A Report on Molecular Diagnostic Testing for Inherited Retinal Dystrophies by Targeted Genetic Analyses.

PubMed

Ramkumar, Hema L; Gudiseva, Harini V; Kishaba, Kameron T; Suk, John J; Verma, Rohan; Tadimeti, Keerti; Thorson, John A; Ayyagari, Radha

2017-02-01

To test the utility of targeted sequencing as a method of clinical molecular testing in patients diagnosed with inherited retinal degeneration (IRD). After genetic counseling, peripheral blood was drawn from 188 probands and 36 carriers of IRD. Single gene testing was performed on each patient in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment (CLIA) certified laboratory. DNA was isolated, and all exons in the gene of interest were analyzed along with 20 base pairs of flanking intronic sequence. Genetic testing was most often performed on ABCA4, CTRP5, ELOV4, BEST1, CRB1, and PRPH2. Pathogenicity of novel sequence changes was predicted by PolyPhen2 and sorting intolerant from tolerant (SIFT). Of the 225 genetic tests performed, 150 were for recessive IRD, and 75 were for dominant IRD. A positive molecular diagnosis was made in 70 (59%) of probands with recessive IRD and 19 (26%) probands with dominant IRD. Analysis confirmed 12 (34%) of individuals as carriers of familial mutations associated with IRD. Thirty-two novel variants were identified; among these, 17 sequence changes in four genes were predicted to be possibly or probably damaging including: ABCA4 (14), BEST1 (2), PRPH2 (1), and TIMP3 (1). Targeted analysis of clinically suspected genes in 225 subjects resulted in a positive molecular diagnosis in 26% of patients with dominant IRD and 59% of patients with recessive IRD. Novel damaging mutations were identified in four genes. Single gene screening is not an ideal method for diagnostic testing given the phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity among IRD cases. High-throughput sequencing of all genes associated with retinal degeneration may be more efficient for molecular diagnosis.

GTF2IRD2 is located in the Williams–Beuren syndrome critical region 7q11.23 and encodes a protein with two TFII-I-like helix–loop–helix repeats

PubMed Central

Makeyev, Aleksandr V.; Erdenechimeg, Lkhamsuren; Mungunsukh, Ognoon; Roth, Jutta J.; Enkhmandakh, Badam; Ruddle, Frank H.; Bayarsaihan, Dashzeveg

2004-01-01

Williams–Beuren syndrome (also known as Williams syndrome) is caused by a deletion of a 1.55- to 1.84-megabase region from chromosome band 7q11.23. GTF2IRD1 and GTF2I, located within this critical region, encode proteins of the TFII-I family with multiple helix–loop–helix domains known as I repeats. In the present work, we characterize a third member, GTF2IRD2, which has sequence and structural similarity to the GTF2I and GTF2IRD1 paralogs. The ORF encodes a protein with several features characteristic of regulatory factors, including two I repeats, two leucine zippers, and a single Cys-2/His-2 zinc finger. The genomic organization of human, baboon, rat, and mouse genes is well conserved. Our exon-by-exon comparison has revealed that GTF2IRD2 is more closely related to GTF2I than to GTF2IRD1 and apparently is derived from the GTF2I sequence. The comparison of GTF2I and GTF2IRD2 genes revealed two distinct regions of homology, indicating that the helix–loop–helix domain structure of the GTF2IRD2 gene has been generated by two independent genomic duplications. We speculate that GTF2I is derived from GTF2IRD1 as a result of local duplication and the further evolution of its structure was associated with its functional specialization. Comparison of genomic sequences surrounding GTF2IRD2 genes in mice and humans allows refinement of the centromeric breakpoint position of the primate-specific inversion within the Williams–Beuren syndrome critical region. PMID:15243160

GTF2IRD2 is located in the Williams-Beuren syndrome critical region 7q11.23 and encodes a protein with two TFII-I-like helix-loop-helix repeats.

PubMed

Makeyev, Aleksandr V; Erdenechimeg, Lkhamsuren; Mungunsukh, Ognoon; Roth, Jutta J; Enkhmandakh, Badam; Ruddle, Frank H; Bayarsaihan, Dashzeveg

2004-07-27

Williams-Beuren syndrome (also known as Williams syndrome) is caused by a deletion of a 1.55- to 1.84-megabase region from chromosome band 7q11.23. GTF2IRD1 and GTF2I, located within this critical region, encode proteins of the TFII-I family with multiple helix-loop-helix domains known as I repeats. In the present work, we characterize a third member, GTF2IRD2, which has sequence and structural similarity to the GTF2I and GTF2IRD1 paralogs. The ORF encodes a protein with several features characteristic of regulatory factors, including two I repeats, two leucine zippers, and a single Cys-2/His-2 zinc finger. The genomic organization of human, baboon, rat, and mouse genes is well conserved. Our exon-by-exon comparison has revealed that GTF2IRD2 is more closely related to GTF2I than to GTF2IRD1 and apparently is derived from the GTF2I sequence. The comparison of GTF2I and GTF2IRD2 genes revealed two distinct regions of homology, indicating that the helix-loop-helix domain structure of the GTF2IRD2 gene has been generated by two independent genomic duplications. We speculate that GTF2I is derived from GTF2IRD1 as a result of local duplication and the further evolution of its structure was associated with its functional specialization. Comparison of genomic sequences surrounding GTF2IRD2 genes in mice and humans allows refinement of the centromeric breakpoint position of the primate-specific inversion within the Williams-Beuren syndrome critical region.

The DOD-NASA Independent Research and Development Program: Issues and Methodology for an In-Depth Study

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-01-01

for the expenses of certain indep endently chosen R&D projects judged relevant to military needs. These "in- dependent R&D" (IR&D) expenses are...system’s features, from accounting procedures to the system’s fundamental propriety. The Committee on Indep - endent Research and Development Issues...Patent Policy • • • • • • • • • Accountability and Management A SUGGESTED METHODOLOGY FOR A STUDY OF THE ROLE OF IR&D IN DEFENSE AND SPACE

Consent and labeling in the use of infectious risk donor kidneys: a response to "Information Overload.

PubMed

Bowring, Mary G; Massie, Allan B; Henderson, Macey; Segev, Dorry L

2018-06-19

We thank Singh et al for their interest in our work on the survival benefit conferred by increased infectious risk kidneys (IRD) (1). We agree that our findings of substantial benefit and elevated discard rates of IRD kidneys, coupled with existing literature on their low infectious risk, support broader utilization of these so-labeled kidneys. Physicians and patients considering these offers can also turn to our risk calculator (www.transplantmodels.com/ird) to quantify the personalized survival benefit of accepting an IRD kidney versus waiting for the next non-IRD option (2). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Study report recommendations for the next generation Range Safety System (RSS) Integrated Receiver/Decoder (IRD)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Crosby, Robert H.

1992-01-01

The Integrated Receiver/Decoder (IRD) currently used on the Space Shuttle was designed in the 1980 and prior time frame. Over the past 12 years, several parts have become obsolete or difficult to obtain. As directed by the Marshall Space Flight Center, a primary objective is to investigate updating the IRD design using the latest technology subsystems. To take advantage of experience with the current designs, an analysis of failures and a review of discrepancy reports, material review board actions, scrap, etc. are given. A recommended new design designated as the Advanced Receiver/Decoder (ARD) is presented. This design uses the latest technology components to simplify circuits, improve performance, reduce size and cost, and improve reliability. A self-test command is recommended that can improve and simplify operational procedures. Here, the new design is contrasted with the old. Possible simplification of the total Range Safety System is discussed, as is a single-step crypto technique that can improve and simplify operational procedures.

Mutation of Gtf2ird1 from the Williams-Beuren syndrome critical region results in facial dysplasia, motor dysfunction, and altered vocalisations.

PubMed

Howard, Monique L; Palmer, Stephen J; Taylor, Kylie M; Arthurson, Geoffrey J; Spitzer, Matthew W; Du, Xin; Pang, Terence Y C; Renoir, Thibault; Hardeman, Edna C; Hannan, Anthony J

2012-03-01

Insufficiency of the transcriptional regulator GTF2IRD1 has become a strong potential explanation for some of the major characteristic features of the neurodevelopmental disorder Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS). Genotype/phenotype correlations in humans indicate that the hemizygous loss of the GTF2IRD1 gene and an adjacent paralogue, GTF2I, play crucial roles in the neurocognitive and craniofacial aspects of the disease. In order to explore this genetic relationship in greater detail, we have generated a targeted Gtf2ird1 mutation in mice that blocks normal GTF2IRD1 protein production. Detailed analyses of homozygous null Gtf2ird1 mice have revealed a series of phenotypes that share some intriguing parallels with WBS. These include reduced body weight, a facial deformity resulting from localised epidermal hyperplasia, a motor coordination deficit, alterations in exploratory activity and, in response to specific stress-inducing stimuli; a novel audible vocalisation and increased serum corticosterone. Analysis of Gtf2ird1 expression patterns in the brain using a knock-in LacZ reporter and c-fos activity mapping illustrates the regions where these neurological abnormalities may originate. These data provide new mechanistic insight into the clinical genetic findings in WBS patients and indicate that insufficiency of GTF2IRD1 protein contributes to abnormalities of facial development, motor function and specific behavioural disorders that accompany this disease. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The Immediate Effects on Inter-rectus Distance of Abdominal Crunch and Drawing-in Exercises During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period.

PubMed

Mota, Patrícia; Pascoal, Augusto Gil; Carita, Ana Isabel; Bø, Kari

2015-10-01

Longitudinal descriptive exploratory study. To evaluate in primigravid women the immediate effect of drawing-in and abdominal crunch exercises on inter-rectus distance (IRD), measured at 4 time points during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. There is scant knowledge of the effect of different abdominal exercises on IRD in pregnant and postpartum women. The study included 84 primiparous participants. Ultrasound images were recorded with a 12-MHz linear transducer, at rest and during abdominal drawing-in and abdominal crunch exercises, at 3 locations on the linea alba. The IRD was measured at 4 time points: gestational weeks 35 to 41, 6 to 8 weeks postpartum, 12 to 14 weeks postpartum, and 24 to 26 weeks postpartum. Separate 2-way, repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were performed for each exercise (drawing-in and abdominal crunch) and each measurement location to evaluate the immediate effects of exercises on IRD at each of the 4 time points. Similarly, 2-way ANOVAs were used to contrast the effects of the 2 exercises on IRD. Performing the drawing-in exercise caused a significant change in width of the IRD at 2 cm below the umbilicus, narrowing the IRD by a mean of 3.8 mm (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2, 6.4 mm) at gestational weeks 35 to 41, and widening the IRD by 3.0 mm (95% CI: 1.4, 4.6 mm) at 6 to 8 weeks postpartum, by 1.8 mm (95% CI: 0.6, 3.1 mm) at 12 to 14 weeks postpartum, and by 2.5 mm (95% CI: 1.4, 3.6 mm) at 24 to 26 weeks postpartum (P<.01). Performing the abdominal crunch exercise led to a significant narrowing of the IRD (P<.01) in all 3 locations at all 4 time points, with the exception of 2 cm below the umbilicus at postpartum weeks 24 to 26. The average amount of narrowing varied from 1.6 to 20.9 mm, based on time and location. Overall, there was a contrasting effect of the 2 exercises, with the abdominal crunch exercise consistently producing a significant narrowing of the IRD. In contrast, the drawing-in exercise generally led to a small widening of the IRD.

'RetinoGenetics': a comprehensive mutation database for genes related to inherited retinal degeneration.

PubMed

Ran, Xia; Cai, Wei-Jun; Huang, Xiu-Feng; Liu, Qi; Lu, Fan; Qu, Jia; Wu, Jinyu; Jin, Zi-Bing

2014-01-01

Inherited retinal degeneration (IRD), a leading cause of human blindness worldwide, is exceptionally heterogeneous with clinical heterogeneity and genetic variety. During the past decades, tremendous efforts have been made to explore the complex heterogeneity, and massive mutations have been identified in different genes underlying IRD with the significant advancement of sequencing technology. In this study, we developed a comprehensive database, 'RetinoGenetics', which contains informative knowledge about all known IRD-related genes and mutations for IRD. 'RetinoGenetics' currently contains 4270 mutations in 186 genes, with detailed information associated with 164 phenotypes from 934 publications and various types of functional annotations. Then extensive annotations were performed to each gene using various resources, including Gene Ontology, KEGG pathways, protein-protein interaction, mutational annotations and gene-disease network. Furthermore, by using the search functions, convenient browsing ways and intuitive graphical displays, 'RetinoGenetics' could serve as a valuable resource for unveiling the genetic basis of IRD. Taken together, 'RetinoGenetics' is an integrative, informative and updatable resource for IRD-related genetic predispositions. Database URL: http://www.retinogenetics.org/. © The Author(s) 2014. Published by Oxford University Press.

The SMAP Dictionary Management System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, Kevin A.; Swan, Christoper A.

2014-01-01

The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Dictionary Management System is a web-based tool to develop and store a mission dictionary. A mission dictionary defines the interface between a ground system and a spacecraft. In recent years, mission dictionaries have grown in size and scope, making it difficult for engineers across multiple disciplines to coordinate the dictionary development effort. The Dictionary Management Systemaddresses these issues by placing all dictionary information in one place, taking advantage of the efficiencies inherent in co-locating what were once disparate dictionary development efforts.

77 FR 4632 - Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement; Independent Research and Development Technical...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-30

... aggregate IR&D costs or the costs of an individual IR&D project. The threshold for triggering the reporting... Agency auditor to support the allowability of the costs. Contractors that do not meet the threshold as a... provide in-process information from IR&D projects, for which reimbursement, as an allowable indirect cost...

Evidence for Millennial-Scale Climate Variability in the Surface Waters Above ODP Site 980, NE Atlantic Ocean During the Last Glacial Interval (MIS 4-2)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Michaud, J. R.; Cullen, J. L.; McManus, J. F.; Oppo, D. W.

2004-05-01

Successful efforts to recover quality high sedimentation rate deep-sea sediment sections from the North Atlantic over the last decade have produced a number of studies demonstrating that climate instability at sub-orbital and even millennial time-scales is a pervasive component of Late Pleistocene North Atlantic climate. This is particularly true during Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 4-2, i.e., the last glacial interval. One such high sedimentation rate section was recovered at ODP Site 980, Northeast Atlantic Ocean where sedimentation rates during MIS 4-2 exceed 15cm/kyr. Recently, we have begun to generate more detailed records from MIS 4-2 at Site 980 by reducing our sampling interval from 20 to around 2.5 cm, improving the resolution of our records an order of magnitude, from 1200-1300 to 100-200 years. 300 samples were used to generate high resolution records of changes in the input of ice-rafted detritus (IRD), along with limited data documenting changes in the relative abundance of the N. pachyderma, left coiling, which can be evaluated within the context of our previously generated lower resolution planktic and benthic oxygen isotope records used to generate our age model for this interval. Our previously published low resolution IRD record enabled us to identify Heinrich events 1-6 within the sediment interval deposited during the last glacial. Each event is characterized by IRD concentrations ranging from 500 to over 2500 lithic grains >150 microns per gram sediment. Superimposing our new high resolution IRD record reveals that Heinrich events 3,2,1 occurring at approximately 32, 23, and 17 kya, respectively, are each composed of a series of separate abrupt rapid increases in IRD concentrations approaching 1,000 grains per gram. An additional comparable event occurring at approximately 20 kya has also been identified. In the early part of the last glacial H6, H5, and H4 occurring at approximately 66, 47, and 38 kya, respectively, are recorded as much more abrupt and rapid increases in IRD concentrations to 2,000 or greater lithic grains per gram than were observed in our previous record. There are two 5 kyr intervals between H6 and H5 that contain little or no IRD. An additional abrupt IRD event is recorded at approximately 34 kya. Thus, our new IRD record is recording a series of additional episodic increases in IRD concentrations comparable in intensity to the identified Heinrich events. This suggests that ODP Site 980 sediments are recording a series of more closely spaced episodic increases in IRD concentration that can be directly related to the Dansgaard/Oeschger events recorded in Greenland ice cores. Comparison of our preliminary high resolution record of changes in the relative abundance of the polar species N. pachyderma, left coiling, to our IRD record suggests that the input of iceberg bearing waters precedes the increases in the relative abundance of N. pachyderma, left coiling for the early glacial IRD events. Whereas the abrupt increases in N. pachyderma, left coiling seem to occur during the later glacial IRD events. Thus, in the early glacial the influx of icebergs seem to occur before the invasion of cooler surface waters as opposed to the same time later in the glacial.

Differential antibiosis against Helicoverpa armigera exerted by distinct inhibitory repeat domains of Capsicum annuum proteinase inhibitors.

PubMed

Joshi, Rakesh S; Gupta, Vidya S; Giri, Ashok P

2014-05-01

Plant defensive serine proteinase inhibitors (PIs) are known to have negative impact on digestive physiology of herbivore insects and thus have a crucial role in plant protection. Here, we have assessed the efficacy and specificity of three previously characterized inhibitory repeat domain (IRD) variants from Capsicum annuum PIs viz., IRD-7, -9 and -12 against gut proteinases from Helicoverpa armigera. Comparative study of in silico binding energy revealed that IRD-9 possesses higher affinity towards H. armigera serine proteinases as compared to IRD-7 and -12. H. armigera fed on artificial diet containing 5 TIU/g of recombinant IRD proteins exhibited differential effects on larval growth, survival rate and other nutritional parameters. Major digestive gut trypsin and chymotrypsin genes were down regulated in the IRD fed larvae, while few of them were up-regulated, this indicate alterations in insect digestive physiology. The results corroborated with proteinase activity assays and zymography. These findings suggest that the sequence variations among PIs reflect in their efficacy against proteinases in vitro and in vivo, which also could be used for developing tailor-made multi-domain inhibitor gene(s). Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Influenza Research Database: an integrated bioinformatics resource for influenza research and surveillance

PubMed Central

Squires, R. Burke; Noronha, Jyothi; Hunt, Victoria; García‐Sastre, Adolfo; Macken, Catherine; Baumgarth, Nicole; Suarez, David; Pickett, Brett E.; Zhang, Yun; Larsen, Christopher N.; Ramsey, Alvin; Zhou, Liwei; Zaremba, Sam; Kumar, Sanjeev; Deitrich, Jon; Klem, Edward; Scheuermann, Richard H.

2012-01-01

Please cite this paper as: Squires et al. (2012) Influenza research database: an integrated bioinformatics resource for influenza research and surveillance. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(6), 404–416. Background  The recent emergence of the 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus has highlighted the value of free and open access to influenza virus genome sequence data integrated with information about other important virus characteristics. Design  The Influenza Research Database (IRD, http://www.fludb.org) is a free, open, publicly‐accessible resource funded by the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases through the Bioinformatics Resource Centers program. IRD provides a comprehensive, integrated database and analysis resource for influenza sequence, surveillance, and research data, including user‐friendly interfaces for data retrieval, visualization and comparative genomics analysis, together with personal log in‐protected ‘workbench’ spaces for saving data sets and analysis results. IRD integrates genomic, proteomic, immune epitope, and surveillance data from a variety of sources, including public databases, computational algorithms, external research groups, and the scientific literature. Results  To demonstrate the utility of the data and analysis tools available in IRD, two scientific use cases are presented. A comparison of hemagglutinin sequence conservation and epitope coverage information revealed highly conserved protein regions that can be recognized by the human adaptive immune system as possible targets for inducing cross‐protective immunity. Phylogenetic and geospatial analysis of sequences from wild bird surveillance samples revealed a possible evolutionary connection between influenza virus from Delaware Bay shorebirds and Alberta ducks. Conclusions  The IRD provides a wealth of integrated data and information about influenza virus to support research of the genetic determinants dictating virus pathogenicity, host range restriction and transmission, and to facilitate development of vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics. PMID:22260278

48 CFR 931.205-18 - Independent research and development (IR&D) and bid and proposal (B&P) costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... development (IR&D) and bid and proposal (B&P) costs. 931.205-18 Section 931.205-18 Federal Acquisition... bid and proposal (B&P) costs. (c)(2) IR&D costs are recoverable under DOE contracts to the extent they... the DOE program. The term “DOE program” encompasses the DOE total mission and its objectives. B&P...

48 CFR 931.205-18 - Independent research and development (IR&D) and bid and proposal (B&P) costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... development (IR&D) and bid and proposal (B&P) costs. 931.205-18 Section 931.205-18 Federal Acquisition... bid and proposal (B&P) costs. (c)(2) IR&D costs are recoverable under DOE contracts to the extent they... the DOE program. The term “DOE program” encompasses the DOE total mission and its objectives. B&P...

48 CFR 931.205-18 - Independent research and development (IR&D) and bid and proposal (B&P) costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... development (IR&D) and bid and proposal (B&P) costs. 931.205-18 Section 931.205-18 Federal Acquisition... bid and proposal (B&P) costs. (c)(2) IR&D costs are recoverable under DOE contracts to the extent they... the DOE program. The term “DOE program” encompasses the DOE total mission and its objectives. B&P...

48 CFR 931.205-18 - Independent research and development (IR&D) and bid and proposal (B&P) costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... development (IR&D) and bid and proposal (B&P) costs. 931.205-18 Section 931.205-18 Federal Acquisition... bid and proposal (B&P) costs. (c)(2) IR&D costs are recoverable under DOE contracts to the extent they... the DOE program. The term “DOE program” encompasses the DOE total mission and its objectives. B&P...

48 CFR 931.205-18 - Independent research and development (IR&D) and bid and proposal (B&P) costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... development (IR&D) and bid and proposal (B&P) costs. 931.205-18 Section 931.205-18 Federal Acquisition... bid and proposal (B&P) costs. (c)(2) IR&D costs are recoverable under DOE contracts to the extent they... the DOE program. The term “DOE program” encompasses the DOE total mission and its objectives. B&P...

Clinical characteristics and current therapies for inherited retinal degenerations.

PubMed

Sahel, José-Alain; Marazova, Katia; Audo, Isabelle

2014-10-16

Inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) encompass a large group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous diseases that affect approximately 1 in 3000 people (>2 million people worldwide) (Bessant DA, Ali RR, Bhattacharya SS. 2001. Molecular genetics and prospects for therapy of the inherited retinal dystrophies. Curr Opin Genet Dev 11: 307-316.). IRDs may be inherited as Mendelian traits or through mitochondrial DNA, and may affect the entire retina (e.g., rod-cone dystrophy, also known as retinitis pigmentosa, cone dystrophy, cone-rod dystrophy, choroideremia, Usher syndrome, and Bardet-Bidel syndrome) or be restricted to the macula (e.g., Stargardt disease, Best disease, and Sorsby fundus dystrophy), ultimately leading to blindness. IRDs are a major cause of severe vision loss, with profound impact on patients and society. Although IRDs remain untreatable today, significant progress toward therapeutic strategies for IRDs has marked the past two decades. This progress has been based on better understanding of the pathophysiological pathways of these diseases and on technological advances. Copyright © 2015 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; all rights reserved.

Clinical Characteristics and Current Therapies for Inherited Retinal Degenerations

PubMed Central

Sahel, José-Alain; Marazova, Katia; Audo, Isabelle

2015-01-01

Inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) encompass a large group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous diseases that affect approximately 1 in 3000 people (>2 million people worldwide) (Bessant DA, Ali RR, Bhattacharya SS. 2001. Molecular genetics and prospects for therapy of the inherited retinal dystrophies. Curr Opin Genet Dev 11: 307–316.). IRDs may be inherited as Mendelian traits or through mitochondrial DNA, and may affect the entire retina (e.g., rod–cone dystrophy, also known as retinitis pigmentosa, cone dystrophy, cone–rod dystrophy, choroideremia, Usher syndrome, and Bardet-Bidel syndrome) or be restricted to the macula (e.g., Stargardt disease, Best disease, and Sorsby fundus dystrophy), ultimately leading to blindness. IRDs are a major cause of severe vision loss, with profound impact on patients and society. Although IRDs remain untreatable today, significant progress toward therapeutic strategies for IRDs has marked the past two decades. This progress has been based on better understanding of the pathophysiological pathways of these diseases and on technological advances. PMID:25324231

Freshwater control of ice-rafted debris in the last glacial period at Mono Lake, California, USA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zimmerman, Susan R. H.; Pearl, Crystal; Hemming, Sidney R.; Tamulonis, Kathryn; Hemming, N. Gary; Searle, Stephanie Y.

2011-09-01

The type section silts of the late Pleistocene Wilson Creek Formation at Mono Lake contain outsized clasts, dominantly well-rounded pebbles and cobbles of Sierran lithologies. Lithic grains > 425 μm show a similar pattern of variability as the > 10 mm clasts visible in the type section, with decreasing absolute abundance in southern and eastern outcrops. The largest concentrations of ice-rafted debris (IRD) occur at 67-57 ka and 46-32 ka, with strong millennial-scale variability, while little IRD is found during the last glacial maximum and deglaciation. Stratigraphic evidence for high lake level during high IRD intervals, and a lack of geomorphic evidence for coincidence of lake and glaciers, strongly suggests that rafting was by shore ice rather than icebergs. Correspondence of carbonate flux and IRD implies that both were mainly controlled by freshwater input, rather than disparate non-climatic controls. Conversely, the lack of IRD during the last glacial maximum and deglacial highstands may relate to secondary controls such as perennial ice cover or sediment supply. High IRD at Mono Lake corresponds to low glacial flour flux in Owens Lake, both correlative to high warm-season insolation. High-resolution, extra-basinal correlation of the millennial peaks awaits greatly improved age models for both records.

Effectiveness of cough etiquette maneuvers in disrupting the chain of transmission of infectious respiratory diseases

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background The effectiveness of recommended measures, such as “cover your mouth when coughing”, in disrupting the chain of transmission of infectious respiratory diseases (IRD) has been questioned. The objective of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of simple primary respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette maneuvers in blocking droplets expelled as aerosol during coughing. Method In this study, 31 healthy non-smokers performed cough etiquette maneuvers in an effort to cover their voluntarily elicited best effort coughs in an open bench format. A laser diffraction system was used to obtain accurate, non-invasive, quantitative, real time measurements of the size and number of droplets emitted during the assessed cough etiquette maneuvers. Results Recommended cough etiquette maneuvers did not block the release and dispersion of a variety of different diameter droplets to the surrounding environment. Droplets smaller than one-micron size dominate the total number of droplets leaked when practicing assessed maneuvers. Conclusions All the assessed cough etiquette maneuvers, performed as recommended, do not block droplets expelled as aerosol when coughing. This aerosol can penetrate profound levels of the respiratory system. Practicing these assessed primary respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette maneuvers would still permit direct, indirect, and/or airborne transmission and spread of IRD, such as influenza and Tuberculosis. All the assessed cough etiquette maneuvers, as recommended, do not fully interrupt the chain of transmission of IRD. This knowledge urges us all to critically review recommended CE and to search for new evidence-based procedures that effectively disrupt the transmission of respiratory pathogens. Interrupting the chain of transmission of IRD will optimize the protection of first responders, paramedics, nurses, and doctors working in triage sites, emergency rooms, intensive care units, and the general public against cough-droplet-spread diseases. PMID:24010919

A shape and compositional analysis of ice-rafted debris in cores from IODP Expedition 323 in the Bering Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dadd, Kelsie; Foley, Kristen

2016-03-01

Sediment cores recovered during IODP Expedition 323 in the Bering Sea, northern Pacific, contained numerous ice-rafted debris (IRD) clasts up to 85 mm in length. The physical properties (including roundness and sphericity) of 136 clasts from the working half of the cores, a subsample of the total clast number, were analysed and their composition determined using standard petrographic techniques. After removal of pumice and possible fall-in derived material from the clast population, a total of 86 clasts from the original collection were considered to be IRD. While roundness and sphericity vary greatly in the clast population, the IRD are predominately discoid in shape with oblate/prolate indices typically between -5 and 5. There are four time periods over the approximately 4.5 Ma sample interval, 0.36-0.67 Ma, 0.82-1.06 Ma 1.54-1.77 Ma and >3.28 Ma, where there are no IRD in the sample set for sites of the Bering slope, suggesting that these times may have been ice-free. Most clasts show some rounding and are likely to have spent time on beaches with wave action. Wave action on beaches suggests periods of no ice or only seasonal sea-ice. The low roundness values of other clasts, however, suggest they underwent little working and, therefore, the presence of glaciers or more permanent sea-ice at times in those locations. The abundance of rounded and unfaceted clasts as IRD suggests a lack of large ice sheets in the area during cool periods. Clast composition of the IRD is divided into four broad groups, basalt and andesite, granite and metamorphic, sedimentary, and felsic volcanic. The granite and metamorphic and more mature sedimentary lithologies are most likely derived from the Alaskan continental margin, while the extrusive igneous clasts could be derived from a variety of volcanic sources surrounding the Bering Sea, both emergent now or emergent at times of lower sea level. There is only a poor correlation with IRD abundance and marine isotope stages (MIS) for the time period <1 Ma. Abundant IRD occurs in MIS 3 and can be correlated with MIS back to 400 kyr but not to older ages. This suggests that the abundance of IRD >2 mm transported by sea-ice may not be a good indicator of past climate conditions.

A Role for Transcription Factor GTF2IRD2 in Executive Function in Williams-Beuren Syndrome

PubMed Central

Porter, Melanie A.; Dobson-Stone, Carol; Kwok, John B. J.; Schofield, Peter R.; Beckett, William; Tassabehji, May

2012-01-01

Executive functions are amongst the most heritable cognitive traits with twin studies indicating a strong genetic origin. However genes associated with this domain are unknown. Our research into the neurodevelopmental disorder Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) has identified a gene within the causative recurrent 1.5/1.6 Mb heterozygous microdeletion on chromosome 7q11.23, which may be involved in executive functioning. Comparative genome array screening of 55 WBS patients revealed a larger ∼1.8 Mb microdeletion in 18% of cases, which results in the loss of an additional gene, the transcription factor GTF2IRD2. The GTF gene family of transcription factors (GTF2I, GTF2IRD1 and GTF2IRD2) are all highly expressed in the brain, and GTF2I and GTF2IRD1 are involved in the pathogenesis of the cognitive and behavioural phenotypes associated with WBS. A multi-level analysis of cognitive, behavioural and psychological functioning in WBS patients showed that those with slightly larger deletions encompassing GTF2IRD2 were significantly more cognitively impaired in the areas of spatial functioning, social reasoning, and cognitive flexibility (a form of executive functioning). They also displayed significantly more obsessions and externalizing behaviours, a likely manifestation of poor cognitive flexibility and executive dysfunction. We provide the first evidence for a role for GTF2IRD2 in higher-level (executive functioning) abilities and highlight the importance of integrating detailed molecular characterisation of patients with comprehensive neuropsychological profiling to uncover additional genotype-phenotype correlations. The identification of specific genes which contribute to executive function has important neuropsychological implications in the treatment of patients with conditions like WBS, and will allow further studies into their mechanism of action. PMID:23118870

Short communication: Plasma levels of vitamin D in HIV patients initiating antiretroviral therapy do not predict immune restoration disease associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

PubMed

Price, Patricia; Haddow, Lewis J; Affandi, Jacquita; Agarwal, Upasna; Easterbrook, Philippa J; Elliott, Julian; French, Martyn; Kumar, Manoj; Moosa, Mahomed-Yunus S; Oliver, Benjamin; Singh, Sarman; Sola, Marcelo; Saphonn, Vonthanak; Vun, Mean Chhi

2012-10-01

Immune restoration disease associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB IRD) is clinically important among HIV patients commencing antiretroviral therapy in countries where tuberculosis is endemic. Vitamin D affects dendritic cell and T cell function and the antimicrobial activity of monocytes. Plasma levels of vitamin D and polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor may affect tuberculosis, and HIV infection associates with vitamin D deficiency. Here we assess whether plasma vitamin D levels may predict TB IRD. Samples were available from prospective studies of TB IRD in Cambodia (26 cases), India (19 cases), and South Africa (29 cases). IRD cases and controls from each site were similar in age and baseline CD4(+) T cell count. Plasma samples were assessed using 25(OH) vitamin D immunoassay plates. DNA samples were available from a subset of patients and were genotyped for the VDR FokI (F/f) [C/T, rs10735810] SNP. When data from each cohort were pooled to assess ethnic/geographic differences, 25(OH)D levels were higher in Cambodian than Indian or South African patients (p<0.0001) and higher in South African than Indian patients (p<0.0001). TB IRD was not associated with differences in levels of 25(OH)D in any cohort (p=0.36-0.82), irrespective of the patients' prior TB diagnoses/treatment. Carriage of the minor allele of VDR FokI (F/f) was marginally associated with TB IRD in Indian patients (p=0.06) with no association in Cambodians. Neither plasma levels of vitamin D nor the vitamin D allele will usefully predict TB IRD in diverse populations from TB endemic regions.

Data dictionaries in information systems - Standards, usage , and application

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, Margaret

1990-01-01

An overview of data dictionary systems and the role of standardization in the interchange of data dictionaries is presented. The development of the data dictionary for the Planetary Data System is cited as an example. The data element dictionary (DED), which is the repository of the definitions of the vocabulary utilized in an information system, is an important part of this service. A DED provides the definitions of the fields of the data set as well as the data elements of the catalog system. Finally, international efforts such as the Consultative Committee on Space Data Systems and other committees set up to provide standard recommendations on the usage and structure of data dictionaries in the international space science community are discussed.

Resilience - A Concept

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-04-05

dictionary ]. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/blackbox.asp Bodeau, D., Brtis, J., Graubart, R., & Salwen, J. (2013). Resiliency...techniques for systems-of-systems (Report No. 13-3513). Bedford, MA: The MITRE Corporation. Confidence, (n.d.). In Oxford dictionaries [Online dictionary ...Acquisition, Technology and Logistics. Holistic Strategy Approach. (n.d.). In BusinessDictionary.com [Online business dictionary ]. Retrieved from http

48 CFR 31.001 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... four areas: (a) basic research, (b) applied research, (c) development, and (d) systems and other... the plan. Independent research and development (IR&D) cost means the cost of effort which is neither...

Specifications for a Federal Information Processing Standard Data Dictionary System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goldfine, A.

1984-01-01

The development of a software specification that Federal agencies may use in evaluating and selecting data dictionary systems (DDS) is discussed. To supply the flexibility needed by widely different applications and environments in the Federal Government, the Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) specifies a core DDS together with an optimal set of modules. The focus and status of the development project are described. Functional specifications for the FIPS DDS are examined for the dictionary, the dictionary schema, and the dictionary processing system. The DDS user interfaces and DDS software interfaces are discussed as well as dictionary administration.

Comparison of gravimetric and spectroscopic approaches to quantify stratum corneum removed by tape-stripping.

PubMed

Mohammed, D; Yang, Q; Guy, R H; Matts, P J; Hadgraft, J; Lane, M E

2012-09-01

Skin surface tape-stripping is an extensively used technique to examine the distribution profile, penetration and safety of various active compounds. It is also a widely accepted method to probe skin barrier properties and more specifically, those of the stratum corneum (SC). The amount of SC removed by tape-stripping is generally determined either gravimetrically or by extraction and measurement of SC proteins. A novel infra-red densitometry (IRD) technique has recently been introduced to measure SC protein content. In the present study, IRD was investigated as an alternative method to measure the mass of SC removed by tape-stripping. Tape-stripping experiments were conducted on human volunteers. The weight of the stratum corneum removed was assessed by the gravimetric approach and by IRD. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was also measured before and after each tape-strip. A linear correlation coefficient was obtained for the data from the gravimetric and IRD measurements (r(2)=0.65; n=240). IRD is therefore proposed as a rapid, non-destructive alternative to the gravimetric approach to estimate the amount of SC removed by tape-stripping in vivo. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[Progress in research on pathogenic genes and gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases].

PubMed

Zhu, Ling; Cao, Cong; Sun, Jiji; Gao, Tao; Liang, Xiaoyang; Nie, Zhipeng; Ji, Yanchun; Jiang, Pingping; Guan, Minxin

2017-02-10

Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs), including retinitis pigmentosa, Usher syndrome, Cone-Rod degenerations, inherited macular dystrophy, Leber's congenital amaurosis, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy are the most common and severe types of hereditary ocular diseases. So far more than 200 pathogenic genes have been identified. With the growing knowledge of the genetics and mechanisms of IRDs, a number of gene therapeutic strategies have been developed in the laboratory or even entered clinical trials. Here the progress of IRD research on the pathogenic genes and therapeutic strategies, particularly gene therapy, are reviewed.

Centennial-millennial scale variations in Western Antarctic Ice Sheet discharge and their relationship to climate and ocean changes during the late Holocene

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Snilstveit Hoem, Frida; Ninnemann, Ulysses S.; Kleiven, Helga (Kikki) F.; Irvali, Nil

2017-04-01

The Western Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) may be highly sensitive to future warming and to ocean driven changes in subsurface melting. Understanding this sensitivity is critical as WAIS dynamics are a major source of uncertainty in sea level rise and regional climate projections. Although there is increasing evidence that WAIS discharge has varied on centennial to multi-millennial timescales since the last glacial period much less is known about its most recent (late Holocene) behavior. This period is particularly important as a baseline for delineating natural and anthropogenic influences and understanding potential coupling between climate, ocean circulation, and WAIS discharge. Here we present high-resolution records of WAIS discharge together with co-registered signals of surface and deep ocean physical property changes in a multicore taken from the southern flank of the North Scotia Sea Ridge (53˚ 31.813 S; 44˚ 42.143 W at 2750m water depth) spanning the past 4000 years. The site is situated just south/east of the polar front beyond the reach of seasonal sea ice and its potentially confounding influence on the ice-rafted debris (IRD) signal but still influenced by icebergs mostly originating from the WAIS. Our record of IRD from core GS08-151-02MC provides a centennially resolved record of iceberg supply from which we infer Antarctic ice-sheet dynamics and variability, while we use the oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of benthic (U. peregrina) and planktonic (N. pachyderma (s)) foraminifera to give (regional) information on past polar deep water and surface water temperatures, circulation and nutrients. Our results show higher amount of IRD between 4200-1800 cal yr B.P. This is in agreement with paleoclimate records reconstructing the onset of the neoglacial, sea ice expansion at about 5000 cal yr B.P. in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, and glaciers advancing in South America. The strongest IRD peak of the past millennium, which is otherwise a period of generally low IRD, coincides with Little Ice Age at 600 cal yr B.P. The local surface water hydrography appears relatively stable over the past 4000 years with the planktonic δ18O signal indicating centennial-millennial scale changes of typically ≤1˚ C (Δ0.22) and notably smaller in amplitude than the regional warming observed over the past century. The lack of correlation between surface water physical properties and IRD in the downcore records, suggests that IRD is not reflecting iceberg survival but rather changes in the supply (WAIS dynamics) or routing. Consistent with this interpretation, IRD covaries with climate on the Antarctic Peninsula (from JRI ice core) over the past 4 kyr with cooler conditions and lower amounts of IRD over much of the past two millennia than occurred earlier in the neoglaciation. Both records indicate a recovery with warming and increased IRD prior to industrialization. This relationship is consistent with the hypothesis that climate and specifically ocean temperatures were important for modulating WAIS discharge rates over the past few millennia.

Influenza research database: an integrated bioinformatics resource for influenza virus research

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The Influenza Research Database (IRD) is a U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)-sponsored Bioinformatics Resource Center dedicated to providing bioinformatics support for influenza virus research. IRD facilitates the research and development of vaccines, diagnostics, an...

Whole Genome Sequencing Increases Molecular Diagnostic Yield Compared with Current Diagnostic Testing for Inherited Retinal Disease.

PubMed

Ellingford, Jamie M; Barton, Stephanie; Bhaskar, Sanjeev; Williams, Simon G; Sergouniotis, Panagiotis I; O'Sullivan, James; Lamb, Janine A; Perveen, Rahat; Hall, Georgina; Newman, William G; Bishop, Paul N; Roberts, Stephen A; Leach, Rick; Tearle, Rick; Bayliss, Stuart; Ramsden, Simon C; Nemeth, Andrea H; Black, Graeme C M

2016-05-01

To compare the efficacy of whole genome sequencing (WGS) with targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) in the diagnosis of inherited retinal disease (IRD). Case series. A total of 562 patients diagnosed with IRD. We performed a direct comparative analysis of current molecular diagnostics with WGS. We retrospectively reviewed the findings from a diagnostic NGS DNA test for 562 patients with IRD. A subset of 46 of 562 patients (encompassing potential clinical outcomes of diagnostic analysis) also underwent WGS, and we compared mutation detection rates and molecular diagnostic yields. In addition, we compared the sensitivity and specificity of the 2 techniques to identify known single nucleotide variants (SNVs) using 6 control samples with publically available genotype data. Diagnostic yield of genomic testing. Across known disease-causing genes, targeted NGS and WGS achieved similar levels of sensitivity and specificity for SNV detection. However, WGS also identified 14 clinically relevant genetic variants through WGS that had not been identified by NGS diagnostic testing for the 46 individuals with IRD. These variants included large deletions and variants in noncoding regions of the genome. Identification of these variants confirmed a molecular diagnosis of IRD for 11 of the 33 individuals referred for WGS who had not obtained a molecular diagnosis through targeted NGS testing. Weighted estimates, accounting for population structure, suggest that WGS methods could result in an overall 29% (95% confidence interval, 15-45) uplift in diagnostic yield. We show that WGS methods can detect disease-causing genetic variants missed by current NGS diagnostic methodologies for IRD and thereby demonstrate the clinical utility and additional value of WGS. Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Panel-Based Clinical Genetic Testing in 85 Children with Inherited Retinal Disease.

PubMed

Taylor, Rachel L; Parry, Neil R A; Barton, Stephanie J; Campbell, Christopher; Delaney, Claire M; Ellingford, Jamie M; Hall, Georgina; Hardcastle, Claire; Morarji, Jiten; Nichol, Elisabeth J; Williams, Lindsi C; Douzgou, Sofia; Clayton-Smith, Jill; Ramsden, Simon C; Sharma, Vinod; Biswas, Susmito; Lloyd, I Chris; Ashworth, Jane L; Black, Graeme C; Sergouniotis, Panagiotis I

2017-07-01

To assess the clinical usefulness of genetic testing in a pediatric population with inherited retinal disease (IRD). Single-center retrospective case series. Eighty-five unrelated children with a diagnosis of isolated or syndromic IRD who were referred for clinical genetic testing between January 2014 and July 2016. Participants underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination, accompanied by electrodiagnostic testing (EDT) and dysmorphologic assessment where appropriate. Ocular and extraocular features were recorded using Human Phenotype Ontology terms. Subsequently, multigene panel testing (105 or 177 IRD-associated genes) was performed in an accredited diagnostic laboratory, followed by clinical variant interpretation. Diagnostic yield and clinical usefulness of genetic testing. Overall, 78.8% of patients (n = 67) received a probable molecular diagnosis; 7.5% (n = 5) of these had autosomal dominant disease, 25.4% (n = 17) had X-linked disease, and 67.2% (n = 45) had autosomal recessive disease. In a further 5.9% of patients (n = 5), a single heterozygous ABCA4 variant was identified; all these participants had a spectrum of clinical features consistent with ABCA4 retinopathy. Most participants (84.7%; n = 72) had undergone EDT and 81.9% (n = 59) of these patients received a probable molecular diagnosis. The genes most frequently mutated in the present cohort were CACNA1F and ABCA4, accounting for 14.9% (n = 10) and 11.9% (n = 8) of diagnoses respectively. Notably, in many cases, genetic testing helped to distinguish stationary from progressive IRD subtypes and to establish a precise diagnosis in a timely fashion. Multigene panel testing pointed to a molecular diagnosis in 84.7% of children with IRD. The diagnostic yield in the study population was significantly higher compared with that in previously reported unselected IRD cohorts. Approaches similar to the one described herein are expected to become a standard component of care in pediatric ophthalmology. We propose the introduction of genetic testing early in the diagnostic pathway in children with clinical and/or electrophysiologic findings, suggestive of IRD. Copyright © 2017 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Provenance of ice rafted debris in the North Atlantic: biomarker approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kornilova, O.; Russell, M.; Rosell-Melé, A.

2003-04-01

During the last glacial period, there have been several episodes of quasi-periodic iceberg discharge from the ice sheets into the North Atlantic (Heinrich Events) (Heinrich, 1988). These episodes are recorded in Quaternary sediments as layers of ice rafted debris (IRD), whose properties differ from those of adjacent ambient sediments. Heinrich Events (HEs) are associated with changes in global climate. To determine the cause of HEs, work on provenance of IRD was undertaken. Previous studies included analysis of bulk properties of lithic &organic matter of IRD in Heinrich Layers (HLs) and an attempt to correlate them with possible continental sources (e.g. Grousset et al., 2001). We used biomarker approach to characterise the provenance of IRD in the North Atlantic, similar to oil-source rock correlation well established in petroleum industry. In this work, biomarker composition of Heinrich Layers from several North Atlantic cores was compared with that of possible source areas. As a proxy for source of IRD, we analysed glaciogenic debris flows from trough mouth fans (TMF) that formed as a result of iceberg discharge (Vorren &Laberg, 1997). Those include samples from the Nordic Seas, Labrador Sea, Baffin Bay and combined Arctic sources. Different classes of organic compounds (e.g. photosynthetic pigments and hydrocarbons) were characterised using UV-Vis, LC-MS and GC, GC-MS respectively. Variability within each class, relative abundances of different components and isotopic signatures were considered. Biomarker signatures of debris flows were compared with those of IRD in Heinrich Layers (HLs) from four North Atlantic cores containing HLs 1-6 (MD95-2024, ODP-609, BOSF-5K and SU90-09). Variability between different cores and between different HLs was considered as well as variability within each HL (1-5) for SU90-09. Cluster analysis was performed to correlate sources of IRD (TMFs) and sinks (HLs). Grousset et al. 2001. Zooming in on Heinrich layers. Paleoceanography, 16, 240-259. Heinrich, H. 1988. Origin and Consequence of Ice Rafting In Northeast Atlantic Ocean During the Past 130,000 Years. Quaternary Research, 29, 143-152. Vorren &Laberg. 1997. Trough mouth fans - palaeoclimate and ice-sheet monitors. Quaternary Science Reviews, 16, 856-881.

Death and taxes are more than just a certainty.

PubMed

Blau, J M

2001-01-01

This article discusses a tax provision referenced under Internal Revenue Code Section 691(a) known as "Income in Respect of a Decedent" (IRD) and includes many circumstances applicable to physicians. "IRD" refers to income that accrued to the decedent but was not included in taxable income.

Neurophysiological correlates of word processing deficits in isolated reading and isolated spelling disorders.

PubMed

Bakos, Sarolta; Landerl, Karin; Bartling, Jürgen; Schulte-Körne, Gerd; Moll, Kristina

2018-03-01

In consistent orthographies, isolated reading disorders (iRD) and isolated spelling disorders (iSD) are nearly as common as combined reading-spelling disorders (cRSD). However, the exact nature of the underlying word processing deficits in isolated versus combined literacy deficits are not well understood yet. We applied a phonological lexical decision task (including words, pseudohomophones, legal and illegal pseudowords) during ERP recording to investigate the neurophysiological correlates of lexical and sublexical word-processing in children with iRD, iSD and cRSD compared to typically developing (TD) 9-year-olds. TD children showed enhanced early sensitivity (N170) for word material and for the violation of orthographic rules compared to the other groups. Lexical orthographic effects (higher LPC amplitude for words than for pseudohomophones) were the same in the TD and iRD groups, although processing took longer in children with iRD. In the iSD and cRSD groups, lexical orthographic effects were evident and stable over time only for correctly spelled words. Orthographic representations were intact in iRD children, but word processing took longer compared to TD. Children with spelling disorders had partly missing orthographic representations. Our study is the first to specify the underlying neurophysiology of word processing deficits associated with isolated literacy deficits. Copyright © 2017 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

IRD evidence for Heinrich Events H1 and H2 on the NJ Margin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Christensen, B. A.; Calabrese, J.; O'Neill, C.; Goff, J. A.

2011-12-01

Recent seismic reflection studies suggest icebergs grounded on the late Pleistocene New Jersey margin (Goff and Austin, 2009) during Heinrich events H1 (~17 cal Ka), H2 (~23 cal Ka), H3 (~30 cal Ka) and H4 (~37 cal Ka). We tested this hypothesis by analyzing sediments on the upper NJ continental slope, near the area where icebergs were found. Ocean Drilling Program Site 1073A is located at 39°13.5214'N, 72°16.5461'W in 639 m water depth. The greater water depth increases the likelihood of preservation and improves the stratigraphic control. We obtained elemental measurements for Site 1073A Cores 1-6 using the X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Core Scanner at the MARUM IODP core repository, University of Bremen. Cores were scanned at 10kV and 30kV to obtain a full suite of elements for analysis, with XRF data collected between 1 and 10 cm intervals. The values are reported in areas for the elements and were then converted to elemental ratios (Ca/Sr, Si/Sr, K/Al, and Si/Ti) for analysis. The origin of a Heinrich layer within an IRD belt can be identified by geochemical measures along with magnetic susceptibility and the presence of detrital materials that reflect its provenance (Hemming, 2004). Following analyses for Atlantic Ocean IRD by Hodell et al. (2008), higher Si/Sr values indicate abundant detrital silicates and low biogenic carbonate. Abundant detrital carbonate is identified by higher Ca/Sr values. K/Al may be used as a proxy for weathered matter being deposited and is a good indicator of terrigenous material (Yarincik, 2000). Si/Ti ratios may be used as a proxy for organic and siliceous productivity (Agnihotri, 2008). The elemental analysis was ground-truthed with grain size analysis at 10 cm intervals. Grain size analysis reveals large particles in a finer matrix at 123 cm and 284 cm. We interpret these as IRD. A linear sedimentation age model places the IRD around the time of Heinrich events H1 and H2. Age control is provided for the late Pleistocene principally by radiocarbon methods (McHugh and Olsson, 2002); however, the age model is not unequivocal so we present results for a few interpretations (linear sedimentation rates, and modeled). Nonetheless, the IRD is consistent with the timing of H1 and H2. While the IRD are obvious from the grain size analysis, we were not able to identify IRD from XRF elemental analyses. This may because the sediments are derived locally rather than transported from the higher latitudes, rendering IRD identification a function of grain size (anomalously large particles in a marine setting) rather than geochemistry. Alternatively, the particles were not close enough to the surface to impact the XRF response. This study provides further evidence for the presence of icebergs on the late Pleistocene NJ margin.

Dictionary Based Machine Translation from Kannada to Telugu

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sindhu, D. V.; Sagar, B. M.

2017-08-01

Machine Translation is a task of translating from one language to another language. For the languages with less linguistic resources like Kannada and Telugu Dictionary based approach is the best approach. This paper mainly focuses on Dictionary based machine translation for Kannada to Telugu. The proposed methodology uses dictionary for translating word by word without much correlation of semantics between them. The dictionary based machine translation process has the following sub process: Morph analyzer, dictionary, transliteration, transfer grammar and the morph generator. As a part of this work bilingual dictionary with 8000 entries is developed and the suffix mapping table at the tag level is built. This system is tested for the children stories. In near future this system can be further improved by defining transfer grammar rules.

Improvement in storage stability of infrared dried rough rice

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The objective of this study was to develop infrared drying (IRD) method to improve the stability of physicochemical properties of rough rice during storage. The effect of IRD on the physicochemical properties of stored rough rice was compared with that of hot air drying (HAD) and ambient air drying ...

A Detailed Record of Changing Surface Water Conditions From Sediments Deposited During Marine Isotope Stage 11, ODP Site 980, Northeast Atlantic Ocean

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arvin, T. A.; Cullen, J. L.; Oppo, D. W.; McManus, J. F.

2004-05-01

Many recent paleoceanographic studies have focused on using high sedimentation rate deep-sea sediment sections that have produced records of abrupt climate variability operating at sub-orbital time scales. This is particularly true in the North Atlantic where proxies of changing surface water conditions from high quality sediment records have repeatedly demonstrated that millennial-scale climate change has been the rule rather than the exception over the past 500 kyr, during both glacial and interglacial intervals. Abrupt climate change during warm interglacials is an area of special interest as it may relate more directly to an understanding of recent and future climate change. With this in mind we have focused our efforts on documenting millennial-scale climate change from sediments deposited at ODP Site 980, northeast Atlantic Ocean during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11. We have used unsplit, whole sample >150 micron size fractions from over 200 sediment samples to record changes in the number lithic grains per gram sediment to measure changes in the input of Ice-Rafted Debris (IRD). We then compare our new IRD record to previously generated records of changing surface water conditions during MIS11: variations in oxygen isotopic composition of the surface dwelling planktic foraminifer species N. pachyderma, right coiling and changes in the relative abundance of the polar species N. pachyderma, left coiling. Our MIS11 results are then compared to compatible records from MIS5e and the Holocene. Our detailed IRD record from around 418 kya to 382 kya reveals a remarkable lack of even trace amounts IRD input into sediments at ODP Site 980. IRD concentration abruptly drops and remains 0 to trace amounts per gram as soon as benthic delta O-18 values fall to and remain at < 3.5 per mil at the onset of MIS11. Only three very small amplitude IRD events are observed over the entire 35 kyr interval. The earliest 8 kyr of MIS11 is completely devoid of any IRD, despite the fact that the relative abundance of the polar species N. pachyderma, left coiling, after dropping from near 90% to below 10% at 418 kya, rises to as high as 30% during this early MIS11 time interval. This seems to indicate the influx of non-ice bearing colder polar waters to the region above Site 980 that don't seem to be influencing he N. pachyderma, right coiling isotope record in a simple way. The MIS11 IRD record significantly differs from our records from MIS5e and the Holocene, particularly when we focus on the earliest 12 kyr of MIS11. Both the approximately 10 kyr long MIS5e interval and the last 11 kyr of the Holocene exhibit a series of between 6 and 9 discrete small amplitude increases in IRD against a background of little or no IRD. At the same time relative abundances of N. pachyderma, left coiling are considerably less during both MIS5e and the Holocene when compared to the first 10 kyr of MIS11. The evidence presented here suggests that MIS11 surface water conditions above Site 980 were somewhat different from conditions recorded in sediments from two other warm interglacial intervals, MIS5e and the Holocene and that its use as an ancient analog to modern and future climate may be less straightforward than previously thought.

Translation lexicon acquisition from bilingual dictionaries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Doermann, David S.; Ma, Huanfeng; Karagol-Ayan, Burcu; Oard, Douglas W.

2001-12-01

Bilingual dictionaries hold great potential as a source of lexical resources for training automated systems for optical character recognition, machine translation and cross-language information retrieval. In this work we describe a system for extracting term lexicons from printed copies of bilingual dictionaries. We describe our approach to page and definition segmentation and entry parsing. We have used the approach to parse a number of dictionaries and demonstrate the results for retrieval using a French-English Dictionary to generate a translation lexicon and a corpus of English queries applied to French documents to evaluation cross-language IR.

A Standard-Driven Data Dictionary for Data Harmonization of Heterogeneous Datasets in Urban Geological Information Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, G.; Wu, C.; Li, X.; Song, P.

2013-12-01

The 3D urban geological information system has been a major part of the national urban geological survey project of China Geological Survey in recent years. Large amount of multi-source and multi-subject data are to be stored in the urban geological databases. There are various models and vocabularies drafted and applied by industrial companies in urban geological data. The issues such as duplicate and ambiguous definition of terms and different coding structure increase the difficulty of information sharing and data integration. To solve this problem, we proposed a national standard-driven information classification and coding method to effectively store and integrate urban geological data, and we applied the data dictionary technology to achieve structural and standard data storage. The overall purpose of this work is to set up a common data platform to provide information sharing service. Research progresses are as follows: (1) A unified classification and coding method for multi-source data based on national standards. Underlying national standards include GB 9649-88 for geology and GB/T 13923-2006 for geography. Current industrial models are compared with national standards to build a mapping table. The attributes of various urban geological data entity models are reduced to several categories according to their application phases and domains. Then a logical data model is set up as a standard format to design data file structures for a relational database. (2) A multi-level data dictionary for data standardization constraint. Three levels of data dictionary are designed: model data dictionary is used to manage system database files and enhance maintenance of the whole database system; attribute dictionary organizes fields used in database tables; term and code dictionary is applied to provide a standard for urban information system by adopting appropriate classification and coding methods; comprehensive data dictionary manages system operation and security. (3) An extension to system data management function based on data dictionary. Data item constraint input function is making use of the standard term and code dictionary to get standard input result. Attribute dictionary organizes all the fields of an urban geological information database to ensure the consistency of term use for fields. Model dictionary is used to generate a database operation interface automatically with standard semantic content via term and code dictionary. The above method and technology have been applied to the construction of Fuzhou Urban Geological Information System, South-East China with satisfactory results.

Parsing and Tagging of Bilingual Dictionary

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-09-01

LAMP-TR-106 CAR-TR-991 CS-TR-4529 UMIACS-TR-2003-97 PARSING ANS TAGGING OF BILINGUAL DICTIONARY Huanfeng Ma1,2, Burcu Karagol-Ayan1,2, David... dictionaries hold great potential as a source of lexical resources for training and testing automated systems for optical character recognition, machine...translation, and cross-language information retrieval. In this paper, we describe a system for extracting term lexicons from printed bilingual dictionaries

Terminological reference of a knowledge-based system: the data dictionary.

PubMed

Stausberg, J; Wormek, A; Kraut, U

1995-01-01

The development of open and integrated knowledge bases makes new demands on the definition of the used terminology. The definition should be realized in a data dictionary separated from the knowledge base. Within the works done at a reference model of medical knowledge, a data dictionary has been developed and used in different applications: a term definition shell, a documentation tool and a knowledge base. The data dictionary includes that part of terminology, which is largely independent of a certain knowledge model. For that reason, the data dictionary can be used as a basis for integrating knowledge bases into information systems, for knowledge sharing and reuse and for modular development of knowledge-based systems.

The ABCs of Data Dictionaries

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gould, Tate; Nicholas, Amy; Blandford, William; Ruggiero, Tony; Peters, Mary; Thayer, Sara

2014-01-01

This overview of the basic components of a data dictionary is designed to educate and inform IDEA Part C and Part B 619 state staff about the purpose and benefits of having up-to-date data dictionaries for their data systems. This report discusses the following topics: (1) What Is a Data Dictionary?; (2) Why Is a Data Dictionary Needed and How Can…

Indian Resource Development. Annual Report, 1984-1985.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces.

Operating in 1984-85 with a budget of $216,000 appropriated by the New Mexico State Legislature, the Indian Resource Development (IRD) Program continued its efforts to develop a corps of professionally trained American Indians in fields related to natural resource development. As of June 1985 IRD maintained a roll of 863 participants--Indian…

Gene therapy for inherited retinal and optic nerve degenerations.

PubMed

Moore, Nicholas A; Morral, Nuria; Ciulla, Thomas A; Bracha, Peter

2018-01-01

The eye is a target for investigational gene therapy due to the monogenic nature of many inherited retinal and optic nerve degenerations (IRD), its accessibility, tight blood-ocular barrier, the ability to non-invasively monitor for functional and anatomic outcomes, as well as its relative immune privileged state.Vectors currently used in IRD clinical trials include adeno-associated virus (AAV), small single-stranded DNA viruses, and lentivirus, RNA viruses of the retrovirus family. Both can transduce non-dividing cells, but AAV are non-integrating, while lentivirus integrate into the host cell genome, and have a larger transgene capacity. Areas covered: This review covers Leber's congenital amaurosis, choroideremia, retinitis pigmentosa, Usher syndrome, Stargardt disease, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, Achromatopsia, and X-linked retinoschisis. Expert opinion: Despite great potential, gene therapy for IRD raises many questions, including the potential for less invasive intravitreal versus subretinal delivery, efficacy, safety, and longevity of response, as well as acceptance of novel study endpoints by regulatory bodies, patients, clinicians, and payers. Also, ultimate adoption of gene therapy for IRD will require widespread genetic screening to identify and diagnose patients based on genotype instead of phenotype.

Developing a Framework for Effective Network Capacity Planning

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yaprak, Ece

2005-01-01

As Internet traffic continues to grow exponentially, developing a clearer understanding of, and appropriately measuring, network's performance is becoming ever more critical. An important challenge faced by the Information Resources Directorate (IRD) at the Johnson Space Center in this context remains not only monitoring and maintaining a secure network, but also better understanding the capacity and future growth potential boundaries of its network. This requires capacity planning which involves modeling and simulating different network alternatives, and incorporating changes in design as technologies, components, configurations, and applications change, to determine optimal solutions in light of IRD's goals, objectives and strategies. My primary task this summer was to address this need. I evaluated network-modeling tools from OPNET Technologies Inc. and Compuware Corporation. I generated a baseline model for Building 45 using both tools by importing "real" topology/traffic information using IRD's various network management tools. I compared each tool against the other in terms of the advantages and disadvantages of both tools to accomplish IRD's goals. I also prepared step-by-step "how to design a baseline model" tutorial for both OPNET and Compuware products.

A methodology to evaluate occupational internal exposure to fluorine-18.

PubMed

Oliveira, C M; Dantas, A L A; Dantas, B M

2009-11-15

The objective of this work is to develop procedures for internal monitoring of (18)F to be applied in cases of possible incorporation of fluoride and (18)FDG, using in vivo and in vitro methods of measurements. The Na I (Tl) 8" x 4" scintillation detector installed at IRD-Whole Body Counter was calibrated for measurements with a whole body anthropomorphic phantom, simulating homogeneous distribution of (18)F in the body. The NaI(Tl) 3"x 3" scintillation detector installed at the IRD-Whole Body Counter was calibrated for in vivo measurements with a brain phantom inserted in an artificial skull, simulating (18)FDG incorporation. The HPGe detection system installed at the IRD-Bioassay Laboratory was calibrated for in vitro measurements of urine samples with 1 liter plastic bottles containing a standard liquid source. A methodology for bioassay data interpretation, based on standard ICRP models edited with the software AIDE-version 6, was established. It is concluded that in vivo measurements have sufficient sensitivity for monitoring (18)F in the forms of fluoride and (18)FDG. The use of both in vitro and in vivo bioassay data can provide useful information for the interpretation of bioassay data in cases of accidental incorporation in order to identify the chemical form of (18)F incorporated.

48 CFR 45.303 - Use of Government property on independent research and development programs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION CONTRACT MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT PROPERTY Authorizing the Use... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Use of Government property... research and development (IR&D) program, if— (a) Such use will not conflict with the primary use of the...

48 CFR 45.303 - Use of Government property on independent research and development programs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION CONTRACT MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT PROPERTY Authorizing the Use... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Use of Government property... research and development (IR&D) program, if— (a) Such use will not conflict with the primary use of the...

Novel Proxies Approach to Characterise Ice Rafting Events in the North Atlantic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kornilova, O.; Russell, M.; Rosell-Melé, A.; Evans, I. S.

2002-12-01

During the last glacial period, there have been several episodes of quasi-periodic iceberg discharge from the ice sheets into the North Atlantic (Heinrich Events) (Heinrich, 1988). These episodes are recorded in Quaternary sediments as layers of ice rafted debris (IRD). Properties of sediments in these Heinrich Layers (HLs) differ from those of adjacent ambient sediments. Heinrich Events (HEs) are associated with changes in global climate. To determine the cause of HEs, work on provenance of IRD was undertaken. Previous studies included analysis of bulk properties of lithic and organic matter in IRD and an attempt to correlate them with those of possible continental sources (e.g. Grousset et al., 2001). We used biomarker approach to characterise the provenance of IRD in the North Atlantic, similar to oil-source rock correlation used in petroleum industry. In this work, biomarker composition of Heinrich Layers from several North Atlantic cores was compared with that of possible source areas. As a proxy for source of IRD, we analysed glaciogenic debris flows from trough mouth fans (TMF) that formed as a result of iceberg discharge (Vorren and Laberg, 1997). Those included samples from the Nordic Seas, Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay. Different classes of organic compounds (e.g. photosynthetic pigments and hydrocarbons) were characterised. Variability within each class, relative abundances of different components and isotopic signatures were considered. Biomarker fingerprints were compared within each core, within each TMF and between TMFs. Cluster analysis was performed to correlate sources of IRD (TMFs) and its sinks (HLs from several North Atlantic cores). Grousset et al. 2001. Zooming in on Heinrich layers. Paleoceanography, 16, 240-259. Heinrich, H. 1988. Origin and Consequence of Ice Rafting In Northeast Atlantic Ocean During the Past 130,000 Years. Quaternary Research, 29, 143-152. Vorren and Laberg. 1997. Trough Mouth Fans - Palaeoclimate and Ice-Sheet Monitors. Quaternary Science Reviews, 16, 856-881.

Evidence for a dynamic East Antarctic ice sheet during the mid-Miocene climate transition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pierce, Elizabeth L.; van de Flierdt, Tina; Williams, Trevor; Hemming, Sidney R.; Cook, Carys P.; Passchier, Sandra

2017-11-01

The East Antarctic ice sheet underwent a major expansion during the Mid-Miocene Climate Transition, around 14 Ma, lowering sea level by ∼60 m. However, direct or indirect evidence of where changes in the ice sheet occurred is limited. Here we present new insights on timing and locations of ice sheet change from two drill sites offshore East Antarctica. IODP Site U1356, Wilkes Land, and ODP Site 1165, Prydz Bay are located adjacent to two major ice drainage areas, the Wilkes Subglacial Basin and the Lambert Graben. Ice-rafted detritus (IRD), including dropstones, was deposited in concentrations far exceeding those known in the rest of the Miocene succession at both sites between 14.1 and 13.8 Ma, indicating that large amounts of IRD-bearing icebergs were calved from independent drainage basins during this relatively short interval. At Site U1356, the IRD was delivered in distinct pulses, suggesting that the overall ice advance was punctuated by short periods of ice retreat in the Wilkes Subglacial Basin. Provenance analysis of the mid-Miocene IRD and fine-grained sediments provides additional insights on the movement of the ice margin and subglacial geology. At Site U1356, the dominant 40Ar/39Ar thermochronological age of the ice-rafted hornblende grains is 1400-1550 Ma, differing from the majority of recent IRD in the area, from which we infer an inland source area of this thermochronological age extending along the eastern part of the Adélie Craton, which forms the western side of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin. Neodymium isotopic compositions from the terrigenous fine fraction at Site U1356 imply that the ice margin periodically expanded from high ground well into the Wilkes Subglacial Basin during periods of MMCT ice growth. At Site 1165, MMCT pebble-sized IRD are sourced from both the local Lambert Graben and the distant Aurora Subglacial Basin drainage area. Together, the occurrence and provenance of the IRD and glacially-eroded sediment at these two marine drill sites proximal to the Antarctic continent provide a previously undocumented record of dynamic ice margin change during the 14.1-13.8 Ma interval in three major East Antarctic drainage basins.

Chinese-English Nuclear and Physics Dictionary.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. Foreign Technology Div.

The Nuclear and Physics Dictionary is one of a series of Chinese-English technical dictionaries prepared by the Foreign Technology Division, United States Air Force Systems Command. The purpose of this dictionary is to provide rapid reference tools for translators, abstractors, and research analysts concerned with scientific and technical…

LeadMine: a grammar and dictionary driven approach to entity recognition.

PubMed

Lowe, Daniel M; Sayle, Roger A

2015-01-01

Chemical entity recognition has traditionally been performed by machine learning approaches. Here we describe an approach using grammars and dictionaries. This approach has the advantage that the entities found can be directly related to a given grammar or dictionary, which allows the type of an entity to be known and, if an entity is misannotated, indicates which resource should be corrected. As recognition is driven by what is expected, if spelling errors occur, they can be corrected. Correcting such errors is highly useful when attempting to lookup an entity in a database or, in the case of chemical names, converting them to structures. Our system uses a mixture of expertly curated grammars and dictionaries, as well as dictionaries automatically derived from public resources. We show that the heuristics developed to filter our dictionary of trivial chemical names (from PubChem) yields a better performing dictionary than the previously published Jochem dictionary. Our final system performs post-processing steps to modify the boundaries of entities and to detect abbreviations. These steps are shown to significantly improve performance (2.6% and 4.0% F1-score respectively). Our complete system, with incremental post-BioCreative workshop improvements, achieves 89.9% precision and 85.4% recall (87.6% F1-score) on the CHEMDNER test set. Grammar and dictionary approaches can produce results at least as good as the current state of the art in machine learning approaches. While machine learning approaches are commonly thought of as "black box" systems, our approach directly links the output entities to the input dictionaries and grammars. Our approach also allows correction of errors in detected entities, which can assist with entity resolution.

LeadMine: a grammar and dictionary driven approach to entity recognition

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

Background Chemical entity recognition has traditionally been performed by machine learning approaches. Here we describe an approach using grammars and dictionaries. This approach has the advantage that the entities found can be directly related to a given grammar or dictionary, which allows the type of an entity to be known and, if an entity is misannotated, indicates which resource should be corrected. As recognition is driven by what is expected, if spelling errors occur, they can be corrected. Correcting such errors is highly useful when attempting to lookup an entity in a database or, in the case of chemical names, converting them to structures. Results Our system uses a mixture of expertly curated grammars and dictionaries, as well as dictionaries automatically derived from public resources. We show that the heuristics developed to filter our dictionary of trivial chemical names (from PubChem) yields a better performing dictionary than the previously published Jochem dictionary. Our final system performs post-processing steps to modify the boundaries of entities and to detect abbreviations. These steps are shown to significantly improve performance (2.6% and 4.0% F1-score respectively). Our complete system, with incremental post-BioCreative workshop improvements, achieves 89.9% precision and 85.4% recall (87.6% F1-score) on the CHEMDNER test set. Conclusions Grammar and dictionary approaches can produce results at least as good as the current state of the art in machine learning approaches. While machine learning approaches are commonly thought of as "black box" systems, our approach directly links the output entities to the input dictionaries and grammars. Our approach also allows correction of errors in detected entities, which can assist with entity resolution. PMID:25810776

The T.M.R. Data Dictionary: A Management Tool for Data Base Design

PubMed Central

Ostrowski, Maureen; Bernes, Marshall R.

1984-01-01

In January 1981, a dictionary-driven ambulatory care information system known as TMR (The Medical Record) was installed at a large private medical group practice in Los Angeles. TMR's data dictionary has enabled the medical group to adapt the software to meet changing user needs largely without programming support. For top management, the dictionary is also a tool for navigating through the system's complexity and assuring the integrity of management goals.

IMPROVEMENTS IN THE THERMAL NEUTRON CALIBRATION UNIT, TNF2, AT LNMRI/IRD.

PubMed

Astuto, A; Fernandes, S S; Patrão, K C S; Fonseca, E S; Pereira, W W; Lopes, R T

2018-02-21

The standard thermal neutron flux unit, TNF2, in the Brazilian National Ionizing Radiation Metrology Laboratory was rebuilt. Fluence is still achieved by moderating of four 241Am-Be sources with 0.6 TBq each. The facility was again simulated and redesigned with graphite core and paraffin added graphite blocks surrounding it. Simulations using the MCNPX code on different geometric arrangements of moderator materials and neutron sources were performed. The resulting neutron fluence quality in terms of intensity, spectrum and cadmium ratio was evaluated. After this step, the system was assembled based on the results obtained from the simulations and measurements were performed with equipment existing in LNMRI/IRD and by simulated equipment. This work focuses on the characterization of a central chamber point and external points around the TNF2 in terms of neutron spectrum, fluence and ambient dose equivalent, H*(10). This system was validated with spectra measurements, fluence and H*(10) to ensure traceability.

Marks, Spaces and Boundaries: Punctuation (and Other Effects) in the Typography of Dictionaries

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Luna, Paul

2011-01-01

Dictionary compilers and designers use punctuation to structure and clarify entries and to encode information. Dictionaries with a relatively simple structure can have simple typography and simple punctuation; as dictionaries grew more complex, and encountered the space constraints of the printed page, complex encoding systems were developed,…

An Electronic Dictionary and Translation System for Murrinh-Patha

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Seiss, Melanie; Nordlinger, Rachel

2012-01-01

This paper presents an electronic dictionary and translation system for the Australian language Murrinh-Patha. Its complex verbal structure makes learning Murrinh-Patha very difficult. Design learning materials or a dictionary which is easy to understand and to use also presents a challenge. This paper discusses some of the difficulties posed by…

48 CFR 9904.420-50 - Techniques for application.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... shall be excluded from the IR&D and B&P cost pools to be allocated to other segments and the base data... final cost objectives and the particular final cost objective's base data shall be excluded from the... costs of all other IR&D and B&P projects shall be allocated among all segments by means of the same base...

Influenza Research Database: An integrated bioinformatics resource for influenza virus research.

PubMed

Zhang, Yun; Aevermann, Brian D; Anderson, Tavis K; Burke, David F; Dauphin, Gwenaelle; Gu, Zhiping; He, Sherry; Kumar, Sanjeev; Larsen, Christopher N; Lee, Alexandra J; Li, Xiaomei; Macken, Catherine; Mahaffey, Colin; Pickett, Brett E; Reardon, Brian; Smith, Thomas; Stewart, Lucy; Suloway, Christian; Sun, Guangyu; Tong, Lei; Vincent, Amy L; Walters, Bryan; Zaremba, Sam; Zhao, Hongtao; Zhou, Liwei; Zmasek, Christian; Klem, Edward B; Scheuermann, Richard H

2017-01-04

The Influenza Research Database (IRD) is a U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)-sponsored Bioinformatics Resource Center dedicated to providing bioinformatics support for influenza virus research. IRD facilitates the research and development of vaccines, diagnostics and therapeutics against influenza virus by providing a comprehensive collection of influenza-related data integrated from various sources, a growing suite of analysis and visualization tools for data mining and hypothesis generation, personal workbench spaces for data storage and sharing, and active user community support. Here, we describe the recent improvements in IRD including the use of cloud and high performance computing resources, analysis and visualization of user-provided sequence data with associated metadata, predictions of novel variant proteins, annotations of phenotype-associated sequence markers and their predicted phenotypic effects, hemagglutinin (HA) clade classifications, an automated tool for HA subtype numbering conversion, linkouts to disease event data and the addition of host factor and antiviral drug components. All data and tools are freely available without restriction from the IRD website at https://www.fludb.org. © The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.

A dictionary server for supplying context sensitive medical knowledge.

PubMed

Ruan, W; Bürkle, T; Dudeck, J

2000-01-01

The Giessen Data Dictionary Server (GDDS), developed at Giessen University Hospital, integrates clinical systems with on-line, context sensitive medical knowledge to help with making medical decisions. By "context" we mean the clinical information that is being presented at the moment the information need is occurring. The dictionary server makes use of a semantic network supported by a medical data dictionary to link terms from clinical applications to their proper information sources. It has been designed to analyze the network structure itself instead of knowing the layout of the semantic net in advance. This enables us to map appropriate information sources to various clinical applications, such as nursing documentation, drug prescription and cancer follow up systems. This paper describes the function of the dictionary server and shows how the knowledge stored in the semantic network is used in the dictionary service.

Grammar Coding in the "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wekker, Herman

1992-01-01

Focuses on the revised system of grammar coding for verbs in the fourth edition of the "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English" (OALD4), comparing it with two other similar dictionaries. It is shown that the OALD4 is found to be more favorable on many criteria than the other comparable dictionaries. (16 references) (VWL)

RNA-Seq analysis of Gtf2ird1 knockout epidermal tissue provides potential insights into molecular mechanisms underpinning Williams-Beuren syndrome.

PubMed

Corley, Susan M; Canales, Cesar P; Carmona-Mora, Paulina; Mendoza-Reinosa, Veronica; Beverdam, Annemiek; Hardeman, Edna C; Wilkins, Marc R; Palmer, Stephen J

2016-06-13

Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS) is a genetic disorder associated with multisystemic abnormalities, including craniofacial dysmorphology and cognitive defects. It is caused by a hemizygous microdeletion involving up to 28 genes in chromosome 7q11.23. Genotype/phenotype analysis of atypical microdeletions implicates two evolutionary-related transcription factors, GTF2I and GTF2IRD1, as prime candidates for the cause of the facial dysmorphology. Using a targeted Gtf2ird1 knockout mouse, we employed massively-parallel sequencing of mRNA (RNA-Seq) to understand changes in the transcriptional landscape associated with inactivation of Gtf2ird1 in lip tissue. We found widespread dysregulation of genes including differential expression of 78 transcription factors or coactivators, several involved in organ development including Hey1, Myf6, Myog, Dlx2, Gli1, Gli2, Lhx2, Pou3f3, Sox2, Foxp3. We also found that the absence of GTF2IRD1 is associated with increased expression of genes involved in cellular proliferation, including growth factors consistent with the observed phenotype of extreme thickening of the epidermis. At the same time, there was a decrease in the expression of genes involved in other signalling mechanisms, including the Wnt pathway, indicating dysregulation in the complex networks necessary for epidermal differentiation and facial skin patterning. Several of the differentially expressed genes have known roles in both tissue development and neurological function, such as the transcription factor Lhx2 which regulates several genes involved in both skin and brain development. Gtf2ird1 inactivation results in widespread gene dysregulation, some of which may be due to the secondary consequences of gene regulatory network disruptions involving several transcription factors and signalling molecules. Genes involved in growth factor signalling and cell cycle progression were identified as particularly important for explaining the skin dysmorphology observed in this mouse model. We have noted that a number of the dysregulated genes have known roles in brain development as well as epidermal differentiation and maintenance. Therefore, this study provides clues as to the underlying mechanisms that may be involved in the broader profile of WBS.

Stress inducible proteinase inhibitor diversity in Capsicum annuum

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Wound-inducible Pin-II Proteinase inhibitors (PIs) are one of the important plant serine PIs which have been studied extensively for their structural and functional diversity and relevance in plant defense against insect pests. To explore the functional specialization of an array of Capsicum annuum (L.) proteinase inhibitor (CanPIs) genes, we studied their expression, processing and tissue-specific distribution under steady-state and induced conditions. Inductions were performed by subjecting C. annuum leaves to various treatments, namely aphid infestation or mechanical wounding followed by treatment with either oral secretion (OS) of Helicoverpa armigera or water. Results The elicitation treatments regulated the accumulation of CanPIs corresponding to 4-, 3-, and 2-inhibitory repeat domains (IRDs). Fourty seven different CanPI genes composed of 28 unique IRDs were identified in total along with those reported earlier. The CanPI gene pool either from uninduced or induced leaves was dominated by 3-IRD PIs and trypsin inhibitory domains. Also a major contribution by 4-IRD CanPI genes possessing trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor domains was specifically revealed in wounded leaves treated with OS. Wounding displayed the highest number of unique CanPIs while wounding with OS treatment resulted in the high accumulation of specifically CanPI-4, -7 and −10. Characterization of the PI protein activity through two dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed tissue and induction specific patterns. Consistent with transcript abundance, wound plus OS or water treated C. annuum leaves exhibited significantly higher PI activity and isoform diversity contributed by 3- and 4-IRD CanPIs. CanPI accumulation and activity was weakly elicited by aphid infestation yet resulted in the higher expression of CanPI-26, -41 and −43. Conclusions Plants can differentially perceive various kinds of insect attacks and respond appropriately through activating plant defenses including regulation of PIs at transcriptional and post-translational levels. Based on the differentially elicited CanPI accumulation patterns, it is intriguing to speculate that generating sequence diversity in the form of multi-IRD PIs is a part of elaborative plant defense strategy to obtain a diverse pool of functional units to confine insect attack. PMID:23153298

Using Sediment Provenance to Study Ice Streams in the Weddell Sea Embayment of Antarctica

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hemming, S. R.; Williams, T.; Boswell, S.; Licht, K.; Agrios, L.; Brachfeld, S. A.; van de Flierdt, T.; Kuhn, G.; Hillenbrand, C. D.; Zhai, X.

2016-12-01

The geochemical and geochronological fingerprint of rock debris eroded and carried by ice streams may be used to identify the provenance of iceberg-rafted debris (IRD) in the marine sediment record. During deglacial times it has been shown that there is an increase in IRD accumulation in marine sediments underlying the western limb of the Weddell Gyre. We seek to find the provenance of this IRD, identify the ice streams contributing to the IRD load, and interpret the geographic sequence of ice sheet retreat in the Weddell Sea embayment for the last three deglaciations. In December 2014 we conducted fieldwork to collect samples of rock and sediment debris carried by three of the major ice streams draining the Weddell Sea embayment: the Foundation Ice Stream, the Academy Glacier, and the Recovery Glacier. We sampled both modern moraines at the edges of the ice streams and older till on hillsides next to the ice streams. In addition to rocks representing the geology of local outcrops, we found that each of the three ice streams carries a characteristic set of erratic lithologies from further upstream, giving clues to the geology hidden under the ice sheet. Downstream, subglacial till and proximal glaciomarine sediment from existing core sites located at the edge of the Filchner and Ronne Ice Shelves, collected on past expeditions of the RV Polarstern, characterize the geochemical and geochronological fingerprint along ice flow lines extending from the ice streams. Finally, two deep-water RV Polarstern sites contain a continuous record of IRD sourced from the set of Weddell embayment ice streams over the last few glacial cycles. Here we present new 40Ar/39Ar hornblende and biotite thermochronological data from individual mineral grains, K-Ar from the silt fraction, and U-Pb zircon geochronology from the onshore tills and offshore sediments. Using this data we will discuss provenance matching between the IRD and the ice streams, and the possibilities for using provenance to understand ice sheet dynamics over the course of glacial cycles.

A dictionary server for supplying context sensitive medical knowledge.

PubMed Central

Ruan, W.; Bürkle, T.; Dudeck, J.

2000-01-01

The Giessen Data Dictionary Server (GDDS), developed at Giessen University Hospital, integrates clinical systems with on-line, context sensitive medical knowledge to help with making medical decisions. By "context" we mean the clinical information that is being presented at the moment the information need is occurring. The dictionary server makes use of a semantic network supported by a medical data dictionary to link terms from clinical applications to their proper information sources. It has been designed to analyze the network structure itself instead of knowing the layout of the semantic net in advance. This enables us to map appropriate information sources to various clinical applications, such as nursing documentation, drug prescription and cancer follow up systems. This paper describes the function of the dictionary server and shows how the knowledge stored in the semantic network is used in the dictionary service. PMID:11079978

Effect of a Mobile Web App on Kidney Transplant Candidates' Knowledge About Increased Risk Donor Kidneys: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PubMed

Gordon, Elisa J; Sohn, Min-Woong; Chang, Chih-Hung; McNatt, Gwen; Vera, Karina; Beauvais, Nicole; Warren, Emily; Mannon, Roslyn B; Ison, Michael G

2017-06-01

Kidney transplant candidates (KTCs) must provide informed consent to accept kidneys from increased risk donors (IRD), but poorly understand them. We conducted a multisite, randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of a mobile Web application, Inform Me, for increasing knowledge about IRDs. Kidney transplant candidates undergoing transplant evaluation at 2 transplant centers were randomized to use Inform Me after routine transplant education (intervention) or routine transplant education alone (control). Computer adaptive learning method reinforced learning by embedding educational material, and initial (test 1) and additional test questions (test 2) into each chapter. Knowledge (primary outcome) was assessed in person after education (tests 1 and 2), and 1 week later by telephone (test 3). Controls did not receive test 2. Willingness to accept an IRD kidney (secondary outcome) was assessed after tests 1 and 3. Linear regression test 1 knowledge scores were used to test the significance of Inform Me exposure after controlling for covariates. Multiple imputation was used for intention-to-treat analysis. Two hundred eighty-eight KTCs participated. Intervention participants had higher test 1 knowledge scores (mean difference, 6.61; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 5.37-7.86) than control participants, representing a 44% higher score than control participants' scores. Intervention participants' knowledge scores increased with educational reinforcement (test 2) compared with control arm test 1 scores (mean difference, 9.50; 95% CI, 8.27-10.73). After 1 week, intervention participants' knowledge remained greater than controls' knowledge (mean difference, 3.63; 95% CI, 2.49-4.78) (test 3). Willingness to accept an IRD kidney did not differ between study arms at tests 1 and 3. Inform Me use was associated with greater KTC knowledge about IRD kidneys above routine transplant education alone.

Inflammation-Related Morbidity and Mortality Among HIV-Positive Adults: How Extensive Is It?

PubMed

Hart, Brian B; Nordell, Anna D; Okulicz, Jason F; Palfreeman, Adrian; Horban, Andrzej; Kedem, Eynat; Neuhaus, Jacqueline; Jacobs, David R; Duprez, Daniel A; Neaton, James D

2018-01-01

To determine the rate of grade 4, potentially life-threatening events not attributable to AIDS, cardiovascular disease (CVD), or non-AIDS cancer among participants on antiretroviral therapy and to describe associations of these events with interleukin-6 (IL-6) and D-dimer. Cohort study. HIV-infected participants on antiretroviral therapy (N = 3568) with an HIV-RNA level ≤ 500 copies/mL were followed for grade 4, AIDS, CVD, non-AIDS cancer, and all-cause mortality events. Grade 4 events were further classified masked to biomarker levels as reflecting chronic inflammation-related disease (ChrIRD) or not (non-ChrIRD). Associations of baseline IL-6 and D-dimer with events were studied using Cox models. Over a median follow-up of 4.3 years, 339 participants developed a grade 4 event (22.9 per 1000 person-years); 165 participants developed a ChrIRD grade 4 event (10.7 per 1000 person-years). Grade 4 events were more common than AIDS (54 participants), CVD (132), and non-AIDS cancer (80) events, any of which developed in 252 participants (17.1 per 1000 person-years). Grade 4 and AIDS events were associated with similar risks of death. Higher IL-6 [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.19 per doubling of biomarker; P = 0.003] and D-dimer (HR = 1.23; P < 0.001) levels were associated with an increased risk of grade 4 events. IL-6 associations were stronger for ChrIRD (HR = 1.38; P < 0.001) than non-ChrIRD grade 4 events (HR = 1.11; P = 0.21). Morbidity and mortality associated with activation of inflammatory and coagulation pathways include conditions other than AIDS, CVD, and non-AIDS cancer events. Effective inflammation-dampening interventions could greatly affect the health of people with HIV.

Anti-rheumatic treatment is not associated with reduction of pentraxin 3 in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis

PubMed Central

Lyberg, Torstein; Bottazzi, Barbara; Meroni, Pier Luigi; Leone, Roberto; Hjeltnes, Gunnbjorg

2017-01-01

Background Pentraxin 3 is proposed to be a marker of inflammation and cardiovascular risk, but its role in inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRDs) is still uncertain. Therefore, we wanted to examine if anti-rheumatic treatment reduced serum PTX3 (s-PTX3) levels in IRDs, and if s-PTX3 levels were related to other markers of inflammation and to endothelial function (EF). Methods We examined s-PTX3, EF and established inflammatory biomarkers in 114 IRD patients from the PSARA study before and after 6 weeks and 6 months of treatment with methotrexate (MTX) or anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF) therapy with or without MTX co-medication. Results s-PTX3 levels in all IRD diagnoses were above the upper limit of the reference range. In contrast to established inflammatory markers, in particular CRP and ESR, s-PTX3 levels did not change significantly after 6 weeks and 6 months of anti-rheumatic therapy. There was no difference in change in s-PTX3 levels from baseline to 6 weeks and 6 months between MTX monotherapy and anti-TNF regimens. CRP, ESR and EF were not related to changes in s-PTX3 neither in crude nor adjusted analyses. Conclusion IRD patients have increased s-PTX3 levels, which, in contrast to other inflammatory markers, do not seem to improve within 6 months of therapy with MTX and/or anti-TNF. Thus, s-PTX3 might reflect a persisting immune process, even a causal factor of inflammation, not inhibited by the standard anti-rheumatic treatment. Furthermore, even though s-PTX3 is thought to be a strong predictor of cardiovascular prognosis, it was not related to EF. PMID:28225768

Integration of a knowledge-based system and a clinical documentation system via a data dictionary.

PubMed

Eich, H P; Ohmann, C; Keim, E; Lang, K

1997-01-01

This paper describes the design and realisation of a knowledge-based system and a clinical documentation system linked via a data dictionary. The software was developed as a shell with object oriented methods and C++ for IBM-compatible PC's and WINDOWS 3.1/95. The data dictionary covers terminology and document objects with relations to external classifications. It controls the terminology in the documentation program with form-based entry of clinical documents and in the knowledge-based system with scores and rules. The software was applied to the clinical field of acute abdominal pain by implementing a data dictionary with 580 terminology objects, 501 document objects, and 2136 links; a documentation module with 8 clinical documents and a knowledge-based system with 10 scores and 7 sets of rules.

An overview of autonomous rendezvous and docking system technology development at General Dynamics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kuenzel, Fred

1991-01-01

The Centaur avionics suite is undergoing a dramatic modernization for the commercial, DoD Atlas and Titan programs. The system has been upgraded to the current state-of-the-art in ring laser gyro inertial sensors and Mil-Std-1750A processor technology. The Cruise Missile avionic system has similarly been evolving for many years. Integration of GPS into both systems has been underway for over five years with a follow-on cruise missile system currently in flight test. Rendezvous and Docking related studies have been conducted for over five years in support of OMV, CTV, and Advanced Upper Stages, as well as several other internal IR&D's. The avionics system and AR&D simulator demonstrated to the SATWG in November 1990 has been upgraded considerably under two IR&D programs in 1991. The Centaur modern avionics system is being flown in block upgrades which started in July of 1990. The Inertial Navigation Unit will fly in November of 1991. The Cruise Missile avionics systems have been fully tested and operationally validated in combat. The integrated AR&D system for space vehicle applications has been under development and testing since 1990. A Joint NASA / GD ARD&L System Test Program is currently being planned to validate several aspects of system performance in three different NASA test facilities in 1992.

Implementation and management of a biomedical observation dictionary in a large healthcare information system.

PubMed

Vandenbussche, Pierre-Yves; Cormont, Sylvie; André, Christophe; Daniel, Christel; Delahousse, Jean; Charlet, Jean; Lepage, Eric

2013-01-01

This study shows the evolution of a biomedical observation dictionary within the Assistance Publique Hôpitaux Paris (AP-HP), the largest European university hospital group. The different steps are detailed as follows: the dictionary creation, the mapping to logical observation identifier names and codes (LOINC), the integration into a multiterminological management platform and, finally, the implementation in the health information system. AP-HP decided to create a biomedical observation dictionary named AnaBio, to map it to LOINC and to maintain the mapping. A management platform based on methods used for knowledge engineering has been put in place. It aims at integrating AnaBio within the health information system and improving both the quality and stability of the dictionary. This new management platform is now active in AP-HP. The AnaBio dictionary is shared by 120 laboratories and currently includes 50 000 codes. The mapping implementation to LOINC reaches 40% of the AnaBio entries and uses 26% of LOINC records. The results of our work validate the choice made to develop a local dictionary aligned with LOINC. This work constitutes a first step towards a wider use of the platform. The next step will support the entire biomedical production chain, from the clinician prescription, through laboratory tests tracking in the laboratory information system to the communication of results and the use for decision support and biomedical research. In addition, the increase in the mapping implementation to LOINC ensures the interoperability allowing communication with other international health institutions.

Data dictionary and formatting standard for dissemination of geotechnical data

USGS Publications Warehouse

Benoit, J.; Bobbitt, J.I.; Ponti, D.J.; Shimel, S.A.; ,

2004-01-01

A pilot system for archiving and web dissemination of geotechnical data collected and stored by various agencies is currently under development. Part of the scope of this project, sponsored by the Consortium of Organizations for Strong-Motion Observation Systems (COSMOS) and by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) Lifelines Program, is the development of a data dictionary and formatting standard. This paper presents the data model along with the basic structure of the data dictionary tables for this pilot system.

Video Analytics Evaluation: Survey of Datasets, Performance Metrics and Approaches

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-09-01

training phase and a fusion of the detector outputs. 6.3.1 Training Techniques 1. Bagging: The basic idea of Bagging is to train multiple classifiers...can reduce more noise interesting points. Person detection and background subtraction methods were used to create hot regions. The hot regions were...detection algorithms are incorporated with MHT to construct one integrated detector /tracker. 6.8 IRDS-CASIA team IRDS-CASIA proposed a method to solve a

A practical implementation for a data dictionary in an environment of diverse data sets

USGS Publications Warehouse

Sprenger, Karla K.; Larsen, Dana M.

1993-01-01

The need for a data dictionary database at the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC) was reinforced with the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) requirement for consistent field definitions of data sets residing at more than one archive center. The EDC requirement addresses the existence of multiple sets with identical field definitions using various naming conventions. The EDC is developing a data dictionary database to accomplish the following foals: to standardize field names for ease in software development; to facilitate querying and updating of the date; and to generate ad hoc reports. The structure of the EDC electronic data dictionary database supports different metadata systems as well as many different data sets. A series of reports is used to keep consistency among data sets and various metadata systems.

Emo, love and god: making sense of Urban Dictionary, a crowd-sourced online dictionary.

PubMed

Nguyen, Dong; McGillivray, Barbara; Yasseri, Taha

2018-05-01

The Internet facilitates large-scale collaborative projects and the emergence of Web 2.0 platforms, where producers and consumers of content unify, has drastically changed the information market. On the one hand, the promise of the 'wisdom of the crowd' has inspired successful projects such as Wikipedia, which has become the primary source of crowd-based information in many languages. On the other hand, the decentralized and often unmonitored environment of such projects may make them susceptible to low-quality content. In this work, we focus on Urban Dictionary, a crowd-sourced online dictionary. We combine computational methods with qualitative annotation and shed light on the overall features of Urban Dictionary in terms of growth, coverage and types of content. We measure a high presence of opinion-focused entries, as opposed to the meaning-focused entries that we expect from traditional dictionaries. Furthermore, Urban Dictionary covers many informal, unfamiliar words as well as proper nouns. Urban Dictionary also contains offensive content, but highly offensive content tends to receive lower scores through the dictionary's voting system. The low threshold to include new material in Urban Dictionary enables quick recording of new words and new meanings, but the resulting heterogeneous content can pose challenges in using Urban Dictionary as a source to study language innovation.

Chinese-English Aviation and Space Dictionary.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. Foreign Technology Div.

The Aviation and Space Dictionary is the second of a series of Chinese-English technical dictionaries under preparation by the Foreign Technology Division, United States Air Force Systems Command. The purpose of the series is to provide rapid reference tools for translators, abstracters, and research analysts concerned with scientific and…

Chinese-Cantonese Dictionary of Common Chinese-Cantonese Characters.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Defense Language Inst., Washington, DC.

This dictionary contains 1,500 Chinese-Cantonese characters (selected from three frequency lists), and more than 6,000 Chinese-Cantonese terms (selected from three Cantonese-English dictionaries). The characters are arranged alphabetically according to the U.S. Army Language School System of Romanization, which is described in the…

Chinese-English Electronics and Telecommunications Dictionary, Vol. 2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. Foreign Technology Div.

This is the second volume of the Electronics and Telecommunications Dictionary, the third of the series of Chinese-English technical dictionaries under preparation by the Foreign Technology Division, United States Air Force Systems Command. The purpose of the series is to provide rapid reference tools for translators, abstracters, and research…

Chinese-English Electronics and Telecommunications Dictionary. Vol. 1.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. Foreign Technology Div.

This is the first volume of the Electronics and Telecommunications Dictionary, the third of the series of Chinese-English technical dictionaries under preparation by the Foreign Technology Division, United States Air Force Systems Command. The purpose of the series is to provide rapid reference tools for translators, abstracters, and research…

Developing a National-Level Concept Dictionary for EHR Implementations in Kenya.

PubMed

Keny, Aggrey; Wanyee, Steven; Kwaro, Daniel; Mulwa, Edwin; Were, Martin C

2015-01-01

The increasing adoption of Electronic Health Records (EHR) by developing countries comes with the need to develop common terminology standards to assure semantic interoperability. In Kenya, where the Ministry of Health has rolled out an EHR at 646 sites, several challenges have emerged including variable dictionaries across implementations, inability to easily share data across systems, lack of expertise in dictionary management, lack of central coordination and custody of a terminology service, inadequately defined policies and processes, insufficient infrastructure, among others. A Concept Working Group was constituted to address these challenges. The country settled on a common Kenya data dictionary, initially derived as a subset of the Columbia International eHealth Laboratory (CIEL)/Millennium Villages Project (MVP) dictionary. The initial dictionary scope largely focuses on clinical needs. Processes and policies around dictionary management are being guided by the framework developed by Bakhshi-Raiez et al. Technical and infrastructure-based approaches are also underway to streamline workflow for dictionary management and distribution across implementations. Kenya's approach on comprehensive common dictionary can serve as a model for other countries in similar settings.

Composition of Eocene Ice-Rafted Debris, Central Arctic Ocean

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ramstad, C.; St. John, K.

2007-12-01

IODP Expedition 302 drilled a 400-m sediment record which contains physical evidence of ice-rafting in the Eocene and Neogene in the Arctic (Backman et al., 2006; Moran et al., 2006, St. John, in press). An increase in the terrigenous sand abundance occurs above 246 mcd (~46 Ma), with a flux similar to that in the Neogene. Higher resolution sampling in an interval of good recovery from 246-236 mcd shows evidence of cyclic input of IRD and biogenic components that fits with Milankovitch forcing at the obliquity period (Sangiorgi et al., in press). The question remains - what areas of the Arctic were ice-covered at this early stage in the Cenozoic? To address this provenance issue the composition of the terrigenous sands (250 micron fraction) in cores 55-56X is being quantified. Grains in 75 samples are being point-counted and their compositions categorized. Quartz grains are the dominant component (greater than 10,000 grains per gram), with some being hematite-stained, and there are lesser amounts of mafic minerals. No carbonate grains are identified so far in this study. Possible sources areas for Eocene IRD are the Eastern European and Russian Arctic margins. Tracking compositional variations of the IRD over the interval of cyclic deposition, should indicate whether the cyclic IRD deposition was consistently derived from one source region or multiple regions during this time.

Implementation and management of a biomedical observation dictionary in a large healthcare information system

PubMed Central

Vandenbussche, Pierre-Yves; Cormont, Sylvie; André, Christophe; Daniel, Christel; Delahousse, Jean; Charlet, Jean; Lepage, Eric

2013-01-01

Objective This study shows the evolution of a biomedical observation dictionary within the Assistance Publique Hôpitaux Paris (AP-HP), the largest European university hospital group. The different steps are detailed as follows: the dictionary creation, the mapping to logical observation identifier names and codes (LOINC), the integration into a multiterminological management platform and, finally, the implementation in the health information system. Methods AP-HP decided to create a biomedical observation dictionary named AnaBio, to map it to LOINC and to maintain the mapping. A management platform based on methods used for knowledge engineering has been put in place. It aims at integrating AnaBio within the health information system and improving both the quality and stability of the dictionary. Results This new management platform is now active in AP-HP. The AnaBio dictionary is shared by 120 laboratories and currently includes 50 000 codes. The mapping implementation to LOINC reaches 40% of the AnaBio entries and uses 26% of LOINC records. The results of our work validate the choice made to develop a local dictionary aligned with LOINC. Discussion and Conclusions This work constitutes a first step towards a wider use of the platform. The next step will support the entire biomedical production chain, from the clinician prescription, through laboratory tests tracking in the laboratory information system to the communication of results and the use for decision support and biomedical research. In addition, the increase in the mapping implementation to LOINC ensures the interoperability allowing communication with other international health institutions. PMID:23635601

Concept dictionary creation and maintenance under resource constraints: lessons from the AMPATH Medical Record System.

PubMed

Were, Martin C; Mamlin, Burke W; Tierney, William M; Wolfe, Ben; Biondich, Paul G

2007-10-11

The challenges of creating and maintaining concept dictionaries are compounded in resource-limited settings. Approaches to alleviate this burden need to be based on information derived in these settings. We created a concept dictionary and evaluated new concept proposals for an open source EMR in a resource-limited setting. Overall, 87% of the concepts in the initial dictionary were used. There were 5137 new concepts proposed, with 77% of these proposed only once. Further characterization of new concept proposals revealed that 41% were due to deficiency in the existing dictionary, and 19% were synonyms to existing concepts. 25% of the requests contained misspellings, 41% were complex terms, and 17% were ambiguous. Given the resource-intensive nature of dictionary creation and maintenance, there should be considerations for centralizing the concept dictionary service, using standards, prioritizing concept proposals, and redesigning the user-interface to reduce this burden in settings with limited resources.

Concept Dictionary Creation and Maintenance Under Resource Constraints: Lessons from the AMPATH Medical Record System

PubMed Central

Were, Martin C.; Mamlin, Burke W.; Tierney, William M.; Wolfe, Ben; Biondich, Paul G.

2007-01-01

The challenges of creating and maintaining concept dictionaries are compounded in resource-limited settings. Approaches to alleviate this burden need to be based on information derived in these settings. We created a concept dictionary and evaluated new concept proposals for an open source EMR in a resource-limited setting. Overall, 87% of the concepts in the initial dictionary were used. There were 5137 new concepts proposed, with 77% of these proposed only once. Further characterization of new concept proposals revealed that 41% were due to deficiency in the existing dictionary, and 19% were synonyms to existing concepts. 25% of the requests contained misspellings, 41% were complex terms, and 17% were ambiguous. Given the resource-intensive nature of dictionary creation and maintenance, there should be considerations for centralizing the concept dictionary service, using standards, prioritizing concept proposals, and redesigning the user-interface to reduce this burden in settings with limited resources. PMID:18693945

76 FR 10055 - Changes to the Public Housing Assessment System (PHAS): Physical Condition Scoring Notice

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-23

... Weights and Criticality Levels, and Dictionary of Deficiency Definitions The Item Weights and Criticality Levels tables and the Dictionary of Deficiency Definitions, currently in use, were published as... Dictionary of Deficiency Definitions is found at http://www.hud.gov/offices/reac/pdf/pass_dict2.3.pdf . V...

An Internet Protocol-Based Software System for Real-Time, Closed-Loop, Multi-Spacecraft Mission Simulation Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davis, George; Cary, Everett; Higinbotham, John; Burns, Richard; Hogie, Keith; Hallahan, Francis

2003-01-01

The paper will provide an overview of the web-based distributed simulation software system developed for end-to-end, multi-spacecraft mission design, analysis, and test at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). This software system was developed for an internal research and development (IR&D) activity at GSFC called the Distributed Space Systems (DSS) Distributed Synthesis Environment (DSE). The long-term goal of the DSS-DSE is to integrate existing GSFC stand-alone test beds, models, and simulation systems to create a "hands on", end-to-end simulation environment for mission design, trade studies and simulations. The short-term goal of the DSE was therefore to develop the system architecture, and then to prototype the core software simulation capability based on a distributed computing approach, with demonstrations of some key capabilities by the end of Fiscal Year 2002 (FY02). To achieve the DSS-DSE IR&D objective, the team adopted a reference model and mission upon which FY02 capabilities were developed. The software was prototyped according to the reference model, and demonstrations were conducted for the reference mission to validate interfaces, concepts, etc. The reference model, illustrated in Fig. 1, included both space and ground elements, with functional capabilities such as spacecraft dynamics and control, science data collection, space-to-space and space-to-ground communications, mission operations, science operations, and data processing, archival and distribution addressed.

A Distributed Simulation Software System for Multi-Spacecraft Missions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Burns, Richard; Davis, George; Cary, Everett

2003-01-01

The paper will provide an overview of the web-based distributed simulation software system developed for end-to-end, multi-spacecraft mission design, analysis, and test at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). This software system was developed for an internal research and development (IR&D) activity at GSFC called the Distributed Space Systems (DSS) Distributed Synthesis Environment (DSE). The long-term goal of the DSS-DSE is to integrate existing GSFC stand-alone test beds, models, and simulation systems to create a "hands on", end-to-end simulation environment for mission design, trade studies and simulations. The short-term goal of the DSE was therefore to develop the system architecture, and then to prototype the core software simulation capability based on a distributed computing approach, with demonstrations of some key capabilities by the end of Fiscal Year 2002 (FY02). To achieve the DSS-DSE IR&D objective, the team adopted a reference model and mission upon which FY02 capabilities were developed. The software was prototyped according to the reference model, and demonstrations were conducted for the reference mission to validate interfaces, concepts, etc. The reference model, illustrated in Fig. 1, included both space and ground elements, with functional capabilities such as spacecraft dynamics and control, science data collection, space-to-space and space-to-ground communications, mission operations, science operations, and data processing, archival and distribution addressed.

An Overview of DoD Policy for and Administration of Independent Research and Development

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-05-01

Anderson, Captain William J. Lewandowski, Major James C . Roan, and Mr. Lloyd G. Mitchell to mention a few) kept the author abreast the latest...D Cost Principles (1959) A-I B. AEC Cost Principles for IR&D B-I C . Section 203, Public Law 91-441 C -i D. DOD IR&D Cost Principles (1971) D-1 E...Arii~bd Services Pkocurement Regulations ASRSC Armed Services Research Specialists Cotiitiiittee BOB Buireau bf the Budgse C Comptroiler CITE

A dictionary to identify small molecules and drugs in free text.

PubMed

Hettne, Kristina M; Stierum, Rob H; Schuemie, Martijn J; Hendriksen, Peter J M; Schijvenaars, Bob J A; Mulligen, Erik M van; Kleinjans, Jos; Kors, Jan A

2009-11-15

From the scientific community, a lot of effort has been spent on the correct identification of gene and protein names in text, while less effort has been spent on the correct identification of chemical names. Dictionary-based term identification has the power to recognize the diverse representation of chemical information in the literature and map the chemicals to their database identifiers. We developed a dictionary for the identification of small molecules and drugs in text, combining information from UMLS, MeSH, ChEBI, DrugBank, KEGG, HMDB and ChemIDplus. Rule-based term filtering, manual check of highly frequent terms and disambiguation rules were applied. We tested the combined dictionary and the dictionaries derived from the individual resources on an annotated corpus, and conclude the following: (i) each of the different processing steps increase precision with a minor loss of recall; (ii) the overall performance of the combined dictionary is acceptable (precision 0.67, recall 0.40 (0.80 for trivial names); (iii) the combined dictionary performed better than the dictionary in the chemical recognizer OSCAR3; (iv) the performance of a dictionary based on ChemIDplus alone is comparable to the performance of the combined dictionary. The combined dictionary is freely available as an XML file in Simple Knowledge Organization System format on the web site http://www.biosemantics.org/chemlist.

Emo, love and god: making sense of Urban Dictionary, a crowd-sourced online dictionary

PubMed Central

McGillivray, Barbara

2018-01-01

The Internet facilitates large-scale collaborative projects and the emergence of Web 2.0 platforms, where producers and consumers of content unify, has drastically changed the information market. On the one hand, the promise of the ‘wisdom of the crowd’ has inspired successful projects such as Wikipedia, which has become the primary source of crowd-based information in many languages. On the other hand, the decentralized and often unmonitored environment of such projects may make them susceptible to low-quality content. In this work, we focus on Urban Dictionary, a crowd-sourced online dictionary. We combine computational methods with qualitative annotation and shed light on the overall features of Urban Dictionary in terms of growth, coverage and types of content. We measure a high presence of opinion-focused entries, as opposed to the meaning-focused entries that we expect from traditional dictionaries. Furthermore, Urban Dictionary covers many informal, unfamiliar words as well as proper nouns. Urban Dictionary also contains offensive content, but highly offensive content tends to receive lower scores through the dictionary’s voting system. The low threshold to include new material in Urban Dictionary enables quick recording of new words and new meanings, but the resulting heterogeneous content can pose challenges in using Urban Dictionary as a source to study language innovation. PMID:29892417

Compressed sampling and dictionary learning framework for wavelength-division-multiplexing-based distributed fiber sensing.

PubMed

Weiss, Christian; Zoubir, Abdelhak M

2017-05-01

We propose a compressed sampling and dictionary learning framework for fiber-optic sensing using wavelength-tunable lasers. A redundant dictionary is generated from a model for the reflected sensor signal. Imperfect prior knowledge is considered in terms of uncertain local and global parameters. To estimate a sparse representation and the dictionary parameters, we present an alternating minimization algorithm that is equipped with a preprocessing routine to handle dictionary coherence. The support of the obtained sparse signal indicates the reflection delays, which can be used to measure impairments along the sensing fiber. The performance is evaluated by simulations and experimental data for a fiber sensor system with common core architecture.

Essential functions of the Williams-Beuren syndrome-associated TFII-I genes in embryonic development.

PubMed

Enkhmandakh, Badam; Makeyev, Aleksandr V; Erdenechimeg, Lkhamsuren; Ruddle, Frank H; Chimge, Nyam-Osor; Tussie-Luna, Maria Isabel; Roy, Ananda L; Bayarsaihan, Dashzeveg

2009-01-06

GTF2I and GTF2IRD1 encoding the multifunctional transcription factors TFII-I and BEN are clustered at the 7q11.23 region hemizygously deleted in Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS), a complex multisystemic neurodevelopmental disorder. Although the biochemical properties of TFII-I family transcription factors have been studied in depth, little is known about the specialized contributions of these factors in pathways required for proper embryonic development. Here, we show that homozygous loss of either Gtf2ird1 or Gtf2i function results in multiple phenotypic manifestations, including embryonic lethality; brain hemorrhage; and vasculogenic, craniofacial, and neural tube defects in mice. Further analyses suggest that embryonic lethality may be attributable to defects in yolk sac vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Microarray data indicate that the Gtf2ird1 homozygous phenotype is mainly caused by an impairment of the genes involved in the TGFbetaRII/Alk1/Smad5 signal transduction pathway. The effect of Gtf2i inactivation on this pathway is less prominent, but downregulation of the endothelial growth factor receptor-2 gene, resulting in the deterioration of vascular signaling, most likely exacerbates the severity of the Gtf2i mutant phenotype. A subset of Gtf2ird1 and Gtf2i heterozygotes displayed microcephaly, retarded growth, and skeletal and craniofacial defects, therefore showing that haploinsufficiency of TFII-I proteins causes various developmental anomalies that are often associated with WBS.

Definition and maintenance of a telemetry database dictionary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Knopf, William P. (Inventor)

2007-01-01

A telemetry dictionary database includes a component for receiving spreadsheet workbooks of telemetry data over a web-based interface from other computer devices. Another component routes the spreadsheet workbooks to a specified directory on the host processing device. A process then checks the received spreadsheet workbooks for errors, and if no errors are detected the spreadsheet workbooks are routed to another directory to await initiation of a remote database loading process. The loading process first converts the spreadsheet workbooks to comma separated value (CSV) files. Next, a network connection with the computer system that hosts the telemetry dictionary database is established and the CSV files are ported to the computer system that hosts the telemetry dictionary database. This is followed by a remote initiation of a database loading program. Upon completion of loading a flatfile generation program is manually initiated to generate a flatfile to be used in a mission operations environment by the core ground system.

Barriers to Information Transfer and Approaches Toward Their Reduction, Conference Proceedings of the Technical Information Panel Specialists’ Meeting Held in Washington, DC on 23-24 September 1987.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-03-01

oriented expansion of dictionaries and systems. 4,.j - Portability. Included essential criteria for evaluation are: N - Quality of the raw (also called...hard to be made without having precise criteria for the de- cision. Because the amount of data in computerized dictionaries - on the long line of...develop- ment of MT and CAT systems - is the decisive component, the update of the (electronic) dictionary plays a substantial part in both alternatives

Geant4 simulation of ion chambers response to 60Co spectrum of LNMRI/IRD Shepherd 81-14D Radiator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Queiroz Filho, P. P.; Da Silva, C. N. M.

2018-03-01

The National Ionizing Radiation Metrology Laboratory of the Radioprotection and Dosimetry Institute (LNMRI / IRD) has recently acquired a Shepherd 81-14D Radiator. In this work we simulate, using Geant4, the behavior with the inverse square law radiation for 3 models of PTW spherical chambers used in radioprotection, a relevant information to planning the measurements. We did the corrections for the attenuation and scattering in the air for each distance, where we used the 60Co spectrum simulated previously.

Computer Science and Technology: A Survey of Eleven Government-Developed Data Element Dictionary/Directory Systems.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Bureau of Standards (DOC), Washington, DC. Inst. for Computer Sciences and Technology.

This report presents the current state of the art of government developed Data Element Dictionary/Directory (DED/D) systems. DED/D's are software tools used for managing and controlling information and data. The introduction of the report includes a list of the government agency systems surveyed and a summary matrix presenting each system's…

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of IRD Provenance in Glacial North Atlantic Sediments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hemming, S. R.; Grousset, F. E.; Roy, M.; Julien, E.

2004-05-01

A full picture of ocean-atmosphere-ice sheet interactions awaits a thorough assessment of the array of different types of IRD layers with observations as well as models. Factors that must be considered in the observational studies are provenance (including geographic region of origin and whether icebergs or sea ice was the transporting agent), flux, relationship to sedimentological patterns such as grain size variations, and lateral sediment redistribution on the seafloor. We focus here on the provenance observations and their implications during the intervals of Heinrich layers H3 through H2, approximately 31 to 20 kyr. During the last glacial interval and prior to H3 (ca. 60-31 kyr), ice sheets had not achieved their maximum positions, and the abundance of IRD in marine sediments was generally lower as evidenced by standard measures such as %IRD and number of lithic grains per gram. H3 appears to be related to a modest IRD flux and it has been inferred to be a low foraminifera zone more than and IRD event. The map pattern of provenance variation within the H3 interval appears to be clearly relatable to surface current patterns and a significant portion of the continental derived detritus in eastern North Atlantic cores must have a European and/or Iceland+Greenland origin. In eastern Atlantic core VM28-82, the provenance varies abruptly across the low foraminifera interval of H3. In the Labrador Sea H3 has a composition like those of H1, H2, H4 and H5, suggesting a Hudson Strait source. Accordingly, the evidence appears to favor multiple sources of detritus (none of which overwhelmed the sediment load in the IRD belt) with a depositional pattern that is consistent with known surface currents. H1, H2, H4 and H5 can be traced far across the Atlantic to near Britain and Iberia based on the overwhelming Hudson Strait provenance. A difficulty in assessing geographical variations in the precursory intervals of Heinrich events is the rapid temporal variation in composition combined with the generally low resolution sampling. Hornblende 40Ar/39Ar ages within H2 cluster at 1.8 Ga (~75%), with most other grains being older. Below H2 in cores from Orphan Knoll (GGC31), off Newfoundland (VM23-14), in the Heinrich layer thickness maximum (SU90-11) the ages are much more scattered. Although more data are needed to make a firm conclusion, it appears that the interval just below the Hudson Strait provenance has a large Paleozoic source and just below that appears to be a mixture of Cenozoic (Icelandic hot spot) and ancient (Greenland?) grains. These observations are consistent with published petrological and Nd isotope evidence in the precursory interval of H2. Published evidence indicates a contrast between the precursory intervals of H2 and H4, consistent with the glaciers' not being at their maximum positions until after H3. It is expected that the precursory interval in eastern North Atlantic sources might be composed of largely different sources, similar to the implied provenance from the H3 map pattern.

Image fusion using sparse overcomplete feature dictionaries

DOEpatents

Brumby, Steven P.; Bettencourt, Luis; Kenyon, Garrett T.; Chartrand, Rick; Wohlberg, Brendt

2015-10-06

Approaches for deciding what individuals in a population of visual system "neurons" are looking for using sparse overcomplete feature dictionaries are provided. A sparse overcomplete feature dictionary may be learned for an image dataset and a local sparse representation of the image dataset may be built using the learned feature dictionary. A local maximum pooling operation may be applied on the local sparse representation to produce a translation-tolerant representation of the image dataset. An object may then be classified and/or clustered within the translation-tolerant representation of the image dataset using a supervised classification algorithm and/or an unsupervised clustering algorithm.

Evaluation of a data dictionary system. [information dissemination and computer systems programs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Driggers, W. G.

1975-01-01

The usefulness was investigated of a data dictionary/directory system for achieving optimum benefits from existing and planned investments in computer data files in the Data Systems Development Branch and the Institutional Data Systems Division. Potential applications of the data catalogue system are discussed along with an evaluation of the system. Other topics discussed include data description, data structure, programming aids, programming languages, program networks, and test data.

Navajo-English Dictionary.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wall, Leon; Morgan, William

A brief summary of the sound system of the Navajo language introduces this Navajo-English dictionary. Diacritical markings and an English definition are given for each Navajo word. Words are listed alphabetically by Navajo sound. (VM)

Study of Tools for Command and Telemetry Dictionaries

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pires, Craig; Knudson, Matthew D.

2017-01-01

The Command and Telemetry Dictionary is at the heart of space missions. The C&T Dictionary represents all of the information that is exchanged between the various systems both in space and on the ground. Large amounts of ever-changing information has to be disseminated to all for the various systems and sub-systems throughout all phases of the mission. The typical approach of having each sub-system manage it's own information flow, results in a patchwork of methods within a mission. This leads to significant duplication of effort and potential errors. More centralized methods have been developed to manage this data flow. This presentation will compare two tools that have been developed for this purpose, CCDD and SCIMI that were designed to work with the Core Flight System (cFS).

An atypical 7q11.23 deletion in a normal IQ Williams–Beuren syndrome patient

PubMed Central

Ferrero, Giovanni Battista; Howald, Cédric; Micale, Lucia; Biamino, Elisa; Augello, Bartolomeo; Fusco, Carmela; Turturo, Maria Giuseppina; Forzano, Serena; Reymond, Alexandre; Merla, Giuseppe

2010-01-01

Williams–Beuren syndrome (WBS; OMIM no. 194050) is a multisystemic neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a hemizygous deletion of 1.55 Mb on chromosome 7q11.23 spanning 28 genes. Haploinsufficiency of the ELN gene was shown to be responsible for supravalvular aortic stenosis and generalized arteriopathy, whereas LIMK1, CLIP2, GTF2IRD1 and GTF2I genes were suggested to be linked to the specific cognitive profile and craniofacial features. These insights for genotype–phenotype correlations came from the molecular and clinical analysis of patients with atypical deletions and mice models. Here we report a patient showing mild WBS physical phenotype and normal IQ, who carries a shorter 1 Mb atypical deletion. This rearrangement does not include the GTF2IRD1 and GTF2I genes and only partially the BAZ1B gene. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that hemizygosity of the GTF2IRD1 and GTF2I genes might be involved in the facial dysmorphisms and in the specific motor and cognitive deficits observed in WBS patients. PMID:19568270

Origin of ice-rafted debris: Pleistocene paleoceanography in the western Arctic Ocean

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bischof, Jens; Clark, David L.; Vincent, Jean-Serge

1996-12-01

The composition of Pleistocene ice-rafted debris (IRD) >250 µm was analyzed quantitatively by grain counting in five sediment cores from the western central Arctic Ocean and compared with the composition of till clasts from NW Canada in order to determine the dropstone origin and to reconstruct the Pleistocene ice driftways and surface currents. The IRD composition alternates repeatedly between carbonate- and quartz-dominated assemblages, along with metamorphic and igneous rocks, clastic rocks, and some chert. The highest quartz content is found on the Alpha Ridge, while carbonate percentages are highest on the Northwind Ridge (NWR) and the Chukchi Cap. The source for the carbonates is the area around Banks and Victoria Islands and parts of northern Canada. Quartz most likely originated from the central Queen Elizabeth Islands. IRD on the southeastern Alpha Ridge is dominated by mafic crystalline rocks from northern Ellesmere Island and northern Greenland. At least six major glacial intervals are identified within the last 1 million years, during which icebergs drifted toward the west in the Beaufort Sea, straight northward in the central Arctic Ocean, and northeastward on the SE Alpha Ridge.

The Evaluation and Systems Analysis of the SYSTRAN Machine Translation System

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-01-01

DiFondi (IRDT) I. KIY *0*01 (Cu.wMu. .~ .‘~~.. lid. it a....Wp .11 id.iiSiIp Op e4.Sk s~~S.,) Machine Traca lation Evaluation scan Dictionary Update S...ntic Expression Dictionary Update *55? **Ct fCMi~ uw * lid. It -- p Sdsffl~~ Sr Sidsi ,~~~Siv) This report is the product of contractual effort to...translated end then corrected by a b ilingu.ai. exper t in each field. two types of corrections were considered iaplweatabi e, stan dictionary update and

Using Dictionary Pair Learning for Seizure Detection.

PubMed

Ma, Xin; Yu, Nana; Zhou, Weidong

2018-02-13

Automatic seizure detection is extremely important in the monitoring and diagnosis of epilepsy. The paper presents a novel method based on dictionary pair learning (DPL) for seizure detection in the long-term intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. First, for the EEG data, wavelet filtering and differential filtering are applied, and the kernel function is performed to make the signal linearly separable. In DPL, the synthesis dictionary and analysis dictionary are learned jointly from original training samples with alternating minimization method, and sparse coefficients are obtained by using of linear projection instead of costly [Formula: see text]-norm or [Formula: see text]-norm optimization. At last, the reconstructed residuals associated with seizure and nonseizure sub-dictionary pairs are calculated as the decision values, and the postprocessing is performed for improving the recognition rate and reducing the false detection rate of the system. A total of 530[Formula: see text]h from 20 patients with 81 seizures were used to evaluate the system. Our proposed method has achieved an average segment-based sensitivity of 93.39%, specificity of 98.51%, and event-based sensitivity of 96.36% with false detection rate of 0.236/h.

Program Manager: The Journal of the Defense Systems Management College. Volume 12, Number 3, May-June 1983.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-01-01

reason, I believe our ability IR&D that industry invests for the mili- to fight in combat, and win, must be tary market is directed toward per- the...from this direction land examine the potential benefits, quel ha et tegartnm tcall excudedcommercial markets , the government that] particular attention...require, because normal market pres- tion of the learning curve resulting of the competing systems. It has fre- sure would force the contractors to

TUNS user guide supplement: Data dictionary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1988-01-01

Provided is a data dictionary for the Technology Utilization Network System (TUNS) providing for each element name the long name, data type, data size, descriptive name and description, data of PRI clause, legal values, and location used.

76 FR 59533 - Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases: Petroleum and Natural Gas Systems: Revisions to Best...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-27

... final rule, but which might not necessarily be ``extreme'' in practice. The Miriam Webster dictionary...'', ``ultimate'', ``outermost.'' According to the Miriam Webster dictionary, the term ``unique'' can refer to...

Neonatal isoflavone exposure interferes with the reproductive system of female Wistar rats.

PubMed

Müller, Dennis R; Soukup, Sebastian T; Kurrat, Anne; Liu, Xin; Schmicke, Marion; Xie, Ming-Yong; Kulling, Sabine E; Diel, Patrick

2016-11-16

There is increasing concern about possible adverse effects of soy based infant formulas (SBIF) due to their high amount of isoflavones (ISO). The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of neonatal exposure to ISO on reproductive system of female Wistar rats. Animals were exposed to an ISO depleted diet or a diet enriched with an ISO extract (IRD; 508mg ISO/kg) during embryogenesis and adolescence. Pups of each group were fed daily by pipette with ISO-suspension (ISO+; 32mg ISO/kg bw) or placebo from postnatal day (PND) 1 until PND23 resulting in plasma concentrations similar to levels reported in infants fed SBIF. The visceral fat mass was reduced by long-term IRD. Vaginal epithelial height was increased at PND23 and vaginal opening was precocious in ISO+ groups. Later in life, more often irregular estrus cycles were observed in rats of ISO+ groups. In addition, FSH levels and uterine epithelial heights were increased at PND80 in ISO+ groups. In summary, the results indicate that neonatal ISO intake, resulting in plasma concentrations achievable through SBIF, has an estrogenic effect on prepubertal rats and influences female reproductive tract later in life. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Lunar base thermal management/power system analysis and design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcghee, Jerry R.

1992-01-01

A compilation of several lunar surface thermal management and power system studies completed under contract and IR&D is presented. The work includes analysis and preliminary design of all major components of an integrated thermal management system, including loads determination, active internal acquisition and transport equipment, external transport systems (active and passive), passive insulation, solar shielding, and a range of lunar surface radiator concepts. Several computer codes were utilized in support of this study, including RADSIM to calculate radiation exchange factors and view factors, RADIATOR (developed in-house) for heat rejection system sizing and performance analysis over a lunar day, SURPWER for power system sizing, and CRYSTORE for cryogenic system performance predictions. Although much of the work was performed in support of lunar rover studies, any or all of the results can be applied to a range of surface applications. Output data include thermal loads summaries, subsystem performance data, mass, and volume estimates (where applicable), integrated and worst-case lunar day radiator size/mass and effective sink temperatures for several concepts (shielded and unshielded), and external transport system performance estimates for both single and two-phase (heat pumped) transport loops. Several advanced radiator concepts are presented, along with brief assessments of possible system benefits and potential drawbacks. System point designs are presented for several cases, executed in support of the contract and IR&D studies, although the parametric nature of the analysis is stressed to illustrate applicability of the analysis procedure to a wide variety of lunar surface systems. The reference configuration(s) derived from the various studies will be presented along with supporting criteria. A preliminary design will also be presented for the reference basing scenario, including qualitative data regarding TPS concerns and issues.

County-level cumulative environmental quality associated with cancer incidence.

PubMed

Jagai, Jyotsna S; Messer, Lynne C; Rappazzo, Kristen M; Gray, Christine L; Grabich, Shannon C; Lobdell, Danelle T

2017-08-01

Individual environmental exposures are associated with cancer development; however, environmental exposures occur simultaneously. The Environmental Quality Index (EQI) is a county-level measure of cumulative environmental exposures that occur in 5 domains. The EQI was linked to county-level annual age-adjusted cancer incidence rates from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program state cancer profiles. All-site cancer and the top 3 site-specific cancers for male and female subjects were considered. Incident rate differences (IRDs; annual rate difference per 100,000 persons) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using fixed-slope, random intercept multilevel linear regression models. Associations were assessed with domain-specific indices and analyses were stratified by rural/urban status. Comparing the highest quintile/poorest environmental quality with the lowest quintile/best environmental quality for overall EQI, all-site county-level cancer incidence rate was positively associated with poor environmental quality overall (IRD, 38.55; 95% CI, 29.57-47.53) and for male (IRD, 32.60; 95% CI, 16.28-48.91) and female (IRD, 30.34; 95% CI, 20.47-40.21) subjects, indicating a potential increase in cancer incidence with decreasing environmental quality. Rural/urban stratified models demonstrated positive associations comparing the highest with the lowest quintiles for all strata, except the thinly populated/rural stratum and in the metropolitan/urbanized stratum. Prostate and breast cancer demonstrated the strongest positive associations with poor environmental quality. We observed strong positive associations between the EQI and all-site cancer incidence rates, and associations differed by rural/urban status and environmental domain. Research focusing on single environmental exposures in cancer development may not address the broader environmental context in which cancers develop, and future research should address cumulative environmental exposures. Cancer 2017;123:2901-8. © 2017 American Cancer Society. © 2017 American Cancer Society.

A feature dictionary supporting a multi-domain medical knowledge base.

PubMed

Naeymi-Rad, F

1989-01-01

Because different terminology is used by physicians of different specialties in different locations to refer to the same feature (signs, symptoms, test results), it is essential that our knowledge development tools provide a means to access a common pool of terms. This paper discusses the design of an online medical dictionary that provides a solution to this problem for developers of multi-domain knowledge bases for MEDAS (Medical Emergency Decision Assistance System). Our Feature Dictionary supports phrase equivalents for features, feature interactions, feature classifications, and translations to the binary features generated by the expert during knowledge creation. It is also used in the conversion of a domain knowledge to the database used by the MEDAS inference diagnostic sessions. The Feature Dictionary also provides capabilities for complex queries across multiple domains using the supported relations. The Feature Dictionary supports three methods for feature representation: (1) for binary features, (2) for continuous valued features, and (3) for derived features.

Improvement in vision: a new goal for treatment of hereditary retinal degenerations

PubMed Central

Jacobson, Samuel G; Cideciyan, Artur V; Aguirre, Gustavo D; Roman, Alejandro J; Sumaroka, Alexander; Hauswirth, William W; Palczewski, Krzysztof

2015-01-01

Introduction: Inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) have long been considered untreatable and incurable. Recently, one form of early-onset autosomal recessive IRD, Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) caused by mutations in RPE65 (retinal pigment epithelium-specific protein 65 kDa) gene, has responded with some improvement of vision to gene augmentation therapy and oral retinoid administration. This early success now requires refinement of such therapeutics to fully realize the impact of these major scientific and clinical advances. Areas covered: Progress toward human therapy for RPE65-LCA is detailed from the understanding of molecular mechanisms to preclinical proof-of-concept research to clinical trials. Unexpected positive and complicating results in the patients receiving treatment are explained. Logical next steps to advance the clinical value of the therapeutics are suggested. Expert opinion: The first molecularly based early-phase therapies for an IRD are remarkably successful in that vision has improved and adverse events are mainly associated with surgical delivery to the subretinal space. Yet, there are features of the gene augmentation therapeutic response, such as slowed kinetics of night vision, lack of foveal cone function improvement and relentlessly progressive retinal degeneration despite therapy, that still require research attention. PMID:26246977

Sequential stream segregation in normally-hearing and cochlear-implant listenersa)

PubMed Central

Tejani, Viral D.; Schvartz-Leyzac, Kara C.; Chatterjee, Monita

2017-01-01

Sequential stream segregation by normal hearing (NH) and cochlear implant (CI) listeners was investigated using an irregular rhythm detection (IRD) task. Pure tones and narrowband noises of different bandwidths were presented monaurally to older and younger NH listeners via headphones. For CI users, stimuli were delivered as pure tones via soundfield and via direct electrical stimulation. Results confirmed that tonal pitch is not essential for stream segregation by NH listeners and that aging does not reduce NH listeners' stream segregation. CI listeners' stream segregation was significantly poorer than NH listeners' with pure tone stimuli. With direct stimulation, however, CI listeners showed significantly stronger stream segregation, with a mean normalized pattern similar to NH listeners, implying that the CI speech processors possibly degraded acoustic cues. CI listeners' performance on an electrode discrimination task indicated that cues that are salient enough to make two electrodes highly discriminable may not be sufficiently salient for stream segregation, and that gap detection/discrimination, which must depend on perceptual electrode differences, did not play a role in the IRD task. Although the IRD task does not encompass all aspects of full stream segregation, these results suggest that some CI listeners may demonstrate aspects of stream segregation. PMID:28147600

Tracking state deployments of commercial vehicle information systems and networks : 1998 Washington State report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1999-12-01

Volume III of the Logical Architecture contract deliverable documents the Data Dictionary. This formatted version of the Teamwork model data dictionary is mechanically produced from the Teamwork CDIF (Case Data Interchange Format) output file. It is ...

Automatic vs. manual curation of a multi-source chemical dictionary: the impact on text mining.

PubMed

Hettne, Kristina M; Williams, Antony J; van Mulligen, Erik M; Kleinjans, Jos; Tkachenko, Valery; Kors, Jan A

2010-03-23

Previously, we developed a combined dictionary dubbed Chemlist for the identification of small molecules and drugs in text based on a number of publicly available databases and tested it on an annotated corpus. To achieve an acceptable recall and precision we used a number of automatic and semi-automatic processing steps together with disambiguation rules. However, it remained to be investigated which impact an extensive manual curation of a multi-source chemical dictionary would have on chemical term identification in text. ChemSpider is a chemical database that has undergone extensive manual curation aimed at establishing valid chemical name-to-structure relationships. We acquired the component of ChemSpider containing only manually curated names and synonyms. Rule-based term filtering, semi-automatic manual curation, and disambiguation rules were applied. We tested the dictionary from ChemSpider on an annotated corpus and compared the results with those for the Chemlist dictionary. The ChemSpider dictionary of ca. 80 k names was only a 1/3 to a 1/4 the size of Chemlist at around 300 k. The ChemSpider dictionary had a precision of 0.43 and a recall of 0.19 before the application of filtering and disambiguation and a precision of 0.87 and a recall of 0.19 after filtering and disambiguation. The Chemlist dictionary had a precision of 0.20 and a recall of 0.47 before the application of filtering and disambiguation and a precision of 0.67 and a recall of 0.40 after filtering and disambiguation. We conclude the following: (1) The ChemSpider dictionary achieved the best precision but the Chemlist dictionary had a higher recall and the best F-score; (2) Rule-based filtering and disambiguation is necessary to achieve a high precision for both the automatically generated and the manually curated dictionary. ChemSpider is available as a web service at http://www.chemspider.com/ and the Chemlist dictionary is freely available as an XML file in Simple Knowledge Organization System format on the web at http://www.biosemantics.org/chemlist.

Automatic vs. manual curation of a multi-source chemical dictionary: the impact on text mining

PubMed Central

2010-01-01

Background Previously, we developed a combined dictionary dubbed Chemlist for the identification of small molecules and drugs in text based on a number of publicly available databases and tested it on an annotated corpus. To achieve an acceptable recall and precision we used a number of automatic and semi-automatic processing steps together with disambiguation rules. However, it remained to be investigated which impact an extensive manual curation of a multi-source chemical dictionary would have on chemical term identification in text. ChemSpider is a chemical database that has undergone extensive manual curation aimed at establishing valid chemical name-to-structure relationships. Results We acquired the component of ChemSpider containing only manually curated names and synonyms. Rule-based term filtering, semi-automatic manual curation, and disambiguation rules were applied. We tested the dictionary from ChemSpider on an annotated corpus and compared the results with those for the Chemlist dictionary. The ChemSpider dictionary of ca. 80 k names was only a 1/3 to a 1/4 the size of Chemlist at around 300 k. The ChemSpider dictionary had a precision of 0.43 and a recall of 0.19 before the application of filtering and disambiguation and a precision of 0.87 and a recall of 0.19 after filtering and disambiguation. The Chemlist dictionary had a precision of 0.20 and a recall of 0.47 before the application of filtering and disambiguation and a precision of 0.67 and a recall of 0.40 after filtering and disambiguation. Conclusions We conclude the following: (1) The ChemSpider dictionary achieved the best precision but the Chemlist dictionary had a higher recall and the best F-score; (2) Rule-based filtering and disambiguation is necessary to achieve a high precision for both the automatically generated and the manually curated dictionary. ChemSpider is available as a web service at http://www.chemspider.com/ and the Chemlist dictionary is freely available as an XML file in Simple Knowledge Organization System format on the web at http://www.biosemantics.org/chemlist. PMID:20331846

Roadmap evolution: from NTRS to ITRS, from ITRS 2.0 to IRDS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gargini, Paolo A.

2017-10-01

The semiconductor industry benefitted from roadmap guidance since the mid-60s. The roadmap anticipated and outlined the main needs of the semiconductor industry for years to come and identified future challenges and possible solutions. Making transistor smaller by means of advanced lithographic technologies enabled both increased integration levels and improved IC performance. The roadmap methodology allowed the removal of multiple "red brick walls". The NTRS and the ITRS constituted primarily a "bottom up" approach as standard microprocessors and memories where introduced at a blistering pace barely allowing time for system houses to integrate them in their products. The 1998 ITRS provided the vision that triggered research, development and manufacturing communities to develop a completely new transistor structure in addition to replacing aluminum interconnects with a more advanced technology. The advent of Foundries and Fabless companies transformed the electronics industry into a "top down" driven industry in the past 15 years. The ITRS adjusted to this new ecosystem and morphed into the International Roadmap for Devices and Systems (IRDS) sponsored by IEEE. The IRDS is addressing the requirements and needs of the renewed electronics industry. Furthermore, by the middle of the next decade the ability to layout integrated circuits in a 2D geometry grid will reach fundamental physical limits and the aggressive conversion to 3D architecture for integrated circuit must be pursued across the board as an avenue to continuously increasing transistor count and improving performance. EUV technology is finally approaching the manufacturing stage but with the advent of 3D monolithically integrated heterogeneous circuits approaching in the not-toodistant future should the semiconductor industry concentrate its resources on the next lithographic technology generation in order to enhance resolution or on providing a smooth transition to the new revolutionary 3D architecture of integrated circuits? It is essential for the whole semiconductor industry to come together and make fundamental choices leading to a cooperative and synchronized allocation of adequate resources to produce viable solutions that once introduced in a timely manner into manufacturing will enable the continuation of the growth of the electronic industry at a pace comparable or exceeding historical trends.

Unsupervised method for automatic construction of a disease dictionary from a large free text collection.

PubMed

Xu, Rong; Supekar, Kaustubh; Morgan, Alex; Das, Amar; Garber, Alan

2008-11-06

Concept specific lexicons (e.g. diseases, drugs, anatomy) are a critical source of background knowledge for many medical language-processing systems. However, the rapid pace of biomedical research and the lack of constraints on usage ensure that such dictionaries are incomplete. Focusing on disease terminology, we have developed an automated, unsupervised, iterative pattern learning approach for constructing a comprehensive medical dictionary of disease terms from randomized clinical trial (RCT) abstracts, and we compared different ranking methods for automatically extracting con-textual patterns and concept terms. When used to identify disease concepts from 100 randomly chosen, manually annotated clinical abstracts, our disease dictionary shows significant performance improvement (F1 increased by 35-88%) over available, manually created disease terminologies.

Unsupervised Method for Automatic Construction of a Disease Dictionary from a Large Free Text Collection

PubMed Central

Xu, Rong; Supekar, Kaustubh; Morgan, Alex; Das, Amar; Garber, Alan

2008-01-01

Concept specific lexicons (e.g. diseases, drugs, anatomy) are a critical source of background knowledge for many medical language-processing systems. However, the rapid pace of biomedical research and the lack of constraints on usage ensure that such dictionaries are incomplete. Focusing on disease terminology, we have developed an automated, unsupervised, iterative pattern learning approach for constructing a comprehensive medical dictionary of disease terms from randomized clinical trial (RCT) abstracts, and we compared different ranking methods for automatically extracting contextual patterns and concept terms. When used to identify disease concepts from 100 randomly chosen, manually annotated clinical abstracts, our disease dictionary shows significant performance improvement (F1 increased by 35–88%) over available, manually created disease terminologies. PMID:18999169

Relational Database Design in Information Science Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brooks, Terrence A.

1985-01-01

Reports on database management system (dbms) applications designed by library school students for university community at University of Iowa. Three dbms design issues are examined: synthesis of relations, analysis of relations (normalization procedure), and data dictionary usage. Database planning prior to automation using data dictionary approach…

Home Performance XML to Real Estate Standards Organization Data Dictionary Translator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

2015-10-27

This translator takes fields from the HPXML and translates them into RESO’s Data Dictionary, which is used in MLS systems for real estate transactions across the country. The purpose is to get energy efficiency data into the real estate transaction.

Creating a medical dictionary using word alignment: the influence of sources and resources.

PubMed

Nyström, Mikael; Merkel, Magnus; Petersson, Håkan; Ahlfeldt, Hans

2007-11-23

Automatic word alignment of parallel texts with the same content in different languages is among other things used to generate dictionaries for new translations. The quality of the generated word alignment depends on the quality of the input resources. In this paper we report on automatic word alignment of the English and Swedish versions of the medical terminology systems ICD-10, ICF, NCSP, KSH97-P and parts of MeSH and how the terminology systems and type of resources influence the quality. We automatically word aligned the terminology systems using static resources, like dictionaries, statistical resources, like statistically derived dictionaries, and training resources, which were generated from manual word alignment. We varied which part of the terminology systems that we used to generate the resources, which parts that we word aligned and which types of resources we used in the alignment process to explore the influence the different terminology systems and resources have on the recall and precision. After the analysis, we used the best configuration of the automatic word alignment for generation of candidate term pairs. We then manually verified the candidate term pairs and included the correct pairs in an English-Swedish dictionary. The results indicate that more resources and resource types give better results but the size of the parts used to generate the resources only partly affects the quality. The most generally useful resources were generated from ICD-10 and resources generated from MeSH were not as general as other resources. Systematic inter-language differences in the structure of the terminology system rubrics make the rubrics harder to align. Manually created training resources give nearly as good results as a union of static resources, statistical resources and training resources and noticeably better results than a union of static resources and statistical resources. The verified English-Swedish dictionary contains 24,000 term pairs in base forms. More resources give better results in the automatic word alignment, but some resources only give small improvements. The most important type of resource is training and the most general resources were generated from ICD-10.

Creating a medical dictionary using word alignment: The influence of sources and resources

PubMed Central

Nyström, Mikael; Merkel, Magnus; Petersson, Håkan; Åhlfeldt, Hans

2007-01-01

Background Automatic word alignment of parallel texts with the same content in different languages is among other things used to generate dictionaries for new translations. The quality of the generated word alignment depends on the quality of the input resources. In this paper we report on automatic word alignment of the English and Swedish versions of the medical terminology systems ICD-10, ICF, NCSP, KSH97-P and parts of MeSH and how the terminology systems and type of resources influence the quality. Methods We automatically word aligned the terminology systems using static resources, like dictionaries, statistical resources, like statistically derived dictionaries, and training resources, which were generated from manual word alignment. We varied which part of the terminology systems that we used to generate the resources, which parts that we word aligned and which types of resources we used in the alignment process to explore the influence the different terminology systems and resources have on the recall and precision. After the analysis, we used the best configuration of the automatic word alignment for generation of candidate term pairs. We then manually verified the candidate term pairs and included the correct pairs in an English-Swedish dictionary. Results The results indicate that more resources and resource types give better results but the size of the parts used to generate the resources only partly affects the quality. The most generally useful resources were generated from ICD-10 and resources generated from MeSH were not as general as other resources. Systematic inter-language differences in the structure of the terminology system rubrics make the rubrics harder to align. Manually created training resources give nearly as good results as a union of static resources, statistical resources and training resources and noticeably better results than a union of static resources and statistical resources. The verified English-Swedish dictionary contains 24,000 term pairs in base forms. Conclusion More resources give better results in the automatic word alignment, but some resources only give small improvements. The most important type of resource is training and the most general resources were generated from ICD-10. PMID:18036221

Unravelling source regions of ice rafted debris within three NE Atlantic marine sediment cores during the deglacial interval: a multi-proxy approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Small, David; Hibbert, Fiona; Austin, Bill

2010-05-01

Ice-rafted debris (IRD) within marine sediments of the North Atlantic provide an important archive of glacial activity on adjacent landmasses and attest to the activity of multiple calving ice margins during the last glacial cycle. IRD records therefore provide a means to reconstruct ice sheet dynamics and their interaction with the climate system, providing evidence of both the source of the ice and the location of melting (e.g. Ruddiman, 1977; Bond and Lotti, 1995). The complex interaction of the circum-Atlantic ice sheets and limitations of individual techniques often hinders firm source designations (i.e. IRD may be derived from multiple sources which cannot be differentiated by, for example, visual characterisation). Initial work identified diagnostic grain types that could be attributed to source areas of palaeo ice-sheets (eg: Bond & Lotti 1995) however, for the BIS, "diagnostic" basalt may be derived from sources to the east and west of the cores (Hibbert et al 2009, Scourse et al 2009). We therefore, utilise a multi-proxy approach to investigate the deglacial dynamics of the last British Ice Sheet (BIS) using inter alia lithic characterisation, fluxes of IRD to the core sites, magnetic susceptibility and a magnetic un-mixing model. A novel application of major element geochemistry of garnets contained within ice-rafted debris of the three high resolution marine sediment cores is presented. Garnets can be used to infer provenance (e.g. Oliver 2001) as major element composition may be assigned to specific metamorphic terranes. The IRD present within these cores is believed to be predominantly sourced from the BIS (cf: Knutz et al 2001, Hibbert et al 2009). This assertion is tested through multiple analytical techniques used and replication of records across the Hebridean shelf into the deep ocean. References • Bond, G.C. & Lotti, R., 1995. Iceberg discharges into the North Atlantic on millennial timescales during the last glaciation. Science 267. pp. 1005-1010. • Hibbert, F.D., Austin, W.E.N., Leng, M.J. and Gatliff, R.W., 2009. British Ice Sheet Dynamics inferred from North Atlantice ice-rafted debris records spanning the last 175,000 years. Journal of Quaternary Science. ISSN 0267-8179. • Knutz, P.C., Austin, W.E.N. and Jones, E.J.W., 2001. Millenial-scale depositional cycles related to British Ice Sheet variability and North Atlantic paleocirculation since 45kyr B.P., Barra Fan, U.K. margin. Paleoceanography 16. pp.53-64. • Oliver, G.J.H., 2001. Reconstruction of the Grampian episode in Scotland: it's place in the Caledonian Orogeny. Tectonphysics 332. pp.23-49. • Ruddiman, W.F., 1977. Late Quaternary deposition of ice-rafted sand in the sub-polar North Atlantic (lat 40° to 65°). Geological Society of America Bulletin 88. pp.1813-1821. • Scourse, J.D., Haapaniemi, A.I., Colmenero-Hidalgo, E., Peck, V.L., Hall, I.R., Austin, W.E.N., Knutz, P.C. and Zahn, R., 2009. Growth, dynamics and deglaciation of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet: the deep-sea ice-rafted detritus record. Quaternary Science Reviews 28. pp.3066-3084.

DTU BCI speller: an SSVEP-based spelling system with dictionary support.

PubMed

Vilic, Adnan; Kjaer, Troels W; Thomsen, Carsten E; Puthusserypady, S; Sorensen, Helge B D

2013-01-01

In this paper, a new brain computer interface (BCI) speller, named DTU BCI speller, is introduced. It is based on the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) and features dictionary support. The system focuses on simplicity and user friendliness by using a single electrode for the signal acquisition and displays stimuli on a liquid crystal display (LCD). Nine healthy subjects participated in writing full sentences after a five minutes introduction to the system, and obtained an information transfer rate (ITR) of 21.94 ± 15.63 bits/min. The average amount of characters written per minute (CPM) is 4.90 ± 3.84 with a best case of 8.74 CPM. All subjects reported systematically on different user friendliness measures, and the overall results indicated the potentials of the DTU BCI Speller system. For subjects with high classification accuracies, the introduced dictionary approach greatly reduced the time it took to write full sentences.

Rdesign: A data dictionary with relational database design capabilities in Ada

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lekkos, Anthony A.; Kwok, Teresa Ting-Yin

1986-01-01

Data Dictionary is defined to be the set of all data attributes, which describe data objects in terms of their intrinsic attributes, such as name, type, size, format and definition. It is recognized as the data base for the Information Resource Management, to facilitate understanding and communication about the relationship between systems applications and systems data usage and to help assist in achieving data independence by permitting systems applications to access data knowledge of the location or storage characteristics of the data in the system. A research and development effort to use Ada has produced a data dictionary with data base design capabilities. This project supports data specification and analysis and offers a choice of the relational, network, and hierarchical model for logical data based design. It provides a highly integrated set of analysis and design transformation tools which range from templates for data element definition, spreadsheet for defining functional dependencies, normalization, to logical design generator.

Creating a medical English-Swedish dictionary using interactive word alignment.

PubMed

Nyström, Mikael; Merkel, Magnus; Ahrenberg, Lars; Zweigenbaum, Pierre; Petersson, Håkan; Ahlfeldt, Hans

2006-10-12

This paper reports on a parallel collection of rubrics from the medical terminology systems ICD-10, ICF, MeSH, NCSP and KSH97-P and its use for semi-automatic creation of an English-Swedish dictionary of medical terminology. The methods presented are relevant for many other West European language pairs than English-Swedish. The medical terminology systems were collected in electronic format in both English and Swedish and the rubrics were extracted in parallel language pairs. Initially, interactive word alignment was used to create training data from a sample. Then the training data were utilised in automatic word alignment in order to generate candidate term pairs. The last step was manual verification of the term pair candidates. A dictionary of 31,000 verified entries has been created in less than three man weeks, thus with considerably less time and effort needed compared to a manual approach, and without compromising quality. As a side effect of our work we found 40 different translation problems in the terminology systems and these results indicate the power of the method for finding inconsistencies in terminology translations. We also report on some factors that may contribute to making the process of dictionary creation with similar tools even more expedient. Finally, the contribution is discussed in relation to other ongoing efforts in constructing medical lexicons for non-English languages. In three man weeks we were able to produce a medical English-Swedish dictionary consisting of 31,000 entries and also found hidden translation errors in the utilized medical terminology systems.

Creating a medical English-Swedish dictionary using interactive word alignment

PubMed Central

Nyström, Mikael; Merkel, Magnus; Ahrenberg, Lars; Zweigenbaum, Pierre; Petersson, Håkan; Åhlfeldt, Hans

2006-01-01

Background This paper reports on a parallel collection of rubrics from the medical terminology systems ICD-10, ICF, MeSH, NCSP and KSH97-P and its use for semi-automatic creation of an English-Swedish dictionary of medical terminology. The methods presented are relevant for many other West European language pairs than English-Swedish. Methods The medical terminology systems were collected in electronic format in both English and Swedish and the rubrics were extracted in parallel language pairs. Initially, interactive word alignment was used to create training data from a sample. Then the training data were utilised in automatic word alignment in order to generate candidate term pairs. The last step was manual verification of the term pair candidates. Results A dictionary of 31,000 verified entries has been created in less than three man weeks, thus with considerably less time and effort needed compared to a manual approach, and without compromising quality. As a side effect of our work we found 40 different translation problems in the terminology systems and these results indicate the power of the method for finding inconsistencies in terminology translations. We also report on some factors that may contribute to making the process of dictionary creation with similar tools even more expedient. Finally, the contribution is discussed in relation to other ongoing efforts in constructing medical lexicons for non-English languages. Conclusion In three man weeks we were able to produce a medical English-Swedish dictionary consisting of 31,000 entries and also found hidden translation errors in the utilized medical terminology systems. PMID:17034649

Analysis of EDP performance

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1994-01-01

The objective of this contract was the investigation of the potential performance gains that would result from an upgrade of the Space Station Freedom (SSF) Data Management System (DMS) Embedded Data Processor (EDP) '386' design with the Intel Pentium (registered trade-mark of Intel Corp.) '586' microprocessor. The Pentium ('586') is the latest member of the industry standard Intel X86 family of CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) microprocessors. This contract was scheduled to run in parallel with an internal IBM Federal Systems Company (FSC) Internal Research and Development (IR&D) task that had the goal to generate a baseline flight design for an upgraded EDP using the Pentium. This final report summarizes the activities performed in support of Contract NAS2-13758. Our plan was to baseline performance analyses and measurements on the latest state-of-the-art commercially available Pentium processor, representative of the proposed space station design, and then phase to an IBM capital funded breadboard version of the flight design (if available from IR&D and Space Station work) for additional evaluation of results. Unfortunately, the phase-over to the flight design breadboard did not take place, since the IBM Data Management System (DMS) for the Space Station Freedom was terminated by NASA before the referenced capital funded EDP breadboard could be completed. The baseline performance analyses and measurements, however, were successfully completed, as planned, on the commercial Pentium hardware. The results of those analyses, evaluations, and measurements are presented in this final report.

Flight evaluation of advanced third-generation midwave infrared sensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shen, Chyau N.; Donn, Matthew

1998-08-01

In FY-97 the Counter Drug Optical Upgrade (CDOU) demonstration program was initiated by the Program Executive Office for Counter Drug to increase the detection and classification ranges of P-3 counter drug aircraft by using advanced staring infrared sensors. The demonstration hardware is a `pin-for-pin' replacement of the AAS-36 Infrared Detection Set (IRDS) located under the nose radome of a P-3 aircraft. The hardware consists of a 3rd generation mid-wave infrared (MWIR) sensor integrated into a three axis-stabilized turret. The sensor, when installed on the P- 3, has a hemispheric field of regard and analysis has shown it will be capable of detecting and classifying Suspected Drug Trafficking Aircraft and Vessels at ranges several factors over the current IRDS. This paper will discuss the CDOU system and it's lab, ground, and flight evaluation results. Test targets included target templates, range targets, dedicated target boats, and targets of opportunity at the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division and at operational test sites. The objectives of these tests were to: (1) Validate the integration concept of the CDOU package into the P-3 aircraft. (2) Validate the end-to-end functionality of the system, including sensor/turret controls and recording of imagery during flight. (3) Evaluate the system sensitivity and resolution on a set of verified resolution targets templates. (4) Validate the ability of the 3rd generation MWIR sensor to detect and classify targets at a significantly increased range.

MCNP SIMULATION OF THE HP(10) ENERGY RESPONSE OF A BRAZILIAN TLD ALBEDO NEUTRON INDIVIDUAL DOSEMETER, FROM THERMAL TO 20 MeV.

PubMed

Freitas, B M; Martins, M M; Pereira, W W; da Silva, A X; Mauricio, C L P

2016-09-01

The Brazilian Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria (IRD) runs a neutron individual monitoring system with a home-made TLD albedo dosemeter. It has already been characterised and calibrated in some reference fields. However, the complete energy response of this dosemeter is not known, and the calibration factors for all monitored workplace neutron fields are difficult to be obtained experimentally. Therefore, to overcome such difficulties, Monte Carlo simulations have been used. This paper describes the simulation of the HP(10) neutron response of the IRD TLD albedo dosemeter using the MCNPX transport code, for energies from thermal to 20 MeV. The validation of the MCNPX modelling is done comparing the simulated results with the experimental measurements for ISO standard neutron fields of (241)Am-Be, (252)Cf, (241)Am-B and (252)Cf(D2O) and also for (241)Am-Be source moderated with paraffin and silicone. Bare (252)Cf are used for normalisation. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

IRD dropout study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yalowitz, Jeffrey S.; Schroer, Michael A.; Dickson, John E., Jr.

1992-01-01

This final report describes work performed by SRS Technologies for the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center under Contract NAS8-39077, entitled 'Integrated Receiver-Decoder Dropout Study'. The purpose of the study was to determine causes of signal fading effects on ultra-high-frequency (UHF) range safety transmissions to the Space Shuttle during flyout. Of particular interest were deep fades observed at the External Tank (ET) Integrated Receiver-Decoder (IRD) during the flyout interval between solid rocket booster separation and ET separation. Analytical and simulation methods were employed in this study to assess observations captured in flight telemetry data records. Conclusions based on the study are presented in this report, and recommendations are given for future experimental validation of the results.

Department of Defense Chemical and Biological Defense Program. Volume I: Annual Report to Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-04-01

The M21 RSCAAL is an automatic scanning, passive infrared sensor that detects nerve ( GA , GB, and GD) and blister (H and L) agent vapor clouds based on...Point Detection GA - tabun, a nerve agent System GAO - General Accounting Office IPE - Individual Protective Equipment GAS - Group A Streptococcus...IPR - In-Process Review GB - sarin , a nerve agent IPT - Integrated Product Team GC - gas chromatography IR&D - Independent Research & Development GD

Holikachuk Noun Dictionary (Preliminary).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kari, James, Comp.; And Others

This dictionary contains lists of nouns in the Holikachuk Athabaskan language as spoken by about twenty people, most of whom live in the village of Grayling, Alaska. The Holikachuk alphabet and sound system are presented. The nouns with English equivalents are listed according to the following categories: animals, fish, insects, birds, plants,…

The Language of Biotechnology: A Dictionary of Terms.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Walker, John M.; Cox, Michael

This dictionary attempts to define routinely used specialized language in the various areas of biotechnology, and remain suitable for use by scientists involved in unrelated disciplines. Viewing biotechnology as the practical application of biological systems to the manufacturing and service industries, and to the management of the environment,…

Advanced transportation system study: Manned launch vehicle concepts for two way transportation system payloads to LEO. Work breakdown structure and work breakdown structure dictionary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Duffy, James B.

1992-01-01

The report describes the work breakdown structure (WBS) and its associated WBS dictionary for task area 1 of contract NAS8-39207, advanced transportation system studies (ATSS). This WBS format is consistent with the preliminary design level of detail employed by both task area 1 and task area 4 in the ATSS study and is intended to provide an estimating structure for parametric cost estimates.

ATP-binding cassette subfamily A, member 4 intronic variants c.4773+3A>G and c.5461-10T>C cause Stargardt disease due to defective splicing.

PubMed

Jonsson, Frida; Westin, Ida Maria; Österman, Lennart; Sandgren, Ola; Burstedt, Marie; Holmberg, Monica; Golovleva, Irina

2018-02-20

Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) represent a group of progressive conditions affecting the retina. There is a great genetic heterogeneity causing IRDs, and to date, more than 260 genes are associated with IRDs. Stargardt disease, type 1 (STGD1) or macular degeneration with flecks, STGD1 represents a disease with early onset, central visual impairment, frequent appearance of yellowish flecks and mutations in the ATP-binding cassette subfamily A, member 4 (ABCA4) gene. A large number of intronic sequence variants in ABCA4 have been considered pathogenic although their functional effect was seldom demonstrated. In this study, we aimed to reveal how intronic variants present in patients with Stargardt from the same Swedish family affect splicing. The splicing of the ABCA4 gene was studied in human embryonic kidney cells, HEK293T, and in human retinal pigment epithelium cells, ARPE-19, using a minigene system containing variants c.4773+3A>G and c.5461-10T>C. We showed that both ABCA4 variants, c.4773+3A>G and c.5461-10T>C, cause aberrant splicing of the ABCA4 minigene resulting in exon skipping. We also demonstrated that splicing of ABCA4 has different outcomes depending on transfected cell type. Two intronic variants c.4773+3A>G and c.5461-10T>C, both predicted to affect splicing, are indeed disease-causing mutations due to skipping of exons 33, 34, 39 and 40 of ABCA4 gene. The experimental proof that ABCA4 mutations in STGD patients affect protein function is crucial for their inclusion to future clinical trials; therefore, functional testing of all ABCA4 intronic variants associated with Stargardt disease by minigene technology is desirable. © 2018 Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Geochronology and paleoceanographic history of Quaternary sediments from southwestern part of Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, the Ross Sea, Antarctica

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murayama, M.; Yagi, Y.; Mishima, T.; Horikawa, K.; Sagawa, T.; Kodama, K.; Kato, Y.; Minagawa, M.

2006-12-01

Paleoceanographic studies in the southern hemisphere high latitudes are important for understanding the global climate system. These detailed records of the oceanic response to various climate conditions are well- documented in marine sediments. The main goal of this study is to construct the precise chronostratigraphy and to reveal the paleocenographic and sedimentological changes in this region during Quaternary. A piston core SX-09 (65 10.79' S, 174 04.77' W, 3336 m water depth) which was recovered from southwestern part of Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, the Ross Sea, Antarctica during the R/V Hakuho-Maru KH02-4 cruise, was composed mainly of foraminifer bearing siliceous clay with ice-rafted debris (IRDs). To date, magnetostratigraphy and benthic foraminifer oxygen isotope were adopted. Remanent magnetization of the U-channel samples was measured with a 2G superconducting rock magnetometer. Stable characteristic remanent magnetization was isolated by subjecting the samples to progressive alternating field demagnezation. By referring the obtained magnetic polarity sequence with the geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS) by Cande and Kent (2005), we estimated the age of this core. Epoch boundary placed the Brouhes-Matuyama at 0.78 Ma was existed between 565 to 720 cmbsf. This suggested that the boundary was affected by IRDs distribution and/or by high sedimentation rate. The depth of 720 cmbsf to the bottom (1480 cm) was correlated with reverse of Matuyama Chron (Chrons C1r, ~2.58 Ma). Jaramillo Subchron (Chron C1r. 1n, 0.99-1.07 Ma) correlated clearly with the depths of 1012-1076 cmbsf. The average sedimentation rate calculated by the epoch boundary ages was approximately 0.7-1.5 cm/kyr. We will discuss more detail age control combined with d-18O data and the IRDs abundance corresponded to the glacial history in the Antarctic Sea.

Retinitis Pigmentosa with EYS Mutations Is the Most Prevalent Inherited Retinal Dystrophy in Japanese Populations.

PubMed

Arai, Yuuki; Maeda, Akiko; Hirami, Yasuhiko; Ishigami, Chie; Kosugi, Shinji; Mandai, Michiko; Kurimoto, Yasuo; Takahashi, Masayo

2015-01-01

The aim of this study was to gain information about disease prevalence and to identify the responsible genes for inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD) in Japanese populations. Clinical and molecular evaluations were performed on 349 patients with IRD. For segregation analyses, 63 of their family members were employed. Bioinformatics data from 1,208 Japanese individuals were used as controls. Molecular diagnosis was obtained by direct sequencing in a stepwise fashion utilizing one or two panels of 15 and 27 genes for retinitis pigmentosa patients. If a specific clinical diagnosis was suspected, direct sequencing of disease-specific genes, that is, ABCA4 for Stargardt disease, was conducted. Limited availability of intrafamily information and decreasing family size hampered identifying inherited patterns. Differential disease profiles with lower prevalence of Stargardt disease from European and North American populations were obtained. We found 205 sequence variants in 159 of 349 probands with an identification rate of 45.6%. This study found 43 novel sequence variants. In silico analysis suggests that 20 of 25 novel missense variants are pathogenic. EYS mutations had the highest prevalence at 23.5%. c.4957_4958insA and c.8868C>A were the two major EYS mutations identified in this cohort. EYS mutations are the most prevalent among Japanese patients with IRD.

Booksearch: What Dictionary (General or Specialized) Do You Find Useful or Interesting for Students?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

English Journal, 1988

1988-01-01

Presents classroom teachers' recommendations for a variety of dictionaries that may heighten students' interest in language: a reverse dictionary, a visual dictionary, WEIGHTY WORD BOOK, a collegiate desk dictionary, OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY, DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN REGIONAL ENGLISH, and a dictionary of idioms. (ARH)

Transport of 137Cs and 239,240Pu with ice-rafted debris in the Arctic Ocean

USGS Publications Warehouse

Landa, E.R.; Reimnitz, E.; Beals, D.M.; Pochkowski, J.M.; Winn, W.G.; Rigor, I.

1998-01-01

Ice rafting is the dominant mechanism responsible for the transport of fine-grained sediments from coastal zones to the deep Arctic Basin. Therefore, the drift of ice-rafted debris (IRD) could be a significant transport mechanism from the shelf to the deep basin for radionuclides originating from nuclear fuel cycle activities and released to coastal Arctic regions of the former Soviet Union. In this study, 28 samples of IRD collected from the Arctic ice pack during expeditions in 1989-95 were analyzed for 137Cs by gamma spectrometry and for 239Pu and 240Pu by thermal ionization mass spectrometry. 137Cs concentrations in the IRD ranged from less than 0.2 to 78 Bq??kg-1 (dry weight basis). The two samples with the highest 137Cs concentrations were collected in the vicinity of Franz Josef Land, and their backward trajectories suggest origins in the Kara Sea. Among the lowest 137Cs values are seven measured on sediments entrained on the North American shelf in 1989 and 1995, and sampled on the shelf less than six months later. Concentrations of 239Pu + 240Pu ranged from about 0.02 to 1.8 Bq??kg-1. The two highest values came from samples collected in the central Canada Basin and near Spitsbergen; calculated backward trajectories suggest at least 14 years of circulation in the Canada Basin in the former case, and an origin near Severnaya Zemlya (at the Kara Sea/Laptev Sea boundary) in the latter case. While most of the IRD samples showed 240Pu/239Pu ratios near the mean global fallout value of 0.185, five of the samples had lower ratios, in the 0.119 to 0.166 range, indicative of mixtures of Pu from fallout and from the reprocessing of weapons-grade Pu. The backward trajectories of these five samples suggest origins in the Kara Sea or near Severnaya Zemlya.

Development of Refractive Errors-What Can We Learn From Inherited Retinal Dystrophies?

PubMed

Hendriks, Michelle; Verhoeven, Virginie J M; Buitendijk, Gabriëlle H S; Polling, Jan Roelof; Meester-Smoor, Magda A; Hofman, Albert; Kamermans, Maarten; Ingeborgh van den Born, L; Klaver, Caroline C W

2017-10-01

It is unknown which retinal cells are involved in the retina-to-sclera signaling cascade causing myopia. As inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD) are characterized by dysfunction of a single retinal cell type and have a high risk of refractive errors, a study investigating the affected cell type, causal gene, and refractive error in IRDs may provide insight herein. Case-control study. Study Population: Total of 302 patients with IRD from 2 ophthalmogenetic centers in the Netherlands. Reference Population: Population-based Rotterdam Study-III and Erasmus Rucphen Family Study (N = 5550). Distributions and mean spherical equivalent (SE) were calculated for main affected cell type and causal gene; and risks of myopia and hyperopia were evaluated using logistic regression. Bipolar cell-related dystrophies were associated with the highest risk of SE high myopia 239.7; odds ratio (OR) mild hyperopia 263.2, both P < .0001; SE -6.86 diopters (D) (standard deviation [SD] 6.38), followed by cone-dominated dystrophies (OR high myopia 19.5, P < .0001; OR high hyperopia 10.7, P = .033; SE -3.10 D [SD 4.49]); rod dominated dystrophies (OR high myopia 10.1, P < .0001; OR high hyperopia 9.7, P = .001; SE -2.27 D [SD 4.65]), and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-related dystrophies (OR low myopia 2.7; P = .001; OR high hyperopia 5.8; P = .025; SE -0.10 D [SD 3.09]). Mutations in RPGR (SE -7.63 D [SD 3.31]) and CACNA1F (SE -5.33 D [SD 3.10]) coincided with the highest degree of myopia and in CABP4 (SE 4.81 D [SD 0.35]) with the highest degree of hyperopia. Refractive errors, in particular myopia, are common in IRD. The bipolar synapse and the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptor may serve as critical sites for myopia development. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Asynchronous North Atlantic iceberg discharges during the last glacial period explained through ocean circulation changes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Montoya, M.; Banderas, R.; Alvarez-Solas, J.; Robinson, A.

2017-12-01

Heinrich events (HEs) are episodes of increased ice-rafted debris (IRD) deposition in the North Atlantic Ocean that took place during stadials of the last glacial period, and are interpreted as massive iceberg discharges from the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS). IRD originating from the Fennoscandian ice sheet (FIS) accompany HEs during stadials, but enhanced calving has also been reported, however, during interstadials. While a number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain HEs involving the LIS, the role of the FIS during these events has not received much attention from a modeling perspective. Thus, a consistent explanation for the asynchronous occurrence of enhanced IRD throughout the North Atlantic is lacking. Here we investigate the response of the FIS to millennial-scale climate variability during the last glacial period. We use a hybrid three-dimensional thermomechanical ice-sheet model forced offline through a novel perturbative approach accounting for a more realistic treatment of millennial-scale climatic variability, including both the atmospheric and the oceanic components. Our results show that the FIS responds with enhanced iceberg discharges in phase with interstadial warmings in the North Atlantic. Separating the atmospheric and oceanic effects demonstrates the major role of the ocean in controlling the dynamics of the FIS on millennial timescales. While the atmospheric forcing alone is only able to produce modest iceberg discharges (< 0.02 Sv), the warmer oceanic surface waters lead to much higher rates of iceberg surges (ca. 0.1 Sv) as a result of relatively high basal melting rates within the margins of the ice sheet through the reactivation of ice streams in the northeastern (NE) part of the ice sheet. Together with previous work our results provide a consistent explanation for the asynchronous response of the LIS and the FIS to glacial abrupt climate changes. Finally, they support the notion that the FIS is a likely candidate to produce iceberg discharges during interstadials as suggested by IRD in the region.

Insights into the Geographic Sequence of Deglaciation in the Weddell Sea Embayment by Provenance of Ice-Rafted Debris

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Williams, T.; Hemming, S. R.; Licht, K.; Agrios, L.; Brachfeld, S. A.; van de Flierdt, T.; Hillenbrand, C. D.; Ehrmann, W. U.; Zhai, X.; Cai, Y.; Corley, A. D.; Kuhn, G.

2017-12-01

The geochemical and geochronological fingerprint of rock debris eroded and carried by ice streams may be used to identify the provenance of iceberg-rafted debris (IRD) in the marine sediment record. During ice retreat following glacial maxima, it has been shown that there is an increase in IRD accumulation in marine sediments underlying the western limb of the Weddell Gyre. Here we present IRD provenance records from sediment core PS1571-1 in the NW Weddell Sea, and interpret these records in terms of the geographic sequence of ice sheet retreat in the Weddell Sea embayment during the most recent deglaciation. We first characterize the source areas of eroded debris around the Weddell Sea Embayment, using published mapping of the embayment and new material from: 1. Till in modern moraines at the edges of ice streams, including the Foundation Ice Stream, the Academy Glacier, and the Recovery Glacier; and 2. Subglacial till and proximal glaciomarine sediment from existing cores located along the front of the Filchner and Ronne Ice Shelves, collected on past expeditions of the RV Polarstern. The analyses on these samples include 40Ar/39Ar hornblende and biotite thermochronology and U-Pb zircon geochronology on individual mineral grains, and K-Ar thermochronology, Nd isotopes, and clay mineralogy on the clay grain size fraction. Results so far indicate that samples along the front of the Filchner and Ronne Ice Shelves record the geochemical and geochronological fingerprint that would be expected from tracing ice flow lines back to the bedrock terranes. The Ronne (west), Hughes (central), and Filchner (east) sectors have distinguishable provenance source signatures, and further subdivision is possible. In core PS1571-1, downcore IRD provenance changes reflect iceberg output and ice sheet retreat from the different sectors of the embayment through the last deglaciation. The detrital provenance method of interpreting the geographic sequence of ice retreat can equally be applied to previous deglaciations of the Weddell Sea Embayment.

Role of elevated plasma soluble ICAM-1 and bronchial lavage fluid IL-8 levels as markers of chronic lung disease in premature infants.

PubMed Central

Little, S.; Dean, T.; Bevin, S.; Hall, M.; Ashton, M.; Church, M.; Warner, J.; Shute, J.

1995-01-01

BACKGROUND--Pulmonary neutrophilia characterises both the relatively transient inflammation associated with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) and the persistent inflammation of chronic lung disease. The possibility that persistently raised markers of inflammation indicate the development of chronic lung disease in low birth weight (< 1730 g) preterm (< 31 weeks) infants was therefore investigated. METHODS--Soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) levels in plasma, and interleukin (IL)-8 and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in bronchial lavage fluid (BLF) obtained from 17 infants on days 1, 5, and 14 following birth were measured and correlations with the number of neutrophils in BLF sought. Peripheral neutrophils were isolated on Polymorphoprep and chemotactic responsiveness to IL-8 was assessed using micro Boyden chambers. RESULTS--Sixteen infants developed IRDS and, of these, 10 infants subsequently developed chronic lung disease. Levels of IL-8 in BLF at 14 days of age correlated with the long term requirement for intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). Interleukin 8 levels in BLF correlated with neutrophil numbers and MPO concentration, suggesting both recruitment and activation in response to this cytokine. Antibody depletion studies showed that approximately 50% of total neutrophil chemotactic activity in BLF was due to IL-8. No difference in peripheral neutrophil chemotactic responsiveness at any age was observed for infants with IRDS or chronic lung disease. Plasma soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM-1) was higher at 14 days of age in infants who developed chronic lung disease than in those with resolving IRDS, and correlated with severity of disease, as indicated by duration of IPPV. CONCLUSIONS--The results indicate that high levels of plasma sICAM-1 and IL-8 in BLF at day 14 correlate with the development of chronic lung disease and indicate the severity of disease. PMID:7491556

Data Element Dictionary: Finance. A Technical Report Concerning Finance Related Data Elements in the WICHE Management Information Systems Program. First Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thomas, Charles R.

This document is one of the 5 sections of the Data Element Dictionary developed as part of the WICHE Management Information Systems (MIS) Program. The elements in this section apply to both the current and historical data concerning finance. The purpose of the WICHE MIS Program is to make it possible to derive data which will be truly comparable…

The Talking Dictionary. The Prospectus Series, Paper No. 2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ward, Ted

Three talking dictionaires designed to increase independence and resource-use skills of handicapped children have specific advantages and limitations. System I involves a random access tape recorder, a printed or braille dictionary which contains the inquiry numbers for words, a console (similar to an adding machine) on which the number is…

Kinship in Mongolian Sign Language

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Geer, Leah

2011-01-01

Information and research on Mongolian Sign Language is scant. To date, only one dictionary is available in the United States (Badnaa and Boll 1995), and even that dictionary presents only a subset of the signs employed in Mongolia. The present study describes the kinship system used in Mongolian Sign Language (MSL) based on data elicited from…

Proposal of Network-Based Multilingual Space Dictionary Database System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoshimitsu, T.; Hashimoto, T.; Ninomiya, K.

2002-01-01

The International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) is now constructing a multilingual dictionary database system of space-friendly terms. The database consists of a lexicon and dictionaries of multiple languages. The lexicon is a table which relates corresponding terminology in different languages. Each language has a dictionary which contains terms and their definitions. The database assumes the use on the internet. Updating and searching the terms and definitions are conducted via the network. Maintaining the database is conducted by the international cooperation. A new word arises day by day, thus to easily input new words and their definitions to the database is required for the longstanding success of the system. The main key of the database is an English term which is approved at the table held once or twice with the working group members. Each language has at lease one working group member who is responsible of assigning the corresponding term and the definition of the term of his/her native language. Inputting and updating terms and their definitions can be conducted via the internet from the office of each member which may be located at his/her native country. The system is constructed by freely distributed database server program working on the Linux operating system, which will be installed at the head office of IAA. Once it is installed, it will be open to all IAA members who can search the terms via the internet. Currently the authors are constructing the prototype system which is described in this paper.

Learners' Dictionaries: State of the Art. Anthology Series 23.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tickoo, Makhan L., Ed.

A collection of articles on dictionaries for advanced second language learners includes essays on the past, present, and future of learners' dictionaries; alternative dictionaries; dictionary construction; and dictionaries and their users. Titles include: "Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow; or Vaticinations on the Learners' Dictionary"…

Noise-aware dictionary-learning-based sparse representation framework for detection and removal of single and combined noises from ECG signal

PubMed Central

Ramkumar, Barathram; Sabarimalai Manikandan, M.

2017-01-01

Automatic electrocardiogram (ECG) signal enhancement has become a crucial pre-processing step in most ECG signal analysis applications. In this Letter, the authors propose an automated noise-aware dictionary learning-based generalised ECG signal enhancement framework which can automatically learn the dictionaries based on the ECG noise type for effective representation of ECG signal and noises, and can reduce the computational load of sparse representation-based ECG enhancement system. The proposed framework consists of noise detection and identification, noise-aware dictionary learning, sparse signal decomposition and reconstruction. The noise detection and identification is performed based on the moving average filter, first-order difference, and temporal features such as number of turning points, maximum absolute amplitude, zerocrossings, and autocorrelation features. The representation dictionary is learned based on the type of noise identified in the previous stage. The proposed framework is evaluated using noise-free and noisy ECG signals. Results demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly reduce computational load as compared with conventional dictionary learning-based ECG denoising approaches. Further, comparative results show that the method outperforms existing methods in automatically removing noises such as baseline wanders, power-line interference, muscle artefacts and their combinations without distorting the morphological content of local waves of ECG signal. PMID:28529758

Bearing fault diagnosis using a whale optimization algorithm-optimized orthogonal matching pursuit with a combined time-frequency atom dictionary

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Xin; Liu, Zhiwen; Miao, Qiang; Wang, Lei

2018-07-01

Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings are significant to guarantee the reliability and functionality of a mechanical system, production efficiency, and plant safety. However, this is almost invariably a formidable challenge because the fault features are often buried by strong background noises and other unstable interference components. To satisfactorily extract the bearing fault features, a whale optimization algorithm (WOA)-optimized orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) with a combined time-frequency atom dictionary is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a combined time-frequency atom dictionary whose atom is a combination of Fourier dictionary atom and impact time-frequency dictionary atom is designed according to the properties of bearing fault vibration signal. Furthermore, to improve the efficiency and accuracy of signal sparse representation, the WOA is introduced into the OMP algorithm to optimize the atom parameters for best approximating the original signal with the dictionary atoms. The proposed method is validated through analyzing the bearing fault simulation signal and the real vibration signals collected from an experimental bearing and a wheelset bearing of high-speed trains. The comparisons with the respect to the state of the art in the field are illustrated in detail, which highlight the advantages of the proposed method.

Noise-aware dictionary-learning-based sparse representation framework for detection and removal of single and combined noises from ECG signal.

PubMed

Satija, Udit; Ramkumar, Barathram; Sabarimalai Manikandan, M

2017-02-01

Automatic electrocardiogram (ECG) signal enhancement has become a crucial pre-processing step in most ECG signal analysis applications. In this Letter, the authors propose an automated noise-aware dictionary learning-based generalised ECG signal enhancement framework which can automatically learn the dictionaries based on the ECG noise type for effective representation of ECG signal and noises, and can reduce the computational load of sparse representation-based ECG enhancement system. The proposed framework consists of noise detection and identification, noise-aware dictionary learning, sparse signal decomposition and reconstruction. The noise detection and identification is performed based on the moving average filter, first-order difference, and temporal features such as number of turning points, maximum absolute amplitude, zerocrossings, and autocorrelation features. The representation dictionary is learned based on the type of noise identified in the previous stage. The proposed framework is evaluated using noise-free and noisy ECG signals. Results demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly reduce computational load as compared with conventional dictionary learning-based ECG denoising approaches. Further, comparative results show that the method outperforms existing methods in automatically removing noises such as baseline wanders, power-line interference, muscle artefacts and their combinations without distorting the morphological content of local waves of ECG signal.

Dictionaries: British and American. The Language Library.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hulbert, James Root

An account of the dictionaries, great and small, of the English-speaking world is given in this book. Subjects covered include the origin of English dictionaries, early dictionaries, Noah Webster and his successors to the present, abridged dictionaries, "The Oxford English Dictionary" and later dictionaries patterned after it, the…

The semantics of Chemical Markup Language (CML): dictionaries and conventions.

PubMed

Murray-Rust, Peter; Townsend, Joe A; Adams, Sam E; Phadungsukanan, Weerapong; Thomas, Jens

2011-10-14

The semantic architecture of CML consists of conventions, dictionaries and units. The conventions conform to a top-level specification and each convention can constrain compliant documents through machine-processing (validation). Dictionaries conform to a dictionary specification which also imposes machine validation on the dictionaries. Each dictionary can also be used to validate data in a CML document, and provide human-readable descriptions. An additional set of conventions and dictionaries are used to support scientific units. All conventions, dictionaries and dictionary elements are identifiable and addressable through unique URIs.

The semantics of Chemical Markup Language (CML): dictionaries and conventions

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

The semantic architecture of CML consists of conventions, dictionaries and units. The conventions conform to a top-level specification and each convention can constrain compliant documents through machine-processing (validation). Dictionaries conform to a dictionary specification which also imposes machine validation on the dictionaries. Each dictionary can also be used to validate data in a CML document, and provide human-readable descriptions. An additional set of conventions and dictionaries are used to support scientific units. All conventions, dictionaries and dictionary elements are identifiable and addressable through unique URIs. PMID:21999509

Dual Language = Saad Ahaah Sinil. A Navajo-English Dictionary. Revised Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Austin, Martha, Ed.; Lynch, Regina, Ed.

A dual-language Navajo-English dictionary provides a chart of the Navajo kinship system, a two-page map of the Navajo Nation, and English equivalents for Navajo words in 46 linguistic and cultural categories. Included are words for: races (Indian and other ethnic groups); Navajo clans; age groups; Navajo ceremonies; body parts; sickness; clothing;…

Mobile-Based Dictionary of Information and Communication Technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liando, O. E. S.; Mewengkang, A.; Kaseger, D.; Sangkop, F. I.; Rantung, V. P.; Rorimpandey, G. C.

2018-02-01

This study aims to design and build mobile-based dictionary of information and communication technology applications to provide access to information in the form of glossary of terms in the context of information and communication technologies. Applications built in this study using the Android platform, with SQLite database model. This research uses prototype model development method which covers the stages of communication, Quick Plan, Quick Design Modeling, Construction of Prototype, Deployment Delivery & Feedback, and Full System Transformation. The design of this application is designed in such a way as to facilitate the user in the process of learning and understanding the new terms or vocabularies encountered in the world of information and communication technology. Mobile-based dictionary of Information And Communication Technology applications that have been built can be an alternative to learning literature. In its simplest form, this application is able to meet the need for a comprehensive and accurate dictionary of Information And Communication Technology function.

GLACIER MONITORING SYSTEM IN COLOMBIA - complementing glaciological measurements with laser-scanning and ground-penetrating radar surveys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ceballos, Jorge; Micheletti, Natan; Rabatel, Antoine; Mölg, Nico; Zemp, Michael

2015-04-01

Colombia (South America) has six small glaciers (total glacierized area of 45 Km2); their geographical location, close to zero latitude, makes them very sensitive to climate changes. An extensive monitoring program is being performed since 2006 on two glaciers, with international cooperation supports. This presentation summarizes the results of glacier changes in Colombia and includes the latest results obtained within the CATCOS Project - Phase 1 (Capacity Building and Twinning for Climate Observing Systems) signed between Colombia and Switzerland, and within the Joint Mixte Laboratory GREAT-ICE (IRD - France), with the application of LiDAR technology and GPR-based ice thickness measurements at Conejeras Glacier. Conejeras Glacier (Lat. N. 4° 48' 56"; Long. W. 75° 22' 22"; Alt. Max. 4915m.; Alt. Min. 4730m. Area 0.2 Km2) is located on the north-western side of Santa Isabel Volcano. This glacier belongs to global glacier monitoring network of the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS-ID: 2721). The surface mass balance is calculated monthly using the direct glaciological method. Between April 2006 and May 2014, Conejeras Glacier showed a cumulative loss of -21 m w.e. The CATCOS Project allowed to improve the glacier monitoring system in Colombia with two main actions: (1) a terrestrial laser scanner survey (RIEGL VZ-6000 terrestrial laser scanner, property of Universities of Lausanne and Fribourg); and (2) ice thickness measurements (Blue System Integration Ltd. Ice Penetrating Radar of property of IRD). The terrestrial laser-scanning survey allowed to realize an accurate digital terrain model of the glacier surface with 13 million points and a decimetric resolution. Ice thickness measurements showed an average glacier thickness of 22 meters and a maximum of 52 meters.

[Comments on "A practical dictionary of Chinese medicine" by Wiseman].

PubMed

Lan, Feng-li

2006-02-01

At least 24 Chinese-English dictionaries of Chinese Medicine have been published in China during the recent 24 years (1984-2003). This thesis comments on "A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine" by Wiseman, agreeing on its establishing principles, sources and formation methods of the English system of Chinese medical terminology, and pointing out the defect. The author holds that study on the origin and development of TCM terms, standardization of Chinese medical terms in different layers, i.e. Chinese medical in classic, in commonly used modern TCM terms, and integrative medical texts, are prerequisites to the standardization of English translation of Chinese medical terms.

The ADAMS interactive interpreter

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rietscha, E.R.

1990-12-17

The ADAMS (Advanced DAta Management System) project is exploring next generation database technology. Database management does not follow the usual programming paradigm. Instead, the database dictionary provides an additional name space environment that should be interactively created and tested before writing application code. This document describes the implementation and operation of the ADAMS Interpreter, an interactive interface to the ADAMS data dictionary and runtime system. The Interpreter executes individual statements of the ADAMS Interface Language, providing a fast, interactive mechanism to define and access persistent databases. 5 refs.

Natural Language Processing Systems Evaluation Workshop Held in Berkely, California on 18 June 1991

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-12-01

re~arded as -a fairly complete dictionary contains about 18,000 itemsw at soluition to the domain-restricted task at tzanlating present, and will be... dictionary access and so on, with an article. Unfortunately, the Weidner system did but as time goes on, one might imagine functionality not know that...superfast type. looped tht it A31l be built with taste by peo. writer ought to be possible in the monolingual case pie who understand languages and

The Role of Dictionaries in Language Learning.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

White, Philip A.

1997-01-01

Examines assumptions about dictionaries, especially the bilingual dictionary, and suggests ways of integrating the monolingual dictionary into the second-language instructional process. Findings indicate that the monolingual dictionary can coexist with bilingual dictionaries within a foreign-language course if the latter are appropriately used as…

Extended dynamic mode decomposition with dictionary learning: A data-driven adaptive spectral decomposition of the Koopman operator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Qianxiao; Dietrich, Felix; Bollt, Erik M.; Kevrekidis, Ioannis G.

2017-10-01

Numerical approximation methods for the Koopman operator have advanced considerably in the last few years. In particular, data-driven approaches such as dynamic mode decomposition (DMD)51 and its generalization, the extended-DMD (EDMD), are becoming increasingly popular in practical applications. The EDMD improves upon the classical DMD by the inclusion of a flexible choice of dictionary of observables which spans a finite dimensional subspace on which the Koopman operator can be approximated. This enhances the accuracy of the solution reconstruction and broadens the applicability of the Koopman formalism. Although the convergence of the EDMD has been established, applying the method in practice requires a careful choice of the observables to improve convergence with just a finite number of terms. This is especially difficult for high dimensional and highly nonlinear systems. In this paper, we employ ideas from machine learning to improve upon the EDMD method. We develop an iterative approximation algorithm which couples the EDMD with a trainable dictionary represented by an artificial neural network. Using the Duffing oscillator and the Kuramoto Sivashinsky partical differential equation as examples, we show that our algorithm can effectively and efficiently adapt the trainable dictionary to the problem at hand to achieve good reconstruction accuracy without the need to choose a fixed dictionary a priori. Furthermore, to obtain a given accuracy, we require fewer dictionary terms than EDMD with fixed dictionaries. This alleviates an important shortcoming of the EDMD algorithm and enhances the applicability of the Koopman framework to practical problems.

Extended dynamic mode decomposition with dictionary learning: A data-driven adaptive spectral decomposition of the Koopman operator.

PubMed

Li, Qianxiao; Dietrich, Felix; Bollt, Erik M; Kevrekidis, Ioannis G

2017-10-01

Numerical approximation methods for the Koopman operator have advanced considerably in the last few years. In particular, data-driven approaches such as dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) 51 and its generalization, the extended-DMD (EDMD), are becoming increasingly popular in practical applications. The EDMD improves upon the classical DMD by the inclusion of a flexible choice of dictionary of observables which spans a finite dimensional subspace on which the Koopman operator can be approximated. This enhances the accuracy of the solution reconstruction and broadens the applicability of the Koopman formalism. Although the convergence of the EDMD has been established, applying the method in practice requires a careful choice of the observables to improve convergence with just a finite number of terms. This is especially difficult for high dimensional and highly nonlinear systems. In this paper, we employ ideas from machine learning to improve upon the EDMD method. We develop an iterative approximation algorithm which couples the EDMD with a trainable dictionary represented by an artificial neural network. Using the Duffing oscillator and the Kuramoto Sivashinsky partical differential equation as examples, we show that our algorithm can effectively and efficiently adapt the trainable dictionary to the problem at hand to achieve good reconstruction accuracy without the need to choose a fixed dictionary a priori. Furthermore, to obtain a given accuracy, we require fewer dictionary terms than EDMD with fixed dictionaries. This alleviates an important shortcoming of the EDMD algorithm and enhances the applicability of the Koopman framework to practical problems.

Mass type-specific sparse representation for mass classification in computer-aided detection on mammograms

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Breast cancer is the leading cause of both incidence and mortality in women population. For this reason, much research effort has been devoted to develop Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) systems for early detection of the breast cancers on mammograms. In this paper, we propose a new and novel dictionary configuration underpinning sparse representation based classification (SRC). The key idea of the proposed algorithm is to improve the sparsity in terms of mass margins for the purpose of improving classification performance in CAD systems. Methods The aim of the proposed SRC framework is to construct separate dictionaries according to the types of mass margins. The underlying idea behind our method is that the separated dictionaries can enhance the sparsity of mass class (true-positive), leading to an improved performance for differentiating mammographic masses from normal tissues (false-positive). When a mass sample is given for classification, the sparse solutions based on corresponding dictionaries are separately solved and combined at score level. Experiments have been performed on both database (DB) named as Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM) and clinical Full Field Digital Mammogram (FFDM) DBs. In our experiments, sparsity concentration in the true class (SCTC) and area under the Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) were measured for the comparison between the proposed method and a conventional single dictionary based approach. In addition, a support vector machine (SVM) was used for comparing our method with state-of-the-arts classifier extensively used for mass classification. Results Comparing with the conventional single dictionary configuration, the proposed approach is able to improve SCTC of up to 13.9% and 23.6% on DDSM and FFDM DBs, respectively. Moreover, the proposed method is able to improve AUC with 8.2% and 22.1% on DDSM and FFDM DBs, respectively. Comparing to SVM classifier, the proposed method improves AUC with 2.9% and 11.6% on DDSM and FFDM DBs, respectively. Conclusions The proposed dictionary configuration is found to well improve the sparsity of dictionaries, resulting in an enhanced classification performance. Moreover, the results show that the proposed method is better than conventional SVM classifier for classifying breast masses subject to various margins from normal tissues. PMID:24564973

Learning Category-Specific Dictionary and Shared Dictionary for Fine-Grained Image Categorization.

PubMed

Gao, Shenghua; Tsang, Ivor Wai-Hung; Ma, Yi

2014-02-01

This paper targets fine-grained image categorization by learning a category-specific dictionary for each category and a shared dictionary for all the categories. Such category-specific dictionaries encode subtle visual differences among different categories, while the shared dictionary encodes common visual patterns among all the categories. To this end, we impose incoherence constraints among the different dictionaries in the objective of feature coding. In addition, to make the learnt dictionary stable, we also impose the constraint that each dictionary should be self-incoherent. Our proposed dictionary learning formulation not only applies to fine-grained classification, but also improves conventional basic-level object categorization and other tasks such as event recognition. Experimental results on five data sets show that our method can outperform the state-of-the-art fine-grained image categorization frameworks as well as sparse coding based dictionary learning frameworks. All these results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.

Which Dictionary? A Review of the Leading Learners' Dictionaries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nesi, Hilary

Three major dictionaries designed for learners of English as a second language are reviewed, their elements and approaches compared and evaluated, their usefulness for different learners discussed, and recommendations for future dictionary improvement made. The dictionaries in question are the "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary," the…

French Dictionaries. Series: Specialised Bibliographies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Klaar, R. M.

This is a list of French monolingual, French-English and English-French dictionaries available in December 1975. Dictionaries of etymology, phonetics, place names, proper names, and slang are included, as well as dictionaries for children and dictionaries of Belgian, Canadian, and Swiss French. Most other specialized dictionaries, encyclopedias,…

Mapping the Future: Optimizing Joint Geospatial Engineering Support

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-05-16

Environment. Maxwell Air Force Base, AL.: Air University, 1990. Babbage , Ross and Desmond Ball. Geographic Information Systems: Defence Applications...Joint Pub 4-04. Washington, DC: 27 September 2001. Wertz, Charles J. The Data Dictionary, Concepts and Uses. Wellesley, MA: QED Information...Force Defense Mapping for Future Operations, Washington, DC: September 1995, 1-7. 18 Charles J. Wertz, The Data Dictionary, Concepts and Uses

An Investigation into the Effect of English Learners' Dictionaries on International Students' Acquisition of the English Article System

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Julia

2006-01-01

Learners' dictionaries are a resource which is often overlooked by both students and teachers of English as a Second Language. The wealth of grammatical information contained within them, however, can help students to improve their English language skills and, ipso facto, their academic writing. In this study, four groups of university ESL…

Short Communication: Hyperthyroidism in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients on Combined Antiretroviral Therapy: Case Series and Literature Review.

PubMed

Hsu, Emory; Phadke, Varun K; Nguyen, Minh Ly T

2016-06-01

We describe an HIV-infected patient initiated on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) who subsequently developed immune restoration disease (IRD) hyperthyroidism-this case represents one of five such patients seen at our center within the past year. Similar to previous reports of hyperthyroidism due to IRD, all of our patients experienced a rapid early recovery in total CD4 count, but developed symptoms of hyperthyroidism on average 3 years (38 months) after beginning cART, which represents a longer time frame than previously reported. Awareness and recognition of this potential complication of cART, which may occur years after treatment initiation, will allow patients with immune restorative hyperthyroidism to receive timely therapy and avoid the long-term complications associated with undiagnosed thyroid disease.

Automated detection of preserved photoreceptor on optical coherence tomography in choroideremia based on machine learning.

PubMed

Wang, Zhuo; Camino, Acner; Hagag, Ahmed M; Wang, Jie; Weleber, Richard G; Yang, Paul; Pennesi, Mark E; Huang, David; Li, Dengwang; Jia, Yali

2018-05-01

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can demonstrate early deterioration of the photoreceptor integrity caused by inherited retinal degeneration diseases (IRDs). A machine learning method based on random forests was developed to automatically detect continuous areas of preserved ellipsoid zone structure (an easily recognizable part of the photoreceptors on OCT) in 16 eyes of patients with choroideremia (a type of IRD). Pseudopodial extensions protruding from the preserved ellipsoid zone areas are detected separately by a local active contour routine. The algorithm is implemented on en face images with minimum segmentation requirements, only needing delineation of the Bruch's membrane, thus evading the inaccuracies and technical challenges associated with automatic segmentation of the ellipsoid zone in eyes with severe retinal degeneration. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

A hospital-wide clinical findings dictionary based on an extension of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

PubMed

Bréant, C; Borst, F; Campi, D; Griesser, V; Momjian, S

1999-01-01

The use of a controlled vocabulary set in a hospital-wide clinical information system is of crucial importance for many departmental database systems to communicate and exchange information. In the absence of an internationally recognized clinical controlled vocabulary set, a new extension of the International statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD) is proposed. It expands the scope of the standard ICD beyond diagnosis and procedures to clinical terminology. In addition, the common Clinical Findings Dictionary (CFD) further records the definition of clinical entities. The construction of the vocabulary set and the CFD is incremental and manual. Tools have been implemented to facilitate the tasks of defining/maintaining/publishing dictionary versions. The design of database applications in the integrated clinical information system is driven by the CFD which is part of the Medical Questionnaire Designer tool. Several integrated clinical database applications in the field of diabetes and neuro-surgery have been developed at the HUG.

Using UMLS to construct a generalized hierarchical concept-based dictionary of brain functions for information extraction from the fMRI literature.

PubMed

Hsiao, Mei-Yu; Chen, Chien-Chung; Chen, Jyh-Horng

2009-10-01

With a rapid progress in the field, a great many fMRI studies are published every year, to the extent that it is now becoming difficult for researchers to keep up with the literature, since reading papers is extremely time-consuming and labor-intensive. Thus, automatic information extraction has become an important issue. In this study, we used the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) to construct a hierarchical concept-based dictionary of brain functions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first generalized dictionary of this kind. We also developed an information extraction system for recognizing, mapping and classifying terms relevant to human brain study. The precision and recall of our system was on a par with that of human experts in term recognition, term mapping and term classification. Our approach presented in this paper presents an alternative to the more laborious, manual entry approach to information extraction.

A hospital-wide clinical findings dictionary based on an extension of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

PubMed Central

Bréant, C.; Borst, F.; Campi, D.; Griesser, V.; Momjian, S.

1999-01-01

The use of a controlled vocabulary set in a hospital-wide clinical information system is of crucial importance for many departmental database systems to communicate and exchange information. In the absence of an internationally recognized clinical controlled vocabulary set, a new extension of the International statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD) is proposed. It expands the scope of the standard ICD beyond diagnosis and procedures to clinical terminology. In addition, the common Clinical Findings Dictionary (CFD) further records the definition of clinical entities. The construction of the vocabulary set and the CFD is incremental and manual. Tools have been implemented to facilitate the tasks of defining/maintaining/publishing dictionary versions. The design of database applications in the integrated clinical information system is driven by the CFD which is part of the Medical Questionnaire Designer tool. Several integrated clinical database applications in the field of diabetes and neuro-surgery have been developed at the HUG. Images Figure 1 PMID:10566451

Which Desk Dictionary Is Best for Foreign Students of English?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yorkey, Richard

1969-01-01

"The American College Dictionary, "Funk and Wagnalls Standard College Dictionary," Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language," The Random House Dictionary of the English Language," and Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary" are analyzed and ranked as to their usefulness for the foreign learner of English. (FWB)

When Cancer Returns

MedlinePlus

... content 1-800-4-CANCER Live Chat Publications Dictionary Menu Contact Dictionary Search About Cancer Causes and Prevention Risk Factors ... Levels of Evidence: Integrative Therapies Fact Sheets NCI Dictionaries NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms NCI Drug Dictionary ...

Coping with Advanced Cancer

MedlinePlus

... content 1-800-4-CANCER Live Chat Publications Dictionary Menu Contact Dictionary Search About Cancer Causes and Prevention Risk Factors ... Levels of Evidence: Integrative Therapies Fact Sheets NCI Dictionaries NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms NCI Drug Dictionary ...

Gene/protein name recognition based on support vector machine using dictionary as features.

PubMed

Mitsumori, Tomohiro; Fation, Sevrani; Murata, Masaki; Doi, Kouichi; Doi, Hirohumi

2005-01-01

Automated information extraction from biomedical literature is important because a vast amount of biomedical literature has been published. Recognition of the biomedical named entities is the first step in information extraction. We developed an automated recognition system based on the SVM algorithm and evaluated it in Task 1.A of BioCreAtIvE, a competition for automated gene/protein name recognition. In the work presented here, our recognition system uses the feature set of the word, the part-of-speech (POS), the orthography, the prefix, the suffix, and the preceding class. We call these features "internal resource features", i.e., features that can be found in the training data. Additionally, we consider the features of matching against dictionaries to be external resource features. We investigated and evaluated the effect of these features as well as the effect of tuning the parameters of the SVM algorithm. We found that the dictionary matching features contributed slightly to the improvement in the performance of the f-score. We attribute this to the possibility that the dictionary matching features might overlap with other features in the current multiple feature setting. During SVM learning, each feature alone had a marginally positive effect on system performance. This supports the fact that the SVM algorithm is robust on the high dimensionality of the feature vector space and means that feature selection is not required.

Thinking about Complementary and Alternative Medicine

MedlinePlus

... content 1-800-4-CANCER Live Chat Publications Dictionary Menu Contact Dictionary Search About Cancer Causes and Prevention Risk Factors ... Levels of Evidence: Integrative Therapies Fact Sheets NCI Dictionaries NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms NCI Drug Dictionary ...

Caring for the Caregiver

MedlinePlus

... Español 1-800-4-CANCER Live Chat Publications Dictionary Menu Contact Dictionary Search About Cancer Causes and Prevention Risk Factors ... Levels of Evidence: Integrative Therapies Fact Sheets NCI Dictionaries NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms NCI Drug Dictionary ...

The Use of Monolingual Mobile Dictionaries in the Context of Reading by Intermediate Cantonese EFL Learners in Hong Kong

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zou, Di; Xie, Haoran; Wang, Fu Lee

2015-01-01

Previous studies on dictionary consultation investigated mainly online dictionaries or simple pocket electronic dictionaries as they were commonly used among learners back then, yet the more updated mobile dictionaries were superficially investigated though they have already replaced the pocket electronic dictionaries. These studies are also…

The Power of Math Dictionaries in the Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Patterson, Lynn Gannon; Young, Ashlee Futrell

2013-01-01

This article investigates the value of a math dictionary in the elementary classroom and if elementary students prefer using a traditional math dictionary or a dictionary on an iPad. In each child's journey to reading with understanding, the dictionary can be a comforting and valuable resource. Would students find a math dictionary to be a…

Correlation of Brunhes detrital-layer stratigraphy into the North Atlantic from Orphan Knoll (Labrador Sea)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Channell, J. E.; Hodell, D. A.; Romero, O. E.; Hillaire-Marcel, C.; de Vernal, A.; Stoner, J. S.; Mazaud, A.; Roehl, U.

2011-12-01

IODP Site U1302-U1303, on the SE flank of Orphan Knoll (Labrador Sea), has a record of detrital layers that extends through most of the Brunhes Chron. The age model is built by tandem matching of relative paleointensity (RPI) and oxygen isotope data (δ18O) from Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sin.) to reference records, indicating a mean Brunhes sedimentation rate of 14 cm/kyr. Sedimentation back to marine isotope stage (MIS) 18 is characterized by detrital layers that are detected by higher than background gamma-ray attenuation (GRA) density, peaks in X-ray fluorescence (XRF) indicators for detrital carbonate (Ca/Sr) and detrital silicate (Si/Sr), an ice-rafted debris (IRD) proxy (>106 μm), magnetic susceptibility, and magnetic grain-size peaks. The age model enables correlation of Site U1302/03 to IODP Site U1308 (re-drill of DSDP Site 609) in the heart of the central Atlantic IRD belt where an age model and a similar set of detrital-layer proxies have already been derived. Ages of Heinrich layers H1, H2, H4, H5 and H6 are within ~2 kyr at the two sites (H0, H3 and H5a are not observed at Site U1308), and agree with previous work at Orphan Knoll within ~3 kyr. At Site U1308, Brunhes detrital layers are restricted to peak glacials and glacial terminations back to MIS16, however, these same proxies at Site U1302/03 indicate detrital layers distributed throughout the record in both glacial and most interglacial stages. At Site U1302/03, we distinguish Heinrich-type layers in glacial stages, which are associated with IRD (some of which have near-synchronous analogues at Site U1308), from detrital layers within interglacial stages manifested by multiple detrital layer proxies (including Ca/Sr) but usually not associated with IRD, that may be attributed to a distinct depositional process, namely drainage and debris-flow events funneled down the nearby NAMOC (North Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel).

Requirements and design aspects of a data model for a data dictionary in paediatric oncology.

PubMed

Merzweiler, A; Knaup, P; Creutzig, U; Ehlerding, H; Haux, R; Mludek, V; Schilling, F H; Weber, R; Wiedemann, T

2000-01-01

German children suffering from cancer are mostly treated within the framework of multicentre clinical trials. An important task of conducting these trials is an extensive information and knowledge exchange, which has to be based on a standardised documentation. To support this effort, it is the aim of a nationwide project to define a standardised terminology that should be used by clinical trials for therapy documentation. In order to support terminology maintenance we are currently developing a data dictionary. In this paper we describe requirements and design aspects of the data model used for the data dictionary as first results of our research. We compare it with other terminology systems.

Preliminary Classification of Army and Navy Entry-Level Occupations by the Holland Coding System.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-12-01

Dictionary of Holland Occupational Codes (DOHC; see Gottfredson , Holland, & Ogawa, 1982) either directly or through expert judgment. Results...publications: The Dictionary of Holland Occupational Codes (DHOC; Gottfredson , Holland, & Ogawa, 192) and The Occupations Finder (Holland, 1978). The...occupational categories ( Gottfredson et al., 1982). The agreement between the first letters codes obtained from the 1977 Occupations Finder and the

Sparse Representation for Infrared Dim Target Detection via a Discriminative Over-Complete Dictionary Learned Online

PubMed Central

Li, Zheng-Zhou; Chen, Jing; Hou, Qian; Fu, Hong-Xia; Dai, Zhen; Jin, Gang; Li, Ru-Zhang; Liu, Chang-Ju

2014-01-01

It is difficult for structural over-complete dictionaries such as the Gabor function and discriminative over-complete dictionary, which are learned offline and classified manually, to represent natural images with the goal of ideal sparseness and to enhance the difference between background clutter and target signals. This paper proposes an infrared dim target detection approach based on sparse representation on a discriminative over-complete dictionary. An adaptive morphological over-complete dictionary is trained and constructed online according to the content of infrared image by K-singular value decomposition (K-SVD) algorithm. Then the adaptive morphological over-complete dictionary is divided automatically into a target over-complete dictionary describing target signals, and a background over-complete dictionary embedding background by the criteria that the atoms in the target over-complete dictionary could be decomposed more sparsely based on a Gaussian over-complete dictionary than the one in the background over-complete dictionary. This discriminative over-complete dictionary can not only capture significant features of background clutter and dim targets better than a structural over-complete dictionary, but also strengthens the sparse feature difference between background and target more efficiently than a discriminative over-complete dictionary learned offline and classified manually. The target and background clutter can be sparsely decomposed over their corresponding over-complete dictionaries, yet couldn't be sparsely decomposed based on their opposite over-complete dictionary, so their residuals after reconstruction by the prescribed number of target and background atoms differ very visibly. Some experiments are included and the results show that this proposed approach could not only improve the sparsity more efficiently, but also enhance the performance of small target detection more effectively. PMID:24871988

Sparse representation for infrared Dim target detection via a discriminative over-complete dictionary learned online.

PubMed

Li, Zheng-Zhou; Chen, Jing; Hou, Qian; Fu, Hong-Xia; Dai, Zhen; Jin, Gang; Li, Ru-Zhang; Liu, Chang-Ju

2014-05-27

It is difficult for structural over-complete dictionaries such as the Gabor function and discriminative over-complete dictionary, which are learned offline and classified manually, to represent natural images with the goal of ideal sparseness and to enhance the difference between background clutter and target signals. This paper proposes an infrared dim target detection approach based on sparse representation on a discriminative over-complete dictionary. An adaptive morphological over-complete dictionary is trained and constructed online according to the content of infrared image by K-singular value decomposition (K-SVD) algorithm. Then the adaptive morphological over-complete dictionary is divided automatically into a target over-complete dictionary describing target signals, and a background over-complete dictionary embedding background by the criteria that the atoms in the target over-complete dictionary could be decomposed more sparsely based on a Gaussian over-complete dictionary than the one in the background over-complete dictionary. This discriminative over-complete dictionary can not only capture significant features of background clutter and dim targets better than a structural over-complete dictionary, but also strengthens the sparse feature difference between background and target more efficiently than a discriminative over-complete dictionary learned offline and classified manually. The target and background clutter can be sparsely decomposed over their corresponding over-complete dictionaries, yet couldn't be sparsely decomposed based on their opposite over-complete dictionary, so their residuals after reconstruction by the prescribed number of target and background atoms differ very visibly. Some experiments are included and the results show that this proposed approach could not only improve the sparsity more efficiently, but also enhance the performance of small target detection more effectively.

Manprint Handbook for Nondevelopmental Item (NDI) Acquisition

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-03-01

SUPPORTABILITY SOLDIES WILL AC AJIL SU1PPORT GEItS KILL AC TO PERrORM ALL NAIN- uLE1 10 PE~rORM AE- PENANCE ?ASXS TO $ TAX - pul"RD SUPP*rt tO DANA UNOER...system performance wilt have to be ,on (Skill decay rate )? answvered and evaluated based on Army r rn~jinformation. Whot new skills wll be re*#ird...to soldier--New ASI or MOS--Require increased recruiting difficulties. Training MEPSCAT rating of Very Heavy, impact of new L40S or ASI. AWIlPMENT

Cancer Information Summaries: Screening/Detection

MedlinePlus

... Español 1-800-4-CANCER Live Chat Publications Dictionary Menu Contact Dictionary Search About Cancer Causes and Prevention Risk Factors ... Levels of Evidence: Integrative Therapies Fact Sheets NCI Dictionaries NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms NCI Drug Dictionary ...

Children with Cancer: A Guide for Parents

MedlinePlus

... content 1-800-4-CANCER Live Chat Publications Dictionary Menu Contact Dictionary Search About Cancer Causes and Prevention Risk Factors ... Levels of Evidence: Integrative Therapies Fact Sheets NCI Dictionaries NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms NCI Drug Dictionary ...

Usage Notes in the Oxford American Dictionary.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Berner, R. Thomas

1981-01-01

Compares the "Oxford American Dictionary" with the "American Heritage Dictionary." Examines the dictionaries' differences in philosophies of language, introductory essays, and usage notes. Concludes that the "Oxford American Dictionary" is too conservative, paternalistic, and dogmatic for the 1980s. (DMM)

Treatment Choices for Men with Early-Stage Prostate Cancer

MedlinePlus

... content 1-800-4-CANCER Live Chat Publications Dictionary Menu Contact Dictionary Search About Cancer Causes and Prevention Risk Factors ... Levels of Evidence: Integrative Therapies Fact Sheets NCI Dictionaries NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms NCI Drug Dictionary ...

Pain Control: Support for People with Cancer

MedlinePlus

... Español 1-800-4-CANCER Live Chat Publications Dictionary Menu Contact Dictionary Search About Cancer Causes and Prevention Risk Factors ... Levels of Evidence: Integrative Therapies Fact Sheets NCI Dictionaries NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms NCI Drug Dictionary ...

Chemotherapy and You: Support for People with Cancer

MedlinePlus

... Español 1-800-4-CANCER Live Chat Publications Dictionary Menu Contact Dictionary Search About Cancer Causes and Prevention Risk Factors ... Levels of Evidence: Integrative Therapies Fact Sheets NCI Dictionaries NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms NCI Drug Dictionary ...

Facing Forward Series: Life After Cancer Treatment

MedlinePlus

... Español 1-800-4-CANCER Live Chat Publications Dictionary Menu Contact Dictionary Search About Cancer Causes and Prevention Risk Factors ... Levels of Evidence: Integrative Therapies Fact Sheets NCI Dictionaries NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms NCI Drug Dictionary ...

Eating Hints: Before, During, and After Cancer Treatment

MedlinePlus

... Español 1-800-4-CANCER Live Chat Publications Dictionary Menu Contact Dictionary Search About Cancer Causes and Prevention Risk Factors ... Levels of Evidence: Integrative Therapies Fact Sheets NCI Dictionaries NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms NCI Drug Dictionary ...

Taking Time: Support for People with Cancer

MedlinePlus

... Español 1-800-4-CANCER Live Chat Publications Dictionary Menu Contact Dictionary Search About Cancer Causes and Prevention Risk Factors ... Levels of Evidence: Integrative Therapies Fact Sheets NCI Dictionaries NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms NCI Drug Dictionary ...

Radiation Therapy and You: Support for People with Cancer

MedlinePlus

... Español 1-800-4-CANCER Live Chat Publications Dictionary Menu Contact Dictionary Search About Cancer Causes and Prevention Risk Factors ... Levels of Evidence: Integrative Therapies Fact Sheets NCI Dictionaries NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms NCI Drug Dictionary ...

A Simple and Practical Dictionary-based Approach for Identification of Proteins in Medline Abstracts

PubMed Central

Egorov, Sergei; Yuryev, Anton; Daraselia, Nikolai

2004-01-01

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a practical and efficient protein identification system for biomedical corpora. Design: The developed system, called ProtScan, utilizes a carefully constructed dictionary of mammalian proteins in conjunction with a specialized tokenization algorithm to identify and tag protein name occurrences in biomedical texts and also takes advantage of Medline “Name-of-Substance” (NOS) annotation. The dictionaries for ProtScan were constructed in a semi-automatic way from various public-domain sequence databases followed by an intensive expert curation step. Measurements: The recall and precision of the system have been determined using 1,000 randomly selected and hand-tagged Medline abstracts. Results: The developed system is capable of identifying protein occurrences in Medline abstracts with a 98% precision and 88% recall. It was also found to be capable of processing approximately 300 abstracts per second. Without utilization of NOS annotation, precision and recall were found to be 98.5% and 84%, respectively. Conclusion: The developed system appears to be well suited for protein-based Medline indexing and can help to improve biomedical information retrieval. Further approaches to ProtScan's recall improvement also are discussed. PMID:14764613

Combining dictionary techniques with extensible markup language (XML)--requirements to a new approach towards flexible and standardized documentation.

PubMed Central

Altmann, U.; Tafazzoli, A. G.; Noelle, G.; Huybrechts, T.; Schweiger, R.; Wächter, W.; Dudeck, J. W.

1999-01-01

In oncology various international and national standards exist for the documentation of different aspects of a disease. Since elements of these standards are repeated in different contexts, a common data dictionary could support consistent representation in any context. For the construction of such a dictionary existing documents have to be worked up in a complex procedure, that considers aspects of hierarchical decomposition of documents and of domain control as well as aspects of user presentation and models of the underlying model of patient data. In contrast to other thesauri, text chunks like definitions or explanations are very important and have to be preserved, since oncologic documentation often means coding and classification on an aggregate level and the safe use of coding systems is an important precondition for comparability of data. This paper discusses the potentials of the use of XML in combination with a dictionary for the promotion and development of standard conformable applications for tumor documentation. PMID:10566311

A mobile bioassay laboratory for the assessment of internal doses based on in vivo and in vitro measurements.

PubMed

Dantas, B M; Lucena, E A; Dantas, A L A; Santos, M S; Julião, L Q C; Melo, D R; Sousa, W O; Fernandes, P C; Mesquita, S A

2010-10-01

Internal exposures may occur in nuclear power plants, radioisotope production, and in medicine and research laboratories. Such practices require quick response in case of accidents of a wide range of magnitudes. This work presents the design and calibration of a mobile laboratory for the assessment of accidents involving workers and the population as well as for routine monitoring. The system was set up in a truck with internal dimensions of 3.30 m × 1.60 m × 1.70 m and can identify photon emitters in the energy range of 100-3,000 keV in the whole body, organs, and in urine. A thyroid monitor consisting of a lead-collimated NaI(Tl)3" × 3" (7.62 × 7.62 cm) detector was calibrated with a neck-thyroid phantom developed at the IRD (Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria). Whole body measurements were performed with a NaI(Tl)8" × 4" (20.32 × 10.16 cm) detector calibrated with a plastic-bottle phantom. Urine samples were measured with another NaI(Tl) 3" × 3" (7.62 × 7.62 cm) detector set up in a steel support. Standard solutions were provided by the National Laboratory for Metrology of Ionizing Radiation of the IRD. Urine measurements are based on a calibration of efficiency vs. energy for standard volumes. Detection limits were converted to minimum committed effective doses for the radionuclides of interest using standard biokinetic and dosimetric models in order to evaluate the applicability and limitations of the system. Sensitivities for high-energy activation and fission products show that the system is suitable for use in emergency and routine monitoring of individuals under risk of internal exposure by such radionuclides.

Defining datasets and creating data dictionaries for quality improvement and research in chronic disease using routinely collected data: an ontology-driven approach.

PubMed

de Lusignan, Simon; Liaw, Siaw-Teng; Michalakidis, Georgios; Jones, Simon

2011-01-01

The burden of chronic disease is increasing, and research and quality improvement will be less effective if case finding strategies are suboptimal. To describe an ontology-driven approach to case finding in chronic disease and how this approach can be used to create a data dictionary and make the codes used in case finding transparent. A five-step process: (1) identifying a reference coding system or terminology; (2) using an ontology-driven approach to identify cases; (3) developing metadata that can be used to identify the extracted data; (4) mapping the extracted data to the reference terminology; and (5) creating the data dictionary. Hypertension is presented as an exemplar. A patient with hypertension can be represented by a range of codes including diagnostic, history and administrative. Metadata can link the coding system and data extraction queries to the correct data mapping and translation tool, which then maps it to the equivalent code in the reference terminology. The code extracted, the term, its domain and subdomain, and the name of the data extraction query can then be automatically grouped and published online as a readily searchable data dictionary. An exemplar online is: www.clininf.eu/qickd-data-dictionary.html Adopting an ontology-driven approach to case finding could improve the quality of disease registers and of research based on routine data. It would offer considerable advantages over using limited datasets to define cases. This approach should be considered by those involved in research and quality improvement projects which utilise routine data.

An evaluation of serum soluble CD30 levels and serum CD26 (DPPIV) enzyme activity as markers of type 2 and type 1 cytokines in HIV patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy

PubMed Central

Keane, N M; Price, P; Lee, S; Stone, S F; French, M A

2001-01-01

This study evaluates serum CD26 (dipeptidyl peptidase IV, DPPIV) enzyme activity and serum levels of soluble CD30 as markers of T1 and T2 cytokine environments in HIV patients who achieved immune reconstitution after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Patients who had experienced inflammatory disease associated with pre-existent opportunistic infections after HAART (immune restoration diseases, IRD) were considered separately. Serum sCD30 levels and CD26 (DPPIV) enzyme activity were compared with IFN-γ production by PBMC cultured with cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen in controls and patient groups. High sCD30 levels were associated with low IFN-γ production after antigenic stimulation in control subjects and, to a lesser extent, in immune reconstituted HIV patients. There was no association between serum CD26 (DPPIV) enzyme activity and IFN-γ production or sCD30 levels. Serum sCD30 levels and CD26 (DPPIV) enzyme activity were significantly increased in immune reconstituted patients with high HIV viral loads. Patients who had experienced CMV retinitis as an IRD had significantly higher sCD30 levels than all other patient groups. Hence, high sCD30 levels may be a marker of a T2 cytokine environment in HIV patients with immune reconstitution and are associated with higher HIV viral loads and a history of CMV associated IRD. PMID:11678906

Wave inhibition by sea ice enables trans-Atlantic ice rafting of debris during Heinrich Events

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wagner, T. J. W.; Dell, R.; Eisenman, I.; Keeling, R. F.; Padman, L.; Severinghaus, J. P.

2017-12-01

The thickness of the ice-rafted debris (IRD) layers that signal Heinrich Events declines far more gradually with distance from the iceberg sources than would be expected based on present-day iceberg trajectories. Here we model icebergs as passive Lagrangian tracers driven by ocean currents, winds, and sea surface temperatures. The icebergs are released in a comprehensive climate model simulation of the last glacial maximum (LGM), as well as a simulation of the modern climate. The two simulated climates result in qualitatively similar distributions of iceberg meltwater and hence debris, with the colder temperatures of the LGM having only a relatively small effect on meltwater spread. In both scenarios, meltwater flux falls off rapidly with zonal distance from the source, in contrast with the more uniform spread of IRD in sediment cores. In order to address this discrepancy, we propose a physical mechanism that could have prolonged the lifetime of icebergs during Heinrich events. The mechanism involves a surface layer of cold and fresh meltwater formed from, and retained around, densely packed armadas of icebergs. This leads to wintertime sea ice formation even in relatively low latitudes. The sea ice in turn shields the icebergs from wave erosion, which is the main source of iceberg ablation. We find that allowing sea ice to form around all icebergs during four months each winter causes the model to approximately agree with the distribution of IRD in sediment cores.

New TFII-I family target genes involved in embryonic development.

PubMed

Makeyev, Aleksandr V; Bayarsaihan, Dashzeveg

2009-09-04

Two members of the TFII-I family transcription factor genes, GTF2I and GTF2IRD1, are the prime candidates responsible for the craniofacial and cognitive abnormalities of Williams syndrome patients. We have previously generated mouse lines with targeted disruption of Gtf2i and Gtf2ird1. Microarray analysis revealed significant changes in the expression profile of mutant embryos. Here we described three unknown genes that were dramatically down-regulated in mutants. The 2410018M08Rik/Scand3 gene encodes a protein of unknown function with CHCH and hATC domains. Scand3 is down-regulated during mouse embryonic stem cell (ES) differentiation. 4933436H12Rik is a testis-specific gene, which encodes a protein with no known domains. It is expressed in mouse ES cells. 1110008P08Rik/Kbtbd7 encodes an adapter protein with BTB/POZ, BACK, and Kelch motifs, previously shown to recruit substrates to the enzymatic complexes of the histone modifying or E3 ubiquitin ligase activities. Based on its expression pattern Kbtbd7 may have a specific role in brain development and function. All three genes possess well-conserved TFII-I-binding consensus sites within proximal promoters. Therefore our analysis suggests that these genes can be direct targets of TFII-I proteins and their impaired expression, as a result of the GTF2I and GTF2IRD1 haploinsufficiency, could contribute to the etiology of Williams syndrome.

Andrew integrated reservoir description

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Todd, S.P.

1996-12-31

The Andrew field is an oil and gas accumulation in Palaeocene deep marine sands in the Central North Sea. It is currently being developed with mainly horizontal oil producers. Because of the field`s relatively small reserves (mean 118 mmbbls), the performance of each of the 10 or so horizontal wells is highly important. Reservoir description work at sanction time concentrated on supporting the case that the field could be developed commercially with the minimum number of wells. The present Integrated Reservoir Description (IRD) is focussed on delivering the next level of detail that will impact the understanding of the localmore » reservoir architecture and dynamic performance of each well. Highlights of Andrew IRD Include: (1) Use of a Reservoir Uncertainty Statement (RUS) developed at sanction time to focus the descriptive effort of both asset, support and contract petrotechnical staff, (2) High resolution biostratigraphic correlation to support confident zonation of the reservoir, (3) Detailed sedimentological analysis of the core including the use of dipmeter to interpret channel/sheet architecture to provide new insights into reservoir heterogeneity; (4) Integrated petrographical and petrophysical investigation of the controls on Sw-Height and relative permeability of water; (5) Fluids description using oil geochemistry and Residual Salt Analysis Sr isotope studies. Andrew IRD has highlighted several important risks to well performance, including the influence of more heterolithic intervals on gas breakthrough and the controls on water coning exerted by suppressed water relative permeability in the transition zone.« less

Andrew integrated reservoir description

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Todd, S.P.

1996-01-01

The Andrew field is an oil and gas accumulation in Palaeocene deep marine sands in the Central North Sea. It is currently being developed with mainly horizontal oil producers. Because of the field's relatively small reserves (mean 118 mmbbls), the performance of each of the 10 or so horizontal wells is highly important. Reservoir description work at sanction time concentrated on supporting the case that the field could be developed commercially with the minimum number of wells. The present Integrated Reservoir Description (IRD) is focussed on delivering the next level of detail that will impact the understanding of the localmore » reservoir architecture and dynamic performance of each well. Highlights of Andrew IRD Include: (1) Use of a Reservoir Uncertainty Statement (RUS) developed at sanction time to focus the descriptive effort of both asset, support and contract petrotechnical staff, (2) High resolution biostratigraphic correlation to support confident zonation of the reservoir, (3) Detailed sedimentological analysis of the core including the use of dipmeter to interpret channel/sheet architecture to provide new insights into reservoir heterogeneity; (4) Integrated petrographical and petrophysical investigation of the controls on Sw-Height and relative permeability of water; (5) Fluids description using oil geochemistry and Residual Salt Analysis Sr isotope studies. Andrew IRD has highlighted several important risks to well performance, including the influence of more heterolithic intervals on gas breakthrough and the controls on water coning exerted by suppressed water relative permeability in the transition zone.« less

Highly undersampled MR image reconstruction using an improved dual-dictionary learning method with self-adaptive dictionaries.

PubMed

Li, Jiansen; Song, Ying; Zhu, Zhen; Zhao, Jun

2017-05-01

Dual-dictionary learning (Dual-DL) method utilizes both a low-resolution dictionary and a high-resolution dictionary, which are co-trained for sparse coding and image updating, respectively. It can effectively exploit a priori knowledge regarding the typical structures, specific features, and local details of training sets images. The prior knowledge helps to improve the reconstruction quality greatly. This method has been successfully applied in magnetic resonance (MR) image reconstruction. However, it relies heavily on the training sets, and dictionaries are fixed and nonadaptive. In this research, we improve Dual-DL by using self-adaptive dictionaries. The low- and high-resolution dictionaries are updated correspondingly along with the image updating stage to ensure their self-adaptivity. The updated dictionaries incorporate both the prior information of the training sets and the test image directly. Both dictionaries feature improved adaptability. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can efficiently and significantly improve the quality and robustness of MR image reconstruction.

What Dictionary to Use? A Closer Look at the "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary," the "Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English" and the "Longman Lexicon of Contempory English."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shaw, A. M.

1983-01-01

Three dictionaries are compared for their usefulness to teachers of English as a foreign language, teachers in training, students, and other users of English as a foreign language. The issue of monolingual versus bilingual dictionary format is discussed, and a previous analysis of the two bilingual dictionaries is summarized. Pronunciation…

A Microcomputer E-Book—A Database System for Patient Care Experience Using A Personalized Data Dictionary

PubMed Central

Hepler, Kevin M.

1983-01-01

This paper is a description of a computerized E-book system for maintaining a record of patient care experience. It uses a microcomputer and a specially-written file management program. Its features include a dictionary that is developed by the user to permit easy data entry and retrieval while maintaining compatibility with standard reporting codes. The author of this paper has used this system to maintain a list of more than 3,500 patient contacts during a three year family practice residency at the University of Missouri-Columbia and has found it useful in his education.

DICTIONARIES AND LANGUAGE CHANGE.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

POOLEY, ROBERT C.

TWO VIEWS OF A DICTIONARY'S PURPOSE CAME INTO SHARP CONFLICT UPON THE PUBLICATION OF WEBSTER'S "THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY." THE FIRST VIEW IS THAT A DICTIONARY IS A REFERENCE BOOK ON LANGUAGE ETIQUETTE, AN AUTHORITY FOR MAINTAINING THE PURITY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. THE SECOND IS THAT A DICTIONARY IS A SCIENTIFIC…

Do Dictionaries Help Students Write?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nesi, Hilary

Examples are given of real lexical errors made by learner writers, and consideration is given to the way in which three learners' dictionaries could deal with the lexical items that were misused. The dictionaries were the "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary," the "Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English," and the "Chambers Universal Learners'…

Information on Quantifiers and Argument Structure in English Learner's Dictionaries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lee, Thomas Hun-tak

1993-01-01

Lexicographers have been arguing for the inclusion of abstract and complex grammatical information in dictionaries. This paper examines the extent to which information about quantifiers and the argument structure of verbs is encoded in English learner's dictionaries. The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (1989), the Longman Dictionary of…

Students' Understanding of Dictionary Entries: A Study with Respect to Four Learners' Dictionaries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jana, Abhra; Amritavalli, Vijaya; Amritavalli, R.

2003-01-01

Investigates the effects of definitional information in the form of dictionary entries, on second language learners' vocabulary learning in an instructed setting. Indian students (Native Hindi speakers) of English received monolingual English dictionary entries of five previously unknown words from four different learner's dictionaries. Results…

Seismic classification through sparse filter dictionaries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hickmann, Kyle Scott; Srinivasan, Gowri

We tackle a multi-label classi cation problem involving the relation between acoustic- pro le features and the measured seismogram. To isolate components of the seismo- grams unique to each class of acoustic pro le we build dictionaries of convolutional lters. The convolutional- lter dictionaries for the individual classes are then combined into a large dictionary for the entire seismogram set. A given seismogram is classi ed by computing its representation in the large dictionary and then comparing reconstruction accuracy with this representation using each of the sub-dictionaries. The sub-dictionary with the minimal reconstruction error identi es the seismogram class.

Adaptive structured dictionary learning for image fusion based on group-sparse-representation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Jiajie; Sun, Bin; Luo, Chengwei; Wu, Yuzhong; Xu, Limei

2018-04-01

Dictionary learning is the key process of sparse representation which is one of the most widely used image representation theories in image fusion. The existing dictionary learning method does not use the group structure information and the sparse coefficients well. In this paper, we propose a new adaptive structured dictionary learning algorithm and a l1-norm maximum fusion rule that innovatively utilizes grouped sparse coefficients to merge the images. In the dictionary learning algorithm, we do not need prior knowledge about any group structure of the dictionary. By using the characteristics of the dictionary in expressing the signal, our algorithm can automatically find the desired potential structure information that hidden in the dictionary. The fusion rule takes the physical meaning of the group structure dictionary, and makes activity-level judgement on the structure information when the images are being merged. Therefore, the fused image can retain more significant information. Comparisons have been made with several state-of-the-art dictionary learning methods and fusion rules. The experimental results demonstrate that, the dictionary learning algorithm and the fusion rule both outperform others in terms of several objective evaluation metrics.

Process and methodology of developing Cassini G and C Telemetry Dictionary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kan, Edwin P.

1994-01-01

While the Cassini spacecraft telemetry design had taken on the new approach of 'packetized telemetry', the AACS (Attitude and Articulation Subsystem) had further extended into the design of 'mini-packets' in its telemetry system. Such telemetry packet and mini-packet design produced the AACS Telemetry Dictionary; iterations of the latter in turn provided changes to the former. The ultimate goals were to achieve maximum telemetry packing density, optimize the 'freshness' of more time-critical data, and to effect flexibility, i.e., multiple AACS data collection schemes, without needing to change the overall spacecraft telemetry mode. This paper describes such a systematic process and methodology, evidenced by various design products related to, or as part of, the AACS Telemetry Dictionary.

Chemical entity recognition in patents by combining dictionary-based and statistical approaches

PubMed Central

Akhondi, Saber A.; Pons, Ewoud; Afzal, Zubair; van Haagen, Herman; Becker, Benedikt F.H.; Hettne, Kristina M.; van Mulligen, Erik M.; Kors, Jan A.

2016-01-01

We describe the development of a chemical entity recognition system and its application in the CHEMDNER-patent track of BioCreative 2015. This community challenge includes a Chemical Entity Mention in Patents (CEMP) recognition task and a Chemical Passage Detection (CPD) classification task. We addressed both tasks by an ensemble system that combines a dictionary-based approach with a statistical one. For this purpose the performance of several lexical resources was assessed using Peregrine, our open-source indexing engine. We combined our dictionary-based results on the patent corpus with the results of tmChem, a chemical recognizer using a conditional random field classifier. To improve the performance of tmChem, we utilized three additional features, viz. part-of-speech tags, lemmas and word-vector clusters. When evaluated on the training data, our final system obtained an F-score of 85.21% for the CEMP task, and an accuracy of 91.53% for the CPD task. On the test set, the best system ranked sixth among 21 teams for CEMP with an F-score of 86.82%, and second among nine teams for CPD with an accuracy of 94.23%. The differences in performance between the best ensemble system and the statistical system separately were small. Database URL: http://biosemantics.org/chemdner-patents PMID:27141091

Coupled dictionary learning for joint MR image restoration and segmentation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Xuesong; Fan, Yong

2018-03-01

To achieve better segmentation of MR images, image restoration is typically used as a preprocessing step, especially for low-quality MR images. Recent studies have demonstrated that dictionary learning methods could achieve promising performance for both image restoration and image segmentation. These methods typically learn paired dictionaries of image patches from different sources and use a common sparse representation to characterize paired image patches, such as low-quality image patches and their corresponding high quality counterparts for the image restoration, and image patches and their corresponding segmentation labels for the image segmentation. Since learning these dictionaries jointly in a unified framework may improve the image restoration and segmentation simultaneously, we propose a coupled dictionary learning method to concurrently learn dictionaries for joint image restoration and image segmentation based on sparse representations in a multi-atlas image segmentation framework. Particularly, three dictionaries, including a dictionary of low quality image patches, a dictionary of high quality image patches, and a dictionary of segmentation label patches, are learned in a unified framework so that the learned dictionaries of image restoration and segmentation can benefit each other. Our method has been evaluated for segmenting the hippocampus in MR T1 images collected with scanners of different magnetic field strengths. The experimental results have demonstrated that our method achieved better image restoration and segmentation performance than state of the art dictionary learning and sparse representation based image restoration and image segmentation methods.

Dictionaries and distributions: Combining expert knowledge and large scale textual data content analysis : Distributed dictionary representation.

PubMed

Garten, Justin; Hoover, Joe; Johnson, Kate M; Boghrati, Reihane; Iskiwitch, Carol; Dehghani, Morteza

2018-02-01

Theory-driven text analysis has made extensive use of psychological concept dictionaries, leading to a wide range of important results. These dictionaries have generally been applied through word count methods which have proven to be both simple and effective. In this paper, we introduce Distributed Dictionary Representations (DDR), a method that applies psychological dictionaries using semantic similarity rather than word counts. This allows for the measurement of the similarity between dictionaries and spans of text ranging from complete documents to individual words. We show how DDR enables dictionary authors to place greater emphasis on construct validity without sacrificing linguistic coverage. We further demonstrate the benefits of DDR on two real-world tasks and finally conduct an extensive study of the interaction between dictionary size and task performance. These studies allow us to examine how DDR and word count methods complement one another as tools for applying concept dictionaries and where each is best applied. Finally, we provide references to tools and resources to make this method both available and accessible to a broad psychological audience.

Tensor Dictionary Learning for Positive Definite Matrices.

PubMed

Sivalingam, Ravishankar; Boley, Daniel; Morellas, Vassilios; Papanikolopoulos, Nikolaos

2015-11-01

Sparse models have proven to be extremely successful in image processing and computer vision. However, a majority of the effort has been focused on sparse representation of vectors and low-rank models for general matrices. The success of sparse modeling, along with popularity of region covariances, has inspired the development of sparse coding approaches for these positive definite descriptors. While in earlier work, the dictionary was formed from all, or a random subset of, the training signals, it is clearly advantageous to learn a concise dictionary from the entire training set. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for dictionary learning over positive definite matrices. The dictionary is learned by alternating minimization between sparse coding and dictionary update stages, and different atom update methods are described. A discriminative version of the dictionary learning approach is also proposed, which simultaneously learns dictionaries for different classes in classification or clustering. Experimental results demonstrate the advantage of learning dictionaries from data both from reconstruction and classification viewpoints. Finally, a software library is presented comprising C++ binaries for all the positive definite sparse coding and dictionary learning approaches presented here.

Medical and dermatology dictionaries: an examination of unstructured definitions and a proposal for the future.

PubMed

DeVries, David Todd; Papier, Art; Byrnes, Jennifer; Goldsmith, Lowell A

2004-01-01

Medical dictionaries serve to describe and clarify the term set used by medical professionals. In this commentary, we analyze a representative set of skin disease definitions from 2 prominent medical dictionaries, Stedman's Medical Dictionary and Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. We find that there is an apparent lack of stylistic standards with regard to content and form. We advocate a new standard form for the definition of medical terminology, a standard to complement the easy-to-read yet unstructured style of the traditional dictionary entry. This new form offers a reproducible structure, paving the way for the development of a computer readable "dictionary" of medical terminology. Such a dictionary offers immediate update capability and a fundamental improvement in the ability to search for relationships between terms.

Data-Dictionary-Editing Program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cumming, A. P.

1989-01-01

Access to data-dictionary relations and attributes made more convenient. Data Dictionary Editor (DDE) application program provides more convenient read/write access to data-dictionary table ("descriptions table") via data screen using SMARTQUERY function keys. Provides three main advantages: (1) User works with table names and field names rather than with table numbers and field numbers, (2) Provides online access to definitions of data-dictionary keys, and (3) Provides displayed summary list that shows, for each datum, which data-dictionary entries currently exist for any specific relation or attribute. Computer program developed to give developers of data bases more convenient access to the OMNIBASE VAX/IDM data-dictionary relations and attributes.

Dictionary Learning Algorithms for Sparse Representation

PubMed Central

Kreutz-Delgado, Kenneth; Murray, Joseph F.; Rao, Bhaskar D.; Engan, Kjersti; Lee, Te-Won; Sejnowski, Terrence J.

2010-01-01

Algorithms for data-driven learning of domain-specific overcomplete dictionaries are developed to obtain maximum likelihood and maximum a posteriori dictionary estimates based on the use of Bayesian models with concave/Schur-concave (CSC) negative log priors. Such priors are appropriate for obtaining sparse representations of environmental signals within an appropriately chosen (environmentally matched) dictionary. The elements of the dictionary can be interpreted as concepts, features, or words capable of succinct expression of events encountered in the environment (the source of the measured signals). This is a generalization of vector quantization in that one is interested in a description involving a few dictionary entries (the proverbial “25 words or less”), but not necessarily as succinct as one entry. To learn an environmentally adapted dictionary capable of concise expression of signals generated by the environment, we develop algorithms that iterate between a representative set of sparse representations found by variants of FOCUSS and an update of the dictionary using these sparse representations. Experiments were performed using synthetic data and natural images. For complete dictionaries, we demonstrate that our algorithms have improved performance over other independent component analysis (ICA) methods, measured in terms of signal-to-noise ratios of separated sources. In the overcomplete case, we show that the true underlying dictionary and sparse sources can be accurately recovered. In tests with natural images, learned overcomplete dictionaries are shown to have higher coding efficiency than complete dictionaries; that is, images encoded with an over-complete dictionary have both higher compression (fewer bits per pixel) and higher accuracy (lower mean square error). PMID:12590811

Nonparametric, Coupled ,Bayesian ,Dictionary ,and Classifier Learning for Hyperspectral Classification.

PubMed

Akhtar, Naveed; Mian, Ajmal

2017-10-03

We present a principled approach to learn a discriminative dictionary along a linear classifier for hyperspectral classification. Our approach places Gaussian Process priors over the dictionary to account for the relative smoothness of the natural spectra, whereas the classifier parameters are sampled from multivariate Gaussians. We employ two Beta-Bernoulli processes to jointly infer the dictionary and the classifier. These processes are coupled under the same sets of Bernoulli distributions. In our approach, these distributions signify the frequency of the dictionary atom usage in representing class-specific training spectra, which also makes the dictionary discriminative. Due to the coupling between the dictionary and the classifier, the popularity of the atoms for representing different classes gets encoded into the classifier. This helps in predicting the class labels of test spectra that are first represented over the dictionary by solving a simultaneous sparse optimization problem. The labels of the spectra are predicted by feeding the resulting representations to the classifier. Our approach exploits the nonparametric Bayesian framework to automatically infer the dictionary size--the key parameter in discriminative dictionary learning. Moreover, it also has the desirable property of adaptively learning the association between the dictionary atoms and the class labels by itself. We use Gibbs sampling to infer the posterior probability distributions over the dictionary and the classifier under the proposed model, for which, we derive analytical expressions. To establish the effectiveness of our approach, we test it on benchmark hyperspectral images. The classification performance is compared with the state-of-the-art dictionary learning-based classification methods.

Fast Low-Rank Shared Dictionary Learning for Image Classification.

PubMed

Tiep Huu Vu; Monga, Vishal

2017-11-01

Despite the fact that different objects possess distinct class-specific features, they also usually share common patterns. This observation has been exploited partially in a recently proposed dictionary learning framework by separating the particularity and the commonality (COPAR). Inspired by this, we propose a novel method to explicitly and simultaneously learn a set of common patterns as well as class-specific features for classification with more intuitive constraints. Our dictionary learning framework is hence characterized by both a shared dictionary and particular (class-specific) dictionaries. For the shared dictionary, we enforce a low-rank constraint, i.e., claim that its spanning subspace should have low dimension and the coefficients corresponding to this dictionary should be similar. For the particular dictionaries, we impose on them the well-known constraints stated in the Fisher discrimination dictionary learning (FDDL). Furthermore, we develop new fast and accurate algorithms to solve the subproblems in the learning step, accelerating its convergence. The said algorithms could also be applied to FDDL and its extensions. The efficiencies of these algorithms are theoretically and experimentally verified by comparing their complexities and running time with those of other well-known dictionary learning methods. Experimental results on widely used image data sets establish the advantages of our method over the state-of-the-art dictionary learning methods.

Fast Low-Rank Shared Dictionary Learning for Image Classification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vu, Tiep Huu; Monga, Vishal

2017-11-01

Despite the fact that different objects possess distinct class-specific features, they also usually share common patterns. This observation has been exploited partially in a recently proposed dictionary learning framework by separating the particularity and the commonality (COPAR). Inspired by this, we propose a novel method to explicitly and simultaneously learn a set of common patterns as well as class-specific features for classification with more intuitive constraints. Our dictionary learning framework is hence characterized by both a shared dictionary and particular (class-specific) dictionaries. For the shared dictionary, we enforce a low-rank constraint, i.e. claim that its spanning subspace should have low dimension and the coefficients corresponding to this dictionary should be similar. For the particular dictionaries, we impose on them the well-known constraints stated in the Fisher discrimination dictionary learning (FDDL). Further, we develop new fast and accurate algorithms to solve the subproblems in the learning step, accelerating its convergence. The said algorithms could also be applied to FDDL and its extensions. The efficiencies of these algorithms are theoretically and experimentally verified by comparing their complexities and running time with those of other well-known dictionary learning methods. Experimental results on widely used image datasets establish the advantages of our method over state-of-the-art dictionary learning methods.

A Study of Comparatively Low Achievement Students' Bilingualized Dictionary Use and Their English Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chen, Szu-An

2016-01-01

This study investigates bilingualized dictionary use of Taiwanese university students. It aims to examine EFL learners' overall dictionary use behavior and their perspectives on book dictionary as well as the necessity of advance guidance in using dictionaries. Data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed by SPSS 15.0. Findings indicate…

Using Different Types of Dictionaries for Improving EFL Reading Comprehension and Vocabulary Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alharbi, Majed A.

2016-01-01

This study investigated the effects of monolingual book dictionaries, popup dictionaries, and type-in dictionaries on improving reading comprehension and vocabulary learning in an EFL program. An experimental design involving four groups and a post-test was chosen for the experiment: (1) pop-up dictionary (experimental group 1); (2) type-in…

Students Working with an English Learners' Dictionary on CD-ROM.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Winkler, Birgit

This paper examines the growing literature on pedagogical lexicography and the growing focus on how well the learner uses the dictionary in second language learning. Dictionaries are becoming more user-friendly. This study used the writing task to reveal new insights into how students use a CD-ROM dictionary. It found a lack of dictionary-using…

The Effects of Dictionary Use on the Vocabulary Learning Strategies Used by Language Learners of Spanish.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hsien-jen, Chin

This study investigated the effects of dictionary use on the vocabulary learning strategies used by intermediate college-level Spanish learners to understand new vocabulary items in a reading test. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: control (without a dictionary), bilingual dictionary (using a Spanish-English dictionary),…

An object-oriented design for automated navigation of semantic networks inside a medical data dictionary.

PubMed

Ruan, W; Bürkle, T; Dudeck, J

2000-01-01

In this paper we present a data dictionary server for the automated navigation of information sources. The underlying knowledge is represented within a medical data dictionary. The mapping between medical terms and information sources is based on a semantic network. The key aspect of implementing the dictionary server is how to represent the semantic network in a way that is easier to navigate and to operate, i.e. how to abstract the semantic network and to represent it in memory for various operations. This paper describes an object-oriented design based on Java that represents the semantic network in terms of a group of objects. A node and its relationships to its neighbors are encapsulated in one object. Based on such a representation model, several operations have been implemented. They comprise the extraction of parts of the semantic network which can be reached from a given node as well as finding all paths between a start node and a predefined destination node. This solution is independent of any given layout of the semantic structure. Therefore the module, called Giessen Data Dictionary Server can act independent of a specific clinical information system. The dictionary server will be used to present clinical information, e.g. treatment guidelines or drug information sources to the clinician in an appropriate working context. The server is invoked from clinical documentation applications which contain an infobutton. Automated navigation will guide the user to all the information relevant to her/his topic, which is currently available inside our closed clinical network.

Improving the Incoherence of a Learned Dictionary via Rank Shrinkage.

PubMed

Ubaru, Shashanka; Seghouane, Abd-Krim; Saad, Yousef

2017-01-01

This letter considers the problem of dictionary learning for sparse signal representation whose atoms have low mutual coherence. To learn such dictionaries, at each step, we first update the dictionary using the method of optimal directions (MOD) and then apply a dictionary rank shrinkage step to decrease its mutual coherence. In the rank shrinkage step, we first compute a rank 1 decomposition of the column-normalized least squares estimate of the dictionary obtained from the MOD step. We then shrink the rank of this learned dictionary by transforming the problem of reducing the rank to a nonnegative garrotte estimation problem and solving it using a path-wise coordinate descent approach. We establish theoretical results that show that the rank shrinkage step included will reduce the coherence of the dictionary, which is further validated by experimental results. Numerical experiments illustrating the performance of the proposed algorithm in comparison to various other well-known dictionary learning algorithms are also presented.

Comparing Visual and Statistical Analysis of Multiple Baseline Design Graphs.

PubMed

Wolfe, Katie; Dickenson, Tammiee S; Miller, Bridget; McGrath, Kathleen V

2018-04-01

A growing number of statistical analyses are being developed for single-case research. One important factor in evaluating these methods is the extent to which each corresponds to visual analysis. Few studies have compared statistical and visual analysis, and information about more recently developed statistics is scarce. Therefore, our purpose was to evaluate the agreement between visual analysis and four statistical analyses: improvement rate difference (IRD); Tau-U; Hedges, Pustejovsky, Shadish (HPS) effect size; and between-case standardized mean difference (BC-SMD). Results indicate that IRD and BC-SMD had the strongest overall agreement with visual analysis. Although Tau-U had strong agreement with visual analysis on raw values, it had poorer agreement when those values were dichotomized to represent the presence or absence of a functional relation. Overall, visual analysis appeared to be more conservative than statistical analysis, but further research is needed to evaluate the nature of these disagreements.

Moderating factors of video-modeling with other as model: a meta-analysis of single-case studies.

PubMed

Mason, Rose A; Ganz, Jennifer B; Parker, Richard I; Burke, Mack D; Camargo, Siglia P

2012-01-01

Video modeling with other as model (VMO) is a more practical method for implementing video-based modeling techniques, such as video self-modeling, which requires significantly more editing. Despite this, identification of contextual factors such as participant characteristics and targeted outcomes that moderate the effectiveness of VMO has not previously been explored. The purpose of this study was to meta-analytically evaluate the evidence base of VMO with individuals with disabilities to determine if participant characteristics and targeted outcomes moderate the effectiveness of the intervention. Findings indicate that VMO is highly effective for participants with autism spectrum disorder (IRD=.83) and moderately effective for participants with developmental disabilities (IRD=.68). However, differential effects are indicated across levels of moderators for diagnoses and targeted outcomes. Implications for practice and future research are discussed. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comparing Single Case Design Overlap-Based Effect Size Metrics From Studies Examining Speech Generating Device Interventions

PubMed Central

Chen, Mo; Hyppa-Martin, Jolene K.; Reichle, Joe E.; Symons, Frank J.

2017-01-01

Meaningfully synthesizing single case experimental data from intervention studies comprised of individuals with low incidence conditions and generating effect size estimates remains challenging. Seven effect size metrics were compared for single case design (SCD) data focused on teaching speech generating device use to individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) with moderate to profound levels of impairment. The effect size metrics included percent of data points exceeding the median (PEM), percent of nonoverlapping data (PND), improvement rate difference (IRD), percent of all nonoverlapping data (PAND), Phi, nonoverlap of all pairs (NAP), and Taunovlap. Results showed that among the seven effect size metrics, PAND, Phi, IRD, and PND were more effective in quantifying intervention effects for the data sample (N = 285 phase or condition contrasts). Results are discussed with respect to issues concerning extracting and calculating effect sizes, visual analysis, and SCD intervention research in IDD. PMID:27119210

The Making of the "Oxford English Dictionary."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Winchester, Simon

2003-01-01

Summarizes remarks made to open the Gallaudet University conference on Dictionaries and the Standardization of languages. It concerns the making of what is arguably the world's greatest dictionary, "The Oxford English Dictionary." (VWL)

A novel structured dictionary for fast processing of 3D medical images, with application to computed tomography restoration and denoising

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karimi, Davood; Ward, Rabab K.

2016-03-01

Sparse representation of signals in learned overcomplete dictionaries has proven to be a powerful tool with applications in denoising, restoration, compression, reconstruction, and more. Recent research has shown that learned overcomplete dictionaries can lead to better results than analytical dictionaries such as wavelets in almost all image processing applications. However, a major disadvantage of these dictionaries is that their learning and usage is very computationally intensive. In particular, finding the sparse representation of a signal in these dictionaries requires solving an optimization problem that leads to very long computational times, especially in 3D image processing. Moreover, the sparse representation found by greedy algorithms is usually sub-optimal. In this paper, we propose a novel two-level dictionary structure that improves the performance and the speed of standard greedy sparse coding methods. The first (i.e., the top) level in our dictionary is a fixed orthonormal basis, whereas the second level includes the atoms that are learned from the training data. We explain how such a dictionary can be learned from the training data and how the sparse representation of a new signal in this dictionary can be computed. As an application, we use the proposed dictionary structure for removing the noise and artifacts in 3D computed tomography (CT) images. Our experiments with real CT images show that the proposed method achieves results that are comparable with standard dictionary-based methods while substantially reducing the computational time.

Dictionary Approaches to Image Compression and Reconstruction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ziyad, Nigel A.; Gilmore, Erwin T.; Chouikha, Mohamed F.

1998-01-01

This paper proposes using a collection of parameterized waveforms, known as a dictionary, for the purpose of medical image compression. These waveforms, denoted as phi(sub gamma), are discrete time signals, where gamma represents the dictionary index. A dictionary with a collection of these waveforms is typically complete or overcomplete. Given such a dictionary, the goal is to obtain a representation image based on the dictionary. We examine the effectiveness of applying Basis Pursuit (BP), Best Orthogonal Basis (BOB), Matching Pursuits (MP), and the Method of Frames (MOF) methods for the compression of digitized radiological images with a wavelet-packet dictionary. The performance of these algorithms is studied for medical images with and without additive noise.

Polarimetric SAR image classification based on discriminative dictionary learning model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sang, Cheng Wei; Sun, Hong

2018-03-01

Polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) image classification is one of the important applications of PolSAR remote sensing. It is a difficult high-dimension nonlinear mapping problem, the sparse representations based on learning overcomplete dictionary have shown great potential to solve such problem. The overcomplete dictionary plays an important role in PolSAR image classification, however for PolSAR image complex scenes, features shared by different classes will weaken the discrimination of learned dictionary, so as to degrade classification performance. In this paper, we propose a novel overcomplete dictionary learning model to enhance the discrimination of dictionary. The learned overcomplete dictionary by the proposed model is more discriminative and very suitable for PolSAR classification.

Dictionary Approaches to Image Compression and Reconstruction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ziyad, Nigel A.; Gilmore, Erwin T.; Chouikha, Mohamed F.

1998-01-01

This paper proposes using a collection of parameterized waveforms, known as a dictionary, for the purpose of medical image compression. These waveforms, denoted as lambda, are discrete time signals, where y represents the dictionary index. A dictionary with a collection of these waveforms Is typically complete or over complete. Given such a dictionary, the goal is to obtain a representation Image based on the dictionary. We examine the effectiveness of applying Basis Pursuit (BP), Best Orthogonal Basis (BOB), Matching Pursuits (MP), and the Method of Frames (MOF) methods for the compression of digitized radiological images with a wavelet-packet dictionary. The performance of these algorithms is studied for medical images with and without additive noise.

Evaluating Online Dictionaries From Faculty Prospective: A Case Study Performed On English Faculty Members At King Saud University--Wadi Aldawaser Branch

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Abouserie, Hossam Eldin Mohamed Refaat

2010-01-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate online dictionaries from faculty prospective. The study tried to obtain in depth information about various forms of dictionaries the faculty used; degree of awareness and accessing online dictionaries; types of online dictionaries accessed; basic features of information provided; major benefits gained…

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xu, Q; Han, H; Xing, L

Purpose: Dictionary learning based method has attracted more and more attentions in low-dose CT due to the superior performance on suppressing noise and preserving structural details. Considering the structures and noise vary from region to region in one imaging object, we propose a region-specific dictionary learning method to improve the low-dose CT reconstruction. Methods: A set of normal-dose images was used for dictionary learning. Segmentations were performed on these images, so that the training patch sets corresponding to different regions can be extracted out. After that, region-specific dictionaries were learned from these training sets. For the low-dose CT reconstruction, amore » conventional reconstruction, such as filtered back-projection (FBP), was performed firstly, and then segmentation was followed to segment the image into different regions. Sparsity constraints of each region based on its dictionary were used as regularization terms. The regularization parameters were selected adaptively according to different regions. A low-dose human thorax dataset was used to evaluate the proposed method. The single dictionary based method was performed for comparison. Results: Since the lung region is very different from the other part of thorax, two dictionaries corresponding to lung region and the rest part of thorax respectively were learned to better express the structural details and avoid artifacts. With only one dictionary some artifact appeared in the body region caused by the spot atoms corresponding to the structures in the lung region. And also some structure in the lung regions cannot be recovered well by only one dictionary. The quantitative indices of the result by the proposed method were also improved a little compared to the single dictionary based method. Conclusion: Region-specific dictionary can make the dictionary more adaptive to different region characteristics, which is much desirable for enhancing the performance of dictionary learning based method.« less

Organic Contamination Baseline Study: In NASA JSC Astromaterials Curation Laboratories. Summary Report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Calaway, Michael J.

2013-01-01

In preparation for OSIRIS-REx and other future sample return missions concerned with analyzing organics, we conducted an Organic Contamination Baseline Study for JSC Curation Labsoratories in FY12. For FY12 testing, organic baseline study focused only on molecular organic contamination in JSC curation gloveboxes: presumably future collections (i.e. Lunar, Mars, asteroid missions) would use isolation containment systems over only cleanrooms for primary sample storage. This decision was made due to limit historical data on curation gloveboxes, limited IR&D funds and Genesis routinely monitors organics in their ISO class 4 cleanrooms.

Improving imbalanced scientific text classification using sampling strategies and dictionaries.

PubMed

Borrajo, L; Romero, R; Iglesias, E L; Redondo Marey, C M

2011-09-15

Many real applications have the imbalanced class distribution problem, where one of the classes is represented by a very small number of cases compared to the other classes. One of the systems affected are those related to the recovery and classification of scientific documentation. Sampling strategies such as Oversampling and Subsampling are popular in tackling the problem of class imbalance. In this work, we study their effects on three types of classifiers (Knn, SVM and Naive-Bayes) when they are applied to search on the PubMed scientific database. Another purpose of this paper is to study the use of dictionaries in the classification of biomedical texts. Experiments are conducted with three different dictionaries (BioCreative, NLPBA, and an ad-hoc subset of the UniProt database named Protein) using the mentioned classifiers and sampling strategies. Best results were obtained with NLPBA and Protein dictionaries and the SVM classifier using the Subsampling balancing technique. These results were compared with those obtained by other authors using the TREC Genomics 2005 public corpus. Copyright 2011 The Author(s). Published by Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics.

Implementation of a platform dedicated to the biomedical analysis terminologies management

PubMed Central

Cormont, Sylvie; Vandenbussche, Pierre-Yves; Buemi, Antoine; Delahousse, Jean; Lepage, Eric; Charlet, Jean

2011-01-01

Background and objectives. Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) is implementing a new laboratory management system (LMS) common to the 12 hospital groups. First step to this process was to acquire a biological analysis dictionary. This dictionary is interfaced with the international nomenclature LOINC, and has been developed in collaboration with experts from all biological disciplines. In this paper we describe in three steps (modeling, data migration and integration/verification) the implementation of a platform for publishing and maintaining the AP-HP laboratory data dictionary (AnaBio). Material and Methods. Due to data complexity and volume, setting up a platform dedicated to the terminology management was a key requirement. This is an enhancement tackling identified weaknesses of previous spreadsheet tool. Our core model allows interoperability regarding data exchange standards and dictionary evolution. Results. We completed our goals within one year. In addition, structuring data representation has lead to a significant data quality improvement (impacting more than 10% of data). The platform is active in the 21 hospitals of the institution spread into 165 laboratories. PMID:22195205

Can Survival Bias Explain the Age Attenuation of Racial Inequalities in Stroke Incidence?: A Simulation Study.

PubMed

Mayeda, Elizabeth Rose; Banack, Hailey R; Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten; Zeki Al Hazzouri, Adina; Marden, Jessica R; Whitmer, Rachel A; Glymour, M Maria

2018-07-01

In middle age, stroke incidence is higher among black than white Americans. For unknown reasons, this inequality decreases and reverses with age. We conducted simulations to evaluate whether selective survival could account for observed age patterning of black-white stroke inequalities. We simulated birth cohorts of 20,000 blacks and 20,000 whites with survival distributions based on US life tables for the 1919-1921 birth cohort. We generated stroke incidence rates for ages 45-94 years using Reasons for Geographic and Racial Disparities in Stroke (REGARDS) study rates for whites and setting the effect of black race on stroke to incidence rate difference (IRD) = 20/10,000 person-years at all ages, the inequality observed at younger ages in REGARDS. We compared observed age-specific stroke incidence across scenarios, varying effects of U, representing unobserved factors influencing mortality and stroke risk. Despite a constant adverse effect of black race on stroke risk, the observed black-white inequality in stroke incidence attenuated at older age. When the hazard ratio for U on stroke was 1.5 for both blacks and whites, but U only directly influenced mortality for blacks (hazard ratio for U on mortality =1.5 for blacks; 1.0 for whites), stroke incidence rates in late life were lower among blacks (average observed IRD = -43/10,000 person-years at ages 85-94 years versus causal IRD = 20/10,000 person-years) and mirrored patterns observed in REGARDS. A relatively moderate unmeasured common cause of stroke and survival could fully account for observed age attenuation of racial inequalities in stroke.

Standardized Representation of Clinical Study Data Dictionaries with CIMI Archetypes.

PubMed

Sharma, Deepak K; Solbrig, Harold R; Prud'hommeaux, Eric; Pathak, Jyotishman; Jiang, Guoqian

2016-01-01

Researchers commonly use a tabular format to describe and represent clinical study data. The lack of standardization of data dictionary's metadata elements presents challenges for their harmonization for similar studies and impedes interoperability outside the local context. We propose that representing data dictionaries in the form of standardized archetypes can help to overcome this problem. The Archetype Modeling Language (AML) as developed by the Clinical Information Modeling Initiative (CIMI) can serve as a common format for the representation of data dictionary models. We mapped three different data dictionaries (identified from dbGAP, PheKB and TCGA) onto AML archetypes by aligning dictionary variable definitions with the AML archetype elements. The near complete alignment of data dictionaries helped map them into valid AML models that captured all data dictionary model metadata. The outcome of the work would help subject matter experts harmonize data models for quality, semantic interoperability and better downstream data integration.

An Online Dictionary Learning-Based Compressive Data Gathering Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

PubMed Central

Wang, Donghao; Wan, Jiangwen; Chen, Junying; Zhang, Qiang

2016-01-01

To adapt to sense signals of enormous diversities and dynamics, and to decrease the reconstruction errors caused by ambient noise, a novel online dictionary learning method-based compressive data gathering (ODL-CDG) algorithm is proposed. The proposed dictionary is learned from a two-stage iterative procedure, alternately changing between a sparse coding step and a dictionary update step. The self-coherence of the learned dictionary is introduced as a penalty term during the dictionary update procedure. The dictionary is also constrained with sparse structure. It’s theoretically demonstrated that the sensing matrix satisfies the restricted isometry property (RIP) with high probability. In addition, the lower bound of necessary number of measurements for compressive sensing (CS) reconstruction is given. Simulation results show that the proposed ODL-CDG algorithm can enhance the recovery accuracy in the presence of noise, and reduce the energy consumption in comparison with other dictionary based data gathering methods. PMID:27669250

An Online Dictionary Learning-Based Compressive Data Gathering Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks.

PubMed

Wang, Donghao; Wan, Jiangwen; Chen, Junying; Zhang, Qiang

2016-09-22

To adapt to sense signals of enormous diversities and dynamics, and to decrease the reconstruction errors caused by ambient noise, a novel online dictionary learning method-based compressive data gathering (ODL-CDG) algorithm is proposed. The proposed dictionary is learned from a two-stage iterative procedure, alternately changing between a sparse coding step and a dictionary update step. The self-coherence of the learned dictionary is introduced as a penalty term during the dictionary update procedure. The dictionary is also constrained with sparse structure. It's theoretically demonstrated that the sensing matrix satisfies the restricted isometry property (RIP) with high probability. In addition, the lower bound of necessary number of measurements for compressive sensing (CS) reconstruction is given. Simulation results show that the proposed ODL-CDG algorithm can enhance the recovery accuracy in the presence of noise, and reduce the energy consumption in comparison with other dictionary based data gathering methods.

The architecture of a distributed medical dictionary.

PubMed

Fowler, J; Buffone, G; Moreau, D

1995-01-01

Exploiting high-speed computer networks to provide a national medical information infrastructure is a goal for medical informatics. The Distributed Medical Dictionary under development at Baylor College of Medicine is a model for an architecture that supports collaborative development of a distributed online medical terminology knowledge-base. A prototype is described that illustrates the concept. Issues that must be addressed by such a system include high availability, acceptable response time, support for local idiom, and control of vocabulary.

A Relational Data Dictionary Compatible with the National Bureau of Standards Information Resource Dictionary System.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-12-01

85 UNCLSSIFIED F/ 3/2 NL mhhhhhhhhhhhhl 4y 1.0 &32 MICROCOPY RESOLUTIOf TEST CKART. N NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California DTIC ELECTE...Concern over corporate information resources has resulted from the explosive growth in the size, complexity and number of data bases available to...validity, and relevance, and usability of the data that is available. As a result , there has been a growing interest in two tools which .,%... provide

Reconstructing Southern Greenland Ice Sheet History During the Plio-Pleistocene Intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation: Insights from IODP Site U1307

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Blake-Mizen, K. R.; Hatfield, R. G.; Carlson, A. E.; Walczak, M. H.; Stoner, J. S.; Xuan, C.; Lawrence, K. T.; Bailey, I.

2017-12-01

Should it melt entirely, the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) has the potential to raise global sea-level by 7 metres. With the Arctic continuing to warm at a remarkable rate, to better understand how the GrIS will respond to future anthropogenically-induced climate change we must constrain its natural variability in the geological past. In this regard, much uncertainty exists surrounding its pre-Quaternary history; particularly during the mid-Piacenzian warm period (mPWP; 3.3-3.0 Ma) - widely considered an analogue for near-future equilibrium climate with modern atmospheric CO2 levels and elevated temperatures relative to today - and the late Pliocene/early Pleistocene onset of widespread Northern Hemisphere glaciation (NHG, 2.7 Ma). GrIS reconstructions for these intervals have been largely hampered by a lack of well-dated, high-resolution records from suitable sites. To address this, we present new high-resolution, multi-proxy records from IODP Site U1307, a North Atlantic marine sediment core recovered from the Eirik Drift just south of Greenland. Generation of a new high-resolution relative palaeointensity (RPI)-based age-model - representing the first of its kind for high-latitude sediments deposited during NHG - has enabled strong orbital age control. Our ice-rafted debris (IRD) record confirms a 2.72 Ma initiation of major southern GrIS marine-terminating glaciations, which appear to persist even through interglacial periods up to at least 2.24 Ma. XRF-scanning and IRD evidence suggests, however, that an ephemeral ice-cap of likely considerable size persisted on southern Greenland prior to the mPWP. These data, together with the analysed provenance of individual IRD, indicate marine-based GrIS margins extended southward over the NHG interval and only occurred on Greenland's southern tip from 2.7 Ma. Despite a large increase in the deposition of GrIS-derived IRD from this time, bulk sedimentation rates and magnetic grain-size dropped significantly, implying that the onset of NHG 2.7 Ma was associated with a change in the strength and/or depth of the Western Boundary Undercurrent at the site. IODP Site U1307 therefore provides a unique opportunity to constrain southern GrIS behaviour and deep-ocean response during these key climatic intervals, lending valuable lessons to future predictions.

The response of the Okhotsk Sea environment to the orbital-millennium global climate changes during the Last Glacial Maximum, deglaciation and Holocene

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gorbarenko, Sergey A.; Artemova, Antonina V.; Goldberg, Evgeniy L.; Vasilenko, Yuriy P.

2014-05-01

Reconstruction of regional climate and the Okhotsk Sea (OS) environment for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), deglaciation and Holocene was performed on the basis of high-resolution records of ice rafted debris (IRD), СаСО3, opal, total organic carbon (TOС), biogenic Ba (Ba_bio) and redox sensitive element (Mn, Mo) content, and diatom and pollen results of four cores that form a north-southern transect. Age models of the studied cores were earlier established by AMS 14C data, oxygen-isotope chronostratigraphy and tephrochronology. According to received results, since 25 ka the regional climate and OS environmental conditions have changed synchronously with LGM condition, cold Heinrich event 1, Bølling-Allerød (BA) warming, Younger Dryas (YD) cooling and Pre-Boreal (PB) warming recorded in the Greenland ice core, North Atlantic sediment, and China cave stalagmites. Calculation of IRD MAR in sediment of north-south transect cores indicates an increase of sea ice formation several times in the glacial OS as compared to the Late Holocene. Accompanying ice formation, increased brine rejection and the larger potential density of surface water at the north shelf due to a drop of glacial East Asia summer monsoon precipitation and Amur River run off, led to strong enhancement of the role of the OS in glacial North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) formation. The remarkable increase in OS productivity during BA and PB warming was probably related with significant reorganisation of the North Pacific deep water ventilation and nutrient input into the NPIW and OS Intermediate Water (OSIW). Seven Holocene OS millennial cold events based on the elevated values of the detrended IRD stack record over the IRD broad trend in the sediments of the studied cores have occurred synchronously with cold events recorded in the North Atlantic, Greenland ice cores and China cave stalagmites after 9 ka. Diatom production in the OS was mostly controlled by sea ice cover changes and surface water stratification induced by sea-ice melting; therefore significant opal accumulation in sediments of this basin begin from 4 to 6 ka ago simultaneously with a remarkable decrease of sea ice cover.

Freshening of the Labrador Sea as a trigger for Little Ice Age development

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alonso-Garcia, Montserrat; Kleiven, Helga (Kikki) F.; McManus, Jerry F.; Moffa-Sanchez, Paola; Broecker, Wallace S.; Flower, Benjamin P.

2017-04-01

Arctic freshwater discharges to the Labrador Sea from melting glaciers and sea ice can have a large impact on ocean circulation dynamics in the North Atlantic, modifying climate and deep water formation in this region. In this study, we present for the first time a high resolution record of ice rafting in the Labrador Sea over the last millennium to assess the effects of freshwater discharges in this region on ocean circulation and climate. The occurrence of ice-rafted debris (IRD) in the Labrador Sea was studied using sediments from Site GS06-144-03 (57.29° N, 48.37° W; 3432 m water depth). IRD from the fraction 63-150 µm shows particularly high concentrations during the intervals ˜ AD 1000-1100, ˜ 1150-1250, ˜ 1400-1450, ˜ 1650-1700 and ˜ 1750-1800. The first two intervals occurred during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), whereas the others took place within the Little Ice Age (LIA). Mineralogical identification indicates that the main IRD source during the MCA was SE Greenland. In contrast, the concentration and relative abundance of hematite-stained grains reflects an increase in the contribution of Arctic ice during the LIA. The comparison of our Labrador Sea IRD records with other climate proxies from the subpolar North Atlantic allowed us to propose a sequence of processes that led to the cooling that occurred during the LIA, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. This study reveals that the warm climate of the MCA may have enhanced iceberg calving along the SE Greenland coast and, as a result, freshened the subpolar gyre (SPG). Consequently, SPG circulation switched to a weaker mode and reduced convection in the Labrador Sea, decreasing its contribution to the North Atlantic deep water formation and, thus, reducing the amount of heat transported to high latitudes. This situation of weak SPG circulation may have made the North Atlantic climate more unstable, inducing a state in which external forcings (e.g. reduced solar irradiance and volcanic eruptions) could easily drive periods of severe cold conditions in Europe and the North Atlantic like the LIA. This analysis indicates that a freshening of the SPG may play a crucial role in the development of cold events during the Holocene, which may be of key importance for predictions about future climate.

A dictionary based informational genome analysis

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background In the post-genomic era several methods of computational genomics are emerging to understand how the whole information is structured within genomes. Literature of last five years accounts for several alignment-free methods, arisen as alternative metrics for dissimilarity of biological sequences. Among the others, recent approaches are based on empirical frequencies of DNA k-mers in whole genomes. Results Any set of words (factors) occurring in a genome provides a genomic dictionary. About sixty genomes were analyzed by means of informational indexes based on genomic dictionaries, where a systemic view replaces a local sequence analysis. A software prototype applying a methodology here outlined carried out some computations on genomic data. We computed informational indexes, built the genomic dictionaries with different sizes, along with frequency distributions. The software performed three main tasks: computation of informational indexes, storage of these in a database, index analysis and visualization. The validation was done by investigating genomes of various organisms. A systematic analysis of genomic repeats of several lengths, which is of vivid interest in biology (for example to compute excessively represented functional sequences, such as promoters), was discussed, and suggested a method to define synthetic genetic networks. Conclusions We introduced a methodology based on dictionaries, and an efficient motif-finding software application for comparative genomics. This approach could be extended along many investigation lines, namely exported in other contexts of computational genomics, as a basis for discrimination of genomic pathologies. PMID:22985068

Bayesian nonparametric dictionary learning for compressed sensing MRI.

PubMed

Huang, Yue; Paisley, John; Lin, Qin; Ding, Xinghao; Fu, Xueyang; Zhang, Xiao-Ping

2014-12-01

We develop a Bayesian nonparametric model for reconstructing magnetic resonance images (MRIs) from highly undersampled k -space data. We perform dictionary learning as part of the image reconstruction process. To this end, we use the beta process as a nonparametric dictionary learning prior for representing an image patch as a sparse combination of dictionary elements. The size of the dictionary and patch-specific sparsity pattern are inferred from the data, in addition to other dictionary learning variables. Dictionary learning is performed directly on the compressed image, and so is tailored to the MRI being considered. In addition, we investigate a total variation penalty term in combination with the dictionary learning model, and show how the denoising property of dictionary learning removes dependence on regularization parameters in the noisy setting. We derive a stochastic optimization algorithm based on Markov chain Monte Carlo for the Bayesian model, and use the alternating direction method of multipliers for efficiently performing total variation minimization. We present empirical results on several MRI, which show that the proposed regularization framework can improve reconstruction accuracy over other methods.

Sparsity-promoting orthogonal dictionary updating for image reconstruction from highly undersampled magnetic resonance data.

PubMed

Huang, Jinhong; Guo, Li; Feng, Qianjin; Chen, Wufan; Feng, Yanqiu

2015-07-21

Image reconstruction from undersampled k-space data accelerates magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by exploiting image sparseness in certain transform domains. Employing image patch representation over a learned dictionary has the advantage of being adaptive to local image structures and thus can better sparsify images than using fixed transforms (e.g. wavelets and total variations). Dictionary learning methods have recently been introduced to MRI reconstruction, and these methods demonstrate significantly reduced reconstruction errors compared to sparse MRI reconstruction using fixed transforms. However, the synthesis sparse coding problem in dictionary learning is NP-hard and computationally expensive. In this paper, we present a novel sparsity-promoting orthogonal dictionary updating method for efficient image reconstruction from highly undersampled MRI data. The orthogonality imposed on the learned dictionary enables the minimization problem in the reconstruction to be solved by an efficient optimization algorithm which alternately updates representation coefficients, orthogonal dictionary, and missing k-space data. Moreover, both sparsity level and sparse representation contribution using updated dictionaries gradually increase during iterations to recover more details, assuming the progressively improved quality of the dictionary. Simulation and real data experimental results both demonstrate that the proposed method is approximately 10 to 100 times faster than the K-SVD-based dictionary learning MRI method and simultaneously improves reconstruction accuracy.

Manifold optimization-based analysis dictionary learning with an ℓ1∕2-norm regularizer.

PubMed

Li, Zhenni; Ding, Shuxue; Li, Yujie; Yang, Zuyuan; Xie, Shengli; Chen, Wuhui

2018-02-01

Recently there has been increasing attention towards analysis dictionary learning. In analysis dictionary learning, it is an open problem to obtain the strong sparsity-promoting solutions efficiently while simultaneously avoiding the trivial solutions of the dictionary. In this paper, to obtain the strong sparsity-promoting solutions, we employ the ℓ 1∕2 norm as a regularizer. The very recent study on ℓ 1∕2 norm regularization theory in compressive sensing shows that its solutions can give sparser results than using the ℓ 1 norm. We transform a complex nonconvex optimization into a number of one-dimensional minimization problems. Then the closed-form solutions can be obtained efficiently. To avoid trivial solutions, we apply manifold optimization to update the dictionary directly on the manifold satisfying the orthonormality constraint, so that the dictionary can avoid the trivial solutions well while simultaneously capturing the intrinsic properties of the dictionary. The experiments with synthetic and real-world data verify that the proposed algorithm for analysis dictionary learning can not only obtain strong sparsity-promoting solutions efficiently, but also learn more accurate dictionary in terms of dictionary recovery and image processing than the state-of-the-art algorithms. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chemical entity recognition in patents by combining dictionary-based and statistical approaches.

PubMed

Akhondi, Saber A; Pons, Ewoud; Afzal, Zubair; van Haagen, Herman; Becker, Benedikt F H; Hettne, Kristina M; van Mulligen, Erik M; Kors, Jan A

2016-01-01

We describe the development of a chemical entity recognition system and its application in the CHEMDNER-patent track of BioCreative 2015. This community challenge includes a Chemical Entity Mention in Patents (CEMP) recognition task and a Chemical Passage Detection (CPD) classification task. We addressed both tasks by an ensemble system that combines a dictionary-based approach with a statistical one. For this purpose the performance of several lexical resources was assessed using Peregrine, our open-source indexing engine. We combined our dictionary-based results on the patent corpus with the results of tmChem, a chemical recognizer using a conditional random field classifier. To improve the performance of tmChem, we utilized three additional features, viz. part-of-speech tags, lemmas and word-vector clusters. When evaluated on the training data, our final system obtained an F-score of 85.21% for the CEMP task, and an accuracy of 91.53% for the CPD task. On the test set, the best system ranked sixth among 21 teams for CEMP with an F-score of 86.82%, and second among nine teams for CPD with an accuracy of 94.23%. The differences in performance between the best ensemble system and the statistical system separately were small.Database URL: http://biosemantics.org/chemdner-patents. © The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press.

Alzheimer's disease detection via automatic 3D caudate nucleus segmentation using coupled dictionary learning with level set formulation.

PubMed

Al-Shaikhli, Saif Dawood Salman; Yang, Michael Ying; Rosenhahn, Bodo

2016-12-01

This paper presents a novel method for Alzheimer's disease classification via an automatic 3D caudate nucleus segmentation. The proposed method consists of segmentation and classification steps. In the segmentation step, we propose a novel level set cost function. The proposed cost function is constrained by a sparse representation of local image features using a dictionary learning method. We present coupled dictionaries: a feature dictionary of a grayscale brain image and a label dictionary of a caudate nucleus label image. Using online dictionary learning, the coupled dictionaries are learned from the training data. The learned coupled dictionaries are embedded into a level set function. In the classification step, a region-based feature dictionary is built. The region-based feature dictionary is learned from shape features of the caudate nucleus in the training data. The classification is based on the measure of the similarity between the sparse representation of region-based shape features of the segmented caudate in the test image and the region-based feature dictionary. The experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our method over the state-of-the-art methods by achieving a high segmentation (91.5%) and classification (92.5%) accuracy. In this paper, we find that the study of the caudate nucleus atrophy gives an advantage over the study of whole brain structure atrophy to detect Alzheimer's disease. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

The efficacy of dictionary use while reading for learning new words.

PubMed

Hamilton, Harley

2012-01-01

The researcher investigated the use of three types of dictionaries while reading by high school students with severe to profound hearing loss. The objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of each type of dictionary for acquiring the meanings of unknown vocabulary in text. The three types of dictionaries were (a) an online bilingual multimedia English-American Sign Language (ASL) dictionary (OBMEAD), (b) a paper English-ASL dictionary (PBEAD), and (c) an online monolingual English dictionary (OMED). It was found that for immediate recall of target words, the OBMEAD was superior to both the PBEAD and the OMED. For later recall, no significant difference appeared between the OBMEAD and the PBEAD. For both of these, recall was statistically superior to recall for words learned via the OMED.

What Online Traditional Medicine Dictionaries Bring To English Speakers Now? Concepts or Equivalents?

PubMed Central

Fang, Lu

2018-01-01

Nowadays, more and more Chinese medicine practices are applied in the world and popularizing that becomes an urgent task. To meet the requiremets, an increasing number of Chinese - English traditional medicine dictionaries have been produced at home or abroad in recent decades. Nevertheless, the users are still struggling to spot the information in dictionaries. What traditional medicine dictionaries are needed for the English speakers now? To identify an entry model for online TCM dictionaries, I compared the entries in five printed traditional medicine dictionaries and two online ones. Based upon this, I tentatively put forward two samples, “阳经 (yángjīng)” and “阴经 (yīn jīng)”, focusing on concepts transmitting, for online Chinese - English TCM dictionaries. PMID:29875861

Space transfer vehicle concepts and requirements study. Volume 3: Program cost estimates. Book 2: WBS and dictionary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peffley, A. F.

1991-01-01

This document describes the products and services to be developed, tested, produced, and operated for the Space Transfer Vehicle (STV) Program. The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and WBS Dictionary are program management tools used to catalog, account by task, and summarize work packages of a space system program. The products or services to be delivered or accomplished during the STV C/D phase are the primary focus of this work breakdown structure document.

Information Resource Management in the DCSPLANS (Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans) Branch of the U.S. Army Military Personnel Center

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-11-15

Richard E. Broome [Broome 1985], Major Robert M. DiBona [ DiBona 1985], Major Robert A. Kirsch II [Kirsch 1985], and Major Alan F. Noel, Jr. [Noel 1985...Major Kirsch expanded this prototype to be compatible with the emerging Federal standards for dictionary systems. Major DiBona analyzed data validation...described in [Noel 1985, Kirsch 1985]. The implementation of edit validation rules in a dictionary environment is covered in [ DiBona 1985] and implementation

The Impact of Changing International Relations on the Scientific and Technical Community (Incidence sur la Communaute Scientifique et Technique des Transformations en cours dans les Relations Internationales.

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-04-01

Processing of special formats (diagrams, tables) - Determination of words to be Pre-analysis Programs added to system dictionary Dictionary ...language Lexicon combinations, via a standardized interface (MIR) which maps METAL operates -n both monolingual lexicons and one the results of analyses...in uniform ways. transfer lexicon for each language pair. The monolingual lexi- Unfortunately, there is at present no linguistic theory which cons

Label consistent K-SVD: learning a discriminative dictionary for recognition.

PubMed

Jiang, Zhuolin; Lin, Zhe; Davis, Larry S

2013-11-01

A label consistent K-SVD (LC-KSVD) algorithm to learn a discriminative dictionary for sparse coding is presented. In addition to using class labels of training data, we also associate label information with each dictionary item (columns of the dictionary matrix) to enforce discriminability in sparse codes during the dictionary learning process. More specifically, we introduce a new label consistency constraint called "discriminative sparse-code error" and combine it with the reconstruction error and the classification error to form a unified objective function. The optimal solution is efficiently obtained using the K-SVD algorithm. Our algorithm learns a single overcomplete dictionary and an optimal linear classifier jointly. The incremental dictionary learning algorithm is presented for the situation of limited memory resources. It yields dictionaries so that feature points with the same class labels have similar sparse codes. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms many recently proposed sparse-coding techniques for face, action, scene, and object category recognition under the same learning conditions.

DOCU-TEXT: A tool before the data dictionary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Carter, B.

1983-01-01

DOCU-TEXT, a proprietary software package that aids in the production of documentation for a data processing organization and can be installed and operated only on IBM computers is discussed. In organizing information that ultimately will reside in a data dictionary, DOCU-TEXT proved to be a useful documentation tool in extracting information from existing production jobs, procedure libraries, system catalogs, control data sets and related files. DOCU-TEXT reads these files to derive data that is useful at the system level. The output of DOCU-TEXT is a series of user selectable reports. These reports can reflect the interactions within a single job stream, a complete system, or all the systems in an installation. Any single report, or group of reports, can be generated in an independent documentation pass.

A Remote Sensing Image Fusion Method based on adaptive dictionary learning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Tongdi; Che, Zongxi

2018-01-01

This paper discusses using a remote sensing fusion method, based on' adaptive sparse representation (ASP)', to provide improved spectral information, reduce data redundancy and decrease system complexity. First, the training sample set is formed by taking random blocks from the images to be fused, the dictionary is then constructed using the training samples, and the remaining terms are clustered to obtain the complete dictionary by iterated processing at each step. Second, the self-adaptive weighted coefficient rule of regional energy is used to select the feature fusion coefficients and complete the reconstruction of the image blocks. Finally, the reconstructed image blocks are rearranged and an average is taken to obtain the final fused images. Experimental results show that the proposed method is superior to other traditional remote sensing image fusion methods in both spectral information preservation and spatial resolution.

Gapped Spectral Dictionaries and Their Applications for Database Searches of Tandem Mass Spectra*

PubMed Central

Jeong, Kyowon; Kim, Sangtae; Bandeira, Nuno; Pevzner, Pavel A.

2011-01-01

Generating all plausible de novo interpretations of a peptide tandem mass (MS/MS) spectrum (Spectral Dictionary) and quickly matching them against the database represent a recently emerged alternative approach to peptide identification. However, the sizes of the Spectral Dictionaries quickly grow with the peptide length making their generation impractical for long peptides. We introduce Gapped Spectral Dictionaries (all plausible de novo interpretations with gaps) that can be easily generated for any peptide length thus addressing the limitation of the Spectral Dictionary approach. We show that Gapped Spectral Dictionaries are small thus opening a possibility of using them to speed-up MS/MS searches. Our MS-GappedDictionary algorithm (based on Gapped Spectral Dictionaries) enables proteogenomics applications (such as searches in the six-frame translation of the human genome) that are prohibitively time consuming with existing approaches. MS-GappedDictionary generates gapped peptides that occupy a niche between accurate but short peptide sequence tags and long but inaccurate full length peptide reconstructions. We show that, contrary to conventional wisdom, some high-quality spectra do not have good peptide sequence tags and introduce gapped tags that have advantages over the conventional peptide sequence tags in MS/MS database searches. PMID:21444829

The Environment-Power System Analysis Tool development program. [for spacecraft power supplies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jongeward, Gary A.; Kuharski, Robert A.; Kennedy, Eric M.; Wilcox, Katherine G.; Stevens, N. John; Putnam, Rand M.; Roche, James C.

1989-01-01

The Environment Power System Analysis Tool (EPSAT) is being developed to provide engineers with the ability to assess the effects of a broad range of environmental interactions on space power systems. A unique user-interface-data-dictionary code architecture oversees a collection of existing and future environmental modeling codes (e.g., neutral density) and physical interaction models (e.g., sheath ionization). The user-interface presents the engineer with tables, graphs, and plots which, under supervision of the data dictionary, are automatically updated in response to parameter change. EPSAT thus provides the engineer with a comprehensive and responsive environmental assessment tool and the scientist with a framework into which new environmental or physical models can be easily incorporated.

Mandarin Chinese Dictionary: English-Chinese.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wang, Fred Fangyu

This dictionary is a companion volume to the "Mandarin Chinese Dictionary (Chinese-English)" published in 1967 by Seton Hall University. The purpose of the dictionary is to help English-speaking students produce Chinese sentences in certain cultural situations by looking up the English expressions. Natural, spoken Chinese expressions within the…

Intertwining thesauri and dictionaries

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buchan, R. L.

1989-01-01

The use of dictionaries and thesauri in information retrieval is discussed. The structure and functions of thesauri and dictionaries are described. Particular attention is given to the format of the NASA Thesaurus. The relationship between thesauri and dictionaries, the need to regularize terminology, and the capitalization of words are examined.

MEANING DISCRIMINATION IN BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

IANNUCCI, JAMES E.

SEMANTIC DISCRIMINATION OF POLYSEMOUS ENTRY WORDS IN BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES WAS DISCUSSED IN THE PAPER. HANDICAPS OF PRESENT BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES AND BARRIERS TO THEIR FULL UTILIZATION WERE ENUMERATED. THE AUTHOR CONCLUDED THAT (1) A BILINGUAL DICTIONARY SHOULD HAVE A DISCRIMINATION FOR EVERY TRANSLATION OF AN ENTRY WORD WHICH HAS SEVERAL…

The Use of Hyper-Reference and Conventional Dictionaries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aust, Ronald; And Others

1993-01-01

Describes a study of 80 undergraduate foreign language learners that compared the use of a hyper-reference source incorporating an electronic dictionary and a conventional paper dictionary. Measures of consultation frequency, study time, efficiency, and comprehension are examined; bilingual and monolingual dictionary use is compared; and further…

Toward better public health reporting using existing off the shelf approaches: The value of medical dictionaries in automated cancer detection using plaintext medical data.

PubMed

Kasthurirathne, Suranga N; Dixon, Brian E; Gichoya, Judy; Xu, Huiping; Xia, Yuni; Mamlin, Burke; Grannis, Shaun J

2017-05-01

Existing approaches to derive decision models from plaintext clinical data frequently depend on medical dictionaries as the sources of potential features. Prior research suggests that decision models developed using non-dictionary based feature sourcing approaches and "off the shelf" tools could predict cancer with performance metrics between 80% and 90%. We sought to compare non-dictionary based models to models built using features derived from medical dictionaries. We evaluated the detection of cancer cases from free text pathology reports using decision models built with combinations of dictionary or non-dictionary based feature sourcing approaches, 4 feature subset sizes, and 5 classification algorithms. Each decision model was evaluated using the following performance metrics: sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve. Decision models parameterized using dictionary and non-dictionary feature sourcing approaches produced performance metrics between 70 and 90%. The source of features and feature subset size had no impact on the performance of a decision model. Our study suggests there is little value in leveraging medical dictionaries for extracting features for decision model building. Decision models built using features extracted from the plaintext reports themselves achieve comparable results to those built using medical dictionaries. Overall, this suggests that existing "off the shelf" approaches can be leveraged to perform accurate cancer detection using less complex Named Entity Recognition (NER) based feature extraction, automated feature selection and modeling approaches. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

NASA TechPort Entry for Coiled Brine Recovery Assembly (CoBRA) CL IR&D Project

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pensinger, Stuart

2014-01-01

The Coiled Brine Recovery Assembly (CoBRA) project will result in a proof-of-concept demonstration for a lightweight, compact, affordable, regenerable and disposable solution to brine water recovery. The heart of CoBRA is an evaporator that produces water vapor from brine. This evaporator leverages a novel design that enables passive transport of brine from place to place within the system. While it will be necessary to build or modify a system for testing the CoBRA concept, the emphasis of this project will be on developing the evaporator itself. This project will utilize a “test early, test often” approach, building at least one trial evaporator to guide the design of the final product.

The Oxford English Dictionary: A Brief History.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fritze, Ronald H.

1989-01-01

Reviews the development of English dictionaries in general and the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) in particular. The discussion covers the decision by the Philological Society to create the dictionary, the principles that guided its development, the involvement of James Augustus Henry Murray, the magnitude and progress of the project, and the…

Dictionary Making: A Case of Kiswahili Dictionaries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mohamed, Mohamed A.

Two Swahili dictionaries and two bilingual dictionaries by the same author (one English-Swahili and one Swahili-English) are evaluated for their form and content, with illustrations offered from each. Aspects examined include: the compilation of headwords, including their meanings with relation to basic and extended meanings; treatment of…

Buying and Selling Words: What Every Good Librarian Should Know about the Dictionary Business.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kister, Ken

1993-01-01

Discusses features to consider when selecting dictionaries. Topics addressed include the publishing industry; the dictionary market; profits from dictionaries; pricing; competitive marketing tactics, including similar titles, claims to numbers of entries and numbers of definitions, and similar physical appearance; a trademark infringement case;…

The New Unabridged English-Persian Dictionary.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aryanpur, Abbas; Saleh, Jahan Shah

This five-volume English-Persian dictionary is based on Webster's International Dictionary (1960 and 1961) and The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (1959); it attempts to provide Persian equivalents of all the words of Oxford and all the key-words of Webster. Pronunciation keys for the English phonetic transcription and for the difficult Persian…

Evaluating L2 Readers' Vocabulary Strategies and Dictionary Use

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Prichard, Caleb

2008-01-01

A review of the relevant literature concerning second language dictionary use while reading suggests that selective dictionary use may lead to improved comprehension and efficient vocabulary development. This study aims to examine the dictionary use of Japanese university students to determine just how selective they are when reading nonfiction…

Online English-English Learner Dictionaries Boost Word Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nurmukhamedov, Ulugbek

2012-01-01

Learners of English might be familiar with several online monolingual dictionaries that are not necessarily the best choices for the English as Second/Foreign Language (ESL/EFL) context. Although these monolingual online dictionaries contain definitions, pronunciation guides, and other elements normally found in general-use dictionaries, they are…

Research Timeline: Dictionary Use by English Language Learners

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nesi, Hilary

2014-01-01

The history of research into dictionary use tends to be characterised by small-scale studies undertaken in a variety of different contexts, rather than larger-scale, longer-term funded projects. The research conducted by dictionary publishers is not generally made public, because of its commercial sensitivity, yet because dictionary production is…

The Dictionary and Vocabulary Behavior: A Single Word or a Handful?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baxter, James

1980-01-01

To provide a context for dictionary selection, the vocabulary behavior of students is examined. Distinguishing between written and spoken English, the relation between dictionary use, classroom vocabulary behavior, and students' success in meeting their communicative needs is discussed. The choice of a monolingual English learners' dictionary is…

Determining building interior structures using compressive sensing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lagunas, Eva; Amin, Moeness G.; Ahmad, Fauzia; Nájar, Montse

2013-04-01

We consider imaging of the building interior structures using compressive sensing (CS) with applications to through-the-wall imaging and urban sensing. We consider a monostatic synthetic aperture radar imaging system employing stepped frequency waveform. The proposed approach exploits prior information of building construction practices to form an appropriate sparse representation of the building interior layout. We devise a dictionary of possible wall locations, which is consistent with the fact that interior walls are typically parallel or perpendicular to the front wall. The dictionary accounts for the dominant normal angle reflections from exterior and interior walls for the monostatic imaging system. CS is applied to a reduced set of observations to recover the true positions of the walls. Additional information about interior walls can be obtained using a dictionary of possible corner reflectors, which is the response of the junction of two walls. Supporting results based on simulation and laboratory experiments are provided. It is shown that the proposed sparsifying basis outperforms the conventional through-the-wall CS model, the wavelet sparsifying basis, and the block sparse model for building interior layout detection.

Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) research analysis database system

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2001-06-01

The ATMS Research Analysis Database Systems (ARADS) consists of a Traffic Software Data Dictionary (TSDD) and a Traffic Software Object Model (TSOM) for application to microscopic traffic simulation and signal optimization domains. The purpose of thi...

Program Your Computer to Make Tough Decisions Easy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DiGiammarino, Frank P.

1981-01-01

Describes the data management and analysis system of the Lexington (Massachusetts) Public Schools. Discusses the system's database, data dictionary, and end user language and gives examples of the system's use in answering questions about school closings. (RW)

Comparative transcriptomic analysis provides insights into antibacterial mechanisms of Branchiostoma belcheri under Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection.

PubMed

Zhang, Qi-Lin; Zhu, Qian-Hua; Liang, Ming-Zhong; Wang, Feng; Guo, Jun; Deng, Xian-Yu; Chen, Jun-Yuan; Wang, Yu-Jun; Lin, Lian-Bing

2018-05-01

Amphioxus, a basal chordate, is widely considered to be an existing proxy of the invertebrate ancestor of vertebrates, and it exhibits susceptibility to various pathogen infections and pathogenic mimic challenges. Here, in order to understand more clearly its antibacterial mechanisms, we analyzed the ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-depleted transcriptome of Chinese amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri) infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. p.) via next-generation deep sequencing technology (RNA-seq). We identified a total of 3214 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing V. p.-infected and control transcriptome libraries, including 2219 significantly up-regulated and 995 significantly down-regulated DEGs in V. p.-infected amphioxus. The DEGs with the top 10 most dramatic expression fold changes after V. p. infection, as well as 53 immune-related DEGs (IRDs) belonging to four primary categories of innate immunity were analyzed further. Through gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis, DEGs were found to be primarily related to immune processes, apoptosis, catabolic and metabolic processes, binding and enzyme activity, while pathways involving bacterial infection, immune signaling, immune response, cancer, and apoptosis were overrepresented. We validated the RNA-seq results by detecting the expression levels of 10 IRDs using qRT-PCR, and we surveyed the dynamic variation in gene expression for these IRDs at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after V. p. Subsequently, according to the RNA-seq results, the presence of a primitive Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated antibacterial immune signaling pathway was predicted in B. belcheri. This study provides valuable information regarding antibacterial immunity for further research into the evolution of immunity in vertebrates and broadens our understanding of the innate immune response against bacterial invasion in amphioxus. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ice dynamics of Heinrich events: Insights and implications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alley, R. B.; Parizek, B. R.; Anandakrishnan, S.

2017-12-01

Physical understanding of ice flow provides important constraints on Heinrich (H) events, which in turn provide lessons for ice dynamics and future sea-level change. Iceberg-rafted debris (IRD), the defining feature of H events, is a complex indicator; however, in cold climates with extensive marine-ending ice, increased IRD flux records ice-shelf loss. Ice shelves fed primarily by inflow from grounded ice experience net basal melting, giving sub-ice-sedimentation rather than open-ocean IRD. Ice-shelf loss has been observed recently in response to atmospheric warming increasing surface meltwater that wedged open crevasses (Larsen B), but also by break-off following thinning from warming of waters reaching the grounding line (Jakobshavn). The H events consistently occurred during cold times resulting from reduced North Atlantic overturning circulation ("conveyor"), but as argued by Marcott et al. (PNAS 2011), this was accompanied by delayed warming at grounding-line depths of the Hudson Strait ice stream, the source of the Heinrich layers, implicating oceanic control. As shown in a rich literature, additional considerations involving thermal state of the ice-stream bed, isostasy and probably other processes influenced why some reduced-conveyor events triggered H-events while others did not. Ice shelves, including the inferred Hudson Strait ice shelf, typically exist in high-salinity, cold waters produced by brine rejection from sea-ice formation, which are the coldest abundant waters in the world ocean. Thus, almost any change in air or ocean temperature, winds or currents can remove ice shelves, because "replacement" water masses are typically warmer. And, because ice shelves almost invariably slow flow of non-floating ice into the ocean, climatic perturbations to regions with ice shelves typically lead to sea-level rise, with important implications.

Multivariate temporal dictionary learning for EEG.

PubMed

Barthélemy, Q; Gouy-Pailler, C; Isaac, Y; Souloumiac, A; Larue, A; Mars, J I

2013-04-30

This article addresses the issue of representing electroencephalographic (EEG) signals in an efficient way. While classical approaches use a fixed Gabor dictionary to analyze EEG signals, this article proposes a data-driven method to obtain an adapted dictionary. To reach an efficient dictionary learning, appropriate spatial and temporal modeling is required. Inter-channels links are taken into account in the spatial multivariate model, and shift-invariance is used for the temporal model. Multivariate learned kernels are informative (a few atoms code plentiful energy) and interpretable (the atoms can have a physiological meaning). Using real EEG data, the proposed method is shown to outperform the classical multichannel matching pursuit used with a Gabor dictionary, as measured by the representative power of the learned dictionary and its spatial flexibility. Moreover, dictionary learning can capture interpretable patterns: this ability is illustrated on real data, learning a P300 evoked potential. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Standardized Representation of Clinical Study Data Dictionaries with CIMI Archetypes

PubMed Central

Sharma, Deepak K.; Solbrig, Harold R.; Prud’hommeaux, Eric; Pathak, Jyotishman; Jiang, Guoqian

2016-01-01

Researchers commonly use a tabular format to describe and represent clinical study data. The lack of standardization of data dictionary’s metadata elements presents challenges for their harmonization for similar studies and impedes interoperability outside the local context. We propose that representing data dictionaries in the form of standardized archetypes can help to overcome this problem. The Archetype Modeling Language (AML) as developed by the Clinical Information Modeling Initiative (CIMI) can serve as a common format for the representation of data dictionary models. We mapped three different data dictionaries (identified from dbGAP, PheKB and TCGA) onto AML archetypes by aligning dictionary variable definitions with the AML archetype elements. The near complete alignment of data dictionaries helped map them into valid AML models that captured all data dictionary model metadata. The outcome of the work would help subject matter experts harmonize data models for quality, semantic interoperability and better downstream data integration. PMID:28269909

Weighted Discriminative Dictionary Learning based on Low-rank Representation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chang, Heyou; Zheng, Hao

2017-01-01

Low-rank representation has been widely used in the field of pattern classification, especially when both training and testing images are corrupted with large noise. Dictionary plays an important role in low-rank representation. With respect to the semantic dictionary, the optimal representation matrix should be block-diagonal. However, traditional low-rank representation based dictionary learning methods cannot effectively exploit the discriminative information between data and dictionary. To address this problem, this paper proposed weighted discriminative dictionary learning based on low-rank representation, where a weighted representation regularization term is constructed. The regularization associates label information of both training samples and dictionary atoms, and encourages to generate a discriminative representation with class-wise block-diagonal structure, which can further improve the classification performance where both training and testing images are corrupted with large noise. Experimental results demonstrate advantages of the proposed method over the state-of-the-art methods.

The HLA dictionary 2008: a summary of HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1/3/4/5, and -DQB1 alleles and their association with serologically defined HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, and -DQ antigens.

PubMed

Holdsworth, R; Hurley, C K; Marsh, S G E; Lau, M; Noreen, H J; Kempenich, J H; Setterholm, M; Maiers, M

2009-02-01

The 2008 report of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) data dictionary presents serologic equivalents of HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, -DRB3, -DRB4, -DRB5, and -DQB1 alleles. The dictionary is an update of the one published in 2004. The data summarize equivalents obtained by the World Health Organization Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the HLA System, the International Cell Exchange, UCLA, the National Marrow Donor Program, recent publications, and individual laboratories. The 2008 edition includes information on 832 new alleles (685 class I and 147 class II) and updated information on 766 previously listed alleles (577 class I and 189 class II). The tables list the alleles with remarks on the serologic patterns and the equivalents. The serological equivalents are listed as expert assigned types, and the data are useful for identifying potential stem cell donors who were typed by either serology or DNA-based methods. The tables with HLA equivalents are available as a searchable form on the IMGT/HLA database Web site (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/imgt/hla/dictionary.html).

Evaluation of a Hyperlinked Consumer Health Dictionary for reading EHR notes.

PubMed

Slaughter, Laura; Oyri, Karl; Fosse, Erik

2011-01-01

In this paper, we report on a pilot study conducted to test the usefulness and understandability of definitions in a Consumer Health Dictionary (IVS-CHD). Our two main goals for this study were to evaluate functionality of the dictionary when embedded in electronic health records (EHR) and determine the methodology for our larger-scale project to iteratively develop the IVS-CHD. The hyperlinked IVS-CHD was made available to thoracic surgery patients reading their own EHR. We asked patients to rate definitions on two 5-level Likert items measuring perceived usefulness and understandability. We also captured the terms that patients wanted defined, but that were not included in the IVS-CHD. Preliminary results indicate the types of problems that must be avoided when creating definitions, for example, that patients prefer detailed explanations that include medical outcomes, and that do not use "unfamiliar" terms they must also look up. We also have gained insight into the types of terms that patients want defined from their EHR notes, especially certain abbreviations. Patients further commented on the experience of reading EHR notes directly from the same system used by healthcare personnel and the help strategy of linking the contents to a hyperlinked dictionary.

NHEXAS PHASE I ARIZONA STUDY--STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR THE GENERATION AND OPERATION OF DATA DICTIONARIES (UA-D-4.0)

EPA Science Inventory

The purpose of this SOP is to provide a standard method for the writing of data dictionaries. This procedure applies to the dictionaries used during the Arizona NHEXAS project and the "Border" study. Keywords: guidelines; data dictionaries.

The National Human Exposure Assessme...

The Influence of Electronic Dictionaries on Vocabulary Knowledge Extension

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rezaei, Mojtaba; Davoudi, Mohammad

2016-01-01

Vocabulary learning needs special strategies in language learning process. The use of dictionaries is a great help in vocabulary learning and nowadays the emergence of electronic dictionaries has added a new and valuable resource for vocabulary learning. The present study aims to explore the influence of Electronic Dictionaries (ED) Vs. Paper…

Should Dictionaries Be Used in Translation Tests and Examinations?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mahmoud, Abdulmoneim

2017-01-01

Motivated by the conflicting views regarding the use of the dictionary in translation tests and examinations this study was intended to verify the dictionary-free vs dictionary-based translation hypotheses. The subjects were 135 Arabic-speaking male and female EFL third-year university students. A group consisting of 62 students translated a text…

Corpora and Collocations in Chinese-English Dictionaries for Chinese Users

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Xia, Lixin

2015-01-01

The paper identifies the major problems of the Chinese-English dictionary in representing collocational information after an extensive survey of nine dictionaries popular among Chinese users. It is found that the Chinese-English dictionary only provides the collocation types of "v+n" and "v+n," but completely ignores those of…

The Creation of Learner-Centred Dictionaries for Endangered Languages: A Rotuman Example

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vamarasi, M.

2014-01-01

This article examines the creation of dictionaries for endangered languages (ELs). Though each dictionary is uniquely prepared for its users, all dictionaries should be based on sound principles of vocabulary learning, including the importance of lexical chunks, as emphasised by Michael Lewis in his "Lexical Approach." Many of the…

Evaluating Bilingual and Monolingual Dictionaries for L2 Learners.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hunt, Alan

1997-01-01

A discussion of dictionaries and their use for second language (L2) learning suggests that lack of computerized modern language corpora can adversely affect bilingual dictionaries, commonly used by L2 learners, and shows how use of such corpora has benefitted two contemporary monolingual L2 learner dictionaries (1995 editions of the Longman…

Developing a hybrid dictionary-based bio-entity recognition technique.

PubMed

Song, Min; Yu, Hwanjo; Han, Wook-Shin

2015-01-01

Bio-entity extraction is a pivotal component for information extraction from biomedical literature. The dictionary-based bio-entity extraction is the first generation of Named Entity Recognition (NER) techniques. This paper presents a hybrid dictionary-based bio-entity extraction technique. The approach expands the bio-entity dictionary by combining different data sources and improves the recall rate through the shortest path edit distance algorithm. In addition, the proposed technique adopts text mining techniques in the merging stage of similar entities such as Part of Speech (POS) expansion, stemming, and the exploitation of the contextual cues to further improve the performance. The experimental results show that the proposed technique achieves the best or at least equivalent performance among compared techniques, GENIA, MESH, UMLS, and combinations of these three resources in F-measure. The results imply that the performance of dictionary-based extraction techniques is largely influenced by information resources used to build the dictionary. In addition, the edit distance algorithm shows steady performance with three different dictionaries in precision whereas the context-only technique achieves a high-end performance with three difference dictionaries in recall.

Discriminative Bayesian Dictionary Learning for Classification.

PubMed

Akhtar, Naveed; Shafait, Faisal; Mian, Ajmal

2016-12-01

We propose a Bayesian approach to learn discriminative dictionaries for sparse representation of data. The proposed approach infers probability distributions over the atoms of a discriminative dictionary using a finite approximation of Beta Process. It also computes sets of Bernoulli distributions that associate class labels to the learned dictionary atoms. This association signifies the selection probabilities of the dictionary atoms in the expansion of class-specific data. Furthermore, the non-parametric character of the proposed approach allows it to infer the correct size of the dictionary. We exploit the aforementioned Bernoulli distributions in separately learning a linear classifier. The classifier uses the same hierarchical Bayesian model as the dictionary, which we present along the analytical inference solution for Gibbs sampling. For classification, a test instance is first sparsely encoded over the learned dictionary and the codes are fed to the classifier. We performed experiments for face and action recognition; and object and scene-category classification using five public datasets and compared the results with state-of-the-art discriminative sparse representation approaches. Experiments show that the proposed Bayesian approach consistently outperforms the existing approaches.

Sparse dictionary for synthetic transmit aperture medical ultrasound imaging.

PubMed

Wang, Ping; Jiang, Jin-Yang; Li, Na; Luo, Han-Wu; Li, Fang; Cui, Shi-Gang

2017-07-01

It is possible to recover a signal below the Nyquist sampling limit using a compressive sensing technique in ultrasound imaging. However, the reconstruction enabled by common sparse transform approaches does not achieve satisfactory results. Considering the ultrasound echo signal's features of attenuation, repetition, and superposition, a sparse dictionary with the emission pulse signal is proposed. Sparse coefficients in the proposed dictionary have high sparsity. Images reconstructed with this dictionary were compared with those obtained with the three other common transforms, namely, discrete Fourier transform, discrete cosine transform, and discrete wavelet transform. The performance of the proposed dictionary was analyzed via a simulation and experimental data. The mean absolute error (MAE) was used to quantify the quality of the reconstructions. Experimental results indicate that the MAE associated with the proposed dictionary was always the smallest, the reconstruction time required was the shortest, and the lateral resolution and contrast of the reconstructed images were also the closest to the original images. The proposed sparse dictionary performed better than the other three sparse transforms. With the same sampling rate, the proposed dictionary achieved excellent reconstruction quality.

Developing a hybrid dictionary-based bio-entity recognition technique

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

Background Bio-entity extraction is a pivotal component for information extraction from biomedical literature. The dictionary-based bio-entity extraction is the first generation of Named Entity Recognition (NER) techniques. Methods This paper presents a hybrid dictionary-based bio-entity extraction technique. The approach expands the bio-entity dictionary by combining different data sources and improves the recall rate through the shortest path edit distance algorithm. In addition, the proposed technique adopts text mining techniques in the merging stage of similar entities such as Part of Speech (POS) expansion, stemming, and the exploitation of the contextual cues to further improve the performance. Results The experimental results show that the proposed technique achieves the best or at least equivalent performance among compared techniques, GENIA, MESH, UMLS, and combinations of these three resources in F-measure. Conclusions The results imply that the performance of dictionary-based extraction techniques is largely influenced by information resources used to build the dictionary. In addition, the edit distance algorithm shows steady performance with three different dictionaries in precision whereas the context-only technique achieves a high-end performance with three difference dictionaries in recall. PMID:26043907

Robust Visual Tracking via Online Discriminative and Low-Rank Dictionary Learning.

PubMed

Zhou, Tao; Liu, Fanghui; Bhaskar, Harish; Yang, Jie

2017-09-12

In this paper, we propose a novel and robust tracking framework based on online discriminative and low-rank dictionary learning. The primary aim of this paper is to obtain compact and low-rank dictionaries that can provide good discriminative representations of both target and background. We accomplish this by exploiting the recovery ability of low-rank matrices. That is if we assume that the data from the same class are linearly correlated, then the corresponding basis vectors learned from the training set of each class shall render the dictionary to become approximately low-rank. The proposed dictionary learning technique incorporates a reconstruction error that improves the reliability of classification. Also, a multiconstraint objective function is designed to enable active learning of a discriminative and robust dictionary. Further, an optimal solution is obtained by iteratively computing the dictionary, coefficients, and by simultaneously learning the classifier parameters. Finally, a simple yet effective likelihood function is implemented to estimate the optimal state of the target during tracking. Moreover, to make the dictionary adaptive to the variations of the target and background during tracking, an online update criterion is employed while learning the new dictionary. Experimental results on a publicly available benchmark dataset have demonstrated that the proposed tracking algorithm performs better than other state-of-the-art trackers.

Efficient Sum of Outer Products Dictionary Learning (SOUP-DIL) and Its Application to Inverse Problems.

PubMed

Ravishankar, Saiprasad; Nadakuditi, Raj Rao; Fessler, Jeffrey A

2017-12-01

The sparsity of signals in a transform domain or dictionary has been exploited in applications such as compression, denoising and inverse problems. More recently, data-driven adaptation of synthesis dictionaries has shown promise compared to analytical dictionary models. However, dictionary learning problems are typically non-convex and NP-hard, and the usual alternating minimization approaches for these problems are often computationally expensive, with the computations dominated by the NP-hard synthesis sparse coding step. This paper exploits the ideas that drive algorithms such as K-SVD, and investigates in detail efficient methods for aggregate sparsity penalized dictionary learning by first approximating the data with a sum of sparse rank-one matrices (outer products) and then using a block coordinate descent approach to estimate the unknowns. The resulting block coordinate descent algorithms involve efficient closed-form solutions. Furthermore, we consider the problem of dictionary-blind image reconstruction, and propose novel and efficient algorithms for adaptive image reconstruction using block coordinate descent and sum of outer products methodologies. We provide a convergence study of the algorithms for dictionary learning and dictionary-blind image reconstruction. Our numerical experiments show the promising performance and speedups provided by the proposed methods over previous schemes in sparse data representation and compressed sensing-based image reconstruction.

Cross-View Action Recognition via Transferable Dictionary Learning.

PubMed

Zheng, Jingjing; Jiang, Zhuolin; Chellappa, Rama

2016-05-01

Discriminative appearance features are effective for recognizing actions in a fixed view, but may not generalize well to a new view. In this paper, we present two effective approaches to learn dictionaries for robust action recognition across views. In the first approach, we learn a set of view-specific dictionaries where each dictionary corresponds to one camera view. These dictionaries are learned simultaneously from the sets of correspondence videos taken at different views with the aim of encouraging each video in the set to have the same sparse representation. In the second approach, we additionally learn a common dictionary shared by different views to model view-shared features. This approach represents the videos in each view using a view-specific dictionary and the common dictionary. More importantly, it encourages the set of videos taken from the different views of the same action to have the similar sparse representations. The learned common dictionary not only has the capability to represent actions from unseen views, but also makes our approach effective in a semi-supervised setting where no correspondence videos exist and only a few labeled videos exist in the target view. The extensive experiments using three public datasets demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms recently developed approaches for cross-view action recognition.

Orthogonal Procrustes Analysis for Dictionary Learning in Sparse Linear Representation.

PubMed

Grossi, Giuliano; Lanzarotti, Raffaella; Lin, Jianyi

2017-01-01

In the sparse representation model, the design of overcomplete dictionaries plays a key role for the effectiveness and applicability in different domains. Recent research has produced several dictionary learning approaches, being proven that dictionaries learnt by data examples significantly outperform structured ones, e.g. wavelet transforms. In this context, learning consists in adapting the dictionary atoms to a set of training signals in order to promote a sparse representation that minimizes the reconstruction error. Finding the best fitting dictionary remains a very difficult task, leaving the question still open. A well-established heuristic method for tackling this problem is an iterative alternating scheme, adopted for instance in the well-known K-SVD algorithm. Essentially, it consists in repeating two stages; the former promotes sparse coding of the training set and the latter adapts the dictionary to reduce the error. In this paper we present R-SVD, a new method that, while maintaining the alternating scheme, adopts the Orthogonal Procrustes analysis to update the dictionary atoms suitably arranged into groups. Comparative experiments on synthetic data prove the effectiveness of R-SVD with respect to well known dictionary learning algorithms such as K-SVD, ILS-DLA and the online method OSDL. Moreover, experiments on natural data such as ECG compression, EEG sparse representation, and image modeling confirm R-SVD's robustness and wide applicability.

Online Multi-Modal Robust Non-Negative Dictionary Learning for Visual Tracking

PubMed Central

Zhang, Xiang; Guan, Naiyang; Tao, Dacheng; Qiu, Xiaogang; Luo, Zhigang

2015-01-01

Dictionary learning is a method of acquiring a collection of atoms for subsequent signal representation. Due to its excellent representation ability, dictionary learning has been widely applied in multimedia and computer vision. However, conventional dictionary learning algorithms fail to deal with multi-modal datasets. In this paper, we propose an online multi-modal robust non-negative dictionary learning (OMRNDL) algorithm to overcome this deficiency. Notably, OMRNDL casts visual tracking as a dictionary learning problem under the particle filter framework and captures the intrinsic knowledge about the target from multiple visual modalities, e.g., pixel intensity and texture information. To this end, OMRNDL adaptively learns an individual dictionary, i.e., template, for each modality from available frames, and then represents new particles over all the learned dictionaries by minimizing the fitting loss of data based on M-estimation. The resultant representation coefficient can be viewed as the common semantic representation of particles across multiple modalities, and can be utilized to track the target. OMRNDL incrementally learns the dictionary and the coefficient of each particle by using multiplicative update rules to respectively guarantee their non-negativity constraints. Experimental results on a popular challenging video benchmark validate the effectiveness of OMRNDL for visual tracking in both quantity and quality. PMID:25961715

Efficient Sum of Outer Products Dictionary Learning (SOUP-DIL) and Its Application to Inverse Problems

PubMed Central

Ravishankar, Saiprasad; Nadakuditi, Raj Rao; Fessler, Jeffrey A.

2017-01-01

The sparsity of signals in a transform domain or dictionary has been exploited in applications such as compression, denoising and inverse problems. More recently, data-driven adaptation of synthesis dictionaries has shown promise compared to analytical dictionary models. However, dictionary learning problems are typically non-convex and NP-hard, and the usual alternating minimization approaches for these problems are often computationally expensive, with the computations dominated by the NP-hard synthesis sparse coding step. This paper exploits the ideas that drive algorithms such as K-SVD, and investigates in detail efficient methods for aggregate sparsity penalized dictionary learning by first approximating the data with a sum of sparse rank-one matrices (outer products) and then using a block coordinate descent approach to estimate the unknowns. The resulting block coordinate descent algorithms involve efficient closed-form solutions. Furthermore, we consider the problem of dictionary-blind image reconstruction, and propose novel and efficient algorithms for adaptive image reconstruction using block coordinate descent and sum of outer products methodologies. We provide a convergence study of the algorithms for dictionary learning and dictionary-blind image reconstruction. Our numerical experiments show the promising performance and speedups provided by the proposed methods over previous schemes in sparse data representation and compressed sensing-based image reconstruction. PMID:29376111

Online multi-modal robust non-negative dictionary learning for visual tracking.

PubMed

Zhang, Xiang; Guan, Naiyang; Tao, Dacheng; Qiu, Xiaogang; Luo, Zhigang

2015-01-01

Dictionary learning is a method of acquiring a collection of atoms for subsequent signal representation. Due to its excellent representation ability, dictionary learning has been widely applied in multimedia and computer vision. However, conventional dictionary learning algorithms fail to deal with multi-modal datasets. In this paper, we propose an online multi-modal robust non-negative dictionary learning (OMRNDL) algorithm to overcome this deficiency. Notably, OMRNDL casts visual tracking as a dictionary learning problem under the particle filter framework and captures the intrinsic knowledge about the target from multiple visual modalities, e.g., pixel intensity and texture information. To this end, OMRNDL adaptively learns an individual dictionary, i.e., template, for each modality from available frames, and then represents new particles over all the learned dictionaries by minimizing the fitting loss of data based on M-estimation. The resultant representation coefficient can be viewed as the common semantic representation of particles across multiple modalities, and can be utilized to track the target. OMRNDL incrementally learns the dictionary and the coefficient of each particle by using multiplicative update rules to respectively guarantee their non-negativity constraints. Experimental results on a popular challenging video benchmark validate the effectiveness of OMRNDL for visual tracking in both quantity and quality.

Reconstruction of magnetic resonance imaging by three-dimensional dual-dictionary learning.

PubMed

Song, Ying; Zhu, Zhen; Lu, Yang; Liu, Qiegen; Zhao, Jun

2014-03-01

To improve the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data acquisition speed while maintaining the reconstruction quality, a novel method is proposed for multislice MRI reconstruction from undersampled k-space data based on compressed-sensing theory using dictionary learning. There are two aspects to improve the reconstruction quality. One is that spatial correlation among slices is used by extending the atoms in dictionary learning from patches to blocks. The other is that the dictionary-learning scheme is used at two resolution levels; i.e., a low-resolution dictionary is used for sparse coding and a high-resolution dictionary is used for image updating. Numerical experiments are carried out on in vivo 3D MR images of brains and abdomens with a variety of undersampling schemes and ratios. The proposed method (dual-DLMRI) achieves better reconstruction quality than conventional reconstruction methods, with the peak signal-to-noise ratio being 7 dB higher. The advantages of the dual dictionaries are obvious compared with the single dictionary. Parameter variations ranging from 50% to 200% only bias the image quality within 15% in terms of the peak signal-to-noise ratio. Dual-DLMRI effectively uses the a priori information in the dual-dictionary scheme and provides dramatically improved reconstruction quality. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

English/Russian terminology on radiometric calibration of space-borne optoelectronic sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Privalsky, V.; Zakharenkov, V.; Humpherys, T.; Sapritsky, V.; Datla, R.

The efficient use of data acquired through exo-atmospheric observations of the Earth within the framework of existing and newly planned programs requires a unique understanding of respective terms and definitions. Yet, the last large-scale document on the subject - The International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - had been published 18 years ago. This lack of a proper document, which would reflect the changes that had occurred in the area since that time, is especially detrimental to the developing international efforts aimed at global observations of the Earth from space such as the Global Earth Observations Program proposed by the U.S.A. at the 2003 WMO Congress. To cover this gap at least partially, a bi-lingual explanatory dictionary of terms and definitions in the area of radiometric calibration of space-borne IR sensors is developed. The objectives are to produce a uniform terminology for the global space-borne observations of the Earth, establish a unique understanding of terms and definitions by the radiometric communities, including a correspondence between the Russian and American terms and definitions, and to develop a formal English/Russian reference dictionary for use by scientists and engineers involved in radiometric observations of the Earth from space. The dictionary includes close to 400 items covering basic concepts of geometric, wave and corpuscular optics, remote sensing technologies, and ground-based calibration as well as more detailed treatment of terms and definitions in the areas of radiometric quantities, symbols and units, optical phenomena and optical properties of objects and media, and radiometric systems and their properties. The dictionary contains six chapters: Basic Concepts, Quantities, Symbols, and Units, Optical phenomena, Optical characteristics of surfaces and media, Components of Radiometric Systems, Characteristics of radiometric system components, plus English/Russian and Russian/Inglish indices.

Alternatively Constrained Dictionary Learning For Image Superresolution.

PubMed

Lu, Xiaoqiang; Yuan, Yuan; Yan, Pingkun

2014-03-01

Dictionaries are crucial in sparse coding-based algorithm for image superresolution. Sparse coding is a typical unsupervised learning method to study the relationship between the patches of high-and low-resolution images. However, most of the sparse coding methods for image superresolution fail to simultaneously consider the geometrical structure of the dictionary and the corresponding coefficients, which may result in noticeable superresolution reconstruction artifacts. In other words, when a low-resolution image and its corresponding high-resolution image are represented in their feature spaces, the two sets of dictionaries and the obtained coefficients have intrinsic links, which has not yet been well studied. Motivated by the development on nonlocal self-similarity and manifold learning, a novel sparse coding method is reported to preserve the geometrical structure of the dictionary and the sparse coefficients of the data. Moreover, the proposed method can preserve the incoherence of dictionary entries and provide the sparse coefficients and learned dictionary from a new perspective, which have both reconstruction and discrimination properties to enhance the learning performance. Furthermore, to utilize the model of the proposed method more effectively for single-image superresolution, this paper also proposes a novel dictionary-pair learning method, which is named as two-stage dictionary training. Extensive experiments are carried out on a large set of images comparing with other popular algorithms for the same purpose, and the results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed sparse representation model and the corresponding dictionary learning algorithm.

Sensor-Based Vibration Signal Feature Extraction Using an Improved Composite Dictionary Matching Pursuit Algorithm

PubMed Central

Cui, Lingli; Wu, Na; Wang, Wenjing; Kang, Chenhui

2014-01-01

This paper presents a new method for a composite dictionary matching pursuit algorithm, which is applied to vibration sensor signal feature extraction and fault diagnosis of a gearbox. Three advantages are highlighted in the new method. First, the composite dictionary in the algorithm has been changed from multi-atom matching to single-atom matching. Compared to non-composite dictionary single-atom matching, the original composite dictionary multi-atom matching pursuit (CD-MaMP) algorithm can achieve noise reduction in the reconstruction stage, but it cannot dramatically reduce the computational cost and improve the efficiency in the decomposition stage. Therefore, the optimized composite dictionary single-atom matching algorithm (CD-SaMP) is proposed. Second, the termination condition of iteration based on the attenuation coefficient is put forward to improve the sparsity and efficiency of the algorithm, which adjusts the parameters of the termination condition constantly in the process of decomposition to avoid noise. Third, composite dictionaries are enriched with the modulation dictionary, which is one of the important structural characteristics of gear fault signals. Meanwhile, the termination condition of iteration settings, sub-feature dictionary selections and operation efficiency between CD-MaMP and CD-SaMP are discussed, aiming at gear simulation vibration signals with noise. The simulation sensor-based vibration signal results show that the termination condition of iteration based on the attenuation coefficient enhances decomposition sparsity greatly and achieves a good effect of noise reduction. Furthermore, the modulation dictionary achieves a better matching effect compared to the Fourier dictionary, and CD-SaMP has a great advantage of sparsity and efficiency compared with the CD-MaMP. The sensor-based vibration signals measured from practical engineering gearbox analyses have further shown that the CD-SaMP decomposition and reconstruction algorithm is feasible and effective. PMID:25207870

Sensor-based vibration signal feature extraction using an improved composite dictionary matching pursuit algorithm.

PubMed

Cui, Lingli; Wu, Na; Wang, Wenjing; Kang, Chenhui

2014-09-09

This paper presents a new method for a composite dictionary matching pursuit algorithm, which is applied to vibration sensor signal feature extraction and fault diagnosis of a gearbox. Three advantages are highlighted in the new method. First, the composite dictionary in the algorithm has been changed from multi-atom matching to single-atom matching. Compared to non-composite dictionary single-atom matching, the original composite dictionary multi-atom matching pursuit (CD-MaMP) algorithm can achieve noise reduction in the reconstruction stage, but it cannot dramatically reduce the computational cost and improve the efficiency in the decomposition stage. Therefore, the optimized composite dictionary single-atom matching algorithm (CD-SaMP) is proposed. Second, the termination condition of iteration based on the attenuation coefficient is put forward to improve the sparsity and efficiency of the algorithm, which adjusts the parameters of the termination condition constantly in the process of decomposition to avoid noise. Third, composite dictionaries are enriched with the modulation dictionary, which is one of the important structural characteristics of gear fault signals. Meanwhile, the termination condition of iteration settings, sub-feature dictionary selections and operation efficiency between CD-MaMP and CD-SaMP are discussed, aiming at gear simulation vibration signals with noise. The simulation sensor-based vibration signal results show that the termination condition of iteration based on the attenuation coefficient enhances decomposition sparsity greatly and achieves a good effect of noise reduction. Furthermore, the modulation dictionary achieves a better matching effect compared to the Fourier dictionary, and CD-SaMP has a great advantage of sparsity and efficiency compared with the CD-MaMP. The sensor-based vibration signals measured from practical engineering gearbox analyses have further shown that the CD-SaMP decomposition and reconstruction algorithm is feasible and effective.

Using Bilingual Dictionaries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thompson, Geoff

1987-01-01

Monolingual dictionaries have serious disadvantages in many language teaching situations; bilingual dictionaries are potentially more efficient and more motivating sources of information for language learners. (Author/CB)

Patient-Specific Seizure Detection in Long-Term EEG Using Signal-Derived Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD)-based Dictionary Approach.

PubMed

Kaleem, Muhammad; Gurve, Dharmendra; Guergachi, Aziz; Krishnan, Sridhar

2018-06-25

The objective of the work described in this paper is development of a computationally efficient methodology for patient-specific automatic seizure detection in long-term multi-channel EEG recordings. Approach: A novel patient-specific seizure detection approach based on signal-derived Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD)-based dictionary approach is proposed. For this purpose, we use an empirical framework for EMD-based dictionary creation and learning, inspired by traditional dictionary learning methods, in which the EMD-based dictionary is learned from the multi-channel EEG data being analyzed for automatic seizure detection. We present the algorithm for dictionary creation and learning, whose purpose is to learn dictionaries with a small number of atoms. Using training signals belonging to seizure and non-seizure classes, an initial dictionary, termed as the raw dictionary, is formed. The atoms of the raw dictionary are composed of intrinsic mode functions obtained after decomposition of the training signals using the empirical mode decomposition algorithm. The raw dictionary is then trained using a learning algorithm, resulting in a substantial decrease in the number of atoms in the trained dictionary. The trained dictionary is then used for automatic seizure detection, such that coefficients of orthogonal projections of test signals against the trained dictionary form the features used for classification of test signals into seizure and non-seizure classes. Thus no hand-engineered features have to be extracted from the data as in traditional seizure detection approaches. Main results: The performance of the proposed approach is validated using the CHB-MIT benchmark database, and averaged accuracy, sensitivity and specificity values of 92.9%, 94.3% and 91.5%, respectively, are obtained using support vector machine classifier and five-fold cross-validation method. These results are compared with other approaches using the same database, and the suitability of the approach for seizure detection in long-term multi-channel EEG recordings is discussed. Significance: The proposed approach describes a computationally efficient method for automatic seizure detection in long-term multi-channel EEG recordings. The method does not rely on hand-engineered features, as are required in traditional approaches. Furthermore, the approach is suitable for scenarios where the dictionary once formed and trained can be used for automatic seizure detection of newly recorded data, making the approach suitable for long-term multi-channel EEG recordings. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.

An infrared divergence in the cosmological measure theory and the anthropic reasoning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yurov, A. V.; Yurov, V. A.; Astashenok, A. V.; Shpilevoi, A. A.

2011-10-01

An anthropic principle has made it possible to answer the difficult question of why the observable value of cosmological constant ( Λ˜10-47 GeV4) is so disconcertingly tiny compared to the predicted value of vacuum energy density ρ SUSY˜1012 GeV4. Unfortunately, there is a darker side to this argument; being combined with the cosmic heat death scenario, it consequently leads to another absurd prediction: the probability of randomly selected observer observing Λ=0 ends up being exactly equal to 1. We shall call this controversy an infrared divergence problem. It is shown that the IRD prediction can be avoided with the help of a singular runaway measure coupled with the calculation of relative Bayesian probabilities by the means of the doomsday argument. Moreover, it is shown that while the IRD problem occurs for the prediction stage of value of Λ, it disappears at the explanatory stage when Λ has already been measured by the observer.

Antarctic ice-rafted detritus (IRD) in the South Atlantic: Indicators of iceshelf dynamics or ocean surface conditions?

USGS Publications Warehouse

Nielsen, Simon H.H.; Hodell, D.A.

2007-01-01

Ocean sediment core TN057-13PC4/ODP1094, from the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, contains elevated lithogenic material in sections representing the last glacial period compared to the Holocene. This ice-rafted detritus is mainly comprised of volcanic glass and ash, but has a significant input of what was previously interpreted as quartz during peak intervals (Kanfoush et al., 2000, 2002). Our analysis of these clear mineral grains indicates that most are plagioclase, and that South Sandwich Islands is the predominant source, similar to that inferred for the volcanic glass (Nielsen et al., in review). In addition, quartz and feldspar with possible Antarctic origin occur in conjunction with postulated episodes of Antarctic deglaciation. We conclude that while sea ice was the dominant ice rafting agent in the Polar Frontal Zone of the South Atlantic during the last glacial period, the Holocene IRD variability may reflect Antarctic ice sheet dynamics.

System technology analysis of aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicles: Moderate lift/drag (0.75-1.5). Volume 3: Cost estimates and work breakdown structure/dictionary, phase 1 and 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1985-01-01

Technology payoffs of representative ground based (Phase 1) and space based (Phase 2) mid lift/drag ratio aeroassisted orbit transfer vehicles (AOTV) were assessed and prioritized. A narrative summary of the cost estimates and work breakdown structure/dictionary for both study phases is presented. Costs were estimated using the Grumman Space Programs Algorithm for Cost Estimating (SPACE) computer program and results are given for four AOTV configurations. The work breakdown structure follows the standard of the joint government/industry Space Systems Cost Analysis Group (SSCAG). A table is provided which shows cost estimates for each work breakdown structure element.

Continuous Speech Recognition for Clinicians

PubMed Central

Zafar, Atif; Overhage, J. Marc; McDonald, Clement J.

1999-01-01

The current generation of continuous speech recognition systems claims to offer high accuracy (greater than 95 percent) speech recognition at natural speech rates (150 words per minute) on low-cost (under $2000) platforms. This paper presents a state-of-the-technology summary, along with insights the authors have gained through testing one such product extensively and other products superficially. The authors have identified a number of issues that are important in managing accuracy and usability. First, for efficient recognition users must start with a dictionary containing the phonetic spellings of all words they anticipate using. The authors dictated 50 discharge summaries using one inexpensive internal medicine dictionary ($30) and found that they needed to add an additional 400 terms to get recognition rates of 98 percent. However, if they used either of two more expensive and extensive commercial medical vocabularies ($349 and $695), they did not need to add terms to get a 98 percent recognition rate. Second, users must speak clearly and continuously, distinctly pronouncing all syllables. Users must also correct errors as they occur, because accuracy improves with error correction by at least 5 percent over two weeks. Users may find it difficult to train the system to recognize certain terms, regardless of the amount of training, and appropriate substitutions must be created. For example, the authors had to substitute “twice a day” for “bid” when using the less expensive dictionary, but not when using the other two dictionaries. From trials they conducted in settings ranging from an emergency room to hospital wards and clinicians' offices, they learned that ambient noise has minimal effect. Finally, they found that a minimal “usable” hardware configuration (which keeps up with dictation) comprises a 300-MHz Pentium processor with 128 MB of RAM and a “speech quality” sound card (e.g., SoundBlaster, $99). Anything less powerful will result in the system lagging behind the speaking rate. The authors obtained 97 percent accuracy with just 30 minutes of training when using the latest edition of one of the speech recognition systems supplemented by a commercial medical dictionary. This technology has advanced considerably in recent years and is now a serious contender to replace some or all of the increasingly expensive alternative methods of dictation with human transcription. PMID:10332653

A Spectral Reconstruction Algorithm of Miniature Spectrometer Based on Sparse Optimization and Dictionary Learning.

PubMed

Zhang, Shang; Dong, Yuhan; Fu, Hongyan; Huang, Shao-Lun; Zhang, Lin

2018-02-22

The miniaturization of spectrometer can broaden the application area of spectrometry, which has huge academic and industrial value. Among various miniaturization approaches, filter-based miniaturization is a promising implementation by utilizing broadband filters with distinct transmission functions. Mathematically, filter-based spectral reconstruction can be modeled as solving a system of linear equations. In this paper, we propose an algorithm of spectral reconstruction based on sparse optimization and dictionary learning. To verify the feasibility of the reconstruction algorithm, we design and implement a simple prototype of a filter-based miniature spectrometer. The experimental results demonstrate that sparse optimization is well applicable to spectral reconstruction whether the spectra are directly sparse or not. As for the non-directly sparse spectra, their sparsity can be enhanced by dictionary learning. In conclusion, the proposed approach has a bright application prospect in fabricating a practical miniature spectrometer.

A Spectral Reconstruction Algorithm of Miniature Spectrometer Based on Sparse Optimization and Dictionary Learning

PubMed Central

Zhang, Shang; Fu, Hongyan; Huang, Shao-Lun; Zhang, Lin

2018-01-01

The miniaturization of spectrometer can broaden the application area of spectrometry, which has huge academic and industrial value. Among various miniaturization approaches, filter-based miniaturization is a promising implementation by utilizing broadband filters with distinct transmission functions. Mathematically, filter-based spectral reconstruction can be modeled as solving a system of linear equations. In this paper, we propose an algorithm of spectral reconstruction based on sparse optimization and dictionary learning. To verify the feasibility of the reconstruction algorithm, we design and implement a simple prototype of a filter-based miniature spectrometer. The experimental results demonstrate that sparse optimization is well applicable to spectral reconstruction whether the spectra are directly sparse or not. As for the non-directly sparse spectra, their sparsity can be enhanced by dictionary learning. In conclusion, the proposed approach has a bright application prospect in fabricating a practical miniature spectrometer. PMID:29470406

A Study on the Use of Mobile Dictionaries in Vocabulary Teaching

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aslan, Erdinç

2016-01-01

In recent years, rapid developments in technology have placed books and notebooks into the mobile phones and tablets and also the dictionaries into these small boxes. Giant dictionaries, which we once barely managed to carry, have been replaced by mobile dictionaries through which we can reach any words we want with only few touches. Mobile…

Letters to a Dictionary: Competing Views of Language in the Reception of "Webster's Third New International Dictionary"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bello, Anne Pence

2013-01-01

The publication of "Webster's Third New International Dictionary" in September 1961 set off a national controversy about dictionaries and language that ultimately included issues related to linguistics and English education. The negative reviews published in the press about the "Third" have shaped beliefs about the nature of…

Effects of Printed, Pocket Electronic, and Online Dictionaries on High School Students' English Vocabulary Retention

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chiu, Li-Ling; Liu, Gi-Zen

2013-01-01

This study obtained empirical evidence regarding the effects of using printed dictionaries (PD), pocket electronic dictionaries (PED), and online type-in dictionaries (OTID) on English vocabulary retention at a junior high school. A mixed-methods research methodology was adopted in this study. Thirty-three seventh graders were asked to use all…

The Efficacy of Dictionary Use while Reading for Learning New Words

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hamilton, Harley

2012-01-01

The researcher investigated the use of three types of dictionaries while reading by high school students with severe to profound hearing loss. The objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of each type of dictionary for acquiring the meanings of unknown vocabulary in text. The three types of dictionaries were (a) an online…

A Selected Bibliography of Dictionaries. General Information Series, No. 9. Indochinese Refugee Education Guides. Revised.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Center for Applied Linguistics, Arlington, VA.

The purpose of this bulletin is to provide the American teacher or sponsor with information on the use, limitations and availability of dictionaries that can be used by Indochinese refugees. The introductory material contains descriptions of both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, a discussion of the inadequacies of bilingual dictionaries in…

Dictionaries Can Help Writing--If Students Know How To Use Them.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jacobs, George M.

A study investigated whether instruction in how to use a dictionary led to improved second language performance and greater dictionary use among English majors (N=54) in a reading and writing course at a Thai university. One of three participating classes was instructed in the use of a monolingual learner's dictionary. A passage correction test…

Dictionary-Based Tensor Canonical Polyadic Decomposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cohen, Jeremy Emile; Gillis, Nicolas

2018-04-01

To ensure interpretability of extracted sources in tensor decomposition, we introduce in this paper a dictionary-based tensor canonical polyadic decomposition which enforces one factor to belong exactly to a known dictionary. A new formulation of sparse coding is proposed which enables high dimensional tensors dictionary-based canonical polyadic decomposition. The benefits of using a dictionary in tensor decomposition models are explored both in terms of parameter identifiability and estimation accuracy. Performances of the proposed algorithms are evaluated on the decomposition of simulated data and the unmixing of hyperspectral images.

Recognition of chemical entities: combining dictionary-based and grammar-based approaches.

PubMed

Akhondi, Saber A; Hettne, Kristina M; van der Horst, Eelke; van Mulligen, Erik M; Kors, Jan A

2015-01-01

The past decade has seen an upsurge in the number of publications in chemistry. The ever-swelling volume of available documents makes it increasingly hard to extract relevant new information from such unstructured texts. The BioCreative CHEMDNER challenge invites the development of systems for the automatic recognition of chemicals in text (CEM task) and for ranking the recognized compounds at the document level (CDI task). We investigated an ensemble approach where dictionary-based named entity recognition is used along with grammar-based recognizers to extract compounds from text. We assessed the performance of ten different commercial and publicly available lexical resources using an open source indexing system (Peregrine), in combination with three different chemical compound recognizers and a set of regular expressions to recognize chemical database identifiers. The effect of different stop-word lists, case-sensitivity matching, and use of chunking information was also investigated. We focused on lexical resources that provide chemical structure information. To rank the different compounds found in a text, we used a term confidence score based on the normalized ratio of the term frequencies in chemical and non-chemical journals. The use of stop-word lists greatly improved the performance of the dictionary-based recognition, but there was no additional benefit from using chunking information. A combination of ChEBI and HMDB as lexical resources, the LeadMine tool for grammar-based recognition, and the regular expressions, outperformed any of the individual systems. On the test set, the F-scores were 77.8% (recall 71.2%, precision 85.8%) for the CEM task and 77.6% (recall 71.7%, precision 84.6%) for the CDI task. Missed terms were mainly due to tokenization issues, poor recognition of formulas, and term conjunctions. We developed an ensemble system that combines dictionary-based and grammar-based approaches for chemical named entity recognition, outperforming any of the individual systems that we considered. The system is able to provide structure information for most of the compounds that are found. Improved tokenization and better recognition of specific entity types is likely to further improve system performance.

Recognition of chemical entities: combining dictionary-based and grammar-based approaches

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

Background The past decade has seen an upsurge in the number of publications in chemistry. The ever-swelling volume of available documents makes it increasingly hard to extract relevant new information from such unstructured texts. The BioCreative CHEMDNER challenge invites the development of systems for the automatic recognition of chemicals in text (CEM task) and for ranking the recognized compounds at the document level (CDI task). We investigated an ensemble approach where dictionary-based named entity recognition is used along with grammar-based recognizers to extract compounds from text. We assessed the performance of ten different commercial and publicly available lexical resources using an open source indexing system (Peregrine), in combination with three different chemical compound recognizers and a set of regular expressions to recognize chemical database identifiers. The effect of different stop-word lists, case-sensitivity matching, and use of chunking information was also investigated. We focused on lexical resources that provide chemical structure information. To rank the different compounds found in a text, we used a term confidence score based on the normalized ratio of the term frequencies in chemical and non-chemical journals. Results The use of stop-word lists greatly improved the performance of the dictionary-based recognition, but there was no additional benefit from using chunking information. A combination of ChEBI and HMDB as lexical resources, the LeadMine tool for grammar-based recognition, and the regular expressions, outperformed any of the individual systems. On the test set, the F-scores were 77.8% (recall 71.2%, precision 85.8%) for the CEM task and 77.6% (recall 71.7%, precision 84.6%) for the CDI task. Missed terms were mainly due to tokenization issues, poor recognition of formulas, and term conjunctions. Conclusions We developed an ensemble system that combines dictionary-based and grammar-based approaches for chemical named entity recognition, outperforming any of the individual systems that we considered. The system is able to provide structure information for most of the compounds that are found. Improved tokenization and better recognition of specific entity types is likely to further improve system performance. PMID:25810767

Ensuring the relocatability of programs in the operational system DOS YeS

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Novoseltsev, S. K.; Orlov, I. G.; Chesalin, A. S.

1979-01-01

Specific modifications in the Disk Operational System Unified Series to insure the relocatability of programs stored permanently in the core image library is described. A self-relocating method for loading programs into the working memory with re-editing all the programs recorded in the core image library is presented. The modified linkage editor can be included in a relocation dictionary containing data about each address constant at the assembly stage at the request of the programmer. The relocation dictionary increases the dimension of the RL-phase in comparison with the dimension of this same phase when edited by the standard method, making possible the creation of multiphase program complexes. Generation and use of the modified system using Assembly language is described. An example of the use of the system is given, and limitations of the use of the relocatable programs in the modified system are outlined.

Development Of International Data Standards For The COSMOS/PEER-LL Virtual Data Center

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Swift, J. N.

2005-12-01

The COSMOS -PEER Lifelines Project 2L02 completed a Pilot Geotechnical Virtual Data Center (GVDC) system capable of both archiving geotechnical data and of disseminating data from multiple linked geotechnical databases. The Pilot GVDC system links geotechnical databases of four organizations: the California Geological Survey, Caltrans, PG&E, and the U. S. Geological Survey The System was presented and reviewed in the COSMOS-PEER Lifelines workshop on June 21 - 23, 2004, which was co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and included participation by the United Kingdom Highways Agency (UKHA) , the Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists in the United Kingdom (AGS), the United States Army Corp of Engineers (USACOE), Caltrans, United States Geological Survey (USGS), California Geological Survey (CGS), a number of state Departments of Transportation (DOTs), county building code officials, and representatives of academic institutions and private sector geotechnical companies. As of February 2005 COSMOS-PEER Lifelines Project 2L03 is currently funded to accomplish the following tasks: 1) expand the Pilot GVDC Geotechnical Data Dictionary and XML Schema to include data definitions and structures to describe in-situ measurements such as shear wave velocity profiles, and additional laboratory geotechnical test types; 2) participate in an international cooperative working group developing a single geotechnical data exchange standard that has broad international acceptance; and 3) upgrade the GVDC system to support corresponding exchange standard data dictionary and schema improvements. The new geophysical data structures being developed will include PS-logs, downhole geophysical logs, cross-hole velocity data, and velocity profiles derived using surface waves. A COSMOS-PEER Lifelines Geophysical Data Dictionary Working Committee constituted of experts in the development of data dictionary standards and experts in the specific data to be captured are presently working on this task. The international geotechnical data dictionary and schema development is a highly collaborative effort funded by a pooled fund study coordinated by state DOTs and FHWA. The technical development of the standards called DIGGS (Data Interchange for Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists) is lead by a team consisting of representatives from the University of Florida, Department of Civil Engineering (UF), AGS, Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA), UKHA, Ohio DOT, and COSMOS. The first draft of DIGGS is currently in preparation. A Geotechnical Management System Group (GMS group), composed of representatives from 13 State DOTs, FHWA, US EPA, USACOE, USGS and UKHA, oversees and approves the development of the standards. The ultimate goal of both COSMOS-PEER Lifelines Project 2L03 and the international GMS working group is to produce open and flexible, GML-compliant XML schema-based data structures and data dictionaries for review and approval by DOTs, other public agencies, and the international engineering and geoenvironmental community at large, leading to adoption of internationally accepted geotechnical and geophysical data transfer standards. Establishment of these standards is intended to significantly facilitate the accessibility and exchange of geotechnical information world wide.

The role of local terminologies in electronic health records. The HEGP experience.

PubMed

Daniel-Le Bozec, Christel; Steichen, Olivier; Dart, Thierry; Jaulent, Marie-Christine

2007-01-01

Despite decades of work, there is no universally accepted standard medical terminology and no generally usable terminological tools have yet emerged. The local dictionary of concepts of the Georges Pompidou European Hospital (HEGP) is a Terminological System (TS) designed to support clinical data entry. It covers 93 data entry forms and contains definitions and synonyms of more than 5000 concepts, sometimes linked to reference terminologies such as ICD-10. In this article, we evaluate to which extend SNOMED CT could fully replace or rather be mapped to the local terminology system. We first describe the local dictionary of concepts of HEGP according to some published TS characterization framework. Then we discuss the specific role that a local terminology system plays with regards to reference terminologies.

Orthogonal Procrustes Analysis for Dictionary Learning in Sparse Linear Representation

PubMed Central

Grossi, Giuliano; Lin, Jianyi

2017-01-01

In the sparse representation model, the design of overcomplete dictionaries plays a key role for the effectiveness and applicability in different domains. Recent research has produced several dictionary learning approaches, being proven that dictionaries learnt by data examples significantly outperform structured ones, e.g. wavelet transforms. In this context, learning consists in adapting the dictionary atoms to a set of training signals in order to promote a sparse representation that minimizes the reconstruction error. Finding the best fitting dictionary remains a very difficult task, leaving the question still open. A well-established heuristic method for tackling this problem is an iterative alternating scheme, adopted for instance in the well-known K-SVD algorithm. Essentially, it consists in repeating two stages; the former promotes sparse coding of the training set and the latter adapts the dictionary to reduce the error. In this paper we present R-SVD, a new method that, while maintaining the alternating scheme, adopts the Orthogonal Procrustes analysis to update the dictionary atoms suitably arranged into groups. Comparative experiments on synthetic data prove the effectiveness of R-SVD with respect to well known dictionary learning algorithms such as K-SVD, ILS-DLA and the online method OSDL. Moreover, experiments on natural data such as ECG compression, EEG sparse representation, and image modeling confirm R-SVD’s robustness and wide applicability. PMID:28103283

Personalized Age Progression with Bi-Level Aging Dictionary Learning.

PubMed

Shu, Xiangbo; Tang, Jinhui; Li, Zechao; Lai, Hanjiang; Zhang, Liyan; Yan, Shuicheng

2018-04-01

Age progression is defined as aesthetically re-rendering the aging face at any future age for an individual face. In this work, we aim to automatically render aging faces in a personalized way. Basically, for each age group, we learn an aging dictionary to reveal its aging characteristics (e.g., wrinkles), where the dictionary bases corresponding to the same index yet from two neighboring aging dictionaries form a particular aging pattern cross these two age groups, and a linear combination of all these patterns expresses a particular personalized aging process. Moreover, two factors are taken into consideration in the dictionary learning process. First, beyond the aging dictionaries, each person may have extra personalized facial characteristics, e.g., mole, which are invariant in the aging process. Second, it is challenging or even impossible to collect faces of all age groups for a particular person, yet much easier and more practical to get face pairs from neighboring age groups. To this end, we propose a novel Bi-level Dictionary Learning based Personalized Age Progression (BDL-PAP) method. Here, bi-level dictionary learning is formulated to learn the aging dictionaries based on face pairs from neighboring age groups. Extensive experiments well demonstrate the advantages of the proposed BDL-PAP over other state-of-the-arts in term of personalized age progression, as well as the performance gain for cross-age face verification by synthesizing aging faces.

U.S.-MEXICO BORDER PROGRAM ARIZONA BORDER STUDY--STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR THE GENERATION AND OPERATION OF DATA DICTIONARIES (UA-D-4.0)

EPA Science Inventory

The purpose of this SOP is to provide a standard method for the writing of data dictionaries. This procedure applies to the dictionaries used during the Arizona NHEXAS project and the Border study. Keywords: guidelines; data dictionaries.

The U.S.-Mexico Border Program is spon...

Multimodal Task-Driven Dictionary Learning for Image Classification

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-18

1 Multimodal Task-Driven Dictionary Learning for Image Classification Soheil Bahrampour, Student Member, IEEE, Nasser M. Nasrabadi, Fellow, IEEE...Asok Ray, Fellow, IEEE, and W. Kenneth Jenkins, Life Fellow, IEEE Abstract— Dictionary learning algorithms have been suc- cessfully used for both...reconstructive and discriminative tasks, where an input signal is represented with a sparse linear combination of dictionary atoms. While these methods are

A Study of the Relationship between Type of Dictionary Used and Lexical Proficiency in Writings of Iranian EFL Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vahdany, Fereidoon; Abdollahzadeh, Milad; Gholami, Shokoufeh; Ghanipoor, Mahmood

2014-01-01

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between types of dictionaries used and lexical proficiency in writing. Eighty TOEFL students took part in responding to two Questionnaires collecting information about their dictionary type preferences and habits of dictionary use, along with an interview for further in-depth responses. They were…

English-Chinese Cross-Language IR Using Bilingual Dictionaries

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-01-01

specialized dictionaries together contain about two million entries [6]. 4 Monolingual Experiment The Chinese documents and the Chinese translations of... monolingual performance. The main performance-limiting factor is the limited coverage of the dictionary used in query translation. Some of the key con...English-Chinese Cross-Language IR using Bilingual Dictionaries Aitao Chen , Hailing Jiang , and Fredric Gey School of Information Management

Accelerating the reconstruction of magnetic resonance imaging by three-dimensional dual-dictionary learning using CUDA.

PubMed

Jiansen Li; Jianqi Sun; Ying Song; Yanran Xu; Jun Zhao

2014-01-01

An effective way to improve the data acquisition speed of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is using under-sampled k-space data, and dictionary learning method can be used to maintain the reconstruction quality. Three-dimensional dictionary trains the atoms in dictionary in the form of blocks, which can utilize the spatial correlation among slices. Dual-dictionary learning method includes a low-resolution dictionary and a high-resolution dictionary, for sparse coding and image updating respectively. However, the amount of data is huge for three-dimensional reconstruction, especially when the number of slices is large. Thus, the procedure is time-consuming. In this paper, we first utilize the NVIDIA Corporation's compute unified device architecture (CUDA) programming model to design the parallel algorithms on graphics processing unit (GPU) to accelerate the reconstruction procedure. The main optimizations operate in the dictionary learning algorithm and the image updating part, such as the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm and the k-singular value decomposition (K-SVD) algorithm. Then we develop another version of CUDA code with algorithmic optimization. Experimental results show that more than 324 times of speedup is achieved compared with the CPU-only codes when the number of MRI slices is 24.

Discriminative object tracking via sparse representation and online dictionary learning.

PubMed

Xie, Yuan; Zhang, Wensheng; Li, Cuihua; Lin, Shuyang; Qu, Yanyun; Zhang, Yinghua

2014-04-01

We propose a robust tracking algorithm based on local sparse coding with discriminative dictionary learning and new keypoint matching schema. This algorithm consists of two parts: the local sparse coding with online updated discriminative dictionary for tracking (SOD part), and the keypoint matching refinement for enhancing the tracking performance (KP part). In the SOD part, the local image patches of the target object and background are represented by their sparse codes using an over-complete discriminative dictionary. Such discriminative dictionary, which encodes the information of both the foreground and the background, may provide more discriminative power. Furthermore, in order to adapt the dictionary to the variation of the foreground and background during the tracking, an online learning method is employed to update the dictionary. The KP part utilizes refined keypoint matching schema to improve the performance of the SOD. With the help of sparse representation and online updated discriminative dictionary, the KP part are more robust than the traditional method to reject the incorrect matches and eliminate the outliers. The proposed method is embedded into a Bayesian inference framework for visual tracking. Experimental results on several challenging video sequences demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our approach.

Basis Expansion Approaches for Regularized Sequential Dictionary Learning Algorithms With Enforced Sparsity for fMRI Data Analysis.

PubMed

Seghouane, Abd-Krim; Iqbal, Asif

2017-09-01

Sequential dictionary learning algorithms have been successfully applied to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data analysis. fMRI data sets are, however, structured data matrices with the notions of temporal smoothness in the column direction. This prior information, which can be converted into a constraint of smoothness on the learned dictionary atoms, has seldomly been included in classical dictionary learning algorithms when applied to fMRI data analysis. In this paper, we tackle this problem by proposing two new sequential dictionary learning algorithms dedicated to fMRI data analysis by accounting for this prior information. These algorithms differ from the existing ones in their dictionary update stage. The steps of this stage are derived as a variant of the power method for computing the SVD. The proposed algorithms generate regularized dictionary atoms via the solution of a left regularized rank-one matrix approximation problem where temporal smoothness is enforced via regularization through basis expansion and sparse basis expansion in the dictionary update stage. Applications on synthetic data experiments and real fMRI data sets illustrating the performance of the proposed algorithms are provided.

High-recall protein entity recognition using a dictionary

PubMed Central

Kou, Zhenzhen; Cohen, William W.; Murphy, Robert F.

2010-01-01

Protein name extraction is an important step in mining biological literature. We describe two new methods for this task: semiCRFs and dictionary HMMs. SemiCRFs are a recently-proposed extension to conditional random fields that enables more effective use of dictionary information as features. Dictionary HMMs are a technique in which a dictionary is converted to a large HMM that recognizes phrases from the dictionary, as well as variations of these phrases. Standard training methods for HMMs can be used to learn which variants should be recognized. We compared the performance of our new approaches to that of Maximum Entropy (Max-Ent) and normal CRFs on three datasets, and improvement was obtained for all four methods over the best published results for two of the datasets. CRFs and semiCRFs achieved the highest overall performance according to the widely-used F-measure, while the dictionary HMMs performed the best at finding entities that actually appear in the dictionary—the measure of most interest in our intended application. PMID:15961466

Independent Research and Development (IR&D): The Challenges Continue

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-04-30

University of Maryland. Dr. Gansler is the director of both the Center for Public Policy and Private Enterprise and the Sloan Biotechnology Industry...www.defenseinnovationmarketplace.mil/about.html Erwin, S. (2015, February 21). Defense R&D: Is the reward worth the risk? National Defense Magazine

Understanding the Function of Genes Involved in Inherited Retinal Degeneration-Insights into the Pathogenesis and Function of C8ORF37

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharif, Ali Sakawa

Inherited retinal degenerative diseases (IRD) are a group of disorders that lead to progressive deterioration of mainly the photoreceptors. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and cone-rod dystrophy (CRD) are two forms of IRDs. RP is the most common form of IRD and is due to rod photoreceptor degeneration followed by cone photoreceptor loss. CRD, on the other hand, is characterized by the loss of cones or the concurrent degeneration of both cones and rods. Both RP and CRD are presently incurable. More than 200 genes have been identified to cause IRDs and the functions of many of these genes remain unclear. Mutations in a novel gene, C8ORF37, were identified to cause recessive, severe, and early-onset RP and CRD. I, therefore, pioneered in characterizing the role of C8ORF37 in the retina. This dissertation is comprised of four chapters that is organized as follows: (1) summary of an ocular disorder (2) a genetic model of a retinal disorder (3) biochemical/proteomic analysis of C8ORF37 (4) potential clinical applications. A summary of ocular disorders is discussed in Chapter 1, with an emphasis on CRD. Chapter 2 focuses on the generation and characterization of C8orf37 mutant mouse models that recapitulate the retinal pathologies observed in human patients. In C8orf37 knockout retinas, the outer segment (OS) was nonuniform, swollen, and wider in width when compared to the controls. Moreover, many OS membrane proteins were reduced in the retina of C8orf37 knockout, including CNGB1 and RDS, proteins essential for OS disc morphogenesis and alignment. Our findings shed new light on the pathogenesis underlying retinal dysfunction and degeneration in C8ORF37-deficient patients. To determine the function of a novel protein, a powerful approach is by identifying its binding partners. In Chapter 3, I discuss GST pull-down using bovine retinal lysates, yeast-two-hybrid, and immunoprecipitation with mouse retinal lysate in order to identify C8ORF37-interacting proteins. Our pull-downs identified KTN1, RAB28, UCHL1, and PSMD14 suggesting that C8ORF37 may have a role in protein homeostasis. Chapter 4 concludes and discusses the impact of generating and characterizing C8orf37 animal models for future studies in understanding photoreceptor function and in the development of therapeutics against retinal degeneration.

Speech and Language and Language Translation (SALT)

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-01

Resources are classified as: Parallel Text Dictionaries Monolingual Text Other Dictionaries are further classified as: Text: can download entire...not clear how many are translated http://www.redsea-online.com/modules.php?name= dictionary Monolingual Text Monolingual Text; An Crubadan web...attached to a following word. A program could be written to detach the character د from unknown words, when the remaining word matches a dictionary

Hierarchical Simulation to Assess Hardware and Software Dependability

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ries, Gregory Lawrence

1997-01-01

This thesis presents a method for conducting hierarchical simulations to assess system hardware and software dependability. The method is intended to model embedded microprocessor systems. A key contribution of the thesis is the idea of using fault dictionaries to propagate fault effects upward from the level of abstraction where a fault model is assumed to the system level where the ultimate impact of the fault is observed. A second important contribution is the analysis of the software behavior under faults as well as the hardware behavior. The simulation method is demonstrated and validated in four case studies analyzing Myrinet, a commercial, high-speed networking system. One key result from the case studies shows that the simulation method predicts the same fault impact 87.5% of the time as is obtained by similar fault injections into a real Myrinet system. Reasons for the remaining discrepancy are examined in the thesis. A second key result shows the reduction in the number of simulations needed due to the fault dictionary method. In one case study, 500 faults were injected at the chip level, but only 255 propagated to the system level. Of these 255 faults, 110 shared identical fault dictionary entries at the system level and so did not need to be resimulated. The necessary number of system-level simulations was therefore reduced from 500 to 145. Finally, the case studies show how the simulation method can be used to improve the dependability of the target system. The simulation analysis was used to add recovery to the target software for the most common fault propagation mechanisms that would cause the software to hang. After the modification, the number of hangs was reduced by 60% for fault injections into the real system.

Relaxations to Sparse Optimization Problems and Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Skau, Erik West

Parsimony is a fundamental property that is applied to many characteristics in a variety of fields. Of particular interest are optimization problems that apply rank, dimensionality, or support in a parsimonious manner. In this thesis we study some optimization problems and their relaxations, and focus on properties and qualities of the solutions of these problems. The Gramian tensor decomposition problem attempts to decompose a symmetric tensor as a sum of rank one tensors.We approach the Gramian tensor decomposition problem with a relaxation to a semidefinite program. We study conditions which ensure that the solution of the relaxed semidefinite problem gives the minimal Gramian rank decomposition. Sparse representations with learned dictionaries are one of the leading image modeling techniques for image restoration. When learning these dictionaries from a set of training images, the sparsity parameter of the dictionary learning algorithm strongly influences the content of the dictionary atoms.We describe geometrically the content of trained dictionaries and how it changes with the sparsity parameter.We use statistical analysis to characterize how the different content is used in sparse representations. Finally, a method to control the structure of the dictionaries is demonstrated, allowing us to learn a dictionary which can later be tailored for specific applications. Variations of dictionary learning can be broadly applied to a variety of applications.We explore a pansharpening problem with a triple factorization variant of coupled dictionary learning. Another application of dictionary learning is computer vision. Computer vision relies heavily on object detection, which we explore with a hierarchical convolutional dictionary learning model. Data fusion of disparate modalities is a growing topic of interest.We do a case study to demonstrate the benefit of using social media data with satellite imagery to estimate hazard extents. In this case study analysis we apply a maximum entropy model, guided by the social media data, to estimate the flooded regions during a 2013 flood in Boulder, CO and show that the results are comparable to those obtained using expert information.

Developing a distributed data dictionary service

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

U'Ren, J.

2000-01-01

This paper will explore the use of the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) using the ISO 11179 Data Dictionary Schema as a mechanism for standardizing the structure and communication links between data dictionaries.

Multiple Sparse Representations Classification

PubMed Central

Plenge, Esben; Klein, Stefan S.; Niessen, Wiro J.; Meijering, Erik

2015-01-01

Sparse representations classification (SRC) is a powerful technique for pixelwise classification of images and it is increasingly being used for a wide variety of image analysis tasks. The method uses sparse representation and learned redundant dictionaries to classify image pixels. In this empirical study we propose to further leverage the redundancy of the learned dictionaries to achieve a more accurate classifier. In conventional SRC, each image pixel is associated with a small patch surrounding it. Using these patches, a dictionary is trained for each class in a supervised fashion. Commonly, redundant/overcomplete dictionaries are trained and image patches are sparsely represented by a linear combination of only a few of the dictionary elements. Given a set of trained dictionaries, a new patch is sparse coded using each of them, and subsequently assigned to the class whose dictionary yields the minimum residual energy. We propose a generalization of this scheme. The method, which we call multiple sparse representations classification (mSRC), is based on the observation that an overcomplete, class specific dictionary is capable of generating multiple accurate and independent estimates of a patch belonging to the class. So instead of finding a single sparse representation of a patch for each dictionary, we find multiple, and the corresponding residual energies provides an enhanced statistic which is used to improve classification. We demonstrate the efficacy of mSRC for three example applications: pixelwise classification of texture images, lumen segmentation in carotid artery magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and bifurcation point detection in carotid artery MRI. We compare our method with conventional SRC, K-nearest neighbor, and support vector machine classifiers. The results show that mSRC outperforms SRC and the other reference methods. In addition, we present an extensive evaluation of the effect of the main mSRC parameters: patch size, dictionary size, and sparsity level. PMID:26177106

Applicability of SREM to the Verification of Management Information System Software Requirements. Volume II.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-04-30

f --tlu Final-Report: Applicability of SREM to the Verification of Management Information System Software Requirements, wtch was prepared for the Army...MA _________ TO ________ UTA 1ASE ___________ StMZ25. 70.aC. .. 3CA, c(ie m(Sl f :~ rin I : ruq in SBII Z tSI. M 4.7/.3 69.9 . MA S U/WA0 1.241.5 96.8...IR.D iTEM B-2 C4 .4 . I.I z- 0 44 f - U l c- I ao V. a, I. vv!N0 ~ q * a - i= - a ~ ePcu m ~ bft 0 = z z z z z Uz 4 P4 -F5 zz - -4 zzz z C6 z c. 0. 4 4 v

76 FR 11414 - Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement; Independent Research and Development Technical...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-02

... Acquisition Regulation Supplement; Independent Research and Development Technical Descriptions (DFARS Case... (DFARS) to require contractors to report independent research and development (IR&D) projects generating... the address shown below on or before May 2, 2011, to be considered in the formation of the final rule...

Satellite Instrument Development and Data Analysis

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-09-30

Document (ICD)), the Investigation Requir ments Document (IRD), and the Polici (-; and Requirements (PAR) documents were revised and ,!pdated to reflect the...6 anenhncemnt f snglyionzed Josetyn. I. A., and J. F. Bryson. Jr.. Magalert: August 27, 1978. Synsp. cncd b th shck:and(6)an nhacemnt f sngl ioize

Indian Resource Development. Annual Report, 1983-1984.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces.

With a budget of $210,000 appropriated by the New Mexico State Legislature, the Indian Resource Development (IRD) Program marked its eighth year by continuing to develop a corps of professionally trained American Indians in fields related to natural resource development in New Mexico through college academic education and related practical work…

Improvements in ion reflux: An electrodialytic eluent generation and suppression device for ion chromatography

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

This work describes a membrane based electrodialytic ion reflux device (IRD), which uses water as the pumped phase and integrates isocratic and gradient eluent generation and suppression. The current design incorporates several ion exchange membranes to create discrete chambers for suppression and e...

Innovation in the Defense Acquisition Enterprise

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

uni- versities in the fields of innovation and entrepreneurship . Many books and articles have been written on innovation, perhaps none more well...partners has been the possible loss of freedom to make their own IR&D invest- ment decisions. That was never my intent . I once ran a major defense

A multistage gene normalization system integrating multiple effective methods.

PubMed

Li, Lishuang; Liu, Shanshan; Li, Lihua; Fan, Wenting; Huang, Degen; Zhou, Huiwei

2013-01-01

Gene/protein recognition and normalization is an important preliminary step for many biological text mining tasks. In this paper, we present a multistage gene normalization system which consists of four major subtasks: pre-processing, dictionary matching, ambiguity resolution and filtering. For the first subtask, we apply the gene mention tagger developed in our earlier work, which achieves an F-score of 88.42% on the BioCreative II GM testing set. In the stage of dictionary matching, the exact matching and approximate matching between gene names and the EntrezGene lexicon have been combined. For the ambiguity resolution subtask, we propose a semantic similarity disambiguation method based on Munkres' Assignment Algorithm. At the last step, a filter based on Wikipedia has been built to remove the false positives. Experimental results show that the presented system can achieve an F-score of 90.1%, outperforming most of the state-of-the-art systems.

Space station data system analysis/architecture study. Task 4: System definition report. Appendix

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1985-01-01

Appendices to the systems definition study for the space station Data System are compiled. Supplemental information on external interface specification, simulation and modeling, and function design characteristics is presented along with data flow diagrams, a data dictionary, and function allocation matrices.

Marine sedimentary provenance evidence for massive discharges of icebergs from the Aurora and Wilkes sub-glacial basins

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pierce, E. L.; Williams, T.; van de Flierdt, T.; Hemming, S. R.; Brachfeld, S. A.; Goldstein, S. L.

2010-12-01

Understanding the evolution of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) is a fundamental goal in the field of paleoclimate today. Given the current and projected state of global warming, it is important to know how an ice sheet that holds over 50 m of sea-level has behaved under warmer conditions in the past. Despite the fact that over 98% of the East Antarctica continent is covered by thick (2.1 km on average) ice, the chronological characterization of glaciogenic detrital hornblende grains has been proven an excellent provenance tool in the investigation of the source areas for ice rafted detritus around Antarctica (Roy et al., 2007, Chem. Geo.). A circum-Antarctica core-top survey of Ar-Ar ages in hornblende grains demonstrates that East Antarctica can be simply divided into several sectors that correspond to modern ice divides and published geochronological evidence from sparse outcrops around the margins of the continent. Williams et al., (2010, EPSL) found evidence in ice rafted detritus layers in ODP Site 1165 from the Wilde drift off Prydz Bay for large discharges of icebergs from the Adélie and Wilkes Land coasts occurring during the late Miocene and early Pliocene. Sourcing from the Adélie and Wilkes Land coasts requires iceberg transport more than 1500 km around the Antarctic perimeter, and this is therefore evidence for massive discharges of icebergs from these sectors. In the Aurora and Wilkes Basins in these sectors, the ice sheet is grounded well below sea level, and is therefore thought to be potentially unstable under warmer conditions. Such long distant transport of sediments with distinctive sources is reminiscent of Heinrich Events in the North Atlantic. A model often invoked as the cause of these events is the collapse and retreat of ice-streams, which leads to massive discharges of icebergs, laden with sediment, into the ocean. The importance of this interpretation, if true, has led us to make more detailed studies of Quaternary sediments from the Adélie and Wilkes Land coasts as well as glaciogenic sediments throughout the Cenozoic in Prydz Bay. We will present Ar-Ar ages of detrital hornblende and biotite grains (>150 µm), as well as epsilon-Nd values measured on the terrigenous fine fraction (<63 µm), from 9 marine sediment cores along the Adélie and Wilkes Land coasts of East Antarctica (95° to 165°E), and compare them and proximal Prydz Bay data with IRD layers in ODP Site 1165. We have also compared the Ar-Ar biotite age populations from the same IRD layers in ODP site 1165 that Williams et al., (2010, EPSL) examined to explore the use of Ar-Ar biotite ages as a tracer of IRD; given the high K content in biotite, it may be possible to use the 63-150 µm fraction for provenance studies which may be particularly useful for tracing sources of IRD into the Southern Ocean where IRD abundances are low and thus grain sizes tend to be finer. The combined application of these tracers will allow interpretation of the average crust formation age of the sources, as well as provide information on major tectonothermal pulses and cooling through approximately 300°C.

Sparse Coding of Natural Human Motion Yields Eigenmotions Consistent Across People

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thomik, Andreas; Faisal, A. Aldo

2015-03-01

Providing a precise mathematical description of the structure of natural human movement is a challenging problem. We use a data-driven approach to seek a generative model of movement capturing the underlying simplicity of spatial and temporal structure of behaviour observed in daily life. In perception, the analysis of natural scenes has shown that sparse codes of such scenes are information theoretic efficient descriptors with direct neuronal correlates. Translating from perception to action, we identify a generative model of movement generation by the human motor system. Using wearable full-hand motion capture, we measure the digit movement of the human hand in daily life. We learn a dictionary of ``eigenmotions'' which we use for sparse encoding of the movement data. We show that the dictionaries are generally well preserved across subjects with small deviations accounting for individuality of the person and variability in tasks. Further, the dictionary elements represent motions which can naturally describe hand movements. Our findings suggest the motor system can compose complex movement behaviours out of the spatially and temporally sparse activation of ``eigenmotion'' neurons, and is consistent with data on grasp-type specificity of specialised neurons in the premotor cortex. Andreas is supported by the Luxemburg Research Fund (1229297).

Developing a data dictionary for the irish nursing minimum dataset.

PubMed

Henry, Pamela; Mac Neela, Pádraig; Clinton, Gerard; Scott, Anne; Treacy, Pearl; Butler, Michelle; Hyde, Abbey; Morris, Roisin; Irving, Kate; Byrne, Anne

2006-01-01

One of the challenges in health care in Ireland is the relatively slow acceptance of standardised clinical information systems. Yet the national Irish health reform programme indicates that an Electronic Health Care Record (EHCR) will be implemented on a phased basis. [3-5]. While nursing has a key role in ensuring the quality and comparability of health information, the so- called 'invisibility' of some nursing activities makes this a challenging aim to achieve [3-5]. Any integrated health care system requires the adoption of uniform standards for electronic data exchange [1-2]. One of the pre-requisites for uniform standards is the composition of a data dictionary. Inadequate definition of data elements in a particular dataset hinders the development of an integrated data depository or electronic health care record (EHCR). This paper outlines how work on the data dictionary for the Irish Nursing Minimum Dataset (INMDS) has addressed this issue. Data set elements were devised on the basis of a large scale empirical research programme. ISO 18104, the reference terminology for nursing [6], was used to cross-map the data set elements with semantic domains, categories and links and data set items were dissected.

Field-testing the new DECtalk PC system for medical applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grams, R. R.; Smillov, A.; Li, B.

1992-01-01

Synthesized human speech has now reached a new level of performance. With the introduction of DEC's new DECtalk PC, the small system developer will have a very powerful tool for creative design. It has been our privilege to be involved in the beta-testing of this new device and to add a medical dictionary which covers a wide range of medical terminology. With the inherent board level understanding of speech synthesis and the medical dictionary, it is now possible to provide full digital speech output for all medical files and terms. The application of these tools will cover a wide range of options for the future and allow a new dimension in dealing with the complex user interface experienced in medical practice.

Sparsity and Nullity: Paradigm for Analysis Dictionary Learning

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-08-09

16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: Sparse models in dictionary learning have been successfully applied in a wide variety of machine learning and...we investigate the relation between the SNS problem and the analysis dictionary learning problem, and show that the SNS problem plays a central role...and may be utilized to solve dictionary learning problems. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12

Readers' opinions of romantic poetry are consistent with emotional measures based on the Dictionary of Affect in Language.

PubMed

Whissell, Cynthia

2003-06-01

A principal components analysis of 68 volunteers' subjective ratings of 20 excerpts of Romantic poetry and of Dictionary of Affect scores for the same excerpts produced four components representing Pleasantness, Activation, Romanticism, and Nature. Dictionary measures and subjective ratings of the same constructs loaded on the same factor. Results are interpreted as providing construct validity for the Dictionary of Affect.

Fast dictionary-based reconstruction for diffusion spectrum imaging.

PubMed

Bilgic, Berkin; Chatnuntawech, Itthi; Setsompop, Kawin; Cauley, Stephen F; Yendiki, Anastasia; Wald, Lawrence L; Adalsteinsson, Elfar

2013-11-01

Diffusion spectrum imaging reveals detailed local diffusion properties at the expense of substantially long imaging times. It is possible to accelerate acquisition by undersampling in q-space, followed by image reconstruction that exploits prior knowledge on the diffusion probability density functions (pdfs). Previously proposed methods impose this prior in the form of sparsity under wavelet and total variation transforms, or under adaptive dictionaries that are trained on example datasets to maximize the sparsity of the representation. These compressed sensing (CS) methods require full-brain processing times on the order of hours using MATLAB running on a workstation. This work presents two dictionary-based reconstruction techniques that use analytical solutions, and are two orders of magnitude faster than the previously proposed dictionary-based CS approach. The first method generates a dictionary from the training data using principal component analysis (PCA), and performs the reconstruction in the PCA space. The second proposed method applies reconstruction using pseudoinverse with Tikhonov regularization with respect to a dictionary. This dictionary can either be obtained using the K-SVD algorithm, or it can simply be the training dataset of pdfs without any training. All of the proposed methods achieve reconstruction times on the order of seconds per imaging slice, and have reconstruction quality comparable to that of dictionary-based CS algorithm.

Weakly supervised visual dictionary learning by harnessing image attributes.

PubMed

Gao, Yue; Ji, Rongrong; Liu, Wei; Dai, Qionghai; Hua, Gang

2014-12-01

Bag-of-features (BoFs) representation has been extensively applied to deal with various computer vision applications. To extract discriminative and descriptive BoF, one important step is to learn a good dictionary to minimize the quantization loss between local features and codewords. While most existing visual dictionary learning approaches are engaged with unsupervised feature quantization, the latest trend has turned to supervised learning by harnessing the semantic labels of images or regions. However, such labels are typically too expensive to acquire, which restricts the scalability of supervised dictionary learning approaches. In this paper, we propose to leverage image attributes to weakly supervise the dictionary learning procedure without requiring any actual labels. As a key contribution, our approach establishes a generative hidden Markov random field (HMRF), which models the quantized codewords as the observed states and the image attributes as the hidden states, respectively. Dictionary learning is then performed by supervised grouping the observed states, where the supervised information is stemmed from the hidden states of the HMRF. In such a way, the proposed dictionary learning approach incorporates the image attributes to learn a semantic-preserving BoF representation without any genuine supervision. Experiments in large-scale image retrieval and classification tasks corroborate that our approach significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art unsupervised dictionary learning approaches.

Password-only authenticated three-party key exchange proven secure against insider dictionary attacks.

PubMed

Nam, Junghyun; Choo, Kim-Kwang Raymond; Paik, Juryon; Won, Dongho

2014-01-01

While a number of protocols for password-only authenticated key exchange (PAKE) in the 3-party setting have been proposed, it still remains a challenging task to prove the security of a 3-party PAKE protocol against insider dictionary attacks. To the best of our knowledge, there is no 3-party PAKE protocol that carries a formal proof, or even definition, of security against insider dictionary attacks. In this paper, we present the first 3-party PAKE protocol proven secure against both online and offline dictionary attacks as well as insider and outsider dictionary attacks. Our construct can be viewed as a protocol compiler that transforms any 2-party PAKE protocol into a 3-party PAKE protocol with 2 additional rounds of communication. We also present a simple and intuitive approach of formally modelling dictionary attacks in the password-only 3-party setting, which significantly reduces the complexity of proving the security of 3-party PAKE protocols against dictionary attacks. In addition, we investigate the security of the well-known 3-party PAKE protocol, called GPAKE, due to Abdalla et al. (2005, 2006), and demonstrate that the security of GPAKE against online dictionary attacks depends heavily on the composition of its two building blocks, namely a 2-party PAKE protocol and a 3-party key distribution protocol.

Adaptive Greedy Dictionary Selection for Web Media Summarization.

PubMed

Cong, Yang; Liu, Ji; Sun, Gan; You, Quanzeng; Li, Yuncheng; Luo, Jiebo

2017-01-01

Initializing an effective dictionary is an indispensable step for sparse representation. In this paper, we focus on the dictionary selection problem with the objective to select a compact subset of basis from original training data instead of learning a new dictionary matrix as dictionary learning models do. We first design a new dictionary selection model via l 2,0 norm. For model optimization, we propose two methods: one is the standard forward-backward greedy algorithm, which is not suitable for large-scale problems; the other is based on the gradient cues at each forward iteration and speeds up the process dramatically. In comparison with the state-of-the-art dictionary selection models, our model is not only more effective and efficient, but also can control the sparsity. To evaluate the performance of our new model, we select two practical web media summarization problems: 1) we build a new data set consisting of around 500 users, 3000 albums, and 1 million images, and achieve effective assisted albuming based on our model and 2) by formulating the video summarization problem as a dictionary selection issue, we employ our model to extract keyframes from a video sequence in a more flexible way. Generally, our model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in both these two tasks.

Multi-level discriminative dictionary learning with application to large scale image classification.

PubMed

Shen, Li; Sun, Gang; Huang, Qingming; Wang, Shuhui; Lin, Zhouchen; Wu, Enhua

2015-10-01

The sparse coding technique has shown flexibility and capability in image representation and analysis. It is a powerful tool in many visual applications. Some recent work has shown that incorporating the properties of task (such as discrimination for classification task) into dictionary learning is effective for improving the accuracy. However, the traditional supervised dictionary learning methods suffer from high computation complexity when dealing with large number of categories, making them less satisfactory in large scale applications. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-level discriminative dictionary learning method and apply it to large scale image classification. Our method takes advantage of hierarchical category correlation to encode multi-level discriminative information. Each internal node of the category hierarchy is associated with a discriminative dictionary and a classification model. The dictionaries at different layers are learnt to capture the information of different scales. Moreover, each node at lower layers also inherits the dictionary of its parent, so that the categories at lower layers can be described with multi-scale information. The learning of dictionaries and associated classification models is jointly conducted by minimizing an overall tree loss. The experimental results on challenging data sets demonstrate that our approach achieves excellent accuracy and competitive computation cost compared with other sparse coding methods for large scale image classification.

Fast Dictionary-Based Reconstruction for Diffusion Spectrum Imaging

PubMed Central

Bilgic, Berkin; Chatnuntawech, Itthi; Setsompop, Kawin; Cauley, Stephen F.; Yendiki, Anastasia; Wald, Lawrence L.; Adalsteinsson, Elfar

2015-01-01

Diffusion Spectrum Imaging (DSI) reveals detailed local diffusion properties at the expense of substantially long imaging times. It is possible to accelerate acquisition by undersampling in q-space, followed by image reconstruction that exploits prior knowledge on the diffusion probability density functions (pdfs). Previously proposed methods impose this prior in the form of sparsity under wavelet and total variation (TV) transforms, or under adaptive dictionaries that are trained on example datasets to maximize the sparsity of the representation. These compressed sensing (CS) methods require full-brain processing times on the order of hours using Matlab running on a workstation. This work presents two dictionary-based reconstruction techniques that use analytical solutions, and are two orders of magnitude faster than the previously proposed dictionary-based CS approach. The first method generates a dictionary from the training data using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and performs the reconstruction in the PCA space. The second proposed method applies reconstruction using pseudoinverse with Tikhonov regularization with respect to a dictionary. This dictionary can either be obtained using the K-SVD algorithm, or it can simply be the training dataset of pdfs without any training. All of the proposed methods achieve reconstruction times on the order of seconds per imaging slice, and have reconstruction quality comparable to that of dictionary-based CS algorithm. PMID:23846466

Natural-Annotation-based Unsupervised Construction of Korean-Chinese Domain Dictionary

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Wuying; Wang, Lin

2018-03-01

The large-scale bilingual parallel resource is significant to statistical learning and deep learning in natural language processing. This paper addresses the automatic construction issue of the Korean-Chinese domain dictionary, and presents a novel unsupervised construction method based on the natural annotation in the raw corpus. We firstly extract all Korean-Chinese word pairs from Korean texts according to natural annotations, secondly transform the traditional Chinese characters into the simplified ones, and finally distill out a bilingual domain dictionary after retrieving the simplified Chinese words in an extra Chinese domain dictionary. The experimental results show that our method can automatically build multiple Korean-Chinese domain dictionaries efficiently.

The Pocket Dictionary: A Textbook for Spelling.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Doggett, Maran

1982-01-01

Reports on a productive approach to secondary-school spelling instruction--one that emphasizes how and when to use the dictionary. Describes two of the many class activities that cultivate student use of the dictionary. (RL)

Cheap Words: A Paperback Dictionary Roundup.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kister, Ken

1979-01-01

Surveys currently available paperback editions in three classes of dictionaries: collegiate, abridged, and pocket. A general discussion distinguishes among the classes and offers seven consumer tips, followed by an annotated listing of dictionaries now available. (SW)

On A Nonlinear Generalization of Sparse Coding and Dictionary Learning.

PubMed

Xie, Yuchen; Ho, Jeffrey; Vemuri, Baba

2013-01-01

Existing dictionary learning algorithms are based on the assumption that the data are vectors in an Euclidean vector space ℝ d , and the dictionary is learned from the training data using the vector space structure of ℝ d and its Euclidean L 2 -metric. However, in many applications, features and data often originated from a Riemannian manifold that does not support a global linear (vector space) structure. Furthermore, the extrinsic viewpoint of existing dictionary learning algorithms becomes inappropriate for modeling and incorporating the intrinsic geometry of the manifold that is potentially important and critical to the application. This paper proposes a novel framework for sparse coding and dictionary learning for data on a Riemannian manifold, and it shows that the existing sparse coding and dictionary learning methods can be considered as special (Euclidean) cases of the more general framework proposed here. We show that both the dictionary and sparse coding can be effectively computed for several important classes of Riemannian manifolds, and we validate the proposed method using two well-known classification problems in computer vision and medical imaging analysis.

On A Nonlinear Generalization of Sparse Coding and Dictionary Learning

PubMed Central

Xie, Yuchen; Ho, Jeffrey; Vemuri, Baba

2013-01-01

Existing dictionary learning algorithms are based on the assumption that the data are vectors in an Euclidean vector space ℝd, and the dictionary is learned from the training data using the vector space structure of ℝd and its Euclidean L2-metric. However, in many applications, features and data often originated from a Riemannian manifold that does not support a global linear (vector space) structure. Furthermore, the extrinsic viewpoint of existing dictionary learning algorithms becomes inappropriate for modeling and incorporating the intrinsic geometry of the manifold that is potentially important and critical to the application. This paper proposes a novel framework for sparse coding and dictionary learning for data on a Riemannian manifold, and it shows that the existing sparse coding and dictionary learning methods can be considered as special (Euclidean) cases of the more general framework proposed here. We show that both the dictionary and sparse coding can be effectively computed for several important classes of Riemannian manifolds, and we validate the proposed method using two well-known classification problems in computer vision and medical imaging analysis. PMID:24129583

An analysis dictionary learning algorithm under a noisy data model with orthogonality constraint.

PubMed

Zhang, Ye; Yu, Tenglong; Wang, Wenwu

2014-01-01

Two common problems are often encountered in analysis dictionary learning (ADL) algorithms. The first one is that the original clean signals for learning the dictionary are assumed to be known, which otherwise need to be estimated from noisy measurements. This, however, renders a computationally slow optimization process and potentially unreliable estimation (if the noise level is high), as represented by the Analysis K-SVD (AK-SVD) algorithm. The other problem is the trivial solution to the dictionary, for example, the null dictionary matrix that may be given by a dictionary learning algorithm, as discussed in the learning overcomplete sparsifying transform (LOST) algorithm. Here we propose a novel optimization model and an iterative algorithm to learn the analysis dictionary, where we directly employ the observed data to compute the approximate analysis sparse representation of the original signals (leading to a fast optimization procedure) and enforce an orthogonality constraint on the optimization criterion to avoid the trivial solutions. Experiments demonstrate the competitive performance of the proposed algorithm as compared with three baselines, namely, the AK-SVD, LOST, and NAAOLA algorithms.

Modeling Planet-Building Stellar Disks with Radiative Transfer Code

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Swearingen, Jeremy R.; Sitko, Michael L.; Whitney, Barbara; Grady, Carol A.; Wagner, Kevin Robert; Champney, Elizabeth H.; Johnson, Alexa N.; Warren, Chelsea C.; Russell, Ray W.; Hammel, Heidi B.; Lisse, Casey M.; Cure, Michel; Kraus, Stefan; Fukagawa, Misato; Calvet, Nuria; Espaillat, Catherine; Monnier, John D.; Millan-Gabet, Rafael; Wilner, David J.

2015-01-01

Understanding the nature of the many planetary systems found outside of our own solar system cannot be completed without knowledge of the beginnings these systems. By detecting planets in very young systems and modeling the disks of material around stars from which they form, we can gain a better understanding of planetary origin and evolution. The efforts presented here have been in modeling two pre-transitional disk systems using a radiative transfer code. With the first of these systems, V1247 Ori, a model that fits the spectral energy distribution (SED) well and whose parameters are consistent with existing interferometry data (Kraus et al 2013) has been achieved. The second of these two systems, SAO 206462, has presented a different set of challenges but encouraging SED agreement between the model and known data gives hope that the model can produce images that can be used in future interferometry work. This work was supported by NASA ADAP grant NNX09AC73G, and the IR&D program at The Aerospace Corporation.

SaRAD: a Simple and Robust Abbreviation Dictionary.

PubMed

Adar, Eytan

2004-03-01

Due to recent interest in the use of textual material to augment traditional experiments it has become necessary to automatically cluster, classify and filter natural language information. The Simple and Robust Abbreviation Dictionary (SaRAD) provides an easy to implement, high performance tool for the construction of a biomedical symbol dictionary. The algorithms, applied to the MEDLINE document set, result in a high quality dictionary and toolset to disambiguate abbreviation symbols automatically.

University of Glasgow at TREC 2008: Experiments in Blog, Enterprise, and Relevance Feedback Tracks with Terrier

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-11-01

improves our TREC 2007 dictionary -based approach by automatically building an internal opinion dictionary from the collection itself. We measure the opin...detecting opinionated documents. The first approach improves our TREC 2007 dictionary -based approach by automat- ically building an internal opinion... dictionary from the collection itself. The second approach is based on the OpinionFinder tool, which identifies subjective sentences in text. In particular

The Effect of Bilingual Term List Size on Dictionary-Based Cross-Language Information Retrieval

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-01-01

The Effect of Bilingual Term List Size on Dictionary -Based Cross-Language Information Retrieval Dina Demner-Fushman Department of Computer Science... dictionary -based Cross-Language Information Retrieval (CLIR), in which the goal is to find documents written in one natural language based on queries that...in which the documents are written. In dictionary -based CLIR techniques, the princi- pal source of translation knowledge is a translation lexicon

Robust Multimodal Dictionary Learning

PubMed Central

Cao, Tian; Jojic, Vladimir; Modla, Shannon; Powell, Debbie; Czymmek, Kirk; Niethammer, Marc

2014-01-01

We propose a robust multimodal dictionary learning method for multimodal images. Joint dictionary learning for both modalities may be impaired by lack of correspondence between image modalities in training data, for example due to areas of low quality in one of the modalities. Dictionaries learned with such non-corresponding data will induce uncertainty about image representation. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic model that accounts for image areas that are poorly corresponding between the image modalities. We cast the problem of learning a dictionary in presence of problematic image patches as a likelihood maximization problem and solve it with a variant of the EM algorithm. Our algorithm iterates identification of poorly corresponding patches and re-finements of the dictionary. We tested our method on synthetic and real data. We show improvements in image prediction quality and alignment accuracy when using the method for multimodal image registration. PMID:24505674

Evaluation of techniques for increasing recall in a dictionary approach to gene and protein name identification.

PubMed

Schuemie, Martijn J; Mons, Barend; Weeber, Marc; Kors, Jan A

2007-06-01

Gene and protein name identification in text requires a dictionary approach to relate synonyms to the same gene or protein, and to link names to external databases. However, existing dictionaries are incomplete. We investigate two complementary methods for automatic generation of a comprehensive dictionary: combination of information from existing gene and protein databases and rule-based generation of spelling variations. Both methods have been reported in literature before, but have hitherto not been combined and evaluated systematically. We combined gene and protein names from several existing databases of four different organisms. The combined dictionaries showed a substantial increase in recall on three different test sets, as compared to any single database. Application of 23 spelling variation rules to the combined dictionaries further increased recall. However, many rules appeared to have no effect and some appear to have a detrimental effect on precision.

Dictionary Learning on the Manifold of Square Root Densities and Application to Reconstruction of Diffusion Propagator Fields*

PubMed Central

Sun, Jiaqi; Xie, Yuchen; Ye, Wenxing; Ho, Jeffrey; Entezari, Alireza; Blackband, Stephen J.

2013-01-01

In this paper, we present a novel dictionary learning framework for data lying on the manifold of square root densities and apply it to the reconstruction of diffusion propagator (DP) fields given a multi-shell diffusion MRI data set. Unlike most of the existing dictionary learning algorithms which rely on the assumption that the data points are vectors in some Euclidean space, our dictionary learning algorithm is designed to incorporate the intrinsic geometric structure of manifolds and performs better than traditional dictionary learning approaches when applied to data lying on the manifold of square root densities. Non-negativity as well as smoothness across the whole field of the reconstructed DPs is guaranteed in our approach. We demonstrate the advantage of our approach by comparing it with an existing dictionary based reconstruction method on synthetic and real multi-shell MRI data. PMID:24684004

Plasma Dictionary Website

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Correll, Don; Heeter, Robert; Alvarez, Mitch

2000-10-01

In response to many inquiries for a list of plasma terms, a database driven Plasma Dictionary website (plasmadictionary.llnl.gov) was created that allows users to submit new terms, search for specific terms or browse alphabetic listings. The Plasma Dictionary website contents began with the Fusion & Plasma Glossary terms available at the Fusion Energy Educational website (fusedweb.llnl.gov). Plasma researchers are encouraged to add terms and definitions. By clarifying the meanings of specific plasma terms, it is envisioned that the primary use of the Plasma Dictionary website will be by students, teachers, researchers, and writers for (1) Enhancing literacy in plasma science, (2) Serving as an educational aid, (3) Providing practical information, and (4) Helping clarify plasma writings. The Plasma Dictionary website has already proved useful in responding to a request from the CRC Press (www.crcpress.com) to add plasma terms to its CRC physics dictionary project (members.aol.com/physdict/).

The Research on Denoising of SAR Image Based on Improved K-SVD Algorithm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tan, Linglong; Li, Changkai; Wang, Yueqin

2018-04-01

SAR images often receive noise interference in the process of acquisition and transmission, which can greatly reduce the quality of images and cause great difficulties for image processing. The existing complete DCT dictionary algorithm is fast in processing speed, but its denoising effect is poor. In this paper, the problem of poor denoising, proposed K-SVD (K-means and singular value decomposition) algorithm is applied to the image noise suppression. Firstly, the sparse dictionary structure is introduced in detail. The dictionary has a compact representation and can effectively train the image signal. Then, the sparse dictionary is trained by K-SVD algorithm according to the sparse representation of the dictionary. The algorithm has more advantages in high dimensional data processing. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can remove the speckle noise more effectively than the complete DCT dictionary and retain the edge details better.

Learning overcomplete representations from distributed data: a brief review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raja, Haroon; Bajwa, Waheed U.

2016-05-01

Most of the research on dictionary learning has focused on developing algorithms under the assumption that data is available at a centralized location. But often the data is not available at a centralized location due to practical constraints like data aggregation costs, privacy concerns, etc. Using centralized dictionary learning algorithms may not be the optimal choice in such settings. This motivates the design of dictionary learning algorithms that consider distributed nature of data as one of the problem variables. Just like centralized settings, distributed dictionary learning problem can be posed in more than one way depending on the problem setup. Most notable distinguishing features are the online versus batch nature of data and the representative versus discriminative nature of the dictionaries. In this paper, several distributed dictionary learning algorithms that are designed to tackle different problem setups are reviewed. One of these algorithms is cloud K-SVD, which solves the dictionary learning problem for batch data in distributed settings. One distinguishing feature of cloud K-SVD is that it has been shown to converge to its centralized counterpart, namely, the K-SVD solution. On the other hand, no such guarantees are provided for other distributed dictionary learning algorithms. Convergence of cloud K-SVD to the centralized K-SVD solution means problems that are solvable by K-SVD in centralized settings can now be solved in distributed settings with similar performance. Finally, cloud K-SVD is used as an example to show the advantages that are attainable by deploying distributed dictionary algorithms for real world distributed datasets.

New thermal neutron calibration channel at LNMRI/IRD

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Astuto, A.; Patrão, K. C. S.; Fonseca, E. S.; Pereira, W. W.; Lopes, R. T.

2016-07-01

A new standard thermal neutron flux unit was designed in the National Ionizing Radiation Metrology Laboratory (LNMRI) for calibration of neutron detectors. Fluence is achieved by moderation of four 241Am-Be sources with 0.6 TBq each, in a facility built with graphite and paraffin blocks. The study was divided into two stages. First, simulations were performed using MCNPX code in different geometric arrangements, seeking the best performance in terms of fluence and their uncertainties. Last, the system was assembled based on the results obtained on the simulations. The simulation results indicate quasi-homogeneous fluence in the central chamber and H*(10) at 50 cm from the front face with the polyethylene filter.

Dictionnaires et encyclopedies: cuvee 89 (Dictionaries and Encyclopedias: Vintage 89).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ibrahim, Amr Helmy

1989-01-01

For the first time since its initial publication in 1905, the much-imitated "Petit Larousse" dictionary/reference book has a true competitor in Hachette's "Le Dictionnaire de notre temps", a new dictionary reflecting modern French usage. (MSE)

Using dictionaries to study the mental lexicon.

PubMed

Anshen, F; Aronoff, M

The notion of a mental lexicon has its historical roots in practical reference dictionaries. The distributional analysis of dictionaries provides one means of investigating the structure of the mental lexicon. We review our earlier work with dictionaries, based on a three-way horserace model of lexical access and production, and then present the most recent results of our ongoing analysis of the Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition on CD-ROM, which traces changes in productivity over time of the English suffixes -ment and -ity, both of which originate in French borrowings. Our results lead us to question the validity of automatic analogy from a set of existing words as the driving force behind morphological productivity. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Sensitivity computation of the ell1 minimization problem and its application to dictionary design of ill-posed problems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Horesh, L.; Haber, E.

2009-09-01

The ell1 minimization problem has been studied extensively in the past few years. Recently, there has been a growing interest in its application for inverse problems. Most studies have concentrated in devising ways for sparse representation of a solution using a given prototype dictionary. Very few studies have addressed the more challenging problem of optimal dictionary construction, and even these were primarily devoted to the simplistic sparse coding application. In this paper, sensitivity analysis of the inverse solution with respect to the dictionary is presented. This analysis reveals some of the salient features and intrinsic difficulties which are associated with the dictionary design problem. Equipped with these insights, we propose an optimization strategy that alleviates these hurdles while utilizing the derived sensitivity relations for the design of a locally optimal dictionary. Our optimality criterion is based on local minimization of the Bayesian risk, given a set of training models. We present a mathematical formulation and an algorithmic framework to achieve this goal. The proposed framework offers the design of dictionaries for inverse problems that incorporate non-trivial, non-injective observation operators, where the data and the recovered parameters may reside in different spaces. We test our algorithm and show that it yields improved dictionaries for a diverse set of inverse problems in geophysics and medical imaging.

Password-Only Authenticated Three-Party Key Exchange Proven Secure against Insider Dictionary Attacks

PubMed Central

Nam, Junghyun; Choo, Kim-Kwang Raymond

2014-01-01

While a number of protocols for password-only authenticated key exchange (PAKE) in the 3-party setting have been proposed, it still remains a challenging task to prove the security of a 3-party PAKE protocol against insider dictionary attacks. To the best of our knowledge, there is no 3-party PAKE protocol that carries a formal proof, or even definition, of security against insider dictionary attacks. In this paper, we present the first 3-party PAKE protocol proven secure against both online and offline dictionary attacks as well as insider and outsider dictionary attacks. Our construct can be viewed as a protocol compiler that transforms any 2-party PAKE protocol into a 3-party PAKE protocol with 2 additional rounds of communication. We also present a simple and intuitive approach of formally modelling dictionary attacks in the password-only 3-party setting, which significantly reduces the complexity of proving the security of 3-party PAKE protocols against dictionary attacks. In addition, we investigate the security of the well-known 3-party PAKE protocol, called GPAKE, due to Abdalla et al. (2005, 2006), and demonstrate that the security of GPAKE against online dictionary attacks depends heavily on the composition of its two building blocks, namely a 2-party PAKE protocol and a 3-party key distribution protocol. PMID:25309956

An Improved Sparse Representation over Learned Dictionary Method for Seizure Detection.

PubMed

Li, Junhui; Zhou, Weidong; Yuan, Shasha; Zhang, Yanli; Li, Chengcheng; Wu, Qi

2016-02-01

Automatic seizure detection has played an important role in the monitoring, diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. In this paper, a patient specific method is proposed for seizure detection in the long-term intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. This seizure detection method is based on sparse representation with online dictionary learning and elastic net constraint. The online learned dictionary could sparsely represent the testing samples more accurately, and the elastic net constraint which combines the 11-norm and 12-norm not only makes the coefficients sparse but also avoids over-fitting problem. First, the EEG signals are preprocessed using wavelet filtering and differential filtering, and the kernel function is applied to make the samples closer to linearly separable. Then the dictionaries of seizure and nonseizure are respectively learned from original ictal and interictal training samples with online dictionary optimization algorithm to compose the training dictionary. After that, the test samples are sparsely coded over the learned dictionary and the residuals associated with ictal and interictal sub-dictionary are calculated, respectively. Eventually, the test samples are classified as two distinct categories, seizure or nonseizure, by comparing the reconstructed residuals. The average segment-based sensitivity of 95.45%, specificity of 99.08%, and event-based sensitivity of 94.44% with false detection rate of 0.23/h and average latency of -5.14 s have been achieved with our proposed method.

Image fusion via nonlocal sparse K-SVD dictionary learning.

PubMed

Li, Ying; Li, Fangyi; Bai, Bendu; Shen, Qiang

2016-03-01

Image fusion aims to merge two or more images captured via various sensors of the same scene to construct a more informative image by integrating their details. Generally, such integration is achieved through the manipulation of the representations of the images concerned. Sparse representation plays an important role in the effective description of images, offering a great potential in a variety of image processing tasks, including image fusion. Supported by sparse representation, in this paper, an approach for image fusion by the use of a novel dictionary learning scheme is proposed. The nonlocal self-similarity property of the images is exploited, not only at the stage of learning the underlying description dictionary but during the process of image fusion. In particular, the property of nonlocal self-similarity is combined with the traditional sparse dictionary. This results in an improved learned dictionary, hereafter referred to as the nonlocal sparse K-SVD dictionary (where K-SVD stands for the K times singular value decomposition that is commonly used in the literature), and abbreviated to NL_SK_SVD. The performance of the NL_SK_SVD dictionary is applied for image fusion using simultaneous orthogonal matching pursuit. The proposed approach is evaluated with different types of images, and compared with a number of alternative image fusion techniques. The resultant superior fused images using the present approach demonstrates the efficacy of the NL_SK_SVD dictionary in sparse image representation.

A Robust Shape Reconstruction Method for Facial Feature Point Detection.

PubMed

Tan, Shuqiu; Chen, Dongyi; Guo, Chenggang; Huang, Zhiqi

2017-01-01

Facial feature point detection has been receiving great research advances in recent years. Numerous methods have been developed and applied in practical face analysis systems. However, it is still a quite challenging task because of the large variability in expression and gestures and the existence of occlusions in real-world photo shoot. In this paper, we present a robust sparse reconstruction method for the face alignment problems. Instead of a direct regression between the feature space and the shape space, the concept of shape increment reconstruction is introduced. Moreover, a set of coupled overcomplete dictionaries termed the shape increment dictionary and the local appearance dictionary are learned in a regressive manner to select robust features and fit shape increments. Additionally, to make the learned model more generalized, we select the best matched parameter set through extensive validation tests. Experimental results on three public datasets demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a better robustness over the state-of-the-art methods.

Deviation of Zipf's and Heaps' Laws in Human Languages with Limited Dictionary Sizes

PubMed Central

Lü, Linyuan; Zhang, Zi-Ke; Zhou, Tao

2013-01-01

Zipf's law on word frequency and Heaps' law on the growth of distinct words are observed in Indo-European language family, but it does not hold for languages like Chinese, Japanese and Korean. These languages consist of characters, and are of very limited dictionary sizes. Extensive experiments show that: (i) The character frequency distribution follows a power law with exponent close to one, at which the corresponding Zipf's exponent diverges. Indeed, the character frequency decays exponentially in the Zipf's plot. (ii) The number of distinct characters grows with the text length in three stages: It grows linearly in the beginning, then turns to a logarithmical form, and eventually saturates. A theoretical model for writing process is proposed, which embodies the rich-get-richer mechanism and the effects of limited dictionary size. Experiments, simulations and analytical solutions agree well with each other. This work refines the understanding about Zipf's and Heaps' laws in human language systems. PMID:23378896

Dictionary as Database.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Painter, Derrick

1996-01-01

Discussion of dictionaries as databases focuses on the digitizing of The Oxford English dictionary (OED) and the use of Standard Generalized Mark-Up Language (SGML). Topics include the creation of a consortium to digitize the OED, document structure, relational databases, text forms, sequence, and discourse. (LRW)

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) logical architecture : volume 3 : data dictionary

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1982-01-01

A Guide to Reporting Highway Statistics is a principal part of Federal Highway Administration's comprehensive highway information collection effort. This Guide has two objectives: 1) To serve as a reference to the reporting system that the Federal Hi...

Regularized spherical polar fourier diffusion MRI with optimal dictionary learning.

PubMed

Cheng, Jian; Jiang, Tianzi; Deriche, Rachid; Shen, Dinggang; Yap, Pew-Thian

2013-01-01

Compressed Sensing (CS) takes advantage of signal sparsity or compressibility and allows superb signal reconstruction from relatively few measurements. Based on CS theory, a suitable dictionary for sparse representation of the signal is required. In diffusion MRI (dMRI), CS methods proposed for reconstruction of diffusion-weighted signal and the Ensemble Average Propagator (EAP) utilize two kinds of Dictionary Learning (DL) methods: 1) Discrete Representation DL (DR-DL), and 2) Continuous Representation DL (CR-DL). DR-DL is susceptible to numerical inaccuracy owing to interpolation and regridding errors in a discretized q-space. In this paper, we propose a novel CR-DL approach, called Dictionary Learning - Spherical Polar Fourier Imaging (DL-SPFI) for effective compressed-sensing reconstruction of the q-space diffusion-weighted signal and the EAP. In DL-SPFI, a dictionary that sparsifies the signal is learned from the space of continuous Gaussian diffusion signals. The learned dictionary is then adaptively applied to different voxels using a weighted LASSO framework for robust signal reconstruction. Compared with the start-of-the-art CR-DL and DR-DL methods proposed by Merlet et al. and Bilgic et al., respectively, our work offers the following advantages. First, the learned dictionary is proved to be optimal for Gaussian diffusion signals. Second, to our knowledge, this is the first work to learn a voxel-adaptive dictionary. The importance of the adaptive dictionary in EAP reconstruction will be demonstrated theoretically and empirically. Third, optimization in DL-SPFI is only performed in a small subspace resided by the SPF coefficients, as opposed to the q-space approach utilized by Merlet et al. We experimentally evaluated DL-SPFI with respect to L1-norm regularized SPFI (L1-SPFI), which uses the original SPF basis, and the DR-DL method proposed by Bilgic et al. The experiment results on synthetic and real data indicate that the learned dictionary produces sparser coefficients than the original SPF basis and results in significantly lower reconstruction error than Bilgic et al.'s method.

Meta-Analysis of Interventions for Basic Mathematics Computation in Single-Case Research

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Methe, Scott A.; Kilgus, Stephen P.; Neiman, Cheryl; Riley-Tillman, T. Chris

2012-01-01

This study examined interventions for addition and subtraction that were implemented through single-case design (SCD) research studies. We attempted to extend prior SCD meta-analyses by examining differences in effect sizes across several moderating variables and by including a novel index of effect, improvement rate difference (IRD). We also…

2011 Special Operations Forces Industry Conference

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-19

to USSOCOM acquisition objectives and challenges . The Forum is designed to be an informative discussion, with audience participation, between... Challenge UNCLASSIFIED UNCLAS IF ED UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Acquisition Enterprise DOD and Service Labs, International Partners, Industry IR&D SOF...Experimentation • Mission – Support Concept & Solution Development for SOF Capability Gaps, Technology Thrust Areas & Warfighter Challenges • Objectives

12 CFR 229.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... bank; and (4) Provided to a customer of the bank or acquired from the bank for remittance purposes. (j... Standard Specifications for an Image Replacement Document—IRD, X9.100-140 (hereinafter ANS X9.100-140) for... means a paper reproduction of an original check that— (1) Contains an image of the front and back of the...

12 CFR 229.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... bank; and (4) Provided to a customer of the bank or acquired from the bank for remittance purposes. (j... Standard Specifications for an Image Replacement Document—IRD, X9.100-140 (hereinafter ANS X9.100-140) for... means a paper reproduction of an original check that— (1) Contains an image of the front and back of the...

12 CFR 229.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... bank; and (4) Provided to a customer of the bank or acquired from the bank for remittance purposes. (j... Standard Specifications for an Image Replacement Document—IRD, X9.100-140 (hereinafter ANS X9.100-140) for... means a paper reproduction of an original check that— (1) Contains an image of the front and back of the...

12 CFR 229.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... bank; and (4) Provided to a customer of the bank or acquired from the bank for remittance purposes. (j... Standard Specifications for an Image Replacement Document—IRD, X9.100-140 (hereinafter ANS X9.100-140) for... means a paper reproduction of an original check that— (1) Contains an image of the front and back of the...

12 CFR 229.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... bank; and (4) Provided to a customer of the bank or acquired from the bank for remittance purposes. (j... Standard Specifications for an Image Replacement Document—IRD, X9.100-140 (hereinafter ANS X9.100-140) for... means a paper reproduction of an original check that— (1) Contains an image of the front and back of the...

Symposium Proceedings: Environmental Aspects of Fuel ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

... uU, ... • ird • A N IIw — • II- flo t IAW IV — 1 • N •PI * A IF Y & -S- ~^ n? i — i • t< • T •~ • IE L A •^ -A ~ * IY a f- — ^ • U - Figure r-^ ~- _H | 1 — i, N - w 4/5 ...

Novel Phenotype Issues Raised in Cross-National Epidemiological Research on Drug Dependence

PubMed Central

Anthony, James C.

2010-01-01

Stage-transition models based on the American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) generally are applied in epidemiology and genetics research on drug dependence syndromes associated with cannabis, cocaine, and other internationally regulated drugs (IRD). Difficulties with DSM stage-transition models have surfaced during cross-national research intended to provide a truly global perspective, such as the work of the World Mental Health Surveys (WMHS) Consortium. Alternative simpler dependence-related phenotypes are possible, including population-level count process models for steps early and before coalescence of clinical features into a coherent syndrome (e.g., zero-inflated Poisson regression). Selected findings are reviewed, based on ZIP modeling of alcohol, tobacco, and IRD count processes, with an illustration that may stimulate new research on genetic susceptibility traits. The annual National Surveys on Drug Use and Health can be readily modified for this purpose, along the lines of a truly anonymous research approach that can help make NSDUH-type cross-national epidemiological surveys more useful in the context of subsequent genome wide association (GWAS) research and post-GWAS investigations with a truly global health perspective. PMID:20201862

Brain tumor classification and segmentation using sparse coding and dictionary learning.

PubMed

Salman Al-Shaikhli, Saif Dawood; Yang, Michael Ying; Rosenhahn, Bodo

2016-08-01

This paper presents a novel fully automatic framework for multi-class brain tumor classification and segmentation using a sparse coding and dictionary learning method. The proposed framework consists of two steps: classification and segmentation. The classification of the brain tumors is based on brain topology and texture. The segmentation is based on voxel values of the image data. Using K-SVD, two types of dictionaries are learned from the training data and their associated ground truth segmentation: feature dictionary and voxel-wise coupled dictionaries. The feature dictionary consists of global image features (topological and texture features). The coupled dictionaries consist of coupled information: gray scale voxel values of the training image data and their associated label voxel values of the ground truth segmentation of the training data. For quantitative evaluation, the proposed framework is evaluated using different metrics. The segmentation results of the brain tumor segmentation (MICCAI-BraTS-2013) database are evaluated using five different metric scores, which are computed using the online evaluation tool provided by the BraTS-2013 challenge organizers. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves an accurate brain tumor classification and segmentation and outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.

Measurement of negativity bias in personal narratives using corpus-based emotion dictionaries.

PubMed

Cohen, Shuki J

2011-04-01

This study presents a novel methodology for the measurement of negativity bias using positive and negative dictionaries of emotion words applied to autobiographical narratives. At odds with the cognitive theory of mood dysregulation, previous text-analytical studies have failed to find significant correlation between emotion dictionaries and negative affectivity or dysphoria. In the present study, an a priori list dictionary of emotion words was refined based on the actual use of these words in personal narratives collected from close to 500 college students. Half of the corpus was used to construct, via concordance analysis, the grammatical structures associated with the words in their emotional sense. The second half of the corpus served as a validation corpus. The resulting dictionary ignores words that are not used in their intended emotional sense, including negated emotions, homophones, frozen idioms etc. Correlations of the resulting corpus-based negative and positive emotion dictionaries with self-report measures of negative affectivity were in the expected direction, and were statistically significant, with medium effect size. The potential use of these dictionaries as implicit measures of negativity bias and in the analysis of psychotherapy transcripts is discussed.

Joint seismic data denoising and interpolation with double-sparsity dictionary learning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Lingchen; Liu, Entao; McClellan, James H.

2017-08-01

Seismic data quality is vital to geophysical applications, so that methods of data recovery, including denoising and interpolation, are common initial steps in the seismic data processing flow. We present a method to perform simultaneous interpolation and denoising, which is based on double-sparsity dictionary learning. This extends previous work that was for denoising only. The original double-sparsity dictionary learning algorithm is modified to track the traces with missing data by defining a masking operator that is integrated into the sparse representation of the dictionary. A weighted low-rank approximation algorithm is adopted to handle the dictionary updating as a sparse recovery optimization problem constrained by the masking operator. Compared to traditional sparse transforms with fixed dictionaries that lack the ability to adapt to complex data structures, the double-sparsity dictionary learning method learns the signal adaptively from selected patches of the corrupted seismic data, while preserving compact forward and inverse transform operators. Numerical experiments on synthetic seismic data indicate that this new method preserves more subtle features in the data set without introducing pseudo-Gibbs artifacts when compared to other directional multi-scale transform methods such as curvelets.

Intelligent Diagnosis Method for Rotating Machinery Using Dictionary Learning and Singular Value Decomposition.

PubMed

Han, Te; Jiang, Dongxiang; Zhang, Xiaochen; Sun, Yankui

2017-03-27

Rotating machinery is widely used in industrial applications. With the trend towards more precise and more critical operating conditions, mechanical failures may easily occur. Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis (CMFD) technology is an effective tool to enhance the reliability and security of rotating machinery. In this paper, an intelligent fault diagnosis method based on dictionary learning and singular value decomposition (SVD) is proposed. First, the dictionary learning scheme is capable of generating an adaptive dictionary whose atoms reveal the underlying structure of raw signals. Essentially, dictionary learning is employed as an adaptive feature extraction method regardless of any prior knowledge. Second, the singular value sequence of learned dictionary matrix is served to extract feature vector. Generally, since the vector is of high dimensionality, a simple and practical principal component analysis (PCA) is applied to reduce dimensionality. Finally, the K -nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm is adopted for identification and classification of fault patterns automatically. Two experimental case studies are investigated to corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed method in intelligent diagnosis of rotating machinery faults. The comparison analysis validates that the dictionary learning-based matrix construction approach outperforms the mode decomposition-based methods in terms of capacity and adaptability for feature extraction.

Bilevel Model-Based Discriminative Dictionary Learning for Recognition.

PubMed

Zhou, Pan; Zhang, Chao; Lin, Zhouchen

2017-03-01

Most supervised dictionary learning methods optimize the combinations of reconstruction error, sparsity prior, and discriminative terms. Thus, the learnt dictionaries may not be optimal for recognition tasks. Also, the sparse codes learning models in the training and the testing phases are inconsistent. Besides, without utilizing the intrinsic data structure, many dictionary learning methods only employ the l 0 or l 1 norm to encode each datum independently, limiting the performance of the learnt dictionaries. We present a novel bilevel model-based discriminative dictionary learning method for recognition tasks. The upper level directly minimizes the classification error, while the lower level uses the sparsity term and the Laplacian term to characterize the intrinsic data structure. The lower level is subordinate to the upper level. Therefore, our model achieves an overall optimality for recognition in that the learnt dictionary is directly tailored for recognition. Moreover, the sparse codes learning models in the training and the testing phases can be the same. We further propose a novel method to solve our bilevel optimization problem. It first replaces the lower level with its Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions and then applies the alternating direction method of multipliers to solve the equivalent problem. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our method.

Compressive sensing of electrocardiogram signals by promoting sparsity on the second-order difference and by using dictionary learning.

PubMed

Pant, Jeevan K; Krishnan, Sridhar

2014-04-01

A new algorithm for the reconstruction of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals and a dictionary learning algorithm for the enhancement of its reconstruction performance for a class of signals are proposed. The signal reconstruction algorithm is based on minimizing the lp pseudo-norm of the second-order difference, called as the lp(2d) pseudo-norm, of the signal. The optimization involved is carried out using a sequential conjugate-gradient algorithm. The dictionary learning algorithm uses an iterative procedure wherein a signal reconstruction and a dictionary update steps are repeated until a convergence criterion is satisfied. The signal reconstruction step is implemented by using the proposed signal reconstruction algorithm and the dictionary update step is implemented by using the linear least-squares method. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm yields improved reconstruction performance for temporally correlated ECG signals relative to the state-of-the-art lp(1d)-regularized least-squares and Bayesian learning based algorithms. Also for a known class of signals, the reconstruction performance of the proposed algorithm can be improved by applying it in conjunction with a dictionary obtained using the proposed dictionary learning algorithm.

Trying Out a New Dictionary.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Benson, Morton; Benson, Evelyn

1988-01-01

Describes the BBI Combinatory Dictionary of English and demonstrates its usefulness for advanced learners of English by administering a monolingual completion test, first without a dictionary and then with the BBI, to Hungarian and Russian English teachers. Both groups' scores improved dramatically on the posttest. (LMO)

The Effect of Bilingual Term List Size on Dictionary-Based Cross-Language Information Retrieval

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-02-01

FEB 2003 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2003 to 00-00-2003 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE The Effect of Bilingual Term List Size on Dictionary ...298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 The Effect of Bilingual Term List Size on Dictionary -Based Cross-Language Information Retrieval Dina...are extensively used as a resource for dictionary -based Cross-Language Information Retrieval (CLIR), in which the goal is to find documents written

Induced lexico-syntactic patterns improve information extraction from online medical forums.

PubMed

Gupta, Sonal; MacLean, Diana L; Heer, Jeffrey; Manning, Christopher D

2014-01-01

To reliably extract two entity types, symptoms and conditions (SCs), and drugs and treatments (DTs), from patient-authored text (PAT) by learning lexico-syntactic patterns from data annotated with seed dictionaries. Despite the increasing quantity of PAT (eg, online discussion threads), tools for identifying medical entities in PAT are limited. When applied to PAT, existing tools either fail to identify specific entity types or perform poorly. Identification of SC and DT terms in PAT would enable exploration of efficacy and side effects for not only pharmaceutical drugs, but also for home remedies and components of daily care. We use SC and DT term dictionaries compiled from online sources to label several discussion forums from MedHelp (http://www.medhelp.org). We then iteratively induce lexico-syntactic patterns corresponding strongly to each entity type to extract new SC and DT terms. Our system is able to extract symptom descriptions and treatments absent from our original dictionaries, such as 'LADA', 'stabbing pain', and 'cinnamon pills'. Our system extracts DT terms with 58-70% F1 score and SC terms with 66-76% F1 score on two forums from MedHelp. We show improvements over MetaMap, OBA, a conditional random field-based classifier, and a previous pattern learning approach. Our entity extractor based on lexico-syntactic patterns is a successful and preferable technique for identifying specific entity types in PAT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to extract SC and DT entities from PAT. We exhibit learning of informal terms often used in PAT but missing from typical dictionaries. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Psoriasis image representation using patch-based dictionary learning for erythema severity scoring.

PubMed

George, Yasmeen; Aldeen, Mohammad; Garnavi, Rahil

2018-06-01

Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease which can be life-threatening. Accurate severity scoring helps dermatologists to decide on the treatment. In this paper, we present a semi-supervised computer-aided system for automatic erythema severity scoring in psoriasis images. Firstly, the unsupervised stage includes a novel image representation method. We construct a dictionary, which is then used in the sparse representation for local feature extraction. To acquire the final image representation vector, an aggregation method is exploited over the local features. Secondly, the supervised phase is where various multi-class machine learning (ML) classifiers are trained for erythema severity scoring. Finally, we compare the proposed system with two popular unsupervised feature extractor methods, namely: bag of visual words model (BoVWs) and AlexNet pretrained model. Root mean square error (RMSE) and F1 score are used as performance measures for the learned dictionaries and the trained ML models, respectively. A psoriasis image set consisting of 676 images, is used in this study. Experimental results demonstrate that the use of the proposed procedure can provide a setup where erythema scoring is accurate and consistent. Also, it is revealed that dictionaries with large number of atoms and small patch sizes yield the best representative erythema severity features. Further, random forest (RF) outperforms other classifiers with F1 score 0.71, followed by support vector machine (SVM) and boosting with 0.66 and 0.64 scores, respectively. Furthermore, the conducted comparative studies confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach with improvement of 9% and 12% over BoVWs and AlexNet based features, respectively. Crown Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Planetary Data System (PDS) Data Dictionary Tool (LDDTool)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raugh, Anne C.; Hughes, John S.

2017-10-01

One of the major design goals of the PDS4 development effort was to provide an avenue for discipline specialists and large data preparers such as mission archivists to extend the core PDS4 Information Model (IM) to include metadata definitions specific to their own contexts. This capability is critical for the Planetary Data System - an archive that deals with a data collection that is diverse along virtually every conceivable axis. Amid such diversity, it is in the best interests of the PDS archive and its users that all extensions to the core IM follow the same design techniques, conventions, and restrictions as the core implementation itself. Notwithstanding, expecting all mission and discipline archivist seeking to define metadata for a new context to acquire expertise in information modeling, model-driven design, ontology, schema formulation, and PDS4 design conventions and philosophy is unrealistic, to say the least.To bridge that expertise gap, the PDS Engineering Node has developed the data dictionary creation tool known as “LDDTool”. This tool incorporates the same software used to maintain and extend the core IM, packaged with an interface that enables a developer to create his contextual information model using the same, open standards-based metadata framework PDS itself uses. Through this interface, the novice dictionary developer has immediate access to the common set of data types and unit classes for defining attributes, and a straight-forward method for constructing classes. The more experienced developer, using the same tool, has access to more sophisticated modeling methods like abstraction and extension, and can define very sophisticated validation rules.We present the key features of the PDS Local Data Dictionary Tool, which both supports the development of extensions to the PDS4 IM, and ensures their compatibility with the IM.

Machine-Assisted Indexing of Scientific Research Summaries

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

And Others; Hunt, Bernard L.

1975-01-01

At the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, a computer system indexes word combinations in research summaries, according to a Classifying Dictionary, prior to review by the professional staff. (Author/PF)

Travel time tomography with local image regularization by sparsity constrained dictionary learning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bianco, M.; Gerstoft, P.

2017-12-01

We propose a regularization approach for 2D seismic travel time tomography which models small rectangular groups of slowness pixels, within an overall or `global' slowness image, as sparse linear combinations of atoms from a dictionary. The groups of slowness pixels are referred to as patches and a dictionary corresponds to a collection of functions or `atoms' describing the slowness in each patch. These functions could for example be wavelets.The patch regularization is incorporated into the global slowness image. The global image models the broad features, while the local patch images incorporate prior information from the dictionary. Further, high resolution slowness within patches is permitted if the travel times from the global estimates support it. The proposed approach is formulated as an algorithm, which is repeated until convergence is achieved: 1) From travel times, find the global slowness image with a minimum energy constraint on the pixel variance relative to a reference. 2) Find the patch level solutions to fit the global estimate as a sparse linear combination of dictionary atoms.3) Update the reference as the weighted average of the patch level solutions.This approach relies on the redundancy of the patches in the seismic image. Redundancy means that the patches are repetitions of a finite number of patterns, which are described by the dictionary atoms. Redundancy in the earth's structure was demonstrated in previous works in seismics where dictionaries of wavelet functions regularized inversion. We further exploit redundancy of the patches by using dictionary learning algorithms, a form of unsupervised machine learning, to estimate optimal dictionaries from the data in parallel with the inversion. We demonstrate our approach on densely, but irregularly sampled synthetic seismic images.

Pattern matching techniques for correcting low-confidence OCR words in a known context

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ford, Glenn; Hauser, Susan E.; Le, Daniel X.; Thoma, George R.

2000-12-01

A commercial OCR system is a key component of a system developed at the National Library of Medicine for the automated extraction of bibliographic fields from biomedical journals. This 5-engine OCR system, while exhibiting high performance overall, does not reliably convert very small characters, especially those that are in italics. As a result, the 'affiliations' field that typically contains such characters in most journals, is not captured accurately, and requires a disproportionately high manual input. To correct this problem, dictionaries have been created from words occurring in this field (e.g., university, department, street addresses, names of cities, etc.) from 230,000 articles already processed. The OCR output corresponding to the affiliation field is then matched against these dictionary entries by approximate string-matching techniques, and the ranked matches are presented to operators for verification. This paper outlines the techniques employed and the results of a comparative evaluation.

Model-based semantic dictionaries for medical language understanding.

PubMed Central

Rassinoux, A. M.; Baud, R. H.; Ruch, P.; Trombert-Paviot, B.; Rodrigues, J. M.

1999-01-01

Semantic dictionaries are emerging as a major cornerstone towards achieving sound natural language understanding. Indeed, they constitute the main bridge between words and conceptual entities that reflect their meanings. Nowadays, more and more wide-coverage lexical dictionaries are electronically available in the public domain. However, associating a semantic content with lexical entries is not a straightforward task as it is subordinate to the existence of a fine-grained concept model of the treated domain. This paper presents the benefits and pitfalls in building and maintaining multilingual dictionaries, the semantics of which is directly established on an existing concept model. Concrete cases, handled through the GALEN-IN-USE project, illustrate the use of such semantic dictionaries for the analysis and generation of multilingual surgical procedures. PMID:10566333

Talking Shop with Moira Runcie.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bowers, Rogers

1998-01-01

Presents an interview with Moira Runcie, Editorial Director for ELT (English Language Teaching) dictionaries at Oxford University Press. The interview focuses on the work of A.S. Hornby in creating the first learners dictionary of English and shows how modern dictionaries draw on his work. (Author/JL)

Cross-label Suppression: a Discriminative and Fast Dictionary Learning with Group Regularization.

PubMed

Wang, Xiudong; Gu, Yuantao

2017-05-10

This paper addresses image classification through learning a compact and discriminative dictionary efficiently. Given a structured dictionary with each atom (columns in the dictionary matrix) related to some label, we propose crosslabel suppression constraint to enlarge the difference among representations for different classes. Meanwhile, we introduce group regularization to enforce representations to preserve label properties of original samples, meaning the representations for the same class are encouraged to be similar. Upon the cross-label suppression, we don't resort to frequently-used `0-norm or `1- norm for coding, and obtain computational efficiency without losing the discriminative power for categorization. Moreover, two simple classification schemes are also developed to take full advantage of the learnt dictionary. Extensive experiments on six data sets including face recognition, object categorization, scene classification, texture recognition and sport action categorization are conducted, and the results show that the proposed approach can outperform lots of recently presented dictionary algorithms on both recognition accuracy and computational efficiency.

A Locality-Constrained and Label Embedding Dictionary Learning Algorithm for Image Classification.

PubMed

Zhengming Li; Zhihui Lai; Yong Xu; Jian Yang; Zhang, David

2017-02-01

Locality and label information of training samples play an important role in image classification. However, previous dictionary learning algorithms do not take the locality and label information of atoms into account together in the learning process, and thus their performance is limited. In this paper, a discriminative dictionary learning algorithm, called the locality-constrained and label embedding dictionary learning (LCLE-DL) algorithm, was proposed for image classification. First, the locality information was preserved using the graph Laplacian matrix of the learned dictionary instead of the conventional one derived from the training samples. Then, the label embedding term was constructed using the label information of atoms instead of the classification error term, which contained discriminating information of the learned dictionary. The optimal coding coefficients derived by the locality-based and label-based reconstruction were effective for image classification. Experimental results demonstrated that the LCLE-DL algorithm can achieve better performance than some state-of-the-art algorithms.

Isolated and Syndromic Retinal Dystrophy Caused by Biallelic Mutations in RCBTB1, a Gene Implicated in Ubiquitination.

PubMed

Coppieters, Frauke; Ascari, Giulia; Dannhausen, Katharina; Nikopoulos, Konstantinos; Peelman, Frank; Karlstetter, Marcus; Xu, Mingchu; Brachet, Cécile; Meunier, Isabelle; Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis K; Tsika, Chrysanthi; Blazaki, Styliani V; Vergult, Sarah; Farinelli, Pietro; Van Laethem, Thalia; Bauwens, Miriam; De Bruyne, Marieke; Chen, Rui; Langmann, Thomas; Sui, Ruifang; Meire, Françoise; Rivolta, Carlo; Hamel, Christian P; Leroy, Bart P; De Baere, Elfride

2016-08-04

Inherited retinal dystrophies (iRDs) are a group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous conditions resulting from mutations in over 250 genes. Here, homozygosity mapping and whole-exome sequencing (WES) in a consanguineous family revealed a homozygous missense mutation, c.973C>T (p.His325Tyr), in RCBTB1. In affected individuals, it was found to segregate with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), goiter, primary ovarian insufficiency, and mild intellectual disability. Subsequent analysis of WES data in different cohorts uncovered four additional homozygous missense mutations in five unrelated families in whom iRD segregates with or without syndromic features. Ocular phenotypes ranged from typical RP starting in the second decade to chorioretinal dystrophy with a later age of onset. The five missense mutations affect highly conserved residues either in the sixth repeat of the RCC1 domain or in the BTB1 domain. A founder haplotype was identified for mutation c.919G>A (p.Val307Met), occurring in two families of Mediterranean origin. We showed ubiquitous mRNA expression of RCBTB1 and demonstrated predominant RCBTB1 localization in human inner retina. RCBTB1 was very recently shown to be involved in ubiquitination, more specifically as a CUL3 substrate adaptor. Therefore, the effect on different components of the CUL3 and NFE2L2 (NRF2) pathway was assessed in affected individuals' lymphocytes, revealing decreased mRNA expression of NFE2L2 and several NFE2L2 target genes. In conclusion, our study puts forward mutations in RCBTB1 as a cause of autosomal-recessive non-syndromic and syndromic iRD. Finally, our data support a role for impaired ubiquitination in the pathogenetic mechanism of RCBTB1 mutations. Copyright © 2016 American Society of Human Genetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Past collapse and late Holocene reestablishment of the Petermann Ice Tongue, Northwest Greenland

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reilly, B. T.; Stoner, J. S.; Mix, A. C.; Jakobsson, M.; Jennings, A. E.; Walczak, M.; Dyke, L. M.

2017-12-01

Petermann Glacier, Northwest Greenland, has been a stable outlet glacier of the Greenland Ice Sheet on historical timescales. Yet, anomalous calving events in 2010 and 2012 and oceanographic studies over the last decade indicate that Petermann Glacier and its ice tongue are especially sensitive to ice-ocean interactions, leading many to speculate on its future stability. To place these observations in the context of a longer timeframe and better understand the sensitivity of Petermann Glacier to future climate change, a 2015 international and interdisciplinary expedition of the Icebreaker Oden collected a suite of sediment cores from Petermann Fjord, spanning the mid to late Holocene and forming a transect from beneath the modern ice tongue to the mouth of the fjord (25 - 80 km from the modern grounding line). We characterize the stratigraphy ( 5.5 - 6.5 m at piston core sites) using a combination of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) scanning geochemistry, computed tomography (CT) scanning, and particle-size specific magnetic measurements on these cores and nearby terrestrial samples. Age-depth modeling, based on radiocarbon dated benthic foraminifera, is in progress with reservoir age corrections assessed using paleomagnetic comparisons to regional and global records. We observe changes in the composition and spatial pattern of ice rafted debris (IRD) and sediment fabric that reveal a dynamic history. Following early Holocene deglaciation of the region, a paleo-ice tongue broke up and an extended period of seasonally open marine conditions ensued through the middle Holocene. This ice-tongue collapse was followed by a large increase in the relative abundance of Petermann sourced IRD of non-local granitic composition. This granitic IRD component steadily declined through the middle Holocene, reaching negligible contributions when the ice tongue was reestablished in the late Holocene. Regional paleoenvironmental studies suggest warmer oceanographic and atmospheric conditions around Northwest Greenland in the middle Holocene, offering an opportunity to study the sensitivity of one of Greenland's major outlet glaciers to environmental forcing.

Deglacial hydrography and IRD inputs: A comparison of Terminations I and II in the N.E. Atlantic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hibbert, Fiona; Chapman, Mark; Austin, William; Rohling, Eelco

2015-04-01

We present a high resolution marine record (MD04-2822) from the N.E. Atlantic. This record captures the demise of the penultimate glaciation (Termination II) in high resolution. The record of co-registered proxies offers the opportunity to investigate the evolution of the last two deglacial events in the North Atlantic. The deglacial evolution of Termination II is much less well documented than the last deglaciation (Termination I). A striking feature of Termination II in the MD04-2822 record, are several large (~1 ‰) oscillations in benthic δ18O, reflecting oscillations in sea level (e.g. Grant et al., 2012, Thomas et al., 2009) and/or deep sea temperatures (cf. Skinner and Shackleton, 2006). Also notable is the markedly different pattern of surface and deep water evolution for the two deglaciations. Termination I is characterised by a short offset between benthic δ18O decrease and δ13C increase (and northwards migration of the polar front) whereas during Termination II, benthic δ13C 'improvement' (and inferred resumption in overturning) occurs only during the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e plateau, giving the marine record it's characteristic 'drawn-out' appearance. The most conspicuous feature of the penultimate deglacial in most marine cores is Heinrich event 11 (H11), an extensive episode of ice rafted debris (IRD) discharge that spread across the North Atlantic to the margin of what is now the subtropical gyre (Chapman et al., 2000). H11 generally manifests in marine records as one large and long (~ 2.5 ka) event throughout the Termination. In MD04-2822 however, there are multiple IRD events within the Termination. The continued influence of the disintegrating N. hemisphere ice sheets is also evident within the benthic δ13C and surface conditions (the polar front migrates north of the core site early within MIS 5e following a brief SST reversal).

A comparison of artificial turf.

PubMed

Naunheim, Rosanne; Parrott, Heather; Standeven, John

2004-12-01

In an attempt to decrease injuries, newer forms of artificial turf have been marketed. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a new shredded rubber-based turf improves impact attenuation. An instrumented computerized impact recording device (IRD, Techmark, Lansing, MI) was dropped 20 times from a height of 48 inches onto five types of turf used by a professional football team. Duncan's multiple range test shows that the new rubber-based field and the older foam field are not significantly different. There were significant differences, however, between sites on the shredded rubber-based field. The change from a foam-based system to a shredded rubber-based system had no effect on impact attenuation overall. However, areas in the shredded rubber-based field were significantly compacted, causing some sites to be much harder than the foam-based surface it replaced.

MR PROSTATE SEGMENTATION VIA DISTRIBUTED DISCRIMINATIVE DICTIONARY (DDD) LEARNING.

PubMed

Guo, Yanrong; Zhan, Yiqiang; Gao, Yaozong; Jiang, Jianguo; Shen, Dinggang

2013-01-01

Segmenting prostate from MR images is important yet challenging. Due to non-Gaussian distribution of prostate appearances in MR images, the popular active appearance model (AAM) has its limited performance. Although the newly developed sparse dictionary learning method[1, 2] can model the image appearance in a non-parametric fashion, the learned dictionaries still lack the discriminative power between prostate and non-prostate tissues, which is critical for accurate prostate segmentation. In this paper, we propose to integrate deformable model with a novel learning scheme, namely the Distributed Discriminative Dictionary ( DDD ) learning, which can capture image appearance in a non-parametric and discriminative fashion. In particular, three strategies are designed to boost the tissue discriminative power of DDD. First , minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (mRMR) feature selection is performed to constrain the dictionary learning in a discriminative feature space. Second , linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is employed to assemble residuals from different dictionaries for optimal separation between prostate and non-prostate tissues. Third , instead of learning the global dictionaries, we learn a set of local dictionaries for the local regions (each with small appearance variations) along prostate boundary, thus achieving better tissue differentiation locally. In the application stage, DDDs will provide the appearance cues to robustly drive the deformable model onto the prostate boundary. Experiments on 50 MR prostate images show that our method can yield a Dice Ratio of 88% compared to the manual segmentations, and have 7% improvement over the conventional AAM.

Low-rank and Adaptive Sparse Signal (LASSI) Models for Highly Accelerated Dynamic Imaging

PubMed Central

Ravishankar, Saiprasad; Moore, Brian E.; Nadakuditi, Raj Rao; Fessler, Jeffrey A.

2017-01-01

Sparsity-based approaches have been popular in many applications in image processing and imaging. Compressed sensing exploits the sparsity of images in a transform domain or dictionary to improve image recovery from undersampled measurements. In the context of inverse problems in dynamic imaging, recent research has demonstrated the promise of sparsity and low-rank techniques. For example, the patches of the underlying data are modeled as sparse in an adaptive dictionary domain, and the resulting image and dictionary estimation from undersampled measurements is called dictionary-blind compressed sensing, or the dynamic image sequence is modeled as a sum of low-rank and sparse (in some transform domain) components (L+S model) that are estimated from limited measurements. In this work, we investigate a data-adaptive extension of the L+S model, dubbed LASSI, where the temporal image sequence is decomposed into a low-rank component and a component whose spatiotemporal (3D) patches are sparse in some adaptive dictionary domain. We investigate various formulations and efficient methods for jointly estimating the underlying dynamic signal components and the spatiotemporal dictionary from limited measurements. We also obtain efficient sparsity penalized dictionary-blind compressed sensing methods as special cases of our LASSI approaches. Our numerical experiments demonstrate the promising performance of LASSI schemes for dynamic magnetic resonance image reconstruction from limited k-t space data compared to recent methods such as k-t SLR and L+S, and compared to the proposed dictionary-blind compressed sensing method. PMID:28092528

Low-Rank and Adaptive Sparse Signal (LASSI) Models for Highly Accelerated Dynamic Imaging.

PubMed

Ravishankar, Saiprasad; Moore, Brian E; Nadakuditi, Raj Rao; Fessler, Jeffrey A

2017-05-01

Sparsity-based approaches have been popular in many applications in image processing and imaging. Compressed sensing exploits the sparsity of images in a transform domain or dictionary to improve image recovery fromundersampledmeasurements. In the context of inverse problems in dynamic imaging, recent research has demonstrated the promise of sparsity and low-rank techniques. For example, the patches of the underlying data are modeled as sparse in an adaptive dictionary domain, and the resulting image and dictionary estimation from undersampled measurements is called dictionary-blind compressed sensing, or the dynamic image sequence is modeled as a sum of low-rank and sparse (in some transform domain) components (L+S model) that are estimated from limited measurements. In this work, we investigate a data-adaptive extension of the L+S model, dubbed LASSI, where the temporal image sequence is decomposed into a low-rank component and a component whose spatiotemporal (3D) patches are sparse in some adaptive dictionary domain. We investigate various formulations and efficient methods for jointly estimating the underlying dynamic signal components and the spatiotemporal dictionary from limited measurements. We also obtain efficient sparsity penalized dictionary-blind compressed sensing methods as special cases of our LASSI approaches. Our numerical experiments demonstrate the promising performance of LASSI schemes for dynamicmagnetic resonance image reconstruction from limited k-t space data compared to recent methods such as k-t SLR and L+S, and compared to the proposed dictionary-blind compressed sensing method.

[Systems, boundaries and resources: the lexicographer Gerhard Wahrig (1923-1978) and the genesis of his project "dictionary as database"].

PubMed

Wahrig-Burfeind, Renate; Wahrig, Bettina

2014-09-01

Gerhard Wahrig's private archive has recently been retrieved by the authors and their siblings. We undertake a first survey of the unpublished material and concentrate on those aspects of Wahrig's bio-ergography which stand in relation to his life project "dictionary as database", realised shortly before his death. We argue that this project was conceived in the 1950s, while Wahrig was writing and editing dictionaries and encyclopedias for the Bibliographisches Institut in Leipzig. Wahrig, who had been a wireless operator in WWII, was well informed about the development of computers in West Germany. He was influenced both by Ferdinand de Saussure and by the discussion on language and structure in the Soviet Union. When he crossed the German/German border in 1959, he experienced mechanisms of exclusion before he could establish himself in the West as a lexicographer. We argue that the transfer of symbolic and human capital was problematic due to the cultural differences between the two Germanies. In the 1970s, he became a professor of General and Applied Linguistics. The project of a "dictionary as database" was intended both as a basis for extensive empirical research on the semantic structure of natural languages and as a working tool for the average user of the German language. Due to his untimely death, he could not pursue his idea of exploring semantic networks.

Data dictionary services in XNAT and the Human Connectome Project.

PubMed

Herrick, Rick; McKay, Michael; Olsen, Timothy; Horton, William; Florida, Mark; Moore, Charles J; Marcus, Daniel S

2014-01-01

The XNAT informatics platform is an open source data management tool used by biomedical imaging researchers around the world. An important feature of XNAT is its highly extensible architecture: users of XNAT can add new data types to the system to capture the imaging and phenotypic data generated in their studies. Until recently, XNAT has had limited capacity to broadcast the meaning of these data extensions to users, other XNAT installations, and other software. We have implemented a data dictionary service for XNAT, which is currently being used on ConnectomeDB, the Human Connectome Project (HCP) public data sharing website. The data dictionary service provides a framework to define key relationships between data elements and structures across the XNAT installation. This includes not just core data representing medical imaging data or subject or patient evaluations, but also taxonomical structures, security relationships, subject groups, and research protocols. The data dictionary allows users to define metadata for data structures and their properties, such as value types (e.g., textual, integers, floats) and valid value templates, ranges, or field lists. The service provides compatibility and integration with other research data management services by enabling easy migration of XNAT data to standards-based formats such as the Resource Description Framework (RDF), JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), and Extensible Markup Language (XML). It also facilitates the conversion of XNAT's native data schema into standard neuroimaging vocabularies and structures.

Data dictionary services in XNAT and the Human Connectome Project

PubMed Central

Herrick, Rick; McKay, Michael; Olsen, Timothy; Horton, William; Florida, Mark; Moore, Charles J.; Marcus, Daniel S.

2014-01-01

The XNAT informatics platform is an open source data management tool used by biomedical imaging researchers around the world. An important feature of XNAT is its highly extensible architecture: users of XNAT can add new data types to the system to capture the imaging and phenotypic data generated in their studies. Until recently, XNAT has had limited capacity to broadcast the meaning of these data extensions to users, other XNAT installations, and other software. We have implemented a data dictionary service for XNAT, which is currently being used on ConnectomeDB, the Human Connectome Project (HCP) public data sharing website. The data dictionary service provides a framework to define key relationships between data elements and structures across the XNAT installation. This includes not just core data representing medical imaging data or subject or patient evaluations, but also taxonomical structures, security relationships, subject groups, and research protocols. The data dictionary allows users to define metadata for data structures and their properties, such as value types (e.g., textual, integers, floats) and valid value templates, ranges, or field lists. The service provides compatibility and integration with other research data management services by enabling easy migration of XNAT data to standards-based formats such as the Resource Description Framework (RDF), JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), and Extensible Markup Language (XML). It also facilitates the conversion of XNAT's native data schema into standard neuroimaging vocabularies and structures. PMID:25071542

Late Quaternary paleoenvironmental changes revealed by multi-proxy records from the Chukchi Abyssal Plain, western Arctic Ocean

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Rujian; Xiao, Wenshen; März, Christian; Li, Qianyu

2013-09-01

Late Quaternary paleoenvironmental changes in the western Arctic Ocean are revealed by multi-proxy records of core 03M03 from the Chukchi Abyssal Plain (CAP). Proxy parameters include lithology, grain size fractions, and mineralogy and petrology of ice-rafted detritus (IRD), element contents, biogenic components, δ18O, δ13C and Mg/Ca of planktonic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sin.) (Nps). Seven IRD (> 250 μm) peaks are interpreted as marking detrital input by rafting sea ice or icebergs during MIS 3 interstadials and early MIS 1. High MnO, CaO and MgO contents and high Ca/Al and Mg/Al ratios during MIS 3 and MIS 1 correspond to increases in ice-rafted detrital carbonates and the synchronous declines in siliciclastic elements (e.g., Al2O3, Fe2O3). Therefore, these warmer periods were characterized by a high detrital carbonate input entrained in icebergs from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago coeval with an increased input of Mn through rivers and/or coastal erosion. Relatively stable contents of siliciclastic elements and their ratios in the grayish sediment units are interpreted from turbid surface water plumes or nepheloid flows delivered by meltwater and/or brine rejection from ice-sheet margins at the Arctic Ocean periphery. Relatively stable clay- and silt-sized fractions were attributed mainly to sea ice entrainment over glacial-interglacial cycles. High foraminiferal abundances in the brown units during MIS 3 and 1 are related to enhanced calcareous plankton productivity under more open water conditions and/or the incremental input of Atlantic water masses. Relatively high TOC and opal contents in the grayish units of MIS 3 appear to have accumulated by lateral transport of organic matter from the Chukchi shelf to the deep abyssal plain. Lower contents of biogenic material in the brown units probably result from increased dilution by rapid IRD deposition, and from early diagenetic degradation. Depletions in Nps-δ18O and -δ13C concurrent with high foraminiferal abundances and IRD peaks within the brown units of MIS 3 and 1 are indicative of meltwater pulses, as previously documented across the Arctic Ocean. However, several Nps-δ18O and -δ13C depletions between the brown units B3 and B2 in MIS 3 could have resulted from enhanced sea ice formation. The Nps-Mg/Ca has the potential to record paleotemperature changes in the Arctic region, but still awaits a better calibration of the Nps-Mg/Ca-temperature relationship with results from core-tops, sediment traps, and plankton tows.

Comparison of the sonographic features of the abdominal wall muscles and connective tissues in individuals with and without lumbopelvic pain.

PubMed

Whittaker, Jackie L; Warner, Martin B; Stokes, Maria

2013-01-01

Cross-sectional, case-control study. To measure and compare the resting thickness of the 4 abdominal wall muscles, their associated perimuscular connective tissue (PMCT), and interrecti distance (IRD) in persons with and without lumbopelvic pain (LPP), using ultrasound imaging. The muscles and PMCT of the abdominal wall assist in controlling the spine. Functional deficits of the abdominal wall muscles have been detected in populations with LPP. Investigations of the abdominal wall in those with LPP are primarily concerned with muscle, most commonly the transversus abdominis (TrA) and internal oblique (IO). Because the abdominal wall functions as a unit, all 4 abdominal muscles and their associated connective tissues should be considered concurrently. B-mode ultrasound imaging was used to measure the resting thickness of the rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique, IO, and TrA muscles; the PMCT planes; and IRD in 50 male and female subjects, 25 with and 25 without LPP (mean ± SD age, 36.3 ± 9.4 and 46.6 ± 8.0 years, respectively). Univariate correlation analysis was used to identify covariates. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) and the Kruskal-Wallis test (IRD) were used to compare cohorts (α = .05). The LPP cohort had less total abdominal muscle thickness (LPP mean ± SD, 18.9 ± 3.0 mm; control, 20.3 ± 3.0 mm; ANCOVA adjusted for body mass index, P = .03), thicker PMCT (LPP, 5.5 ± 0.2 mm; control, 4.3 ± 0.2 mm; ANCOVA adjusted for body mass index, P = .007), and wider IRD (LPP, 11.5 ± 2.0 mm; control, 8.4 ± 1.8 mm; Kruskal-Wallis, P = .005). Analysis of individual muscle thickness revealed no difference in the external oblique, IO, and TrA, but a thinner RA in the LPP cohort (LPP mean ± SD, 7.8 ± 1.5 mm; control, 9.1 ± 1.2 mm; ANCOVA adjusted for body mass index, P<.001). To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the morphological characteristics of all 4 abdominal muscles and PMCT in individuals with LPP. The results suggest that there may be altered loading of the PMCT and linea alba secondary to an altered motor control strategy involving a reduced contribution of the RA. Further, the change in RA and connective tissue morphology may be more evident than changes in external oblique, IO, and TrA thickness in persons with LPP. The causes and functional implications of these changes warrant further investigation, as does the role of the RA muscle in the development and persistence of LPP.

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 604 - Reasons for Removal

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... honest mistake. Black's Law Dictionary, Revised Fourth Edition, West Publishing Company, St. Paul, Minn... performing it. Black's Law Dictionary, Revised Fourth Edition, West Publishing Company, St. Paul, Minn., 1968... force. In addition, no other policy of insurance has taken its place. Black's Law Dictionary, Revised...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 604 - Reasons for Removal

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... honest mistake. Black's Law Dictionary, Revised Fourth Edition, West Publishing Company, St. Paul, Minn... performing it. Black's Law Dictionary, Revised Fourth Edition, West Publishing Company, St. Paul, Minn., 1968... force. In addition, no other policy of insurance has taken its place. Black's Law Dictionary, Revised...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 604 - Reasons for Removal

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... honest mistake. Black's Law Dictionary, Revised Fourth Edition, West Publishing Company, St. Paul, Minn... performing it. Black's Law Dictionary, Revised Fourth Edition, West Publishing Company, St. Paul, Minn., 1968... force. In addition, no other policy of insurance has taken its place. Black's Law Dictionary, Revised...

Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kari, James, Ed.

This dictionary of Ahtna, a dialect of the Athabaskan language family, is the first to integrate all morphemes into a single alphabetically arranged section of main entries, with verbs arranged according to a theory of Ahtna (and Athabascan) verb theme categories. An introductory section details dictionary format conventions used, presents a brief…

A Novel Approach to Creating Disambiguated Multilingual Dictionaries

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boguslavsky, Igor; Cardenosa, Jesus; Gallardo, Carolina

2009-01-01

Multilingual lexicons are needed in various applications, such as cross-lingual information retrieval, machine translation, and some others. Often, these applications suffer from the ambiguity of dictionary items, especially when an intermediate natural language is involved in the process of the dictionary construction, since this language adds…

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 604 - Reasons for Removal

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... honest mistake. Black's Law Dictionary, Revised Fourth Edition, West Publishing Company, St. Paul, Minn... performing it. Black's Law Dictionary, Revised Fourth Edition, West Publishing Company, St. Paul, Minn., 1968... force. In addition, no other policy of insurance has taken its place. Black's Law Dictionary, Revised...

The Lexicographic Treatment of Color Terms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Krista

2014-01-01

This dissertation explores the main question, "What are the issues involved in the definition and translation of color terms in dictionaries?" To answer this question, I examined color term definitions in monolingual dictionaries of French and English, and color term translations in bilingual dictionaries of French paired with nine…

21 CFR 701.3 - Designation of ingredients.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

....) Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary, Second Ed., 1977 (available from the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance... revised monographs are published in supplements to this dictionary edition by July 18, 1980. Acid Black 2.../federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html. (v) USAN and the USP dictionary of drug...

Overcoming complexities: Damage detection using dictionary learning framework

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alguri, K. Supreet; Melville, Joseph; Deemer, Chris; Harley, Joel B.

2018-04-01

For in situ damage detection, guided wave structural health monitoring systems have been widely researched due to their ability to evaluate large areas and their ability detect many types of damage. These systems often evaluate structural health by recording initial baseline measurements from a pristine (i.e., undamaged) test structure and then comparing later measurements with that baseline. Yet, it is not always feasible to have a pristine baseline. As an alternative, substituting the baseline with data from a surrogate (nearly identical and pristine) structure is a logical option. While effective in some circumstance, surrogate data is often still a poor substitute for pristine baseline measurements due to minor differences between the structures. To overcome this challenge, we present a dictionary learning framework to adapt surrogate baseline data to better represent an undamaged test structure. We compare the performance of our framework with two other surrogate-based damage detection strategies: (1) using raw surrogate data for comparison and (2) using sparse wavenumber analysis, a precursor to our framework for improving the surrogate data. We apply our framework to guided wave data from two 108 mm by 108 mm aluminum plates. With 20 measurements, we show that our dictionary learning framework achieves a 98% accuracy, raw surrogate data achieves a 92% accuracy, and sparse wavenumber analysis achieves a 57% accuracy.

Expert system for automatically correcting OCR output

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taghva, Kazem; Borsack, Julie; Condit, Allen

1994-03-01

This paper describes a new expert system for automatically correcting errors made by optical character recognition (OCR) devices. The system, which we call the post-processing system, is designed to improve the quality of text produced by an OCR device in preparation for subsequent retrieval from an information system. The system is composed of numerous parts: an information retrieval system, an English dictionary, a domain-specific dictionary, and a collection of algorithms and heuristics designed to correct as many OCR errors as possible. For the remaining errors that cannot be corrected, the system passes them on to a user-level editing program. This post-processing system can be viewed as part of a larger system that would streamline the steps of taking a document from its hard copy form to its usable electronic form, or it can be considered a stand alone system for OCR error correction. An earlier version of this system has been used to process approximately 10,000 pages of OCR generated text. Among the OCR errors discovered by this version, about 87% were corrected. We implement numerous new parts of the system, test this new version, and present the results.

The Use of Electronic Dictionaries for Pronunciation Practice by University EFL Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Metruk, Rastislav

2017-01-01

This paper attempts to explore how Slovak learners of English use electronic dictionaries with regard to pronunciation practice and improvement. A total of 24 Slovak university students (subjects) completed a questionnaire which contained pronunciation-related questions in connection with the use of electronic dictionaries. The questions primarily…

Dictionary of Multicultural Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grant, Carl A., Ed.; Ladson-Billings, Gloria, Ed.

The focus of this dictionary is the meanings and perspectives of various terms that are used in multicultural education. Contributors have often addressed the literal meanings of words and terms as well as contextual meanings and examples that helped create those meanings. Like other dictionaries, this one is arranged alphabetically, but it goes…

Sparse Representation Based Classification with Structure Preserving Dimension Reduction

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-03-13

dictionary learning [39] used stochastic approximations to update dictionary with a large data set. Laplacian score dictionary ( LSD ) [58], which is based on...vol. 4. 2003. p. 864–7. 47. Shaw B, Jebara T. Structure preserving embedding. In: The 26th annual international conference on machine learning, ICML

Dictionary of Marketing Terms.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Everhardt, Richard M.

A listing of words and definitions compiled from more than 10 college and high school textbooks are presented in this dictionary of marketing terms. Over 1,200 entries of terms used in retailing, wholesaling, economics, and investments are included. This dictionary was designed to aid both instructors and students to better understand the…

EFL Students' "Yahoo!" Online Bilingual Dictionary Use Behavior

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tseng, Fan-ping

2009-01-01

This study examined 38 EFL senior high school students' "Yahoo!" online dictionary look-up behavior. In a language laboratory, the participants read an article on a reading sheet, underlined any words they did not know, looked up their unknown words in "Yahoo!" online bilingual dictionary, and wrote down the definitions of…

Binukid Dictionary.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Otanes, Fe T., Ed.; Wrigglesworth, Hazel

1992-01-01

The dictionary of Binukid, a language spoken in the Bukidnon province of the Philippines, is intended as a tool for students of Binukid and for native Binukid-speakers interested in learning English. A single dialect was chosen for this work. The dictionary is introduced by notes on Binukid grammar, including basic information about phonology and…

Learning the Language of Difference: The Dictionary in the High School.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Willinsky, John

1987-01-01

Reports on dictionaries' power to misrepresent gender. Examines the definitions of three terms (clitoris, penis, and vagina) in eight leading high school dictionaries. Concludes that the absence of certain female gender-related terms represents another instance of institutionalized silence about the experience of women. (MM)

75 FR 22805 - Federal Travel Regulation; Relocation Allowances; Standard Data Dictionary for Collection of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-30

... GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION [Proposed GSA Bulletin FTR 10-XXX; Docket 2010-0009; Sequence 1] Federal Travel Regulation; Relocation Allowances; Standard Data Dictionary for Collection of Transaction... GSA is posting online a proposed FTR bulletin that contains the data dictionary that large Federal...

Defining Moments \\ di-'fi-ning 'mo-mnts \\

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kilman, Carrie

2012-01-01

Children encounter new words every day. Although dictionaries designed for young readers can help students explore and experiment with language, it turns out many mainstream children's dictionaries fail to accurately describe the world in which many students live. The challenges to children's dictionary publishers can be steep. First, there is the…

Getting the Most out of the Dictionary

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marckwardt, Albert H.

2012-01-01

The usefulness of the dictionary as a reliable source of information for word meanings, spelling, and pronunciation is widely recognized. But even in these obvious matters, the information that the dictionary has to offer is not always accurately interpreted. With respect to pronunciation there seem to be two general pitfalls: (1) the…

A dictionary of commonly used terms and terminologies in nonwovens

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

A need for a comprehensive dictionary of cotton was assessed by the International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC), Washington, DC. The ICAC has selected the topics (from the fiber to fabric) to be covered in the dictionary. The ICAC has invited researchers/scientists from across the globe, to compi...

78 FR 68343 - Homeownership Counseling Organizations Lists Interpretive Rule

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-14

... into their definitional meanings, according to the Data Dictionary,\\7\\ to ensure clarity. This will be... dictionary for the Field ``Services'' can be found at http://data.hud.gov/Housing_Counselor/getServices , and a data dictionary for ``Languages'' can be found at http://data.hud.gov/Housing_Counselor/get...

Measurement of Negativity Bias in Personal Narratives Using Corpus-Based Emotion Dictionaries

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cohen, Shuki J.

2011-01-01

This study presents a novel methodology for the measurement of negativity bias using positive and negative dictionaries of emotion words applied to autobiographical narratives. At odds with the cognitive theory of mood dysregulation, previous text-analytical studies have failed to find significant correlation between emotion dictionaries and…

A Proposal To Develop the Axiological Aspect in Onomasiological Dictionaries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Felices Lago, Angel Miguel

It is argued that English dictionaries currently provide evaluative information in addition to descriptive information about the words they contain, and that this aspect of dictionaries should be developed and expanded on. First, the historical background and distribution of the axiological parameter in English-language onomasiological…

Earliest English Definitions of Anaisthesia and Anaesthesia.

PubMed

Haridas, Rajesh P

2017-11-01

The earliest identified English definition of the word anaisthesia was discovered in the first edition (1684) of A Physical Dictionary, an English translation of Steven Blankaart's medical dictionary, Lexicon Medicum Graeco-Latinum. This definition was almost certainly the source of the definition of anaesthesia which appeared in Dictionarium Anglo-Britannicum (1708), a general-purpose English dictionary compiled by the lexicographer John Kersey. The words anaisthesia and anaesthesia have not been identified in English medical or surgical publications that antedate the earliest English dictionaries in which they are known to have been defined.

Histopathological Image Classification using Discriminative Feature-oriented Dictionary Learning

PubMed Central

Vu, Tiep Huu; Mousavi, Hojjat Seyed; Monga, Vishal; Rao, Ganesh; Rao, UK Arvind

2016-01-01

In histopathological image analysis, feature extraction for classification is a challenging task due to the diversity of histology features suitable for each problem as well as presence of rich geometrical structures. In this paper, we propose an automatic feature discovery framework via learning class-specific dictionaries and present a low-complexity method for classification and disease grading in histopathology. Essentially, our Discriminative Feature-oriented Dictionary Learning (DFDL) method learns class-specific dictionaries such that under a sparsity constraint, the learned dictionaries allow representing a new image sample parsimoniously via the dictionary corresponding to the class identity of the sample. At the same time, the dictionary is designed to be poorly capable of representing samples from other classes. Experiments on three challenging real-world image databases: 1) histopathological images of intraductal breast lesions, 2) mammalian kidney, lung and spleen images provided by the Animal Diagnostics Lab (ADL) at Pennsylvania State University, and 3) brain tumor images from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, reveal the merits of our proposal over state-of-the-art alternatives. Moreover, we demonstrate that DFDL exhibits a more graceful decay in classification accuracy against the number of training images which is highly desirable in practice where generous training is often not available. PMID:26513781

MR fingerprinting reconstruction with Kalman filter.

PubMed

Zhang, Xiaodi; Zhou, Zechen; Chen, Shiyang; Chen, Shuo; Li, Rui; Hu, Xiaoping

2017-09-01

Magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MR fingerprinting or MRF) is a newly introduced quantitative magnetic resonance imaging technique, which enables simultaneous multi-parameter mapping in a single acquisition with improved time efficiency. The current MRF reconstruction method is based on dictionary matching, which may be limited by the discrete and finite nature of the dictionary and the computational cost associated with dictionary construction, storage and matching. In this paper, we describe a reconstruction method based on Kalman filter for MRF, which avoids the use of dictionary to obtain continuous MR parameter measurements. With this Kalman filter framework, the Bloch equation of inversion-recovery balanced steady state free-precession (IR-bSSFP) MRF sequence was derived to predict signal evolution, and acquired signal was entered to update the prediction. The algorithm can gradually estimate the accurate MR parameters during the recursive calculation. Single pixel and numeric brain phantom simulation were implemented with Kalman filter and the results were compared with those from dictionary matching reconstruction algorithm to demonstrate the feasibility and assess the performance of Kalman filter algorithm. The results demonstrated that Kalman filter algorithm is applicable for MRF reconstruction, eliminating the need for a pre-define dictionary and obtaining continuous MR parameter in contrast to the dictionary matching algorithm. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Weakly Supervised Dictionary Learning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

You, Zeyu; Raich, Raviv; Fern, Xiaoli Z.; Kim, Jinsub

2018-05-01

We present a probabilistic modeling and inference framework for discriminative analysis dictionary learning under a weak supervision setting. Dictionary learning approaches have been widely used for tasks such as low-level signal denoising and restoration as well as high-level classification tasks, which can be applied to audio and image analysis. Synthesis dictionary learning aims at jointly learning a dictionary and corresponding sparse coefficients to provide accurate data representation. This approach is useful for denoising and signal restoration, but may lead to sub-optimal classification performance. By contrast, analysis dictionary learning provides a transform that maps data to a sparse discriminative representation suitable for classification. We consider the problem of analysis dictionary learning for time-series data under a weak supervision setting in which signals are assigned with a global label instead of an instantaneous label signal. We propose a discriminative probabilistic model that incorporates both label information and sparsity constraints on the underlying latent instantaneous label signal using cardinality control. We present the expectation maximization (EM) procedure for maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of the proposed model. To facilitate a computationally efficient E-step, we propose both a chain and a novel tree graph reformulation of the graphical model. The performance of the proposed model is demonstrated on both synthetic and real-world data.

Intelligent Diagnosis Method for Rotating Machinery Using Dictionary Learning and Singular Value Decomposition

PubMed Central

Han, Te; Jiang, Dongxiang; Zhang, Xiaochen; Sun, Yankui

2017-01-01

Rotating machinery is widely used in industrial applications. With the trend towards more precise and more critical operating conditions, mechanical failures may easily occur. Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis (CMFD) technology is an effective tool to enhance the reliability and security of rotating machinery. In this paper, an intelligent fault diagnosis method based on dictionary learning and singular value decomposition (SVD) is proposed. First, the dictionary learning scheme is capable of generating an adaptive dictionary whose atoms reveal the underlying structure of raw signals. Essentially, dictionary learning is employed as an adaptive feature extraction method regardless of any prior knowledge. Second, the singular value sequence of learned dictionary matrix is served to extract feature vector. Generally, since the vector is of high dimensionality, a simple and practical principal component analysis (PCA) is applied to reduce dimensionality. Finally, the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm is adopted for identification and classification of fault patterns automatically. Two experimental case studies are investigated to corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed method in intelligent diagnosis of rotating machinery faults. The comparison analysis validates that the dictionary learning-based matrix construction approach outperforms the mode decomposition-based methods in terms of capacity and adaptability for feature extraction. PMID:28346385

Supervised dictionary learning for inferring concurrent brain networks.

PubMed

Zhao, Shijie; Han, Junwei; Lv, Jinglei; Jiang, Xi; Hu, Xintao; Zhao, Yu; Ge, Bao; Guo, Lei; Liu, Tianming

2015-10-01

Task-based fMRI (tfMRI) has been widely used to explore functional brain networks via predefined stimulus paradigm in the fMRI scan. Traditionally, the general linear model (GLM) has been a dominant approach to detect task-evoked networks. However, GLM focuses on task-evoked or event-evoked brain responses and possibly ignores the intrinsic brain functions. In comparison, dictionary learning and sparse coding methods have attracted much attention recently, and these methods have shown the promise of automatically and systematically decomposing fMRI signals into meaningful task-evoked and intrinsic concurrent networks. Nevertheless, two notable limitations of current data-driven dictionary learning method are that the prior knowledge of task paradigm is not sufficiently utilized and that the establishment of correspondences among dictionary atoms in different brains have been challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel supervised dictionary learning and sparse coding method for inferring functional networks from tfMRI data, which takes both of the advantages of model-driven method and data-driven method. The basic idea is to fix the task stimulus curves as predefined model-driven dictionary atoms and only optimize the other portion of data-driven dictionary atoms. Application of this novel methodology on the publicly available human connectome project (HCP) tfMRI datasets has achieved promising results.