a window between the source metal electrode and the drain metal electrode, removing the first electrode material from the window located above the semiconducting channel material providing a gate dielectric above the semiconducting channel material, and providing a top gate above the gate dielectric, the top gate formed from a second electrode material. The semiconducting channel material is made of tungsten diselenide, the first electrode material and the second electrode material are made of graphene, and the gate dielectric is made of hexagonal boron nitride.

Photovoltaic cell with nano-patterned substrate

DOEpatents

Cruz-Campa, Jose Luis; Zhou, Xiaowang; Zubia, David

2016-10-18

A photovoltaic solar cell comprises a nano-patterned substrate layer. A plurality of nano-windows are etched into an intermediate substrate layer to form the nano-patterned substrate layer. The nano-patterned substrate layer is positioned between an n-type semiconductor layer composed of an n-type semiconductor material and a p-type semiconductor layer composed of a p-type semiconductor material. Semiconductor material accumulates in the plurality of nano-windows, causing a plurality of heterojunctions to form between the n-type semiconductor layer and the p-type semiconductor layer.

Design and fabrication of a window for the gas Cherenkov detector 3

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fatherley, V. E., E-mail: vef@lanl.gov; Bingham, D. A.; Cartelli, M. D.

2016-11-15

The gas Cherenkov detector 3 was designed at Los Alamos National Laboratory for use in inertial confinement fusion experiments at both the Omega Laser Facility and the National Ignition Facility. This instrument uses a low-Z gamma-to-electron convertor plate and high pressure gas to convert MeV gammas into UV/visible Cherenkov photons for fast optical detection. This is a follow-on diagnostic from previous versions, with two notable differences: the pressure of the gas is four times higher, and it allows the use of fluorinated gas, requiring metal seals. These changes force significant changes in the window component, having a unique set ofmore » requirements and footprint limitations. The selected solution for this component, a sapphire window brazed into a stainless steel flange housing, is described.« less

Design and fabrication of a window for the Gas Cherenkov Detector 3

DOE PAGES

Fatherley, Valerie E.; Bingham, David A.; Cartelli, Myles Derrick; ...

2016-08-23

The gas Cherenkov detector 3 was designed at Los Alamos National Laboratory for use in inertial confinement fusion experiments at both the Omega Laser Facility and the National Ignition Facility. This instrument uses a low-Z gamma-to-electron convertor plate and high pressure gas to convert MeV gammas into UV/visible Cherenkov photons for fast optical detection. This is a follow-on diagnostic from previous versions, with two notable differences: the pressure of the gas is four times higher, and it allows the use of fluorinated gas, requiring metal seals. These changes force significant changes in the window component, having a unique set ofmore » requirements and footprint limitations. Finally, the selected solution for this component, a sapphire window brazed into a stainless steel flange housing, is described.« less

Sapphire Viewports for a Venus Probe

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bates, Stephen

2012-01-01

A document discusses the creation of a viewport suitable for use on the surface of Venus. These viewports are rated for 500 C and 100 atm pressure with appropriate safety factors and reliability required for incorporation into a Venus Lander. Sapphire windows should easily withstand the chemical, pressure, and temperatures of the Venus surface. Novel fixture designs and seals appropriate to the environment are incorporated, as are materials compatible with exploration vessels. A test cell was fabricated, tested, and leak rate measured. The window features polish specification of the sides and corners, soft metal padding of the sapphire, and a metal C-ring seal. The system safety factor is greater than 2, and standard mechanical design theory was used to size the window, flange, and attachment bolts using available material property data. Maintenance involves simple cleaning of the window aperture surfaces. The only weakness of the system is its moderate rather than low leak rate for vacuum applications.

Bonding Lexan and sapphire to form high-pressure, flame-resistant window

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Richardson, William R.; Walker, Ernie D.

1987-01-01

Flammable materials have been studied in normal gravity and microgravity for many years. Photography plays a major role in the study of the combustion process giving a permanent visual record that can be analyzed. When these studies are extended to manned spacecraft, safety becomes a primary concern. The need for a high-pressure, flame-resistant, shatter-resistant window permitting photographic recording of combustion experiments in manned spacecraft prompted the development of a method for bonding Lexan and sapphire. Materials that resist shattering (e.g., Lexan) are not compatible with combustion experiments; the material loses strength at combustion temperatures. Sapphire is compatible with combustion temperatures in oxygen-enriched atmospheres but is subject to shattering. Combining the two materials results in a shatter-resistant, flame-resistant window. Combustion in microgravity produces a low-visibility flame; however, flame propagation and flame characteristics are readily visible as long as there is no deterioration of the image. Since an air gap between the Lexan and the sapphire would reduce transmission, a method was developed for bonding these unlike materials to minimize light loss.

Thermal Analysis for Monitoring Effects of Shock-Induced Physical, Mechanical, and Chemical Changes in Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-19

MS WINDOWS platform, which enables multitasking with simultaneous evaluation and operation 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 13...measurement and analysis software for data acquisition, storage and evaluation with MS WINDOWS platform, which enables multitasking with simultaneous...Proteus measurement and analysis software for data acquisition, storage and evaluation with MS WINDOWS platform, which enables multitasking with

Transition Metal Switchable Mirror

ScienceCinema

None

2017-12-29

The switchable-mirrors technology was developed by Tom Richardson and Jonathan Slack of Berkeley Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division. By using transition metals rather than the rare earth metals used in the first metal-hydride switchable mirrors, Richardson and Slack were able to lower the cost and simplify the manufacturing process. Energy performance is improved as well, because the new windows can reflect or transmit both visible and infrared light. Besides windows for offices and homes, possible applications include automobile sunroofs, signs and displays, aircraft windows, and spacecraft. More information at: http://windows.lbl.gov/materials/chromogenics/default.htm

Advances in low-cost long-wave infrared polymer windows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weimer, Wayne A.; Klocek, Paul

1999-07-01

Recent improvements in engineered polymeric material compositions and advances in processing methodologies developed and patented at Raytheon Systems Company have produced long wave IR windows at exceptionally low costs. These UV stabilized, high strength windows incorporating subwavelength structured antireflection surfaces are enabling IR imaging systems to penetrate commercial markets and will reduce the cost of systems delivered to the military. The optical and mechanical properties of these windows will be discussed in detail with reference to the short and long-term impact on military IR imaging systems.

Transition Metal Switchable Mirror

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

2009-08-21

The switchable-mirrors technology was developed by Tom Richardson and Jonathan Slack of Berkeley Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division. By using transition metals rather than the rare earth metals used in the first metal-hydride switchable mirrors, Richardson and Slack were able to lower the cost and simplify the manufacturing process. Energy performance is improved as well, because the new windows can reflect or transmit both visible and infrared light. Besides windows for offices and homes, possible applications include automobile sunroofs, signs and displays, aircraft windows, and spacecraft. More information at: http://windows.lbl.gov/materials/chromogenics/default.htm

Pulse-echo ultrasonic imaging method for eliminating sample thickness variation effects

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roth, Don J. (Inventor)

1995-01-01

A pulse-echo, immersion method for ultrasonic evaluation of a material is discussed. It accounts for and eliminates nonlevelness in the equipment set-up and sample thickness variation effects employs a single transducer, automatic scanning and digital imaging to obtain an image of a property of the material, such as pore fraction. The nonlevelness and thickness variation effects are accounted for by pre-scan adjusments of the time window to insure that the echoes received at each scan point are gated in the center of the window. This information is input into the scan file so that, during the automatic scanning for the material evaluation, each received echo is centered in its time window. A cross-correlation function calculates the velocity at each scan point, which is then proportionalized to a color or grey scale and displayed on a video screen.

Optical Property Requirements for Glasses, Ceramics and Plastics in Spacecraft Window Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Estes, Lynda

2011-01-01

This is a preliminary draft of a standard published by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Johnson Space Center (JSC) that is intended to provide uniform window optical design requirements in support of the development of human-rated spaceflight hardware. The material covered in this standard is based on data from extensive testing by the Advanced Sensing and Optical Measurement Branch at NASA Langley Research Center, and compiled into requirements format by the NASA JSC Structural Engineering Division. At the time of this initial document release, a broader technical community has not reviewed this standard. The technical content of this standard is primarily based on the Constellation Program Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle Window Optical Properties Requirements, CxP 72407, Baseline. Unlike other optical requirements documents available for human rated spacecraft, this document includes requirements that ensure functionality for windows that contain glass/ceramic and/or plastic window substrate materials. These requirements were derived by measuring the optical properties of fused silica and aluminosilicate glass window assemblies and ensuring that the performance of any window assembly that includes a plastic pane or panes will meet the performance level of the all-glass assemblies. The resulting requirements are based upon the performance and parameter metrology testing of a variety of materials, including glass, transparent ceramics, acrylics, and polycarbonates. In general, these requirements are minimum specifications for each optical parameter in order to achieve the function specified for each functional category, A through D. Because acrylic materials perform at a higher level than polycarbonates in the optics regime, and CxP/Orion is planning to use acrylic in the Orion spacecraft, these requirements are based heavily on metrology from that material. As a result, two of the current Category D requirements for plastics are cited in such a way that will result in the screening out of polycarbonates. It is acknowledged that many polycarbonates can perform the functions of Category D, such as piloting and imagery with lens with apertures up to 25mm, without performance issues. Therefore, this forward warns users that certain requirements, such as birefringence and wavefront, for Category D plastics need to be revised to allow those polycarbonates that perform adequately in Category D to be accepted, while at the same time, screen out those materials that do not perform up to par. At the time of document release, the requirements in question have been identified by a TBD beside the proposed requirement criteria (which is based upon acrylic performance). Vehicles that are designed with acrylic materials for windowpanes are encouraged to use the values presented in this document for all requirements, in order to ensure adequate optical performance.

Exploring long-wave infrared transmitting materials with AxBy form: First-principles gene-like studies.

PubMed

Du, Jia-Ren; Chen, Nian-Ke; Li, Xian-Bin; Xie, Sheng-Yi; Tian, Wei Quan; Wang, Xian-Yin; Tu, Hai-Ling; Sun, Hong-Bo

2016-02-23

Long-wave infrared (8-12 μm) transmitting materials play critical roles in space science and electronic science. However, the paradox between their mechanical strength and infrared transmitting performance seriously prohibits their applications in harsh external environment. From the experimental view, searching a good window material compatible with both properties is a vast trail-and-error engineering project, which is not readily achieved efficiently. In this work, we propose a very simple and efficient method to explore potential infrared window materials with suitable mechanical property by first-principles gene-like searching. Two hundred and fifty-three potential materials are evaluated to find their bulk modulus (for mechanical performance) and phonon vibrational frequency (for optical performance). Seven new potential candidates are selected, namely TiSe, TiS, MgS, CdF2, HgF2, CdO, and SrO. Especially, the performances of TiS and CdF2 can be comparable to that of the most popular commercial ZnS at high temperature. Finally, we propose possible ranges of infrared transmission for halogen, chalcogen and nitrogen compounds respectively to guide further exploration. The present strategy to explore IR window materials can significantly speed up the new development progress. The same idea can be used for other material rapid searching towards special functions and applications.

Review of Collaborative Tools for Planning and Engineering

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-10-01

including PDAs) and Operating Systems 1 In general, should support laptops, desktops, Windows OS, Mac OS, Palm OS, Windows CE, Blackberry , Sun...better), voting (to establish operating parameters), reactor design, wind tunnel simulation Display same material on every computer, synchronisation

The Benefits of Aluminum Windows.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goyal, R. C.

2002-01-01

Discusses benefits of aluminum windows for college construction and renovation projects, including that aluminum is the most successfully recycled material, that it meets architectural glass deflection standards, that it has positive thermal energy performance, and that it is a preferred exterior surface. (EV)

Velocity Plume Profiles for Hall Thrusters Using Laser Diagnostic

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-01

53 Collecting LIF Using Fiber Optics .............................................................................58 Vacuum ...54 Figure 40. Etalon Issue Through Vacuum Chamber Window [25]. ................................. 55 Figure 41. Collimator with Adapter in a...Methodology Facility Set-up Vacuum Chamber Testing took place within a vacuum chamber located at the AFIT Space Propulsion Analysis and System Simulation

"TPSX: Thermal Protection System Expert and Material Property Database"

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Squire, Thomas H.; Milos, Frank S.; Rasky, Daniel J. (Technical Monitor)

1997-01-01

The Thermal Protection Branch at NASA Ames Research Center has developed a computer program for storing, organizing, and accessing information about thermal protection materials. The program, called Thermal Protection Systems Expert and Material Property Database, or TPSX, is available for the Microsoft Windows operating system. An "on-line" version is also accessible on the World Wide Web. TPSX is designed to be a high-quality source for TPS material properties presented in a convenient, easily accessible form for use by engineers and researchers in the field of high-speed vehicle design. Data can be displayed and printed in several formats. An information window displays a brief description of the material with properties at standard pressure and temperature. A spread sheet window displays complete, detailed property information. Properties which are a function of temperature and/or pressure can be displayed as graphs. In any display the data can be converted from English to SI units with the click of a button. Two material databases included with TPSX are: 1) materials used and/or developed by the Thermal Protection Branch at NASA Ames Research Center, and 2) a database compiled by NASA Johnson Space Center 9JSC). The Ames database contains over 60 advanced TPS materials including flexible blankets, rigid ceramic tiles, and ultra-high temperature ceramics. The JSC database contains over 130 insulative and structural materials. The Ames database is periodically updated and expanded as required to include newly developed materials and material property refinements.

Large Acrylic Spherical Windows In Hyperbaric Underwater Photography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lones, Joe J.; Stachiw, Jerry D.

1983-10-01

Both acrylic plastic and glass are common materials for hyperbaric optical windows. Although glass continues to be used occasionally for small windows, virtually all large viewports are made of acrylic. It is easy to uderstand the wide use of acrylic when comparing design properties of this plastic with those of glass, and glass windows are relatively more difficult to fabricate and use. in addition there are published guides for the design and fabrication of acrylic windows to be used in the hyperbaric environment of hydrospace. Although these procedures for fabricating the acrylic windows are somewhat involved, the results are extremely reliable. Acrylic viewports are now fabricated to very large sizes for manned observation or optical quality instrumen tation as illustrated by the numerous acrylic submersible vehicle hulls for hu, an occupancy currently in operation and a 3600 large optical window recently developed for the Walt Disney Circle Vision under-water camera housing.

High-Pressure Quasi-Isentropic Loading and Unloading of Interferometer Windows on the Veloce Pulsed Power Generator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ao, Tommy; Asay, James; Knudson, Marcus; Davis, Jean-Paul

2007-06-01

The Isentropic Compression Experiment technique has proven to be a valuable complement to the well-established method of shock compression of condensed matter. However, whereas the high-pressure compression response of window materials has been studied extensively under shock loading, similar knowledge of these materials under ICE loading is limited. We present recent experimental results on the isentropic compression of the high-pressure windows sapphire and LiF. It has previously been observed that c-cut sapphire yields under shock loading at the HEL of ˜15-18GPa, and subsequently loses transparency at higher stresses. However, it will be shown that under isentropic ramp wave loading sapphire appears to remain elastic and transparent at stresses well above 20GPa [D.B. Hayes et al, JAP 94, 2331 (2003)]. LiF is another frequently used window material in isentropic loading and unloading experiments, yet the unloading response of LiF is usually neglected. Research is in progress to measure strength properties of LiF for ramp loading and unloading. It will be shown how the strength of LiF may influence wave profile analysis and thus inferred material strength. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corp., a Lockheed Martin Company, for the US DOE's NNSA under Contract No.DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Conformal ALON® and spinel windows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goldman, Lee M.; Smith, Mark; Ramisetty, Mohan; Jha, Santosh; Sastri, Suri

2017-05-01

The requirements for modern aircraft based reconnaissance systems are driving the need for conformal windows for future sensor systems. However, limitations on optical systems and the ability to produce windows in complex geometries currently limit the geometry of existing windows and window assemblies to faceted assemblies of flat windows. ALON consists primarily of aluminum and oxygen, similar to that of alumina, with a small amount of nitrogen added to help stabilize the cubic gamma-AlON phase. ALON's chemical similarity to alumina, translates into a robust manufacturing process. This ease of processing has allowed Surmet to produce ALON windows and domes in a wide variety of geometries and sizes. Spinel (MgAl2O4) contains equal molar amounts of MgO and Al2O3, and is a cubic material, that transmits further into the Infrared than ALON. Spinel is produced via powder processing techniques similar to those used to produce ALON. Surmet is now applying the lessons learned with ALON to produce conformal spinel windows and domes as well.

Carbon Smackdown: Smart Windows (LBNL Summer Lecture Series)

ScienceCinema

Milliron, Delia; Selkowitz, Stephen

2017-12-09

August 3, 2010 Berkeley Lab talk: In the fourth of five Carbon Smackdown matches, Berkeley Lab researchers Delia Milliron of the Materials Sciences Division and Stephen Selkowitz of the Environmental Energy Technologies Division talk about their work on energy-saving smart windows.

Improved ultraviolet resonance lamp

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bass, A. M.

1970-01-01

Removal of the seal area from the path of the lamp discharge eliminates the gradual deterioration of lithium fluoride window surfaces from condensation of products formed by interaction of a resonant rare-gas discharge with window sealing materials. The discharge is confined to the inner tube.

Effects of long-duration exposure on optical system components

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Harvey, Gale A.

1991-01-01

The optical materials and UV detectors experiment (SOO50-1) was a set of 18 optical windows, filters, and ultraviolet detectors. The optical specimens were all retrieved in excellent condition. No delamination or blistering of the filters occurred. No discoloration of the optical window materials occurred, but the MgF2 window did experience roughing. The most notable degradation of the optics were the deposition of an organic film on the exposed surfaces. The film absorption was measured using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and a UV spectrometer. The 6 percent absorption at 3.4 microns corresponds to about 100 mgm/sq ft of organic film. The UV absorption was almost 100 percent at 200 nm and about 50 percent at 380 nm.

Influence of backside loading on the floating mass transducer: An in vitro experimental study.

PubMed

Gostian, A-O; Otte, M S; Pazen, D; Ortmann, M; Schwarz, D; Hüttenbrink, K B; Beutner, D

2018-04-01

The vibration of the floating mass transducer (FMT) of a single active middle-ear implant (AMEI) is distinctly influenced by the properties of the material coupled to its back side. In round window vibroplasty, the FMT needs to be padded against the surrounding bone opposite from the round window membrane. This represents one factor influencing its performance as a round window driver. Therefore, we examined the effects of different materials linked to the back side of an FMT on its vibration range. The back side of an FMT was glued to a silicone cylinder 1.0 mm in diameter and 1.0 mm - 1.5 mm in length and of 40A, 50A or 70A Shore hardness; to cartilage of equivalent size; or to a round window soft coupler (RWSC), all firmly fixed on a steel plate. The vibrations were determined by a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) measuring the velocity of the centre point on the front side of the FMT. The materials on the back side of the FMT significantly influenced the vibration range of the FMT. The RWSC and silicone of 40A Shore hardness allowed for the highest detected velocities, while cartilage led to a distinct reduction similarly to 70A silicone. The coupling on the back side of an FMT distinctly affects its vibration range. In this regard, the RWSC and silicone of 40A Shore hardness yield the least impairment of vibration. Thus, the RWSC may be a feasible option in round window vibroplasty when additionally connected to the FMT opposite from the round window membrane. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Microcomputed tomography with a second generation photon-counting x-ray detector: contrast analysis and material separation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, X.; Meier, D.; Oya, P.; Maehlum, G. E.; Wagenaar, D. J.; Tsui, B. M. W.; Patt, B. E.; Frey, E. C.

2010-04-01

The overall aim of this work was to evaluate the potential for improving in vivo small animal microCT through the use of an energy resolved photon-counting detector. To this end, we developed and evaluated a prototype microCT system based on a second-generation photon-counting x-ray detector which simultaneously counted photons with energies above six energy thresholds. First, we developed a threshold tuning procedure to reduce the dependence of detector uniformity and to reduce ring artifacts. Next, we evaluated the system in terms of the contrast-to-noise ratio in different energy windows for different target materials. These differences provided the possibility to weight the data acquired in different windows in order to optimize the contrast-to-noise ratio. We also explored the ability of the system to use data from different energy windows to aid in distinguishing various materials. We found that the energy discrimination capability provided the possibility for improved contrast-to-noise ratios and allowed separation of more than two materials, e.g., bone, soft-tissue and one or more contrast materials having K-absorption edges in the energy ranges of interest.

Progress Towards Highly Efficient Windows for Zero—Energy Buildings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Selkowitz, Stephen

2008-09-01

Energy efficient windows could save 4 quads/year, with an additional 1 quad/year gain from daylighting in commercial buildings. This corresponds to 13% of energy used by US buildings and 5% of all energy used by the US. The technical potential is thus very large and the economic potential is slowly becoming a reality. This paper describes the progress in energy efficient windows that employ low-emissivity glazing, electrochromic switchable coatings and other novel materials. Dynamic systems are being developed that use sensors and controls to modulate daylighting and shading contributions in response to occupancy, comfort and energy needs. Improving the energy performance of windows involves physics in a variety of application: optics, heat transfer, materials science and applied engineering. Technical solutions must also be compatible with national policy, codes and standards, economics, business practice and investment, real and perceived risks, comfort, health, safety, productivity, amenities, and occupant preference and values. The challenge is to optimize energy performance by understanding and reinforcing the synergetic coupling between these many issues.

Method of fabricating a microelectronic device package with an integral window

DOEpatents

Peterson, Kenneth A.; Watson, Robert D.

2003-01-01

A method of fabricating a microelectronic device package with an integral window for providing optical access through an aperture in the package. The package is made of a multilayered insulating material, e.g., a low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) or high-temperature cofired ceramic (HTCC). The window is inserted in-between personalized layers of ceramic green tape during stackup and registration. Then, during baking and firing, the integral window is simultaneously bonded to the sintered ceramic layers of the densified package. Next, the microelectronic device is flip-chip bonded to cofired thick-film metallized traces on the package, where the light-sensitive side is optically accessible through the window. Finally, a cover lid is attached to the opposite side of the package. The result is a compact, low-profile package, flip-chip bonded, hermetically-sealed package having an integral window.

Fabrication of MgF2 and LiF windows for the Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gormley, Daphne; Bottema, Murk; Darnell, Barbara; Fowler, Walter; Medenica, Walter

1988-01-01

Two prototype test windows (MgF2 and LiF) to be used on the 75-mm UV MAMA detector tubes for the Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph are described. The spatial and optical constraints of this instrument dictate that the thickness of the window materials be no greater than 2-3 mm to achieve a minimum 50-percent transmission at hydrogen Lyman alpha (121.6 nm), and that the window must be domed to minimize optical aberrations and provide structural strength. The detector window has an input diameter of about 100 mm with a radius-of-curvature of 70 mm. The manufacturing processes involved in the fabrication of these windows is discussed, as well as test programs (optical and structural) to be performed at Goddard Space Flight Center.

A method for visualizing high-density porous polyethylene (medpor, porex) with computed tomographic scanning.

PubMed

Vendemia, Nicholas; Chao, Jerry; Ivanidze, Jana; Sanelli, Pina; Spinelli, Henry M

2011-01-01

Medpor (Porex Surgical, Inc, Newnan, GA) is composed of porous polyethylene and is commonly used in craniofacial reconstruction. When complications such as seroma or abscess formation arise, diagnostic modalities are limited because Medpor is radiolucent on conventional radiologic studies. This poses a problem in situations where imaging is necessary to distinguish the implant from surrounding tissues. To present a clinically useful method for imaging Medpor with conventional computed tomographic (CT) scanning. Eleven patients (12 total implants) who have undergone reconstructive surgery with Medpor were included in the study. A retrospective review of CT scans done between 1 and 16 months postoperatively was performed using 3 distinct CT window settings. Measurements of implant dimensions and Hounsfield units were recorded and qualitatively assessed. Of the 3 distinct window settings studied, namely, "bone" (W1100/L450), "soft tissue"; (W500/L50), and "implant" (W800/L200), the implant window proved the most ideal, allowing the investigators to visualize and evaluate Medpor in all cases. Qualitative analysis revealed that Medpor implants were able to be distinguished from surrounding tissue in both the implant and soft tissue windows, with a density falling between that of fat and fluid. In 1 case, Medpor could not be visualized in the soft tissue window, although it could be visualized in the implant window. Quantitative analysis demonstrated a mean (SD) density of -38.7 (7.4) Hounsfield units. Medpor may be optimally visualized on conventional CT scans using the implant window settings W800/L200, which can aid in imaging Medpor and diagnosing implant-related complications.

Structural Design of Glass and Ceramic Components for Space System Safety

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bernstein, Karen S.

2007-01-01

Manned space flight programs will always have windows as part of the structural shell of the crew compartment. Astronauts and cosmonauts need to and enjoy looking out of the spacecraft windows at Earth, at approaching vehicles, at scientific objectives and at the stars. With few exceptions spacecraft windows have been made of glass, and the lessons learned over forty years of manned space flight have resulted in a well-defined approach for using this brittle, unforgiving material in NASA's vehicles, in windows and other structural applications. This chapter will outline the best practices that have developed at NASA for designing, verifying and accepting glass (and ceramic) windows and other components for safe and reliable use in any space system.

Oxygen effects on the performance of XeCl excimer lasers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jeon, S. H.; Soh, B. S.; Kim, Y. P.

2018-03-01

We have investigated the degradation of window transmittance of XeCl excimer laser with oxygen, from which it was analyzed the laser performances such as stability of output energy, pre-ionization voltage, and spatial shift of laser beam. We found that oxygen suppressed the generation of by-products due to the chemical reactions between electrode material and chlorine. The degradation of transmittance ratio of laser window with oxygen improved from 10.4% to 1.4% after 20 million shots compared to without oxygen. Analyzing XPS spectrum for the contaminated window, we have confirmed that W and Cu on window surface were reduced in case of with oxygen, which means oxygen has a role to suppress the contamination on window surface.

High-temperature material characterization for multispectral window

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Park, James; Arida, Marvin-Ray; Ku, Zahyun; Jang, Woo-Yong; Urbas, Augustine M.

2017-05-01

A microwave cylindrical cavity combined with a laser has been investigated to characterize the temperature dependence of widow materials in the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). This paper discusses the requirements of high temperature RF material characterizations for transparent ceramic materials, such as ALON, that can potentially be used for multispectral windows. The RF cylindrical resonator was designed and the numerical model was studied to characterize the dielectric constant of materials. The dielectric constant can be extracted from the resonant frequency shift based on the cavity perturbation method (CPM), which is sensitive to the sample size and shape. Laser heating was applied to the material under test (MUT), which could easily be heated above 1000°C by the laser irradiation, in order to conduct CPM at high temperature. The temperature distribution in a material was also analyzed to investigate the impact of the thermal properties and the sample shape.

Identification of changes in neuronal function as a consequence of aging and tauopathic neurodegeneration using a novel and sensitive magnetic resonance imaging approach.

PubMed

Fontaine, Sarah N; Ingram, Alexandria; Cloyd, Ryan A; Meier, Shelby E; Miller, Emily; Lyons, Danielle; Nation, Grant K; Mechas, Elizabeth; Weiss, Blaine; Lanzillotta, Chiara; Di Domenico, Fabio; Schmitt, Frederick; Powell, David K; Vandsburger, Moriel; Abisambra, Jose F

2017-08-01

Tauopathies, the most common of which is Alzheimer's disease (AD), constitute the most crippling neurodegenerative threat to our aging population. Tauopathic patients have significant cognitive decline accompanied by irreversible and severe brain atrophy, and it is thought that neuronal dysfunction begins years before diagnosis. Our current understanding of tauopathies has yielded promising therapeutic interventions but have all failed in clinical trials. This is partly due to the inability to identify and intervene in an effective therapeutic window early in the disease process. A major challenge that contributes to the definition of an early therapeutic window is limited technologies. To address these challenges, we modified and adapted a manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) approach to provide sensitive and quantitative power to detect changes in broad neuronal function in aging mice. Considering that tau tangle burden correlates well with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's patients, we performed our MEMRI approach in a time course of aging mice and an accelerated mouse model of tauopathy. We measured significant changes in broad neuronal function as a consequence of age, and in transgenic mice, before the deposition of bona fide tangles. This MEMRI approach represents the first diagnostic measure of neuronal dysfunction in mice. Successful translation of this technology in the clinic could serve as a sensitive diagnostic tool for the definition of effective therapeutic windows. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Study of noise reduction characteristics of multilayered panels and dual pane windows with Helmholtz resonators

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Navaneethan, R.

1981-01-01

The experimental noise attenuation characteristics of flat, general aviation type, multilayered panels are discussed. Experimental results of stiffened panels, damping tape, honeycomb materials and sound absorption materials are presented. Single degree of freedom theoretical models were developed for sandwich type panels with both shear resistant and non-shear resistant core material. The concept of Helmholtz resonators used in conjunction with dual panel windows in increasing the noise reduction around a small range of frequency was tested. It is concluded that the stiffening of the panels either by stiffeners or by sandwich construction increases the low frequency noise reduction.

Life test results for an ensemble of CO2 lasers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peruso, C. J.; Degnan, J. J.; Hochuli, U. E.

1978-01-01

The effects of cathode material, cathode operating temperature, anode configuration, window materials, and hydrogen additives on laser lifetime are determined. Internally oxidized copper and silber-copper alloy cathodes were tested. The cathode operating temperature was raised in some tubes through the use of thermal insulation. Lasers incorporating thermally insulated silver copper oxide cathodes clearly yielded the longest lifetimes-typically in excess of 22,000 hours. The use of platinum sheet versus platinum pin anodes had no observable effect on laser lifetime. Similarly, the choice of germanium, cadmium telluride, or zinc selenide as the optical window material appears to have no impact on lifetime.

Detection with Enhanced Energy Windowing Phase I Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bass, David A.; Enders, Alexander L.

2016-12-01

This document reviews the progress of Phase I of the Detection with Enhanced Energy Windowing (DEEW) project. The DEEW project is the implementation of software incorporating an algorithm which reviews data generated by radiation portal monitors and utilizes advanced and novel techniques for detecting radiological and fissile material while not alarming on Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material. Independent testing indicated that the Enhanced Energy Windowing algorithm showed promise at reducing the probability of alarm in the stream of commerce compared to existing algorithms and other developmental algorithms, while still maintaining adequate sensitivity to threats. This document contains a brief description ofmore » the project, instructions for setting up and running the applications, and guidance to help make reviewing the output files and source code easier.« less

Increased Reliability of Gas Turbine Components by Robust Coatings Manufacturing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharma, A.; Dudykevych, T.; Sansom, D.; Subramanian, R.

2017-08-01

The expanding operational windows of the advanced gas turbine components demand increasing performance capability from protective coating systems. This demand has led to the development of novel multi-functional, multi-materials coating system architectures over the last years. In addition, the increasing dependency of components exposed to extreme environment on protective coatings results in more severe penalties, in case of a coating system failure. This emphasizes that reliability and consistency of protective coating systems are equally important to their superior performance. By means of examples, this paper describes the effects of scatter in the material properties resulting from manufacturing variations on coating life predictions. A strong foundation in process-property-performance correlations as well as regular monitoring and control of the coating process is essential for robust and well-controlled coating process. Proprietary and/or commercially available diagnostic tools can help in achieving these goals, but their usage in industrial setting is still limited. Various key contributors to process variability are briefly discussed along with the limitations of existing process and product control methods. Other aspects that are important for product reliability and consistency in serial manufacturing as well as advanced testing methodologies to simplify and enhance product inspection and improve objectivity are briefly described.

A symmetric organic-based nonaqueous redox flow battery and its state of charge diagnostics by FTIR

DOE PAGES

Duan, Wentao; Vemuri, Rama Ses; Milshtein, Jarrod D.; ...

2016-03-10

Redox flow batteries have shown outstanding promise for grid-scale energy storage to promote utilization of renewable energy and improve grid stability. Nonaqueous battery systems can potentially achieve high energy density because of their broad voltage window. In this paper, we report a new organic redox-active material for use in a nonaqueous redox flow battery, 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO) that has high solubility (>2.6 M) in organic solvents. PTIO exhibits electrochemically reversible disproportionation reactions and thus can serve as both anolyte and catholyte redox materials in a symmetric flow cell. The PTIO flow battery has a moderate cell voltage of ~1.7 V andmore » shows good cyclability under both cyclic voltammetry and flow cell conditions. Moreover, we demonstrate that FTIR can offer accurate estimation of the PTIO concentration in electrolytes and determine the state of charge of the PTIO flow cell, which suggests FTIR potentially as a powerful online battery status sensor. In conclusion, this study is expected to inspire more insights in this under-addressed area of state of charge analysis aiming at operational safety and reliability of flow batteries.« less

Modeling and experimental investigation of x-ray spectra from a liquid metal anode x-ray tube

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

David, Bernd R.; Thran, Axel; Eckart, Rainer

2004-11-01

This paper presents simulated and measured spectra of a novel type of x-ray tube. The bremsstrahlung generating principle of this tube is based on the interaction of high energetic electrons with a turbulently flowing liquid metal separated from the vacuum by a thin window. We simulated the interaction of 50-150 keV electrons with liquid metal targets composed of the elements Ga, In, Sn, as well as the solid elements C, W and Re used for the electron windows. We obtained x-ray spectra and energy loss curves for various liquid metal/window combinations and thicknesses of the window material. In terms of optimum heat transport a thin diamond window in combination with the liquid metal GaInSn is the best suited system. If photon flux is the optimization criteria, thin tungsten/rhenium windows cooled by GaInSn should be preferred.

Implications of Windowing Techniques for CAI.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Heines, Jesse M.; Grinstein, Georges G.

This paper discusses the use of a technique called windowing in computer assisted instruction to allow independent control of functional areas in complex CAI displays and simultaneous display of output from a running computer program and coordinated instructional material. Two obstacles to widespread use of CAI in computer science courses are…

Oval Window Size and Shape: a Micro-CT Anatomical Study With Considerations for Stapes Surgery.

PubMed

Zdilla, Matthew J; Skrzat, Janusz; Kozerska, Magdalena; Leszczyński, Bartosz; Tarasiuk, Jacek; Wroński, Sebastian

2018-06-01

The oval window is an important structure with regard to stapes surgeries, including stapedotomy for the treatment of otosclerosis. Recent study of perioperative imaging of the oval window has revealed that oval window niche height can indicate both operative difficulty and subjective discomfort during otosclerosis surgery. With regard to shape, structures incorporated into the oval window niche, such as cartilage grafts, must be compatible with the shape of the oval window. Despite the clinical importance of the oval window, there is little information regarding its size and shape. This study assessed oval window size and shape via micro-computed tomography paired with modern morphometric methodology in the fetal, infant, child, and adult populations. Additionally, the study compared oval window size and shape between sexes and between left- and right-sided ears. No significant differences were found among traditional morphometric parameters among age groups, sides, or sexes. However, geometric morphometric methods revealed shape differences between age groups. Further, geometric morphometric methods provided the average oval window shape and most-likely shape variance. Beyond demonstrating oval window size and shape variation, the results of this report will aid in identifying patients among whom anatomical variation may contribute to surgical difficulty and surgeon discomfort, or otherwise warrant preoperative adaptations for the incorporation of materials into and around the oval window.

Edge Thomson scattering diagnostic on COMPASS tokamak: Installation, calibration, operation, improvements

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bohm, P., E-mail: bohm@ipp.cas.cz; Bilkova, P.; Melich, R.

2014-11-15

The core Thomson scattering diagnostic (TS) on the COMPASS tokamak was put in operation and reported earlier. Implementation of edge TS, with spatial resolution along the laser beam up to ∼1/100 of the tokamak minor radius, is presented now. The procedure for spatial calibration and alignment of both core and edge systems is described. Several further upgrades of the TS system, like a triggering unit and piezo motor driven vacuum window shutter, are introduced as well. The edge TS system, together with the core TS, is now in routine operation and provides electron temperature and density profiles.

HOT CELL BUILDING, TRA632. WHILE STEEL BEAMS DEFINE FUTURE WALLS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

HOT CELL BUILDING, TRA-632. WHILE STEEL BEAMS DEFINE FUTURE WALLS OF THE BUILDING, SHEET STEEL DEFINES THE HOT CELL "BOX" ITSELF. THREE OPERATING WINDOWS ON LEFT; ONE VIEWING WINDOW ON RIGHT. TUBES WILL CONTAIN SERVICE AND CONTROL LEADS. SPACE BETWEEN INNER AND OUTER BOX WALLS WILL BE FILLED WITH SHIELDED WINDOWS AND BARETES CONCRETE. CAMERA FACES SOUTHEAST. INL NEGATIVE NO. 7933. Unknown Photographer, ca. 5/1953 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Reactor Area, Materials & Engineering Test Reactors, Scoville, Butte County, ID

SNS Proton Beam Window Disposal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Popova, Irina; Gallmeier, Franz X.; Trotter, Steven

2017-09-01

In order to support the disposal of the proton beam window assembly of the Spallation Neutron Source beamline to the target station, waste classification analyses are performed. The window has a limited life-time due to radiation-induced material damage. Analyses include calculation of the radionuclide inventory and shielding analyses for the transport package/container to ensure that the container is compliant with the transportation and waste management regulations. In order to automate this procedure and minimize manual work a script in Perl language was written.

Half-value-layer increase owing to tungsten buildup in the x-ray tube: fact or fiction.

PubMed

Stears, J G; Felmlee, J P; Gray, J E

1986-09-01

The half-value layer (HVL) of an x-ray beam is generally believed to increase with x-ray tube use. This increase in HVL has previously been attributed to the hardening of the x-ray beam as a result of a buildup of tungsten on the x-ray tube glass window. Radiographs and HVL measurements were obtained to determine the effect of tungsten deposited on the x-ray tube windows. This work, along with the HVL data from approximately 200 functioning x-ray tubes used for all applications that were monitored for more than 8 years, indicated there is no significant increase in HVL with diagnostic x-ray tube use.

An evaluation of the effectiveness of adaptive histogram equalization for contrast enhancement.

PubMed

Zimmerman, J B; Pizer, S M; Staab, E V; Perry, J R; McCartney, W; Brenton, B C

1988-01-01

Adaptive histogram equalization (AHE) and intensity windowing have been compared using psychophysical observer studies. Experienced radiologists were shown clinical CT (computerized tomographic) images of the chest. Into some of the images, appropriate artificial lesions were introduced; the physicians were then shown the images processed with both AHE and intensity windowing. They were asked to assess the probability that a given image contained the artificial lesion, and their accuracy was measured. The results of these experiments show that for this particular diagnostic task, there was no significant difference in the ability of the two methods to depict luminance contrast; thus, further evaluation of AHE using controlled clinical trials is indicated.

Online frequency estimation with applications to engine and generator sets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Manngård, Mikael; Böling, Jari M.

2017-07-01

Frequency and spectral analysis based on the discrete Fourier transform is a fundamental task in signal processing and machine diagnostics. This paper aims at presenting computationally efficient methods for real-time estimation of stationary and time-varying frequency components in signals. A brief survey of the sliding time window discrete Fourier transform and Goertzel filter is presented, and two filter banks consisting of: (i) sliding time window Goertzel filters (ii) infinite impulse response narrow bandpass filters are proposed for estimating instantaneous frequencies. The proposed methods show excellent results on both simulation studies and on a case study using angular speed data measurements of the crankshaft of a marine diesel engine-generator set.

Low-cost, highly transparent flexible low-e coating film to enable electrochromic windows with increased energy savings

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Berland, Brian; Hollingsworth, Russell

Five Quads of energy are lost through windows annually in the U.S. Low-e coatings are increasingly employed to reduce the wasted energy. Most commonly, the low-e coating is an oxide material applied directly to the glass at high temperature. With over 100,000,000 existing homes, a retrofit product is crucial to achieve widespread energy savings. Low-e films, i.e. coatings on polymeric substrates, are now also available to meet this need. However, the traditional oxide materials and process is incompatible with low temperature plastics. Alternate high performing low-e films typically incorporate materials that limit visible transmission to 35% or less. Further, themore » cost is high. The objective of this award was to develop a retrofit, integrated low-e/electrochromic window film to dramatically reduce energy lost through windows. While field testing of state-of-the-art electrochromic (EC) windows show the energy savings are maximized if a low-e coating is used in conjunction with the EC, available low-e films have a low visible transmission (~70% or less) that limits the achievable clear state and therefore, appearance and energy savings potential. Comprehensive energy savings models were completed at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL). A parametric approach was used to project energy usage for windows with a large range of low-e properties across all U.S. climate zones, without limiting the study to materials that had already been produced commercially or made in a lab. The model enables projection of energy savings for low-e films as well as integrated low-e/EC products. This project developed a novel low-e film, optimized for compatibility with EC windows, using low temperature, high deposition rate processes for the growth of low-e coatings on plastic films by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Silica films with good density and optical properties were demonstrated at deposition rates as high as 130Å/sec. A simple bi-layer low-e stack of silica and a transparent conductive oxide demonstrated 90% visible transmission with high thermal infrared reflectivity characteristic of conventional low-e coatings. A slightly more complex stack provided high solar infrared reflection without sacrificing visible transmission or thermal infrared reflection. Successful completion of the effort produced a prototype integrated low-e, dynamic window film with characterized energy saving potential. Cost modeling for the passive bi-layer, low-e film projects a manufacturing cost of ~$0.50/ft2 for a plant with 10M ft2/yr capacity. The novel thin film processes developed here enable high deposition rate (low cost), optical quality oxide coatings at low temperatures. When combined with engineered materials, ITN’s coating will result in low-cost, low-e films that reflect a high degree of infrared radiation without substantially reducing the visible transmission. The resultant window film will improve the U-value and achieve SHGC improvements over bare glass. The new low-e coating will be particularly attractive when combined with an electrochromic film. Low-e coating design guided by energy savings modeling allows customization of the product for different climate zones.« less

Energy efficient window and skylight assemblies

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Howe, W.C. Jr.

1986-03-25

A totally self-contained apparatus is described for use as a window or skylight assembly, and adapted for simultaneously controlling the amount of both sunlight and air admitted into a building. The apparatus consists of: a head member and a sill member; a first sheet of material through which sunlight can pass, the first sheet of material forming a major portion of the exterior surface of the apparatus and being mounted between the head and sill members; a second sheet of material through which sunlight can pass, the second sheet of material being spaced from the first sheet of material themore » second sheet of material forming a major portion of the interior surface of the window apparatus and being mounted between the head and sill members; first and second window jams positioned between the first and second sheets of material and extending from the head member to the sill member so as to form an essentially enclosed air flow channel; means, positioned in the air flow channel, for regulating the amount of sunlight passing through the apparatus; and ventilation means for directing air through the air flow channel, and comprising a motor-driven fan mounted within the air flow channel at one end thereof so as to circulate air through the air flow channel together with a plurality of apertures disposed in the head and sill members for placing the air flow channel in communication with the interior and exterior of the building and means for selectively opening and closing the apertures whereby air may selectively flow from one of (a) the outside to the inside of the building, (b) from the inside to the outside of the building, (c) from the inside of the building through the air flow channel and back to the inside of the building and (d) from the outside of the building through the air flow channel and back to the outside of the building.« less

Multilayered Microelectronic Device Package With An Integral Window

DOEpatents

Peterson, Kenneth A.; Watson, Robert D.

2004-10-26

A microelectronic package with an integral window mounted in a recessed lip for housing a microelectronic device. The device can be a semiconductor chip, a CCD chip, a CMOS chip, a VCSEL chip, a laser diode, a MEMS device, or a IMEMS device. The package can be formed of a low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) or high temperature cofired ceramic (HTCC) multilayered material, with the integral window being simultaneously joined (e.g. co-fired) to the package body during LTCC or HTCC processing. The microelectronic device can be flip-chip bonded and oriented so that a light-sensitive side is optically accessible through the window. The result is a compact, low profile package, having an integral window mounted in a recessed lip, that can be hermetically sealed.

Study of wavefront error and polarization of a side mounted infrared window

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Jiaguo; Li, Lin; Hu, Xinqi; Yu, Xin

2008-03-01

The wavefront error and polarization of a side mounted infrared window made of ZnS are studied. The Infrared windows suffer from temperature gradient and stress during their launch process. Generally, the gradient in temperature changes the refractive index of the material whereas stress produces deformation and birefringence. In this paper, a thermal finite element analysis (FEA) of an IR window is presented. For this purpose, we employed an FEA program Ansys to obtain the time-varying temperature field. The deformation and stress of the window are derived from a structural FEA with the aerodynamic force and the temperature field previously obtained as being the loads. The deformation, temperature field, stress field, ray tracing and Jones Calculus are used to calculate the wavefront error and the change of polarization state.

The evaluation of the Hitomi (Astro-H)/SXS spare beryllium window in 3.8-30 keV

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hoshino, Akio; Yoshida, Yuki; Kitamoto, Shunji; Fujimoto, Ryuichi; Yamasaki, Noriko Y.; Ina, Toshiaki; Uruga, Tomoya; Eckart, Megan; Leutenegger, Maurice

2017-08-01

During the Hitomi (Astro-H) commissioning observations the SXS dewar gate valve (GV) remained closed to protect the instrument from initial spacecraft outgassing. As a result, the optical path of the observations included the Be window installed on the GV. Both x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis and x-ray transmission measurements were performed in June 2016 on the flight-spare Be window which is the same lot as the flight material at SPring-8 in Japan. The beamline operating range is 3.8 - 30 keV. We used a beam spot size of 1 mm × 0.2 mm to measure two positions on the Be window, at the center of the window and at one position 6.5 mm off-center. We used simultaneous transmission measurements of standard materials for energy calibration. The transmission data clearly showed Fe and Ni K-edges, plus a marginal detection of the Mn K-edge. We found that our transmission data was best fit using the following component Be: 261.86+/-0.01μm, Cr: 3nm (fixed), Mn: 3.81+/-0.05nm, Fe: 10.83+/-0.05nm, Ni: 16.48+/-0.03nm, Cu: 5nm (fixed). The transmission is reduced 1% at the Fe K-edge. The amount of contaminated materials are comparable to the values of the value provided by the vender. The surface transmission is strained with σ = 0.11% of the unbiased standard deviation calculated variation in the residuals between the measured value and the model.

Real-time 3-D contrast-enhanced transcranial ultrasound and aberration correction.

PubMed

Ivancevich, Nikolas M; Pinton, Gianmarco F; Nicoletto, Heather A; Bennett, Ellen; Laskowitz, Daniel T; Smith, Stephen W

2008-09-01

Contrast-enhanced (CE) transcranial ultrasound (US) and reconstructed 3-D transcranial ultrasound have shown advantages over traditional methods in a variety of cerebrovascular diseases. We present the results from a novel ultrasound technique, namely real-time 3-D contrast-enhanced transcranial ultrasound. Using real-time 3-D (RT3D) ultrasound and microbubble contrast agent, we scanned 17 healthy volunteers via a single temporal window and nine via the suboccipital window and report our detection rates for the major cerebral vessels. In 71% of subjects, both of our observers identified the ipsilateral circle of Willis from the temporal window, and in 59% we imaged the entire circle of Willis. From the suboccipital window, both observers detected the entire vertebrobasilar circulation in 22% of subjects, and in 44%, the basilar artery. After performing phase aberration correction on one subject, we were able to increase the diagnostic value of the scan, detecting a vessel not present in the uncorrected scan. These preliminary results suggest that RT3D CE transcranial US and RT3D CE transcranial US with phase aberration correction have the potential to greatly impact the field of neurosonology.

Real-Time 3D Contrast-Enhanced Transcranial Ultrasound and Aberration Correction

PubMed Central

Ivancevich, Nikolas M.; Pinton, Gianmarco F.; Nicoletto, Heather A.; Bennett, Ellen; Laskowitz, Daniel T.; Smith, Stephen W.

2008-01-01

Contrast-enhanced (CE) transcranial ultrasound (US) and reconstructed 3D transcranial ultrasound have shown advantages over traditional methods in a variety of cerebrovascular diseases. We present the results from a novel ultrasound technique, namely real-time 3D contrast-enhanced transcranial ultrasound. Using real-time 3D (RT3D) ultrasound and micro-bubble contrast agent, we scanned 17 healthy volunteers via a single temporal window and 9 via the sub-occipital window and report our detection rates for the major cerebral vessels. In 71% of subjects, both of our observers identified the ipsilateral circle of Willis from the temporal window, and in 59% we imaged the entire circle of Willis. From the sub-occipital window, both observers detected the entire vertebrobasilar circulation in 22% of subjects, and in 44% the basilar artery. After performing phase aberration correction on one subject, we were able to increase the diagnostic value of the scan, detecting a vessel not present in the uncorrected scan. These preliminary results suggest that RT3D CE transcranial US and RT3D CE transcranial US with phase aberration correction have the potential to greatly impact the field of neurosonology. PMID:18395321

A Virtual Study of Grid Resolution on Experiments of a Highly-Resolved Turbulent Plume

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maisto, Pietro M. F.; Marshall, Andre W.; Gollner, Michael J.; Fire Protection Engineering Department Collaboration

2017-11-01

An accurate representation of sub-grid scale turbulent mixing is critical for modeling fire plumes and smoke transport. In this study, PLIF and PIV diagnostics are used with the saltwater modeling technique to provide highly-resolved instantaneous field measurements in unconfined turbulent plumes useful for statistical analysis, physical insight, and model validation. The effect of resolution was investigated employing a virtual interrogation window (of varying size) applied to the high-resolution field measurements. Motivated by LES low-pass filtering concepts, the high-resolution experimental data in this study can be analyzed within the interrogation windows (i.e. statistics at the sub-grid scale) and on interrogation windows (i.e. statistics at the resolved scale). A dimensionless resolution threshold (L/D*) criterion was determined to achieve converged statistics on the filtered measurements. Such a criterion was then used to establish the relative importance between large and small-scale turbulence phenomena while investigating specific scales for the turbulent flow. First order data sets start to collapse at a resolution of 0.3D*, while for second and higher order statistical moments the interrogation window size drops down to 0.2D*.

Shock Timing Plan for the National Ignition Campaign

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Munro, D. H.; Robey, H. F.; Spears, B. K.; Boehly, T. R.

2006-10-01

We report progress on the design of the shock timing tuning procedure for the 2010 ignition campaign at the National Ignition Facility. Our keyhole target design provides adequate drive surrogacy for us to time the first three shocks empirically. The major risk to our plan is hard x-ray preheat, which can cause the diagnostic window to become opaque.

GUIDON-WATCH: A Graphic Interface for Viewing a Knowledge-Based System. Technical Report #14.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Richer, Mark H.; Clancey, William J.

This paper describes GUIDON-WATCH, a graphic interface that uses multiple windows and a mouse to allow a student to browse a knowledge base and view reasoning processes during diagnostic problem solving. The GUIDON project at Stanford University is investigating how knowledge-based systems can provide the basis for teaching programs, and this…

Optical effect of the contamination of infrared windows by the outgassing of materials in outer space

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Silberman, E.

1975-01-01

The products and kinetics of outgassing from S13G paint were studied by using infrared absorption measurements of the material outgassed (using an evaporation cell and vacuum chamber). Two separate long-term experimental depositions from heated samples of the S13G paint were made. Before each experiment, the vacuum chamber and sample holder were carefully cleaned and outgassed to ensure that subsequent deposits on the colled-window were due only to the products evaporated from the sample. Results of experiments are listed and discussed.

Static analysis of a sonar dome rubber window

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lai, J. L.

1978-01-01

The application of NASTRAN (level 16.0.1) to the static analysis of a sonar dome rubber window (SDRW) was demonstrated. The assessment of the conventional model (neglecting the enclosed fluid) for the stress analysis of the SDRW was made by comparing its results to those based on a sophisticated model (including the enclosed fluid). The fluid was modeled with isoparametric linear hexahedron elements with approximate material properties whose shear modulus was much smaller than its bulk modulus. The effect of the chosen material property for the fluid is discussed.

Solar heated rotary kiln

DOEpatents

Shell, Pamela K.

1984-01-01

A solar heated rotary kiln utilized for decomposition of materials, such as zinc sulfate. The rotary kiln has an open end and is enclosed in a sealed container having a window positioned for directing solar energy into the open end of the kiln. The material to be decomposed is directed through the container into the kiln by a feed tube. The container is also provided with an outlet for exhaust gases and an outlet for spent solids, and rests on a tiltable base. The window may be cooled and kept clear of debris by coolant gases.

Fused Silica and Other Transparent Window Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Salem, Jon

2016-01-01

Several transparent ceramics, such as spinel and AlONs are now being produced in sufficient large areas to be used in space craft window applications. The work horse transparent material for space missions from Apollo to the International Space Station has been fused silica due in part to its low coefficient of expansion and optical quality. Despite its successful use, fused silica exhibits anomalies in its crack growth behavior, depending on environmental preconditioning and surface damage. This presentation will compare recent optical ceramics to fused silica and discuss sources of variation in slow crack growth behavior.

Solar-heated rotary kiln

DOEpatents

Shell, P.K.

1982-04-14

A solar heated rotary kiln utilized for decomposition of materials, such as zinc sulfate is disclosed. The rotary kiln has an open end and is enclosed in a sealed container having a window positioned for directing solar energy into the open end of the kiln. The material to be decomposed is directed through the container into the kiln by a feed tube. The container is also provided with an outlet for exhaust gases and an outlet for spent solids, and rests on a tiltable base. The window may be cooled and kept clear of debris by coolant gases.

Origin of Outstanding Stability in the Lithium Solid Electrolyte Materials: Insights from Thermodynamic Analyses Based on First-Principles Calculations

DOE PAGES

Zhu, Yizhou; He, Xingfeng; Mo, Yifei

2015-10-06

First-principles calculations were performed to investigate the electrochemical stability of lithium solid electrolyte materials in all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. The common solid electrolytes were found to have a limited electrochemical window. Our results suggest that the outstanding stability of the solid electrolyte materials is not thermodynamically intrinsic but is originated from kinetic stabilizations. The sluggish kinetics of the decomposition reactions cause a high overpotential leading to a nominally wide electrochemical window observed in many experiments. The decomposition products, similar to the solid-electrolyte-interphases, mitigate the extreme chemical potential from the electrodes and protect the solid electrolyte from further decompositions. With the aidmore » of the first-principles calculations, we revealed the passivation mechanism of these decomposition interphases and quantified the extensions of the electrochemical window from the interphases. We also found that the artificial coating layers applied at the solid electrolyte and electrode interfaces have a similar effect of passivating the solid electrolyte. Our newly gained understanding provided general principles for developing solid electrolyte materials with enhanced stability and for engineering interfaces in all-solid-state Li-ion batteries.« less

Take-Home Nanochemistry: Fabrication of a Gold- or Silver-Containing Window Cling

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Campbell, Dean J.; Villarreal, Richard B.; Fitzjarrald, Tamara J.

2012-01-01

The purpose of this laboratory experiment is to introduce aspects of materials chemistry, such as polymers and nanoparticle synthesis and properties, to students by their fabrication of a take-home polydimethylsiloxane window cling containing gold or silver nanoparticles. This lab covers small portions of three successive laboratory periods and is…

COMPRESSOR BUILDING, TRA626. ELEVATIONS. WINDOWS. WALL SECTIONS. PUMICE BLOCK BUILDING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

COMPRESSOR BUILDING, TRA-626. ELEVATIONS. WINDOWS. WALL SECTIONS. PUMICE BLOCK BUILDING HOUSED COMPRESSORS FOR AIRCRAFT NUCLEAR PROPULSION EXPERIMENTS. MTR-626-IDO-2S, 3/1952. INL INDEX NO. 531-0626-00-396-110535, REV. 2. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Reactor Area, Materials & Engineering Test Reactors, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Fluorescence and phosphorescence of photomultiplier window materials under electron irradiation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Viehmann, W.; Eubanks, A. G.; Bredekamp, J. H.

1974-01-01

The fluorescence and phosphorescence of photomultiplier window materials under electron irradiation were investigated using a Sr-90/Y-90 beta emitter as the electron source. Spectral emission curves of UV grade, optical grade, and electron-irradiated samples of MGF2 and LiF, CaF2, BaF2, sapphire, fused silica, and UV transmitting glasses were obtained over the spectral range of 200 nm to 650 nm. Fluorescence yields, expressed as the number of counts in a solid angle of 2 pi steradian per 1MeV of incident electron energy deposited, were determined on these materials utilizing photomultiplier tubes with cesium telluride, bialkali, and trialkali (S-20) photocathodes, respectively.

SU-E-E-11: Novel Matching Module for Respiration-Gated Motion Tumor of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) to 4DCT

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yu, P; Tsai, Y; Nien, H

2015-06-15

Purpose: Four dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) scans reliably record whole respiratory phase and generate internal target volumes (ITV) for radiotherapy planning. However, image guiding with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) cannot acquire all or specific respiratory phases. This study was designed to investigate the correlation between average CT and Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) from 4DCT and CBCT. Methods: Retrospective respiratory gating were performed by GE Discovery CT590 RT. 4DCT and CBCT data from CRIS Dynamic Thorax Phantom with simulated breathing mode were analyzed. The lung tissue equivalent material encompassed 3 cm sphere tissue equivalent material. Simulated breathing cycle period was setmore » as 4 seconds, 5 seconds and 6 seconds for representing variation of patient breathing cycle time, and the sphere material moved toward inferior and superior direction with 1 cm amplitude simulating lung tumor motion during respiration. Results: Under lung window, the volume ratio of CBCT scans to ITVs derived from 10 phases average scans was 1.00 ± 0.02, and 1.03 ± 0.03 for ratio of CBCT scans to MIP scans. Under abdomen window, the ratio of CBCT scans to ITVs derived from 10 phases average scans was 0.39 ± 0.06, and 0.06 ± 0.00 for ratio of CBCT scans to MIP scans. There was a significant difference between lung window Result and abdomen window Result. For reducing image guiding uncertainty, CBCT window was set with width 500 and level-250. The ratio of CBCT scans to ITVs derived from 4 phases average scans with abdomen window was 1.19 ± 0.02, and 1.06 ± 0.01 for ratio of CBCT to MIP scans. Conclusion: CBCT images with suitable window width and level can efficiently reduce image guiding uncertainty for patient with mobile tumor. By our setting, we can match motion tumor to gating tumor location on planning CT more accurately neglecting other motion artifacts during CBCT scans.« less

Comorbidities confounding the outcomes of surgery for third window syndrome: Outlier analysis

PubMed Central

Mackay‐Promitas, Heather T.; Demirel, Shaban; Gianoli, Gerard J.; Gizzi, Martin S.; Carter, Dale M.; Siker, David A.

2017-01-01

Objective Patients with third window syndrome and superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD) symptoms whose surgical outcomes placed them as outliers were systematically studied to determine comorbidities that were responsible for their poor outcomes due to these confounding factors. Study Design Observational analytic case‐control study in a tertiary referral center. Methods Twelve adult patients with clinical SSCD syndrome underwent surgical management and had outcomes that did not resolve all of their subjective symptoms. In addition to one of the neurotologists, 2 neurologists (one specializing in migraine and the other a neuro‐ophthalmologist), and a psychologist clinician‐investigator completed comprehensive evaluations. Neuropsychology test batteries included: the Millon Behavioral Medicine Diagnostic; Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD‐7); Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale; the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, including the 3 domains of verbal memory, visual memory, and attention/concentration; Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; and the Delis‐Kaplan Executive Function System. The control cohort was comprised of 17 participants who previously underwent surgery for third window syndrome that resulted in the expected outcomes of resolution of their third window syndrome symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. Results There was a high rate of psychological comorbidity (n = 6) in the outlier cohort; multiple traumatic brain injuries were also a confounding element (n = 10). One patient had elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure requiring ventriculoperitoneal shunting to control the recurrence of dehiscence and one patient with a drug‐induced Parkinson‐like syndrome and idiopathic progressive neurological degenerative process. Conclusions Components of the Millon Behavioral Medicine Diagnostic, PHQ‐9 and GAD‐7 results suggest that these instruments would be useful as screening tools preoperatively to identify psychological comorbidities that could confound outcomes. The identification of these comorbid psychological as well as other neurological degenerative disease processes led to alternate clinical management pathways for these patients. Level of Evidence 2b. PMID:29094067

Simple Estimation of Incident HIV Infection Rates in Notification Cohorts Based on Window Periods of Algorithms for Evaluation of Line-Immunoassay Result Patterns

PubMed Central

Schüpbach, Jörg; Gebhardt, Martin D.; Scherrer, Alexandra U.; Bisset, Leslie R.; Niederhauser, Christoph; Regenass, Stephan; Yerly, Sabine; Aubert, Vincent; Suter, Franziska; Pfister, Stefan; Martinetti, Gladys; Andreutti, Corinne; Klimkait, Thomas; Brandenberger, Marcel; Günthard, Huldrych F.

2013-01-01

Background Tests for recent infections (TRIs) are important for HIV surveillance. We have shown that a patient's antibody pattern in a confirmatory line immunoassay (Inno-Lia) also yields information on time since infection. We have published algorithms which, with a certain sensitivity and specificity, distinguish between incident (< = 12 months) and older infection. In order to use these algorithms like other TRIs, i.e., based on their windows, we now determined their window periods. Methods We classified Inno-Lia results of 527 treatment-naïve patients with HIV-1 infection < = 12 months according to incidence by 25 algorithms. The time after which all infections were ruled older, i.e. the algorithm's window, was determined by linear regression of the proportion ruled incident in dependence of time since infection. Window-based incident infection rates (IIR) were determined utilizing the relationship ‘Prevalence  =  Incidence x Duration’ in four annual cohorts of HIV-1 notifications. Results were compared to performance-based IIR also derived from Inno-Lia results, but utilizing the relationship ‘incident  =  true incident + false incident’ and also to the IIR derived from the BED incidence assay. Results Window periods varied between 45.8 and 130.1 days and correlated well with the algorithms' diagnostic sensitivity (R2 = 0.962; P<0.0001). Among the 25 algorithms, the mean window-based IIR among the 748 notifications of 2005/06 was 0.457 compared to 0.453 obtained for performance-based IIR with a model not correcting for selection bias. Evaluation of BED results using a window of 153 days yielded an IIR of 0.669. Window-based IIR and performance-based IIR increased by 22.4% and respectively 30.6% in 2008, while 2009 and 2010 showed a return to baseline for both methods. Conclusions IIR estimations by window- and performance-based evaluations of Inno-Lia algorithm results were similar and can be used together to assess IIR changes between annual HIV notification cohorts. PMID:23990968

Inter-Comparison of GOES-8 Imager and Sounder Skin Temperature Retrievals

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haines, Stephanie L.; Suggs, Ronnie J.; Jedlovec, Gary J.; Arnold, James E. (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

Skin temperature (ST) retrievals derived from geostationary satellite observations have both high temporal and spatial resolutions and are therefore useful for applications such as assimilation into mesoscale forecast models, nowcasting, and diagnostic studies. Our retrieval method uses a Physical Split Window technique requiring at least two channels within the longwave infrared window. On current GOES satellites, including GOES-11, there are two Imager channels within the required spectral interval. However, beginning with the GOES-M satellite the 12-um channel will be removed, leaving only one longwave channel. The Sounder instrument will continue to have three channels within the longwave window, and therefore ST retrievals will be derived from Sounder measurements. This research compares retrievals from the two instruments and evaluates the effects of the spatial resolution and sensor calibration differences on the retrievals. Both Imager and Sounder retrievals are compared to ground-truth data to evaluate the overall accuracy of the technique. An analysis of GOES-8 and GOES-11 intercomparisons is also presented.

Ghost fringe removal techniques using Lissajous data presentation

DOE PAGES

Erskine, David J.; Eggert, J. H.; Celliers, P. M.; ...

2016-03-14

A VISAR (Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector) is a Dopplervelocity interferometer which is an important optical diagnostic in shockwave experiments at the national laboratories, used to measureequation of state(EOS) of materials under extreme conditions. Unwanted reflection of laser light from target windows can produce an additional component to the VISAR fringe record that can distort and obscure the true velocity signal. When accurately removing this so-called ghost artifact component is essential for achieving high accuracy EOSmeasurements, especially when the true light signal is only weakly reflected from the shock front. Independent of the choice of algorithm for processing themore » raw data into a complex fringe signal, we have found it beneficial to plot this signal as a Lissajous and seek the proper center of this path, even under time varying intensity which can shift the perceived center. Moreover, the ghost contribution is then solved by a simple translation in the complex plane that recenters the Lissajous path. For continuous velocity histories, we find that plotting the fringe magnitude vs nonfringing intensity and optimizing linearity is an invaluable tool for determining accurate ghost offsets. For discontinuous velocity histories, we have developed graphically inspired methods which relate the results of two VISARs having different velocity per fringe proportionalities or assumptions of constant fringe magnitude to find the ghost offset. The technique can also remove window reflection artifacts in generic interferometers, such as in the metrology of surfaces.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Peralta, Pedro; Fortin, Elizabeth; Opie, Saul

Activities for this grant included: 1) Development of dynamic impact experiments to probe strength and phase transition influence on dynamic deformation, 2) development of modern strength and phase aware simulation capabilities, 3) and post-processing of experimental data with simulation and closed form analytical techniques. Two different dynamic experiments were developed to probe material strengths in solid metals (largely copper and iron in this effort). In the first experiment a flyer plate impacts a flat target with an opposite rippled surface that is partially supported by a weaker window material. Post mortem analysis of the target sample showed a strong andmore » repeatable residual plastic deformation dependence on grain orientation. Yield strengths for strain rates near 10 5 s -1 and plastic strains near ~50% were estimated to be around 180 to 240 MPa, varying in this range with grain orientation. Unfortunately dynamic real-time measurements were difficult with this setup due to diagnostic laser scattering; hence, an additional experimental setup was developed to complement these results. In the second set of experiments a rippled surface was ablated by a controlled laser pulsed, which launched a rippled shock front to an opposite initially flat diagnostic surface that was monitored in real-time with spatially resolved velocimetry techniques, e.g., line VISAR in addition to Transient Imaging Displacement Interferometry (TIDI) displacement measurements. This setup limited the displacements at the diagnostic surface to a reasonable level for TIDI measurements (~ less than one micrometer). These experiments coupled with analytical and numerical solutions provided evidence that viscous and elastic deviatoric strength affect shock front perturbation evolution in clearly different ways. Particularly, normalized shock front perturbation amplitudes evolve with viscosity (η) and perturbation wavelength (λ) as η/λ, such that increasing viscosity (or decreasing the initial wavelength) delays the perturbation decay. Conversely our experimental data, analysis and simulations show that for materials with elastic yield strength Y the normalized shock perturbation amplitude evolves with Yλ/A 0, which shows wavelength increases have the opposite effect as in viscous materials and perturbation decay is also dependent on initial amplitude A 0 (viscous materials are independent of this parameter). Materials where strength had clear strain rate dependence, e.g., such as a PTW material law, behaved similarly to materials with only an effective yield stress (elastic-perfectly plastic) in the shock front perturbation studies obeying a Y effλA 0 relationship where Y eff was a constant (near ~400 MPa for Cu for strain rates around 10 6 s -1). Magnitude changes in strain rate would increase Y eff as would be expected from the PTW behavior, but small perturbations (typical of regions behind the shock front) near a mean had little effect. Additional work based on simulations showed that phase transformation kinetics can affect the behavior of the perturbed shock front as well as the evolution of the RM-like instability that develops due to the imprint of the perturbed shock front on the initially flat surface as the shock breaks out.« less

HOT CELL BUILDING, TRA632, INTERIOR. HOT CELL NO. 1 (THE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

HOT CELL BUILDING, TRA-632, INTERIOR. HOT CELL NO. 1 (THE FIRST BUILT) IN LABORATORY 101. CAMERA FACES SOUTHEAST. SHIELDED OPERATING WINDOWS ARE ON LEFT (NORTH) SIDE. OBSERVATION WINDOW IS AT LEFT OF VIEW (ON WEST SIDE). PLASTIC COVERS SHROUD MASTER/SLAVE MANIPULATORS AT WINDOWS IN LEFT OF VIEW. NOTE MINERAL OIL RESERVOIR ABOVE "CELL 1" SIGN, INDICATING LEVEL OF THE FLUID INSIDE THE THICK WINDOWS. HOT CELL HAS BEVELED CORNER BECAUSE A SQUARED CORNER WOULD HAVE SUPPLIED UNNECESSARY SHIELDING. NOTE PUMICE BLOCK WALL AT LEFT OF VIEW. INL NEGATIVE NO. HD46-28-1. Mike Crane, Photographer, 2/2005 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Reactor Area, Materials & Engineering Test Reactors, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Core-shell iron oxide-layered double hydroxide: High electrochemical sensing performance of H2O2 biomarker in live cancer cells with plasma therapeutics.

PubMed

Asif, Muhammad; Liu, Hongwei; Aziz, Ayesha; Wang, Haitao; Wang, Zhengyun; Ajmal, Muhammad; Xiao, Fei; Liu, Hongfang

2017-11-15

In this work, we develop a new type of multifunctional core-shell nanomaterial by controllable integration of CuAl layered double hydroxides (LDHs) over the surface of iron oxides (Fe 3 O 4 ) nanospheres (NSs) to fabricate (Fe 3 O 4 @CuAl NSs) hybrid material with interior tunability of LDH phase and explore its practical application in ultrasensitive detection of emerging biomarker, i.e., H 2 O 2 as cancer diagnostic probe. In addition, atmospheric pressure plasmas (APPs) have also been used as potential therapeutic approach for cancer treatment. Due to the synergistic combination of p-type semiconductive channels of LDHs with multi-functional properties, unique morphology and abundant surface active sites, the Fe 3 O 4 @CuAl NSs modified electrode exhibited attractive electrocatalytic activity towards H 2 O 2 reduction. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed biosensor demonstrated striking electrochemical sensing performances to H 2 O 2 including linear range as broad as 8 orders of magnitude, low real detection limit of 1nM (S/N = 3), high sensitivity, good reproducibility and long-term stability. Arising from the superb efficiency, the electrochemical biosensor has been used for in vitro determination of H 2 O 2 concentrations in human urine and serum samples prior to and following the intake of coffee, and real-time monitoring of H 2 O 2 efflux from different cancer cell lines in normal state and after plasma treatment. We believe that this novel nano-platform of structurally integrated core-shell nanohybrid materials combined with APPs will enhance diagnostic as well as therapeutic window for cancer diseases. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Irradiation effects in beryllium exposed to high energy protons of the NuMI neutrino source

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuksenko, V.; Ammigan, K.; Hartsell, B.; Densham, C.; Hurh, P.; Roberts, S.

2017-07-01

A beryllium primary vacuum-to-air beam 'window' of the "Neutrinos at the Main Injector" (NuMI) beamline at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), Batavia, Illinois, USA, has been irradiated by 120 GeV protons over 7 years, with a maximum integrated fluence at the window centre of 2.06 1022 p/cm2 corresponding to a radiation damage level of 0.48 dpa. The proton beam is pulsed at 0.5 Hz leading to an instantaneous temperature rise of 40 °C per pulse. The window is cooled by natural convection and is estimated to operate at an average of around 50 °C. The microstructure of this irradiated material was investigated by SEM/EBSD and Atom Probe Tomography, and compared to that of unirradiated regions of the beam window and that of stock material of the same PF-60 grade. Microstructural investigations revealed a highly inhomogeneous distribution of impurity elements in both unirradiated and irradiated conditions. Impurities were mainly localised in precipitates, and as segregations at grain boundary and dislocation lines. Low levels of Fe, Cu, Ni, C and O were also found to be homogeneously distributed in the beryllium matrix. In the irradiated materials, up to 440 appm of Li, derived from transmutation of beryllium was homogeneously distributed in solution in the beryllium matrix.

Isentropic compression of liquid metals near the melt line

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seagle, Christopher; Porwitzky, Andrew

2017-06-01

A series of experiments designed to study the liquid metal response to isentropic compression have been conducted at Sandia's Z Pulsed Power Facility. Cerium and Tin have been shock melted by driving a quasi-ballistic flyer into the samples followed by a ramp compression wave generated by an increased driving magnetic field. The sound speed of the liquid metals has been investigated with the purpose of exploring possible solidification on ramp compression. Additional surface sensitive diagnostics have been employed to search for signatures of solidification at the window interface. Results of these experiments will be discussed in relation to the existing equation of state models and phase diagrams for these materials as well as future plans for exploring the response of liquid metals near the melt line. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Sensitivity and Specificity of Emergency Physicians and Trainees for Identifying Internally Concealed Drug Packages on Abdominal Computed Tomography Scan: Do Lung Windows Improve Accuracy?

PubMed

Asha, Stephen Edward; Cooke, Andrew

2015-09-01

Suspected body packers may be brought to emergency departments (EDs) close to international airports for abdominal computed tomography (CT) scanning. Senior emergency clinicians may be asked to interpret these CT scans. Missing concealed drug packages have important clinical and forensic implications. The accuracy of emergency clinician interpretation of abdominal CT scans for concealed drugs is not known. Limited evidence suggests that accuracy for identification of concealed packages can be increased by viewing CT images on "lung window" settings. To determine the accuracy of senior emergency clinicians in interpreting abdominal CT scans for concealed drugs, and to determine if this accuracy was improved by viewing scans on both abdominal and lung window settings. Emergency clinicians blinded to all patient identifiers and the radiology report interpreted CT scans of suspected body packers using standard abdominal window settings and then with the addition of lung window settings. The reference standard was the radiologist's report. Fifty-five emergency clinicians reported 235 CT scans. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of interpretation using abdominal windows was 89.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 83.0-94.7), 81.9% (95% CI 73.7-88.4), and 86.0% (95% CI 81.5-90.4), respectively, and with both window settings was 94.1% (95% CI 88.3-97.6), 76.7% (95% CI 68.0-84.1), 85.5% (95% CI 81.0-90.0), respectively. Diagnostic accuracy was similar regardless of the clinician's experience. Interrater reliability was moderate (kappa 0.46). The accuracy of interpretation of abdominal CT scans performed for the purpose of detecting concealed drug packages by emergency clinicians is not high enough to safely discharge these patients from the ED. The use of lung windows improved sensitivity, but at the expense of specificity. Crown Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Multimedia proceedings of the 10th Office Information Technology Conference

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hudson, B.

1993-09-10

The CD contains the handouts for all the speakers, demo software from Apple, Adobe, Microsoft, and Zylabs, and video movies of the keynote speakers. Adobe Acrobat is used to provide full-fidelity retrieval of the speakers` slides and Apple`s Quicktime for Macintosh and Windows is used for video playback. ZyIndex is included for Windows users to provide a full-text search engine for selected documents. There are separately labelled installation and operating instructions for Macintosh and Windows users and some general materials common to both sets of users.

High durability antireflection coatings for silicon and multispectral ZnS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Joseph, Shay; Marcovitch, Orna; Yadin, Ygal; Klaiman, Dror; Koren, Nitzan; Zipin, Hedva

2007-04-01

In the current complex battle field, military platforms are required to operate on land, at sea and in the air in all weather conditions both day and night. In order to achieve such capabilities, advanced electro-optical systems are being constantly developed and improved. These systems such as missile seeker heads, reconnaissance and target acquisition pods and tracking, monitoring and alert systems have external optical components (window or dome) which must remain operational even at extreme environmental conditions. Depending on the intended use of the system, there are a few choices of window and dome materials. Amongst the more common materials one can point out sapphire, ZnS, germanium and silicon. Other materials such as spinel, ALON and yittria may also be considered. Most infrared materials have high indices of refraction and therefore they reflect a large part of radiation. To minimize the reflection and increase the transmission, antireflection (AR) coatings are the most common choice. Since these systems operate at different environments and weather conditions, the coatings must be made durable to withstand these extreme conditions. In cases where the window or dome is made of relatively soft materials such as multispectral ZnS, the coating may also serve as protection for the window or dome. In this work, several antireflection coatings have been designed and manufactured for silicon and multispectral ZnS. The coating materials were chosen to be either oxides or fluorides which are known to have high durability. Ellipsometry measurements were used to characterize the optical constants of the thin films. The effects of the deposition conditions on the optical constants of the deposited thin films and durability of the coatings will be discussed. The coatings were tested according to MIL-STD-810E and were also subjected to rain erosion tests at the University of Dayton Research Institute (UDRI) whirling arm apparatus in which one of the coatings showed no rain drop impact damage at all.

Switchable photovoltaic windows enabled by reversible photothermal complex dissociation from methylammonium lead iodide

DOE PAGES

Wheeler, Lance M.; Moore, David T.; Ihly, Rachelle; ...

2017-11-23

Materials with switchable absorption properties have been widely used for smart window applications to reduce energy consumption and enhance occupant comfort in buildings. In this work, we combine the benefits of smart windows with energy conversion by producing a photovoltaic device with a switchable absorber layer that dynamically responds to sunlight. Upon illumination, photothermal heating switches the absorber layer - composed of a metal halide perovskite-methylamine complex - from a transparent state (68% visible transmittance) to an absorbing, photovoltaic colored state (less than 3% visible transmittance) due to dissociation of methylamine. After cooling, the methylamine complex is re-formed, returning themore » absorber layer to the transparent state in which the device acts as a window to visible light. The thermodynamics of switching and performance of the device are described. In conclusion, this work validates a photovoltaic window technology that circumvents the fundamental tradeoff between efficient solar conversion and high visible light transmittance that limits conventional semitransparent PV window designs.« less

Development of a collapsible reinforced cylindrical space observation window

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Khan, A. Q.

1971-01-01

Existing material technology was applied to the development of a collapsible transparent window suitable for manned spacecraft structures. The effort reported encompasses the evaluation of flame retardants intended for use in the window matrix polymer, evaluation of reinforcement angle which would allow for a twisting pantographing motion as the cylindrical window is mechanically collapsed upon itself, and evaluation of several reinforcement embedment methods. A fabrication technique was developed to produce a reinforced cylindrical space window of 45.7 cm diameter and 61.0 cm length. The basic technique involved the application of a clear film on a male-section mold; winding axial and girth reinforcements and vacuum casting the outer layer. The high-strength transparent window composite consisted of a polyether urethane matrix reinforced with an orthogonal pattern of black-coated carbon steel wire cable. A thin film of RTV silicone rubber was applied to both surfaces of the urethane. The flexibility, retraction system, and installation system are described.

Switchable photovoltaic windows enabled by reversible photothermal complex dissociation from methylammonium lead iodide.

PubMed

Wheeler, Lance M; Moore, David T; Ihly, Rachelle; Stanton, Noah J; Miller, Elisa M; Tenent, Robert C; Blackburn, Jeffrey L; Neale, Nathan R

2017-11-23

Materials with switchable absorption properties have been widely used for smart window applications to reduce energy consumption and enhance occupant comfort in buildings. In this work, we combine the benefits of smart windows with energy conversion by producing a photovoltaic device with a switchable absorber layer that dynamically responds to sunlight. Upon illumination, photothermal heating switches the absorber layer-composed of a metal halide perovskite-methylamine complex-from a transparent state (68% visible transmittance) to an absorbing, photovoltaic colored state (less than 3% visible transmittance) due to dissociation of methylamine. After cooling, the methylamine complex is re-formed, returning the absorber layer to the transparent state in which the device acts as a window to visible light. The thermodynamics of switching and performance of the device are described. This work validates a photovoltaic window technology that circumvents the fundamental tradeoff between efficient solar conversion and high visible light transmittance that limits conventional semitransparent PV window designs.

Switchable photovoltaic windows enabled by reversible photothermal complex dissociation from methylammonium lead iodide

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wheeler, Lance M.; Moore, David T.; Ihly, Rachelle

Materials with switchable absorption properties have been widely used for smart window applications to reduce energy consumption and enhance occupant comfort in buildings. In this work, we combine the benefits of smart windows with energy conversion by producing a photovoltaic device with a switchable absorber layer that dynamically responds to sunlight. Upon illumination, photothermal heating switches the absorber layer - composed of a metal halide perovskite-methylamine complex - from a transparent state (68% visible transmittance) to an absorbing, photovoltaic colored state (less than 3% visible transmittance) due to dissociation of methylamine. After cooling, the methylamine complex is re-formed, returning themore » absorber layer to the transparent state in which the device acts as a window to visible light. The thermodynamics of switching and performance of the device are described. In conclusion, this work validates a photovoltaic window technology that circumvents the fundamental tradeoff between efficient solar conversion and high visible light transmittance that limits conventional semitransparent PV window designs.« less

Electromagnetic radiation detector

DOEpatents

Benson, Jay L.; Hansen, Gordon J.

1976-01-01

An electromagnetic radiation detector including a collimating window, a cathode member having a photoelectric emissive material surface angularly disposed to said window whereby radiation is impinged thereon at acute angles, an anode, separated from the cathode member by an evacuated space, for collecting photoelectrons emitted from the emissive cathode surface, and a negatively biased, high transmissive grid disposed between the cathode member and anode.

Analysis of International Space Station Vehicle Materials on MISSE 6

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Finckenor, Miria; Golden, Johnny; Kravchenko, Michael; O'Rourke, Mary Jane

2010-01-01

The International Space Station Materials and Processes team has multiple material samples on MISSE 6, 7 and 8 to observe Low Earth Orbit (LEO) environmental effects on Space Station materials. Optical properties, thickness/mass loss, surface elemental analysis, visual and microscopic analysis for surface change are some of the techniques employed in this investigation. Results for the following MISSE 6 samples materials will be presented: deionized water sealed anodized aluminum; Hyzod(tm) polycarbonate used to temporarily protect ISS windows; Russian quartz window material; Beta Cloth with Teflon(tm) reformulated without perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and electroless nickel. Discussion for current and future MISSE materials experiments will be presented. MISSE 7 samples are: more deionized water sealed anodized aluminum, including Photofoil(tm); indium tin oxide (ITO) over-coated Kapton(tm) used as thermo-optical surfaces; mechanically scribed tin-plated beryllium-copper samples for "tin pest" growth (alpha/beta transformation); and beta cloth backed with a black coating rather than aluminization. MISSE 8 samples are: exposed "scrim cloth" (fiberglass weave) from the ISS solar array wing material, protective fiberglass tapes and sleeve materials, and optical witness samples to monitor contamination.

The Monosyllable Imitation Test for Toddlers: Influence of Stimulus Characteristics on Imitation, Compliance and Diagnostic Accuracy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hodges, Rosemary; Munro, Natalie; Baker, Elise; McGregor, Karla; Heard, Rob

2017-01-01

Background: Although verbal imitation can provide a valuable window into the developing language abilities of toddlers, some toddlers find verbal imitation challenging and will not comply with tests that involve elicited verbal imitation. The characteristics of stimuli that are offered to toddlers for imitation may influence how easy or hard it is…

Debugging classification and anti-debugging strategies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Shang; Lin, Qian; Xia, Mingyuan; Yu, Miao; Qi, Zhengwei; Guan, Haibing

2011-12-01

Debugging, albeit useful for software development, is also a double-edge sword since it could also be exploited by malicious attackers. This paper analyzes the prevailing debuggers and classifies them into 4 categories based on the debugging mechanism. Furthermore, as an opposite, we list 13 typical anti-debugging strategies adopted in Windows. These methods intercept specific execution points which expose the diagnostic behavior of debuggers.

Nano-materials enabled thermoelectricity from window glasses.

PubMed

Inayat, Salman B; Rader, Kelly R; Hussain, Muhammad M

2012-01-01

With a projection of nearly doubling up the world population by 2050, we need wide variety of renewable and clean energy sources to meet the increased energy demand. Solar energy is considered as the leading promising alternate energy source with the pertinent challenge of off sunshine period and uneven worldwide distribution of usable sun light. Although thermoelectricity is considered as a reasonable renewable energy from wasted heat, its mass scale usage is yet to be developed. Here we show, large scale integration of nano-manufactured pellets of thermoelectric nano-materials, embedded into window glasses to generate thermoelectricity using the temperature difference between hot outside and cool inside. For the first time, this work offers an opportunity to potentially generate 304 watts of usable power from 9 m(2) window at a 20°C temperature gradient. If a natural temperature gradient exists, this can serve as a sustainable energy source for green building technology.

Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene: Optical features at millimeter wavelengths

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

D'Alessandro, G.; Paiella, A.; Coppolecchia, A.; Castellano, M. G.; Colantoni, I.; de Bernardis, P.; Lamagna, L.; Masi, S.

2018-05-01

The next generation of experiments for the measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) requires more and more the use of advanced materials, with specific physical and structural properties. An example is the material used for receiver's cryostat windows and internal lenses. The large throughput of current CMB experiments requires a large diameter (of the order of 0.5 m) of these parts, resulting in heavy structural and optical requirements on the material to be used. Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylene (PE) features high resistance to traction and good transmissivity in the frequency range of interest. In this paper, we discuss the possibility of using UHMW PE for windows and lenses in experiments working at millimeter wavelengths, by measuring its optical properties: emissivity, transmission and refraction index. Our measurements show that the material is well suited to this purpose.

Indium Phosphide Window Layers for Indium Gallium Arsenide Solar Cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jain, Raj K.

2005-01-01

Window layers help in reducing the surface recombination at the emitter surface of the solar cells resulting in significant improvement in energy conversion efficiency. Indium gallium arsenide (In(x)Ga(1-x)As) and related materials based solar cells are quite promising for photovoltaic and thermophotovoltaic applications. The flexibility of the change in the bandgap energy and the growth of InGaAs on different substrates make this material very attractive for multi-bandgap energy, multi-junction solar cell approaches. The high efficiency and better radiation performance of the solar cell structures based on InGaAs make them suitable for space power applications. This work investigates the suitability of indium phosphide (InP) window layers for lattice-matched In(0.53)Ga(0.47)As (bandgap energy 0.74 eV) solar cells. We present the first data on the effects of the p-type InP window layer on p-on-n lattice-matched InGaAs solar cells. The modeled quantum efficiency results show a significant improvement in the blue region with the InP window. The bare InGaAs solar cell performance suffers due to high surface recombination velocity (10(exp 7) cm/s). The large band discontinuity at the InP/InGaAs heterojunction offers a great potential barrier to minority carriers. The calculated results demonstrate that the InP window layer effectively passivates the solar cell front surface, hence resulting in reduced surface recombination and therefore, significantly improving the performance of the InGaAs solar cell.

Study of the effects of condensation on the performance of Pioneer Venus probe windows

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Testerman, M. K.

1974-01-01

The transmission loss of Pioneer Venus Probe radiation windows if their exposed surfaces become contaminated with droplets of water, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and mercury which may be found in the Venusian atmosphere was investigated. Transmission loss was studied as a function of mass concentration of liquid droplets deposited on one surface of test window materials while the wavelength of the transmitting radiation is in the range of 0.3 to 30 microns. The parameters that affect the transmittance of radiation through a window are: (1) particle size, (2) surface concentration of particles, (3) wavelength of the radiation, (4) angle of acceptance of the radiation by the detector, and (5) the refractive index of the aerosol.

HS3D, A Dataset of Homo Sapiens Splice Regions, and its Extraction Procedure from a Major Public Database

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pollastro, Pasquale; Rampone, Salvatore

The aim of this work is to describe a cleaning procedure of GenBank data, producing material to train and to assess the prediction accuracy of computational approaches for gene characterization. A procedure (GenBank2HS3D) has been defined, producing a dataset (HS3D - Homo Sapiens Splice Sites Dataset) of Homo Sapiens Splice regions extracted from GenBank (Rel.123 at this time). It selects, from the complete GenBank Primate Division, entries of Human Nuclear DNA according with several assessed criteria; then it extracts exons and introns from these entries (actually 4523 + 3802). Donor and acceptor sites are then extracted as windows of 140 nucleotides around each splice site (3799 + 3799). After discarding windows not including canonical GT-AG junctions (65 + 74), including insufficient data (not enough material for a 140 nucleotide window) (686 + 589), including not AGCT bases (29 + 30), and redundant (218 + 226), the remaining windows (2796 + 2880) are reported in the dataset. Finally, windows of false splice sites are selected by searching canonical GT-AG pairs in not splicing positions (271 937 + 332 296). The false sites in a range +/- 60 from a true splice site are marked as proximal. HS3D, release 1.2 at this time, is available at the Web server of the University of Sannio: http://www.sci.unisannio.it/docenti/rampone/.

THERM 5 / WINDOW 5 NFRC simulation manual

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mitchell, Robin; Kohler, Christian; Arasteh, Dariush

This document, the ''THERM 5/WINDOW 5 NFRC Simulation Manual', discusses how to use the THERM and WINDOW programs to model products for NFRC certified simulations and assumes that the user is already familiar with those programs. In order to learn how to use these programs, it is necessary to become familiar with the material in both the ''THERM User's Manual'' and the ''WINDOW User's Manual''. In general, this manual references the User's Manuals rather than repeating the information. If there is a conflict between either of the User Manual and this ''THERM 5/''WINDOW 5 NFRC Simulation Manual'', the ''THERM 5/WINDOWmore » 5 NFRC Simulation Manual'' takes precedence. In addition, if this manual is in conflict with any NFRC standards, the standards take precedence. For example, if samples in this manual do not follow the current taping and testing NFRC standards, the standards not the samples in this manual, take precedence.« less

Superconductive radiofrequency window assembly

DOEpatents

Phillips, Harry Lawrence; Elliott, Thomas S.

1998-01-01

The present invention is a superconducting radiofrequency window assembly for use in an electron beam accelerator. The srf window assembly (20) has a superconducting metal-ceramic design. The srf window assembly (20) comprises a superconducting frame (30), a ceramic plate (40) having a superconducting metallized area, and a superconducting eyelet (50) for sealing plate (40) into frame (30). The plate (40) is brazed to eyelet (50) which is then electron beam welded to frame (30). A method for providing a ceramic object mounted in a metal member to withstand cryogenic temperatures is also provided. The method involves a new metallization process for coating a selected area of a ceramic object with a thin film of a superconducting material. Finally, a method for assembling an electron beam accelerator cavity utilizing the srf window assembly is provided. The procedure is carried out within an ultra clean room to minimize exposure to particulates which adversely affect the performance of the cavity within the electron beam accelerator.

Superconductive radiofrequency window assembly

DOEpatents

Phillips, H.L.; Elliott, T.S.

1998-05-19

The present invention is a superconducting radiofrequency window assembly for use in an electron beam accelerator. The SRF window assembly has a superconducting metal-ceramic design. The SRF window assembly comprises a superconducting frame, a ceramic plate having a superconducting metallized area, and a superconducting eyelet for sealing plate into frame. The plate is brazed to eyelet which is then electron beam welded to frame. A method for providing a ceramic object mounted in a metal member to withstand cryogenic temperatures is also provided. The method involves a new metallization process for coating a selected area of a ceramic object with a thin film of a superconducting material. Finally, a method for assembling an electron beam accelerator cavity utilizing the SRF window assembly is provided. The procedure is carried out within an ultra clean room to minimize exposure to particulates which adversely affect the performance of the cavity within the electron beam accelerator. 11 figs.

Superconducting radiofrequency window assembly

DOEpatents

Phillips, Harry L.; Elliott, Thomas S.

1997-01-01

The present invention is a superconducting radiofrequency window assembly for use in an electron beam accelerator. The srf window assembly (20) has a superconducting metal-ceramic design. The srf window assembly (20) comprises a superconducting frame (30), a ceramic plate (40) having a superconducting metallized area, and a superconducting eyelet (50) for sealing plate (40) into frame (30). The plate (40) is brazed to eyelet (50) which is then electron beam welded to frame (30). A method for providing a ceramic object mounted in a metal member to withstand cryogenic temperatures is also provided. The method involves a new metallization process for coating a selected area of a ceramic object with a thin film of a superconducting material. Finally, a method for assembling an electron beam accelerator cavity utilizing the srf window assembly is provided. The procedure is carried out within an ultra clean room to minimize exposure to particulates which adversely affect the performance of the cavity within the electron beam accelerator.

Superconducting radiofrequency window assembly

DOEpatents

Phillips, H.L.; Elliott, T.S.

1997-03-11

The present invention is a superconducting radiofrequency window assembly for use in an electron beam accelerator. The srf window assembly has a superconducting metal-ceramic design. The srf window assembly comprises a superconducting frame, a ceramic plate having a superconducting metallized area, and a superconducting eyelet for sealing plate into frame. The plate is brazed to eyelet which is then electron beam welded to frame. A method for providing a ceramic object mounted in a metal member to withstand cryogenic temperatures is also provided. The method involves a new metallization process for coating a selected area of a ceramic object with a thin film of a superconducting material. Finally, a method for assembling an electron beam accelerator cavity utilizing the srf window assembly is provided. The procedure is carried out within an ultra clean room to minimize exposure to particulates which adversely affect the performance of the cavity within the electron beam accelerator. 11 figs.

Confidence interval estimation of the difference between two sensitivities to the early disease stage.

PubMed

Dong, Tuochuan; Kang, Le; Hutson, Alan; Xiong, Chengjie; Tian, Lili

2014-03-01

Although most of the statistical methods for diagnostic studies focus on disease processes with binary disease status, many diseases can be naturally classified into three ordinal diagnostic categories, that is normal, early stage, and fully diseased. For such diseases, the volume under the ROC surface (VUS) is the most commonly used index of diagnostic accuracy. Because the early disease stage is most likely the optimal time window for therapeutic intervention, the sensitivity to the early diseased stage has been suggested as another diagnostic measure. For the purpose of comparing the diagnostic abilities on early disease detection between two markers, it is of interest to estimate the confidence interval of the difference between sensitivities to the early diseased stage. In this paper, we present both parametric and non-parametric methods for this purpose. An extensive simulation study is carried out for a variety of settings for the purpose of evaluating and comparing the performance of the proposed methods. A real example of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is analyzed using the proposed approaches. © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Evaluation of SAGE Electrochromic Devices: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-15-579

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tenent, Robert C.

2017-12-06

NREL will conduct durability testing of Sage Electrochromics dynamic windows products using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard methods and drive parameters as defined by Sage. Window units will be tested and standard analysis performed. Data will be summarized and reported back to Sage at the end of the testing period.

Graphene Reinforced Glassy Carbon (GRGC) Beam Windows

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Renomeron, Lynda L.

Secondary particle beams require beam windows that isolate the target (usually in air) from the primary particle beam vacuum. Advanced beam window solutions are needed that can withstand anticipated increases in beam power and intensity that will result in higher thermal shock on the window and increased oxidative erosion rates on the air-side caused by increased temperatures. Carbon-based windows, in particular, glassy carbon windows are of interest to minimize interaction with the beam. The attractive properties of glassy carbon are: 1. Low atomic number 2. Low thermal expansion 3. High strength and low Young's modulus 4. Low gas permeability andmore » low outgassing for ultrahigh vacuum use The one liability of glassy carbon is its low thermal conductivity, nominally 5 W/mK, which will exacerbate temperature rise, oxidation, and thermal shock concerns as beam powers increase. TA&T proposes the development of graphene reinforced glassy carbon (GRGC) composites to increase the thermal conductivity and address this Achilles heel of glassy carbon. Graphene as a reinforcing phase has shown the capability to increase the thermal conductivity of the matrix material by up to two orders of magnitude. For beam windows this would substantially increase heat spreading away from the beam zone of the window and improve thermal shock resistance, and reduce maximum temperature and air-side oxidation of the window. Increased thermal conductivity would also improve the effectiveness of edge-cooling schemes to minimize temperature increase. In the Phase I effort, graphene oxide (GO) particles were dispersed into glassy carbon precursor at different content levels and cast into solid shapes. The goal was to determine the effect of graphene concentration on the mechanical properties (flexure strength), and thermal (thermal conductivity). The Phase I results indicated that addition of graphene did have a significant effect on thermal conductivity; however the microstructural properties of the composite need further improvement. The Phase II work is designed to address the processing issues found during Phase I, so as to fully realize the benefits of GO within the glassy carbon In addition to enabling improved windows for high energy particle beam experiments, the reinforced glassy carbon material will find various other applications such as thruster bodies for rocket propulsion, more durable carbon-based electrodes for electrochemistry applications, bi-polar plates for advanced batteries, catalyst support structures, and structural bio-implants.« less

Optically detonated explosive device

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yang, L. C.; Menichelli, V. J. (Inventor)

1974-01-01

A technique and apparatus for optically detonating insensitive high explosives, is disclosed. An explosive device is formed by containing high explosive material in a house having a transparent window. A thin metallic film is provided on the interior surface of the window and maintained in contact with the high explosive. A laser pulse provided by a Q-switched laser is focussed on the window to vaporize the metallic film and thereby create a shock wave which detonates the high explosive. Explosive devices may be concurrently or sequentially detonated by employing a fiber optic bundle to transmit the laser pulse to each of the several individual explosive devices.

A composite thin vacuum window for the CLAS photon tagger at Jefferson lab

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matthews, S. K.; Crannell, Hall; O'Brien, J. T.; Sober, D. I.

1999-01-01

The construction of a thin vacuum window, currently in use on the CLAS photon tagging system at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, is described. A layer of woven Kevlar cloth supports a much thinner membrane of aluminized Mylar. Notable features of this particular window include its overall length (9.6 m), and the fact that the entire load is supported by the epoxy seal with no mechanical clamping around the edges. Results from a diverse program of materials testing, including a clear dependence of leak rate on relative humidity, are also reported.

Chi 3 dispersion in planar tantalum pentoxide waveguides in the telecommunications window.

PubMed

Chen, Ruiqi Y; Charlton, Martin D B; Lagoudakis, Pavlos G

2009-04-01

We report on the dispersion of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility (chi(3) or "Chi 3") in planar Ta2O5 waveguides in the telecommunications spectral window. We utilize the observation of third-harmonic generation under ultrashort pulsed excitation as a reference-free characterization method of chi(3) and obtain a large nonlinear coefficient, 2x10(-13) esu, at 1550 nm. Our observation of efficient third-harmonic generation in Ta2O5 waveguides in the telecoms window reveals the potential of this material system in high-speed integrated nonlinear optical switches.

Hospital-treated mental and behavioral disorders and risk of Alzheimer's disease: A nationwide nested case-control study.

PubMed

Tapiainen, V; Hartikainen, S; Taipale, H; Tiihonen, J; Tolppanen, A-M

2017-06-01

Studies investigating psychiatric disorders as Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk factors have yielded heterogeneous findings. Differences in time windows between the exposure and outcome could be one explanation. We examined whether (1) mental and behavioral disorders in general or (2) specific mental and behavioral disorder categories increase the risk of AD and (3) how the width of the time window between the exposure and outcome affects the results. A nationwide nested case-control study of all Finnish clinically verified AD cases, alive in 2005 and their age, sex and region of residence matched controls (n of case-control pairs 27,948). History of hospital-treated mental and behavioral disorders was available since 1972. Altogether 6.9% (n=1932) of the AD cases and 6.4% (n=1784) of controls had a history of any mental and behavioral disorder. Having any mental and behavioral disorder (adjusted OR=1.07, 95% CI=1.00-1.16) or depression/other mood disorder (adjusted OR=1.17, 95% CI=1.05-1.30) were associated with higher risk of AD with 5-year time window but not with 10-year time window (adjusted OR, 95% CI 0.99, 0.91-1.08 for any disorder and 1.08, 0.96-1.23 for depression). The associations between mental and behavioral disorders and AD were modest and dependent on the time window. Therefore, some of the disorders may represent misdiagnosed prodromal symptoms of AD, which underlines the importance of proper differential diagnostics among older persons. These findings also highlight the importance of appropriate time window in psychiatric and neuroepidemiology research. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Multi-window detection for P-wave in electrocardiograms based on bilateral accumulative area.

PubMed

Chen, Riqing; Huang, Yingsong; Wu, Jian

2016-11-01

P-wave detection is one of the most challenging aspects in electrocardiograms (ECGs) due to its low amplitude, low frequency, and variable waveforms. This work introduces a novel multi-window detection method for P-wave delineation based on the bilateral accumulative area. The bilateral accumulative area is calculated by summing the areas covered by the P-wave curve with left and right sliding windows. The onset and offset of a positive P-wave correspond to the local maxima of the area detector. The position drift and difference in area variation of local extreme points with different windows are used to systematically combine multi-window and 12-lead synchronous detection methods, which are used to screen the optimization boundary points from all extreme points of different window widths and adaptively match the P-wave location. The proposed method was validated with ECG signals from various databases, including the Standard CSE Database, T-Wave Alternans Challenge Database, PTB Diagnostic ECG Database, and the St. Petersburg Institute of Cardiological Technics 12-Lead Arrhythmia Database. The average sensitivity Se was 99.44% with a positive predictivity P+ of 99.37% for P-wave detection. Standard deviations of 3.7 and 4.3ms were achieved for the onset and offset of P-waves, respectively, which is in agreement with the accepted tolerances required by the CSE committee. Compared with well-known delineation methods, this method can achieve high sensitivity and positive predictability using a simple calculation process. The experiment results suggest that the bilateral accumulative area could be an effective detection tool for ECG signal analysis. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bird-Window Collisions: A Critical Animal Welfare and Conservation Issue.

PubMed

Klem, Daniel

2015-01-01

Sheet glass and plastic in the form of clear and reflective windows are universally lethal to birds. Reasonable interpretation of available scientific evidence describes windows as a principal human-associated avian mortality factor that is an indiscriminant killer of common species as well as species of conservation concern. A conservative toll estimates 1 billion or more annual fatalities in the United States alone. The injury and death from birds striking windows are foreseeable and preventable, but the most promising legal measures and commercial products are not being applied or made available to protect defenseless victims. Avian window casualties are important for birds and people, and they have nonhuman animal welfare, biodiversity, sustainability, legal, and ethical and moral value justifying responsible human action. Preventing this unintended and unwanted lethal hazard for free-flying birds should be an obligation. Short-term solutions include retrofitting existing panes with a variety of proven measures that among others include applying various materials to cover the outside surface of windows. Long-term solutions include current and proposed bird-safe sheet glass and plastic for remodeling and new construction that have patterns that transform windows into barriers that birds see and avoid.

New Material Saves School Dollars.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

School Business Affairs, 1984

1984-01-01

Hobbs Window Insulation, an inexpensive polyester material, can reduce heat loss or gain through single-pane glass by 70 percent. The product is translucent, has an insulative value of R-3, and is easy to install and remove. (MCG)

9 CFR 130.19 - User fees for other veterinary diagnostic services or materials provided at NVSL (excluding FADDL).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 9 Animals and Animal Products 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false User fees for other veterinary... User fees for other veterinary diagnostic services or materials provided at NVSL (excluding FADDL). (a) User fees for other veterinary diagnostic services or materials available from NVSL (excluding FADDL...

9 CFR 130.19 - User fees for other veterinary diagnostic services or materials provided at NVSL (excluding FADDL).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 9 Animals and Animal Products 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false User fees for other veterinary... User fees for other veterinary diagnostic services or materials provided at NVSL (excluding FADDL). (a) User fees for other veterinary diagnostic services or materials available from NVSL (excluding FADDL...

Closeup view of the exterior of the starboard side of ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Close-up view of the exterior of the starboard side of the forward fuselage of the Orbiter Discovery looking at the forward facing observation windows of the flight deck. Note the High-temperature Reusable Surface Insulation (HRSI) surrounding the window openings, the Low-temperature Reusable Surface Insulation (LRSI) immediately beyond the HRSI tiles and the Advanced Flexible Reusable Surface Insulation blankets just beyond the LRSI tiles. The holes in the tiles are injection points for the application of waterproofing material. The windows are composed of redundant pressure window panes of thermal glass. This image was taken from a service platform in the Orbiter Processing Facility at Kennedy Space Center - Space Transportation System, Orbiter Discovery (OV-103), Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, Harris County, TX

The rarefaction wave propagation in transparent windows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Glam, B.; Porat, E.; Horovitz, Y.; Yosef-Hai, A.

2017-01-01

The radial (lateral) rarefaction wave velocity of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and Lithium Fluoride (LiF) windows were studied by plate impact experiments that were carried out at Soreq NRC up to a pressure of 146 kbar in the PMMA and 334 kbar in the LiF. The windows were glued to Lead targets that were impacted by a copper impactor. The VISAR measurement was done in the window interface with the target. This information was utilized to identify the radial rarefaction arrival time at the center of different diameter windows after the shock event, and served as a measurement to the radial wave velocity in the shocked material. It was found that for both windows, LiF or PMMA, the measured radial wave velocity increases with the pressure. Furthermore, this velocity is significantly higher compared to the expected longitudinal sound velocity at the same pressure, calculated by the Steinberg EOS in the PMMA and by ab initio calculation in the LiF. Here we present the experimental results and a comparison with analytical calculation of the sound velocity using the Steinberg EOS.

High-speed OH* chemiluminescence imaging of ignition through a shock tube end-wall

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Troutman, V. A.; Strand, C. L.; Campbell, M. F.; Tulgestke, A. M.; Miller, V. A.; Davidson, D. F.; Hanson, R. K.

2016-03-01

A high-speed OH* chemiluminescence imaging diagnostic was developed to image the structure and homogeneity of combustion events behind reflected shock waves in the Stanford Constrained Reaction Volume Shock Tube. An intensified high-repetition-rate imaging system was used to acquire images of OH* chemiluminescence (near 308 nm) through a fused quartz shock tube end-wall window at 10-33 kHz during the combustion of n-heptane (21 % O2/Ar, φ = 0.5). In general, the imaging technique enabled observation of the main ignition event in the core of the shock tube that corresponded to typical markers of ignition (e.g., pressure rise), as well as localized ignition near the wall that preceded the main core ignition event for some conditions. Case studies were performed to illustrate the utility of this novel imaging diagnostic. First, by comparing localized wall ignition events to the core ignition event, the temperature homogeneity of the post-reflected shock gas near the end-wall was estimated to be within 0.5 % for the test condition presented (T=1159 hbox {K}, P=0.25 hbox {MPa}). Second, the effect of a recession in the shock tube wall, created by an observation window, on the combustion event was visualized. Localized ignition was observed near the window, but this disturbance did not propagate to the core of the shock tube before the main ignition event. Third, the effect of shock tube cleanliness was investigated by conducting tests in which the shock tube was not cleaned for multiple consecutive runs. For tests after no cleaning was performed, ignition events were concentrated in the lower half of the shock tube. In contrast, when the shock tube was cleaned, the ignition event was distributed around the entire circumference of the shock tube; validating the cleaning procedure.

Aggregation of Electric Current Consumption Features to Extract Maintenance KPIs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simon, Victor; Johansson, Carl-Anders; Galar, Diego

2017-09-01

All electric powered machines offer the possibility of extracting information and calculating Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) from the electric current signal. Depending on the time window, sampling frequency and type of analysis, different indicators from the micro to macro level can be calculated for such aspects as maintenance, production, energy consumption etc. On the micro-level, the indicators are generally used for condition monitoring and diagnostics and are normally based on a short time window and a high sampling frequency. The macro indicators are normally based on a longer time window with a slower sampling frequency and are used as indicators for overall performance, cost or consumption. The indicators can be calculated directly from the current signal but can also be based on a combination of information from the current signal and operational data like rpm, position etc. One or several of those indicators can be used for prediction and prognostics of a machine's future behavior. This paper uses this technique to calculate indicators for maintenance and energy optimization in electric powered machines and fleets of machines, especially machine tools.

Technologies for precision manufacture of current and future windows and domes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hallock, Bob; Shorey, Aric

2009-05-01

The final finish and characterization of windows and domes presents a number of challenges in achieving desired precision with acceptable cost and schedule. This becomes more difficult with advanced materials and as window and dome shapes and requirements become more complex, including acute angle corners, transmitted wavefront specifications, aspheric geometries and trending toward conformal surfaces. Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF®) and Magnetorheological Jet (MR Jet®), along with metrology provided by Sub-aperture Stitching Interferometry (SSI®) have several unique attributes that provide them advantages in enhancing fabrication of current and next generation windows and domes. The advantages that MRF brings to the precision finishing of a wide range of shapes such as flats, spheres (including hemispheres), cylinders, aspheres and even freeform optics, has been well documented. Recent advancements include the ability to finish freeform shapes up to 2-meters in size as well as progress in finishing challenging IR materials. Due to its shear-based removal mechanism in contrast to the pressure-based process of other techniques, edges are not typically rolled, in particular on parts with acute angle corners. MR Jet provides additional benefits, particularly in the finishing of the inside of steep concave domes and other irregular shapes. The ability of MR Jet to correct the figure of conformal domes deterministically and to high precision has been demonstrated. Combining these technologies with metrology techniques, such as SSI provides a solution for finishing current and future windows and domes in a reliable, deterministic and cost-effective way. The ability to use the SSI to characterize a range of shapes such as domes and aspheres, as well as progress in using MRF and MR Jet for finishing conventional and conformal windows and domes with increasing size and complexity of design will be presented.

Point-of-care coagulation monitoring: first clinical experience using a paper-based lateral flow diagnostic device.

PubMed

Hegener, Michael A; Li, Hua; Han, Daewoo; Steckl, Andrew J; Pauletti, Giovanni M

2017-09-01

Vitamin K antagonists such as warfarin are the most widely used class of oral anticoagulants. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, patients on warfarin require regular monitoring. Self-testing using point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices is available, but cost makes this monitoring method beyond reach for many. The main objective of this research was to assess the clinical utility of a low-cost, paper-based lateral flow POC diagnostic device developed for anticoagulation monitoring without the need for a separate electronic reader. Custom-fabricated lateral flow assay (LFA) test strips comprised of a glass fiber sample pad, a nitrocellulose analytical membrane, a cellulose wicking pad, and a plastic backing card were assembled in a plastic cassette. Healthy volunteers and patients on warfarin therapy were recruited for this prospective study. For each participant, a whole blood sample was collected via fingerstick to determine: (1) international normalized ratio (INR) using the CoaguChek® XS coagulometer, (2) hematocrit by centrifugation, and (3) red blood cell (RBC) travel distance on the experimental LFA device after 240 s using digital image analysis. RBC travel distance measured on the LFA device using blood samples obtained from warfarin patients positively correlated with increasing INR value and the LFA device had the capability to statistically distinguish between healthy volunteer INR values and those for patients groups with INR ≥ 2.6. From these data, it is predicted that this low-cost, paper-based LFA device can have clinical utility for identifying anticoagulated patients taking vitamin K antagonists who are outside of the desired therapeutic efficacy window.

Multiplex polymerase chain reaction test for the diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis A.

PubMed

Heo, Nae-Yun; Lim, Young-Suk; An, Jihyun; Ko, Sun-Young; Oh, Heung-Bum

2012-12-01

The early diagnosis of acute hepatitis A (AHA) is hindered because serum IgM against hepatitis A virus (HAV) can yield false-negative results during the window period. This study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit for HAV RNA for the diagnosis of AHA. Samples were collected from 136 patients with acute severe hepatitis at their admission to Asan Medical Center between June 2010 and July 2010. Samples were analyzed for serum IgM anti-HAV using an immunoassay test and for qualitative HAV RNA using the Magicplex HepaTrio PCR test kit. The diagnostic accuracies of these methods were tested on the basis of clinical and laboratory diagnoses of AHA. The concordance rate and kappa value between IgM anti-HAV and HAV RNA PCR were 88.2% and 0.707, respectively. For the diagnosis of AHA, the sensitivity and specificity of IgM anti-HAV were 90.7% and 100%, respectively, when an "equivocal" result was regarded as positive; and 79.1% and 100%, respectively, when an "equivocal" result was regarded as negative. The sensitivity and specificity of HAV RNA PCR were 81.4% and 100%, respectively. All four patients with negative IgM anti-HAV and positive HAV RNA PCR results and all four patients with equivocal IgM anti-HAV RNA and positive HAV RNA PCR results were eventually diagnosed with AHA. The qualitative HAV RNA PCR test has an equivalent diagnostic accuracy for AHA compared to IgM anti-HAV and may be more sensitive during the window period.

Performance assessment of a data processing chain for THz imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Catapano, Ilaria; Ludeno, Giovanni; Soldovieri, Francesco

2017-04-01

Nowadays, TeraHertz (THz) imaging is deserving huge attention as very high resolution diagnostic tool in many applicative fields, among which security, cultural heritage, material characterization and civil engineering diagnostics. This widespread use of THz waves is due to their non-ionizing nature, their capability of penetrating into non-metallic opaque materials, as well as to the technological advances, which have allowed the commercialization of compact, flexible and portable systems. However, the effectiveness of THz imaging depends strongly on the adopted data processing aimed at improving the imaging performance of the hardware device. In particular, data processing is required to mitigate detrimental and unavoidable effects like noise, signal attenuation, as well as to correct the sample surface topography. With respect to data processing, we have proposed recently a strategy involving three different steps aimed at reducing noise, filtering out undesired signal introduced by the adopted THz system and performing surface topography correction [1]. The first step regards noise filtering and exploits a procedure based on the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) [2] of the data matrix, which does not require knowledge of noise level and it does not involve the use of a reference signal. The second step aims at removing the undesired signal that we have experienced to be introduced by the adopted Z-Omega Fiber-Coupled Terahertz Time Domain (FICO) system. Indeed, when the system works in a high-speed mode, an undesired low amplitude peak occurs always at the same time instant from the beginning of the observation time window and needs to be removed from the useful data matrix in order to avoid a wrong interpretation of the imaging results. The third step of the considered data processing chain is a topographic correction, which needs in order to image properly the samples surface and its inner structure. Such a procedure performs an automatic alignment of the first peak of the measured waveforms by exploiting the a-priori information on the focus distance at which the specimen under test must be located during the measurement phase. The usefulness of the proposed data processing chain has been widely assessed in the last few months by surveying several specimens made by different materials and representative of objects of interest for civil engineering and cultural heritage diagnostics. At the conference, we will show in detail the signal processing chain and present several achieved results. REFERENCES [1] I. Catapano, F. Soldovieri, "A Data Processing Chain for Terahertz Imaging and Its Use in Artwork Diagnostics". J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves, pp.13, Nov. 2016. [2] M. Bertero and P. Boccacci (1998), Introduction to Inverse Problems in Imaging, Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing.

Utility of adaptive control processing for the interpretation of digital mammograms.

PubMed

Jinnouchi, Mikako; Yabuuchi, Hidetake; Kubo, Makoto; Tokunaga, Eriko; Yamamoto, Hidetaka; Honda, Hiroshi

2016-11-01

Background Adaptive control processing for mammography (ACM) is a novel program that automatically sets up appropriate image-processing parameters for individual mammograms (MMGs) by analyzing the focal and whole breast histogram. Purpose To investigate whether ACM improves the image contrast of digital MMGs and whether it improves radiologists' diagnostic performance in reading of MMGs. Material and Methods One hundred normal cases for image quality assessment and another 100 cases (50 normal and 50 cancers) for observer performance assessment were enrolled. All mammograms were examined with and without ACM. Five radiologists assessed the intra- and extra-mammary contrast of 100 normal MMGs, and the mean scores of the intra- and extra-mammary contrast were compared between MMGs with and without ACM in both the dense and non-dense group. They classified 100 MMGs into BI-RADS categories 1-5, and were asked to rate the images on a scale of 0 to 100 for the likelihood of the presence of category 3-5 lesions in each breast. Detectability of breast cancer, reading time, and frequency of window adjustment were compared between MMGs with and without ACM. Results ACM improved the intra-mammary contrast in both the dense and non-dense group but degraded extra-mammary contrast in the dense group. There was no significant difference in detectability of breast cancer between MMGs with and without ACM. Frequency of window adjustment without ACM was significantly higher than that with ACM. Reading time without ACM was significantly longer than that with ACM. Conclusion ACM improves the image contrast of MMGs and shortens reading time.

A proposed computer diagnostic system for malignant melanoma (CDSMM).

PubMed

Shao, S; Grams, R R

1994-04-01

This paper describes a computer diagnostic system for malignant melanoma. The diagnostic system is a rule base system based on image analyses and works under the PC windows environment. It consists of seven modules: I/O module, Patient/Clinic database, image processing module, classification module, rule base module and system control module. In the system, the image analyses are automatically carried out, and database management is efficient and fast. Both final clinic results and immediate results from various modules such as measured features, feature pictures and history records of the disease lesion can be presented on screen or printed out from each corresponding module or from the I/O module. The system can also work as a doctor's office-based tool to aid dermatologists with details not perceivable by the human eye. Since the system operates on a general purpose PC, it can be made portable if the I/O module is disconnected.

Method and apparatus for determining pressure-induced frequency-shifts in shock-compressed materials

DOEpatents

Moore, David S.; Schmidt, Stephen C.

1985-01-01

A method and an apparatus for conducting coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy in shock-compressed materials are disclosed. The apparatus includes a sample vessel having an optically transparent wall and an opposing optically reflective wall. Two coherent laser beams, a pump beam and a broadband Stokes beam, are directed through the window and focused on a portion of the sample. In the preferred embodiment, a projectile is fired from a high-pressure gas gun to impact the outside of the reflective wall, generating a planar shock wave which travels through the sample toward the window. The pump and Stokes beams result in the emission from the shock-compressed sample of a coherent anti-Stokes beam, which is emitted toward the approaching reflective wall of the vessel and reflected back through the window. The anti-Stokes beam is folded into a spectrometer for frequency analysis. The results of such analysis are useful for determining chemical and physical phenomena which occur during the shock-compression of the sample.

Method and apparatus for determining pressure-induced frequency-shifts in shock-compressed materials

DOEpatents

Moore, D.S.; Schmidt, S.C.

1983-12-16

A method and an apparatus for conducting coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy in shock-compressed materials are disclosed. The apparatus includes a sample vessel having an optically transparent wall and an opposing optically reflective wall. Two coherent laser beams, a pump beam and a broadband Stokes beam, are directed through the window and focused on a portion of the sample. In the preferred embodiment, a projectile is fired from a high-pressure gas gun to impact the outside of the reflective wall, generating a planar shock wave which travels through the sample toward the window. The pump and Stokes beams result in the emission from the shock-compressed sample of a coherent anti-Stokes beam, which is emitted toward the approaching reflective wall of the vessel and reflected back through the window. The anti-Stokes beam is folded into a spectrometer for frequency analysis. The results of such analysis are useful for determining chemical and physical phenomena which occur during the shock-compression of the sample.

Sound Velocity and Strength of Beryllium along the Principal Hugoniot using Quartz Windows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McCoy, Chad; Knudson, Marcus; Desjarlais, Michael

2017-06-01

The measurement of the interface wave profile is a traditional method to determine the strength of a shocked material. A novel technique was developed to enable wave profile measurements with quartz windows, extending the range of pressures where wave profile measurements are possible beyond lithium fluoride windows. The technique uses the quartz sound velocity to map Lagrangian characteristics from the shock front back to the material interface and determine the particle velocity profile in a sample. This technique was applied to experiments conducted on beryllium at the Sandia Z Accelerator. We present measurements of the longitudinal and bulk sound velocity across the beryllium shock-melt transition and the strength of solid beryllium for pressures from 130 to 200 GPa. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

DSA process window expansion with novel DSA track hardware

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harumoto, Masahiko; Stokes, Harold; Tanaka, Yuji; Kaneyama, Koji; Pieczulewski, Chalres; Asai, Masaya; Argoud, Maxime; Servin, Isabelle; Chamiot-Maitral, Gaëlle; Claveau, Guillaume; Tiron, Raluca; Cayrefourcq, Ian

2017-03-01

PS-b-PMMA block copolymer is a well-known DSA material, and there are many DSA patterning methods that make effective the use of such 1st generation materials. Consequently, this variety of patterning methods opens a wide array of possibilities for DSA application[1-4]. Last year, during the inaugural International DSA Symposium, researchers and lithographers concurred on common key issues for DSA patterning methods such as: defect density, LWR, placement error, etc. Defect density was specifically expressed as the biggest obstacle for new processes. Coat-Develop track systems contribute to the DSA pattern fabrication and also influence the DSA pattern performances[4]. In this study, defectivity was investigated using an atmosphere-controlled chamber on the SOKUDO DUO track. As an initial step for expanding the DSA process window, fingerprint patterns were used for various atmospheric conditions during DSA self-assembly annealing. In this study, we will demonstrate an improved DSA process window, and then we will discuss the mechanism for this atmospheric effect.

Absorption of solar radiation by alkali vapors. [for efficient high temperature energy converters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mattick, A. T.

1978-01-01

A theoretical study of the direct absorption of solar radiation by the working fluid of high temperature, high efficiency energy converters has been carried out. Alkali vapors and potassium vapor in particular were found to be very effective solar absorbers and suitable thermodynamically for practical high temperature cycles. Energy loss via reradiation from a solar boiler was shown to reduce the overall efficiency of radiation-heated energy converters, although a simple model of radiation transfer in a potassium vapor solar boiler revealed that self-trapping of the reradiation may reduce this loss considerably. A study was also made of the requirements for a radiation boiler window. It was found that for sapphire, one of the best solar transmitting materials, the severe environment in conjunction with high radiation densities will require some form of window protection. An aerodynamic shield is particularly advantageous in this capacity, separating the window from the absorbing vapor to prevent condensation and window corrosion and to reduce the radiation density at the window.

Method for preparing dosimeter for measuring skin dose

DOEpatents

Jones, Donald E.; Parker, DeRay; Boren, Paul R.

1982-01-01

A personnel dosimeter includes a plurality of compartments containing thermoluminescent dosimeter phosphors for registering radiation dose absorbed in the wearer's sensitive skin layer and for registering more deeply penetrating radiation. Two of the phosphor compartments communicate with thin windows of different thicknesses to obtain a ratio of shallowly penetrating radiation, e.g. beta. A third phosphor is disposed within a compartment communicating with a window of substantially greater thickness than the windows of the first two compartments for estimating the more deeply penetrating radiation dose. By selecting certain phosphors that are insensitive to neutrons and by loading the holder material with neutron-absorbing elements, energetic neutron dose can be estimated separately from other radiation dose. This invention also involves a method of injection molding of dosimeter holders with thin windows of consistent thickness at the corresponding compartments of different holders. This is achieved through use of a die insert having the thin window of precision thickness in place prior to the injection molding step.

Dosimeter for measuring skin dose and more deeply penetrating radiation

DOEpatents

Jones, Donald E.; Parker, DeRay; Boren, Paul R.

1981-01-01

A personnel dosimeter includes a plurality of compartments containing thermoluminescent dosimeter phosphors for registering radiation dose absorbed in the wearer's sensitive skin layer and for registering more deeply penetrating radiation. Two of the phosphor compartments communicate with thin windows of different thicknesses to obtain a ratio of shallowly penetrating radiation, e.g. beta. A third phosphor is disposed within a compartment communicating with a window of substantially greater thickness than the windows of the first two compartments for estimating the more deeply penetrating radiation dose. By selecting certain phosphors that are insensitive to neutrons and by loading the holder material with netruon-absorbing elements, energetic neutron dose can be estimated separately from other radiation dose. This invention also involves a method of injection molding of dosimeter holders with thin windows of consistent thickness at the corresponding compartments of different holders. This is achieved through use of a die insert having the thin window of precision thickness in place prior to the injection molding step.

SU-E-P-49: Evaluation of Image Quality and Radiation Dose of Various Unenhanced Head CT Protocols

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen, L; Khan, M; Alapati, K

2015-06-15

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic value of various unenhanced head CT protocols and predicate acceptable radiation dose level for head CT exam. Methods: Our retrospective analysis included 3 groups, 20 patients per group, who underwent clinical routine unenhanced adult head CT examination. All exams were performed axially with 120 kVp. Three protocols, 380 mAs without iterative reconstruction and automAs, 340 mAs with iterative reconstruction without automAs, 340 mAs with iterative reconstruction and automAs, were applied on each group patients respectively. The images were reconstructed with H30, J30 for brain window and H60, J70 for bone window. Images acquired with threemore » protocols were randomized and blindly reviewed by three radiologists. A 5 point scale was used to rate each exam The percentage of exam score above 3 and average scores of each protocol were calculated for each reviewer and tissue types. Results: For protocols without automAs, the average scores of bone window with iterative reconstruction were higher than those without iterative reconstruction for each reviewer although the radiation dose was 10 percentage lower. 100 percentage exams were scored 3 or higher and the average scores were above 4 for both brain and bone reconstructions. The CTDIvols are 64.4 and 57.8 mGy of 380 and 340 mAs, respectively. With automAs, the radiation dose varied with head size, resulting in 47.5 mGy average CTDIvol between 39.5 and 56.5 mGy. 93 and 98 percentage exams were scored great than 3 for brain and bone windows, respectively. The diagnostic confidence level and image quality of exams with AutomAs were less than those without AutomAs for each reviewer. Conclusion: According to these results, the mAs was reduced to 300 with automAs OFF for head CT exam. The radiation dose was 20 percentage lower than the original protocol and the CTDIvol was reduced to 51.2 mGy.« less

Synthesis of optically clear polymeric materials for high temperature windows. [preparation of phenolphthalein polycarbonate resin

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pannell, C. E.; Magner, J. E.

1973-01-01

A polymer has been developed that has excellent potential for use as windows in spacecraft as well as conventional aircraft. This polymer, phenolphthalein polycarbonate, has outstanding thermal properties, e.g., in place of melting or burning, it produces an insulating charred foam that closes off transmission of radiant heat through the window. This fact, coupled with an oxygen index of 0.43 and a 177 C tensile strength of 58 mega Newtons/sq m, makes this polymer a prime candidate for further development. Pilot plant preparation in a 20 gallon Pfaudler kettle was accomplished and large test specimens were prepared for evaluations.

Experimental and Computational Characterization of Combustion Phenomena

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-05-01

combustors without installing glass , quartz, or sapphire windows when using terahertz radiation. To explore the potential diagnostics utility of T...laser was reduced using a Spectra-Physics Model 3980 pulse selector. This device employs a TeO2 acousto-optic modulator to select subsets of pulses...equipped with a UG-11 and two WG-295 colored glass filters to reduce visible and laser-scattered light, respectively. OH-PLIF images were acquired

Layer-by-layer assembled fluorescent probes in the second near-infrared window for systemic delivery and detection of ovarian cancer

PubMed Central

Dang, Xiangnan; Gu, Li; Qi, Jifa; Correa, Santiago; Zhang, Geran; Belcher, Angela M.; Hammond, Paula T.

2016-01-01

Fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1,000–1,700 nm) features deep tissue penetration, reduced tissue scattering, and diminishing tissue autofluorescence. Here, NIR-II fluorescent probes, including down-conversion nanoparticles, quantum dots, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and organic dyes, are constructed into biocompatible nanoparticles using the layer-by-layer (LbL) platform due to its modular and versatile nature. The LbL platform has previously been demonstrated to enable incorporation of diagnostic agents, drugs, and nucleic acids such as siRNA while providing enhanced blood plasma half-life and tumor targeting. This work carries out head-to-head comparisons of currently available NIR-II probes with identical LbL coatings with regard to their biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and toxicities. Overall, rare-earth-based down-conversion nanoparticles demonstrate optimal biological and optical performance and are evaluated as a diagnostic probe for high-grade serous ovarian cancer, typically diagnosed at late stage. Successful detection of orthotopic ovarian tumors is achieved by in vivo NIR-II imaging and confirmed by ex vivo microscopic imaging. Collectively, these results indicate that LbL-based NIR-II probes can serve as a promising theranostic platform to effectively and noninvasively monitor the progression and treatment of serous ovarian cancer. PMID:27114520

Active and Passive Diagnostic Signatures of Special Nuclear Materials

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Myers, William L.; Karpius, Peter Joseph; Myers, Steven Charles

2017-05-26

An overview will be given discussing signatures associated with special nuclear materials acquired using both active and passive diagnostic techniques. Examples of how technology advancements have helped improve diagnostic capabilities to meet the challenges of today’s applications will be discussed.

Low-Absorption Laser Windows

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-04-01

Amount of Contract; $80K The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as...ST A T E_|«l£.NÄW.-lfc*«-«4por(; Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 17 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ol the abatract entered In ...Order 3066. Improvements have continued in methods for prepa-ition, surface Finishing, and characterization of low-loss laser- window materials

HOT CELL BUILDING, TRA632, INTERIOR. WINDOWED ROOM IS OFFICE; NEXT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

HOT CELL BUILDING, TRA-632, INTERIOR. WINDOWED ROOM IS OFFICE; NEXT DOOR WAS DARKROOM, AND THIRD DOOR LED TO ANOTHER OFFICE. ALL ARE ALONG NORTH WALL OF BUILDING (ETR EXTENSION OF 1958). CAMERA FACES NORTHEAST. PUMICE BLOCK WALLS. INL NEGATIVE NO. HD46-29-1. Mike Crane, Photographer, 2/2005 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Reactor Area, Materials & Engineering Test Reactors, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Observations on the nucleation of ice VII in compressed water

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stafford, Samuel J. P.; Chapman, David J.; Bland, Simon N.; Eakins, Daniel E.

2017-01-01

Water can freeze upon multiple shock compression, but the window material determines the pressure of the phase transition. Several plate impact experiments were conducted with liquid targets on a single-stage gas gun, diagnosed simultaneously using photonic doppler velocimetry (PDV) and high speed imaging through the water. The experiments investigated why silica windows instigate freezing above 2.5 GPa whilst sapphire windows do not until 7 GPa. We find that the nucleation of ice occurs on the surfaces of windows and can be affected by the surface coating suggesting the surface energy of fused silica, likely due to hydroxyl groups, encourages nucleation of ice VII crystallites. Aluminium coatings prevent nucleation and sapphire surfaces do not nucleate until approximately 6.5 GPa. This is believed to be the threshold pressure for the homogeneous nucleation of water.

Design, Fabrication and Testing of Multilayer Coated X-Ray Optics for the Water Window Imaging X-Ray Microscope

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spencer, Dwight C.

1996-01-01

Hoover et. al. built and tested two imaging Schwarzschild multilayer microscopes. These instruments were constructed as prototypes for the "Water Window Imaging X-Ray Microscope," which is a doubly reflecting, multilayer x-ray microscope configured to operate within the "water window." The "water window" is the narrow region of the x-ray spectrum between the K absorption edges of oxygen (lamda = 23.3 Angstroms) and of carbon (lamda = 43.62 Angstroms), where water is relatively highly transmissive and carbon is highly absorptive. This property of these materials, thus permits the use of high resolution multilayer x-ray microscopes for producing high contrast images of carbon-based structures within the aqueous physiological environments of living cells. We report the design, fabrication and testing of multilayer optics that operate in this regime.

Automated Critical Test Findings Identification and Online Notification System Using Artificial Intelligence in Imaging.

PubMed

Prevedello, Luciano M; Erdal, Barbaros S; Ryu, John L; Little, Kevin J; Demirer, Mutlu; Qian, Songyue; White, Richard D

2017-12-01

Purpose To evaluate the performance of an artificial intelligence (AI) tool using a deep learning algorithm for detecting hemorrhage, mass effect, or hydrocephalus (HMH) at non-contrast material-enhanced head computed tomographic (CT) examinations and to determine algorithm performance for detection of suspected acute infarct (SAI). Materials and Methods This HIPAA-compliant retrospective study was completed after institutional review board approval. A training and validation dataset of noncontrast-enhanced head CT examinations that comprised 100 examinations of HMH, 22 of SAI, and 124 of noncritical findings was obtained resulting in 2583 representative images. Examinations were processed by using a convolutional neural network (deep learning) using two different window and level configurations (brain window and stroke window). AI algorithm performance was tested on a separate dataset containing 50 examinations with HMH findings, 15 with SAI findings, and 35 with noncritical findings. Results Final algorithm performance for HMH showed 90% (45 of 50) sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI]: 78%, 97%) and 85% (68 of 80) specificity (95% CI: 76%, 92%), with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.91 with the brain window. For SAI, the best performance was achieved with the stroke window showing 62% (13 of 21) sensitivity (95% CI: 38%, 82%) and 96% (27 of 28) specificity (95% CI: 82%, 100%), with AUC of 0.81. Conclusion AI using deep learning demonstrates promise for detecting critical findings at noncontrast-enhanced head CT. A dedicated algorithm was required to detect SAI. Detection of SAI showed lower sensitivity in comparison to detection of HMH, but showed reasonable performance. Findings support further investigation of the algorithm in a controlled and prospective clinical setting to determine whether it can independently screen noncontrast-enhanced head CT examinations and notify the interpreting radiologist of critical findings. © RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

[Online endpoint detection algorithm for blending process of Chinese materia medica].

PubMed

Lin, Zhao-Zhou; Yang, Chan; Xu, Bing; Shi, Xin-Yuan; Zhang, Zhi-Qiang; Fu, Jing; Qiao, Yan-Jiang

2017-03-01

Blending process, which is an essential part of the pharmaceutical preparation, has a direct influence on the homogeneity and stability of solid dosage forms. With the official release of Guidance for Industry PAT, online process analysis techniques have been more and more reported in the applications in blending process, but the research on endpoint detection algorithm is still in the initial stage. By progressively increasing the window size of moving block standard deviation (MBSD), a novel endpoint detection algorithm was proposed to extend the plain MBSD from off-line scenario to online scenario and used to determine the endpoint in the blending process of Chinese medicine dispensing granules. By online learning of window size tuning, the status changes of the materials in blending process were reflected in the calculation of standard deviation in a real-time manner. The proposed method was separately tested in the blending processes of dextrin and three other extracts of traditional Chinese medicine. All of the results have shown that as compared with traditional MBSD method, the window size changes according to the proposed MBSD method (progressively increasing the window size) could more clearly reflect the status changes of the materials in blending process, so it is suitable for online application. Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.

Accounting for the Spatial Observation Window in the 2-D Fourier Transform Analysis of Shear Wave Attenuation.

PubMed

Rouze, Ned C; Deng, Yufeng; Palmeri, Mark L; Nightingale, Kathryn R

2017-10-01

Recent measurements of shear wave propagation in viscoelastic materials have been analyzed by constructing the 2-D Fourier transform (2DFT) of the shear wave signal and measuring the phase velocity c(ω) and attenuation α(ω) from the peak location and full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the 2DFT signal at discrete frequencies. However, when the shear wave is observed over a finite spatial range, the 2DFT signal is a convolution of the true signal and the observation window, and measurements using the FWHM can yield biased results. In this study, we describe a method to account for the size of the spatial observation window using a model of the 2DFT signal and a non-linear, least-squares fitting procedure to determine c(ω) and α(ω). Results from the analysis of finite-element simulation data agree with c(ω) and α(ω) calculated from the material parameters used in the simulation. Results obtained in a viscoelastic phantom indicate that the measured attenuation is independent of the observation window and agree with measurements of c(ω) and α(ω) obtained using the previously described progressive phase and exponential decay analysis. Copyright © 2017 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Manufacturing and metrology for IR conformal windows and domes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferralli, Ian; Blalock, Todd; Brunelle, Matt; Lynch, Timothy; Myer, Brian; Medicus, Kate

2017-05-01

Freeform and conformal optics have the potential to dramatically improve optical systems by enabling systems with fewer optical components, reduced aberrations, and improved aerodynamic performance. These optical components differ from standard components in their surface shape, typically a non-symmetric equation based definition, and material properties. Traditional grinding and polishing tools are unable to handle these freeform shapes. Additionally, standard metrology tools cannot measure these surfaces. Desired substrates are typically hard ceramics, including poly-crystalline alumina or aluminum oxynitride. Notwithstanding the challenges that the hardness provides to manufacturing, these crystalline materials can be highly susceptible to grain decoration creating unacceptable scatter in optical systems. In this presentation, we will show progress towards addressing the unique challenges of manufacturing conformal windows and domes. Particular attention is given to our robotic polishing platform. This platform is based on an industrial robot adapted to accept a wide range of tooling and parts. The robot's flexibility has provided us an opportunity to address the unique challenges of conformal windows. Slurries and polishing active layers can easily be changed to adapt to varying materials and address grain decoration. We have the flexibility to change tool size and shape to address the varying sizes and shapes of conformal optics. In addition, the robotic platform can be a base for a deflectometry-based metrology tool to measure surface form error. This system, whose precision is independent of the robot's positioning accuracy, will allow us to measure optics in-situ saving time and reducing part risk. In conclusion, we will show examples of the conformal windows manufactured using our developed processes.

Satellite Data Processing System (SDPS) users manual V1.0

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Caruso, Michael; Dunn, Chris

1989-01-01

SDPS is a menu driven interactive program designed to facilitate the display and output of image and line-based data sets common to telemetry, modeling and remote sensing. This program can be used to display up to four separate raster images and overlay line-based data such as coastlines, ship tracks and velocity vectors. The program uses multiple windows to communicate information with the user. At any given time, the program may have up to four image display windows as well as auxiliary windows containing information about each image displayed. SDPS is not a commercial program. It does not contain complete type checking or error diagnostics which may allow the program to crash. Known anomalies will be mentioned in the appropriate section as notes or cautions. SDPS was designed to be used on Sun Microsystems Workstations running SunView1 (Sun Visual/Integrated Environment for Workstations). It was primarily designed to be used on workstations equipped with color monitors, but most of the line-based functions and several of the raster-based functions can be used with monochrome monitors. The program currently runs on Sun 3 series workstations running Sun OS 4.0 and should port easily to Sun 4 and Sun 386 series workstations with SunView1. Users should also be familiar with UNIX, Sun workstations and the SunView window system.

Preliminary results from the Small Negative Ion Facility (SNIF) at CCFE

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zacks, J.; McAdams, R.; Booth, J.; Flinders, K.; Holmes, A. J. T.; Simmonds, M.; Stevens, B.; Stevenson, P.; Surrey, E.; Warder, S.; Whitehead, A.; Young, D.

2013-02-01

At Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, a new beam extraction test facility has been built with the purpose of studying and enhancing negative ion beam production and transport. The multipole hydrogen ion source is based on a RF generated plasma using a continuous 5kW power supply operating at the industrial standard frequency of 13.56MHz. The cylindrical source has a diameter of 30cm and a depth of 20cm, with a flat spiral antenna driving the source through a quartz window. The magnet configuration is arranged to produce a dipole filter field across the ion source close to the plasma grid. The plasma load is matched to the RF generator using a Pi matching network. The accelerator uses a single extraction aperture of 14mm diameter, with a biased insert for electron suppression. The accelerator is a triode design with a beam energy of up to 30kV. The beamline consists of a turbomolecular pumped vacuum tank with an instrumented beam dump and ports for additional diagnostics. The ITER Neutral Beam source operates with the enhancement of caesium, which, when scaled up to a reactor, will be heavily consumed. The small size of SNIF allows for fast turn around of modifications and alternative materials to caesium can be tested. A full description of the facility and planned diagnostics is given. Initial results are presented, including measurements and calculations of the plasma load on the RF generator, and beam extraction measurements.

How EPA's Asbestos Regulations Apply to Window Caulk, Glazing Compound, Wiring and Other Similar Materials

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Letters that provide guidance on asbestos National Emissions Standard of Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) applicability to linoleum, tar paper, electric wiring, floor tile mastic, caulking compounds, and other similar materials during demolition

Behavioral Health in the Patient Centered Medical Home: Meeting the Quadruple Aim Part 1

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-24

visits)  Pre-clinician diagnostic aid  Patient education materials  Psychosocial options  Care Facilitator assisted follow-up option  Aggressive...clinician diagnostic aid  Patient education materials  Psychosocial options  Care Facilitator assisted follow-up option  Aggressive facilitator outreach...visits)  Pre-clinician diagnostic aid  Patient education materials  Psychosocial options  Care Facilitator assisted follow-up option  Aggressive

HVI Ballistic Limit Characterization of Fused Silica Thermal Panes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miller, J. E.; Bohl, W. D.; Christiansen, E. L.; Davis, B. A.; Deighton, K. D.

2015-01-01

Fused silica window systems are used heavily on crewed reentry vehicles, and they are currently being used on the next generation of US crewed spacecraft, Orion. These systems improve crew situational awareness and comfort, as well as, insulating the reentry critical components of a spacecraft against the intense thermal environments of atmospheric reentry. Additionally, these materials are highly exposed to space environment hazards like solid particle impacts. This paper discusses impact studies up to 10 km/s on a fused silica window system proposed for the Orion spacecraft. A ballistic limit equation that describes the threshold of perforation of a fuse silica pane over a broad range of impact velocities, obliquities and projectile materials is discussed here.

Radiation heat transfer simulation in a window for a small particle solar receiver using the Monte Carlo method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Whitmore, Alexander Jason

Concentrating solar power systems are currently the predominant solar power technology for generating electricity at the utility scale. The central receiver system, which is a concentrating solar power system, uses a field of mirrors to concentrate solar radiation onto a receiver where a working fluid is heated to drive a turbine. Current central receiver systems operate on a Rankine cycle, which has a large demand for cooling water. This demand for water presents a challenge for the current central receiver systems as the ideal locations for solar power plants have arid climates. An alternative to the current receiver technology is the small particle receiver. The small particle receiver has the potential to produce working fluid temperatures suitable for use in a Brayton cycle which can be more efficient when pressurized to 0.5 MPa. Using a fused quartz window allows solar energy into the receiver while maintaining a pressurized small particle receiver. In this thesis, a detailed numerical investigation for a spectral, three dimensional, cylindrical glass window for a small particle receiver was performed. The window is 1.7 meters in diameter and 0.0254 meters thick. There are three Monte Carlo Ray Trace codes used within this research. The first MCRT code, MIRVAL, was developed by Sandia National Laboratory and modified by a fellow San Diego State University colleague Murat Mecit. This code produces the solar rays on the exterior surface of the window. The second MCRT code was developed by Steve Ruther and Pablo Del Campo. This code models the small particle receiver, which creates the infrared spectral direction flux on the interior surface of the window used in this work. The third MCRT, developed for this work, is used to model radiation heat transfer within the window itself and is coupled to an energy equation solver to produce a temperature distribution. The MCRT program provides a source term to the energy equation. This in turn, produces a new temperature field for the MCRT program; together the equations are solved iteratively. These iterations repeat until convergence is reached for a steady state temperature field. The energy equation was solved using a finite volume method. The window's thermal conductivity is modeled as a function of temperature. This thermal model is used to investigate the effects of different materials, receiver geometries, interior convection coefficients and exterior convection coefficients. To prevent devitrification and the ultimate failure of the window, the window needs to stay below the devitrification temperature of the material. In addition, the temperature gradients within the window need to be kept to a minimum to prevent thermal stresses. A San Diego State University colleague E-Fann Saung uses these temperature maps to insure that the mounting of the window does not produce thermal stresses which can cause cracking in the brittle fused quartz. The simulations in this thesis show that window temperatures are below the devitrification temperature of the window when there are cooling jets on both surfaces of the window. Natural convection on the exterior window surface was explored and it does not provide adequate cooling; therefore forced convection is required. Due to the low thermal conductivity of the window, the edge mounting thermal boundary condition has little effect on the maximum temperature of the window. The simulations also showed that the solar input flux absorbed less than 1% of the incoming radiation while the window absorbed closer to 20% of the infrared radiation emitted by the receiver. The main source of absorbed power in the window is located directly on the interior surface of the window where the infrared radiation is absorbed. The geometry of the receiver has a large impact on the amount of emitted power which reached the interior surface of the window, and using a conical shaped receiver dramatically reduced the receiver's infrared flux on the window. The importance of internal emission is explored within this research. Internal emission produces a more even emission field throughout the receiver than applying radiation surface emission only. Due to a majority of the infrared receiver re-radiation being absorbed right at the interior surface, the surface emission only approximation method produces lower maximum temperatures.

Systematic analysis of nonlinear ground motion and temporal changes of material properties produced by small and medium earthquakes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, C.; Peng, Z.; Ben-Zion, Y.

2009-12-01

Recent studies based on spectral ratio analysis have found clear temporal changes of material properties in the shallow crust and around active fault zones during large earthquakes with peak ground acceleration (PGA) larger than 100-200 gals (e.g., Sawazaki et al., GRL, 2006; Rubenstein et al., JGR, 2007; Wu et al., GJI, 2009). The temporal evolution of properties is generally characterized by a clear drop of resonant frequency and increased damping, followed by logarithmic recoveries with time. The shift in resonant frequency and damping are considered two hallmarks of nonlinear response associated with increasing material damage. However, an existing damage can produce similar changes in resonance curves with increasing wave amplitude, even in cases when the material damage does not increase (Lyakhovsky et al., GJI, 2009). In such cases the recovery of resonance properties with reduced source amplitude should be essentially instantaneous. It is important to distinguish with in situ seismic data nonlinear wave propagation effects that reflect fixed vs. evolving material damage. Here we systematically analyze temporal changes of material properties and nonlinear response associated with small and medium earthquakes, using seismic data recorded by the Japanese Strong Motion Network KIK-Net, a temporary 10-station PASSCAL seismic network along the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey, and the borehole and surface stations around the Parkfield section of the San Andreas fault. We compute the spectral ratios of windowed records from a pair of target and reference stations, and apply the sliding-window to the entire seismic records including the pre-event noise, P and S waves, and the early and late S-coda waves. We choose small and medium events to reduce the effects from additional material damage and use small sliding-window size to capture the subtle changes in the spectral ratios. The spectral ratio traces from windows within certain PGA ranges are then stacked to enhance the stability of the results. The preliminary results from the KIK-Net data suggest that the resonant frequency starts to decrease for PGA levels of several tens of gals, followed by near instantaneous recovery. Updated results from analysis of all the datasets will be presented in the meeting.

Process for selectively patterning epitaxial film growth on a semiconductor substrate

DOEpatents

Sheldon, P.; Hayes, R.E.

1984-12-04

Disclosed is a process for selectively patterning epitaxial film growth on a semiconductor substrate. The process includes forming a masking member on the surface of the substrate, the masking member having at least two layers including a first layer disposed on the substrate and the second layer covering the first layer. A window is then opened in a selected portion of the second layer by removing that portion to expose the first layer thereunder. The first layer is then subjected to an etchant introduced through the window to dissolve the first layer a sufficient amount to expose the substrate surface directly beneath the window, the first layer being adapted to preferentially dissolve at a substantially greater rate than the second layer so as to create an overhanging ledge portion with the second layer by undercutting the edges thereof adjacent the window. The epitaxial film is then deposited on the exposed substrate surface directly beneath the window. Finally, an etchant is introduced through the window to dissolve the remainder of the first layer so as to lift-off the second layer and materials deposited thereon to fully expose the balance of the substrate surface.

Process for selectively patterning epitaxial film growth on a semiconductor substrate

DOEpatents

Sheldon, Peter; Hayes, Russell E.

1986-01-01

A process is disclosed for selectively patterning epitaxial film growth on a semiconductor substrate. The process includes forming a masking member on the surface of the substrate, the masking member having at least two layers including a first layer disposed on the substrate and the second layer covering the first layer. A window is then opened in a selected portion of the second layer by removing that portion to expose the first layer thereunder. The first layer is then subjected to an etchant introduced through the window to dissolve a sufficient amount of the first layer to expose the substrate surface directly beneath the window, the first layer being adapted to preferentially dissolve at a substantially greater rate than the second layer so as to create an overhanging ledge portion with the second layer by undercutting the edges thereof adjacent to the window. The epitaxial film is then deposited on the exposed substrate surface directly beneath the window. Finally, an etchant is introduced through the window to dissolve the remainder of the first layer so as to lift-off the second layer and materials deposited thereon to fully expose the balance of the substrate surface.

Implementation of a long leg X-point target divertor in the ARC fusion pilot plant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuang, A. Q.; Cao, N. M.; Creely, A. J.; Dennett, C. A.; Hecla, J.; Hoffman, H.; Major, M.; Ruiz Ruiz, J.; Tinguely, R. A.; Tolman, E. A.; Brunner, D.; Labombard, B.; Sorbom, B. N.; Whyte, D. G.; Grover, P.; Laughman, C.

2017-10-01

A long leg X-point target divertor geometry in a double null geometry has been implemented in the ARC pilot plant design, exploiting ARC's demountable toroidal field (TF) coils and FLiBe immersion blanket, which allow superconducting poloidal field coils to be located inside the TF coils, adequately shielded from neutrons. This new design maintains the original TF coil size, core plasma shape, and attains a tritium breedin ratio 1.08. The long leg divertor geometry provides significant advantages. Neutron transport computations indicate a factor of 10 reduction in divertor material neutron damage rate compared to the first wall, easing requirements for high heat flux components. Simulations have shown that long legged divertors are able to maintain a passively stable detachment front that stays in the divertor leg over a wide power window, in principle, responding immediately to fast changes in power exhaust. The ARC design exploits this new paradigm for divertor heat flux control: fewer concerns about coping with fast transients and a focus on neutron-tolerant diagnostics to measure and adjust detachment front locations in the outer divertor legs over long timescales.

Differences between Outdoor and Indoor Sound Levels for Open, Tilted, and Closed Windows.

PubMed

Locher, Barbara; Piquerez, André; Habermacher, Manuel; Ragettli, Martina; Röösli, Martin; Brink, Mark; Cajochen, Christian; Vienneau, Danielle; Foraster, Maria; Müller, Uwe; Wunderli, Jean Marc

2018-01-18

Noise exposure prediction models for health effect studies normally estimate free field exposure levels outside. However, to assess the noise exposure inside dwellings, an estimate of indoor sound levels is necessary. To date, little field data is available about the difference between indoor and outdoor noise levels and factors affecting the damping of outside noise. This is a major cause of uncertainty in indoor noise exposure prediction and may lead to exposure misclassification in health assessments. This study aims to determine sound level differences between the indoors and the outdoors for different window positions and how this sound damping is related to building characteristics. For this purpose, measurements were carried out at home in a sample of 102 Swiss residents exposed to road traffic noise. Sound pressure level recordings were performed outdoors and indoors, in the living room and in the bedroom. Three scenarios-of open, tilted, and closed windows-were recorded for three minutes each. For each situation, data on additional parameters such as the orientation towards the source, floor, and room, as well as sound insulation characteristics were collected. On that basis, linear regression models were established. The median outdoor-indoor sound level differences were of 10 dB(A) for open, 16 dB(A) for tilted, and 28 dB(A) for closed windows. For open and tilted windows, the most relevant parameters affecting the outdoor-indoor differences were the position of the window, the type and volume of the room, and the age of the building. For closed windows, the relevant parameters were the sound level outside, the material of the window frame, the existence of window gaskets, and the number of windows.

Thin-window high-efficiency position sensitive proportional counter for the vacuum flat crystal spectrometers on the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory electron beam ion trap (abstract)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brown, G. V.; Beiersdorfer, P.; Goddard, R.

2001-01-01

We have mounted 1 {mu}m thick aluminized polyimide windows onto the position sensitive proportional counters employed by the wide-band flat crystal spectrometers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory electron beam ion trap experiment. The aluminized polyimide, supported by thin wires across the short axis of the window, is used to isolate the detection chamber of the proportional counters, which operate at a pressure of 760 Torr, from the vacuum chamber of the spectrometer. The windows are modified versions of those developed for the proportional counters which were used during ground calibration of the Chandra X-ray Observatory. The transmission properties ofmore » these windows are, therefore, well known. The increased transmission efficiency of the polyimide windows relative to the 4 {mu}m thick polypropylene window material previously employed by our proportional counters has extended the useful range of the spectrometer from roughly 20 to 30 Aa at energies below the carbon edge, as well as increasing detection efficiency at wavelengths beyond the carbon edge. Using an octadecyl hydrogen maleate crystal with 2d=63.5Aa, we demonstrate the increased wavelength coverage by measuring the resonance, intercombination, and forbidden lines in helium-like NVII in two different density regimes. The thin polyimide windows have also increased the efficiency of the spectrometers entire wavelength range. To demonstrate the increased efficiency we compare the FeXVII spectrum in the 15--17 Aa band measured with the 1 {mu}m aluminized polyimide windows to the 4 {mu}m aluminized polypropylene windows. The comparison shows an average increase in efficiency of {approx}40%. The polyimide windows have a significantly lower leak rate than the polypropylene windows making it possible to achieve approximately an order of magnitude lower pressure in the spectrometer vacuum chamber which reduces the gas load on the trap region.« less

Sustainability Engineering and Maintenance - Plan, Design, and Construct for Maintainability: Sustainable Lighting Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

Window film should be considered to control heat gain. Skylights when positioned and spaced properly with the proper lens systems, admit more light...per unit area than windows, and distribute the light more evenly over the space. Skylights are mainly recommended in single floor high bay...facilities such as warehouses, hangars, gymnasiums, and big box stores.  The optimum material to use for skylights is either glass or acrylic. Double

Hermetic Glass-To-Metal Seal For Instrumentation Window

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hill, Arthur J.

1992-01-01

Proposed mounting scheme for optical element of instrumentation window in pressure vessel ensures truly hermetic seal while minimizing transmission of stress to optical element. Brazed metal seal superior to conventional gaskets of elastomer, carbon, asbestos, or other material compressed between optical element and wall of vessel. Concentric brazed joints in proposed seal bond metal ring to wall of vessel and to optical element. U-shaped cross section allows ring to flex under pressure.

Glass-Si heterojunction solar cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, R. L.

1975-01-01

Experimental studies and models for In2O3/Si and SnO2/N-Si solar cells are considered for their suitability in terrestrial applications. The silicon is the active material, and the glass serves as the window to solar radiation, an antireflection coating of the Si, and a low resistance contact. Results show that amorphous windows or layers suppress photocurrent. The interfacial SiO2 layer suppresses photocurrent and increases series resistance. Suppression increases with illumination.

The impact of microwave stray radiation to in-vessel diagnostic components

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hirsch, M.; Laqua, H. P.; Hathiramani, D.; Oosterbeek, J.; Baldzuhn, J.; Biedermann, C.; v d Brand, H.; Cardella, A.; Erckmann, V.; Jimenez, R.; König, R.; Köppen, M.; Parquay, S.; Zhang, D.; W7-X Team

2014-08-01

Microwave stray radiation resulting from unabsorbed multiple reflected ECRH / ECCD beams may cause severe heating of microwave absorbing in-vessel components such as gaskets, bellows, windows, ceramics and cable insulations. In view of long-pulse operation of WENDELSTEIN-7X the MIcrowave STray RAdiation Launch facility, MISTRAL, allows to test in-vessel components in the environment of isotropic 140 GHz microwave radiation at power load of up to 50 kW/m2 over 30 min. The results show that both, sufficient microwave shielding measures and cooling of all components are mandatory. If shielding/cooling measures of in-vessel diagnostic components are not efficient enough, the level of stray radiation may be (locally) reduced by dedicated absorbing ceramic coatings on cooled structures.

The concept of the set to objectification of LLLT exposure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gryko, Lukasz; Gilewski, Marian; Szymanska, Justyna; Zajac, Andrzej; Rosc, Danuta

2013-01-01

In this article authors present the developed optoelectronic set for controlled, repeatable exposure by electromagnetic radiation of biological structures in the spectral band of tissue transmission window 600-1000 nm. The set allows for an objective selection and control of exposure parameters and comparison of results for variable energetic, spectral and polarization parameters of radiation beam. Possibility of objective diagnostics of tissue state during laser treatment was provided in the presented optoelectronic set.

Method of making an integral window hermetic fiber optic component

DOEpatents

Dalton, R.D.; Kramer, D.P.; Massey, R.T.; Waker, D.A.

1996-11-12

In the fabrication of igniters, actuators, detonators, and other pyrotechnic devices to be activated by a laser beam, an integral optical glass window is formed by placing a preform in the structural member of the device and then melting the glass and sealing it in place by heating at a temperature between the ceramming temperature of the glass and the melting point of the metal, followed by rapid furnace cooling to avoid devitrification. No other sealing material is needed to achieve hermeticity. A preferred embodiment of this type of device is fabricated by allowing the molten glass to flow further and form a plano-convex lens integral with and at the bottom of the window. The lens functions to decrease the beam divergence caused by refraction of the laser light passing through the window when the device is fired by means of a laser beam. 9 figs.

Method of making an integral window hermetic fiber optic component

DOEpatents

Dalton, Rick D.; Kramer, Daniel P.; Massey, Richard T.; Waker, Damon A.

1996-11-12

In the fabrication of igniters, actuators, detonators, and other pyrotechnic devices to be activated by a laser beam, an integral optical glass window is formed by placing a preform in the structural member of the device and then melting the glass and sealing it in place by heating at a temperature between the ceramming temperature of the glass and the melting point of the metal, followed by rapid furnace cooling to avoid devitrification. No other sealing material is needed to achieve hermeticity. A preferred embodiment of this type of device is fabricated by allowing the molten glass to flow further and form a plano-convex lens integral with and at the bottom of the window. The lens functions to decrease the beam divergence caused by refraction of the laser light passing through the window when the device is fired by means of a laser beam.

Analysis on energy use in reuse cement silo for campus building

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fidiya Nugrahani, Elita; Winda Murti, Izzati; Arifianti, Qurrotin M. O.

2018-03-01

Semen Gresik, the first cement factory in Indonesia owned by the government was operated since 1957 and stopped the operation around 1997. The owner, PT. Semen Indonesia (Persero) intended to reuse cement factory for the campus building, Universitas Internasional Semen Indonesia (UISI). This research proposed to analyze the future Energy Use Intensity (EUI) and recommendation energy efficiency in renovating silo through simulation. The result of future EUI in existing building was 234 kWh/m2.year. The scenarios created to reduce energy use in six sectors: window shades, window material, infiltration, daylighting, plug load, air-conditioning and operation schedule. The lowest EUI estimated at 98.27 by use 2/3 window shades, triple low emission window glass, lighting efficiency at 3.23 W/m2, maximize daylighting and occupancy control, minimize infiltration to 0.17 ACH, and 12/5 for operation schedule.

Use of photovoltaics for waste heat recovery

DOEpatents

Polcyn, Adam D

2013-04-16

A device for recovering waste heat in the form of radiated light, e.g. red visible light and/or infrared light includes a housing having a viewing window, and a photovoltaic cell mounted in the housing in a relationship to the viewing window, wherein rays of radiated light pass through the viewing window and impinge on surface of the photovoltaic cell. The housing and/or the cell are cooled so that the device can be used with a furnace for an industrial process, e.g. mounting the device with a view of the interior of the heating chamber of a glass making furnace. In this manner, the rays of the radiated light generated during the melting of glass batch materials in the heating chamber pass through the viewing window and impinge on the surface of the photovoltaic cells to generate electric current which is passed onto an electric load.

Results from new multi-megabar shockless compression experiments at the Z machine

DOE PAGES

Davis, Jean-Paul; Knudson, Marcus D.; Brown, Justin L.

2017-01-01

Sandia’s Z Machine has been used to magnetically drive shockless compression of materials in a planar configuration to multi-megabar pressure levels, allowing accurate measurements of quasi-isentropic mechanical response at relatively low temperatures in the solid phase. This work details recent improvements to design and analysis of such experiments, including the use of new data on the mechanical and optical response of lithium fluoride windows. Comparison of windowed and free-surface data on copper to 350 GPa lends confidence to the window correction method. Preliminary results are presented on gold to 500 GPa and platinum to 450 GPa; both appear stiffer thanmore » existing models.« less

Extracting Strength from Ramp-Release Experiments on Z

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brown, Justin

2013-06-01

Releasing from a compressed state has long been recognized as a sensitive measure of a material's constitutive response. The initial elastic unloading provides insights which can be related to changes in shear stress or, in the context of classic plasticity, to the material's yield surface. Ramp compression and subsequent release experiments on Sandia's Z machine typically consist of a driving aluminum electrode pushing a sample material which is backed by a window. A particle velocity measurement of the sample/window interface provides a ramp-release profile. Under most circumstances, however, the impedance mismatch at this interface results in the measurement of a highly perturbed velocity, particularly at the late times of interest. Wave attenuation, the finite pressure range over which the material elastically unloads, and rate effects additionally complicate the interpretation of the experiment. In an effort to accurately analyze experiments of this type, each of these complications is addressed. The wave interactions are accounted for through the so-called transfer function methodology and involves a coupling of the experimental measurements with numerical simulations. Simulated window velocity measurements are combined with the corresponding in situ simulations to define a mapping describing the wave interactions due to the presence of the window. Applying this mapping to the experimentally measured velocity results in an in situ sample response which may then be used in a classic Lagrangian analysis from which the strength can be extracted via the self-consistent method. Corrections for attenuation, pressure averaging, and limitations of the analysis due to rate-effects are verified through the use of synthetic data. To date, results on the strength of aluminum to 1.2 MBar, beryllium to 1 MBar, and tantalum to over 2 MBar have been obtained through this methodology and will be presented. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin company, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Broadband Terahertz Refraction Index Dispersion and Loss of Polymeric Dielectric Substrate and Packaging Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Motaharifar, E.; Pierce, R. G.; Islam, R.; Henderson, R.; Hsu, J. W. P.; Lee, Mark

2018-01-01

In the effort to push the high-frequency performance of electronic circuits and signal interconnects from millimeter waves to beyond 1 THz, a quantitative knowledge of complex refraction index values and dispersion in potential dielectric substrate, encapsulation, waveguide, and packaging materials becomes critical. Here we present very broadband measurements of the real and imaginary index spectra of four polymeric dielectric materials considered for use in high-frequency electronics: benzocyclobutene (BCB), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), the photoresist SU-8, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Reflectance and transmittance spectra from 3 to 75 THz were made using a Fourier transform spectrometer on freestanding material samples. These data were quantitatively analyzed, taking into account multiple partial reflections from front and back surfaces and molecular bond resonances, where applicable, to generate real and imaginary parts of the refraction index as a function of frequency. All materials showed signatures of infrared active organic molecular bond resonances between 10 and 50 THz. Low-loss transmission windows as well as anti-window bands of high dispersion and loss can be readily identified and incorporated into high-frequency design models.

40 CFR 86.005-17 - On-board diagnostics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.005-17 On-board diagnostics. (a) General...: (1) SAE material. Copies of these materials may be obtained from the Society of Automotive Engineers..., J1939-71, J1939-73, J1939-81). (2) ISO materials. Copies of these materials may be obtained from the...

40 CFR 86.005-17 - On-board diagnostics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.005-17 On-board diagnostics. (a) General...: (1) SAE material. Copies of these materials may be obtained from the Society of Automotive Engineers..., J1939-71, J1939-73, J1939-81). (2) ISO materials. Copies of these materials may be obtained from the...

Surface transmission enhancement of ZnS via continuous-wave laser microstructuring

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Major, Kevin J.; Florea, Catalin M.; Poutous, Menelaos K.; Busse, Lynda E.; Sanghera, Jasbinder S.; Aggarwal, Ishwar D.

2014-03-01

Fresnel reflectivity at dielectric boundaries between optical components, lenses, and windows is a major issue for the optics community. The most common method to reduce the index mismatch and subsequent surface reflection is to apply a thin film or films of intermediate indices to the optical materials. More recently, surface texturing or roughening has been shown to approximate a stepwise refractive index thin-film structure, with a gradient index of refraction transition from the bulk material to the surrounding medium. Short-pulse laser ablation is a recently-utilized method to produce such random anti-reflective structured surfaces (rARSS). Typically, high-energy femtosecond pulsed lasers are focused on the surface of the desired optical material to produce periodic or quasi-periodic assemblies of nanostructures which provide reduced surface reflection. This technique is being explored to generate a variety of structures across multiple optical materials. However, femtosecond laser systems are relatively expensive and more difficult to maintain. We present here a low power and low-cost alternative to femtosecond laser ablation, demonstrating random antireflective structures on the surface of Cleartran ZnS windows produced with a continuous-wave laser. In particular, we find that irradiation with a low-powered (<10 mW), defocused, CW 325nm-wavelength laser produces a random surface with significant roughness on ZnS substrates. The transmission through the structured ZnS windows is shown to increase by up to 9% across a broad wavelength range from the visible to the near-infrared.

KSC-97PC972

NASA Image and Video Library

1997-07-01

STS-94 Payload Specialist Roger K. Crouch prepares to enter the Space Shuttle Columbia at Launch Pad 39A in preparation for launch. He is the Chief Scientist of the NASA Microgravity Space and Applications Division. He also has served as a Program Scientist for previous Spacelab microgravity missions and is an expert in semiconductor crystal growth. Since Crouch has more than 25 years of experience as a materials scientist, he will be concentrating on the five physics of materials processing experiments in the Middeck Glovebox Facility on the Blue shift. He will also share the workload with Thomas by monitoring the materials furnace experiments during this time. Crouch and six fellow crew members will lift off during a launch window that opens at 1:50 p.m. EDT, July 1. The launch window will open 47 minutes early to improve the opportunity to lift off before Florida summer rain showers reach the space center

Causes and Solutions for High Energy Consumption in Traditional Buildings Located in Hot Climate Regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barayan, Olfat Mohammad

A considerable amount of money for high-energy consumption is spent in traditional buildings located in hot climate regions. High-energy consumption is significantly influenced by several causes, including building materials, orientation, mass, and openings' sizes. This paper aims to identify these causes and find practical solutions to reduce the annual cost of bills. For the purpose of this study, simulation research method has been followed. A comparison between two Revit models has also been created to point out the major cause of high-energy consumption. By analysing different orientations, wall insulation, and window glazing and applying some other high performance building techniques, a conclusion was found to confirm that appropriate building materials play a vital role in affecting energy cost. Therefore, the ability to reduce the energy cost by more than 50% in traditional buildings depends on a careful balance of building materials, mass, orientation, and type of window glazing.

Complex permittivity measurements during high temperature recycling of space shuttle antenna window and dielectric heat shield materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bassett, H. L.; Bomar, S. H., Jr.

1973-01-01

The research performed and the data obtained on candidate space shuttle antenna window and heat shield materials are presented. The measurement technique employs a free-space focused beam microwave bridge for obtaining RF transmission data, and a device which rotates a sample holder which is heated on one side by natural gas-air flames. The surface temperature of each sample is monitored by IR pyrometry; embedded and rear surface thermocouples are also used in obtaining temperature data. The surface of the sample undergoing test is subjected to approximately the same temperature/time profile that occurs at a proposed antenna position on the space shuttle as it re-enters. The samples are cycled through ten of these temperature profiles to determine the recycling effects. Very little change was noted in the materials due to the recycling.

Optical Radiation from Shock-Compressed Materials. Ph.D. Thesis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Svendsen, Robert F., Jr.

1987-01-01

Recent observations of shock-induced radiation from oxides, silicates, and metals of geophysical interest constrain the shock-compressed temperature of these materials. The relationships between the temperature inferred from the observed radiation and the temperature of the shock-compressed film or foil and/or window were investigated. Changes of the temperature field in each target component away from that of their respective shock-compressed states occur because of: shock-impedance mismatch between target components; thermal mismatch between target components; surface roughness at target interfaces; and conduction within and between target components. In particular, conduction may affect the temperature of the film/foil window interface on the time scale of the experiments, and so control the intensity and history of the dominant thermal radiation sources in the target. This type of model was used to interpret the radiation emitted by a variety of shock-compressed materials and interfaces.

An in situ accelerator-based diagnostic for plasma-material interactions science on magnetic fusion devices.

PubMed

Hartwig, Zachary S; Barnard, Harold S; Lanza, Richard C; Sorbom, Brandon N; Stahle, Peter W; Whyte, Dennis G

2013-12-01

This paper presents a novel particle accelerator-based diagnostic that nondestructively measures the evolution of material surface compositions inside magnetic fusion devices. The diagnostic's purpose is to contribute to an integrated understanding of plasma-material interactions in magnetic fusion, which is severely hindered by a dearth of in situ material surface diagnosis. The diagnostic aims to remotely generate isotopic concentration maps on a plasma shot-to-shot timescale that cover a large fraction of the plasma-facing surface inside of a magnetic fusion device without the need for vacuum breaks or physical access to the material surfaces. Our instrument uses a compact (~1 m), high-current (~1 milliamp) radio-frequency quadrupole accelerator to inject 0.9 MeV deuterons into the Alcator C-Mod tokamak at MIT. We control the tokamak magnetic fields--in between plasma shots--to steer the deuterons to material surfaces where the deuterons cause high-Q nuclear reactions with low-Z isotopes ~5 μm into the material. The induced neutrons and gamma rays are measured with scintillation detectors; energy spectra analysis provides quantitative reconstruction of surface compositions. An overview of the diagnostic technique, known as accelerator-based in situ materials surveillance (AIMS), and the first AIMS diagnostic on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak is given. Experimental validation is shown to demonstrate that an optimized deuteron beam is injected into the tokamak, that low-Z isotopes such as deuterium and boron can be quantified on the material surfaces, and that magnetic steering provides access to different measurement locations. The first AIMS analysis, which measures the relative change in deuterium at a single surface location at the end of the Alcator C-Mod FY2012 plasma campaign, is also presented.

The Mass Spectrometric Ortho Effect Studied for All 209 PCB Congeners

EPA Science Inventory

A method for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in caulk was developed; with application to a set of caulk and window glazing material samples. This method was evaluated by analyzing a combination of 47 samples of caulk, glazing materials, and including quality...

A Pilot Demonstration of Electrochromic and Thermochromic Windows in the Denver Federal Center, Building 41, Denver, Colorado

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, Eleanor S.; Fernandes, Luis L.; Goudey, Chad Howdy

Chromogenic glazing materials are emerging technologies that tint reversibly from a clear to dark tinted state either passively in response to environmental conditions or actively in response to a command from a switch or building automation system. Switchable coatings on glass manage solar radiation and visible light while enabling unobstructed views to the outdoors. Building energy simulations estimate that actively controlled, near-term chromogenic glazings can reduce perimeter zone heating, ventilation, and airconditioning (HVAC) and lighting energy use by 10-20% and reduce peak electricity demand by 20-30%, achieving energy use levels that are lower than an opaque, insulated wall. This projectmore » demonstrates the use of two types of chromogenic windows: thermochromic and electrochromic windows. By 2013, these windows will begin production in the U.S. by multiple vendors at high-volume manufacturing plants, enabling lower cost and larger area window products to be specified. Both technologies are in the late R&D stage of development, where cost reductions and performance improvements are underway. Electrochromic windows have been installed in numerous buildings over the past four years, but monitored energy-efficiency performance has been independently evaluated in very limited applications. Thermochromic windows have been installed in one other building with an independent evaluation, but results have not yet been made public.« less

Titan's Surface Composition from the Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) Investigation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McCord, T. B.; Griffith, C. A.; Hansen, G. B.; Lunine, J. I.; Baines, K. H.; Brown, R. H.; Buratti, B.; Clark, R. N.; Cruikshank, D. P.; Filacchione, G.; Jaumann, R.; Hibbitts, C. A.; Sotine, C.; Cassini VIMS

2004-11-01

Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn, has a thick atmosphere containing methane with high altitude haze that obscures the surface except for windows in the methane absorption bands at some IR wavelengths where scattering also is reduced. Chemistry models of the atmosphere suggest deep deposits of organic liquids and solids (1). Groundbased telescopic observations of Titan's integral disk suggest the presence of water ice (2). The Cassini VIMS obtained spectra in the 0.35 to 5.1 μm range that include narrow windows in the methane spectrum near 1.6, 2.0, 2.8, and 5.0 μm where the surface might have been observed with spatial resolution up to about 100 x 200 km during the Saturn orbit insertion phase on June 30 2004. Surface albedo features seem to appear in these windows. We have analyzed Titan's spectra in an attempt to identity the surface material(s). The VIMS spectra were averaged for several pixels for each of six regions on Titan corresponding to apparent bright and dark surface features. The spectra were calibrated to I/F as seen by VIMS and then were analyzed using radiative transfer models to remove the effects of the atmosphere (2) to estimate surface I/F values. These were then compared with candidate material reflectance at each of the spectral windows. Preliminary analysis suggests that the average results will agree with previous groundbased data analyses (2) and there is the suggestion of differences in reflectance among the surface regions analyzed so far. This work was supported by the NASA Cassini Project. (1) Lunine et al., Science, 222, 1229, 1983. (2) Coustenis et al., Icarus 118, 87, 1995; Griffith et al., Science 300, 628, 2003.

Effects of Kapton Sample Cell Windows on the Detection Limit of Smectite: Implications for CheMin on the Mars Science Laboratory Mission

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Achilles, C. N.; Ming, Douglas W.; Morris, R. V.; Blake, D. F.

2012-01-01

The CheMin instrument on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover Curiosity is an X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) instrument capable of providing the mineralogical and chemical compositions of rocks and soils on the surface of Mars. CheMin uses a microfocus X-ray tube with a Co target, transmission geometry, and an energy-discriminating X-ray sensitive CCD to produce simultaneous 2-D XRD patterns and energy-dispersive X-ray histograms from powdered samples. CheMin has two different window materials used for sample cells -- Mylar and Kapton. Instrument details are provided elsewhere. Fe/Mg-smectite (e.g., nontronite) has been identified in Gale Crater, the MSL future landing site, by CRISM spectra. While large quantities of phyllosilicate minerals will be easily detected by CheMin, it is important to establish detection limits of such phases to understand capabilities and limitations of the instrument. A previous study indicated that the (001) peak of smectite at 15 Ang was detectable in a mixture of 1 wt.% smectite with olivine when Mylar is the window material for the sample cell. Complications arise when Kapton is the window material because Kapton itself also has a diffraction peak near 15 Ang (6.8 deg 2 Theta). This study presents results of mineral mixtures of smectite and olivine to determine smectite detection limits for Kapton sample cells. Because the intensity and position of the smectite (001) peak depends on the hydration state, we also analyzed mixtures with "hydrated" and "dehydrated"h smectite to examine the effects of hydration state on detection limits.

Manufacturing process scale-up of optical grade transparent spinel ceramic at ArmorLine Corporation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Spilman, Joseph; Voyles, John; Nick, Joseph; Shaffer, Lawrence

2013-06-01

While transparent Spinel ceramic's mechanical and optical characteristics are ideal for many Ultraviolet (UV), visible, Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR), Mid-Wave Infrared (MWIR), and multispectral sensor window applications, commercial adoption of the material has been hampered because the material has historically been available in relatively small sizes (one square foot per window or less), low volumes, unreliable supply, and with unreliable quality. Recent efforts, most notably by Technology Assessment and Transfer (TA and T), have scaled-up manufacturing processes and demonstrated the capability to produce larger windows on the order of two square feet, but with limited output not suitable for production type programs. ArmorLine Corporation licensed the hot-pressed Spinel manufacturing know-how of TA and T in 2009 with the goal of building the world's first dedicated full-scale Spinel production facility, enabling the supply of a reliable and sufficient volume of large Transparent Armor and Optical Grade Spinel plates. With over $20 million of private investment by J.F. Lehman and Company, ArmorLine has installed and commissioned the largest vacuum hot press in the world, the largest high-temperature/high-pressure hot isostatic press in the world, and supporting manufacturing processes within 75,000 square feet of manufacturing space. ArmorLine's equipment is capable of producing window blanks as large as 50" x 30" and the facility is capable of producing substantial volumes of material with its Lean configuration and 24/7 operation. Initial production capability was achieved in 2012. ArmorLine will discuss the challenges that were encountered during scale-up of the manufacturing processes, ArmorLine Optical Grade Spinel optical performance, and provide an overview of the facility and its capabilities.

Material separation in x-ray CT with energy resolved photon-counting detectors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang Xiaolan; Meier, Dirk; Taguchi, Katsuyuki

Purpose: The objective of the study was to demonstrate that, in x-ray computed tomography (CT), more than two types of materials can be effectively separated with the use of an energy resolved photon-counting detector and classification methodology. Specifically, this applies to the case when contrast agents that contain K-absorption edges in the energy range of interest are present in the object. This separation is enabled via the use of recently developed energy resolved photon-counting detectors with multiple thresholds, which allow simultaneous measurements of the x-ray attenuation at multiple energies. Methods: To demonstrate this capability, we performed simulations and physical experimentsmore » using a six-threshold energy resolved photon-counting detector. We imaged mouse-sized cylindrical phantoms filled with several soft-tissue-like and bone-like materials and with iodine-based and gadolinium-based contrast agents. The linear attenuation coefficients were reconstructed for each material in each energy window and were visualized as scatter plots between pairs of energy windows. For comparison, a dual-kVp CT was also simulated using the same phantom materials. In this case, the linear attenuation coefficients at the lower kVp were plotted against those at the higher kVp. Results: In both the simulations and the physical experiments, the contrast agents were easily separable from other soft-tissue-like and bone-like materials, thanks to the availability of the attenuation coefficient measurements at more than two energies provided by the energy resolved photon-counting detector. In the simulations, the amount of separation was observed to be proportional to the concentration of the contrast agents; however, this was not observed in the physical experiments due to limitations of the real detector system. We used the angle between pairs of attenuation coefficient vectors in either the 5-D space (for non-contrast-agent materials using energy resolved photon-counting acquisition) or a 2-D space (for contrast agents using energy resolved photon-counting acquisition and all materials using dual-kVp acquisition) as a measure of the degree of separation. Compared to dual-kVp techniques, an energy resolved detector provided a larger separation and the ability to separate different target materials using measurements acquired in different energy window pairs with a single x-ray exposure. Conclusions: We concluded that x-ray CT with an energy resolved photon-counting detector with more than two energy windows allows the separation of more than two types of materials, e.g., soft-tissue-like, bone-like, and one or more materials with K-edges in the energy range of interest. Separating material types using energy resolved photon-counting detectors has a number of advantages over dual-kVp CT in terms of the degree of separation and the number of materials that can be separated simultaneously.« less

Radiation dose to patients and image quality evaluation from coronary 256-slice computed tomographic angiography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Liang-Kuang; Wu, Tung-Hsin; Yang, Ching-Ching; Tsai, Chia-Jung; Lee, Jason J. S.

2010-07-01

The aim of this study is to assess radiation dose and the corresponding image quality from suggested CT protocols which depends on different mean heart rate and high heart rate variability by using 256-slice CT. Fifty consecutive patients referred for a cardiac CT examination were included in this study. All coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) examinations were performed on a 256-slice CT scanner with one of five different protocols: retrospective ECG-gating (RGH) with full dose exposure in all R-R intervals (protocol A), RGH of 30-80% pulsing window with tube current modulation (B), RGH of 78±5% pulsing window with tube current modulation (C), prospective ECG-triggering (PGT) of 78% R-R interval with 5% padding window (D) and PGT of 78% R-R interval without padding window (E). Radiation dose parameters and image quality scoring were determined and compared. In this study, no significant differences were found in comparison on image quality of the five different protocols. Protocol A obtained the highest radiation dose comparing with those of protocols B, C, D and E by a factor of 1.6, 2.4, 2.5 and 4.3, respectively ( p<0.001), which were ranged between 2.7 and 11.8 mSv. The PGT could significantly reduce radiation dose delivered to patients, as compared to the RGH. However, the use of PGT has limitations and is only good in assessing cases with lower mean heart rate and stable heart rate variability. With higher mean heart rate and high heart rate variability circumstances, the RGH within 30-80% of R-R interval pulsing window is suggested as a feasible technique for assessing diagnostic performance.

A Comparison of Photo-Induced Hysteresis Between Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon and Amorphous IGZO Thin-Film Transistors.

PubMed

Ha, Tae-Jun; Cho, Won-Ju; Chung, Hong-Bay; Koo, Sang-Mo

2015-09-01

We investigate photo-induced instability in thin-film transistors (TFTs) consisting of amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (a-IGZO) as active semiconducting layers by comparing with hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). An a-IGZO TFT exhibits a large hysteresis window in the illuminated measuring condition but no hysteresis window in the dark condition. On the contrary, a large hysteresis window measured in the dark condition in a-Si:H was not observed in the illuminated condition. Even though such materials possess the structure of amorphous phase, optical responses or photo instability in TFTs looks different from each other. Photo-induced hysteresis results from initially trapped charges at the interface between semiconductor and dielectric films or in the gate dielectric which possess absorption energy to interact with deep trap-states and affect the movement of Fermi energy level. In order to support our claim, we also perform CV characteristics in photo-induced hysteresis and demonstrate thermal-activated hysteresis. We believe that this work can provide important information to understand different material systems for optical engineering which includes charge transport and band transition.

FAST CHOPPER BUILDING, TRA665. CAMERA FACING NORTH. NOTE BRICKEDIN WINDOW ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

FAST CHOPPER BUILDING, TRA-665. CAMERA FACING NORTH. NOTE BRICKED-IN WINDOW ON RIGHT SIDE (BELOW PAINTED NUMERALS "665"). SLIDING METAL DOOR ON COVERED RAIL AT UPPER LEVEL. SHELTERED ENTRANCE TO STEEL SHIELDING DOOR. DOOR INTO MTR SERVICE BUILDING, TRA-635, STANDS OPEN. MTR BEHIND CHOPPER BUILDING. INL NEGATIVE NO. HD42-1. Mike Crane, Photographer, 3/2004 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Reactor Area, Materials & Engineering Test Reactors, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Large-area flexible monolithic ITO/WO3/Nb2O5/NiVOχ/ITO electrochromic devices prepared by using magnetron sputter deposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, Chien-Jen; Ye, Jia-Ming; Yang, Yueh-Ting; He, Ju-Liang

2016-05-01

Electrochromic devices (ECDs) have been applied in smart windows to control the transmission of sunlight in green buildings, saving up to 40-50% electricity consumption and ultimately reducing carbon dioxide emissions. However, the high manufacturing costs and difficulty of transportation of conventional massive large area ECDs has limited widespread applications. A unique design replacing the glass substrate commonly used in the ECD windows with inexpensive, light-weight and flexible polymeric substrate materials would accelerate EC adoption allowing them to be supplemented for regular windows without altering window construction. In this study, an ITO/WO3/Nb2O5/NiVOχ/ITO all-solid-state monolithic ECD with an effective area of 24 cm × 18 cm is successfully integrated on a PET substrate by using magnetron sputter deposition. The electrochromic performance and bending durability of the resultant material are also investigated. The experimental results indicate that the ultimate response times for the prepared ECD is 6 s for coloring at an applied voltage of -3 V and 5 s for bleaching at an applied voltage of +3 V, respectively. The optical transmittances for the bleached and colored state at a wavelength of 633 nm are 53% and 11%, respectively. The prepared ECD can sustain over 8000 repeated coloring and bleaching cycles, as well as tolerate a bending radius of curvature of 7.5 cm.

Supercontinuum generation covering the entire 0.4-5 µm transmission window in a tapered ultra-high numerical aperture all-solid fluorotellurite fiber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jia, Z. X.; Yao, C. F.; Jia, S. J.; Wang, F.; Wang, S. B.; Zhao, Z. P.; Liao, M. S.; Qin, G. S.; Hu, L. L.; Ohishi, Y.; Qin, W. P.

2018-02-01

Enormous efforts have been made to realize supercontinuum (SC) generation covering the entire transmission window of fiber materials for their wide applications in many fields. Here we demonstrate ultra-broadband SC generation from 400 to 5140 nm in a tapered ultra-high numerical aperture (NA) all-solid fluorotellurite fiber pumped by a 1560 nm mode-locked fiber laser. The fluorotellurite fibers are fabricated using a rod-in-tube method. The core and cladding materials are TeO2-BaF2-Y2O3- and TeO2-modified fluoroaluminate glasses, respectively, which have large refractive index contrast and similar thermal expansion coefficients and softening temperatures. The NA at 3200 nm of the fluorotellurite fiber is about 1.11. Furthermore, tapered fluorotellurite fibers are prepared using an elongation machine. SC generation covering the entire 0.4-5 µm transmission window is achieved in a tapered fluorotellurite fiber for a pumping peak power of ~10.5 kW through synergetic control of dispersion, nonlinearity, confinement loss and other unexpected effects (e.g. the attachment of dust or water to the surface of the fiber core) of the fiber. Our results show that tapered ultra-high NA all-solid soft glass fibers have a potential for generating SC light covering their entire transmission window.

Star-Shaped Crack Pattern of Broken Windows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vandenberghe, Nicolas; Vermorel, Romain; Villermaux, Emmanuel

2013-04-01

Broken thin brittle plates like windows and windshields are ubiquitous in our environment. When impacted locally, they typically present a pattern of cracks extending radially outward from the impact point. We study the variation of the pattern of cracks by performing controlled transverse impacts on brittle plates over a broad range of impact speed, plate thickness, and material properties, and we establish from experiments a global scaling law for the number of radial cracks incorporating all these parameters. A model based on Griffith’s theory of fracture combining bending elastic energy and fracture energy accounts for our observations. These findings indicate how the postmortem shape of broken samples are related to material properties and impact parameters, a procedure relevant to forensic science, archaeology, or astrophysics.

Smart nickel oxide materials for the applications of energy efficiency and storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, Feng

The present dissertation studies nickel oxide-based materials for the application of electrochromic windows and lithium-air batteries. The materials were fabricated via radio frequency magnetron sputtering and subsequently post-treated with thermal evaporation and ozone exposure. The strategies to improve electrochromic performance of nickel oxide materials were investigated including compositional control, morphology tuning, modification of electronic structure and interface engineering (i.e., Li2O 2, graphene). The electrochemical properties of the resulting materials were characterized in lithium ion electrolytes. Extremely high performing nickel oxide-based electrochromic materials were obtained in terms of optical modulation, switching kinetics, bleached-state transparency and durability, which promise the implementation of these materials for practical smart windows. With the aid of advanced synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy, it is reported for the first time that the electrochromic effect in multicomponent nickel oxide-based materials arises from the reversible formation of hole states in the NiO6 cluster accompanying with the reversible formation of Li2O2. The reversible formation of Li2O 2 was successfully leveraged with the study of electro-catalysts and cathode materials for lithium-air batteries. The reversibility of Li 2O2 was thoroughly investigated using soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy and theoretical simulation, which substantiates the promise of using electrochromic films as electro-catalysts and/or cathode materials in lithium-air batteries.

Grain orientation effects on dynamic strength of FCC multicrystals at low shock pressures: a hydrodynamic instability study

DOE PAGES

Peralta, P.; Loomis, E.; Chen, Y.; ...

2015-04-09

Variability in local dynamic plasticity due to material anisotropy in polycrystalline metals is likely to be important on damage nucleation and growth at low pressures. Hydrodynamic instabilities could be used to study these plasticity effects by correlating measured changes in perturbation amplitudes at free surfaces to local plastic behaviour and grain orientation, but amplitude changes are typically too small to be measured reliably at low pressures using conventional diagnostics. Correlations between strength at low shock pressures and grain orientation were studied in copper (grain size ≈ 800 μm) using the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability with a square-wave surface perturbation (wavelength = 150 μm, amplitude = 5 μm), shocked at 2.7 GPa using symmetric plate impacts. A Plexiglas window was pressed against the peaks of the perturbation, keeping valleys as free surfaces. This produced perturbation amplitude changes much larger than those predicted without the window. Amplitude reductions from 64 to 88% were measured in recovered samples and grains oriented close tomore » $$\\langle$$0 0 1$$\\rangle$$ parallel to the shock had the largest final amplitude, whereas grains with shocks directions close to $$\\langle$$1 0 1$$\\rangle$$ had the lowest. Finite element simulations were performed with elastic-perfectly plastic models to estimate yield strengths leading lead to those final amplitudes. Anisotropic elasticity and these yield strengths were used to calculate the resolved shear stresses at yielding for the two orientations. In conclusion, results are compared with reports on orientation dependence of dynamic yielding in Cu single crystals and the higher values obtained suggest that strength estimations via hydrodynamic instabilities are sensitive to strain hardening and strain rate effects.« less

77 FR 75699 - Petition for Waiver of Compliance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-21

..., the requirements for FRA Type I material in the forward and rearward end-facing glazing locations of the locomotive cab windshield as well as FRA Type II material in all side-facing windows of the... safety. A copy of the petition, as well as any written communications concerning the petition, is...

Evaluation of National Geographic School Publishing Nonfiction Literacy Materials. Summary Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Metcalf, Kim K.; Smith, Carl B.; Legan, Natalie A.

During the 2001-02 academic year, a purposive, national evaluation was undertaken of "Windows on Literacy" and "Reading Expeditions," two new school-based programs produced by the School Publishing Division of the National Geographic Society (NGS). The evaluation sought to determine the efficacy of the new materials for…

Non- contacting capacitive diagnostic device

DOEpatents

Ellison, Timothy

2005-07-12

A non-contacting capacitive diagnostic device includes a pulsed light source for producing an electric field in a semiconductor or photovoltaic device or material to be evaluated and a circuit responsive to the electric field. The circuit is not in physical contact with the device or material being evaluated and produces an electrical signal characteristic of the electric field produced in the device or material. The diagnostic device permits quality control and evaluation of semiconductor or photovoltaic device properties in continuous manufacturing processes.

Differences between Outdoor and Indoor Sound Levels for Open, Tilted, and Closed Windows

PubMed Central

Locher, Barbara; Piquerez, André; Habermacher, Manuel; Ragettli, Martina; Cajochen, Christian; Vienneau, Danielle; Foraster, Maria; Müller, Uwe; Wunderli, Jean Marc

2018-01-01

Noise exposure prediction models for health effect studies normally estimate free field exposure levels outside. However, to assess the noise exposure inside dwellings, an estimate of indoor sound levels is necessary. To date, little field data is available about the difference between indoor and outdoor noise levels and factors affecting the damping of outside noise. This is a major cause of uncertainty in indoor noise exposure prediction and may lead to exposure misclassification in health assessments. This study aims to determine sound level differences between the indoors and the outdoors for different window positions and how this sound damping is related to building characteristics. For this purpose, measurements were carried out at home in a sample of 102 Swiss residents exposed to road traffic noise. Sound pressure level recordings were performed outdoors and indoors, in the living room and in the bedroom. Three scenarios—of open, tilted, and closed windows—were recorded for three minutes each. For each situation, data on additional parameters such as the orientation towards the source, floor, and room, as well as sound insulation characteristics were collected. On that basis, linear regression models were established. The median outdoor–indoor sound level differences were of 10 dB(A) for open, 16 dB(A) for tilted, and 28 dB(A) for closed windows. For open and tilted windows, the most relevant parameters affecting the outdoor–indoor differences were the position of the window, the type and volume of the room, and the age of the building. For closed windows, the relevant parameters were the sound level outside, the material of the window frame, the existence of window gaskets, and the number of windows. PMID:29346318

Hepatitis E in blood donors: investigation of the natural course of asymptomatic infection, Germany, 2011.

PubMed

Vollmer, Tanja; Diekmann, Juergen; Eberhardt, Matthias; Knabbe, Cornelius; Dreier, Jens

2016-09-01

Asymptomatic hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections have been found in blood donors from various European countries, but the natural course is rarely specified. Here, we compared the progression of HEV viraemia, serostatus and liver-specific enzymes in 10 blood donors with clinically asymptomatic genotype 3 HEV infection, measuring HEV RNA concentrations, plasma concentrations of alanine/aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase and bilirubin and anti-HEV IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies. RNA concentrations ranged from 77.2 to 2.19×10(5) IU/mL, with viraemia lasting from less than 10 to 52 days. Donors showed a typical progression of a recent HEV infection but differed in the first detection of anti-HEV IgA, IgM and IgG and seropositivity of the antibody classes. The diagnostic window between HEV RNA detection and first occurrence of anti-HEV antibodies ranged from eight to 48 days, depending on the serological assay used. The progression of laboratory parameters of asymptomatic HEV infection was largely comparable to the progression of symptomatic HEV infection, but only four of 10 donors showed elevated liver-specific parameters. Our results help elucidate the risk of transfusion-associated HEV infection and provide a basis for development of screening strategies. The diagnostic window illustrates that infectious blood donors can be efficiently identified only by RNA screening. This article is copyright of The Authors, 2016.

Curved diamond-crystal spectrographs for x-ray free-electron laser noninvasive diagnostics.

PubMed

Terentyev, Sergey; Blank, Vladimir; Kolodziej, Tomasz; Shvyd'ko, Yuri

2016-12-01

We report on the manufacturing and X-ray tests of bent diamond-crystal X-ray spectrographs, designed for noninvasive diagnostics of the X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) spectra in the spectral range from 5 to 15 keV. The key component is a curved, 20-μm thin, single crystalline diamond triangular plate in the (110) orientation. The radius of curvature can be varied between R = 0.6 m and R = 0.1 m in a controlled fashion, ensuring imaging in a spectral window of up to 60 eV for ≃8 keV X-rays. All of the components of the bending mechanism (about 10 parts) are manufactured from diamond, thus ensuring safe operations in intense XFEL beams. The spectrograph is transparent to 88% for 5-keV photons and to 98% for 15-keV photons. Therefore, it can be used for noninvasive diagnostics of the X-ray spectra during XFEL operations.

Curved diamond-crystal spectrographs for x-ray free-electron laser noninvasive diagnostics

DOE PAGES

Terentyev, Sergey; Blank, Vladimir; Kolodziej, Tomasz; ...

2016-12-29

Here, we report on the manufacturing and X-ray tests of bent diamond-crystal X-ray spectrographs, designed for noninvasive diagnostics of the X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) spectra in the spectral range from 5 to 15 keV. The key component is a curved, 20-µm thin, single crystalline diamond triangular plate in the (110) orientation. The radius of curvature can be varied between R = 0.6 m and R = 0.1 m in a controlled fashion, ensuring imaging in a spectral window of up to 60 eV for ' 8 keV X-rays. All of the components of the bending mechanism (about 10 parts) aremore » manufactured from diamond, thus ensuring safe operations in intense XFEL beams. The spectrograph is transparent to 88% for 5-keV photons, and to 98% for 15-keV photons. Therefore, it can be used for noninvasive diagnostics of the X-ray spectra during XFEL operations.« less

Curved diamond-crystal spectrographs for x-ray free-electron laser noninvasive diagnostics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Terentyev, Sergey; Blank, Vladimir; Kolodziej, Tomasz

Here, we report on the manufacturing and X-ray tests of bent diamond-crystal X-ray spectrographs, designed for noninvasive diagnostics of the X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) spectra in the spectral range from 5 to 15 keV. The key component is a curved, 20-µm thin, single crystalline diamond triangular plate in the (110) orientation. The radius of curvature can be varied between R = 0.6 m and R = 0.1 m in a controlled fashion, ensuring imaging in a spectral window of up to 60 eV for ' 8 keV X-rays. All of the components of the bending mechanism (about 10 parts) aremore » manufactured from diamond, thus ensuring safe operations in intense XFEL beams. The spectrograph is transparent to 88% for 5-keV photons, and to 98% for 15-keV photons. Therefore, it can be used for noninvasive diagnostics of the X-ray spectra during XFEL operations.« less

Mid-infrared laser-absorption diagnostic for vapor-phase fuel mole fraction and liquid fuel film thickness

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Porter, J. M.; Jeffries, J. B.; Hanson, R. K.

2011-02-01

A novel two-wavelength mid-infrared laser-absorption diagnostic has been developed for simultaneous measurements of vapor-phase fuel mole fraction and liquid fuel film thickness. The diagnostic was demonstrated for time-resolved measurements of n-dodecane liquid films in the absence and presence of n-decane vapor at 25°C and 1 atm. Laser wavelengths were selected from FTIR measurements of the C-H stretching band of vapor n-decane and liquid n-dodecane near 3.4 μm (3000 cm-1). n-Dodecane film thicknesses <20 μm were accurately measured in the absence of vapor, and simultaneous measurements of n-dodecane liquid film thickness and n-decane vapor mole fraction (300 ppm) were measured with <10% uncertainty for film thicknesses <10 μm. A potential application of the measurement technique is to provide accurate values of vapor mole fraction in combustion environments where strong absorption by liquid fuel or oil films on windows make conventional direct absorption measurements of the gas problematic.

Plasma diagnostics for x-ray driven foils at Z

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Heeter, R F; Bailey, J E; Cuneo, M E

We report the development of techniques to diagnose plasmas produced by X-ray photoionization of thin foils placed near the Z-pinch on the Sandia Z Machine. The development of 100+ TW X-ray sources enables access to novel plasma regimes, such as the photoionization equilibrium. To diagnose these plasmas one must simultaneously characterize both the foil and the driving pinch. The desired photoionized plasma equilibrium is only reached transiently for a 2-ns window, placing stringent requirements on diagnostic synchronization. We have adapted existing Sandia diagnostics and fielded an additional gated 3-crystal Johann spectrometer with dual lines of sight to meet these requirements.more » We present sample data from experiments in which 1 cm, 180 eV tungsten pinches photoionized foils composed of 200{angstrom} Fe and 300{angstrom} NaF co-mixed and sandwiched between 1000{angstrom} layers of Lexan (CHO), and discuss the application of this work to benchmarking astrophysical models.« less

Plasma diagnostics for x-ray driven foils at Z

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Heeter, R. F.; Bailey, J. E.; Cuneo, M. E.

We report the development of techniques to diagnose plasmas produced by x-ray photoionization of thin foils placed near the Z-pinch on the Sandia Z Machine. The development of 100+ TW x-ray sources enables access to novel plasma regimes, such as the photoionization equilibrium. To diagnose these plasmas one must simultaneously characterize both the foil and the driving pinch. The desired photoionized plasma equilibrium is only reached transiently for a 2-ns window, placing stringent requirements on diagnostic synchronization. We have adapted existing Sandia diagnostics and fielded an additional gated three-crystal Johann spectrometer with dual lines of sight to meet these requirements.more » We present sample data from experiments using 1-cm, 180-eV tungsten pinches to photoionize foils made of 200 Aa Fe and 300 Aa NaF co-mixed and sandwiched between 1000 Aa layers of Lexan (C16H14O3), and discuss the application of this work to benchmarking astrophysical models.« less

In Situ Optical Observation of High-Temperature Geological Processes With the Moissanite Cell

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Walte, N.; Keppler, H.

2005-12-01

A major drawback of existing techniques in experimental earth and material sciences is the inability to observe ongoing high-temperature processes in situ during an experiment. Examples for important time-dependent processes include the textural development of rocks and oxide systems during melting and crystallization, solid-state and melt-present recrystallization and Ostwald ripening, and bubble nucleation and growth during degassing of glasses and melts. The investigation of these processes by post-mortem analysis of a quenched microstructure is time consuming and often unsatisfactory. Here, we introduce the moissanite cell that allows optical in situ observation of long-term experiments at high temperatures. Moissanite is a transparent gem-quality type of SiC that is characterized by its hardness and superior chemical and thermal resistance. Two moissanite windows with a thickness and diameter of several millimeters are placed into sockets of fired pyrophyllite and fixed onto two opposite metal plates. The sockets are wrapped with heating wire and each window is connected to a thermocouple for temperature control. The sample is placed directly between the moissanite windows and the cell is assembled similarly to a large diamond anvil cell. In situ observation of the sample is done with a microscope through observation windows and movies are recorded with an attached digital camera. Our experiments with the new cell show that temperatures above 1200°C can be maintained and observed in a sample for several days without damaging the cell nor the windows. Time-lapse movies of melting and crystallizing natural and synthetic rocks and of degassing glasses and melts will be presented to show the potential of the new technique for experimental earth and material science.

Source Book of Educational Materials for Diagnostic Medical Ultrasound. Radiological Health Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pijar, Mary Lou, Comp; And Others

This report is a compilation of educational materials that are available in the field of diagnostic medical ultrasound. Materials, which include publications, audiovisual aids, and teaching aids, are listed under the following categories: abdominal imaging; anatomy and physiology; anatomy and embryology; bioeffects; cardiology and vasculature;…

HVI Ballistic Limit Charaterization of Fused Silica Thermal Pane

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bohl, William E.; Miller, Joshua E.; Christiansen, Eric L.; Deighton, Kevin.; Davis, Bruce

2015-01-01

The Orion spacecraft's windows are exposed to the micrometeroid and orbital debris (MMOD) space environments while in space as well as the Earth entry environment at the mission's conclusion. The need for a low-mass spacecraft window design drives the need to reduce conservatism when assessing the design for loss of crew due to MMOD impact and subsequent Earth entry. Therefore, work is underway at NASA and Lockheed Martin to improve characterization of the complete penetration ballistic limit of an outer fused silica thermal pane. Hypervelocity impact tests of the window configuration at up to 10 km/s and hydrocode modeling have been performed with a variety of projectile materials to enable refinement of the fused silica ballistic limit equation.

Double exposure using 193nm negative tone photoresist

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Ryoung-han; Wallow, Tom; Kye, Jongwook; Levinson, Harry J.; White, Dave

2007-03-01

Double exposure is one of the promising methods for extending lithographic patterning into the low k I regime. In this paper, we demonstrate double patterning of k 1-effective=0.25 with improved process window using a negative resist. Negative resist (TOK N- series) in combination with a bright field mask is proven to provide a large process window in generating 1:3 = trench:line resist features. By incorporating two etch transfer steps into the hard mask material, frequency doubled patterns could be obtained.

Advanced Antireflection Coatings for High-Performance Solar Energy Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pan, Noren

2015-01-01

Phase II objectives: Develop and refine antireflection coatings incorporating lanthanum titanate as an intermediate refractive index material; Investigate wet/dry thermal oxidation of aluminum containing semiconductor compounds as a means of forming a more transparent window layer with equal or better optical properties than its unoxidized form; Develop a fabrication process that allows integration of the oxidized window layer and maintains the necessary electrical properties for contacting the solar cell; Conduct an experimental demonstration of the best candidates for improved antireflection coatings.

Novel biotechnology approaches in colorectal cancer diagnosis and therapy.

PubMed

Kavousipour, Soudabeh; Khademi, Fathemeh; Zamani, Mozhdeh; Vakili, Bahareh; Mokarram, Pooneh

2017-06-01

With ever-increasing molecular information about colorectal cancer (CRC), there is an expectation to detect more sensitive and specific molecular markers for new advanced diagnostic methods that can surpass the limitations of current screening tests. Moreover, enhanced molecular pathology knowledge about cancer has led to the development of targeted therapies, designed to interfere with specific aberrant biological pathways in cancer. Furthermore, biotechnology has opened a new window in CRC diagnosis and treatment by introducing different application of antibodies, antibody fragments, non-Ig scaffold proteins, and aptamers in targeted therapy and drug delivery. This review summarizes the molecular diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in CRC with a focus on genetic and epigenetic alterations, protein and metabolite markers as well as targeted therapy and drug delivery by Ig-scaffold proteins, non-Ig scaffold proteins, nanobodies, and aptamers.

Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor dust, air and window wipes in newly built low-energy preschools.

PubMed

Persson, Josefin; Wang, Thanh; Hagberg, Jessika

2018-07-01

The construction of extremely airtight and energy efficient low-energy buildings is achieved by using functional building materials, such as age-resistant plastics, insulation, adhesives, and sealants. Additives such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) can be added to some of these building materials as flame retardants and plasticizers. Some OPFRs are considered persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic. Therefore, in this pilot study, the occurrence and distribution of nine OPFRs were determined for dust, air, and window wipe samples collected in newly built low-energy preschools with and without environmental certifications. Tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were detected in all indoor dust samples at concentrations ranging from 0.014 to 10μg/g and 0.0069 to 79μg/g, respectively. Only six OPFRs (predominantly chlorinated OPFRs) were detected in the indoor air. All nine OPFRs were found on the window surfaces and the highest concentrations, which occurred in the reference preschool, were measured for 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) (maximum concentration: 1500ng/m 2 ). Interestingly, the OPFR levels in the environmental certified low-energy preschools were lower than those in the reference preschool and the non-certified low-energy preschool, probably attributed to the usage of environmental friendly and low-emitting building materials, interior decorations, and consumer products. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Foam For Filtering

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1978-01-01

Like nature's honeycomb, foam is a structure of many-sided cells, apparently solid but actually only three percent material and 97 percent air. Foam is made by a heat-producing chemical reaction which expands a plastic material in a manner somewhat akin to the heat-induced rising of a loaf of bread. The resulting structure of interconnected cells is flexible yet strong and extremely versatile in applicati6n. Foam can, for example, be a sound absorber in one form, while in another it allows sound to pass through it. It can be a very soft powder puff material and at the same time a highly abrasive scrubber. A sampling of foam uses includes stereo speaker grilles, applying postage meter ink, filtering lawnmower carburetor air; deadening noise in trucks and tractors, applying cosmetics, releasing fabric softener and antistatic agents in home clothes dryers, painting, filtering factory heating and ventilating systems, shining shoes, polishing cars, sponge-mopping floors, acting as pre-operative surgical scrubbers-the list is virtually limitless. The process by which foam is made produces "windows," thin plastic membranes connecting the cell walls. Windowed foam is used in many applications but for certain others-filtering, for example-it is desirable to have a completely open network. Scott Paper Company's Foam Division, Chester, Pennsylvania, improved a patented method of "removing the windows," to create an open structure that affords special utility in filtering applications. NASA technology contributed to Scott's improvement.

MISSE 6, 7 and 8 Materials Sample Experiments from the International Space Station Materials and Processes Team

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kravchenko, Michael; ORourke, Mary Jane; Golden, Johnny; Finckenor, Miria; Leatherwood, Michael; Alred, John

2010-01-01

The International Space Station Materials and Processes (ISS M&P) team has multiple material samples on MISSE 6, 7 and 8 to observe Low Earth Orbit (LEO) environmental effects on Space Station materials. Optical properties, thickness/mass loss, surface elemental analysis, visual and microscopic analysis for surface change are some of the techniques employed in this investigation. The ISS M&P team has participated in previous MISSE activities in order to better characterize the LEO effects on Space Station materials. This investigation will further this effort. Results for the following MISSE 6 samples materials will be presented: a comparison of anodize and chemical conversion coatings on various aluminum alloys, electroless nickel; AZ93 white ceramic thermal control coating with and without Teflon; Hyzod(TM) polycarbonate used to temporarily protect ISS windows; Russian quartz window material; reformulated Teflon (TM) coated Beta Cloth (Teflon TM without perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)) and a Dutch version of beta cloth. Discussion for current and future MISSE materials experiments will be presented. MISSE 7 samples are: deionized water sealed anodized aluminum Photofoil(TM); indium tin oxide (ITO)- coated Kapton(TM) used as thermo-optical surfaces; mechanically scribed tin-plated beryllium-copper samples for "tin pest" growth ( alpha/Beta transformation); Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) parachute soft goods. MISSE 8 sample: exposed "scrim cloth" (fiberglass weave) from the ISS solar array wing material, Davlyn fiberglass sleeve material, Permacel and Intertape protective tapes, and ITO-coated Kapton.

New machining method of high precision infrared window part

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Haicheng; Su, Ying; Xu, Zengqi; Guo, Rui; Li, Wenting; Zhang, Feng; Liu, Xuanmin

2016-10-01

Most of the spherical shell of the photoelectric multifunctional instrument was designed as multi optical channel mode to adapt to the different band of the sensor, there were mainly TV, laser and infrared channels. Without affecting the optical diameter, wind resistance and pneumatic performance of the optical system, the overall layout of the spherical shell was optimized to save space and reduce weight. Most of the shape of the optical windows were special-shaped, each optical window directly participated in the high resolution imaging of the corresponding sensor system, and the optical axis parallelism of each sensor needed to meet the accuracy requirement of 0.05mrad.Therefore precision machining of optical window parts quality will directly affect the photoelectric system's pointing accuracy and interchangeability. Processing and testing of the TV and laser window had been very mature, while because of the special nature of the material, transparent and high refractive rate, infrared window parts had the problems of imaging quality and the control of the minimum focal length and second level parallel in the processing. Based on years of practical experience, this paper was focused on how to control the shape and parallel difference precision of infrared window parts in the processing. Single pass rate was increased from 40% to more than 95%, the processing efficiency was significantly enhanced, an effective solution to the bottleneck problem in the actual processing, which effectively solve the bottlenecks in research and production.

A prospective randomized controlled trial of the two-window technique without membrane versus the solo-window technique with membrane over the osteotomy window for maxillary sinus augmentation.

PubMed

Yu, Huajie; He, Danqing; Qiu, Lixin

2017-12-01

Maturation of the grafted volume after lateral sinus elevation is crucial for the long-term survival of dental implants. To compare endo-sinus histomorphometric bone formation between the solo- and two-window maxillary sinus augmentation techniques with or without membrane coverage for the rehabilitation of multiple missing posterior teeth. Patients with severely atrophic posterior maxillae were randomized to receive lateral sinus floor elevation via the solo-window technique with membrane coverage (Control Group) or the two-window technique without coverage (Test Group). Six months after surgery, bone core specimens harvested from the lateral aspect were histomorphometrically analyzed. Ten patients in each group underwent 21 maxillary sinus augmentations. Histomorphometric analysis revealed mean newly formed bone values of 26.08 ± 16.23% and 27.14 ± 18.11%, mean connective tissue values of 59.34 ± 12.42% and 50.03 ± 17.13%, and mean residual graft material values of 14.6 ± 14.56% and 22.78 ± 10.83% in the Test and Control Groups, respectively, with no significant differences. The two-window technique obtained comparative maturation of the grafted volume even without membrane coverage, and is a viable alternative for the rehabilitation of severely atrophic posterior maxillae with multiple missing posterior teeth. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The applied research of MRI with ASSET-EPI-FLAIR combined with 3D TOF MRA sequences in the assessment of patients with acute cerebral infarction.

PubMed

Lin, Zhichao; Guo, Zexiong; Qiu, Lin; Yang, Wanyoug; Lin, Mingxia

2016-12-01

Background To extend the time window for thrombolysis, reducing the time for diagnosis and detection of acute cerebral infarction seems to be warranted. Purpose To evaluate the feasibility of implementing an array spatial sensitivity technique (ASSET)-echo-planar imaging (EPI)-fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) (AE-FLAIR) sequence into an acute cerebral infarction magnetic resonance (MR) evaluation protocol, and to assess the diagnostic value of AE-FLAIR combined with three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography (3D TOF MRA). Material and Methods A total of 100 patients (68 men, 32 women; age range, 44-82 years) with acute cerebral infarction, including 50 consecutive uncooperative and 50 cooperative patients, were evaluated with T1-weighted (T1W) imaging, T2-weighted (T2W) imaging, FLAIR, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), 3D TOF, EPI-FLAIR, and AE-FLAIR. Conventional FLAIR, EPI-FLAIR, and AE-FLAIR were assessed by two observers independently for image quality. The optimized group (AE-FLAIR and 3D TOF) and the control group (T1W imaging, T2W imaging, conventional FLAIR, DWI, and 3D TOF) were compared for evaluation time and diagnostic accuracy. Results One hundred and twenty-five lesions were detected and images having adequate diagnostic image quality were in 73% of conventional FLAIR, 62% of EPI-FLAIR, and 89% of AE-FLAIR. The detection time was 12 ± 1 min with 76% accuracy and 4 ± 0.5 min with 100% accuracy in the control and the optimized groups, respectively. Inter-observer agreements of κ = 0.78 and κ = 0.81 were for the optimized group and control group, respectively. Conclusion With reduced acquisition time and better image quality, AE-FLAIR combined with 3D TOF may be used as a rapid diagnosis tool in patients with acute cerebral infarction, especially in uncooperative patients.

Berkeley Lab - Materials Sciences Division

Science.gov Websites

demonstrated a way to make it work. New Discovery Could Improve Organic Solar Cell Performance MSD's Center for lead to gains in efficiency for organic solar cells Rob Ritchie featured in Nature Communications Discover Material Ideal for Smart Photovoltaic Windows ▲ New Discovery Could Improve Organic Solar Cell

Sex Instruction and the Construction of Homosexuality in New Zealand, 1920-1965

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brickell, Chris

2005-01-01

Historical analysis of sex education materials, as well as of the debates that surround them, can shed light upon the construction of sexuality in particular contexts. This article examines some of these materials and debates as a window into the construction of "homosexuality" and "the homosexual" in mid-twentieth century New…

Adhesives with wood materials : bond formation and performance

Treesearch

Charles R. Frihart; Christopher G. Hunt

2010-01-01

Adhesive bonding of wood plays an increasing role in the forest products industry and is a key factor for efficiently utilizing our timber resource. The main use of adhesives is in the manufacture of building materials, including plywood, oriented strandboard, particleboard, fiberboard, structural composite lumber, doors, windows and frames, and factory-laminated wood...

48 CFR 25.602-1 - Section 1605 of the Recovery Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... steel lock on the window frame; or (2) If trade agreements apply, the manufactured construction material... or public work is located in the United States and— (1) All of the iron, steel, and manufactured...) All manufactured construction material must be manufactured in the United States. (ii) Iron or steel...

48 CFR 25.602-1 - Section 1605 of the Recovery Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... steel lock on the window frame; or (2) If trade agreements apply, the manufactured construction material... or public work is located in the United States and— (1) All of the iron, steel, and manufactured...) All manufactured construction material must be manufactured in the United States. (ii) Iron or steel...

Integrating Existing Applications in Hypermedia Learning Material (General Issues & Experiences with OLE Technology).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Borst Pauwels, H. W. J.; And Others

The integration of existing applications in hypermedia environments is a promising approach towards more flexible and user-friendly hypermedia learning materials. A hypermedia courseware editor, called HyDE (Hypermedia Document Editor) was developed using Microsoft Windows TM OLE technology. OLE (object Linking and Embedding) stands for an…

Visualizing Perturbation Decay in Shocked Granular Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cooper, Marcia; Vogler, Tracy

2017-06-01

A new experiment continuously visualizing shock wave perturbation decay through an increasing thickness of granular material has been tested with a gas gun. The experiment confines powders of either tungsten carbide or cerium oxide into a wedge geometry formed by tilting the downstream observation window, plated with a reflective aluminum film, at a shallow angle from the driver plate. The driver is machined with a sinusoidal wavy pattern for incident shock wave perturbation. After projectile impact, the perturbed shock wave passes through the granular material, first emerging at the wedge toe. Image sequences collected at 5 MHz of reflectivity loss at the plated window-granular material interface capture the spatial variation in wave propagation with increasing sample thickness. Extracting the evolving wavy pattern from the images determines the temporal perturbation amplitude. The data are compared to continuum and mesoscale simulations in normalized terms of perturbation amplitude and wavelength. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Photomultiplier window materials under electron irradiation - Fluorescence and phosphorescence

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Viehmann, W.; Eubanks, A. G.; Pieper, G. F.; Bredekamp, J. H.

1975-01-01

The fluorescence and phosphorescence of photomultiplier window materials under electron irradiation have been investigated using a Sr-90/Y-90 beta emitter as the electron source. Spectral emission curves of UV-grade, optical-grade, and electron-irradiated samples of MgF2 and LiF, and of CaF2, BaF2, sapphire, fused silica, and UV-transmitting glasses were obtained over the 200-650-nm spectral range. Fluorescence yields were determined on these materials utilizing photomultiplier tubes with cesium telluride, bialkali, and trialkali (S-20) photocathodes, respectively. Optical-grade MgF2 and LiF, as well as electron-irradiated UV-grade samples of these two materials, show enhanced fluorescence due to color-center formation and associated emission bands in the blue and red wavelength regions. Large variations in fluorescence intensities were found in UV-grade sapphire samples of different origins, particularly in the red end of the spectrum, presumably due to various amounts of chromium-ion content. Phosphorescence decay with time is best described by a sum of exponential terms, with time constants ranging from a few minutes to several days.

UWGSP6: a diagnostic radiology workstation of the future

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Milton, Stuart W.; Han, Sang; Choi, Hyung-Sik; Kim, Yongmin

1993-06-01

The Univ. of Washington's Image Computing Systems Lab. (ICSL) has been involved in research into the development of a series of PACS workstations since the middle 1980's. The most recent research, a joint UW-IBM project, attempted to create a diagnostic radiology workstation using an IBM RISC System 6000 (RS6000) computer workstation and the X-Window system. While the results are encouraging, there are inherent limitations in the workstation hardware which prevent it from providing an acceptable level of functionality for diagnostic radiology. Realizing the RS6000 workstation's limitations, a parallel effort was initiated to design a workstation, UWGSP6 (Univ. of Washington Graphics System Processor #6), that provides the required functionality. This paper documents the design of UWGSP6, which not only addresses the requirements for a diagnostic radiology workstation in terms of display resolution, response time, etc., but also includes the processing performance necessary to support key functions needed in the implementation of algorithms for computer-aided diagnosis. The paper includes a description of the workstation architecture, and specifically its image processing subsystem. Verification of the design through hardware simulation is then discussed, and finally, performance of selected algorithms based on detailed simulation is provided.

Rolling element bearings diagnostics using the Symbolic Aggregate approXimation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Georgoulas, George; Karvelis, Petros; Loutas, Theodoros; Stylios, Chrysostomos D.

2015-08-01

Rolling element bearings are a very critical component in various engineering assets. Therefore it is of paramount importance the detection of possible faults, especially at an early stage, that may lead to unexpected interruptions of the production or worse, to severe accidents. This research work introduces a novel, in the field of bearing fault detection, method for the extraction of diagnostic representations of vibration recordings using the Symbolic Aggregate approXimation (SAX) framework and the related intelligent icons representation. SAX essentially transforms the original real valued time-series into a discrete one, which is then represented by a simple histogram form summarizing the occurrence of the chosen symbols/words. Vibration signals from healthy bearings and bearings with three different fault locations and with three different severity levels, as well as loading conditions, are analyzed. Considering the diagnostic problem as a classification one, the analyzed vibration signals and the resulting feature vectors feed simple classifiers achieving remarkably high classification accuracies. Moreover a sliding window scheme combined with a simple majority voting filter further increases the reliability and robustness of the diagnostic method. The results encourage the potential use of the proposed methodology for the diagnosis of bearing faults.

The Diagnostic Value of the Vacuum Phenomenon during Hip Arthroscopy

PubMed Central

Rath, Ehud; Gortzak, Yair; Schwarzkopf, Ran; Benkovich, Vadim; Cohen, Eugene; Atar, Dan

2011-01-01

The diagnostic value of the vacuum phenomenon between the femoral head and the acetabulum, and time frame of its occurrence after application of traction is an important clinical question. The resulting arthrogram may outline the shape, location, and extent of cartilage lesions prior to arthroscopy of the hip joint. The presence, duration, and diagnostic information of the vacuum phenomenon were evaluated in 24 hips that underwent arthroscopy. The operative diagnosis was compared to the results of imaging studies and to findings obtained during a traction trial prior to arthroscopy. Indications for arthroscopy included avascular necrosis, labral tears, loose bodies, osteoarthrosis, and intractable hip pain. In 22 hips the vacuum phenomenon developed within 30 seconds after application of traction. The most important data obtained from the vacuum phenomenon was the location and extent of femoral head articular cartilage detachment and the presence of nonossified loose bodies. The vacuum phenomenon did not reveal labral or acetabular cartilage pathology in any of these patients. The vacuum phenomenon obtained during the trial of traction can add valuable information prior to hip arthroscopy. Femoral head articular cartilage detachment was best documented by this method. The hip arthroscopist should utilize this diagnostic window routinely prior to hip arthroscopy. PMID:24977068

The Diagnostic Value of the Vacuum Phenomenon during Hip Arthroscopy.

PubMed

Rath, Ehud; Gortzak, Yair; Schwarzkopf, Ran; Benkovich, Vadim; Cohen, Eugene; Atar, Dan

2011-01-01

The diagnostic value of the vacuum phenomenon between the femoral head and the acetabulum, and time frame of its occurrence after application of traction is an important clinical question. The resulting arthrogram may outline the shape, location, and extent of cartilage lesions prior to arthroscopy of the hip joint. The presence, duration, and diagnostic information of the vacuum phenomenon were evaluated in 24 hips that underwent arthroscopy. The operative diagnosis was compared to the results of imaging studies and to findings obtained during a traction trial prior to arthroscopy. Indications for arthroscopy included avascular necrosis, labral tears, loose bodies, osteoarthrosis, and intractable hip pain. In 22 hips the vacuum phenomenon developed within 30 seconds after application of traction. The most important data obtained from the vacuum phenomenon was the location and extent of femoral head articular cartilage detachment and the presence of nonossified loose bodies. The vacuum phenomenon did not reveal labral or acetabular cartilage pathology in any of these patients. The vacuum phenomenon obtained during the trial of traction can add valuable information prior to hip arthroscopy. Femoral head articular cartilage detachment was best documented by this method. The hip arthroscopist should utilize this diagnostic window routinely prior to hip arthroscopy.

Robert Tenent | NREL

Science.gov Websites

improved electrochemical devices, in particular electrochromic windows and lithium ion batteries. At NREL Materials Design and Integration for Electrochromic Devices and Li-ion Batteries Gel/Solid Electrolyte

Real-time x-ray diffraction measurements of shocked polycrystalline tin and aluminum.

PubMed

Morgan, Dane V; Macy, Don; Stevens, Gerald

2008-11-01

A new, fast, single-pulse x-ray diffraction (XRD) diagnostic for determining phase transitions in shocked polycrystalline materials has been developed. The diagnostic consists of a 37-stage Marx bank high-voltage pulse generator coupled to a needle-and-washer electron beam diode via coaxial cable, producing line and bremsstrahlung x-ray emission in a 35 ns pulse. The characteristic K(alpha) lines from the selected anodes of silver and molybdenum are used to produce the diffraction patterns, with thin foil filters employed to remove the characteristic K(beta) line emission. The x-ray beam passes through a pinhole collimator and is incident on the sample with an approximately 3 x 6 mm(2) spot and 1 degrees full width half maximum angular divergence in a Bragg-reflecting geometry. For the experiments described in this report, the angle between the incident beam and the sample surface was 8.5 degrees . A Debye-Scherrer diffraction image was produced on a phosphor located 76 mm from the polycrystalline sample surface. The phosphor image was coupled to a charge-coupled device camera through a coherent fiber-optic bundle. Dynamic single-pulse XRD experiments were conducted with thin foil samples of tin, shock loaded with a 1 mm vitreous carbon back window. Detasheet high explosive with a 2-mm-thick aluminum buffer was used to shock the sample. Analysis of the dynamic shock-loaded tin XRD images revealed a phase transformation of the tin beta phase into an amorphous or liquid state. Identical experiments with shock-loaded aluminum indicated compression of the face-centered-cubic aluminum lattice with no phase transformation.

21 CFR 892.1570 - Diagnostic ultrasonic transducer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Diagnostic ultrasonic transducer. 892.1570 Section... (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES RADIOLOGY DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 892.1570 Diagnostic ultrasonic transducer. (a) Identification. A diagnostic ultrasonic transducer is a device made of a piezoelectric material...

Vacuum encapsulated, high temperature diamond amplified cathode capsule and method for making same

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rao, Triveni; Walsh, Josh; Gangone, Elizabeth

2015-12-29

A vacuum encapsulated, hermetically sealed cathode capsule for generating an electron beam of secondary electrons, which generally includes a cathode element having a primary emission surface adapted to emit primary electrons, an annular insulating spacer, a diamond window element comprising a diamond material and having a secondary emission surface adapted to emit secondary electrons in response to primary electrons impinging on the diamond window element, a first high-temperature solder weld disposed between the diamond window element and the annular insulating spacer and a second high-temperature solder weld disposed between the annular insulating spacer and the cathode element. The cathode capsulemore » is formed by a high temperature weld process under vacuum such that the first solder weld forms a hermetical seal between the diamond window element and the annular insulating spacer and the second solder weld forms a hermetical seal between the annular spacer and the cathode element whereby a vacuum encapsulated chamber is formed within the capsule.« less

Spectrally-selective all-inorganic scattering luminophores for solar energy-harvesting clear glass windows.

PubMed

Alghamedi, Ramzy; Vasiliev, Mikhail; Nur-E-Alam, Mohammad; Alameh, Kamal

2014-10-16

All-inorganic visibly-transparent energy-harvesting clear laminated glass windows are the most practical solution to boosting building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) energy outputs significantly while reducing cooling- and heating-related energy consumption in buildings. By incorporating luminophore materials into lamination interlayers and using spectrally-selective thin-film coatings in conjunction with CuInSe2 solar cells, most of the visible solar radiation can be transmitted through the glass window with minimum attenuation while ultraviolet (UV) radiation is down-converted and routed together with a significant part of infrared radiation to the edges for collection by solar cells. Experimental results demonstrate a 10 cm × 10 cm vertically-placed energy-harvesting clear glass panel of transparency exceeding 60%, invisible solar energy attenuation greater than 90% and electrical power output near 30 Wp/m(2) mainly generated by infrared (IR) and UV radiations. These results open the way for the realization of large-area visibly-transparent energy-harvesting clear glass windows for BIPV systems.

Spectrally-selective all-inorganic scattering luminophores for solar energy-harvesting clear glass windows

PubMed Central

Alghamedi, Ramzy; Vasiliev, Mikhail; Nur-E-Alam, Mohammad; Alameh, Kamal

2014-01-01

All-inorganic visibly-transparent energy-harvesting clear laminated glass windows are the most practical solution to boosting building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) energy outputs significantly while reducing cooling- and heating-related energy consumption in buildings. By incorporating luminophore materials into lamination interlayers and using spectrally-selective thin-film coatings in conjunction with CuInSe2 solar cells, most of the visible solar radiation can be transmitted through the glass window with minimum attenuation while ultraviolet (UV) radiation is down-converted and routed together with a significant part of infrared radiation to the edges for collection by solar cells. Experimental results demonstrate a 10 cm × 10 cm vertically-placed energy-harvesting clear glass panel of transparency exceeding 60%, invisible solar energy attenuation greater than 90% and electrical power output near 30 Wp/m2 mainly generated by infrared (IR) and UV radiations. These results open the way for the realization of large-area visibly-transparent energy-harvesting clear glass windows for BIPV systems. PMID:25321890

Vacuum encapsulated hermetically sealed diamond amplified cathode capsule and method for making same

DOEpatents

Rao, Triveni; Walsh, John; Gangone, Elizabeth

2014-12-30

A vacuum encapsulated, hermetically sealed cathode capsule for generating an electron beam of secondary electrons, which generally includes a cathode element having a primary emission surface adapted to emit primary electrons, an annular insulating spacer, a diamond window element comprising a diamond material and having a secondary emission surface adapted to emit secondary electrons in response to primary electrons impinging on the diamond window element, a first cold-weld ring disposed between the cathode element and the annular insulating spacer and a second cold-weld ring disposed between the annular insulating spacer and the diamond window element. The cathode capsule is formed by a vacuum cold-weld process such that the first cold-weld ring forms a hermetical seal between the cathode element and the annular insulating spacer and the second cold-weld ring forms a hermetical seal between the annular spacer and the diamond window element whereby a vacuum encapsulated chamber is formed within the capsule.

MA_MISS: Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

De Sanctis, M. C.; Coradini, A.; Ammannito, E.; Boccaccini, A.; Di Iorio, T.; Battistelli, E.; Capanni, A.

2012-04-01

A Drilling system, coupled with an in situ analysis package, is installed on the ExoMars Pasteur Rover to perform in situ investigations up to 2m in the Mars soil. Ma_Miss (Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies) is a spectrometer devoted to observe the lateral wall of the borehole generated by the Drilling system. The instrument is fully integrated with the Drill and shares its structure and electronics. For the first time in Mars exploration experiments the water/geochemical environment will be investigated as function of depth in the shallow subsurface. Samples from the subsurface of Martian soil are unaltered by weathering process, oxidation and erosion. Subsurface access can be the key to look for signs of present and past environmental conditions, associated to the possibility for life (water, volatiles and weathering process). The analysis of uncontaminated samples by means of instrumented Drill and in situ observations is the solution for unambiguous interpretation of the original environment that leading to the formation of rocks. Ma_Miss experiment is perfectly suited to perform multispectral imaging of the drilled layers. Ma_Miss is a miniaturized near-infrared imaging spectrometer in the range 0.4-2.2 µm with 20nm spectral sampling. The task of illuminating the borehole wall and collecting the diffused light from the illuminated spot on the target requires a transparent window on the Drill tool, which shall prevent the dust contamination of the optical and mechanical elements inside. Hardness of sapphire is the closest to diamond one, thus avoiding the risk of scratches on its surface. The Sapphire window is cylindrical, and bounded such as to realize a continuous auger profile. Ma_Miss Optical Head performs the double task of illuminating the borehole wall with a spot around 1 mm diameter and of collecting the scattered light coming from a 0.1 mm diameter spot of the target. The signal from the Optical Head to the spectrometer is transferred through the different elements of the Drill by means of fiber optics and an optical rotary joint implemented in the roto-translation group of the Drill. Ma_Miss Optical Head has been tested in the breadboard to capture the diffused light from the observed target and transfer the signal to a laboratory spectrometer for analysis. The Optical Head of Ma_Miss has been tested after integration in ExoMars Drill. The drilling experiment has been carried out in realistic media (tuff, red brick). The test shows good performance of Optical Head illumination capability and of the window cleanliness during the drilling. Illumination spot is focused at the nominal distance of 0.2 mm from the sapphire window. During the ExoMars Pasteur Rover mission, the Ma_Miss experiment will allow collecting valuable data of the drilled stratigraphic column, will document "in-situ" the nature of the samples that will be delivered to the Pasteur Laboratory and will be able to identify hydrated minerals, sedimentary materials and different kind of diagnostic materials of Martian subsurface.

Highly Flexible, Multipixelated Thermosensitive Smart Windows Made of Tough Hydrogels.

PubMed

La, Thanh-Giang; Li, Xinda; Kumar, Amit; Fu, Yiyang; Yang, Shu; Chung, Hyun-Joong

2017-09-27

In a cold night, a clear window that will become opaque while retaining the indoor heat is highly desirable for both privacy and energy efficiency. A thermally responsive material that controls both the transmittance of solar radiance (predominantly in the visible and near-infrared wavelengths) and blackbody radiation (mainly in the mid-infrared) can realize such windows with minimal energy consumption. Here, we report a smart coating made from polyampholyte hydrogel (PAH) that transforms from a transparency state to opacity to visible radiation and strengthens opacity to mid-infrared when lowering the temperature as a result of phase separation between the water-rich and polymer-rich phases. To match a typical temperature fluctuation during the day, we fine-tune the phase transition temperature between 25 and 55 °C by introducing a small amount of relatively hydrophobic monomers (0.1 to 0.5 wt % to PAH). To further demonstrate an actively controlled, highly flexible, and high-contrast smart window, we build in an array of electric heaters made of printed elastomeric composite. The multipixelated window offers rapid switching, ∼70 s per cycle, whereas the device can withstand high strain (up to 80%) during operations.

OPTMAIN- A FORTRAN CODE FOR THE CALCULATION OF PROBE VOLUME GEOMETRY CHANGES IN A LASER ANEMOMETRY SYSTEM CAUSED BY WINDOW REFRACTION

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Owen, A. K.

1994-01-01

The laser anemometer has provided the fluid dynamicist with a powerful tool for nonintrusively measuring fluid velocities. One of the more common types of laser anemometers, the laser fringe anemometer, divides a single laser beam into two parallel beams and then focuses them on a point in space called the "probe volume" (PV) where the fluid velocity is measured. Many applications using this method for measuring fluid velocities require the observation of fluids through a window. The passage of the laser beams through materials having different indices of refraction has the following effects: 1) the position of the probe volume will change; 2) the beams will uncross, i.e., no longer lie in the same plane at the probe volume location; and 3) for nonflat plate windows, the crossing angle of the two beams will change. OPTMAIN uses a ray tracing technique, which is not restricted to special cases, to study the changes in probe volume geometry and position due to refraction effects caused by both flat and general smooth windows. Input parameters are the indices of refraction on both sides of the window and of the window itself, the window shape, the assumed position of the probe volume and the actual position of the focusing lens relative to the window, the orientation of the plane which contains the laser beams, the beam crossing angle, and the laser beam wavelength. OPTMAIN is written in FORTRAN 77 for interactive execution. It has been implemented on a DEC VAX 11/780 under VMS 5.0 with a virtual memory requirement of 50K. OPTMAIN was developed in 1987.

Flexible transparent aerogels as window retrofitting films and optical elements with tunable birefringence

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Qingkun; Frazier, Allister W.; Zhao, Xinpeng

Experimental realization of optically transparent, mechanically robust and flexible aerogels has been a longstanding challenge, which limits their practical applications in energy-saving devices, such as thermally insulating films for enhancing energy efficiency of windows. The poor transparency precluded even hypothetical consideration of the possibility of birefringent aerogels. We develop birefringent and optically isotropic aerogels that combine properties of thermal super-insulation, mechanical robustness and flexibility, and transparency to visible-spectrum light. This unusual combination of physical properties is achieved by combining liquid crystalline self-organization of cellulose nanofibers with polysiloxane cross-linking and control of the nanoscale porosity to form hybrid organic-inorganic mesostructured aerogels.more » Potential applications of these inexpensive materials range from single pane window retrofitting to smart fabrics.« less

Use of a Si(Li) detector as β spectrometer.

PubMed

Dryák, P; Kovář, P

2014-05-01

The aim of this work is to demonstrate the capability of a Si(Li) detector for the measurement of β spectra, despite the energy absorption in air and in the Be window. A simple source holder fixes the source on the symmetry axis at 3mm from the detector window. The β-sources are produced by evaporation on a plastic backing plate. Absorbing materials between the source and the sensitive volume of the detector are 3 mm of air, a Be window, 0.1 μm Si and 20 nm of gold. A model of the detector was created for β spectra simulation using the MCNP 4A code. Experimental spectra of (14)C, (147)Pm, (204)Tl, (90)Sr/(90)Y were compared with simulated spectra. © 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Substrate Selection for Fundamental Studies of Electrocatalysts and Photoelectrodes: Inert Potential Windows in Acidic, Neutral, and Basic Electrolyte

PubMed Central

Gorlin, Yelena; Jaramillo, Thomas F.

2014-01-01

The selection of an appropriate substrate is an important initial step for many studies of electrochemically active materials. In order to help researchers with the substrate selection process, we employ a consistent experimental methodology to evaluate the electrochemical reactivity and stability of seven potential substrate materials for electrocatalyst and photoelectrode evaluation. Using cyclic voltammetry with a progressively increased scan range, we characterize three transparent conducting oxides (indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, and aluminum-doped zinc oxide) and four opaque conductors (gold, stainless steel 304, glassy carbon, and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite) in three different electrolytes (sulfuric acid, sodium acetate, and sodium hydroxide). We determine the inert potential window for each substrate/electrolyte combination and make recommendations about which materials may be most suitable for application under different experimental conditions. Furthermore, the testing methodology provides a framework for other researchers to evaluate and report the baseline activity of other substrates of interest to the broader community. PMID:25357131

Substrate Selection for Fundamental Studies of Electrocatalysts and Photoelectrodes: Inert Potential Windows in Acidic, Neutral, and Basic Electrolyte

DOE PAGES

Benck, Jesse D.; Pinaud, Blaise A.; Gorlin, Yelena; ...

2014-10-30

The selection of an appropriate substrate is an important initial step for many studies of electrochemically active materials. In order to help researchers with the substrate selection process, we employ a consistent experimental methodology to evaluate the electrochemical reactivity and stability of seven potential substrate materials for electrocatalyst and photoelectrode evaluation. Using cyclic voltammetry with a progressively increased scan range, we characterize three transparent conducting oxides (indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, and aluminum-doped zinc oxide) and four opaque conductors (gold, stainless steel 304, glassy carbon, and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite) in three different electrolytes (sulfuric acid, sodium acetate, andmore » sodium hydroxide). Here, we determine the inert potential window for each substrate/electrolyte combination and make recommendations about which materials may be most suitable for application under different experimental conditions. Furthermore, the testing methodology provides a framework for other researchers to evaluate and report the baseline activity of other substrates of interest to the broader community.« less

Debris and shrapnel assessments for National Ignition Facility targets and diagnostics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Masters, N. D.; Fisher, A.; Kalantar, D.; Stölken, J.; Smith, C.; Vignes, R.; Burns, S.; Doeppner, T.; Kritcher, A.; Park, H.-S.

2016-05-01

High-energy laser experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) can create debris and shrapnel capable of damaging laser optics and diagnostic instruments. The size, composition and location of target components and sacrificial shielding (e.g., disposable debris shields, or diagnostic filters) and the protection they provide is constrained by many factors, including: chamber and diagnostic geometries, experimental goals and material considerations. An assessment of the generation, nature and velocity of shrapnel and debris and their potential threats is necessary prior to fielding targets or diagnostics. These assessments may influence target and shielding design, filter configurations and diagnostic selection. This paper will outline the approach used to manage the debris and shrapnel risk associated with NIF targets and diagnostics and present some aspects of two such cases: the Material Strength Rayleigh- Taylor campaign and the Mono Angle Crystal Spectrometer (MACS).

Electrochemical performance of C4O6H4KNa aqueous electrolytes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Jianqiang; Song, Senyang; Chen, Yanzheng; Huang, Siyun; Li, Ping; Luo, Heming

2018-06-01

The paper is devoted in the study of the simple method to study the performance of aqueous electrolytes, whereas the custom-made FBNC-700 (FB represents FAC-brown, N represents "nitrogen-self-doped," C represents mesoporous-carbon materials, and 700 represents carbonization temperature.) was utilized as the electrode material, where the C4O6H4KNa solution was utilized as an aqueous electrolyte. The polarization curves was be used in the three-electrode system to conduct the voltage window preliminary selection of the C4O6H4KNa solution, the voltage window was 1.3 V (-0.8 V to 0.5 V). The concentration had minimal effects on the voltage window. The method is faster and more efficient way to study the performance of aqueous electrolytes for supercapacitors. In the 2 M C4O6H4KNa solution, the FBNC-700 displayed a 97 F g-1 specific capacitance at the current density of 0.5 A g-1 in the two-electrodes tests. Also, following 5000 cycles at a current density of 1 A g-1, the FBNC-700 had good stability with 76.22% capacitance retention.

Patchwork diagnoses: the production of coherence, uncertainty, and manageable bodies.

PubMed

Gardner, John; Dew, Kevin; Stubbe, Maria; Dowell, Tony; Macdonald, Lindsay

2011-09-01

Using a material semiotics methodology, this paper explores the link between diagnostic practices, patient awareness of the body, and biopolitical governance. We collected video and audio recordings of a patient with chest pain involved in three medical interactions (a general practitioner [GP] consultation, an electrocardiogram stress test and a consultation with a cardiologist) in Wellington, New Zealand. Following the work of Annemarie Mol, we argue that each of these diagnostics interactions bring together a range of material and non-material entities that enact the body and disease. Consequently, we note how the diagnostic practices associated with cardiovascular medicine enable and prompt an awareness of the body based on uncertainty, and thus promotes the self-management of cardiac health and risk. This paper illustrates that a material semiotics methodology makes important contributions to the sociology of diagnosis. Firstly, it draws attention to the relationship between humans and material entities in rendering the body intelligible. Secondly, it illustrates that different diagnostic procedures can produce multiple, potentially conflicting, forms of self-awareness. Alongside these practices generating multiplicity, however, are those that presuppose and produce singularity and coherence. We illustrate how the cardiologist "patches" two potentially conflicting diagnoses together in order to provide a sense of coherence to the interactions. Thirdly, material semiotics illustrates how various diagnostic practices can reify risk, and produce bodies that lend themselves to particular forms of governance. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Carbon Nanotube Thin Films for Active Noise Cancellation, Solar Energy Harvesting, and Energy Storage in Building Windows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Shan

This research explores the application of carbon nanotube (CNT) films for active noise cancellation, solar energy harvesting and energy storage in building windows. The CNT-based components developed herein can be integrated into a solar-powered active noise control system for a building window. First, the use of a transparent acoustic transducer as both an invisible speaker for auxiliary audio playback and for active noise cancellation is accomplished in this work. Several challenges related to active noise cancellation in the window are addressed. These include secondary path estimation and directional cancellation of noise so as to preserve auxiliary audio and internal sounds while preventing transmission of external noise into the building. Solar energy can be harvested at a low rate of power over long durations while acoustic sound cancellation requires short durations of high power. A supercapacitor based energy storage system is therefore considered for the window. Using CNTs as electrode materials, two generations of flexible, thin, and fully solid-state supercapacitors are developed that can be integrated into the window frame. Both generations consist of carbon nanotube films coated on supporting substrates as electrodes and a solid-state polymer gel layer for the electrolyte. The first generation is a single-cell parallel-plate supercapacitor with a working voltage of 3 Volts. Its energy density is competitive with commercially available supercapacitors (which use liquid electrolyte). For many applications that will require higher working voltage, the second-generation multi-cell supercapacitor is developed. A six-cell device with a working voltage as high as 12 Volts is demonstrated here. Unlike the first generation's 3D structure, the second generation has a novel planar (2D) architecture, which makes it easy to integrate multiple cells into a thin and flexible supercapacitor. The multi-cell planar supercapacitor has energy density exceeding that of other planar supercapacitors in literature by more than one order of magnitude. All-solution fabrication processes were developed for both generations to achieve economical and scalable production. In addition to carbon nanotubes, nickel/nickel oxide core-shell nanowires were also studied as electrode materials for supercapacitors, for which high specific capacitance but low working voltage were obtained. Semi-transparent solar cells with carbon nanotube counter electrodes are developed to power the active noise cancellation system. They can be directly mounted on the glass panes and become part of the home window. The 2.67% efficiency achieved is higher than the 1.8% efficiency required for harvesting adequate energy to cancel noise of 70dB Day-Night-Level, which impacts on a north-facing window. In summary, this project develops several fundamental technologies that together can contribute to a solar-powered active noise cancellation system for a building window. At the same time, since the component technologies being developed are fundamental, it is also likely that they will have wider applications in other domains beyond building windows.

Cell segmentation in histopathological images with deep learning algorithms by utilizing spatial relationships.

PubMed

Hatipoglu, Nuh; Bilgin, Gokhan

2017-10-01

In many computerized methods for cell detection, segmentation, and classification in digital histopathology that have recently emerged, the task of cell segmentation remains a chief problem for image processing in designing computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems. In research and diagnostic studies on cancer, pathologists can use CAD systems as second readers to analyze high-resolution histopathological images. Since cell detection and segmentation are critical for cancer grade assessments, cellular and extracellular structures should primarily be extracted from histopathological images. In response, we sought to identify a useful cell segmentation approach with histopathological images that uses not only prominent deep learning algorithms (i.e., convolutional neural networks, stacked autoencoders, and deep belief networks), but also spatial relationships, information of which is critical for achieving better cell segmentation results. To that end, we collected cellular and extracellular samples from histopathological images by windowing in small patches with various sizes. In experiments, the segmentation accuracies of the methods used improved as the window sizes increased due to the addition of local spatial and contextual information. Once we compared the effects of training sample size and influence of window size, results revealed that the deep learning algorithms, especially convolutional neural networks and partly stacked autoencoders, performed better than conventional methods in cell segmentation.

Radiologists' preferences for digital mammographic display. The International Digital Mammography Development Group.

PubMed

Pisano, E D; Cole, E B; Major, S; Zong, S; Hemminger, B M; Muller, K E; Johnston, R E; Walsh, R; Conant, E; Fajardo, L L; Feig, S A; Nishikawa, R M; Yaffe, M J; Williams, M B; Aylward, S R

2000-09-01

To determine the preferences of radiologists among eight different image processing algorithms applied to digital mammograms obtained for screening and diagnostic imaging tasks. Twenty-eight images representing histologically proved masses or calcifications were obtained by using three clinically available digital mammographic units. Images were processed and printed on film by using manual intensity windowing, histogram-based intensity windowing, mixture model intensity windowing, peripheral equalization, multiscale image contrast amplification (MUSICA), contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization, Trex processing, and unsharp masking. Twelve radiologists compared the processed digital images with screen-film mammograms obtained in the same patient for breast cancer screening and breast lesion diagnosis. For the screening task, screen-film mammograms were preferred to all digital presentations, but the acceptability of images processed with Trex and MUSICA algorithms were not significantly different. All printed digital images were preferred to screen-film radiographs in the diagnosis of masses; mammograms processed with unsharp masking were significantly preferred. For the diagnosis of calcifications, no processed digital mammogram was preferred to screen-film mammograms. When digital mammograms were preferred to screen-film mammograms, radiologists selected different digital processing algorithms for each of three mammographic reading tasks and for different lesion types. Soft-copy display will eventually allow radiologists to select among these options more easily.

Innovative Life Cycle Management Systems for Composites. Phase 1

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-12-01

of the window were not yet identified with a particular batch, but we knew that they would be required to be Kevlar -29 and Polyester. From this plan...materials and processes and has selected Kevlar batch #139 as one of the starting materials. (KevIar was chosen as the only material in this example to...assigned to the flow diagram by clicking on a material icon. The accompanying control panel allowed the user I, I to inspect the batches of Kevlar in

Nonmetallic materials contamination studies. [space telescope

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Muscari, J. A.; Beverlin, G.

1980-01-01

In order to impose adequate contamination control requirements in the selection of Wide Field Planetary Camera (WFPC) materials and to develop a data base of potential optical degradation of the WFPC charge-couple device window, the outgassing properties of WFPC materials and the collected volatile condensed material (CVCM) effects on MgF2 transmittance were measured. Changes in the transmittance were monitored in the wavelength region from 115 nm to 300 nm for selected CVCM thicknesses up to 150 nm. The outgassing properties of reemitted CVCM were also studied.

Chioke Harris | NREL

Science.gov Websites

transfer and materials science to the development of high-performance building components. He is member of the Building Energy Science Group, his research focuses on the application of fundamental heat particularly interested in the development of novel opaque insulation and window frame materials using nano

Statistical baseline assessment in cardiotocography.

PubMed

Agostinelli, Angela; Braccili, Eleonora; Marchegiani, Enrico; Rosati, Riccardo; Sbrollini, Agnese; Burattini, Luca; Morettini, Micaela; Di Nardo, Francesco; Fioretti, Sandro; Burattini, Laura

2017-07-01

Cardiotocography (CTG) is the most common non-invasive diagnostic technique to evaluate fetal well-being. It consists in the recording of fetal heart rate (FHR; bpm) and maternal uterine contractions. Among the main parameters characterizing FHR, baseline (BL) is fundamental to determine fetal hypoxia and distress. In computerized applications, BL is typically computed as mean FHR±ΔFHR, with ΔFHR=8 bpm or ΔFHR=10 bpm, both values being experimentally fixed. In this context, the present work aims: to propose a statistical procedure for ΔFHR assessment; to quantitatively determine ΔFHR value by applying such procedure to clinical data; and to compare the statistically-determined ΔFHR value against the experimentally-determined ΔFHR values. To these aims, the 552 recordings of the "CTU-UHB intrapartum CTG database" from Physionet were submitted to an automatic procedure, which consisted in a FHR preprocessing phase and a statistical BL assessment. During preprocessing, FHR time series were divided into 20-min sliding windows, in which missing data were removed by linear interpolation. Only windows with a correction rate lower than 10% were further processed for BL assessment, according to which ΔFHR was computed as FHR standard deviation. Total number of accepted windows was 1192 (38.5%) over 383 recordings (69.4%) with at least an accepted window. Statistically-determined ΔFHR value was 9.7 bpm. Such value was statistically different from 8 bpm (P<;10 -19 ) but not from 10 bpm (P=0.16). Thus, ΔFHR=10 bpm is preferable over 8 bpm because both experimentally and statistically validated.

Manufacturing of hybrid aluminum copper joints by electromagnetic pulse welding - Identification of quantitative process windows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Psyk, Verena; Scheffler, Christian; Linnemann, Maik; Landgrebe, Dirk

2017-10-01

Compared to conventional joining techniques, electromagnetic pulse welding offers important advantages especially when it comes to dissimilar material connections as e.g. copper aluminum welds. However, due to missing guidelines and tools for process design, the process has not been widely implemented in industrial production, yet. In order to contribute to overcoming this obstacle, a combined numerical and experimental process analysis for electromagnetic pulse welding of Cu-DHP and EN AW-1050 was carried out and the results were consolidated in a quantitative collision parameter based process window.

Optical effect of the contamination of infrared windows by the outgassing of materials in outer space

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Silberman, E.

1975-01-01

The composition and evaporation rate of the outgassing of a space vehicle thermal control paint as a function of temperature were studied. A contamination chamber was designed, constructed, and tested. Samples of thermal control paint were tested to determine if heating to moderate temperatures causes them to release outgassing products which can be collected on a cooled cesium iodide window for identification by IR analysis. Results showed that outgassing of surfaces other than the sample was a problem. Spectral bands of the deposits collected were compared.

Protection of Northern Chile as an ICOMOS/IAU ``Window to the Universe''

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, Malcolm G.

2015-03-01

Over the last two decades, La Serena's population has increased by about 70 percent. A site description of the AURA Observatory in Chile as a ``Window to the Universe`` is now available on the recently-launched UNESCO-IAU Astronomical Heritage Web Portal, www.astronomicalheritage.net This can serve as an example of possible material for the Chilean authorities, should they wish to propose the dark skies over much of northern Chile for protection as a World Scientific Heritage site. Some of the steps involved are discussed briefly here.

Summary of typical parameters that affect sound transmission through general aviation aircraft structures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grosveld, F.; Navaneethan, R.; Roskam, J.

1981-01-01

This paper presents results of a systematic experimental investigation of parameters which affect sound transmission through general aviation structures. Parameters studied include angle of sound incidence, panel curvature, panel stresses, and edge conditions for bare panels; pane thickness, spacing, inclination of window panes, and depressurization for dual pane windows; densities of hard foam and sound absorption materials, air gaps, and trim panel thickness for multilayered panels. Based on the study, some promising methods for reducing interior noise in general aviation airplanes are discussed.

Composition of Titan's surface from Cassini VIMS

USGS Publications Warehouse

McCord, T.B.; Hansen, G.B.; Buratti, B.J.; Clark, R.N.; Cruikshank, D.P.; D'Aversa, E.; Griffith, C.A.; Baines, E.K.H.; Brown, R.H.; Dalle, Ore C.M.; Filacchione, G.; Formisano, V.; Hibbitts, C.A.; Jaumann, R.; Lunine, J.I.; Nelson, R.M.; Sotin, Christophe

2006-01-01

Titan's bulk density along with Solar System formation models indicates considerable water as well as silicates as its major constituents. This satellite's dense atmosphere of nitrogen with methane is unique. Deposits or even oceans of organic compounds have been suggested to exist on Titan's solid surface due to UV-induced photochemistry in the atmosphere. Thus, the composition of the surface is a major piece of evidence needed to determine Titan's history. However, studies of the surface are hindered by the thick, absorbing, hazy and in some places cloudy atmosphere. Ground-based telescope investigations of the integral disk of Titan attempted to observe the surface albedo in spectral windows between methane absorptions by calculating and removing the haze effects. Their results were reported to be consistent with water ice on the surface that is contaminated with a small amount of dark material, perhaps organic material like tholin. We analyze here the recent Cassini Mission's visual and infrared mapping spectrometer (VIMS) observations that resolve regions on Titan. VIMS is able to see surface features and shows that there are spectral and therefore likely compositional units. By several methods, spectral albedo estimates within methane absorption windows between 0.75 and 5 ??m were obtained for different surface units using VIMS image cubes from the Cassini-Huygens Titan Ta encounter. Of the spots studied, there appears to be two compositional classes present that are associated with the lower albedo and the higher albedo materials, with some variety among the brighter regions. These were compared with spectra of several different candidate materials. Our results show that the spectrum of water ice contaminated with a darker material matches the reflectance of the lower albedo Titan regions if the spectral slope from 2.71 to 2.79 ??m in the poorly understood 2.8-??m methane window is ignored. The spectra for brighter regions are not matched by the spectrum of water ice or unoxidized tholin, in pure form or in mixtures with sufficient ice or tholin present to allow the water ice or tholin spectral features to be discerned. We find that the 2.8-??m methane absorption window is complex and seems to consist of two weak subwindows at 2.7 and 2.8 ??m that have unknown opacities. A ratio image at these two wavelengths reveals an anomalous region on Titan that has a reflectance unlike any material so far identified, but it is unclear how much the reflectances in these two subwindows pertain to the surface. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Image quality assessment for CT used on small animals

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cisneros, Isabela Paredes, E-mail: iparedesc@unal.edu.co; Agulles-Pedrós, Luis, E-mail: lagullesp@unal.edu.co

Image acquisition on a CT scanner is nowadays necessary in almost any kind of medical study. Its purpose, to produce anatomical images with the best achievable quality, implies the highest diagnostic radiation exposure to patients. Image quality can be measured quantitatively based on parameters such as noise, uniformity and resolution. This measure allows the determination of optimal parameters of operation for the scanner in order to get the best diagnostic image. A human Phillips CT scanner is the first one minded for veterinary-use exclusively in Colombia. The aim of this study was to measure the CT image quality parameters usingmore » an acrylic phantom and then, using the computational tool MATLAB, determine these parameters as a function of current value and window of visualization, in order to reduce dose delivery by keeping the appropriate image quality.« less

Image quality assessment for CT used on small animals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cisneros, Isabela Paredes; Agulles-Pedrós, Luis

2016-07-01

Image acquisition on a CT scanner is nowadays necessary in almost any kind of medical study. Its purpose, to produce anatomical images with the best achievable quality, implies the highest diagnostic radiation exposure to patients. Image quality can be measured quantitatively based on parameters such as noise, uniformity and resolution. This measure allows the determination of optimal parameters of operation for the scanner in order to get the best diagnostic image. A human Phillips CT scanner is the first one minded for veterinary-use exclusively in Colombia. The aim of this study was to measure the CT image quality parameters using an acrylic phantom and then, using the computational tool MatLab, determine these parameters as a function of current value and window of visualization, in order to reduce dose delivery by keeping the appropriate image quality.

The Effectiveness of Using the Instructional Strategy Diagnostic Profile to Prescribe Improvements in Self-Instructional Materials Teaching Abstract Concepts.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Burkholder, Barry L.

1981-01-01

This study conducted to determine the effectiveness of using the Instructional Strategy Diagnostic Profile to revise self-instructional materials that teach abstract concepts examined three sets of materials: the original set, the set with improved consistency rating, and the set with improved consistency and adequacy ratings. Forty-six references…

Stockpile Dismantlement Database Training Materials

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1993-11-01

This document, the Stockpile Dismantlement Database (SDDB) training materials is designed to familiarize the user with the SDDB windowing system and the data entry steps for Component Characterization for Disposition. The foundation of information required for every part is depicted by using numbered graphic and text steps. The individual entering data is lead step by step through generic and specific examples. These training materials are intended to be supplements to individual on-the-job training.

First-principles prediction of solar radiation shielding performance for transparent windows of GdB{sub 6}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xiao, Lihua, E-mail: xiaolihua@git.edu.cn; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083; Guizhou Special Functional Materials 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003

2016-04-28

The structural, electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of GdB{sub 6} are studied using the first-principles calculations. Calculated values for magnetic and optical properties and lattice constant are found to be consistent with previously reported experimental results. The calculated results show that GdB{sub 6} is a perfect near-infrared absorption/reflectance material that could serve as a solar radiation shielding material for windows with high visible light transmittance, similar to LaB{sub 6}, which is assigned to its plasma oscillation and a collective oscillation (volume plasmon) of carrier electrons. It was found that the magnetic 4f electrons of Gd are not relevant to themore » important optical properties of GdB{sub 6}. These theoretical studies serve as a reference for future studies.« less

Monitoring the solid-state electrochemistry of Cu(2,7-AQDC) (AQDC = anthraquinone dicarboxylate) in a lithium battery: coexistence of metal and ligand redox activities in a metal-organic framework.

PubMed

Zhang, Zhongyue; Yoshikawa, Hirofumi; Awaga, Kunio

2014-11-19

By adopting a facile synthetic strategy, we obtained a microporous redox-active metal-organic framework (MOF), namely, Cu(2,7-AQDC) (2,7-H2AQDC = 2,7-anthraquinonedicarboxylic acid) (1), and utilized it as a cathode active material in lithium batteries. With a voltage window of 4.0-1.7 V, both metal clusters and anthraquinone groups in the ligands exhibited reversible redox activity. The valence change of copper cations was clearly evidenced by in situ XANES analysis. By controlling the voltage window of operation, extremely high recyclability of batteries was achieved, suggesting the framework was robust. This MOF is the first example of a porous material showing independent redox activity on both metal cluster nodes and ligand sites.

Pinning down high-performance Cu-chalcogenides as thin-film solar cell absorbers: A successive screening approach

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Yubo; Zhang, Wenqing, E-mail: wqzhang@mail.sic.ac.cn, E-mail: pzhang3@buffalo.edu; State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050

2016-05-21

Photovoltaic performances of Cu-chalcogenides solar cells are strongly correlated with the absorber fundamental properties such as optimal bandgap, desired band alignment with window material, and high photon absorption ability. According to these criteria, we carry out a successive screening for 90 Cu-chalcogenides using efficient theoretical approaches. Besides the well-recognized CuInSe{sub 2} and Cu{sub 2}ZnSnSe{sub 4} materials, several novel candidates are identified to have optimal bandgaps of around 1.0–1.5 eV, spike-like band alignments with CdS window layer, sharp photon absorption edges, and high absorption coefficients. These new systems have great potential to be superior absorbers for photovolatic applications if their carrriermore » transport and defect properties are properly optimized.« less

Non-Invasive Health Diagnostics using Eye as a 'Window to the Body'

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ansari, Rafat R.

2002-01-01

As a 'window to the body', the eye offers the opportunity to use light in various forms to detect ocular and systemic abnormalities long before clinical symptoms appear and help develop preventative/therapeutic countermeasures early. The effects of space travel on human body are similar to those of normal aging. For example, radiation exposure in space could lead to formation of cataracts and cancer by damaging the DNA and causing gene mutation. Additionally, the zero-gravity environment causes fluid shifts in the upper extremities of the body and changes the way blood flows and organ system performs. Here on Earth, cataract, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and glaucoma are major eye diseases and are expected to double in next two decades. To detect, prevent, and treat untoward effects of prolonged space travel in real-time requires the development of non-invasive diagnostic technologies that are compact and powerful. We are developing fiber-optic sensors to evaluate the ocular tissues in health, aging, and disease employing the techniques of dynamic light scattering (cataract, uveitis, Alzheimer's, glaucoma, DR, radiation damage, refractive surgery outcomes), auto-fluorescence (aging, DR), laser-Doppler flowmetry (choroidal blood flow), Raman spectroscopy (AMD), polarimetry (diabetes), and retinal oximetry (occult blood loss). The non-invasive feature of these technologies integrated in a head-mounted/goggles-like device permits frequent repetition of tests, enabling evaluation of the results to therapy that may ultimately be useful in various telemedicine applications on Earth and in space.

The diagnostic X-ray protection characteristics of Panelcrete, Aquapanel, Betopan and Gypsoplak Superboard.

PubMed

Tsalafoutas, I A; Yakoumakis, E; Sandilos, P; Vlahos, L; Proukakis, C

2001-04-01

Panelcrete, Aquapanel and Betopan are cement-based building materials with uses similar to those of gypsum wallboard, whose properties as a diagnostic X-ray shielding material have been extensively studied. The X-ray attenuation characteristics of these cement-based boards as well as those of a gypsum wallboard, Gypsoplak Superboard, are investigated for broad beam geometry conditions and for tube potentials of 50 kVp, 70 kVp, 100 kVp, 125 kVp and 140 kVp. Comparisons between these materials as well as with published data for gypsum wallboard are made. An example of their use as secondary barriers is given. Furthermore, it is confirmed that when building materials are considered for diagnostic X-ray shielding, calculations based on data for similar materials and corrected for density differences can be used only as an approximation.

HIDRA-MAT: A Material Analysis Tool for Fusion Devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Andruczyk, Daniel; Rizkallah, Rabel; Bedoya, Felipe; Kapat, Aveek; Schamis, Hanna; Allain, Jean Paul

2017-10-01

The former WEGA stellarator which is now operating as HIDRA at the University of Illinois will be almost exclusively used to study the intimate relationship between the plasma interacting with surfaces of different materials. A Material Analysis Tool (HIDRA-MAT) is being designed and will be built based on the successful Material Analysis and Particle Probe (MAPP) which is currently used on NSTX-U at PPPL. This will be an in-situ material diagnostic probe, meaning that all analysis can be done without breaking vacuum. This allows surface changes to be studied in real-time. HIDRA-MAT will consist of several in-situ diagnostics including Langmuir probes (LP), Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS), X-ray Photo Spectroscopy (XPS) and Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (ISS). This presentation will outline the HIDRA-MAT diagnostic and initial design, as well as its integration into the HIDRA system.

Experimental and computational study of complex shockwave dynamics in laser ablation plumes in argon atmosphere

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Harilal, S. S.; Miloshevsky, G. V.; Diwakar, P. K.

2012-08-15

We investigated spatio-temporal evolution of ns laser ablation plumes at atmospheric pressure, a favored condition for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. The 1064 nm, 6 ns pulses from a Nd:YAG laser were focused on to an Al target and the generated plasma was allowed to expand in 1 atm Ar. The hydrodynamic expansion features were studied using focused shadowgraphy and gated 2 ns self-emission visible imaging. Shadowgram images showed material ejection and generation of shock fronts. A secondary shock is observed behind the primary shock during the time window of 100-500 ns with instabilities near themore » laser cone angle. By comparing the self-emission images obtained using fast photography, it is concluded that the secondary shocks observed in the shadowgraphy were generated by fast moving target material. The plume front estimates using fast photography exhibited reasonable agreement with data obtained from shadowgraphy at early times {<=}400 ns. However, at later times, fast photography images showed plume confinement while the shadowgraphic images showed propagation of the plume front even at greater times. The structure and dynamics of the plume obtained from optical diagnostic tools were compared to numerical simulations. We have shown that the main features of plume expansion in ambient Ar observed in the experiments can be reproduced using a continuum hydrodynamics model which provided valuable insight into the expansion dynamics and shock structure of the plasma plume.« less

Facile Preparation of Drug-Loaded Tristearin Encapsulated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Coaxial Electrospray Processing.

PubMed

Rasekh, Manoochehr; Ahmad, Zeeshan; Cross, Richard; Hernández-Gil, Javier; Wilton-Ely, James D E T; Miller, Philip W

2017-06-05

Naturally occurring polymers are promising biocompatible materials that have many applications for emerging therapies, drug delivery systems, and diagnostic agents. The handling and processing of such materials still constitutes a major challenge, which can limit the full exploitation of their properties. This study explores an ambient environment processing technique: coaxial electrospray (CO-ES) to encapsulate genistein (an isoflavonoid and model drug), superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs, 10-15 nm), and a fluorophore (BODIPY) into a layered (triglyceride tristearin shell) particulate system, with a view to constructing a theranostic agent. Mode mapping of CO-ES led to an optimized atomization engineering window for stable jetting, leading to encapsulation of SPIONs within particles of diameter 0.65-1.2 μm and drug encapsulation efficiencies of around 92%. Electron microscopy was used to image the encapsulated SPIONs and confirm core-shell triglyceride encapsulation in addition to further physicochemical characterization (AFM, FTIR, DSC, and TGA). Cell viability assays (MTT, HeLa cells) were used to determine optimal SPION loaded particles (∼1 mg/mL), while in vitro release profile experiments (PBS, pH = 7.4) demonstrate a triphasic release profile. Further cell studies confirmed cell uptake and internalization at selected time points (t = 1, 2, and 4 h). The results suggest potential for using the CO-ES technique as an efficient way to encapsulate SPIONs together with sensitive drugs for the development of multimodal particles that have potential application for combined imaging and therapy.

Source Book of Educational Materials for Nuclear Medicine.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pijar, Mary Lou, Comp.; Lewis, Jeannine T., Comp.

The contents of this sourcebook of educational materials are divided into the following sections: Anatomy and Physiology; Medical Terminology; Medical Ethics and Department Management; Patient Care and Medical Decision-Making; Basic Nuclear Medicine; Diagnostic in Vivo; Diagnostic in Vitro; Pediatric Nuclear Medicine; Radiation Detection and…

Alexander fractional differential window filter for ECG denoising.

PubMed

Verma, Atul Kumar; Saini, Indu; Saini, Barjinder Singh

2018-06-01

The electrocardiogram (ECG) non-invasively monitors the electrical activities of the heart. During the process of recording and transmission, ECG signals are often corrupted by various types of noises. Minimizations of these noises facilitate accurate detection of various anomalies. In the present paper, Alexander fractional differential window (AFDW) filter is proposed for ECG signal denoising. The designed filter is based on the concept of generalized Alexander polynomial and the R-L differential equation of fractional calculus. This concept is utilized to formulate a window that acts as a forward filter. Thereafter, the backward filter is constructed by reversing the coefficients of the forward filter. The proposed AFDW filter is then obtained by averaging of the forward and backward filter coefficients. The performance of the designed AFDW filter is validated by adding the various type of noise to the original ECG signal obtained from MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. The two non-diagnostic measure, i.e., SNR, MSE, and one diagnostic measure, i.e., wavelet energy based diagnostic distortion (WEDD) have been employed for the quantitative evaluation of the designed filter. Extensive experimentations on all the 48-records of MIT-BIH arrhythmia database resulted in average SNR of 22.014 ± 3.806365, 14.703 ± 3.790275, 13.3183 ± 3.748230; average MSE of 0.001458 ± 0.00028, 0.0078 ± 0.000319, 0.01061 ± 0.000472; and average WEDD value of 0.020169 ± 0.01306, 0.1207 ± 0.061272, 0.1432 ± 0.073588, for ECG signal contaminated by the power line, random, and the white Gaussian noise respectively. A new metric named as morphological power preservation measure (MPPM) is also proposed that account for the power preservance (as indicated by PSD plots) and the QRS morphology. The proposed AFDW filter retained much of the original (clean) signal power without any significant morphological distortion as validated by MPPM measure that were 0.0126, 0.08493, and 0.10336 for the ECG signal corrupted by the different type of noises. The versatility of the proposed AFDW filter is also validated by its application on the ECG signal from MIT-BIH database corrupted by the combination of the noises as well as on the real noisy ECG signals are taken from MIT-BIH ID database. Furthermore, the comparative study has also been done between the proposed AFDW filter and existing state of the art denoising algorithms. The results clearly prove the supremacy of our proposed AFDW filter.

Convergent Validity, Concurrent Validity, and Diagnostic Accuracy of the interRAI Depression Rating Scale.

PubMed

Penny, Katherine; Barron, Alex; Higgins, Ann-Marie; Gee, Susan; Croucher, Matthew; Cheung, Gary

2016-09-19

Depression Rating Scale (DRS) is one of the clinical outcome measures of the International Resident Assessment Instrument (interRAI) assessment. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the diagnostic accuracy and concurrent validity of the 3-day assessment window version of the DRS. The performance of DRS was compared with a gold standard clinical diagnosis of depression in 92 patients (age ≥65) who had interRAI version 9.1 Home Care assessment completed within 30 days of discharge from psychogeriatric inpatient care or memory clinic assessment. The DRS had poor diagnostic accuracy for depression diagnosis with an area under the curve of 0.68 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.57-0.77). The DRS score had a poor to moderate correlation with the Health of the Nation Outcome Scale 65+ depression item score (r s = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.09-0.48, P = .006). This study and the existing literature raise concerns that the DRS is not an adequate measure of depression. © The Author(s) 2016.

Long-distance delivery of multi-channel polarization signals in nuclear fusion research

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ko, Jinseok; Chung, Jinil; Lee, Kyuhang

2017-04-01

A polarization-preserving optical system that includes a dual photoelastic modulator (PEM) has been designed and fabricated for the motional Stark effect (MSE) diagnostic system which measures internal magnetic field structures inside the tokamak for the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research. The collection optics located outside the vacuum window is composed of four lenses, a dielectric coated mirror, and a dichroic beam splitter in addition to the PEM and a polarizer. The fiber dissector is designed based on the focal plane that aligns 25 lines of sight, each of which constitutes a bundle of 19 600-μm fibers. The fibers run about 40 m from the front optics in the tokamak vacuum vessel to the detector in the diagnostic area remote from the tokamak hall. This takes the advantage of the fact that the polarization information is intensity-modulated once going through the PEM and the polarizer. The polarization signals measured by the MSE diagnostic successfully demonstrates its proof-of-principle physics that is critical in the stable and steady-state operation of the tokamak plasmas.

Architecture for a PACS primary diagnosis workstation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shastri, Kaushal; Moran, Byron

1990-08-01

A major factor in determining the overall utility of a medical Picture Archiving and Communications (PACS) system is the functionality of the diagnostic workstation. Meyer-Ebrecht and Wendler [1] have proposed a modular picture computer architecture with high throughput and Perry et.al [2] have defined performance requirements for radiology workstations. In order to be clinically useful, a primary diagnosis workstation must not only provide functions of current viewing systems (e.g. mechanical alternators [3,4]) such as acceptable image quality, simultaneous viewing of multiple images, and rapid switching of image banks; but must also provide a diagnostic advantage over the current systems. This includes window-level functions on any image, simultaneous display of multi-modality images, rapid image manipulation, image processing, dynamic image display (cine), electronic image archival, hardcopy generation, image acquisition, network support, and an easy user interface. Implementation of such a workstation requires an underlying hardware architecture which provides high speed image transfer channels, local storage facilities, and image processing functions. This paper describes the hardware architecture of the Siemens Diagnostic Reporting Console (DRC) which meets these requirements.

Enclosure for small animals during awake animal imaging

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Goddard, Jr., James S

An enclosure or burrow restrains an awake animal during an imaging procedure. A tubular body, made from a radiolucent material that does not attenuate x-rays or gamma rays, accepts an awake animal. A proximal end of the body includes an attachment surface that corresponds to an attachment surface of an optically transparent and optically uniform window. An anti-reflective coating may be applied to an inner surface, an outer surface, or both surfaces of the window. Since the window is a separate element of the enclosure and it is not integrally formed as part of the body, it can be mademore » with optically uniform thickness properties for improved motion tracking of markers on the animal with a camera during the imaging procedure. The motion tracking information is then used to compensate for animal movement in the image.« less

Ultrasound-guided identification of cardiac imaging windows.

PubMed

Liu, Garry; Qi, Xiu-Ling; Robert, Normand; Dick, Alexander J; Wright, Graham A

2012-06-01

Currently, the use of cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify cardiac quiescent periods relative to the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal is insufficient for producing submillimeter-resolution coronary MR angiography (MRA) images. In this work, the authors perform a time series comparison between tissue Doppler echocardiograms of the interventricular septum (IVS) and concurrent biplane x-ray angiograms. Our results indicate very close agreement between the diastasis gating windows identified by both the IVS and x-ray techniques. Seven cath lab patients undergoing diagnostic angiograms were simultaneously scanned during a breath hold by ultrasound and biplane x-ray for six to eight heartbeats. The heart rate of each patient was stable. Dye was injected into either the left or right-coronary vasculature. The IVS was imaged using color tissue Doppler in an apical four-chamber view. Diastasis was estimated on the IVS velocity curve. On the biplane angiograms, proximal, mid, and distal regions were identified on the coronary artery (CA). Frame by frame correlation was used to derive displacement, and then velocity, for each region. The quiescent periods for a CA and its subsegments were estimated based on velocity. Using Pearson's correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis, the authors compared the start and end times of the diastasis windows as estimated from the IVS and CA velocities. The authors also estimated the vessel blur across the diastasis windows of multiple sequential heartbeats of each patient. In total, 17 heartbeats were analyzed. The range of heart rate observed across patients was 47-79 beats per minute (bpm) with a mean of 57 bpm. Significant correlations (R > 0.99; p < 0.01) were observed between the IVS and x-ray techniques for the identification of the start and end times of diastasis windows. The mean difference in the starting times between IVS and CA quiescent windows was -12.0 ms. The mean difference in end times between IVS and CA quiescent windows was -3.5 ms. In contrast, the correlation between RR interval and both the start and duration of the x-ray gating windows were relatively weaker: R = 0.63 (p = 0.13) and R = 0.86 (p = 0.01). For IVS gating windows, the average estimated vessel blurs during single and multiple heartbeats were 0.5 and 0.66 mm, respectively. For x-ray gating windows, the corresponding values were 0.26 and 0.44 mm, respectively. In this study, the authors showed that IVS velocity can be used to identify periods of diastasis for coronary arteries. Despite variability in mid-diastolic rest positions over multiple steady rate heartbeats, vessel blurring of 0.5-1 mm was found to be achievable using the IVS gating technique. The authors envision this leading to a new cardiac gating system that, compared with conventional ECG gating, provides better resolution and shorter scan times for coronary MRA. © 2012 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.

A Protocol for Electrochemical Evaluations and State of Charge Diagnostics of a Symmetric Organic Redox Flow Battery

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Duan, Wentao; Vemuri, Rama S.; Hu, Dehong

Redox flow batteries have been considered as one of the most promising stationary energy storage solutions for improving the reliability of the power grid and deployment of renewable energy technologies. Among the many flow battery chemistries, nonaqueous flow batteries have the potential to achieve high energy density because of the broad voltage windows of nonaqueous electrolytes. However, significant technical hurdles exist currently limiting nonaqueous flow batteries to demonstrate their full potential, such as low redox concentrations, low operating currents, under-explored battery status monitoring, etc. In an attempt to address these limitations, we report a nonaqueous flow battery based on amore » highly soluble, redox-active organic nitronyl nitroxide radical compound, 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO). This redox materials exhibits an ambipolar electrochemical property with two reversible redox pairs that are moderately separated by a voltage gap of ~1.7 V. Therefore, PTIO can serve as both anolyte and catholyte redox materials to form a symmetric flow battery chemistry, which affords the advantages such as high effective redox concentrations and low irreversible redox material crossover. The PTIO flow battery shows decent electrochemical cyclability under cyclic voltammetry and flow cell conditions; an improved redox concentration of 0.5 M PTIO and operational current density of 20 mA cm-2 were achieved in flow cell tests. Moreover, we show that Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy could measure the PTIO concentrations during the PTIO flow battery cycling and offer reasonably accurate detection of the battery state of charge (SOC) as cross-validated by electron spin resonance measurements. This study suggests FTIR can be used as a reliable online SOC sensor to monitor flow battery status and ensure battery operations stringently in a safe SOC range.« less

RESPECT-Mil: Early Intervention & Outcomes Of PTSD & Depression In Primary Care

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-21

Brief PTSD & depression screening (all visits)  Pre-clinician diagnostic aid  Patient education materials  Psychosocial options  Care Facilitator...visits)  Pre-clinician diagnostic aid  Patient education materials  Psychosocial options  Care Facilitator assisted follow-up option  Aggressive... Patient education materials  Psychosocial options  Care Facilitator assisted follow-up option  Aggressive facilitator outreach & monitoring  Web-based

Portable and programmable clinical EOG diagnostic system.

PubMed

Chen, S C; Tsai, T T; Luo, C H

2000-01-01

Monitoring eye movements is clinically important in diagnosis of diseases of the central nervous system. Electrooculography (EOG) is one method of obtaining such records which uses skin electrodes, and utilizes the anterior posterior polarization of the eye. A new EOG diagnostic system has been developed that utilizes two off-the-shelf portable notebook computers, one projector and simple electronic hardware. It can be operated under Windows 95, 98, NT, and has significant advantages over any other similar equipment, including programmability, portability, improved safety and low cost. Especially, portability of the instrument is extremely important for acutely ill or handicapped patients. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the techniques of computer animation, data acquisition, real time analysis of measured data, and database management to implement a portable, programmable and inexpensive contacting EOG instrument. It is very convenient to replace the present expensive, inflexible and large-sized commercially available EOG instruments. A lot of interesting stimulation patterns for clinical application can be created easily in different shape, time sequence, and colour by programming in Delphi language. With the help of Winstar (a software package that is used to control I/O and interrupt functions of the computer under Windows 95, 98, NT), the I/O communication between two notebook computers and A/D interface module can be effectively programmed. In addition, the new EOG diagnostic system is battery operated and it has the advantages of low noise as well as isolation from electricity. Two kinds of EOG tests, pursuit and saccade, were performed on 20 normal subjects with this new portable and programmable instrument. Based on the test result, the performance of the new instrument is superior to the other commercially available instruments. In conclusion, we hope that it will be more convenient for doctors and researchers to do the clinical EOG diagnosis and basic medical science research by using this new creation.

Electrochromic Asymmetric Supercapacitor Windows Enable Direct Determination of Energy Status by the Naked Eye.

PubMed

Zhong, Ying; Chai, Zhisheng; Liang, Zhimin; Sun, Peng; Xie, Weiguang; Zhao, Chuanxi; Mai, Wenjie

2017-10-04

Because of the popularity of smart electronics, multifunctional energy storage devices, especially electrochromic supercapacitors (SCs), have attracted tremendous research interest. Herein, a solid-state electrochromic asymmetric SC (ASC) window is designed and fabricated by introducing WO 3 and polyaniline as the negative and positive electrodes, respectively. The two complementary materials contribute to the outstanding electrochemical and electrochromic performances of the fabricated device. With an operating voltage window of 1.4 V and an areal capacitance of 28.3 mF cm -2 , the electrochromic devices show a high energy density of 7.7 × 10 -3 mW h cm -2 . Meanwhile, they exhibit an obvious and reversible color transition between light green (uncharged state) and dark blue (charged state), with an optical transmittance change between 55 and 12% at a wavelength of 633 nm. Hence, the energy storage level of the ASC is directly related to its color and can be determined by the naked eye, which means it can be incorporated with other energy cells to visual display their energy status. Particularly, a self-powered and color-indicated system is achieved by combining the smart windows with commercial solar cell panels. We believe that the novel electrochromic ASC windows will have great potential application for both smart electronics and smart buildings.

STS 8 Orbiter mission window pitting and the possible association with the El Chichon eruption of March and April 1982

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cour-Palais, B. G.; Kessler, D. J.; Zook, H. A.; Clanton, U. S.

1985-01-01

The possibility that the pitting that occurred in the STS-8 Orbiter windows was caused by dust from the El Chichon volcano eruption in March-April 1982 is considered. The pit density was more than 30/sq cm, most being 2.5-5 microns deep, and showed no evidence of impact melting. An 'alley' of higher incidence of pits in one window coincided with the line of a seam between TPS tiles. The particles causing the sandblasting were concluded to have arrived in parallel and could not be attributed to the ET, SRBs or a dust storm. The sulfuric gas-rich El Chichon plume injected sufficient material into the atmosphere so that the globe was soon encircled. Most of the resulting particulates (480-8400 tons) stayed in the Northern Hemisphere, and H2SO4 and ash concentrations were high during the STS-8 mission. The Orbiter cut through the debris layer at 19.8 km altitude at a 10 deg angle of attack, which matches the particle crater impact angle in the Orbiter windows. Since the passage was at night, larger H2SO4 droplets may have coalesced and formed larger particles on available solid nuclei, thus producing the 20-40 microns cratering observed in the windows.

Electrochemical Stability of Li 10GeP 2S 12 and Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12 Solid Electrolytes

DOE PAGES

Han, Fudong; Zhu, Yizhou; He, Xingfeng; ...

2016-01-21

The electrochemical stability window of solid electrolyte is overestimated by the conventional experimental method using a Li/electrolyte/inert metal semiblocking electrode because of the limited contact area between solid electrolyte and inert metal. Since the battery is cycled in the overestimated stability window, the decomposition of the solid electrolyte at the interfaces occurs but has been ignored as a cause for high interfacial resistances in previous studies, limiting the performance improvement of the bulk-type solid-state battery despite the decades of research efforts. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify the intrinsic stability window of the solid electrolyte. The thermodynamic electrochemicalmore » stability window of solid electrolytes is calculated using first principles computation methods, and an experimental method is developed to measure the intrinsic electrochemical stability window of solid electrolytes using a Li/electrolyte/electrolyte-carbon cell. The most promising solid electrolytes, Li10GeP2S12 and cubic Li-garnet Li7La3Zr2O12, are chosen as the model materials for sulfide and oxide solid electrolytes, respectively. The results provide valuable insights to address the most challenging problems of the interfacial stability and resistance in high-performance solid-state batteries.« less

Broad Band Antireflection Coating on Zinc Sulphide Window for Shortwave infrared cum Night Vision System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Upadhyaya, A. S.; Bandyopadhyay, P. K.

2012-11-01

In state of art technology, integrated devices are widely used or their potential advantages. Common system reduces weight as well as total space covered by its various parts. In the state of art surveillance system integrated SWIR and night vision system used for more accurate identification of object. In this system a common optical window is used, which passes the radiation of both the regions, further both the spectral regions are separated in two channels. ZnS is a good choice for a common window, as it transmit both the region of interest, night vision (650 - 850 nm) as well as SWIR (0.9 - 1.7 μm). In this work a broad band anti reflection coating is developed on ZnS window to enhance the transmission. This seven layer coating is designed using flip flop design method. After getting the final design, some minor refinement is done, using simplex method. SiO2 and TiO2 coating material combination is used for this work. The coating is fabricated by physical vapour deposition process and the materials were evaporated by electron beam gun. Average transmission of both side coated substrate from 660 to 1700 nm is 95%. This coating also acts as contrast enhancement filter for night vision devices, as it reflect the region of 590 - 660 nm. Several trials have been conducted to check the coating repeatability, and it is observed that transmission variation in different trials is not very much and it is under the tolerance limit. The coating also passes environmental test for stability.

Broadband laser ranging precision and accuracy experiments with PDV benchmarking

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Catenacci, Jared; Daykin, Ed; Howard, Marylesa; Lalone, Brandon; Miller, Kirk

2017-06-01

Broadband laser ranging (BLR) is a developmental diagnostic designed to measure the precise position of surfaces and particle clouds moving at velocities of several kilometers per second. Recent single stage gas gun experiments were conducted to quantify the precision and accuracy possible with a typical BLR system. For these experiments, the position of a mirrored projectile is measured relative to the location of a stationary optical flat (uncoated window) mounted within the gun catch tank. Projectile velocity is constrained to one-dimensional motion within the gun barrel. A collimating probe is aligned to be orthogonal to both the target window and the mirrored impactor surface. The probe is used to simultaneously measure the position and velocity with a BLR and conventional Photonic Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) system. Since there is a negligible lateral component to the target velocity, coupled with strong signal returns from a mirrored surface, integrating the PDV measurement provides a high fidelity distance measurement reference to which the BLR measurement may be compared.

Subxiphoid pericardial window to exclude occult cardiac injury after penetrating thoracoabdominal trauma.

PubMed

Hommes, M; Nicol, A J; van der Stok, J; Kodde, I; Navsaria, P H

2013-10-01

An occult cardiac injury may be present in patients with an acute abdomen after penetrating thoracoabdominal trauma. This study assessed the use of a subxiphoid pericardial window (SPW) as a diagnostic manoeuvre in this setting. This was a retrospective review of a trauma database (2001-2009). Patients presenting with a penetrating thoracoabdominal injury with an acute abdomen, and in whom there was concern about a potential cardiac injury from the site or tract of the injury, were included. Fifty patients with an indication for emergency laparotomy underwent a SPW for a possible cardiac injury. An occult haemopericardium was present at SPW in 14 patients (28 per cent) mandating, median sternotomy. Nine cardiac injuries (18 per cent) were identified including five tangential injuries and four perforations. The specific complication rate relating to the SPW was 2 per cent. The SPW is a useful technique at laparotomy to identify cardiac injuries in patients with penetrating thoracoabdominal injuries. © 2013 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Surface and interfacial engineering of iron oxide nanoplates for highly efficient magnetic resonance angiography.

PubMed

Zhou, Zijian; Wu, Changqiang; Liu, Hanyu; Zhu, Xianglong; Zhao, Zhenghuan; Wang, Lirong; Xu, Ye; Ai, Hua; Gao, Jinhao

2015-03-24

Magnetic resonance angiography using gadolinium-based molecular contrast agents suffers from short diagnostic window, relatively low resolution and risk of toxicity. Taking into account the chemical exchange between metal centers and surrounding protons, magnetic nanoparticles with suitable surface and interfacial features may serve as alternative T1 contrast agents. Herein, we report the engineering on surface structure of iron oxide nanoplates to boost T1 contrast ability through synergistic effects between exposed metal-rich Fe3O4(100) facets and embedded Gd2O3 clusters. The nanoplates show prominent T1 contrast in a wide range of magnetic fields with an ultrahigh r1 value up to 61.5 mM(-1) s(-1). Moreover, engineering on nanobio interface through zwitterionic molecules adjusts the in vivo behaviors of nanoplates for highly efficient magnetic resonance angiography with steady-state acquisition window, superhigh resolution in vascular details, and low toxicity. This study provides a powerful tool for sophisticated design of MRI contrast agents for diverse use in bioimaging applications.

Optimization of confocal laser induced fluorescence for long focal length applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jemiolo, Andrew J.; Henriquez, Miguel F.; Thompson, Derek S.; Scime, Earl E.

2017-10-01

Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) is a non-perturbative diagnostic for measuring ion and neutral particle velocities and temperatures in a plasma. The conventional method for single-photon LIF requires intersecting optical paths for light injection and collection. The multiple vacuum windows needed for such measurements are unavailable in many plasma experiments. Confocal LIF eliminates the need for perpendicular intersecting optical paths by using concentric injection and collection paths through a single window. One of the main challenges with using confocal LIF is achieving high resolution measurements at the longer focal lengths needed for many plasma experiments. We present confocal LIF measurements in HELIX, a helicon plasma experiment at West Virginia University, demonstrating spatial resolution dependence on focal length and spatial filtering. By combining aberration mitigating optics with spatial filtering, our results show high resolution measurements at focal lengths of 0.5 m, long enough to access the interiors of many laboratory plasma experiments. This work was supported by U.S. National Science Foundation Grant No. PHY-1360278.

Open architecture CNC system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tal, J.; Lopez, A.; Edwards, J.M.

1995-04-01

In this paper, an alternative solution to the traditional CNC machine tool controller has been introduced. Software and hardware modules have been described and their incorporation in a CNC control system has been outlined. This type of CNC machine tool controller demonstrates that technology is accessible and can be readily implemented into an open architecture machine tool controller. Benefit to the user is greater controller flexibility, while being economically achievable. PC based, motion as well as non-motion features will provide flexibility through a Windows environment. Up-grading this type of controller system through software revisions will keep the machine tool inmore » a competitive state with minimal effort. Software and hardware modules are mass produced permitting competitive procurement and incorporation. Open architecture CNC systems provide diagnostics thus enhancing maintainability, and machine tool up-time. A major concern of traditional CNC systems has been operator training time. Training time can be greatly minimized by making use of Windows environment features.« less

Test Program Seeks to Lower School Heating Costs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

School Business Affairs, 1980

1980-01-01

As part of the second year of its Schoolhouse Energy Efficiency Demonstration (SEED) program, Tenneco, Inc. recently began a test of experimental window insulation material in three of the schools audited last year. (Author/MLF)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Han, S; Ji, Y; Kim, K

Purpose: A diagnostics Multileaf Collimator (MLC) was designed for diagnostic radiography dose reduction. Monte Carlo simulation was used to evaluate efficiency of shielding material for producing leaves of Multileaf collimator. Material & Methods: The general radiography unit (Rex-650R, Listem, Korea) was modeling with Monte Carlo simulation (MCNPX, LANL, USA) and we used SRS-78 program to calculate the energy spectrum of tube voltage (80, 100, 120 kVp). The shielding materials was SKD 11 alloy tool steel that is composed of 1.6% carbon(C), 0.4% silicon (Si), 0.6% manganese (Mn), 5% chromium (Cr), 1% molybdenum (Mo), and vanadium (V). The density of itmore » was 7.89 g/m3. We simulated leafs diagnostic MLC using SKD 11 with general radiography unit. We calculated efficiency of diagnostic MLC using tally6 card of MCNPX depending on energy. Results: The diagnostic MLC consisted of 25 individual metal shielding leaves on both sides, with dimensions of 10 × 0.5 × 0.5 cm3. The leaves of MLC were controlled by motors positioned on both sides of the MLC. According to energy (tube voltage), the shielding efficiency of MLC in Monte Carlo simulation was 99% (80 kVp), 96% (100 kVp) and 93% (120 kVp). Conclusion: We certified efficiency of diagnostic MLC fabricated from SKD11 alloy tool steel. Based on the results, the diagnostic MLC was designed. We will make the diagnostic MLC for dose reduction of diagnostic radiography.« less

Recycled Glass and Dredged Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-03-01

stations, and is either source-separated or co-mingled with plastics, aluminum cans, ceramics , or colored glass containers. In the United States in...anything other than container glass ). The debris may contain contaminants including ceramics (from dishware, pottery, window glass , light bulbs...ERDC TN-DOER-T8 March 2007 Recycled Glass and Dredged Materials by Landris T. Lee, Jr. PURPOSE: This technical note explores the concepts

Deployable Debris Shields For Space Station

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Christiansen, Eric L.; Cour-Palais, Burton G.; Crews, Jeanne

1993-01-01

Multilayer shields made of lightweight sheet materials deployed from proposed Space Station Freedom for additional protection against orbiting debris. Deployment mechanism attached at each location on exterior where extra protection needed. Equipment withdraws layer of material from storage in manner similar to unfurling sail or extending window shade. Number of layers deployed depends on required degree of protection, and could be as large as five.

Window flaw detection by backscatter lighting

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Crockett, L. K.; Minton, F. R.

1978-01-01

Portable fiber-optic probe detects tiny flaws in transparent materials. Probe transmits light through surface to illuminate interior of material by backscattering off its edges. Light-sensitive contact paper records scratch pattern. Technique can be used for rapid visual checks. Flexible fiber optics are safely used in explosive or flammable areas; they present no hazard of breakage or contamination in controlled environments.

Assessing the stretch-blow moulding FE simulation of PET over a large process window

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nixon, J.; Menary, G. H.; Yan, S.

2017-10-01

Injection stretch blow moulding has been extensively researched for numerous years and is a well-established method of forming thin-walled containers. This paper is concerned with validating the finite element analysis of the stretch-blow-moulding (SBM) process in an effort to progress the development of injection stretch blow moulding of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Extensive data was obtained experimentally over a wide process window accounting for material temperature, air flow rate and stretch-rod speed while capturing cavity pressure, stretch-rod reaction force, in-mould contact timing and material thickness distribution. This data was then used to assess the accuracy of the correlating FE simulation constructed using ABAQUS/Explicit solver and an appropriate user-defined viscoelastic material subroutine. Results reveal that the simulation was able to pick up the general trends of how the pressure, reaction force and in-mould contact timings vary with the variation in preform temperature and air flow rate. Trends in material thickness were also accurately predicted over the length of the bottle relative to the process conditions. The knowledge gained from these analyses provides insight into the mechanisms of bottle formation, subsequently improving the blow moulding simulation and potentially providing a reduction in production costs.

Graphene oxide windows for in situ environmental cell photoelectron spectroscopy.

PubMed

Kolmakov, Andrei; Dikin, Dmitriy A; Cote, Laura J; Huang, Jiaxing; Abyaneh, Majid Kazemian; Amati, Matteo; Gregoratti, Luca; Günther, Sebastian; Kiskinova, Maya

2011-08-28

The performance of new materials and devices often depends on processes taking place at the interface between an active solid element and the environment (such as air, water or other fluids). Understanding and controlling such interfacial processes require surface-specific spectroscopic information acquired under real-world operating conditions, which can be challenging because standard approaches such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy generally require high-vacuum conditions. The state-of-the-art approach to this problem relies on unique and expensive apparatus including electron analysers coupled with sophisticated differentially pumped lenses. Here, we develop a simple environmental cell with graphene oxide windows that are transparent to low-energy electrons (down to 400 eV), and demonstrate the feasibility of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements on model samples such as gold nanoparticles and aqueous salt solution placed on the back side of a window. These proof-of-principle results show the potential of using graphene oxide, graphene and other emerging ultrathin membrane windows for the fabrication of low-cost, single-use environmental cells compatible with commercial X-ray and Auger microprobes as well as scanning or transmission electron microscopes.

Assessment and forensic application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for the discrimination of Australian window glass.

PubMed

El-Deftar, Moteaa M; Speers, Naomi; Eggins, Stephen; Foster, Simon; Robertson, James; Lennard, Chris

2014-08-01

A commercially available laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument was evaluated for the determination of elemental composition of twenty Australian window glass samples, consisting of 14 laminated samples and 6 non-laminated samples (or not otherwise specified) collected from broken windows at crime scenes. In this study, the LIBS figures of merit were assessed in terms of accuracy, limits of detection and precision using three standard reference materials (NIST 610, 612, and 1831). The discrimination potential of LIBS was compared to that obtained using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy (μXRF) and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX) for the analysis of architectural window glass samples collected from crime scenes in the Canberra region, Australia. Pairwise comparisons were performed using a three-sigma rule, two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test at 95% confidence limit in order to investigate the discrimination power for window glass analysis. The results show that the elemental analysis of glass by LIBS provides a discrimination power greater than 97% (>98% when combined with refractive index data), which was comparable to the discrimination powers obtained by LA-ICP-MS and μXRF. These results indicate that LIBS is a feasible alternative to the more expensive LA-ICP-MS and μXRF options for the routine forensic analysis of window glass samples. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Low Dimensional Carbon Materials for Nanooptics and Nanoplasmonics

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-11

structure of the 2D glass supported by a graphene window and identified it as a bi-tetrahedral layer of SiO2 only 3 atoms thick. Our atomic resolution...developed can be directly applied to study other 2D materials such as molybdenum disulfide and 2D glasses . Novel properties in these materials open...up new avenues for studying old and new physics including glass phase transition and valley Hall effect. 15. SUBJECT TERMS graphene, bilayer graphene

Diagnostic Analyzer for Gearboxes (DAG): User's Guide. Version 3.1 for Microsoft Windows 3.1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jammu, Vinay B.; Kourosh, Danai

1997-01-01

This documentation describes the Diagnostic Analyzer for Gearboxes (DAG) software for performing fault diagnosis of gearboxes. First, the user would construct a graphical representation of the gearbox using the gear, bearing, shaft, and sensor tools contained in the DAG software. Next, a set of vibration features obtained by processing the vibration signals recorded from the gearbox using a signal analyzer is required. Given this information, the DAG software uses an unsupervised neural network referred to as the Fault Detection Network (FDN) to identify the occurrence of faults, and a pattern classifier called Single Category-Based Classifier (SCBC) for abnormality scaling of individual vibration features. The abnormality-scaled vibration features are then used as inputs to a Structure-Based Connectionist Network (SBCN) for identifying faults in gearbox subsystems and components. The weights of the SBCN represent its diagnostic knowledge and are derived from the structure of the gearbox graphically presented in DAG. The outputs of SBCN are fault possibility values between 0 and 1 for individual subsystems and components in the gearbox with a 1 representing a definite fault and a 0 representing normality. This manual describes the steps involved in creating the diagnostic gearbox model, along with the options and analysis tools of the DAG software.

Optimization of the front contact to minimize short-circuit current losses in CdTe thin-film solar cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kephart, Jason Michael

With a growing population and rising standard of living, the world is in need of clean sources of energy at low cost in order to meet both economic and environmental needs. Solar energy is an abundant resource which is fundamentally adequate to meet all human energy needs. Photovoltaics are an attractive way to safely convert this energy to electricity with little to no noise, moving parts, water, or arable land. Currently, thin-film photovoltaic modules based on cadmium telluride are a low-cost solution with multiple GW/year commercial production, but have lower conversion efficiency than the dominant technology, crystalline silicon. Increasing the conversion efficiency of these panels through optimization of the electronic and optical structure of the cell can further lower the cost of these modules. The front contact of the CdTe thin-film solar cell is critical to device efficiency for three important reasons: it must transmit light to the CdTe absorber to be collected, it must form a reasonably passive interface and serve as a growth template for the CdTe, and it must allow electrons to be extracted from the CdTe. The current standard window layer material, cadmium sulfide, has a low bandgap of 2.4 eV which can block over 20% of available light from being converted to mobile charge carriers. Reducing the thickness of this layer or replacing it with a higher-bandgap material can provide a commensurate increase in device efficiency. When the CdS window is made thinner, a degradation in electronic quality of the device is observed with a reduction in open-circuit voltage and fill factor. One commonly used method to enable a thinner optimum CdS thickness is a high-resistance transparent (HRT) layer between the transparent conducting oxide electrode and window layer. The function of this layer has not been fully explained in the literature, and existing hypotheses center on the existence of pinholes in the window layer which are not consistent with observed results. In this work numerous HRT layers were examined beginning with an empirical optimization to create a SnO2-based HRT which allows significantly reduced CdS thickness while maintaining diode quality. The role of this layer was explored through measurement of band alignment parameters via photoemission. These results suggest a negative correlation of work function to device open-circuit voltage, which implies that non-ideal band alignment at the front interface of CdTe is in large part responsible for the loss of electronic quality. Several scenarios explored through 1-dimensional modeling in the SCAPS program corroborate this theory. A sputter-deposited (Mg,Zn)O layer was tested which allows for complete elimination of the CdS window layer with an increase in open-circuit voltage and near complete transmission of all above-bandgap light. An additional window layer material---sputtered, oxygenated CdS---was explored for its transparency. This material was found only to produce high efficiency devices with an effective buffer layer such as the optimized SnO2-base HRT. The dependence of chemical, optical, electrical, and device properties on oxygen content was explored, and the stability of these devices was determined to depend largely on the minimization of copper in the device. Both sputter-deposited alloy window layers appeared to have tunable electron affinity which was critical to optimizing band alignment and therefore device efficiency. Several scenarios explored through 1-dimensional modeling in the SCAPS program corroborate this theory. Both window layers allowed an AM1.5G efficiency increase from a baseline of approximately 13% to 16%.

DDS: The Dental Diagnostic Simulation System.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tira, Daniel E.

The Dental Diagnostic Simulation (DDS) System provides an alternative to simulation systems which represent diagnostic case studies of relatively limited scope. It may be used to generate simulated case studies in all of the dental specialty areas with case materials progressing through the gamut of the diagnostic process. The generation of a…

Research and development of CdTe based thin film PV solar cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Diso, Dahiru Garba

The motivation behind this research is to bring cheap, low-cost and clean energy technologies to the society. Colossal use of fossil fuel has created noticeable pollution problems contributing to climate change and health hazards. Silicon based solar cells have dominated the market but it is cost is high due to the manufacturing process. Therefore, the way forward is to develop thin films solar cells using low-cost attractive materials, grown by cheaper, scalable and manufacturable techniques.The aim and objectives of this work is to develop low-cost, high efficiency solar cell using electrodeposition (ED) technique. The material layers include CdS and ZnTe as the window materials, while the absorber material is CdTe. Fabricating a suitable devices for solar energy conversion (i.e. glass/conducting glass/window material/absorber material/metal) structure. Traditional way of fabricating this structure is to grow window material (CdS) using chemical bath deposition (CBD) and absorber material (CdTe) using electrodeposition. However, CBD is a batch process and therefore creates large volumes of Cd-containing waste solutions each time adding high cost in manufacturing process. This research programme is therefore on development of an "All ED-solar cells" structure.Material studies were carried out using photoelectrochemical (PEC) studies, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Furthermore, the electrical characterisation of fully fabricated devices was performed using current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements.This research programme has demonstrated that CdS and ZnTe window materials can be electrodeposited and used in thin film solar cell devices. The CdS electrolytic bath can be used for a period of 7 months without discarding it like in the CBD process which usually has life-time of 2-3 days. Further work should be carried out to increase the life-time of this bath, so that there can be used continuously minimising waste solution production in a manufacturing line.An efficiencies showing up to 7% was achieved for complete devices. However, the consistency and reproducibility remains un-resolved due to production of efficiencies between (2 - 7)% efficient devices varying from batch to batch. One of the reasons has been identified as the growth of CdS nano-rods with spacing between them. This is the first observation of CdS nano-rods and could open up many applications in nanodevices area. In order to improve the consistency of the solar cell efficiency, CdS layers should be grown with nano-rods aligned perpendicular to the glass surface and with tight packing without gaps, or with uniform coverage of CdS over the conducting glass surface.The possibility of growth of CdTe absorber layers with n- and p-type electrical conduction using change of stoichiometry was confirmed using the results presented in this thesis. This is a key finding, important to form multi-layer solar cell structures in the future.

Titan's Surface Composition from Cassini VIMS Solar Occultation Observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McCord, Thomas; Hayne, Paul; Sotin, Christophe

2013-04-01

Titan's surface is obscured by a thick absorbing and scattering atmosphere, allowing direct observation of the surface within only a few spectral win-dows in the near-infrared, complicating efforts to identify and map geologi-cally important materials using remote sensing IR spectroscopy. We there-fore investigate the atmosphere's infrared transmission with direct measure-ments using Titan's occultation of the Sun as well as Titan's reflectance measured at differing illumination and observation angles observed by Cas-sini's Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS). We use two im-portant spectral windows: the 2.7-2.8-mm "double window" and the broad 5-mm window. By estimating atmospheric attenuation within these windows, we seek an empirical correction factor that can be applied to VIMS meas-urements to estimate the true surface reflectance and map inferred composi-tional variations. Applying the empirical corrections, we correct the VIMS data for the viewing geometry-dependent atmospheric effects to derive the 5-µm reflectance and 2.8/2.7-µm reflectance ratio. We then compare the cor-rected reflectances to compounds proposed to exist on Titan's surface. We propose a simple correction to VIMS Titan data to account for atmospheric attenuation and diffuse scattering in the 5-mm and 2.7-2.8 mm windows, generally applicable for airmass < 3.0. We propose a simple correction to VIMS Titan data to account for atmospheric attenuation and diffuse scatter-ing in the 5-mm and 2.7-2.8 mm windows, generally applicable for airmass < 3.0. The narrow 2.75-mm absorption feature, dividing the window into two sub-windows, present in all on-planet measurements is not present in the occultation data, and its strength is reduced at the cloud tops, suggesting the responsible molecule is concentrated in the lower troposphere or on the sur-face. Our empirical correction to Titan's surface reflectance yields properties shifted closer to water ice for the majority of the low-to-mid latitude area covered by VIMS measurements. Four compositional units are defined and mapped on Titan's surface based on the positions of data clusters in 5-mm vs. 2.8/2.7-mm scatter plots; a simple ternary mixture of H2O, hydrocarbons and CO2 might explain the reflectance properties of these surface units. The vast equatorial "dune seas" are compositionally very homogeneous, perhaps suggesting transport and mixing of particles over very large distances and/or and very consistent formation process and source material. The composi-tional branch characterizing Tui Regio and Hotei Regio is consistent with a mixture of typical Titan hydrocarbons and CO2, or possibly methane/ethane; the concentration mechanism proposed is something similar to a terrestrial playa lake evaporate deposit, based on the fact that river channels are known to feed into at least Hotei Regio.

Automated Diagnosis Of Conditions In A Plant-Growth Chamber

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Clinger, Barry R.; Damiano, Alfred L.

1995-01-01

Biomass Production Chamber Operations Assistant software and hardware constitute expert system that diagnoses mechanical failures in controlled-environment hydroponic plant-growth chamber and recommends corrective actions to be taken by technicians. Subjects of continuing research directed toward development of highly automated closed life-support systems aboard spacecraft to process animal (including human) and plant wastes into food and oxygen. Uses Microsoft Windows interface to give technicians intuitive, efficient access to critical data. In diagnostic mode, system prompts technician for information. When expert system has enough information, it generates recovery plan.

Transonic Wind Tunnel Modernization for Experimental Investigation of Dynamic Stall in a Wide Range of Mach Numbers by Plasma Actuators with Combined Energy/Momentum Action

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-02

The wind tunnel is fitted with large windows for extended optical access to permit various non intrusive and minimally intrusive diagnostic ...as well as new dielectric and semiconducting surface structures The tunnel test section is built with dielectric walls to avoid electromagnetic ...14 – DAQ transducer cable. 15 – Pitot tube and hot wire sensors free-stream velocity data. Figure 3. New test section. 250×360×600 mm3. 1-inch

PIV measurements in near-wake turbulent regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Wei-Cheng; Chang, Keh-Chin

2018-05-01

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is a non-intrusive optical diagnostic and must be made of the seedings (foreign particles) instead of the fluid itself. However, reliable PIV measurement of turbulence requires sufficient numbers of seeding falling in each interrogation window of image. A gray-level criterion is developed in this work to check the attainment of statistically stationary status of turbulent flow properties. It is suggested that the gray level of no less than 0.66 is used as the threshold for reliable PIV measurements in the present near-wake turbulent regions.

A prospective randomized controlled trial of two-window versus solo-window technique by lateral sinus floor elevation in atrophic posterior maxilla: Results from a 1-year observational phase.

PubMed

Yu, Huajie; Qiu, Lixin

2017-10-01

Implant failures are more common when multiple missing posterior teeth need lateral sinus floor elevation owing to inadequate tissue maturation after grafting. Effects of lateral window dimensions on vital bone formation have rarely been compared. To compare endo-sinus bone formation between two- and solo-window techniques to rehabilitate multiple missing posterior teeth that need substantial augmentation. Patients with severely atrophic posterior maxilla were randomized to receive lateral sinus floor elevation via solo or two bony windows. Bone core specimens harvested from lateral aspect of the augmentation sites were histomorphometrically analyzed. Proportions of mineralized bone (MB), bone substitute materials (BS), and nonmineralized tissue (NMT) were quantified. Twenty-one patients underwent 23 maxillary sinus augmentations. One patient in each group dropped out during the follow-up period. Lateral window dimensions were 81.65 ± 4.59 and 118.04 ± 19.53 mm 2 in the test and control groups, respectively. Histomorphometric analysis revealed mean MB of 42.32% ± 13.07% and 26.00% ± 15.23%, BS of 40.34% ± 9.52% and 60.03% ± 10.13%, and NMT of 18.14% ± 14.24% and 14.75% ± 10.38% in test and control groups, respectively, with significant differences. The two-window technique could facilitate faster maturation and consolidation of the grafted volume and is an effective alternative for rehabilitation of severely atrophic posterior maxilla with multiple missing posterior teeth. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Application specific beam profiles: new surface and thin-film refinement processes using beam shaping technologies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hauschild, Dirk

2017-02-01

Today, the use of laser photons for materials processing is a key technology in nearly all industries. Most of the applications use circular beam shapes with Gaussian intensity distribution that is given by the resonator of the laser or by the power delivery via optical fibre. These beam shapes can be typically used for material removal with cutting or drilling and for selective removal of material layers with ablation processes. In addition to the removal of materials, it is possible to modify and improve the material properties in case the dose of laser photons and the resulting light-material interaction addresses a defined window of energy and dwell-time. These process windows have typically dwell-times between µs and s because of using sintering, melting, thermal diffusion or photon induced chemical and physical reaction mechanisms. Using beam shaping technologies the laser beam profiles can be adapted to the material properties and time-temperature and the space-temperature envelopes can be modified to enable selective annealing or crystallization of layers or surfaces. Especially the control of the process energy inside the beam and at its edges opens a large area of laser applications that can be addressed only with an optimized spatial and angular beam profile with down to sub-percent intensity variation used in e.g. immersion lithography tools with ArF laser sources. LIMO will present examples for new beam shapes and related material refinement processes even on large surfaces and give an overview about new mechanisms in laser material processing for current and coming industrial applications.

Shear Induced Structural Relaxation in a Supercooled Colloidal Liquid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Dandan; Semwogerere, Denis; Weeks, Eric R.

2009-11-01

Amorphous materials include many common products we use everyday, such as window glass, moisturizer, shaving cream and peanut butter. These materials have liquid-like disordered structure, but keep their shapes like a solid. The rheology of dense amorphous materials under large shear strain is not fully understood, partly due to the difficulty of directly viewing the microscopic details of such materials. We use a colloidal suspension to simulate amorphous materials, and study the shear- induced structural relaxation with fast confocal microscopy. We quantify the plastic rearrangements of the particles using standard analysis techniques based on the motion of the particles.

Development of a Dual Windowed Test Vehicle for Live Streaming of Cook-Off in Energetic Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheese, Phil; Reeves, Tom; White, Nathan; Stennett, Christopher; Wood, Andrew; Cook, Malcolm; Syanco Ltd Team; Cranfield University Team; DE&S, MoD Abbey Wood Team

2017-06-01

A modular, axially connected test vehicle for researching the influence of various heating rates (cook-off) on energetic materials and how they fundamentally decompose, leading to a violent reaction has been developed and tested. The vehicle can accommodate samples measuring up to 50 mm in diameter, with thicknesses variable from 0.5 mm up to 50 mm long. A unique feature of this vehicle is the ability to have a live high speed camera view, without compromising confinement during the cook-off process. This is achieved via two special windows that allow artificial backlighting to be provided at one end for clear observation of the test sample; this has allowed unprecedented views of how explosives decompose and runaway to violent reactions, and has given insight into the reaction mechanisms operating, and challenges current theories. Using glass windows, a burst pressure of 20 MPa has been measured. The heating rate is fully adjustable from slow to fast rates, and its design allows for confinement to be varied to study the influence on the violence of reaction during cook-off. In addition to being able to view the test sample during cook-off, embedded thermocouples provide detailed temperature records and the ability to use PDV instrumentation is also incorporated.

The improvement of a simple theoretical model for the prediction of the sound insulation of double leaf walls.

PubMed

Davy, John L

2010-02-01

This paper presents a revised theory for predicting the sound insulation of double leaf cavity walls that removes an approximation, which is usually made when deriving the sound insulation of a double leaf cavity wall above the critical frequencies of the wall leaves due to the airborne transmission across the wall cavity. This revised theory is also used as a correction below the critical frequencies of the wall leaves instead of a correction due to Sewell [(1970). J. Sound Vib. 12, 21-32]. It is found necessary to include the "stud" borne transmission of the window frames when modeling wide air gap double glazed windows. A minimum value of stud transmission is introduced for use with resilient connections such as steel studs. Empirical equations are derived for predicting the effective sound absorption coefficient of wall cavities without sound absorbing material. The theory is compared with experimental results for double glazed windows and gypsum plasterboard cavity walls with and without sound absorbing material in their cavities. The overall mean, standard deviation, maximum, and minimum of the differences between experiment and theory are -0.6 dB, 3.1 dB, 10.9 dB at 1250 Hz, and -14.9 dB at 160 Hz, respectively.

Management of heat in laser tissue welding using NIR cover window material.

PubMed

Sriramoju, Vidyasagar; Savage, Howard; Katz, Alvin; Muthukattil, Ronex; Alfano, Robert R

2011-12-01

Laser tissue welding (LTW) is a novel method of surgical wound closure by the use of laser radiation to induce fusion of the biological tissues. Molecular dynamics associated with LTW is a result of thermal and non-thermal mechanisms. This research focuses exclusively on better heat management to reduce thermal damage of tissues in LTW using a near infrared laser radiation. An infrared continuous-wave (CW) laser radiation at 1,450 nm wavelength corresponding to the absorption band from combination vibrational modes of water is used to weld together ex vivo porcine aorta. In these studies we measured the optimal laser power and scan speed, for better tensile strength of the weld and lesser tissue dehydration. Significant amount of water loss from the welded tissue results in cellular death and tissue buckling. Various thermally conductive optical cover windows were used as heat sinks to reduce thermal effects during LTW for the dissipation of the heat. The optimal use of the method prevents tissue buckling and minimizes the water loss. Diamond, sapphire, BK7, fused silica, and IR quartz transparent optical cover windows were tested. The data from this study suggests that IR-quartz as the material with optimal thermal conductivity is ideal for laser welding of the porcine aorta. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Interceptive Beam Diagnostics - Signal Creation and Materials Interactions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Plum, Michael; Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN

2004-11-10

The focus of this tutorial will be on interceptive beam diagnostics such as wire scanners, screens, and harps. We will start with an overview of the various ways beams interact with materials to create signals useful for beam diagnostics systems. We will then discuss the errors in a harp or wire scanner profile measurement caused by errors in wire position, number of samples, and signal errors. Finally we will apply our results to two design examples-the SNS wire scanner system and the SNS target harp.

Application of Light-cured Dental Adhesive Resin for Mounting Electrodes or Microdialysis Probes in Chronic Experiments

PubMed Central

Okumura, Tetsu; Okanoya, Kazuo; Tani, Jun

2007-01-01

In chronic recording experiments, self-curing dental acrylic resins have been used as a mounting base of electrodes or microdialysis-probes. Since these acrylics do not bond to the bone, screws have been used as anchors. However, in small experimental animals like finches or mouse, their craniums are very fragile and can not successfully hold the anchors. In this report, we propose a new application of light-curing dental resins for mounting base of electrodes or microdialysis probes in chronic experiments. This material allows direct bonding to the cranium. Therefore, anchor screws are not required and surgical field can be reduced considerably. Past experiences show that the bonding effect maintains more than 2 months. Conventional resin's window of time when the materials are pliable and workable is a few minutes. However, the window of working time for these dental adhesives is significantly wider and adjustable. PMID:18997897

Vacuum-barrier window for wide-bandwidth high-power microwave transmission

DOEpatents

Caplan, M.; Shang, C.C.

1996-08-20

A vacuum output window comprises a planar dielectric material with identical systems of parallel ridges and valleys formed in opposite surfaces. The valleys in each surface neck together along parallel lines in the bulk of the dielectric. Liquid-coolant conduits are disposed linearly along such lines of necking and have water or even liquid nitrogen pumped through to remove heat. The dielectric material can be alumina, or its crystalline form, sapphire. The electric-field of a broadband incident megawatt millimeter-wave radio frequency energy is oriented perpendicular to the system of ridges and valleys. The ridges, about one wavelength tall and with a period of about one wavelength, focus the incident energy through in ribbons that squeeze between the liquid-coolant conduits without significant losses over very broad bands of the radio spectrum. In an alternative embodiment, the liquid-coolant conduits are encased in metal within the bulk of the dielectric. 4 figs.

Vacuum-barrier window for wide-bandwidth high-power microwave transmission

DOEpatents

Caplan, Malcolm; Shang, Clifford C.

1996-01-01

A vacuum output window comprises a planar dielectric material with identical systems of parallel ridges and valleys formed in opposite surfaces. The valleys in each surface neck together along parallel lines in the bulk of the dielectric. Liquid-coolant conduits are disposed linearly along such lines of necking and have water or even liquid nitrogen pumped through to remove heat. The dielectric material can be alumina, or its crystalline form, sapphire. The electric-field of a broadband incident megawatt millimeter-wave radio frequency energy is oriented perpendicular to the system of ridges and valleys. The ridges, about one wavelength tall and with a period of about one wavelength, focus the incident energy through in ribbons that squeeze between the liquid-coolant conduits without significant losses over very broad bands of the radio spectrum. In an alternative embodiment, the liquid-coolant conduits are encased in metal within the bulk of the dielectric.

Advanced Bioinks for 3D Printing: A Materials Science Perspective.

PubMed

Chimene, David; Lennox, Kimberly K; Kaunas, Roland R; Gaharwar, Akhilesh K

2016-06-01

Advanced bioinks for 3D printing are rationally designed materials intended to improve the functionality of printed scaffolds outside the traditional paradigm of the "biofabrication window". While the biofabrication window paradigm necessitates compromise between suitability for fabrication and ability to accommodate encapsulated cells, recent developments in advanced bioinks have resulted in improved designs for a range of biofabrication platforms without this tradeoff. This has resulted in a new generation of bioinks with high print fidelity, shear-thinning characteristics, and crosslinked scaffolds with high mechanical strength, high cytocompatibility, and the ability to modulate cellular functions. In this review, we describe some of the promising strategies being pursued to achieve these goals, including multimaterial, interpenetrating network, nanocomposite, and supramolecular bioinks. We also provide an overview of current and emerging trends in advanced bioink synthesis and biofabrication, and evaluate the potential applications of these novel biomaterials to clinical use.

The JET diagnostic fast central acquisition and trigger system (abstract)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Edwards, A. W.; Blackler, K.

1995-01-01

Most plasma physics diagnostics sample at a fixed frequency that is normally matched to available memory limits. This technique is not appropriate for long pulse machines such as JET where sampling frequencies of hundreds of kHz are required to diagnose very fast events. As a result of work using real-time event selection within the previous JET soft x-ray diagnostic, a single data acquisition and event triggering system for all suitable fast diagnostics, the fast central acquisition and trigger system (Fast CATS), has been developed for JET. The front-end analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) part samples all channels at 250 kHz, with a 100 kHz pass band and a stop band of 125 kHz. The back-end data collection system is based around Texas Instruments TMS320C40 microprocessors. Within this system, two levels of trigger algorithms are able to evaluate data. The first level typically analyzes data on a per diagnostic and individual channel basis. The second level looks at the data from one or more diagnostics in a window around the time of interest flagged by the first level system. Selection criteria defined by the diagnosticians are then imposed on the results from the second level to decide whether that data should be kept. The use of such a system involving intelligent real time trigger algorithms and fast data analysis will improve both the quantity and quality of JET diagnostic data, while providing valuable input to the design of data acquisition systems for very long pulse machines such as ITER. This paper will give an overview of the various elements of this new system. In addition, first results from this system following the restart of JET operation will be presented.

X-ray diagnostics of massive star winds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oskinova, L. M.; Ignace, R.; Huenemoerder, D. P.

2017-11-01

Observations with powerful X-ray telescopes, such as XMM-Newton and Chandra, significantly advance our understanding of massive stars. Nearly all early-type stars are X-ray sources. Studies of their X-ray emission provide important diagnostics of stellar winds. High-resolution X-ray spectra of O-type stars are well explained when stellar wind clumping is taking into account, providing further support to a modern picture of stellar winds as non-stationary, inhomogeneous outflows. X-ray variability is detected from such winds, on time scales likely associated with stellar rotation. High-resolution X-ray spectroscopy indicates that the winds of late O-type stars are predominantly in a hot phase. Consequently, X-rays provide the best observational window to study these winds. X-ray spectroscopy of evolved, Wolf-Rayet type, stars allows to probe their powerful metal enhanced winds, while the mechanisms responsible for the X-ray emission of these stars are not yet understood.

Current Guidelines, Common Clinical Pitfalls, and Future Directions for Laboratory Diagnosis of Lyme Disease, United States.

PubMed

Moore, Andrew; Nelson, Christina; Molins, Claudia; Mead, Paul; Schriefer, Martin

2016-07-01

In the United States, Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted to humans by blacklegged ticks. Patients with an erythema migrans lesion and epidemiologic risk can receive a diagnosis without laboratory testing. For all other patients, laboratory testing is necessary to confirm the diagnosis, but proper interpretation depends on symptoms and timing of illness. The recommended laboratory test in the United States is 2-tiered serologic analysis consisting of an enzyme-linked immunoassay or immunofluorescence assay, followed by reflexive immunoblotting. Sensitivity of 2-tiered testing is low (30%-40%) during early infection while the antibody response is developing (window period). For disseminated Lyme disease, sensitivity is 70%-100%. Specificity is high (>95%) during all stages of disease. Use of other diagnostic tests for Lyme disease is limited. We review the rationale behind current US testing guidelines, appropriate use and interpretation of tests, and recent developments in Lyme disease diagnostics.

Identifying Distant AGNs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trouille, Laura; Barger, Amy; Tremonti, Christy

2014-07-01

The Baldwin, Phillips, and Terlevich emission-line ratio diagnostic ([OIII]/Hβ versus [NII]/Hα, hereafter BPT diagram) efficiently separates galaxies whose signal is dominated by star formation (BPT-SF) from those dominated by AGN activity (BPT-AGN). Yet the BPT diagram is limited to z<0.5, the redshift at which [NII]λ6584 leaves the optical spectral window. Using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), we construct a new diagnostic, or TBT diagram, that is based on rest-frame g-z color, [NeIII]λ3869, and [OII]λλ3726+3729 and can be used for galaxies out to z<1.4. The TBT diagram identifies 98.7% of the SDSS BPT-AGN as TBT-AGN and 97% of the SDSS BPT-SF as TBT-SF. Furthermore, it identifies 97% of the OPTX Chandra X-ray selected AGNs as TBT-AGN. This is in contrast to the BPT diagram, which misidentifies 20% of X-ray selected AGNs as BPT-SF.

Automated high-throughput flow-through real-time diagnostic system

DOEpatents

Regan, John Frederick

2012-10-30

An automated real-time flow-through system capable of processing multiple samples in an asynchronous, simultaneous, and parallel fashion for nucleic acid extraction and purification, followed by assay assembly, genetic amplification, multiplex detection, analysis, and decontamination. The system is able to hold and access an unlimited number of fluorescent reagents that may be used to screen samples for the presence of specific sequences. The apparatus works by associating extracted and purified sample with a series of reagent plugs that have been formed in a flow channel and delivered to a flow-through real-time amplification detector that has a multiplicity of optical windows, to which the sample-reagent plugs are placed in an operative position. The diagnostic apparatus includes sample multi-position valves, a master sample multi-position valve, a master reagent multi-position valve, reagent multi-position valves, and an optical amplification/detection system.

KSC-97PC957

NASA Image and Video Library

1997-07-01

STS-94 Payload Specialist Roger K. Crouch is helped into his launch/entry suit by a suit technician in the Operations and Checkout (O&C) Building after the suit has been given a pressure test. He is the Chief Scientist of the NASA Microgravity Space and Applications Division. He also has served as a Program Scientist for previous Spacelab microgravity missions and is an expert in semiconductor crystal growth. Since Crouch has more than 25 years of experience as a materials scientist, he will be concentrating on the five physics of materials processing experiments in the Middeck Glovebox Facility on the Blue shift. He will also share the workload with Thomas by monitoring the materials furnace experiments during this time. Crouch and six fellow crew members will shortly depart the O&C and head for Launch Pad 39A, where the Space Shuttle Columbia will lift off during a launch window that opens at 1:50 p.m. EDT, July 1. The launch window was opened 47 minutes early to improve the opportunity to lift off before Florida summer rain showers reached the space center

KSC-97PC952

NASA Image and Video Library

1997-07-01

STS-94 Mission Specialist Donald A. Thomas smiles as a suit technician helps him into his launch/entry suit in the Operations and Checkout (O&C) Building. He has flown on STS-83, STS-70 and STS-65. He holds a doctorate in materials science and has been the Principal Investigator for a Space Shuttle crystal growth experiment. Because of his background in materials science, Thomas will be concentrating his efforts during the Red shift on the five experiments in this discipline in the Large Isothermal Furnace. He also will work on the ten materials science investigations in the Electromagnetic Containerless Processing Facility and four that will be measuring the effects of microgravity and motion in the orbiter on the experiments. Thomas and six fellow crew members will shortly depart the O&C and head for Launch Pad 39A, where the Space Shuttle Columbia will lift off during a launch window that opens at 1:50 p.m. EDT, July 1. The launch window was opened 47 minutes early to improve the opportunity to lift off before Florida summer rain showers reached the space center

Laser-Induced Thermal-Mechanical Damage Characteristics of Cleartran Multispectral Zinc Sulfide with Temperature-Dependent Properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peng, Yajing; Jiang, Yanxue; Yang, Yanqiang

2015-01-01

Laser-induced thermal-mechanical damage characteristics of window materials are the focus problems in laser weapon and anti-radiation reinforcement technology. Thermal-mechanical effects and damage characteristics are investigated for cleartran multispectral zinc sulfide (ZnS) thin film window materials irradiated by continuous laser using three-dimensional (3D) thermal-mechanical model. Some temperature-dependent parameters are introduced into the model. The temporal-spatial distributions of temperature and thermal stress are exhibited. The damage mechanism is analyzed. The influences of temperature effect of material parameters and laser intensity on the development of thermal stress and the damage characteristics are examined. The results show, the von Mises equivalent stress along the thickness direction is fluctuant, which originates from the transformation of principal stresses from compressive stress to tensile stress with the increase of depth from irradiated surface. The damage originates from the thermal stress but not the melting. The thermal stress is increased and the damage is accelerated by introducing the temperature effect of parameters or the increasing laser intensity.

Germanium Requirements for National Defense,

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-07-01

work in this area involves development of hard exterior coating materials that will protect Ge windows but not adversely affect their optical...advanced electronic materials, is used in semiconductor devices, fiber optic systems, and infrared sensors for ships, aircraft, missiles, tanks and anti -tank...infrared sensors for ships, aircraft, missiles, tanks and anti -tank units. Because of its importance in these applications, germanium was added to the

Mode switching in volcanic seismicity: El Hierro 2011-2013

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roberts, Nick S.; Bell, Andrew F.; Main, Ian G.

2016-05-01

The Gutenberg-Richter b value is commonly used in volcanic eruption forecasting to infer material or mechanical properties from earthquake distributions. Such studies typically analyze discrete time windows or phases, but the choice of such windows is subjective and can introduce significant bias. Here we minimize this sample bias by iteratively sampling catalogs with randomly chosen windows and then stack the resulting probability density functions for the estimated b>˜ value to determine a net probability density function. We examine data from the El Hierro seismic catalog during a period of unrest in 2011-2013 and demonstrate clear multimodal behavior. Individual modes are relatively stable in time, but the most probable b>˜ value intermittently switches between modes, one of which is similar to that of tectonic seismicity. Multimodality is primarily associated with intermittent activation and cessation of activity in different parts of the volcanic system rather than with respect to any systematic inferred underlying process.

Radiation damage calculations for the SINQ Target 5

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wechsler, Monroe S.; Lu, Wei; Dai, Yong

2003-03-01

Calculations are underway of radiation damage (production of displacements, helium, and hydrogen) at Target 5 of the SINQ spallation neutron source at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland. The target is bombarded by 575-MeV protons, and the spallation-neutron-producing target material is liquid lead. The calculations employ the Monte Carlo code MCNPX (version 2.3.0). The peak proton and neutron fluxes at the aluminum-alloy entrance window are determined to be about 1.9E14 protons/cm2s per mA of incident proton current and 2.4E13 neutrons/cm2s per mA. For a beam exposure of 10 Ahr, the peak damage sustained at the entrance window due to protons and neutrons combined is calculated to be 7.8 dpa, 2000 appmHe, and 4000 appmH. The significance of the damage results for the entrance window and components within Target 5 will be discussed.

Methods and systems for detection of ice formation on surfaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alfano, Robert R. (Inventor); Wang, Wubao (Inventor); Sztul, Henry (Inventor); Budansky, Yury (Inventor)

2007-01-01

A system for detecting ice formation on metal, painted metal and other material surfaces can include a transparent window having an exterior surface upon which ice can form; a light source and optics configured and arranged to illuminate the exterior surface of the window from behind the exterior surface; and a detector and optics configured and arranged to receive light backscattered by the exterior surface and any ice disposed on the exterior surface and determine the thickness of the ice layer. For example, the system can be used with aircraft by placing one or more windows in the wings of the aircraft. The system is used for a novel optical method for real-time on-board detection and warning of ice formation on surfaces of airplanes, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and other vehicles and stationary structures to improve their safety and operation.

Electron transparent graphene windows for environmental scanning electron microscopy in liquids and dense gases.

PubMed

Stoll, Joshua D; Kolmakov, Andrei

2012-12-21

Due to its ultrahigh electron transmissivity in a wide electron energy range, molecular impermeability, high electrical conductivity and excellent mechanical stiffness, suspended graphene membranes appear to be a nearly ideal window material for in situ (in vivo) environmental electron microscopy of nano- and mesoscopic objects (including bio-medical samples) immersed in liquids and/or in dense gaseous media. In this paper, taking advantage of a small modification of the graphene transfer protocol onto metallic and SiN supporting orifices, reusable environmental cells with exchangeable graphene windows have been designed. Using colloidal gold nanoparticles (50 nm) dispersed in water as model objects for scanning electron microscopy in liquids as proof of concept, different conditions for imaging through the graphene membrane were tested. Limiting factors for electron microscopy in liquids, such as electron beam induced water radiolysis and damage of the graphene membrane at high electron doses, are discussed.

Proof-of-concept experiment for on-line laser induced breakdown spectroscopy analysis of impurity layer deposited on optical window and other plasma facing components of Aditya tokamak

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maurya, Gulab Singh; Kumar, Rohit; Rai, Awadhesh Kumar, E-mail: awadheshkrai@rediffmail.com

2015-12-15

In the present manuscript, we demonstrate the design of an experimental setup for on-line laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis of impurity layers deposited on specimens of interest for fusion technology, namely, plasma-facing components (PFCs) of a tokamak. For investigation of impurities deposited on PFCs, LIBS spectra of a tokamak wall material like a stainless steel sample (SS304) have been recorded through contaminated and cleaned optical windows. To address the problem of identification of dust and gases present inside the tokamak, we have shown the capability of the apparatus to record LIBS spectra of gases. A new approach known asmore » “back collection method” to record LIBS spectra of impurities deposited on the inner surface of optical window is presented.« less

Myocardial perfusion MRI with sliding-window conjugate-gradient HYPR.

PubMed

Ge, Lan; Kino, Aya; Griswold, Mark; Mistretta, Charles; Carr, James C; Li, Debiao

2009-10-01

First-pass perfusion MRI is a promising technique for detecting ischemic heart disease. However, the diagnostic value of the method is limited by the low spatial coverage, resolution, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and cardiac motion-related image artifacts. In this study we investigated the feasibility of using a method that combines sliding window and CG-HYPR methods (SW-CG-HYPR) to reduce the acquisition window for each slice while maintaining the temporal resolution of one frame per heartbeat in myocardial perfusion MRI. This method allows an increased number of slices, reduced motion artifacts, and preserves the relatively high SNR and spatial resolution of the "composite images." Results from eight volunteers demonstrate the feasibility of SW-CG-HYPR for accelerated myocardial perfusion imaging with accurate signal intensity changes of left ventricle blood pool and myocardium. Using this method the acquisition time per cardiac cycle was reduced by a factor of 4 and the number of slices was increased from 3 to 8 as compared to the conventional technique. The SNR of the myocardium at peak enhancement with SW-CG-HYPR (13.83 +/- 2.60) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the conventional turbo-FLASH protocol (8.40 +/- 1.62). Also, the spatial resolution of the myocardial perfection images was significantly improved. SW-CG-HYPR is a promising technique for myocardial perfusion MRI. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Apparatus for testing high pressure injector elements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Myers, William Neill (Inventor); Scott, Ewell M. (Inventor); Forbes, John C. (Inventor); Shadoan, Michael D. (Inventor)

1995-01-01

An apparatus for testing and evaluating the spray pattern of high pressure fuel injector elements for use in supplying fuel to combustion engines is presented. Prior art fuel injector elements were normally tested by use of low pressure apparatuses which did not provide a purge to prevent mist from obscuring the injector element or to prevent frosting of the view windows; could utilize only one fluid during each test; and had their viewing ports positioned one hundred eighty (180 deg) apart, thus preventing optimum use of laser diagnostics. The high pressure fluid injector test apparatus includes an upper hub, an upper weldment or housing, a first clamp and stud/nut assembly for securing the upper hub to the upper weldment, a standoff assembly within the upper weldment, a pair of window housings having view glasses within the upper weldment, an injector block assembly and purge plate within the upper weldment for holding an injector element to be tested and evaluated, a lower weldment or housing, a second clamp and stud/nut assembly for securing the lower weldment to the upper hub, a third clamp and stud/nut assembly for securing the lower hub to the lower weldment, mechanisms for introducing fluid under high pressure for testing an injector element, and mechanisms for purging the apparatus to prevent frosting of view glasses within the window housings and to permit unobstructed viewing of the injector element.

Apparatus for testing high pressure injector elements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Myers, William Neill (Inventor); Scott, Ewell M. (Inventor); Forbes, John C. (Inventor); Shadoan, Michael D. (Inventor)

1993-01-01

An apparatus for testing and evaluating the spray pattern of high pressure fuel injector elements for use in supplying fuel to combustion engines is presented. Prior art fuel injector elements were normally tested by use of low pressure apparatuses which did not provide a purge to prevent mist from obscuring the injector element or to prevent frosting of the view windows; could utilize only one fluid during each test; and had their viewing ports positioned one hundred eighty (180 deg) apart, thus preventing optimum use of laser diagnostics. The high pressure fluid injector test apparatus includes an upper hub, an upper weldment or housing, a first clamp and stud/nut assembly for securing the upper hub to the upper weldment, a standoff assembly within the upper weldment, a pair of window housings having view glasses within the upper weldment, an injector block assembly and purge plate within the upper weldment for holding an injector element to be tested and evaluated, a lower weldment or housing, a second clamp and stud/nut assembly for securing the lower weldment to the upper weldment, a lower hub, a third clamp and stud/nut assembly for securing the lower hub to the lower weldment, mechanisms for introducing fluid under high pressure for testing an injector element, and mechanisms for purging the apparatus to prevent frosting of view glasses within the window housings and to permit unobstructed viewing of the injector element.

Evaluation of various energy windows at different radionuclides for scatter and attenuation correction in nuclear medicine.

PubMed

Asgari, Afrouz; Ashoor, Mansour; Sohrabpour, Mostafa; Shokrani, Parvaneh; Rezaei, Ali

2015-05-01

Improving signal to noise ratio (SNR) and qualified images by the various methods is very important for detecting the abnormalities at the body organs. Scatter and attenuation of photons by the organs lead to errors in radiopharmaceutical estimation as well as degradation of images. The choice of suitable energy window and the radionuclide have a key role in nuclear medicine which appearing the lowest scatter fraction as well as having a nearly constant linear attenuation coefficient as a function of phantom thickness. The energy windows of symmetrical window (SW), asymmetric window (ASW), high window (WH) and low window (WL) using Tc-99m and Sm-153 radionuclide with solid water slab phantom (RW3) and Teflon bone phantoms have been compared, and Matlab software and Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP4C) code were modified to simulate these methods and obtaining the amounts of FWHM and full width at tenth maximum (FWTM) using line spread functions (LSFs). The experimental data were obtained from the Orbiter Scintron gamma camera. Based on the results of the simulation as well as experimental work, the performance of WH and ASW display of the results, lowest scatter fraction as well as constant linear attenuation coefficient as a function of phantom thickness. WH and ASW were optimal windows in nuclear medicine imaging for Tc-99m in RW3 phantom and Sm-153 in Teflon bone phantom. Attenuation correction was done for WH and ASW optimal windows and for these radionuclides using filtered back projection algorithm. Results of simulation and experimental show that very good agreement between the set of experimental with simulation as well as theoretical values with simulation data were obtained which was nominally less than 7.07 % for Tc-99m and less than 8.00 % for Sm-153. Corrected counts were not affected by the thickness of scattering material. The Simulated results of Line Spread Function (LSF) for Sm-153 and Tc-99m in phantom based on four windows and TEW method were indicated that the FWHM and FWTM values were approximately the same in TEW method and WH and ASW, but the sensitivity at the optimal window was more than that of the other one. The suitable determination of energy window width on the energy spectra can be useful in optimal design to improve efficiency and contrast. It is found that the WH is preferred to the ASW and the ASW is preferred to the SW.

Chemical Vapor Deposited Zinc Sulfide. SPIE Press Monograph

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McCloy, John S.; Tustison, Randal W.

2013-04-22

Zinc sulfide has shown unequaled utility for infrared windows that require a combination of long-wavelength infrared transparency, mechanical durability, and elevated-temperature performance. This book reviews the physical properties of chemical vapor deposited ZnS and their relationship to the CVD process that produced them. An in-depth look at the material microstructure is included, along with a discussion of the material's optical properties. Finally, because the CVD process itself is central to the development of this material, a brief history is presented.

Multifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticles for combined therapeutic, diagnostic and targeted action in cancer treatment.

PubMed

Rosenholm, Jessica M; Sahlgren, Cecilia; Lindén, Mika

2011-07-01

The main objective in the development of nanomedicine is to obtain delivery platforms for targeted delivery of drugs or imaging agents for improved therapeutic efficacy, reduced side effects and increased diagnostic sensitivity. A (nano)material class that has been recognized for its controllable properties on many levels is ordered mesoporous inorganic materials, typically in the form of amorphous silica (SiO2). Characteristics for this class of materials include mesoscopic order, tunable pore dimensions in the (macro)molecular size range, a high pore volume and surface area, the possibility for selective surface functionality as well as morphology control. The robust but biodegradable ceramic matrix moreover provides shelter for incorporated agents (drugs, proteins, imaging agents, photosensitizers) leaving the outer particle surface free for further modification. The unique features make these materials particularly amenable to modular design, whereby functional moieties and features may be interchanged or combined to produce multifunctional nanodelivery systems combining targeting, diagnostic, and therapeutic actions. This review covers the latest developments related to the use of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as nanocarriers in biomedical applications, with special focus on cancer therapy and diagnostics.

Human/Computer Interfacing in Educational Environments.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sarti, Luigi

1992-01-01

This discussion of educational applications of user interfaces covers the benefits of adopting database techniques in organizing multimedia materials; the evolution of user interface technology, including teletype interfaces, analogic overlay graphics, window interfaces, and adaptive systems; application design problems, including the…

Power Balance Analysis of the Prototype-Material Plasma Exposure eXperiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Showers, M. A.; Biewer, T. M.; Caneses, J. F.; Caughman, J. B. O.; Lumsdaine, A.; Owen, L.; Rapp, J.; Youchison, D.; Beers, C. J.; Donovan, D. C.; Kafle, N.; Ray, H. B.

2017-10-01

The Prototype-Material Plasma Exposure eXperiment (Proto-MPEX) is a test bed for the plasma source concept for the planned Material Plasma Exposure eXperiment (MPEX), a steady-state linear device studying plasma material interactions for fusion reactors. A power balance of Proto-MPEX attempts to identify machine operating parameters that will improve Proto-MPEX's performance, potentially impacting the MPEX design concept. A power balance has been performed utilizing an extensive diagnostic suite to identify mechanisms and locations of power loss from the main plasma. The diagnostic package includes infrared cameras, double Langmuir probes, fluoroptic probes, Mach probes, a Thomson scattering diagnostic, a McPherson spectrometer and in-vessel thermocouples. Radiation losses are estimated with absolute calibrated spectroscopic signals. This work was supported by the U.S. D.O.E. contract DE-AC05-00OR22725.

Health Physics Code System for Evaluating Accidents Involving Radioactive Materials.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

2014-10-01

Version 03 The HOTSPOT Health Physics codes were created to provide Health Physics personnel with a fast, field-portable calculational tool for evaluating accidents involving radioactive materials. HOTSPOT codes provide a first-order approximation of the radiation effects associated with the atmospheric release of radioactive materials. The developer's website is: http://www.llnl.gov/nhi/hotspot/. Four general programs, PLUME, EXPLOSION, FIRE, and RESUSPENSION, calculate a downwind assessment following the release of radioactive material resulting from a continuous or puff release, explosive release, fuel fire, or an area contamination event. Additional programs deal specifically with the release of plutonium, uranium, and tritium to expedite an initial assessmentmore » of accidents involving nuclear weapons. The FIDLER program can calibrate radiation survey instruments for ground survey measurements and initial screening of personnel for possible plutonium uptake in the lung. The HOTSPOT codes are fast, portable, easy to use, and fully documented in electronic help files. HOTSPOT supports color high resolution monitors and printers for concentration plots and contours. The codes have been extensively used by the DOS community since 1985. Tables and graphical output can be directed to the computer screen, printer, or a disk file. The graphical output consists of dose and ground contamination as a function of plume centerline downwind distance, and radiation dose and ground contamination contours. Users have the option of displaying scenario text on the plots. HOTSPOT 3.0.1 fixes three significant Windows 7 issues: Executable installed properly under "Program Files/HotSpot 3.0". Installation package now smaller: removed dependency on older Windows DLL files which previously needed to; Forms now properly scale based on DPI instead of font for users who change their screen resolution to something other than 100%. This is a more common feature in Windows 7; Windows installer was starting everytime most users started the program, even after HotSpot was already installed. Now, after the program is installed the installer may come up once for each new user but only the first time they run HotSpot on a particular machine. So no user should see the installer come up more than once over many uses; and GPS capability updated to directly use a serial port through a USB connection. Non-USB connections should still work. Fixed table output inconsistencies for fire scenarios.« less

System diagnostic builder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nieten, Joseph L.; Burke, Roger

1992-01-01

The System Diagnostic Builder (SDB) is an automated software verification and validation tool using state-of-the-art Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies. The SDB is used extensively by project BURKE at NASA-JSC as one component of a software re-engineering toolkit. The SDB is applicable to any government or commercial organization which performs verification and validation tasks. The SDB has an X-window interface, which allows the user to 'train' a set of rules for use in a rule-based evaluator. The interface has a window that allows the user to plot up to five data parameters (attributes) at a time. Using these plots and a mouse, the user can identify and classify a particular behavior of the subject software. Once the user has identified the general behavior patterns of the software, he can train a set of rules to represent his knowledge of that behavior. The training process builds rules and fuzzy sets to use in the evaluator. The fuzzy sets classify those data points not clearly identified as a particular classification. Once an initial set of rules is trained, each additional data set given to the SDB will be used by a machine learning mechanism to refine the rules and fuzzy sets. This is a passive process and, therefore, it does not require any additional operator time. The evaluation component of the SDB can be used to validate a single software system using some number of different data sets, such as a simulator. Moreover, it can be used to validate software systems which have been re-engineered from one language and design methodology to a totally new implementation.

Novel Indocyanine Green-Phytate Colloid Technique for Sentinel Node Detection in Head and Neck: Mouse Study.

PubMed

Araki, Koji; Mizokami, Daisuke; Tomifuji, Masayuki; Yamashita, Taku; Ohnuki, Kazunobu; Umeda, Izumi O; Fujii, Hirofumi; Kosuda, Shigeru; Shiotani, Akihiro

2014-08-01

Sentinel node navigation surgery using real-time, near-infrared imaging with indocyanine green is becoming popular by allowing head and neck surgeons to avoid unnecessary neck dissection. The major drawback of this method is its quick migration through the lymphatics, limiting the diagnostic time window and undesirable detection of downstream nodes. We resolved this problem by mixing indocyanine green (ICG) with phytate colloid to retard its migration and demonstrated its feasibility in a nude mouse study. Experimental prospective animal study. Animal laboratory. Indocyanine green at 3 concentrations was tested to determine the optimal concentration for sentinel lymph node detection in a mouse model. Effect of indocyanine green with phytate colloid mixture solutions was also analyzed. Indocyanine green or mixture solution at different mixing ratios were injected into the tongue of nude mice and near-infrared fluorescence images were captured sequentially for up to 48 hours. The brightness of fluorescence in the sentinel lymph node and lymph nodes further downstream were assessed. Indocyanine green concentration >50 μg/mL did not improve sentinel lymph node detection. The addition of phytate colloid to indocyanine green extended the period when sentinel lymph node was detectable. Second echelon lymph nodes were not imaged in mice injected with the mixture, while these were visualized in mice injected with indocyanine green alone. This novel technique of ICG-phytate colloid mixture allows prolonged diagnostic time window, prevention of downstream subsequent nodes detection, and improved accuracy for the detection of true sentinel lymph nodes. © American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation 2014.

Use of 3d Technologies Within the Conservation of the Ancient Windows of the Basilica of S. Sabina in Rome. Construction of Exhibition Stands in Carbon Composite on a Milled Structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iaccarino Idelson, A.; Pannuzi, S.; Brunetto, A.; Galanti, G.; Giovannone, C.; Massa, V.; Serino, C.; Vischetti, F.

2017-05-01

Rare and precious window elements from the Paleochristian Basilica of Saint Sabina in Rome, made of plaster gypsum with translucent selenite used as glass for light transmission, were discovered by Antonio Muñoz during the restoration of the building at the beginning of the 20th c. Originally standing within the stone window frame, were then mounted on wood planks with screws for holding together the scattered fragments. The surfaces were covered with grime and the selenite elements were blinded by the wooden supports. During the recent conservation treatment at ISCR, traces of Egyptian blue on the internal surfaces were detected. Cleaning with laser allowed their conservation and the removal of gypsum deposits from the fragile selenite. 3-D scanning was performed for milling, out of polystyrene blocks, the counterforms that were needed for turning the artifacts upside down. After cleaning and re-assembling of the fragments, a new 3-D scan was performed to obtain a complete model of the artifacts that was used to define the best orientation of the windows, both for exhibition purposes and for the distribution of the weight-related stresses. Following a project based on 3-D modeling, exhibition stands were produced with a core material milled out of PET foam, reinforced with outer skins made with carbon fiber adhered under vacuum to the core material with epoxy resin. The new exhibition stands, very light and rigid, permit all-round appreciation of the artifacts and allow the light to shine through the selenite elements.

Comparison of Lateral Window and Osteotome Techniques in Sinus Augmentation: Histological and Histomorphometric Evaluation

PubMed Central

Esfahanizadeh, N.; Rokn, A. R.; Paknejad, M.; Motahari, P.; Daneshparvar, H.; Shamshiri, AR.

2012-01-01

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the lateral window and osteotome techniques for sinus lifting using histological and histomorphometric methods. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial 10 patients (a total number of 14 sinus areas) who needed implant treatment in the atrophic posterior maxilla were enrolled. In all the cases the residual bone height between the sinus floor and the alveolar crest was less than 5 mm. Sinus augmentation was performed. The treatment modality for a given residual bone height was selected randomly and Bio-Oss was applied in all the cases as the graft material. After a healing period of about 10 months, in all the cases, the implants were placed and biopsies of alveolar crestal bone were obtained at the same time; biopsy specimens were evaluated using histological and histomorphometric methods. Fisher’s exact and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare distribution of variables in the two groups. Statistical significance was defined at P<0.05. Results: The new bone was located in direct contact with the biomaterial without any gaps. This viable bone consisted of lacunae containing osteocytes. Infiltration of inflammatory cells did not exhibit any significant differences between the two techniques. Foreign body reaction was not observed in any cases. Histomorphometric evaluations demonstrated that The mean values of the new bone in the lateral window and osteotome techniques were 30±6.0 and 25.2±5.2, respectively, with no significant differences between the two groups.. Moreover, the average quantity of residual biomaterial and connective tissue were similar for the two groups. Conclusion: The nature and the volume of the new bone in lateral window and osteotome techniques were the same. PMID:23119133

Disilane as a growth rate catalyst of plasma deposited microcrystalline silicon thin films

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dimitrakellis, P.; Amanatides, E., E-mail: lef@plasmatech.gr; Mataras, D.

2016-07-15

The effect of small disilane addition on the gas phase properties of silane-hydrogen plasmas and the microcrystalline silicon thin films growth is presented. The investigation was conducted in the high pressure regime and for constant power dissipation in the discharge with the support of plasma diagnostics, thin film studies and calculations of discharge microscopic parameters and gas dissociation rates. The experimental data and the calculations show a strong effect of disilane on the electrical properties of the discharge in the pressure window from 2 to 3 Torr that is followed by significant raise of the electron number density and themore » drop of the sheaths electric field intensity. Deposition rate measurements show an important four to six times increase even for disilane mole fractions as low as 0.3 %. The deposition rate enhancement was followed by a drop of the material crystalline volume fraction but films with crystallinity above 40 % were deposited with different combinations of total gas pressure, disilane and silane molar ratios. The enhancement was partly explained by the increase of the electron impact dissociation rate of silane which rises by 40% even for 0.1% disilane mole fraction. The calculations of the gas usage, the dissociation and the deposition efficiencies show that the beneficial effect on the growth rate is not just the result of the increase of Si-containing molecules density but significant changes on the species participating to the deposition and the mechanism of the film growth are caused by the disilane addition. The enhanced participation of the highly sticking to the surface radical such as disilylene, which is the main product of disilane dissociation, was considered as the most probable reason for the significant raise of the deposition efficiency. The catalytic effect of such type of radical on the surface reactivity of species with lower sticking probability is further discussed, while it is also used to explain the restricted and sensitive process window where the disilane effect appears.« less

Disilane as a growth rate catalyst of plasma deposited microcrystalline silicon thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dimitrakellis, P.; Kalampounias, A. G.; Spiliopoulos, N.; Amanatides, E.; Mataras, D.; Lahootun, V.; Coeuret, F.; Madec, A.

2016-07-01

The effect of small disilane addition on the gas phase properties of silane-hydrogen plasmas and the microcrystalline silicon thin films growth is presented. The investigation was conducted in the high pressure regime and for constant power dissipation in the discharge with the support of plasma diagnostics, thin film studies and calculations of discharge microscopic parameters and gas dissociation rates. The experimental data and the calculations show a strong effect of disilane on the electrical properties of the discharge in the pressure window from 2 to 3 Torr that is followed by significant raise of the electron number density and the drop of the sheaths electric field intensity. Deposition rate measurements show an important four to six times increase even for disilane mole fractions as low as 0.3 %. The deposition rate enhancement was followed by a drop of the material crystalline volume fraction but films with crystallinity above 40 % were deposited with different combinations of total gas pressure, disilane and silane molar ratios. The enhancement was partly explained by the increase of the electron impact dissociation rate of silane which rises by 40% even for 0.1% disilane mole fraction. The calculations of the gas usage, the dissociation and the deposition efficiencies show that the beneficial effect on the growth rate is not just the result of the increase of Si-containing molecules density but significant changes on the species participating to the deposition and the mechanism of the film growth are caused by the disilane addition. The enhanced participation of the highly sticking to the surface radical such as disilylene, which is the main product of disilane dissociation, was considered as the most probable reason for the significant raise of the deposition efficiency. The catalytic effect of such type of radical on the surface reactivity of species with lower sticking probability is further discussed, while it is also used to explain the restricted and sensitive process window where the disilane effect appears.

Selection strategies for newly registered blood donors in European countries

PubMed Central

Lieshout-Krikke, Ryanne W.; Domanovic, Dragoslav; de Kort, Wim; Mayr, Wolfgang; Liumbruno, Giancarlo M.; Pupella, Simonetta; Kurz, Johann; Knutson, Folke; MacLennan, Sheila; Folléa, Gilles

2017-01-01

Background Two selection strategies for newly-registered blood donors are available: a single-visit selection called the standard selection procedure (SSP), and a two-stage selection named predonation and donation screening (PDS). This study reviews the selection strategies for newly-registered donors currently applied in European countries. Material and methods We collected data on donor selection procedures, blood donation, laboratory screening and HIV, HCV and HBV positive donors/donations from 2010 to 2013 in 30 European countries by using questionnaires. We grouped the countries according to the applied selection strategy, and for each country, we calculated the 4-year prevalence of confirmed positive results indicating the presence of overall and recent HIV, HCV and HBV infections among first-time and repeat donations and among newly-registered donors. Results Most of the 24 countries (80%) apply the SSP strategy for selection of newly-registered donors. Twenty-two countries (73.3%) employ a nucleic acid amplification testing in addition to the mandatory serological screening. The survey confirms a higher overall prevalence of HIV, HCV and HBV infections among first-time donations and newly-registered donors than among repeat donations. In contrast, the prevalence of recently acquired HIV and HCV infections was lower among first-time donations and newly-registered donors than among repeat donations, but higher for recent HBV infections (6.7/105 vs 2.6/105 in the SSP setting and 4.3/105 vs 0.5/105 in one country using PDS). The relatively low numbers of infected donors selected by PDS impeded accurate assessment of the prevalence of recent infections in first-time donations. Discussion The data from European countries provide inconclusive evidence that applying PDS reduces the risk of donations being made in the diagnostic window of first-time donors. The impact of PDS on the risk of window-period donations and blood donor management needs further investigation. PMID:27723449

The "Total Immersion" Meeting Environment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Finkel, Coleman

1980-01-01

The designing of intelligently planned meeting facilities can aid management communication and learning. The author examines the psychology of meeting attendance; architectural considerations (lighting, windows, color, etc.); design elements and learning modes (furniture, walls, audiovisuals, materials); and the idea of "total immersion meeting…

A Pest-Free Process

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hallberg, Rosemary; Hurley, Janet

2009-01-01

Now that green building has become more popular, school facility directors and architects are beginning to make different choices during construction. These choices may involve energy-efficient lighting, window size, building materials and design elements. Often, though, what happens during construction has unexpected consequences--unwanted…

Assembly for collecting samples for purposes of identification or analysis and method of use

DOEpatents

Thompson, Cyril V [Knoxville, TN; Smith, Rob R [Knoxville, TN

2010-02-02

An assembly and an associated method for collecting a sample of material desired to be characterized with diagnostic equipment includes or utilizes an elongated member having a proximal end with which the assembly is manipulated by a user and a distal end. In addition, a collection tip which is capable of being placed into contact with the material to be characterized is supported upon the distal end. The collection tip includes a body of chemically-inert porous material for binding a sample of material when the tip is placed into contact with the material and thereby holds the sample of material for subsequent introduction to the diagnostic equipment.

Methodology, Technical Approach and Measurement Techniques for Testing of TPM Thermal Protection Materials in IPM Plasmatrons

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-04-01

system, 8 - experiments on a study of boundary layer spectrum infrared window). before boiling of glass- silicide coating. This simple 3. SAMPLES AND...dependencies of surface temperature of tested materials and make conclusions concerned joint gllass- silicide coating and anode power of generator...obtained using test stagnation point configuration. glass- silicide coating vs anode power of HF-generator. Temperature peak at constant power

High density grids

DOEpatents

Cohen, Aina E.; Baxter, Elizabeth L.

2018-01-16

An X-ray data collection grid device is provided that includes a magnetic base that is compatible with robotic sample mounting systems used at synchrotron beamlines, a grid element fixedly attached to the magnetic base, where the grid element includes at least one sealable sample window disposed through a planar synchrotron-compatible material, where the planar synchrotron-compatible material includes at least one automated X-ray positioning and fluid handling robot fiducial mark.

PSIDD3: Post-Scan Ultrasonic Data Display System for the Windows-Based PC Including Fuzzy Logic Analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lovelace, Jeffrey J.; Cios, Krzysztof J.; Roth, Don J.; Cao, Wei

2000-01-01

Post-Scan Interactive Data Display (PSIDD) III is a user-oriented Windows-based system that facilitates the display and comparison of ultrasonic contact data. The system is optimized to compare ultrasonic measurements made at different locations within a material or at different stages of material degradation. PSIDD III provides complete analysis of the primary wave forms in the time and frequency domains along with the calculation of several frequency dependent properties including Phase Velocity and Attenuation Coefficient and several frequency independent properties, like the Cross Correlation Velocity. The system allows image generation on all of the frequency dependent properties at any available frequency (limited by the bandwidth used in the scans) and on any of the frequency independent properties. From ultrasonic contact scans, areas of interest on an image can be studied with regard to underlying raw waveforms and derived ultrasonic properties by simply selecting the point on the image. The system offers various modes of in-depth comparison between scan points. Up to five scan points can be selected for comparative analysis at once. The system was developed with Borland Delphi software (Visual Pascal) and is based on a SQL database. It is ideal for classification of material properties, or location of microstructure variations in materials.

Effects of leukocyte-platelet rich fibrin on postoperative complications of direct sinus lifting.

PubMed

Gurler, Gokhan; Delilbasi, Cagri

2016-08-01

Blood products have been widely used in soft tissue and bone regeneration in oral and maxillofacial surgery. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of leukocyte-platelet rich fibrin (L-PRF) following direct sinus lifting procedure. Twenty-eight patients were included in the study. Direct sinus lifting was performed via lateral window approach under conscious sedation and local anesthesia. Bony window and sinus floor elevation were performed using piezosurgery device. Two groups were formed. In the first group an allogenous bone graft and L-PRF mixture was used as grafting material. The L-PRF membrane was used to close the lateral window. In the second group, only allogenous bone was used for grafting and resorbable collagen membrane was used to close the lateral window. Pain, swelling, sleeping, eating, phonetics, activities of daily living, missed work days and soft tissue healing were evaluated postoperatively. Data of 24 patients were evaluated. Improvements were seen in the studied parameters in the L-PRF group; however, the difference was not significant between the two groups (P>0.05). The use of L-PRF and allogenous bone graft in combination with L-PRF membrane does not significantly improve postoperative complications following direct sinus lifting.

Characterization of AFB sapphire single crystal composites for infrared window application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, H.-C.; Meissner, H. E.

2007-04-01

Next generation weapons platforms may require 30" x 30" sapphire windows. Since these sizes exceed what can be manufactured directly, a concept is proposed and experimental data are furnished in this report on the viability of increasing the window dimensions by Adhesive-Free-Bonding (AFB®) of smaller starting components by their edges. The bonding scheme has been evaluated for single crystal sapphire but is expected to also work equally well for other IR window materials. The bonding mechanism is explained with Van der Waals theory of attractive forces and confirmed experimentally by applying the bending plate theory. The gap at the interface between two components is deduced from the measured roughness of the polished surfaces that are brought into optical contact and subsequently heat-treated, and is estimated to be about 2 Å rms. Stress relief at AFB® interfaces has been established. Experimental data of flexural strength determined by four-point bending at room temperature is reported. The data indicates that AFB® composite specimens and equivalently prepared blank samples fracture at statistically same loads under standardized testing conditions. Failure of composites has not been observed at the interface and only at random flaws that are a result of sample preparation.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kim, J.; Moon, T.J.; Howell, J.R.

This paper presents an analysis of the heat transfer occurring during an in-situ curing process for which infrared energy is provided on the surface of polymer composite during winding. The material system is Hercules prepreg AS4/3501-6. Thermoset composites have an exothermic chemical reaction during the curing process. An Eulerian thermochemical model is developed for the heat transfer analysis of helical winding. The model incorporates heat generation due to the chemical reaction. Several assumptions are made leading to a two-dimensional, thermochemical model. For simplicity, 360{degree} heating around the mandrel is considered. In order to generate the appropriate process windows, the developedmore » heat transfer model is combined with a simple winding time model. The process windows allow for a proper selection of process variables such as infrared energy input and winding velocity to give a desired end-product state. Steady-state temperatures are found for each combination of the process variables. A regression analysis is carried out to relate the process variables to the resulting steady-state temperatures. Using regression equations, process windows for a wide range of cylinder diameters are found. A general procedure to find process windows for Hercules AS4/3501-6 prepreg tape is coded in a FORTRAN program.« less

NASGRO 3.0: A Software for Analyzing Aging Aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mettu, S. R.; Shivakumar, V.; Beek, J. M.; Yeh, F.; Williams, L. C.; Forman, R. G.; McMahon, J. J.; Newman, J. C., Jr.

1999-01-01

Structural integrity analysis of aging aircraft is a critical necessity in view of the increasing numbers of such aircraft in general aviation, the airlines and the military. Efforts are in progress by NASA, the FAA and the DoD to focus attention on aging aircraft safety. The present paper describes the NASGRO software which is well-suited for effectively analyzing the behavior of defects that may be found in aging aircraft. The newly revised Version 3.0 has many features specifically implemented to suit the needs of the aircraft community. The fatigue crack growth computer program NASA/FLAGRO 2.0 was originally developed to analyze space hardware such as the Space Shuttle, the International Space Station and the associated payloads. Due to popular demand, the software was enhanced to suit the needs of the aircraft industry. Major improvements in Version 3.0 are the incorporation of the ability to read aircraft spectra of unlimited size, generation of common aircraft fatigue load blocks, and the incorporation of crack-growth models which include load-interaction effects such as retardation due to overloads and acceleration due to underloads. Five new crack-growth models, viz., generalized Willenborg, modified generalized Willenborg, constant closure model, Walker-Chang model and the deKoning-Newman strip-yield model, have been implemented. To facilitate easier input of geometry, material properties and load spectra, a Windows-style graphical user interface has been developed. Features to quickly change the input and rerun the problem as well as examine the output are incorporated. NASGRO has been organized into three modules, the crack-growth module being the primary one. The other two modules are the boundary element module and the material properties module. The boundary-element module provides the ability to model and analyze complex two-dimensional problems to obtain stresses and stress-intensity factors. The material properties module allows users to store and curve-fit fatigue-crack growth data. On-line help and documentation are provided for each of the modules. In addition to the popular PC windows version, a unix-based X-windows version of NASGRO is also available. A portable C++ class library called WxWindows was used to facilitate cross-platform availability of the software.

Infrared characteristics of VO2 thin films for smart window and laser protection applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Zhangli; Chen, Sihai; Lv, Chaohong; Huang, Ying; Lai, Jianjun

2012-11-01

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) films with a low semiconductor-to-metal transition temperature of 45 °C were fabricated through direct current magnetron sputtering followed by a post-annealing. Atomic force microscopy measurements show that the VO2 grain size is about one hundred of nanometers. Infrared (IR) characteristic is well investigated by applying a He-Ne laser power intensity measurement, and the result reveals that the VO2 film exhibits excellent IR switching property. Furthermore, solar smart window and laser protection experiments demonstrate that the obtained VO2 thin film is a promising material for the application in related fields.

Persistent luminescence of transition metal (Co, Ni...)-doped ZnGa2O4 phosphors for applications in the near-infrared range

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pellerin, Morgane; Castaing, Victor; Gourier, Didier; Chanéac, Corinne; Viana, Bruno

2018-02-01

Persistent luminescence materials present many applications including security lighting and bio-imaging. Many progresses have been made in the elaboration of persistent luminescent nanoparticles suitable for the first NIR partial transparency window (650 - 950 nm). Moving to the second and third near-infrared partial transparency windows (1000 nm - 1800 nm) allows further reducing of scattering, absorption and tissue autofluorescence effects. In this work, we present the synthesis of Co2+ and Ni2+ doped zinc-gallate nanoparticles with broad emission covering the NIR-II range. Site occupancy, energy levels, optical features and persistent phenomena are presented.

A Protocol for Electrochemical Evaluations and State of Charge Diagnostics of a Symmetric Organic Redox Flow Battery.

PubMed

Duan, Wentao; Vemuri, Rama S; Hu, Dehong; Yang, Zheng; Wei, Xiaoliang

2017-02-13

Redox flow batteries have been considered as one of the most promising stationary energy storage solutions for improving the reliability of the power grid and deployment of renewable energy technologies. Among the many flow battery chemistries, non-aqueous flow batteries have the potential to achieve high energy density because of the broad voltage windows of non-aqueous electrolytes. However, significant technical hurdles exist currently limiting non-aqueous flow batteries to demonstrate their full potential, such as low redox concentrations, low operating currents, under-explored battery status monitoring, etc. In an attempt to address these limitations, we recently reported a non-aqueous flow battery based on a highly soluble, redox-active organic nitronyl nitroxide radical compound, 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO). This redox material exhibits an ambipolar electrochemical property, and therefore can serve as both anolyte and catholyte redox materials to form a symmetric flow battery chemistry. Moreover, we demonstrated that Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy could measure the PTIO concentrations during the PTIO flow battery cycling and offer reasonably accurate detection of the battery state of charge (SOC), as cross-validated by electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements. Herein we present a video protocol for the electrochemical evaluation and SOC diagnosis of the PTIO symmetric flow battery. With a detailed description, we experimentally demonstrated the route to achieve such purposes. This protocol aims to spark more interests and insights on the safety and reliability in the field of non-aqueous redox flow batteries.

Hyperspectral imaging for detection of arthritis: feasibility and prospects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Milanic, Matija; Paluchowski, Lukasz A.; Randeberg, Lise L.

2015-09-01

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease that frequently leads to joint destruction. It has a high incidence rate worldwide, and the disease significantly reduces patients' quality of life. Detecting and treating inflammatory arthritis before structural damage to the joint has occurred is known to be essential for preventing patient disability and pain. Existing diagnostic technologies are expensive, time consuming, and require trained personnel to collect and interpret data. Optical techniques might be a fast, noninvasive alternative. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a noncontact optical technique which provides both spectral and spatial information in one measurement. In this study, the feasibility of HSI in arthritis diagnostics was explored by numerical simulations and optimal imaging parameters were identified. Hyperspectral reflectance and transmission images of RA and normal human joint models were simulated using the Monte Carlo method. The spectral range was 600 to 1100 nm. Characteristic spatial patterns for RA joints and two spectral windows with transmission were identified. The study demonstrated that transmittance images of human joints could be used as one parameter for discrimination between arthritic and unaffected joints. The presented work shows that HSI is a promising imaging modality for the diagnostics and follow-up monitoring of arthritis in small joints.

Strain-induced phenomenon in complex oxide thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Haislmaier, Ryan

Complex oxide materials wield an immense spectrum of functional properties such as ferroelectricity, ferromagnetism, magnetoelectricity, optoelectricity, optomechanical, magnetoresistance, superconductivity, etc. The rich coupling between charge, spin, strain, and orbital degrees of freedom makes this material class extremely desirable and relevant for next generation electronic devices and technologies which are trending towards nanoscale dimensions. Development of complex oxide thin film materials is essential for realizing their integration into nanoscale electronic devices, where theoretically predicted multifunctional capabilities of oxides could add tremendous value. Employing thin film growth strategies such as epitaxial strain and heterostructure interface engineering can greatly enhance and even unlock novel material properties in complex oxides, which will be the main focus of this work. However, physically incorporating oxide materials into devices remains a challenge. While advancements in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) of thin film oxide materials has led to the ability to grow oxide materials with atomic layer precision, there are still major limitations such as controlling stoichiometric compositions during growth as well as creating abrupt interfaces in multi-component layered oxide structures. The work done in this thesis addresses ways to overcome these limitations in order to harness intrinsic material phenomena. The development of adsorption-controlled stoichiometric growth windows of CaTiO3 and SrTiO3 thin film materials grown by hybrid MBE where Ti is supplied using metal-organic titanium tetraisopropoxide material is thoroughly outlined. These growth windows enable superior epitaxial strain-induced ferroelectric and dielectric properties to be accessed as demonstrated by chemical, structural, electrical, and optical characterization techniques. For tensile strained CaTiO3 and compressive strained SrTiO 3 films, the critical effects of nonstoichiometry on ferroelectric properties are investigated, where enhanced ferroelectric responses are only found for stoichiometric films grown inside of the growth windows, whereas outside of the optimal growth window conditions, ferroelectric properties are greatly deteriorated and eventually disappear for highly nonstoichiometric film compositions. Utilizing these stoichiometric growth windows, high temperature polar phase transitions are discovered for compressively strained CaTiO3 films with transition temperatures in excess of 700 K, rendering this material as a strong candidate for high temperature electronic applications. Beyond the synthesis of single phase materials using hybrid MBE, a methodology is presented for constructing layered (SrTiO3)n/(CaTiO 3)n superlattice structures, where precise control over the unit cell layering thickness (n) is demonstrated using in-situ reflection high energy electron diffraction. The effects of interface roughness and layering periodicity (n) on the strain-induced ferroelectric properties for a series of n=1-10 (SrTiO3)n/(CaTiO3) n superlattice films are investigated. It is found that the stabilization of a ferroelectric phase is independent of n, but is however strongly dominated by the degree of interface roughness which is quantified by measuring the highest nth order X-ray diffraction peak splitting of each superlattice film. A counter-intuitive realization is made whereby a critical amount of interface roughness is required in order to enable the formation of the predicted strain-stabilized ferroelectric phase, whereas sharp interfaces actually suppress this ferroelectric phase from manifesting. It is shown how high-quality complex oxide superlattices can be constructed using hybrid MBE technique, allowing the ability to control layered materials at the atomic scale. Furthermore, a detailed growth methodology is provided for constructing a layered n=4 SrO(SrTiO3)n Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) phase by hybrid MBE, where the ability to deposit single monolayers of SrO and TiO2 is utilized to build the RP film structure over a time period of 5 hours. This is the first time that a thin film RP phase has been grown using hybrid MBE, where an a stable control over the fluxes is demonstrated during relatively long time periods of growth, which advantageously facilitates the synthesis of high-quality RP materials with excellent structural and chemical homogeneity. Additionally, this work demonstrates some major advancements in optical second harmonic generation (SHG) characterization techniques of ferroelectric thin film materials. The SHG characterization techniques developed here proved to be the 'bread-and-butter' for most of the work performed in this thesis, providing a powerful tool for identifying the existence of strain-induced ferroelectric phases, including their temperature dependence and polar symmetry. The work presented in this dissertation will hopefully provide a preliminary road map for future hybrid MBE growers, scientists and researchers, to develop and investigate epitaxial strain and heterostructure layering induced phenomena in other complex oxide systems.

Capacitance of Ti 3C 2T x MXene in Ionic Liquid Electrolyte

DOE PAGES

Lin, Zifeng; Barbara, Daffos; Taberna, Pierre-Louis; ...

2016-04-14

Ti 3C 2T x MXene, a two-dimensional (2D) early transition metal carbide, has shown an extremely high volumetric capacitance in aqueous electrolytes, but in a narrow voltage window (less than 1.23 V). The utilization of MXene materials in ionic liquid electrolytes with a large voltage window has never been addressed. Here, we report the preparation of the Ti 3C 2T x MXene ionogel film by vacuum filtration for use as supercapacitor electrodes operating in 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMI-TFSI) neat ionic liquid electrolyte. Due to the disordered structure of the Ti 3C 2T x hydrogel film and a stable spacing after vacuummore » drying, achieved through ionic liquid electrolyte immersion of the Ti 3C 2T x hydrogel film, the Ti 3C 2T x surface became accessible to EMI + and TFSI - ions. A capacitance of 70 F g -1 together with a large voltage window of 3 V was obtained at a scan rate of 20 mV s -1 in neat EMI-TFSI electrolyte. The electrochemical signature indicates a capacitive behavior even at a high scan rate (500 mV s -1) and a high power performance. This work opens up the possibilities of using MXene materials with various ionic liquid electrolytes.« less

The role of high work-function metallic nanodots on the performance of a-Si:H solar cells: offering ohmic contact to light trapping.

PubMed

Kim, Jeehwan; Abou-Kandil, Ahmed; Fogel, Keith; Hovel, Harold; Sadana, Devendra K

2010-12-28

Addition of carbon into p-type "window" layers in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) solar cells enhances short circuit currents and open circuit voltages by a great deal. However, a-Si:H solar cells with high carbon-doped "window" layers exhibit poor fill factors due to a Schottky barrier-like impedance at the interface between a-SiC:H windows and transparent conducting oxides (TCO), although they show maximized short circuit currents and open circuit voltages. The impedance is caused by an increasing mismatch between the work function of TCO and that of p-type a-SiC:H. Applying ultrathin high-work-function metals at the interface between the two materials results in an effective lowering of the work function mismatch and a consequent ohmic behavior. If the metal layer is sufficiently thin, then it forms nanodots rather than a continuous layer which provides light-scattering effect. We demonstrate 31% efficiency enhancement by using high-work-function materials for engineering the work function at the key interfaces to raise fill factors as well as photocurrents. The use of metallic interface layers in this work is a clear contrast to previous work where attempts were made to enhance the photocurrent using plasmonic metal nanodots on the solar cell surface.

Stamping an AA5754 Train Window Panel with High Dent Resistance Using Locally Annealed Blanks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Piccininni, A.; Guglielmi, P.; Lo Franco, A.; Palumbo, G.

2017-09-01

The warm stamping of an AA5754-H32 window panel for railway vehicles applications has been proposed in the present work. The adoption of increased working temperatures can be surely considered the most effective solution for this alloy to overcome the limited material formability at room temperature [Palumbo et al. “Warm Forming of an AA5754 Component for Railway Vehicle Applications”, Procedia Engineering, Vol. 183, 2017, Pages 351-356] but, in order to improve the overall dent resistance of the component, the initial wrought conditions have been chosen in the present work. The manufacturing of the window panel was thus subdivided into a preliminary local heat treatment (assumed to be performed by laser) to anneal the material and a subsequent warm stamping step using heated tools. The best combination of temperature and holding time able to produce the annealing of the investigated alloy was determined using the physical simulator Gleeble 3180. On the contrary, the warm forming step was designed by means of thermo-mechanical simulations: in order to model the AA5754-H32 blank with annealed regions, an extensive experimental campaign (tensile and formability tests) was conducted using specimens in the annealed (H111) and in the wrought (H32) conditions. Through the numerical approach it was thus possible define: (i) the extent of the annealed regions; (ii) the punch speed to get a sound component.

Quality control in the recycling stream of PVC from window frames by hyperspectral imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luciani, Valentina; Serranti, Silvia; Bonifazi, Giuseppe; Di Maio, Francesco; Rem, Peter

2013-05-01

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the most commonly used thermoplastic materials in respect to the worldwide polymer consumption. PVC is mainly used in the building and construction sector, products such as pipes, window frames, cable insulation, floors, coverings, roofing sheets, etc. are realised utilising this material. In recent years, the problem of PVC waste disposal gained increasing importance in the public discussion. The quantity of used PVC items entering the waste stream is gradually increased as progressively greater numbers of PVC products approach to the end of their useful economic lives. The quality of the recycled PVC depends on the characteristics of the recycling process and the quality of the input waste. Not all PVC-containing waste streams have the same economic value. A transparent relation between value and composition is required to decide if the recycling process is cost effective for a particular waste stream. An objective and reliable quality control technique is needed in the recycling industry for the monitoring of both recycled flow streams and final products in the plant. In this work hyperspectral imaging technique in the near infrared (NIR) range (1000-1700 nm) was applied to identify unwanted plastic contaminants and rubber present in PVC coming from windows frame waste in order to assess a quality control procedure during its recycling process. Results showed as PVC, PE and rubber can be identified adopting the NIR-HSI approach.

[Detection of rubella virus RNA in clinical material by real time polymerase chain reaction method].

PubMed

Domonova, É A; Shipulina, O Iu; Kuevda, D A; Larichev, V F; Safonova, A P; Burchik, M A; Butenko, A M; Shipulin, G A

2012-01-01

Development of a reagent kit for detection of rubella virus RNA in clinical material by PCR-RT. During development and determination of analytical specificity and sensitivity DNA and RNA of 33 different microorganisms including 4 rubella strains were used. Comparison of analytical sensitivity of virological and molecular-biological methods was performed by using rubella virus strains Wistar RA 27/3, M-33, "Orlov", Judith. Evaluation of diagnostic informativity of rubella virus RNAisolation in various clinical material by PCR-RT method was performed in comparison with determination of virus specific serum antibodies by enzyme immunoassay. A reagent kit for the detection of rubella virus RNA in clinical material by PCR-RT was developed. Analytical specificity was 100%, analytical sensitivity - 400 virus RNA copies per ml. Analytical sensitivity of the developed technique exceeds analytical sensitivity of the Vero E6 cell culture infection method in studies of rubella virus strains Wistar RA 27/3 and "Orlov" by 11g and 31g, and for M-33 and Judith strains is analogous. Diagnostic specificity is 100%. Diagnostic specificity for testing samples obtained within 5 days of rash onset: for peripheral blood sera - 20.9%, saliva - 92.5%, nasopharyngeal swabs - 70.1%, saliva and nasopharyngeal swabs - 97%. Positive and negative predictive values of the results were shown depending on the type of clinical material tested. Application of reagent kit will allow to increase rubella diagnostics effectiveness at the early stages of infectious process development, timely and qualitatively perform differential diagnostics of exanthema diseases, support tactics of anti-epidemic regime.

Clues to immune tolerance: The monogenic autoimmune syndromes

PubMed Central

Waterfield, Michael; Anderson, Mark S.

2010-01-01

Autoimmune disease affects a significant proportion of the population. The etiology of most autoimmune diseases is largely unknown, but it is thought to be multifactorial with both environmental and genetic influences. Rare monogenic autoimmune diseases, however, offer an invaluable window into potential disease mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss the autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS1), the immunedysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome (IPEX), and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS). Significantly, the information gained from the study of these diseases has provided new insights into more common autoimmune disease and have yielded new diagnostics and therapeutic opportunities. PMID:20969580

Personalized Oncology in Interventional Radiology

PubMed Central

Abi-Jaoudeh, Nadine; Duffy, Austin G.; Greten, Tim F.; Kohn, Elise C.; Clark, Timothy W.I.; Wood, Bradford J.

2013-01-01

As personalized medicine becomes more applicable to oncologic practice, image-guided biopsies will be integral for enabling predictive and pharmacodynamic molecular pathology. Interventional radiology has a key role in defining patient-specific management. Advances in diagnostic techniques, genomics, and proteomics enable a window into subcellular mechanisms driving hyperproliferation, metastatic capabilities, and tumor angiogenesis. A new era of personalized medicine has evolved whereby clinical decisions are adjusted according to a patient’s molecular profile. Several mutations and key markers already have been introduced into standard oncologic practice. A broader understanding of personalized oncology will help interventionalists play a greater role in therapy selection and discovery. PMID:23885909

Restricted-Access Al-Mediated Material Transport in Al Contacting of PureGaB Ge-on-Si p + n Diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sammak, Amir; Qi, Lin; Nanver, Lis K.

2015-12-01

The effectiveness of using nanometer-thin boron (PureB) layers as interdiffusion barrier to aluminum (Al) is studied for a contacting scheme specifically developed for fabricating germanium-on-silicon (Ge-on-Si) p + n photodiodes with an oxide-covered light entrance window. Contacting is achieved at the perimeter of the Ge-island anode directly to an Al interconnect metallization. The Ge is grown in oxide windows to the Si wafer and covered by a B and gallium (Ga) layer stack (PureGaB) composed of about a nanometer of Ga for forming the p + Ge region and 10 nm of B as an interdiffusion barrier to the Al. To form contact windows, the side-wall oxide is etched away, exposing a small tip of the Ge perimeter to Al that from this point travels about 5 μm into the bulk Ge crystal. In this process, Ge and Si materials are displaced, forming Ge-filled V-grooves at the Si surface. The Al coalesces in grains. This process is studied here by high-resolution cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy that confirm the purities of the Ge and Al grains. Diodes are fabricated with different geometries and statistical current-voltage characterization reveals a spread that can be related to across-the-wafer variations in the contact processing. The I- V behavior is characterized by low dark current, low contact resistance, and breakdown voltages that are suitable for operation in avalanching modes. The restricted access to the Ge of the Al inducing the Ge and Si material transport does not destroy the very good electrical characteristics typical of PureGaB Ge-on-Si diodes.

Textile technology development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shah, Bharat M.

1995-01-01

The objectives of this report were to evaluate and select resin systems for Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) and Powder Towpreg Material, to develop and evaluate advanced textile processes by comparing 2-D and 3-D braiding for fuselage frame applications and develop window belt and side panel structural design concepts, to evaluate textile material properties, and to develop low cost manufacturing and tooling processes for the automated manufacturing of fuselage primary structures. This research was in support of the NASA and Langley Research Center (LaRc) Advanced Composite Structural Concepts and Materials Technologies for Primary Aircraft Structures program.

Rain droplet erosion mechanisms in transparent plastic materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schmitt, G. F., Jr.

1974-01-01

Tests were conducted to determine the damaging effects of rain erosion on optically transparent materials. The rotating arm test equipment used for the tests is described. Typical transparent materials such as those found in windshields, infrared windows, lasers, and television systems were tested. Nominal velocities of 400, 500, and 600 miles per hour and rainfall conditions of one inch per hour simulated rainfall were used in the tests. It was determined that an 80 percent reduction in laser transmittance can occur in plastics submitted to rain erosion. Significant results of the environmental tests are explained.

Comparison of Outcomes of Pericardiocentesis Versus Surgical Pericardial Window in Patients Requiring Drainage of Pericardial Effusions.

PubMed

Horr, Samuel E; Mentias, Amgad; Houghtaling, Penny L; Toth, Andrew J; Blackstone, Eugene H; Johnston, Douglas R; Klein, Allan L

2017-09-01

Comparative outcomes of patients undergoing pericardiocentesis or pericardial window are limited. Development of pericardial effusion after cardiac surgery is common but no data exist to guide best management. Procedural billing codes and Cleveland Clinic surgical registries were used to identify 1,281 patients who underwent either pericardiocentesis or surgical pericardial window between January 2000 and December 2012. The 656 patients undergoing an intervention for a pericardial effusion secondary to cardiac surgery were also compared. Propensity scoring was used to identify well-matched patients in each group. In the overall cohort, in-hospital mortality was similar between the group undergoing pericardiocentesis and surgical drainage (5.3% vs 4.4%, p = 0.49). Similar outcomes were found in the propensity-matched group (4.9% vs 6.1%, p = 0.55). Re-accumulation was more common after pericardiocentesis (24% vs 10%, p <0.0001) and remained in the matched cohorts (23% vs 9%, p <0.0001). The secondary outcome of hemodynamic instability after the procedure was more common in the pericardial window group in both the unmatched (5.2% vs 2.9%, p = 0.036) and matched cohorts (6.1% vs 2.0%, p = 0.022). In the subgroup of patients with a pericardial effusion secondary to cardiac surgery, there was a lower mortality after pericardiocentesis in the unmatched group (1.5% vs 4.6%, p = 0.024); however, after adjustment, this difference in mortality was no longer present (2.6% vs 4.5%, p = 0.36). In conclusion, both pericardiocentesis and surgical pericardial window are safe and effective treatment strategies for the patient with a pericardial effusion. In our study there were no significant differences in mortality in patients undergoing either procedure. Observed differences in outcomes with regard to recurrence rates, hemodynamic instability, and in those with postcardiac surgery effusions may help to guide the clinician in management of the patient requiring therapeutic or diagnostic drainage of a pericardial effusion. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

8. MACHINERY SHED STORAGE ROOM ADDITION DETAIL SHOWING MATRIX OF ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. MACHINERY SHED STORAGE ROOM ADDITION DETAIL SHOWING MATRIX OF NAILS USED TO ADHERE PORTLAND CEMENT PLASTER, SOUTH ADOBE WALL ADJACENT TO WINDOW Note: Photographs Nos. AZ-159-A-9 through AZ-159-A-10 are photocopies of photographs. The original prints and negatives are located in the SCS Tucson Plant Materials Center, Tucson, Arizona. Photographer Ted F. Spaller. - Tucson Plant Material Center, Machinery Shed, 3241 North Romero Road, Tucson, Pima County, AZ

Don't ban PVC: incinerate and recycle it instead!

PubMed

Menke, Doris; Fiedler, Hiltrud; Zwahr, Heiner

2003-04-01

Plastics are making a growing contribution to sustainable development. For example, over an expected lifetime of 50 years, the use of window frames and insulating materials made of plastic in buildings save many times the energy required to manufacture them. Plastics for packaging purposes provide protection against damage and dirt contamination, thereby saving considerable amounts of material and energy. Choosing appropriate disposal strategies for plastic waste also helps to protect the environment (Mark 2000).

Technologies for deposition of transition metal oxide thin films: application as functional layers in “Smart windows” and photocatalytic systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gesheva, K.; Ivanova, T.; Bodurov, G.; Szilágyi, I. M.; Justh, N.; Kéri, O.; Boyadjiev, S.; Nagy, D.; Aleksandrova, M.

2016-02-01

“Smart windows” are envisaged for future low-energy, high-efficient architectural buildings, as well as for the car industry. By switching from coloured to fully bleached state, these windows regulate the energy of solar flux entering the interior. Functional layers in these devices are the transition metals oxides. The materials (transitional metal oxides) used in smart windows can be also applied as photoelectrodes in water splitting photocells for hydrogen production or as photocatalytic materials for self-cleaning surfaces, waste water treatment and pollution removal. Solar energy utilization is recently in the main scope of numerous world research laboratories and energy organizations, working on protection against conventional fuel exhaustion. The paper presents results from research on transition metal oxide thin films, fabricated by different methods - atomic layer deposition, atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition, physical vapour deposition, and wet chemical methods, suitable for flowthrough production process. The lower price of the chemical deposition processes is especially important when the method is related to large-scale glazing applications. Conclusions are derived about which processes are recently considered as most prospective, related to electrochromic materials and devices manufacturing.

Surface Emissivity Maps for Use in Satellite Retrievals of Longwave Radiation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilber, Anne C.; Kratz, David P.; Gupta, Shashi K.

1999-01-01

Accurate accounting of surface emissivity is essential for the retrievals of surface temperature from remote sensing measurements, and for the computations of longwave (LW) radiation budget of the Earth?s surface. Past studies of the above topics assumed that emissivity for all surface types, and across the entire LW spectrum is equal to unity. There is strong evidence, however, that emissivity of many surface materials is significantly lower than unity, and varies considerably across the LW spectrum. We have developed global maps of surface emissivity for the broadband LW region, the thermal infrared window region (8-12 micron), and 12 narrow LW spectral bands. The 17 surface types defined by the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) were adopted as such, and an additional (18th) surface type was introduced to represent tundra-like surfaces. Laboratory measurements of spectral reflectances of 10 different surface materials were converted to corresponding emissivities. The 10 surface materials were then associated with 18 surface types. Emissivities for the 18 surface types were first computed for each of the 12 narrow spectral bands. Emissivities for the broadband and the window region were then constituted from the spectral band values by weighting them with Planck function energy distribution.

Evolution of oxygenated cadmium sulfide (CdS:O) during high-temperature CdTe solar cell fabrication

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Meysing, Daniel M.; Reese, Matthew O.; Warren, Charles W.

Oxygenated cadmium sulfide (CdS:O) produced by reactive sputtering has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional CdS for use as the n-type window layer in CdTe solar cells. Here, complementary techniques are used to expose the window layer (CdS or CdS:O) in completed superstrate devices and combined with a suite of materials characterization to elucidate its evolution during high temperature device processing. During device fabrication amorphous CdS:O undergoes significant interdiffusion with CdTe and recrystallization, forming CdS1-yTey nanocrystals whose Te fraction approaches solubility limits. Significant oxygen remains after processing, concentrated in sulfate clusters dispersed among the CdS1-yTey alloy phase, accounting formore » ~30% of the post-processed window layer based on cross-sectional microscopy. Interdiffusion and recrystallization are observed in devices with un-oxygenated CdS, but to a much lesser extent. Etching experiments suggest that the CdS thickness is minimally changed during processing, but the CdS:O window layer is reduced from 100 nm to 60-80 nm, which is confirmed by microscopy. Alloying reduces the band gap of the CdS:O window layer to 2.15 eV, but reductions in thickness and areal density improve its transmission spectrum, which is well matched to device quantum efficiency. The changes to the window layer in the reactive environments of device fabrication are profoundly different than what occurs by thermal annealing in an inert environment, which produced films with a band gap of 2.4 eV for both CdS and CdS:O. These results illustrate for the first time the significant changes that occur to the window layer during processing that are critical to the performance of CdTe solar cells.« less