Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of cores from a 26 meter deep borehole drilled in Livingston Island, Maritime Antarctic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Correia, A.; Vieira, G.; Ramos, M.

2012-06-01

During the month of January of 2008 a borehole (Permamodel-Gulbenkian 1 — PG1) 26 m deep was drilled on the top of Mount Reina Sofia (275 m a.s.l.) near the Spanish Antarctic Station of Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands. Cores from 1.5 m to about 26 m deep were collected for measuring several physical properties. The objective of the present work is to report the values of the thermal conductivity and the thermal diffusivity that were measured in the cores from the borehole and the heat production that was estimated for the geological formations intercepted by it. Seven cores were selected to measure the thermal conductivity and the thermal diffusivity. The measured values for the thermal conductivity vary from 2.6 W/mK to 3.3 W/mK while the measured values for the thermal diffusivity vary from 1.1 × 10- 6 m2/s to 1.6 × 10- 6 m2/s. Both thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity, on average, show a slight increase with depth. Average heat production was also estimated for two portions of the borehole: one from 2 to 12 m and the other from 12 to 25 m. A gamma-ray spectrometer was used to estimate the concentrations of uranium, thorium, and potassium of the cores, from which the heat production per unit volume was calculated. The estimated heat production for the first half of the borehole is 2.218 μW/m3 while for the second half it is 2.173 μW/m3; these heat production values are compatible with acidic rock types. Porosity and density were also estimated for the same cores.

Step - wise transient method - Influence of heat source inertia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Malinarič, Svetozár; Dieška, Peter

2016-07-01

Step-wise transient (SWT) method is an experimental technique for measuring the thermal diffusivity and conductivity of materials. Theoretical models and experimental apparatus are presented and the influence of the heat source capacity are investigated using the experiment simulation. The specimens from low density polyethylene (LDPE) were measured yielding the thermal diffusivity 0.165 mm2/s and thermal conductivity 0.351 W/mK with the coefficient of variation less than 1.4 %. The heat source capacity caused the systematic error of the results smaller than 1 %.

Application of the Hilbert space average method on heat conduction models.

PubMed

Michel, Mathias; Gemmer, Jochen; Mahler, Günter

2006-01-01

We analyze closed one-dimensional chains of weakly coupled many level systems, by means of the so-called Hilbert space average method (HAM). Subject to some concrete conditions on the Hamiltonian of the system, our theory predicts energy diffusion with respect to a coarse-grained description for almost all initial states. Close to the respective equilibrium, we investigate this behavior in terms of heat transport and derive the heat conduction coefficient. Thus, we are able to show that both heat (energy) diffusive behavior as well as Fourier's law follows from and is compatible with a reversible Schrödinger dynamics on the complete level of description.

Magnetic flux and heat losses by diffusive, advective, and Nernst effects in MagLIF-like plasma

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Velikovich, A. L., E-mail: sasha.velikovich@nrl.navy.mil; Giuliani, J. L., E-mail: sasha.velikovich@nrl.navy.mil; Zalesak, S. T.

2014-12-15

The MagLIF approach to inertial confinement fusion involves subsonic/isobaric compression and heating of a DT plasma with frozen-in magnetic flux by a heavy cylindrical liner. The losses of heat and magnetic flux from the plasma to the liner are thereby determined by plasma advection and gradient-driven transport processes, such as thermal conductivity, magnetic field diffusion and thermomagnetic effects. Theoretical analysis based on obtaining exact self-similar solutions of the classical collisional Braginskii's plasma transport equations in one dimension demonstrates that the heat loss from the hot plasma to the cold liner is dominated by the transverse heat conduction and advection, andmore » the corresponding loss of magnetic flux is dominated by advection and the Nernst effect. For a large electron Hall parameter ω{sub e}τ{sub e} effective diffusion coefficients determining the losses of heat and magnetic flux are both shown to decrease with ω{sub e}τ{sub e} as does the Bohm diffusion coefficient, which is commonly associated with low collisionality and two-dimensional transport. This family of exact solutions can be used for verification of codes that model the MagLIF plasma dynamics.« less

Characterization of Magma-Driven Hydrothermal Systems at Oceanic Spreading Centers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Farough, A.; Lowell, R. P.; Corrigan, R.

2012-12-01

Fluid circulation in high-temperature hydrothermal systems involves complex water-rock chemical reactions and phase separation. Numerical modeling of reactive transport in multi-component, multiphase systems is required to obtain a full understanding of the characteristics and evolution of hydrothermal vent systems. We use a single-pass parameterized model of high-temperature hydrothermal circulation at oceanic spreading centers constrained by observational parameters such as vent temperature, heat output, and vent field area, together with surface area and depth of the sub-axial magma chamber, to deduce fundamental hydrothermal parameters such as mass flow rate, bulk permeability, conductive boundary layer thickness at the base of the system, magma replenishment rate, and residence time in the discharge zone. All of these key subsurface characteristics are known for fewer than 10 sites out of 300 known hydrothermal systems. The principal limitations of this approach stem from the uncertainty in heat output and vent field area. For systems where data are available on partitioning of heat and chemical output between focused and diffuse flow, we determined the fraction of high-temperature vent fluid incorporated into diffuse flow using a two-limb single pass model. For EPR 9°50` N and ASHES, the diffuse flow temperatures calculated assuming conservative mixing are nearly equal to the observed temperatures indicating that approximately 80%-90% of the hydrothermal heat output occurs as high-temperature flow derived from magmatic heat even though most of the heat output appears as low-temperature diffuse discharge. For the Main Endeavour Field and Lucky Strike, diffuse flow fluids show significant conductive cooling and heating respectively. Finally, we calculate the transport of various geochemical constituents in focused and diffuse flow at the vent field scale and compare the results with estimates of geochemical transports from the Rainbow hydrothermal field where diffuse flow is absent.

Calibration of High Temperature Thermal Conductivity System: New Algorithm to Measure Heat Capacity Using Flash Thermal Diffusivity in Thermoelectric Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Deb, Rahul; Snyder, Jeff G.

2005-01-01

A viewgraph presentation describing thermoelectric materials, an algorithm for heat capacity measurements and the process of flash thermal diffusivity. The contents include: 1) What are Thermoelectrics?; 2) Thermoelectric Applications; 3) Improving Thermoelectrics; 4) Research Goal; 5) Flash Thermal Diffusivity; 6) Background Effects; 7) Stainless Steel Comparison; 8) Pulse Max Integral; and 9) Graphite Comparison Algorithm.

Porosity and Mineralogy Control on the Thermal Properties of Sediments in Off-Shimokita Deep-Water Coal Bed Basin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tanikawa, W.; Tadai, O.; Morita, S.; Lin, W.; Yamada, Y.; Sanada, Y.; Moe, K.; Kubo, Y.; Inagaki, F.

2014-12-01

Heat transport properties such as thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and thermal diffusivity are significant parameters that influence on geothermal process in sedimentary basins at depth. We measured the thermal properties of sediment core samples at off-Shimokita basin obtained from the IODP Expedition 337 and Expedition CK06-06 in D/V Chikyu shakedown cruise. Overall, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity increased with depth and heat capacity decreased with depth, although the data was highly scattered at the depth of approximately 2000 meters below sea floor, where coal-layers were formed. The increase of thermal conductivity is mainly explained by the porosity reduction of sediment by the consolidation during sedimentation. The highly variation of the thermal conductivity at the same core section is probably caused by the various lithological rocks formed at the same section. Coal shows the lowest thermal conductivity of 0.4 Wm-1K-1, and the calcite cemented sandstone/siltstone shows highest conductivity around 3 Wm-1K-1. The thermal diffusivity and heat capacity are influenced by the porosity and lithological contrast as well. The relationship between thermal conductivity and porosity in this site is well explained by the mixed-law model of Maxwell or geometric mean. One dimensional temperature-depth profile at Site C0020 in Expedition 337 estimated from measured physical properties and radiative heat production data shows regression of thermal gradient with depth. Surface heat flow value was evaluated as 29~30 mWm-2, and the value is consistent with the heat flow data near this site. Our results suggest that increase of thermal conductivity with depth significantly controls on temperature profile at depth of basin. If we assume constant thermal conductivity or constant geothermal gradient, we might overestimate temperature at depth, which might cause big error to predict the heat transport or hydrocarbon formation in deepwater sedimentary basins.

Automated software to determine thermal diffusivity of oilgas mixture

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khismatullin, A. S.

2018-05-01

The paper presents automated software to determine thermal diffusivity of oil-gas mixture. A series of laboratory testscovering transformer oil cooling in a power transformer tank was conducted. The paper also describes diagrams of temperature-timedependence of bubbling. Thermal diffusivity coefficients are experimentally defined. The paper considers a mathematical task of heat flowdistribution in a rectangular parallelepiped, alongside with the solution of heat a conduction equation in a power transformer tank, which represents a rectangular parallelepiped. A device for temperature monitoring in the tank is described in detail. The relay control diagram, which ensures temperature monitoring againsttransformer overheating is described.

A new Eulerian model for viscous and heat conducting compressible flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Svärd, Magnus

2018-09-01

In this article, a suite of physically inconsistent properties of the Navier-Stokes equations, associated with the lack of mass diffusion and the definition of velocity, is presented. We show that these inconsistencies are consequences of the Lagrangian derivation that models viscous stresses rather than diffusion. A new model for compressible and diffusive (viscous and heat conducting) flows of an ideal gas, is derived in a purely Eulerian framework. We propose that these equations supersede the Navier-Stokes equations. A few numerical experiments demonstrate some differences and similarities between the new system and the Navier-Stokes equations.

Numerical Analysis of Transient Temperature Response of Soap Film

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tanaka, Seiichi; Tatesaku, Akihiro; Dantsuka, Yuki; Fujiwara, Seiji; Kunimine, Kanji

2015-11-01

Measurements of thermophysical properties of thin liquid films are important to understand interfacial phenomena due to film structures composed of amphiphilic molecules in soap film, phospholipid bilayer of biological cell and emulsion. A transient hot-wire technique for liquid films less than 1 \\upmu m thick such as soap film has been proposed to measure the thermal conductivity and diffusivity simultaneously. Two-dimensional heat conduction equations for a solid cylinder with a liquid film have been solved numerically. The temperature of a thin wire with liquid film increases steeply with its own heat generation. The feasibility of this technique is verified through numerical experiments for various thermal conductivities, diffusivities, and film thicknesses. Calculated results indicate that the increase in the volumetric average temperature of the thin wire sufficiently varies with the change of thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the soap film. Therefore, the temperature characteristics could be utilized to evaluate both the thermal conductivity and diffusivity using the Gauss-Newton method.

Stability Test for Transient-Temperature Calculations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Campbell, W.

1984-01-01

Graphical test helps assure numerical stability of calculations of transient temperature or diffusion in composite medium. Rectangular grid forms basis of two-dimensional finite-difference model for heat conduction or other diffusion like phenomena. Model enables calculation of transient heat transfer among up to four different materials that meet at grid point.

An AMR capable finite element diffusion solver for ALE hydrocodes [An AMR capable diffusion solver for ALE-AMR

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fisher, A. C.; Bailey, D. S.; Kaiser, T. B.

2015-02-01

Here, we present a novel method for the solution of the diffusion equation on a composite AMR mesh. This approach is suitable for including diffusion based physics modules to hydrocodes that support ALE and AMR capabilities. To illustrate, we proffer our implementations of diffusion based radiation transport and heat conduction in a hydrocode called ALE-AMR. Numerical experiments conducted with the diffusion solver and associated physics packages yield 2nd order convergence in the L 2 norm.

Diffusion approximation of the radiative-conductive heat transfer model with Fresnel matching conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chebotarev, Alexander Yu.; Grenkin, Gleb V.; Kovtanyuk, Andrey E.; Botkin, Nikolai D.; Hoffmann, Karl-Heinz

2018-04-01

The paper is concerned with a problem of diffraction type. The study starts with equations of complex (radiative and conductive) heat transfer in a multicomponent domain with Fresnel matching conditions at the interfaces. Applying the diffusion, P1, approximation yields a pair of coupled nonlinear PDEs describing the radiation intensity and temperature for each component of the domain. Matching conditions for these PDEs, imposed at the interfaces between the domain components, are derived. The unique solvability of the obtained problem is proven, and numerical experiments are conducted.

Measuring the temperature dependent thermal diffusivity of geomaterials using high-speed differential scanning calorimetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

von Aulock, Felix W.; Wadsworth, Fabian B.; Vasseur, Jeremie; Lavallée, Yan

2016-04-01

Heat diffusion in the Earth's crust is critical to fundamental geological processes, such as the cooling of magma, heat dissipation during and following transient heating events (e.g. during frictional heating along faults), and to the timescales of contact metamorphosis. The complex composition and multiphase nature of geomaterials prohibits the accurate modeling of thermal diffusivities and measurements over a range of temperatures are sparse due to the specialized nature of the equipment and lack of instrument availability. We present a novel method to measure the thermal diffusivity of geomaterials such as minerals and rocks with high precision and accuracy using a commercially available differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). A DSC 404 F1 Pegasus® equipped with a Netzsch high-speed furnace was used to apply a step-heating program to corundum single crystal standards of varying thicknesses. The standards were cylindrical discs of 0.25-1 mm thickness with 5.2-6 mm diameter. Heating between each 50 °C temperature interval was conducted at a rate of 100 °C/min over the temperature range 150-1050 °C. Such large heating rates induces temperature disequilibrium in the samples used. However, isothermal segments of 2 minutes were used during which the temperature variably equilibrated with the furnace between the heating segments and thus the directly-measured heat-flow relaxed to a constant value before the next heating step was applied. A finite-difference 2D conductive heat transfer model was used in cylindrical geometry for which the measured furnace temperature was directly applied as the boundary condition on the sample-cylinder surfaces. The model temperature was averaged over the sample volume per unit time and converted to heat-flow using the well constrained thermal properties for corundum single crystals. By adjusting the thermal diffusivity in the model solution and comparing the resultant heat-flow with the measured values, we obtain a model calibration for the thermal diffusivity of corundum. Preliminary calibration tests suggest a very good correlation between the measured results compared with literature values of the thermal diffusivity of this standard material. However, more measurements on standard materials are needed to guarantee the accuracy of the presented technique for measuring the thermal diffusion of materials and apply this method to numerical models for relevant processes in geoscience.

Thermo-Mechanical and Thermal behavior of High-Temperature Structural Materials.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-12-31

34-’- Mr. 3. D. SilboldMr-J-..ibl Columbus, OH 43201 Coor Porcelain Company 17750 W. 32nd Avenue Dr. R. E. Engdahl Golden, CO 80401 Deposits and Composites ...number) Thermal shock, thermal stress, thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity; refractories, composites , radiation heat transfer, cyclic heating...Hasselman and R. Ruh, "Effect of Hot-Pressing 4 -; Temperature on the Thermal Diffusivity/Conductivity of SiC-AIN Composites ." III M. A. Bucknam, L. D

Simultaneous determination of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat in sI methane hydrate

USGS Publications Warehouse

Waite, W.F.; Stern, L.A.; Kirby, S.H.; Winters, W.J.; Mason, D.H.

2007-01-01

Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat of sI methane hydrate were measured as functions of temperature and pressure using a needle probe technique. The temperature dependence was measured between −20°C and 17°C at 31.5 MPa. The pressure dependence was measured between 31.5 and 102 MPa at 14.4°C. Only weak temperature and pressure dependencies were observed. Methane hydrate thermal conductivity differs from that of water by less than 10 per cent, too little to provide a sensitive measure of hydrate content in water-saturated systems. Thermal diffusivity of methane hydrate is more than twice that of water, however, and its specific heat is about half that of water. Thus, when drilling into or through hydrate-rich sediment, heat from the borehole can raise the formation temperature more than 20 per cent faster than if the formation's pore space contains only water. Thermal properties of methane hydrate should be considered in safety and economic assessments of hydrate-bearing sediment.

Heat localization for targeted tumor treatment with nanoscale near-infrared radiation absorbers

PubMed Central

Xie, Bin; Singh, Ravi; Torti, F. M.; Keblinski, Pawel; Torti, Suzy

2012-01-01

Focusing heat delivery while minimizing collateral damage to normal tissues is essential for successful nanoparticle-mediated laser-induced thermal cancer therapy. We present thermal maps obtained via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characterizing laser heating of a phantom tissue containing a multiwalled carbon nanotube inclusion. The data demonstrate that heating continuously over tens of seconds leads to poor localization (~ 0.5 cm) of the elevated temperature region. By contrast, for the same energy input, heat localization can be reduced to the millimeter rather than centimeter range by increasing the laser power and shortening the pulse duration. The experimental data can be well understood within a simple diffusive heat conduction model. Analysis of the model indicates that to achieve 1 mm or better resolution, heating pulses of ~ 2s or less need to be used with appropriately higher heating power. Modeling these data using a diffusive heat conduction analysis predicts parameters for optimal targeted delivery of heat for ablative therapy. PMID:22948207

Investigation of heat and mass transfer under the influence of variable diffusion coefficient and thermal conductivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohyud Din, S. T.; Zubair, T.; Usman, M.; Hamid, M.; Rafiq, M.; Mohsin, S.

2018-04-01

This study is devoted to analyze the influence of variable diffusion coefficient and variable thermal conductivity on heat and mass transfer in Casson fluid flow. The behavior of concentration and temperature profiles in the presence of Joule heating and viscous dissipation is also studied. The dimensionless conversation laws with suitable BCs are solved via Modified Gegenbauer Wavelets Method (MGWM). It has been observed that increase in Casson fluid parameter (β ) and parameter ɛ enhances the Nusselt number. Moreover, Nusselt number of Newtonian fluid is less than that of the Casson fluid. The phenomenon of mass transport can be increased by solute of variable diffusion coefficient rather than solute of constant diffusion coefficient. A detailed analysis of results is appropriately highlighted. The obtained results, error estimates, and convergence analysis reconfirm the credibility of proposed algorithm. It is concluded that MGWM is an appropriate tool to tackle nonlinear physical models and hence may be extended to some other nonlinear problems of diversified physical nature also.

Transport coefficients and heat fluxes in non-equilibrium high-temperature flows with electronic excitation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Istomin, V. A.; Kustova, E. V.

2017-02-01

The influence of electronic excitation on transport processes in non-equilibrium high-temperature ionized mixture flows is studied. Two five-component mixtures, N 2 / N2 + / N / N + / e - and O 2 / O2 + / O / O + / e - , are considered taking into account the electronic degrees of freedom for atomic species as well as the rotational-vibrational-electronic degrees of freedom for molecular species, both neutral and ionized. Using the modified Chapman-Enskog method, the transport coefficients (thermal conductivity, shear viscosity and bulk viscosity, diffusion and thermal diffusion) are calculated in the temperature range 500-50 000 K. Thermal conductivity and bulk viscosity coefficients are strongly affected by electronic states, especially for neutral atomic species. Shear viscosity, diffusion, and thermal diffusion coefficients are not sensible to electronic excitation if the size of excited states is assumed to be constant. The limits of applicability for the Stokes relation are discussed; at high temperatures, this relation is violated not only for molecular species but also for electronically excited atomic gases. Two test cases of strongly non-equilibrium flows behind plane shock waves corresponding to the spacecraft re-entry (Hermes and Fire II) are simulated numerically. Fluid-dynamic variables and heat fluxes are evaluated in gases with electronic excitation. In inviscid flows without chemical-radiative coupling, the flow-field is weakly affected by electronic states; however, in viscous flows, their influence can be more important, in particular, on the convective heat flux. The contribution of different dissipative processes to the heat transfer is evaluated as well as the effect of reaction rate coefficients. The competition of diffusion and heat conduction processes reduces the overall effect of electronic excitation on the convective heating, especially for the Fire II test case. It is shown that reliable models of chemical reaction rates are of great importance for accurate predictions of the fluid dynamic variables and heat fluxes.

Graphene nanoplatelets: Thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity by the flash method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Potenza, M.; Cataldo, A.; Bovesecchi, G.; Corasaniti, S.; Coppa, P.; Bellucci, S.

2017-07-01

The present work deals with the measurement of thermo-physical properties of a freestanding sheet of graphene (thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity), and their dependence on sample density as result of uniform mechanical compression. Thermal diffusivity of graphene nano-platelets (thin slabs) was measured by the pulse flash method. Obtained response data were processed with a specifically developed least square data processing algorithm. GNP specific heat was assumed from literature and thermal conductivity derived from thermal diffusivity, specific heat and density. Obtained results show a significant difference with respect to other porous media: the thermal diffusivity decreases as the density increases, while thermal conductivity increases for low and high densities, and remain fairly constant for the intermediate range. This can be explained by the very high thermal conductivity values reached by the nano-layers of graphene and the peculiar arrangement of platelets during the compression applied to the samples to get the desired density. Due to very high thermal conductivity of graphene layers, the obtained results show that thermal conductivity of conglomerates increases when there is an air reduction due to compression, and consequent density increases, with the number of contact points between platelets also increased. In the intermediate range (250 ≤ ρ ≤ 700 kg.m-3) the folding of platelets reduces density, without increasing the contact points of platelets, so thermal conductivity can slightly decrease.

Modified Laser Flash Method for Thermal Properties Measurements and the Influence of Heat Convection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, Bochuan; Zhu, Shen; Ban, Heng; Li, Chao; Scripa, Rosalia N.; Su, Ching-Hua; Lehoczky, Sandor L.

2003-01-01

The study examined the effect of natural convection in applying the modified laser flash method to measure thermal properties of semiconductor melts. Common laser flash method uses a laser pulse to heat one side of a thin circular sample and measures the temperature response of the other side. Thermal diffusivity can be calculations based on a heat conduction analysis. For semiconductor melt, the sample is contained in a specially designed quartz cell with optical windows on both sides. When laser heats the vertical melt surface, the resulting natural convection can introduce errors in calculation based on heat conduction model alone. The effect of natural convection was studied by CFD simulations with experimental verification by temperature measurement. The CFD results indicated that natural convection would decrease the time needed for the rear side to reach its peak temperature, and also decrease the peak temperature slightly in our experimental configuration. Using the experimental data, the calculation using only heat conduction model resulted in a thermal diffusivity value is about 7.7% lower than that from the model with natural convection. Specific heat capacity was about the same, and the difference is within 1.6%, regardless of heat transfer models.

Thermal Diffusivity Measurement for Thermal Spray Coating Attached to Substrate Using Laser Flash Method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Akoshima, Megumi; Tanaka, Takashi; Endo, Satoshi; Baba, Tetsuya; Harada, Yoshio; Kojima, Yoshitaka; Kawasaki, Akira; Ono, Fumio

2011-11-01

Ceramic-based thermal barrier coatings are used as heat and wear shields of gas turbine blades. There is a strong need to evaluate the thermal conductivity of coating for thermal design and use. The thermal conductivity of a bulk material is obtained as the product of thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity, and density above room temperature in many cases. Thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity are unique for a given material because they are sensitive to the structure of the material. Therefore, it is important to measure them in each sample. However it is difficult to measure the thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of coatings because coatings are attached to substrates. In order to evaluate the thermal diffusivity of a coating attached to the substrate, we have examined the laser flash method with the multilayer model on the basis of the response function method. We carried out laser flash measurements in layered samples composed of a CoNiCrAlY bond coating and a 8YSZ top coating by thermal spraying on a Ni-based superalloy substrate. It was found that the procedure using laser flash method with the multilayer model is useful for the thermal diffusivity evaluation of a coating attached to a substrate.

Thermal Conductivity of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube with Internal Heat Source Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Yuan-Wei; Cao, Bing-Yang

2013-12-01

The thermal conductivity of (5, 5) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with an internal heat source is investigated by using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulation incorporating uniform heat source and heat source-and-sink schemes. Compared with SWNTs without an internal heat source, i.e., by a fixed-temperature difference scheme, the thermal conductivity of SWNTs with an internal heat source is much lower, by as much as half in some cases, though it still increases with an increase of the tube length. Based on the theory of phonon dynamics, a function called the phonon free path distribution is defined to develop a simple one-dimensional heat conduction model considering an internal heat source, which can explain diffusive-ballistic heat transport in carbon nanotubes well.

Transient plane source (tps) sensors for simultaneous measurements of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of insulators, fluids and conductors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maqsood, Asghari; Anis-ur-Rehman, M.

2013-12-01

Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity are two important physical properties for designing any food engineering processes1. The knowledge of thermal properties of the elements, compounds and different materials in many industrial applications is a requirement for their final functionality. Transient plane source (tps) sensors are reported2 to be useful for the simultaneous measurement of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and volumetric heat capacity of insulators, conductor liquids3 and high-TC superconductors4. The tps-sensor consists of a resistive element in the shape of double spiral made of 10 micrometer thick Ni-foils covered on both sides with 25 micrometer thick Kapton. This sensor acts both as a heat source and a resistance thermometer for recording the time dependent temperature increase. From the knowledge of the temperature co-efficient of the metal spiral, the temperature increase of the sensor can be determined precisely by placing the sensor in between two surfaces of the same material under test. This temperature increase is then related to the thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and volumetric heat capacity by simple relations2,5. The tps-sensor has been used to measure thermal conductivities from 0.001 Wm-1K-1to 600 Wm-1K-1 and temperature ranges covered from 77K- 1000K. This talk gives the design, advantages and limitations of the tpl-sensor along with its applications to the measurementof thermal properties in a variety of materials.

Magnetic flux and heat losses by diffusive, advective, and Nernst effects in magnetized liner inertial fusion-like plasma

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Velikovich, A. L.; Giuliani, J. L.; Zalesak, S. T.

The magnetized liner inertial fusion (MagLIF) approach to inertial confinement fusion [Slutz et al., Phys. Plasmas 17, 056303 (2010); Cuneo et al., IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 40, 3222 (2012)] involves subsonic/isobaric compression and heating of a deuterium-tritium plasma with frozen-in magnetic flux by a heavy cylindrical liner. The losses of heat and magnetic flux from the plasma to the liner are thereby determined by plasma advection and gradient-driven transport processes, such as thermal conductivity, magnetic field diffusion, and thermomagnetic effects. Theoretical analysis based on obtaining exact self-similar solutions of the classical collisional Braginskii's plasma transport equations in one dimension demonstratesmore » that the heat loss from the hot compressed magnetized plasma to the cold liner is dominated by transverse heat conduction and advection, and the corresponding loss of magnetic flux is dominated by advection and the Nernst effect. For a large electron Hall parameter (ω{sub e}τ{sub e}≫1), the effective diffusion coefficients determining the losses of heat and magnetic flux to the liner wall are both shown to decrease with ω{sub e}τ{sub e} as does the Bohm diffusion coefficient cT/(16eB), which is commonly associated with low collisionality and two-dimensional transport. We demonstrate how this family of exact solutions can be used for verification of codes that model the MagLIF plasma dynamics.« less

Heat capacities and thermal conductivities of AmO 2 and AmO 1.5

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nishi, Tsuyoshi; Itoh, Akinori; Ichise, Kenichi; Arai, Yasuo

2011-07-01

The thermal diffusivity of AmO 2 was measured from 473 to 773 K and that of AmO 1.5 between 473 and 1373 K using a laser flash method. The enthalpy increment of AmO 2 was measured from 335 to 1081 K and that of AmO 1.5 between 335 and 1086 K using drop calorimetry. The heat capacities of AmO 2 and AmO 1.5 were derived from the enthalpy increment measurements. The thermal conductivity was determined from the measured thermal diffusivity, heat capacity and bulk density. The heat capacities of AmO 2 was found larger than that of AmO 1.5. The thermal conductivities of AmO 2 and AmO 1.5 were found to decrease with increasing temperature in the investigated temperature range. The thermal conductivity of AmO 1.5 with A -type hexagonal structure was smaller than that of AmO 2 with C-type fluorite structure but larger than that of sub-stoichiometric AmO 1.73.

Calculation of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity of sedimentary rocks using petrophysical well logs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fuchs, Sven; Balling, Niels; Förster, Andrea

2015-12-01

In this study, equations are developed that predict for synthetic sedimentary rocks (clastics, carbonates and evapourates) thermal properties comprising thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity and thermal diffusivity. The rock groups are composed of mineral assemblages with variable contents of 15 major rock-forming minerals and porosities of 0-30 per cent. Petrophysical properties and their well-logging-tool-characteristic readings were assigned to these rock-forming minerals and to pore-filling fluids. Relationships are explored between each thermal property and other petrophysical properties (density, sonic interval transit time, hydrogen index, volume fraction of shale and photoelectric absorption index) using multivariate statistics. The application of these relations allows computing continuous borehole profiles for each rock thermal property. The uncertainties in the prediction of each property vary depending on the selected well-log combination. Best prediction is in the range of 2-8 per cent for the specific heat capacity, of 5-10 per cent for the thermal conductivity, and of 8-15 for the thermal diffusivity, respectively. Well-log derived thermal conductivity is validated by laboratory data measured on cores from deep boreholes of the Danish Basin, the North German Basin, and the Molasse Basin. Additional validation of thermal conductivity was performed by comparing predicted and measured temperature logs. The maximum deviation between these logs is <3 °C. The thermal-conductivity calculation allowed an evaluation of the depth range in which the palaeoclimatic effect on the subsurface temperature field can be observed in the North German Basin. This effect reduces the surface heat-flow density by 25 mW m-2.

Thermal conductive properties of wood, green or dry, from -40° to +100° C: a literature review

Treesearch

H. Peter Steinhagen

1977-01-01

This literature review was conducted in connection with a study on heat transfer in frozen logs. A combination of data by two researchers on specific heat and thermal conductivity and diffusivity in the radial direction of wood, at various temperatures and moisture contents, is discussed and compared with data from other sources. Limited information found for the...

Nanofluid flow and heat transfer in boundary layers: the influence of the concentration diffusion layer on heat transfer enhancement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Joseph T. C.; Barbosa Decastilho, Cintia Juliana; Fuller, Mark E.; Sane, Aakash

2017-11-01

The present work uses a perturbation procedure to deduce the small nanoparticle volume concentration conservation equations for momentum, heat and concentration diffusion. Thermal physical variables are obtained from conventional means (mixture and field theories) for alumina-water and gold-water nanofluids. In the case of gold-water nano fluid molecular dynamics results are used to estimate such properties, including transport coefficients. The very thin diffusion layer at large Schmidt numbers is found to have a great impact on the velocity and temperature profiles owing to their dependency on transport properties. This has a profound effect on the conduction surface heat transfer rate enhancement and skin friction suppression for the case of nano fluid concentration withdrawal at the wall, while the diffusional surface heat transfer rate is negligible due to large Schmidt numbers. Possible experimental directed at this interesting phenomenon is suggested.

Anisotropic Thermal Diffusivities of Plasma-Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Akoshima, Megumi; Takahashi, Satoru

2017-09-01

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are used to shield the blades of gas turbines from heat and wear. There is a pressing need to evaluate the thermal conductivity of TBCs in the thermal design of advanced gas turbines with high energy efficiency. These TBCs consist of a ceramic-based top coat and a bond coat on a superalloy substrate. Usually, the focus is on the thermal conductivity in the thickness direction of the TBC because heat tends to diffuse from the surface of the top coat to the substrate. However, the in-plane thermal conductivity is also important in the thermal design of gas turbines because the temperature distribution within the turbine cannot be ignored. Accordingly, a method is developed in this study for measuring the in-plane thermal diffusivity of the top coat. Yttria-stabilized zirconia top coats are prepared by thermal spraying under different conditions. The in-plane and cross-plane thermal diffusivities of the top coats are measured by the flash method to investigate the anisotropy of thermal conduction in a TBC. It is found that the in-plane thermal diffusivity is higher than the cross-plane one for each top coat and that the top coats have significantly anisotropic thermal diffusivity. The cross-sectional and in-plane microstructures of the top coats are observed, from which their porosities are evaluated. The thermal diffusivity and its anisotropy are discussed in detail in relation to microstructure and porosity.

Influence of heat conducting substrates on explosive crystallization in thin layers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schneider, Wilhelm

2017-09-01

Crystallization in a thin, initially amorphous layer is considered. The layer is in thermal contact with a substrate of very large dimensions. The energy equation of the layer contains source and sink terms. The source term is due to liberation of latent heat in the crystallization process, while the sink term is due to conduction of heat into the substrate. To determine the latter, the heat diffusion equation for the substrate is solved by applying Duhamel's integral. Thus, the energy equation of the layer becomes a heat diffusion equation with a time integral as an additional term. The latter term indicates that the heat loss due to the substrate depends on the history of the process. To complete the set of equations, the crystallization process is described by a rate equation for the degree of crystallization. The governing equations are then transformed to a moving co-ordinate system in order to analyze crystallization waves that propagate with invariant properties. Dual solutions are found by an asymptotic expansion for large activation energies of molecular diffusion. By introducing suitable variables, the results can be presented in a universal form that comprises the influence of all non-dimensional parameters that govern the process. Of particular interest for applications is the prediction of a critical heat loss parameter for the existence of crystallization waves with invariant properties.

Stefan-Maxwell Relations and Heat Flux with Anisotropic Transport Coefficients for Ionized Gases in a Magnetic Field with Application to the Problem of Ambipolar Diffusion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kolesnichenko, A. V.; Marov, M. Ya.

2018-01-01

The defining relations for the thermodynamic diffusion and heat fluxes in a multicomponent, partially ionized gas mixture in an external electromagnetic field have been obtained by the methods of the kinetic theory. Generalized Stefan-Maxwell relations and algebraic equations for anisotropic transport coefficients (the multicomponent diffusion, thermal diffusion, electric and thermoelectric conductivity coefficients as well as the thermal diffusion ratios) associated with diffusion-thermal processes have been derived. The defining second-order equations are derived by the Chapman-Enskog procedure using Sonine polynomial expansions. The modified Stefan-Maxwell relations are used for the description of ambipolar diffusion in the Earth's ionospheric plasma (in the F region) composed of electrons, ions of many species, and neutral particles in a strong electromagnetic field.

The transient divided bar method for laboratory measurements of thermal properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bording, Thue S.; Nielsen, Søren B.; Balling, Niels

2016-12-01

Accurate information on thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of materials is of central importance in relation to geoscience and engineering problems involving the transfer of heat. Several methods, including the classical divided bar technique, are available for laboratory measurements of thermal conductivity, but much fewer for thermal diffusivity. We have generalized the divided bar technique to the transient case in which thermal conductivity, volumetric heat capacity and thereby also thermal diffusivity are measured simultaneously. As the density of samples is easily determined independently, specific heat capacity can also be determined. The finite element formulation provides a flexible forward solution for heat transfer across the bar, and thermal properties are estimated by inverse Monte Carlo modelling. This methodology enables a proper quantification of experimental uncertainties on measured thermal properties and information on their origin. The developed methodology was applied to various materials, including a standard ceramic material and different rock samples, and measuring results were compared with results applying traditional steady-state divided bar and an independent line-source method. All measurements show highly consistent results and with excellent reproducibility and high accuracy. For conductivity the obtained uncertainty is typically 1-3 per cent, and for diffusivity uncertainty may be reduced to about 3-5 per cent. The main uncertainty originates from the presence of thermal contact resistance associated with the internal interfaces in the bar. These are not resolved during inversion and it is imperative that they are minimized. The proposed procedure is simple and may quite easily be implemented to the many steady-state divided bar systems in operation. A thermally controlled bath, as applied here, may not be needed. Simpler systems, such as applying temperature-controlled water directly from a tap, may also be applied.

Comparison of Steady State Evaporation Models for Toxic Chemical Spills: Development of a New Evaporation Model

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-11-29

for diffusivity based on theory : DVab- 0.002e6 703/2 eS/s(bPM11 t/ ,cm/s (28) ab ab 1) where DV-b a molecular diffusion coefflcient of chemical a In...24 Ugt W m -K (48)S[(/hg) + (1/h)] m- K- where ha is the coefficient of heat conduction through the ground, and hl is the liquid heat transfer

Thermophysical properties of heat-treated U-7Mo/Al dispersion fuel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cho, Tae Won; Kim, Yeon Soo; Park, Jong Man; Lee, Kyu Hong; Kim, Sunghwan; Lee, Chong Tak; Yang, Jae Ho; Oh, Jang Soo; Sohn, Dong-Seong

2018-04-01

In this study, the effects of interaction layer (IL) on thermophysical properties of U-7Mo/Al dispersion fuel were examined. Microstructural analyses revealed that ILs were formed uniformly on U-Mo particles during heating of U-7Mo/Al samples. The IL volume fraction was measured by applying image analysis methods. The uranium loadings of the samples were calculated based on the measured meat densities at 298 K. The density of the IL was estimated by using the measured density and IL volume fraction. Thermal diffusivity and heat capacity of the samples after the heat treatment were measured as a function of temperature and volume fractions of U-Mo and IL. The thermal conductivity of IL-formed U-7Mo/Al was derived by using the measured thermal diffusivity, heat capacity, and density. The thermal conductivity obtained in the present study was lower than that predicted by the modified Hashin-Shtrikman model due to the theoretical model's inability to consider the thermal resistance at interfaces between the meat constituents.

Numerical simulations of thermal conductivity in dissipative two-dimensional Yukawa systems.

PubMed

Khrustalyov, Yu V; Vaulina, O S

2012-04-01

Numerical data on the heat transfer constants in two-dimensional Yukawa systems were obtained. Numerical study of the thermal conductivity and diffusivity was carried out for the equilibrium systems with parameters close to conditions of laboratory experiments with dusty plasma. For calculations of heat transfer constants the Green-Kubo formulas were used. The influence of dissipation (friction) on the heat transfer processes in nonideal systems was investigated. The approximation of the coefficient of thermal conductivity is proposed. Comparison of the obtained results to the existing experimental and numerical data is discussed.

Redundant correlation effect on personalized recommendation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qiu, Tian; Han, Teng-Yue; Zhong, Li-Xin; Zhang, Zi-Ke; Chen, Guang

2014-02-01

The high-order redundant correlation effect is investigated for a hybrid algorithm of heat conduction and mass diffusion (HHM), through both heat conduction biased (HCB) and mass diffusion biased (MDB) correlation redundancy elimination processes. The HCB and MDB algorithms do not introduce any additional tunable parameters, but keep the simple character of the original HHM. Based on two empirical datasets, the Netflix and MovieLens, the HCB and MDB are found to show better recommendation accuracy for both the overall objects and the cold objects than the HHM algorithm. Our work suggests that properly eliminating the high-order redundant correlations can provide a simple and effective approach to accurate recommendation.

Changes in Effective Thermal Conductivity During the Carbothermic Reduction of Magnetite Using Graphite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kiamehr, Saeed; Ahmed, Hesham; Viswanathan, Nurni; Seetharaman, Seshadri

2017-06-01

Knowledge of the effective thermal diffusivity changes of systems undergoing reactions where heat transfer plays an important role in the reaction kinetics is essential for process understanding and control. Carbothermic reduction process of magnetite containing composites is a typical example of such systems. The reduction process in this case is highly endothermic and hence, the overall rate of the reaction is greatly influenced by the heat transfer through composite compact. Using Laser-Flash method, the change of effective thermal diffusivity of magnetite-graphite composite pellet was monitored in the dynamic mode over a pre-defined thermal cycle (heating at the rate of 7 K/min to 1423 K (1150 °C), holding the sample for 270 minutes at this temperature and then cooling it down to the room temperature at the same rate as heating). These measurements were supplemented by Thermogravimetric Analysis under comparable experimental conditions as well as quenching tests of the samples in order to combine the impact of various factors such as sample dilatations and changes in apparent density on the progress of the reaction. The present results show that monitoring thermal diffusivity changes during the course of reduction would be a very useful tool in a total understanding of the underlying physicochemical phenomena. At the end, effort is made to estimate the apparent thermal conductivity values based on the measured thermal diffusivity and dilatations.

Investigating the use of a rational Runge Kutta method for transport modelling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dougherty, David E.

An unconditionally stable explicit time integrator has recently been developed for parabolic systems of equations. This rational Runge Kutta (RRK) method, proposed by Wambecq 1 and Hairer 2, has been applied by Liu et al.3 to linear heat conduction problems in a time-partitioned solution context. An important practical question is whether the method has application for the solution of (nearly) hyperbolic equations as well. In this paper the RRK method is applied to a nonlinear heat conduction problem, the advection-diffusion equation, and the hyperbolic Buckley-Leverett problem. The method is, indeed, found to be unconditionally stable for the linear heat conduction problem and performs satisfactorily for the nonlinear heat flow case. A heuristic limitation on the utility of RRK for the advection-diffusion equation arises in the Courant number; for the second-order accurate one-step two-stage RRK method, a limiting Courant number of 2 applies. First order upwinding is not as effective when used with RRK as with Euler one-step methods. The method is found to perform poorly for the Buckley-Leverett problem.

Double-diffusive instabilities in ancient seawater

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pawlowicz, Rich; Scheifele, Ben; Zaloga, Artem; Wuest, Alfred; Sommer, Tobias

2015-04-01

Powell Lake, British Columbia, Canada is a geothermally heated lake about 350m deep with a saline lower layer that was isolated from the ocean by coastal uplift about 11000 years ago, after the last ice age. Careful temperature and conductivity profiling measurements show consistent, stable, and spatially/temporally coherent steps resulting from double-diffusive processes in certain ranges of depth, vertically interspersed with other depth ranges where these signatures are not present. These features are quasi-stable for at least several years. Although molecular diffusion has removed about half the salt from the deepest waters and biogeochemical processes have slightly modified the water composition, the lack of tidal processes and shear-driven mixing, as well as an accurate estimate of heat flux from both sediment heat flux measurements and gradient measurements in a region not susceptible to diffusive instabilities, makes this a unique geophysical laboratory to study double diffusion. Here we present a detailed picture of the structure of Powell Lake and its double-diffusive stair cases, and suggest shortcomings with existing parameterizations for fluxes through such staircases.

Perspectives of advanced thermal management in solar thermochemical syngas production using a counter-flow solid-solid heat exchanger

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Falter, Christoph; Sizmann, Andreas; Pitz-Paal, Robert

2017-06-01

A modular reactor model is presented for the description of solar thermochemical syngas production involving counter-flow heat exchangers that recuperate heat from the solid phase. The development of the model is described including heat diffusion within the reactive material as it travels through the heat exchanger, which was previously identified to be a possibly limiting factor in heat exchanger design. Heat transfer within the reactive medium is described by conduction and radiation, where the former is modeled with the three-resistor model and the latter with the Rosseland diffusion approximation. The applicability of the model is shown by the analysis of heat exchanger efficiency for different material thicknesses and porosities in a system with 8 chambers and oxidation and reduction temperatures of 1000 K and 1800 K, respectively. Heat exchanger efficiency is found to rise strongly for a reduction of material thickness, as the element mass is reduced and a larger part of the elements takes part in the heat exchange process. An increase of porosity enhances radiation heat exchange but deteriorates conduction. The overall heat exchange in the material is improved for high temperatures in the heat exchanger, as radiation dominates the energy transfer. The model is shown to be a valuable tool for the development and analysis of solar thermochemical reactor concepts involving heat exchange from the solid phase.

Heating-frequency-dependent thermal conductivity: An analytical solution from diffusive to ballistic regime and its relevance to phonon scattering measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Fan; Dames, Chris

2015-04-01

The heating-frequency dependence of the apparent thermal conductivity in a semi-infinite body with periodic planar surface heating is explained by an analytical solution to the Boltzmann transport equation. This solution is obtained using a two-flux model and gray mean free time approximation and verified numerically with a lattice Boltzmann method and numerical results from the literature. Extending the gray solution to the nongray regime leads to an integral transform and accumulation-function representation of the phonon scattering spectrum, where the natural variable is mean free time rather than mean free path, as often used in previous work. The derivation leads to an approximate cutoff conduction similar in spirit to that of Koh and Cahill [Phys. Rev. B 76, 075207 (2007), 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.075207] except that the most appropriate criterion involves the heater frequency rather than thermal diffusion length. The nongray calculations are consistent with Koh and Cahill's experimental observation that the apparent thermal conductivity shows a stronger heater-frequency dependence in a SiGe alloy than in natural Si. Finally these results are demonstrated using a virtual experiment, which fits the phase lag between surface temperature and heat flux to obtain the apparent thermal conductivity and accumulation function.

FORTRAN 77 programs for conductive cooling of dikes with temperature-dependent thermal properties and heat of crystallization

USGS Publications Warehouse

Delaney, P.T.

1988-01-01

Temperature histories obtained from transient heat-conduction theory are applicable to most dikes despite potential complicating effects related to magma flow during emplacement, groundwater circulation, and metamorphic reaction during cooling. Here. machine-independent FORTRAN 77 programs are presented to calculate temperatures in and around dikes as they cool conductively. Analytical solutions can treat thermal-property contrasts between the dike and host rocks, but cannot address the release of magmatic heat of crystallization after the early stages of cooling or the appreciable temperature dependence of thermal conductivity and diffusivity displayed by most rock types. Numerical solutions can incorporate these additional factors. The heat of crystallization can raise the initial temperature at the dike contact, ??c1, about 100??C above that which would be estimated if it were neglected, and can decrease the rate at which the front of solidified magma moves to the dike center by a factor of as much as three. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity of rocks increase with decreasing temperature and, at low temperatures, these properties increase more if the rocks are saturated with water. Models that treat these temperature dependencies yield estimates of ??c1 that are as much as 75??C beneath those which would be predicted if they were neglected. ?? 1988.

Thermal conductivity of supercooled water.

PubMed

Biddle, John W; Holten, Vincent; Sengers, Jan V; Anisimov, Mikhail A

2013-04-01

The heat capacity of supercooled water, measured down to -37°C, shows an anomalous increase as temperature decreases. The thermal diffusivity, i.e., the ratio of the thermal conductivity and the heat capacity per unit volume, shows a decrease. These anomalies may be associated with a hypothesized liquid-liquid critical point in supercooled water below the line of homogeneous nucleation. However, while the thermal conductivity is known to diverge at the vapor-liquid critical point due to critical density fluctuations, the thermal conductivity of supercooled water, calculated as the product of thermal diffusivity and heat capacity, does not show any sign of such an anomaly. We have used mode-coupling theory to investigate the possible effect of critical fluctuations on the thermal conductivity of supercooled water and found that indeed any critical thermal-conductivity enhancement would be too small to be measurable at experimentally accessible temperatures. Moreover, the behavior of thermal conductivity can be explained by the observed anomalies of the thermodynamic properties. In particular, we show that thermal conductivity should go through a minimum when temperature is decreased, as Kumar and Stanley observed in the TIP5P model of water. We discuss physical reasons for the striking difference between the behavior of thermal conductivity in water near the vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid critical points.

Extending the 3ω method: thermal conductivity characterization of thin films.

PubMed

Bodenschatz, Nico; Liemert, André; Schnurr, Sebastian; Wiedwald, Ulf; Ziemann, Paul

2013-08-01

A lock-in technique for measurement of thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity of thin films is presented. The technique is based on the 3ω approach using electrical generation and detection of oscillatory heat along a thin metal strip. Thin films are deposited onto the backside of commercial silicon nitride membranes, forming a bilayer geometry with distinct thermal parameters. Stepwise comparison to an adapted heat diffusion model delivers these parameters for both layers. Highest sensitivity is found for metallic thin films.

Thermophysical properties of Apollo 12 fines.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cremers, C. J.

1973-01-01

The vacuum thermal conductivity of the Apollo 12 fines is presented as a function of temperature for densities of 1300, 1640 and 1970 kg/cu m. It is found to vary from about .001 W/m-K at 100 K to about .003 W/m-K at 400 K. The conductivity of the fines is found to be close to that of terrestrial basalt both under vacuum and at higher pressures. The thermal diffusivity is calculated from conductivity and specific heat data. Average values of the thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and thermal parameter are also presented.

Measurement of thermal diffusivity of depleted uranium metal microspheres

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Humrickhouse-Helmreich, Carissa J.; Corbin, Rob; McDeavitt, Sean M.

2014-03-01

The high void space of nuclear fuels composed of homogeneous uranium metal microspheres may allow them to achieve ultra-high burnup by accommodating fuel swelling and reducing fuel/cladding interactions; however, the relatively low thermal conductivity of microsphere nuclear fuels may limit their application. To support the development of microsphere nuclear fuels, an apparatus was designed in a glovebox and used to measure the apparent thermal diffusivity of a packed bed of depleted uranium (DU) microspheres with argon fill in the void spaces. The developed Crucible Heater Test Assembly (CHTA) recorded radial temperature changes due to an initial heat pulse from a central thin-diameter cartridge heater. Using thermocouple positions and time-temperature data, the apparent thermal diffusivity was calculated. The thermal conductivity of the DU microspheres was calculated based on the thermal diffusivity from the CHTA, known material densities and specific heat capacities, and an assumed 70% packing density based on prior measurements. Results indicate that DU metal microspheres have very low thermal conductivity, relative to solid uranium metal, and rapidly form an oxidation layer even in a low oxygen environment. At 500 °C, the thermal conductivity of the DU metal microsphere bed was 0.431 ± 0.0560 W/m-K compared to the literature value of approximately 32 W/m-K for solid uranium metal.

Study of heat generation and cutting force according to minimization of grain size (500 nm to 180 nm) of WC ball endmill using FEM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Byeon, J. H.; Ahmed, F.; Ko, T. J.; lee, D. K.; Kim, J. S.

2018-03-01

As the industry develops, miniaturization and refinement of products are important issues. Precise machining is required for cutting, which is a typical method of machining a product. The factor determining the workability of the cutting process is the material of the tool. Tool materials include carbon tool steel, alloy tool steel, high-speed steel, cemented carbide, and ceramics. In the case of a carbide material, the smaller the particle size, the better the mechanical properties with higher hardness, strength and toughness. The specific heat, density, and thermal diffusivity are also changed through finer particle size of the material. In this study, finite element analysis was performed to investigate the change of heat generation and cutting power depending on the physical properties (specific heat, density, thermal diffusivity) of tool material. The thermal conductivity coefficient was obtained by measuring the thermal diffusivity, specific heat, and density of the material (180 nm) in which the particle size was finer and the particle material (0.05 μm) in the conventional size. The coefficient of thermal conductivity was calculated as 61.33 for 180nm class material and 46.13 for 0.05μm class material. As a result of finite element analysis using this value, the average temperature of exothermic heat of micronized particle material (180nm) was 532.75 °C and the temperature of existing material (0.05μm) was 572.75 °C. Cutting power was also compared but not significant. Therefore, if the thermal conductivity is increased through particle refinement, the surface power can be improved and the tool life can be prolonged by lowering the temperature generated in the tool during machining without giving a great influence to the cutting power.

Isentropic phase changes in dissociating gases and the method of sound dispersion for the investigation of homogeneous gas reactions with very high speed : Conclusion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Damkohler, Gerhard

1950-01-01

The analytical results of Part I are also applied to sound dispersion by friction and heat conduction, An irreversible change of momentum, energy, and type of particle corresponding to friction, heat conduction, and diffusion effects can appear both in the direction of the sound field and traverse to it. Longitudinal damping, the coupling of longitudinal damping and that due to chemical and physical changes, and coupling of diffusion and compositional changes are treated for a plane sound wave of infinite extent. The same principles are also applied to sound effects in cylindrical tubes. The limitations of the method are discussed in some detail.

Macroscopic modeling of heat and water vapor transfer with phase change in dry snow based on an upscaling method: Influence of air convection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Calonne, N.; Geindreau, C.; Flin, F.

2015-12-01

At the microscopic scale, i.e., pore scale, dry snow metamorphism is mainly driven by the heat and water vapor transfer and the sublimation-deposition process at the ice-air interface. Up to now, the description of these phenomena at the macroscopic scale, i.e., snow layer scale, in the snowpack models has been proposed in a phenomenological way. Here we used an upscaling method, namely, the homogenization of multiple-scale expansions, to derive theoretically the macroscopic equivalent modeling of heat and vapor transfer through a snow layer from the physics at the pore scale. The physical phenomena under consideration are steady state air flow, heat transfer by conduction and convection, water vapor transfer by diffusion and convection, and phase change (sublimation and deposition). We derived three different macroscopic models depending on the intensity of the air flow considered at the pore scale, i.e., on the order of magnitude of the pore Reynolds number and the Péclet numbers: (A) pure diffusion, (B) diffusion and moderate convection (Darcy's law), and (C) strong convection (nonlinear flow). The formulation of the models includes the exact expression of the macroscopic properties (effective thermal conductivity, effective vapor diffusion coefficient, and intrinsic permeability) and of the macroscopic source terms of heat and vapor arising from the phase change at the pore scale. Such definitions can be used to compute macroscopic snow properties from 3-D descriptions of snow microstructures. Finally, we illustrated the precision and the robustness of the proposed macroscopic models through 2-D numerical simulations.

Heat transport in electrically aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes dispersed in water

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cervantes-Alvarez, F.; Macias, J. D.; Alvarado-Gil, J. J.

2018-02-01

A modified Ångström method was used to determine the thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of aqueous dispersions of multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a function of their weight fraction concentration and in the presence of an externally applied electric field. Measurements were performed in planar samples, with a fixed thickness of 3.18 mm applying an AC voltage in the range from 0 to 70~V_RMS and for concentrations of carbon nanotubes from 0 to 2 wf%. It is shown that this field induces the formation of clusters followed by their alignment along the electric field, which can favor heat transfer in that direction. Heat transfer measurements show two regimes, in the first one under 0.5 wf%, voltages lower than 30~V_RMS are not strong enough to induce the adequate order of the carbon nanostructures, and as a consequence, thermal diffusivity of the dispersion remains close to the thermal diffusivity of water. In contrast for higher concentrations (above 1.5 wf%), 10~V_RMS are enough to get a good alignment. Above such thresholds of concentrations and voltages, thermal diffusivity and conductivity increase, when the electric field is increased, in such a way that for an applied voltage of 20~V_RMS and for a concentration of 1.5 wf%, an increase of 49% of the thermal conductivity was obtained. It is also shown that this approach exhibits limits, due to the fact that the electric-field induced structure, can act as a heating element at high electric field intensities and carbon nanotubes concentrations, which can induce convection and evaporation of the liquid matrix.

Temperature-dependent thermal properties of ex vivo liver undergoing thermal ablation.

PubMed

Guntur, Sitaramanjaneya Reddy; Lee, Kang Il; Paeng, Dong-Guk; Coleman, Andrew John; Choi, Min Joo

2013-10-01

Thermotherapy uses a heat source that raises temperatures in the target tissue, and the temperature rise depends on the thermal properties of the tissue. Little is known about the temperature-dependent thermal properties of tissue, which prevents us from accurately predicting the temperature distribution of the target tissue undergoing thermotherapy. The present study reports the key thermal parameters (specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and heat diffusivity) measured in ex vivo porcine liver while being heated from 20 ° C to 90 ° C and then naturally cooled down to 20 ° C. The study indicates that as the tissue was heated, all the thermal parameters resulted in plots with asymmetric quasi-parabolic curves with temperature, being convex downward with their minima at the turning temperature of 35-40 ° C. The largest change was observed for thermal conductivity, which decreased by 9.6% from its initial value (at 20 ° C) at the turning temperature (35 ° C) and rose by 45% at 90 ° C from its minimum (at 35 ° C). The minima were 3.567 mJ/(m(3) ∙ K) for specific heat capacity, 0.520 W/(m.K) for thermal conductivity and 0.141 mm(2)/s for thermal diffusivity. The minimum at the turning temperature was unique, and it is suggested that it be taken as a characteristic value of the thermal parameter of the tissue. On the other hand, the thermal parameters were insensitive to temperature and remained almost unchanged when the tissue cooled down, indicating that their variations with temperature were irreversible. The rate of the irreversible rise at 35 ° C was 18% in specific heat capacity, 40% in thermal conductivity and 38.3% in thermal diffusivity. The study indicates that the key thermal parameters of ex vivo porcine liver vary largely with temperature when heated, as described by asymmetric quasi-parabolic curves of the thermal parameters with temperature, and therefore, substantial influence on the temperature distribution of the tissue undergoing thermotherapy is expected. 2013. Published by Elsevier Inc

Comparison of the Radiative Two-Flux and Diffusion Approximations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spuckler, Charles M.

2006-01-01

Approximate solutions are sometimes used to determine the heat transfer and temperatures in a semitransparent material in which conduction and thermal radiation are acting. A comparison of the Milne-Eddington two-flux approximation and the diffusion approximation for combined conduction and radiation heat transfer in a ceramic material was preformed to determine the accuracy of the diffusion solution. A plane gray semitransparent layer without a substrate and a non-gray semitransparent plane layer on an opaque substrate were considered. For the plane gray layer the material is semitransparent for all wavelengths and the scattering and absorption coefficients do not vary with wavelength. For the non-gray plane layer the material is semitransparent with constant absorption and scattering coefficients up to a specified wavelength. At higher wavelengths the non-gray plane layer is assumed to be opaque. The layers are heated on one side and cooled on the other by diffuse radiation and convection. The scattering and absorption coefficients were varied. The error in the diffusion approximation compared to the Milne-Eddington two flux approximation was obtained as a function of scattering coefficient and absorption coefficient. The percent difference in interface temperatures and heat flux through the layer obtained using the Milne-Eddington two-flux and diffusion approximations are presented as a function of scattering coefficient and absorption coefficient. The largest errors occur for high scattering and low absorption except for the back surface temperature of the plane gray layer where the error is also larger at low scattering and low absorption. It is shown that the accuracy of the diffusion approximation can be improved for some scattering and absorption conditions if a reflectance obtained from a Kubelka-Munk type two flux theory is used instead of a reflection obtained from the Fresnel equation. The Kubelka-Munk reflectance accounts for surface reflection and radiation scattered back by internal scattering sites while the Fresnel reflection only accounts for surface reflections.

Thermophysical properties of heat-treated U-7Mo/Al dispersion fuel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cho, Tae Won; Kim, Yeon Soo; Park, Jong Man

In this study, the effects of interaction layer (IL) on thermophysical properties of U-7Mo/Al dispersion fuel were examined. Microstructural analyses revealed that ILs were formed uniformly on U-Mo particles during heating of U-7Mo/Al samples. The IL volume fraction was measured by applying image analysis methods. The uranium loadings of the samples were calculated based on the measured meat densities at 298 K. The density of the IL was estimated by using the measured density and IL volume fraction. Thermal diffusivity and heat capacity of the samples after the heat treatment were measured as a function of temperature and volume fractionsmore » of U-Mo and IL. The thermal conductivity of IL-formed U-7Mo/Al was derived by using the measured thermal diffusivity, heat capacity, and density. The thermal conductivity obtained in the present study was lower than that predicted by the modified Hashin–Shtrikman model due to the theoretical model’s inability to consider the thermal resistance at interfaces between the meat constituents.« less

Thermal Diffusivity and Thermal Conductivity of Dispersed Glass Sphere Composites Over a Range of Volume Fractions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carson, James K.

2018-06-01

Glass spheres are often used as filler materials for composites. Comparatively few articles in the literature have been devoted to the measurement or modelling of thermal properties of composites containing glass spheres, and there does not appear to be any reported data on the measurement of thermal diffusivities over a range of filler volume fractions. In this study, the thermal diffusivities of guar-gel/glass sphere composites were measured using a transient comparative method. The addition of the glass beads to the gel increased the thermal diffusivity of the composite, more than doubling the thermal diffusivity of the composite relative to the diffusivity of the gel at the maximum glass volume fraction of approximately 0.57. Thermal conductivities of the composites were derived from the thermal diffusivity measurements, measured densities and estimated specific heat capacities of the composites. Two approaches to modelling the effective thermal diffusivity were considered.

Systematic variations of argon diffusion in feldspars and implications for thermochronometry

DOE PAGES

Cassata, William S.; Renne, Paul R.

2013-03-07

Coupled information about the time-dependent production and temperature-dependent diffusion of radiogenic argon in feldspars can be used to constrain the thermal evolution attending a host of Earth and planetary processes. To better assess the accuracy of thermal models, an understanding of the mechanisms and pathways by which argon diffuses in feldspars is desirable. Here we present step-heating Ar diffusion experiments conducted on feldspars with diverse compositions, structural states, and microstructural characteristics. The experiments reveal systematic variations in diffusive behavior that appear closely related to these variables, with apparent closure temperatures for 0.1–1 mm grains of ~200–400 °C (assuming a 10more » °C/Ma cooling rate). Given such variability, there is no broadly applicable set of diffusion parameters that can be utilized in feldspar thermal modeling; sample-specific data are required. Diffusion experiments conducted on oriented cleavage flakes do not reveal directionally-dependent diffusive anisotropy to within the resolution limits of our approach (approximately a factor of 2). Additional experiments aimed at constraining the physical significance of the diffusion domain are presented and indicate that unaltered feldspar crystals with or without coherent exsolution lamellae diffuse at the grain-scale, whereas feldspars containing hydrothermal alteration and/or incoherent sub-grain intergrowths do not. Arrhenius plots for argon diffusion in plagioclase and alkali feldspars appear to reflect a confluence of intrinsic diffusion kinetics and structural transitions that occur during incremental heating experiments. These structural transitions, along with sub-grain domain size variations, cause deviations from linearity (i.e., upward and downward curvature) on Arrhenius plots. An atomistic model for Arrhenius behavior is proposed that incorporates the variable lattice deformations of different feldspars in response to heating and compression. Furthermore, the resulting implications for accurately extrapolating laboratory-derived diffusion parameters to natural settings and over geologic time are discussed. We find that considerable inaccuracies may exist in published thermal histories obtained using multiple diffusion domain (MDD) models fit to Arrhenius plots for exsolved alkali feldspar, where the inferred Ar partial retention zones may be spuriously hot.« less

Applications of an exponential finite difference technique

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Handschuh, R.F.; Keith, T.G. Jr.

1988-07-01

An exponential finite difference scheme first presented by Bhattacharya for one dimensional unsteady heat conduction problems in Cartesian coordinates was extended. The finite difference algorithm developed was used to solve the unsteady diffusion equation in one dimensional cylindrical coordinates and was applied to two and three dimensional conduction problems in Cartesian coordinates. Heat conduction involving variable thermal conductivity was also investigated. The method was used to solve nonlinear partial differential equations in one and two dimensional Cartesian coordinates. Predicted results are compared to exact solutions where available or to results obtained by other numerical methods.

Experimental thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat values for mixtures of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Perkins, R. A.; Cieszkiewicz, M. T.

1991-01-01

Experimental measurements of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity obtained with a transient hot-wire apparatus are reported for three mixtures of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. Values of the specific heat, Cp, are calculated from these measured values and the density calculated with an equation of state. The measurements were made at temperatures between 65 and 303 K with pressures between 0.1 and 70 MPa. The data cover the vapor, liquid, and supercritical gas phases for the three mixtures. The total reported points are 1066 for the air mixture (78.11 percent nitrogen, 20.97 percent oxygen, and 0.92 percent argon), 1058 for the 50 percent nitrogen, 50 percent oxygen mixture, and 864 for the 25 percent nitrogen, 75 oxygen mixture. Empirical thermal conductivity correlations are provided for the three mixtures.

Human local and total heat losses in different temperature.

PubMed

Wang, Lijuan; Yin, Hui; Di, Yuhui; Liu, Yanfeng; Liu, Jiaping

2016-04-01

This study investigates the effects of operative temperature on the local and total heat losses, and the relationship between the heat loss and thermal sensation. 10 local parts of head, neck, chest, abdomen, upper arm, forearm, hand, thigh, leg and foot are selected. In all these parts, convection, radiation, evaporation, respiration, conduction and diffusion heat losses are analyzed when operative temperature is 23, 28, 33 and 37 °C. The local heat losses show that the radiation and convection heat losses are mainly affected by the area of local body, and the heat loss of the thigh is the most in the ten parts. The evaporation heat loss is mainly affected by the distribution of sweat gland, and the heat loss of the chest is the most. The total heat loss of the local body shows that in low temperature, the thigh, leg and chest have much heat loss, while in high temperature, the chest, abdomen, thigh and head have great heat loss, which are useful for clothing design. The heat losses of the whole body show that as the operative temperature increases, the radiation and convection heat losses decrease, the heat losses of conduction, respiration, and diffusion are almost constant, and the evaporation heat loss increases. By comparison, the heat loss ratios of the radiation, convection and sweat evaporation, are in agreement with the previous researches. At last, the formula about the heat loss ratio of convection and radiation is derived. It's useful for thermal comfort evaluation and HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) design. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Three-dimensional flow of Prandtl fluid with Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hayat, Tasawar; Aziz, Arsalan; Muhammad, Taseer; Alsaedi, Ahmed

2018-06-01

This research paper intends to investigate the 3D flow of Prandtl liquid in the existence of improved heat conduction and mass diffusion models. Flow is created by considering linearly bidirectional stretchable sheet. Thermal and concentration diffusions are considered by employing Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion models. Boundary layer approach has been used to simplify the governing PDEs. Suitable nondimensional similarity variables correspond to strong nonlinear ODEs. Optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM) is employed for solutions development. The role of various pertinent variables on temperature and concentration are analyzed through graphs. The physical quantities such as surface drag coefficients and heat and mass transfer rates at the wall are also plotted and discussed. Our results indicate that the temperature and concentration are decreasing functions of thermal and concentration relaxation parameters respectively.

Flash Diffusivity Technique Applied to Individual Fibers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mayeaux, Brian; Yowell, Leonard; Wang, Hsin

2007-01-01

A variant of the flash diffusivity technique has been devised for determining the thermal diffusivities, and thus the thermal conductivities, of individual aligned fibers. The technique is intended especially for application to nanocomposite fibers, made from narrower fibers of polyphenylene benzobisthiazole (PBZT) and carbon nanotubes. These highly aligned nanocomposite fibers could exploit the high thermal conductivities of carbon nanotubes for thermal-management applications. In the flash diffusivity technique as practiced heretofore, one or more heat pulse(s) is (are) applied to the front face of a plate or disk material specimen and the resulting time-varying temperature on the rear face is measured. Usually, the heat pulse is generated by use of a xenon flash lamp, and the variation of temperature on the rear face is measured by use of an infrared detector. The flash energy is made large enough to produce a usefully high temperature rise on the rear face, but not so large as to significantly alter the specimen material. Once the measurement has been completed, the thermal diffusivity of the specimen is computed from the thickness of the specimen and the time dependence of the temperature variation on the rear face. Heretofore, the infrared detector used in the flash diffusivity technique has been a single-point detector, which responds to a spatial average of the thermal radiation from the rear specimen surface. Such a detector cannot distinguish among regions of differing diffusivity within the specimen. Moreover, two basic assumptions of the thermaldiffusivity technique as practiced heretofore are that the specimen is homogeneous and that heat flows one-dimensionally from the front to the rear face. These assumptions are not valid for an inhomogeneous (composite) material.

Measurement of Three-Dimensional Anisotropic Thermal Diffusivities for Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastics Using Lock-In Thermography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ishizaki, Takuya; Nagano, Hosei

2015-11-01

A new measurement technique to measure the in-plane thermal diffusivity, the distribution of in-plane anisotropy, and the out-of-plane thermal diffusivity has been developed to evaluate the thermal conductivity of anisotropic materials such as carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs). The measurements were conducted by using a laser-spot-periodic-heating method. The temperature of the sample is detected by using lock-in thermography. Thermography can analyze the phase difference between the periodic heat input and the temperature response of the sample. Two kinds of samples, unidirectional (UD) and cross-ply (CP) pitch-based CFRPs, were fabricated and tested in an atmospheric condition. All carbon fibers of the UD sample run in one direction [90°]. The carbon fibers of the CP sample run in two directions [0°/90°]. It is found that, by using lock-in thermography, it is able to visualize the thermal anisotropy and calculate the angular dependence of the in-plane thermal diffusivity of the CFRPs. The out-of-plane thermal diffusivity of CFRPs was also measured by analyzing the frequency dependence of the phase difference.

Temperature dependency of the thermal conductivity of porous heat storage media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hailemariam, Henok; Wuttke, Frank

2018-04-01

Analyzing the variation of thermal conductivity with temperature is vital in the design and assessment of the efficiency of sensible heat storage systems. In this study, the temperature variation of the thermal conductivity of a commercial cement-based porous heat storage material named - Füllbinder L is analyzed in saturated condition in the temperature range between 20 to 70°C (water based storage) with a steady state thermal conductivity and diffusivity meter. A considerable decrease in the thermal conductivity of the saturated sensible heat storage material upon increase in temperature is obtained, resulting in a significant loss of system efficiency and slower loading/un-loading rates, which when unaccounted for can lead to the under-designing of such systems. Furthermore, a new empirical prediction model for the estimation of thermal conductivity of cement-based porous sensible heat storage materials and naturally occurring crystalline rock formations as a function of temperature is proposed. The results of the model prediction are compared with the experimental results with satisfactory results.

The Thermal Diffusivity Measurement of the Two-layer Ceramics Using the Laser Flash Methodn

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Akoshima, Megumi; Ogwa, Mitsue; Baba, Tetsuya; Mizuno, Mineo

Ceramics-based thermal barrier coatings are used as heat and wear shields of gas turbines. There are strong needs to evaluate thermophysical properties of coating, such as thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and heat capacity of them. Since the coatings are attached on substrates, it is no easy to measure these properties separately. The laser flash method is one of the most popular thermal diffusivity measurement methods above room temperature for solid materials. The surface of the plate shape specimen is heated by the pulsed laser-beam, then the time variation of the temperature of the rear surface is observed by the infrared radiometer. The laser flash method is non-contact and short time measurement. In general, the thermal diffusivity of solids that are dense, homogeneous and stable, are measured by this method. It is easy to measure thermal diffusivity of a specimen which shows heat diffusion time about 1 ms to 1 s consistent with the specimen thickness of about 1 mm to 5 mm. On the other hand, this method can be applied to measure the specific heat capacity of the solids. And it is also used to estimate the thermal diffusivity of an unknown layer in the layered materials. In order to evaluate the thermal diffusivity of the coating attached on substrate, we have developed a measurement procedure using the laser flash method. The multi-layer model based on the response function method was applied to calculate the thermal diffusivity of the coating attached on substrate from the temperature history curve observed for the two-layer sample. We have verified applicability of the laser flash measurement with the multi-layer model using the measured results and the simulation. It was found that the laser flash measurement for the layered sample using the multi-layer model was effective to estimate the thermal diffusivity of an unknown layer in the sample. We have also developed the two-layer ceramics samples as the reference materials for this procedure.

Exact Magnetic Diffusion Solutions for Magnetohydrodynamic Code Verification

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miller, D S

In this paper, the authors present several new exact analytic space and time dependent solutions to the problem of magnetic diffusion in R-Z geometry. These problems serve to verify several different elements of an MHD implementation: magnetic diffusion, external circuit time integration, current and voltage energy sources, spatially dependent conductivities, and ohmic heating. The exact solutions are shown in comparison with 2D simulation results from the Ares code.

Thermal Diffusivity and Conductivity in Ceramic Matrix Fiber Composite Materials - Literature Study

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

R.G. Quinn

A technical literature review was conducted to gain an understanding of the state of the art method, problems, results, and future of thermal diffusivity/conductivity of matrix-fiber composites for high temperature applications. This paper summarizes the results of test method development and theory. Results from testing on various sample types are discussed with concentration on the anisotropic characteristics of matrix-fiber composites, barriers to heat flow, and notable microstructure observations. The conclusion presents some observations from the technical literature, drawbacks of current information and discusses potential needs for future testing.

Axi-symmetric generalized thermoelastic diffusion problem with two-temperature and initial stress under fractional order heat conduction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deswal, Sunita; Kalkal, Kapil Kumar; Sheoran, Sandeep Singh

2016-09-01

A mathematical model of fractional order two-temperature generalized thermoelasticity with diffusion and initial stress is proposed to analyze the transient wave phenomenon in an infinite thermoelastic half-space. The governing equations are derived in cylindrical coordinates for a two dimensional axi-symmetric problem. The analytical solution is procured by employing the Laplace and Hankel transforms for time and space variables respectively. The solutions are investigated in detail for a time dependent heat source. By using numerical inversion method of integral transforms, we obtain the solutions for displacement, stress, temperature and diffusion fields in physical domain. Computations are carried out for copper material and displayed graphically. The effect of fractional order parameter, two-temperature parameter, diffusion, initial stress and time on the different thermoelastic and diffusion fields is analyzed on the basis of analytical and numerical results. Some special cases have also been deduced from the present investigation.

Diffusion in liquid metal systems. [information on electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ukanwa, A. O.

1975-01-01

Physical properties of twenty liquid metals are reported; some of the data on such liquid metal properties as density, electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity are summarized in graphical form. Data on laboratory handling and safety procedure are summarized for each metal; heat-transfer-correlations for liquid metals under various conditions of laminar and turbulent flow are included. Where sufficient data were available, temperature equations of properties were obtained by the method of least-squares fit. All values of properties given are valid in the given liquid phase ranges only. Additional tabular data on some 40 metals are reported in the appendix. Included is a brief description of experiments that were performed to investigate diffusion in liquid indium-gallium systems.

Computational design of high efficiency release targets for use at ISOL facilities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Y.; Alton, G. D.; Middleton, J. W.

1999-06-01

This report describes efforts made at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to design high-efficiency-release targets that simultaneously incorporate the short diffusion lengths, high permeabilities, controllable temperatures, and heat removal properties required for the generation of useful radioactive ion beam (RIB) intensities for nuclear physics and astrophysics research using the isotope separation on-line (ISOL) technique. Short diffusion lengths are achieved either by using thin fibrous target materials or by coating thin layers of selected target material onto low-density carbon fibers such as reticulated vitreous carbon fiber (RVCF) or carbon-bonded-carbon-fiber (CBCF) to form highly permeable composite target matrices. Computational studies which simulate the generation and removal of primary beam deposited heat from target materials have been conducted to optimize the design of target/heat-sink systems for generating RIBs. The results derived from diffusion release-rate simulation studies for selected targets and thermal analyses of temperature distributions within a prototype target/heat-sink system subjected to primary ion beam irradiation will be presented in this report.

High-efficiency-release targets for use at ISOL facilities: computational design

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Y.; Alton, G. D.

1999-12-01

This report describes efforts made at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to design high-efficiency-release targets that simultaneously incorporate the short diffusion lengths, high permeabilities, controllable temperatures, and heat-removal properties required for the generation of useful radioactive ion beam (RIB) intensities for nuclear physics and astrophysics research using the isotope separation on-line (ISOL) technique. Short diffusion lengths are achieved either by using thin fibrous target materials or by coating thin layers of selected target material onto low-density carbon fibers such as reticulated-vitreous-carbon fiber (RVCF) or carbon-bonded-carbon fiber (CBCF) to form highly permeable composite target matrices. Computational studies that simulate the generation and removal of primary beam deposited heat from target materials have been conducted to optimize the design of target/heat-sink systems for generating RIBs. The results derived from diffusion release-rate simulation studies for selected targets and thermal analyses of temperature distributions within a prototype target/heat-sink system subjected to primary ion beam irradiation are presented in this report.

Macroscopic modeling for heat and water vapor transfer in dry snow by homogenization.

PubMed

Calonne, Neige; Geindreau, Christian; Flin, Frédéric

2014-11-26

Dry snow metamorphism, involved in several topics related to cryospheric sciences, is mainly linked to heat and water vapor transfers through snow including sublimation and deposition at the ice-pore interface. In this paper, the macroscopic equivalent modeling of heat and water vapor transfers through a snow layer was derived from the physics at the pore scale using the homogenization of multiple scale expansions. The microscopic phenomena under consideration are heat conduction, vapor diffusion, sublimation, and deposition. The obtained macroscopic equivalent model is described by two coupled transient diffusion equations including a source term arising from phase change at the pore scale. By dimensional analysis, it was shown that the influence of such source terms on the overall transfers can generally not be neglected, except typically under small temperature gradients. The precision and the robustness of the proposed macroscopic modeling were illustrated through 2D numerical simulations. Finally, the effective vapor diffusion tensor arising in the macroscopic modeling was computed on 3D images of snow. The self-consistent formula offers a good estimate of the effective diffusion coefficient with respect to the snow density, within an average relative error of 10%. Our results confirm recent work that the effective vapor diffusion is not enhanced in snow.

Helium, Iron and Electron Particle Transport and Energy Transport Studies on the TFTR Tokamak

DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

Synakowski, E. J.; Efthimion, P. C.; Rewoldt, G.; Stratton, B. C.; Tang, W. M.; Grek, B.; Hill, K. W.; Hulse, R. A.; Johnson, D .W.; Mansfield, D. K.; McCune, D.; Mikkelsen, D. R.; Park, H. K.; Ramsey, A. T.; Redi, M. H.; Scott, S. D.; Taylor, G.; Timberlake, J.; Zarnstorff, M. C. (Princeton Univ., NJ (United States). Plasma Physics Lab.); Kissick, M. W. (Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI (United States))

1993-03-01

Results from helium, iron, and electron transport on TFTR in L-mode and Supershot deuterium plasmas with the same toroidal field, plasma current, and neutral beam heating power are presented. They are compared to results from thermal transport analysis based on power balance. Particle diffusivities and thermal conductivities are radially hollow and larger than neoclassical values, except possibly near the magnetic axis. The ion channel dominates over the electron channel in both particle and thermal diffusion. A peaked helium profile, supported by inward convection that is stronger than predicted by neoclassical theory, is measured in the Supershot The helium profile shape is consistent with predictions from quasilinear electrostatic drift-wave theory. While the perturbative particle diffusion coefficients of all three species are similar in the Supershot, differences are found in the L-Mode. Quasilinear theory calculations of the ratios of impurity diffusivities are in good accord with measurements. Theory estimates indicate that the ion heat flux should be larger than the electron heat flux, consistent with power balance analysis. However, theoretical values of the ratio of the ion to electron heat flux can be more than a factor of three larger than experimental values. A correlation between helium diffusion and ion thermal transport is observed and has favorable implications for sustained ignition of a tokamak fusion reactor.

Nanoengineered thermal materials based on carbon nanotube array composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Li, Jun (Inventor); Meyyappan, Meyya (Inventor); Dangelo, Carlos (Inventor)

2010-01-01

A method for providing for thermal conduction using an array of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). An array of vertically oriented CNTs is grown on a substrate having high thermal conductivity, and interstitial regions between adjacent CNTs in the array are partly or wholly filled with a filler material having a high thermal conductivity so that at least one end of each CNT is exposed. The exposed end of each CNT is pressed against a surface of an object from which heat is to be removed. The CNT-filler composite adjacent to the substrate provides improved mechanical strength to anchor CNTs in place and also serves as a heat spreader to improve diffusion of heat flux from the smaller volume (CNTs) to a larger heat sink.

Nanoengineered thermal materials based on carbon nanotube array composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Li, Jun (Inventor); Meyyappan, Meyya (Inventor)

2007-01-01

A method for providing for thermal conduction using an array of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). An array of vertically oriented CNTs is grown on a substrate having high thermal conductivity, and interstitial regions between adjacent CNTs in the array are partly or wholly filled with a filler material having a high thermal conductivity so that at least one end of each CNT is exposed. The exposed end of each CNT is pressed against a surface of an object from which heat is to be removed. The CNT-filler composite adjacent to the substrate provides improved mechanical strength to anchor CNTs in place and also serves as a heat spreader to improve diffusion of heat flux from the smaller volume (CNTs) to a larger heat sink.

Nanoengineered Thermal Materials Based on Carbon Nanotube Array Composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Li, Jun (Inventor); Meyyappan, Meyya (Inventor)

2007-01-01

A method for providing for thermal conduction using an array of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). An array of vertically oriented CNTs is grown on a substrate having high thermal conductivity, and interstitial regions between adjacent CNTs in the array are partly or wholly filled with a filler material having a high thermal conductivity so that at least one end of each CNT is exposed. The exposed end of each CNT is pressed against a surface of an object from which heat is to be removed. The CNT-filler composite adjacent to the substrate provides improved mechanical strength to anchor CNTs in place and also serves as a heat spreader to improve diffusion of heat flux from the smaller volume (CNTs) to a larger heat sink.

Precision Control of Thermal Transport in Cryogenic Single-Crystal Silicon Devices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rostem, K.; Chuss, D. T.; Colazo, F. A.; Crowe, E. J.; Denis, K. L.; Lourie, N. P.; Moseley, S. H.; Stevenson, T. R.; Wollack, E. J.

2014-01-01

We report on the diffusive-ballistic thermal conductance of multi-moded single-crystal silicon beams measured below 1 K. It is shown that the phonon mean-free-path is a strong function of the surface roughness characteristics of the beams. This effect is enhanced in diffuse beams with lengths much larger than, even when the surface is fairly smooth, 510 nm rms, and the peak thermal wavelength is 0.6 microns. Resonant phonon scattering has been observed in beams with a pitted surface morphology and characteristic pit depth of 30 nm. Hence, if the surface roughness is not adequately controlled, the thermal conductance can vary significantly for diffuse beams fabricated across a wafer. In contrast, when the beam length is of order, the conductance is dominated by ballistic transport and is effectively set by the beam cross-sectional area. We have demonstrated a uniformity of +/-8% in fractional deviation for ballistic beams, and this deviation is largely set by the thermal conductance of diffuse beams that support the micro-electro-mechanical device and electrical leads. In addition, we have found no evidence for excess specific heat in single-crystal silicon membranes. This allows for the precise control of the device heat capacity with normal metal films. We discuss the results in the context of the design and fabrication of large-format arrays of far-infrared and millimeter wavelength cryogenic detectors.

Method of coating an iron-based article

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Magdefrau, Neal; Beals, James T.; Sun, Ellen Y.

A method of coating an iron-based article includes a first heating step of heating a substrate that includes an iron-based material in the presence of an aluminum source material and halide diffusion activator. The heating is conducted in a substantially non-oxidizing environment, to cause the formation of an aluminum-rich layer in the iron-based material. In a second heating step, the substrate that has the aluminum-rich layer is heated in an oxidizing environment to oxidize the aluminum in the aluminum-rich layer.

Investigation of Thermal Interface Materials Using Phase-Sensitive Transient Thermoreflectance Technique: Preprint

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Feng, X.; King, C.; DeVoto, D.

2014-08-01

With increasing power density in electronics packages/modules, thermal resistances at multiple interfaces are a bottleneck to efficient heat removal from the package. In this work, the performance of thermal interface materials such as grease, thermoplastic adhesives and diffusion-bonded interfaces are characterized using the phase-sensitive transient thermoreflectance technique. A multi-layer heat conduction model was constructed and theoretical solutions were derived to obtain the relation between phase lag and the thermal/physical properties. This technique enables simultaneous extraction of the contact resistance and bulk thermal conductivity of the TIMs. With the measurements, the bulk thermal conductivity of Dow TC-5022 thermal grease (70 tomore » 75 um bondline thickness) was 3 to 5 W/(m-K) and the contact resistance was 5 to 10 mm2-K/W. For the Btech thermoplastic material (45 to 80 μm bondline thickness), the bulk thermal conductivity was 20 to 50 W/(m-K) and the contact resistance was 2 to 5 mm2-K/W. Measurements were also conducted to quantify the thermal performance of diffusion-bonded interface for power electronics applications. Results with the diffusion-bonded sample showed that the interfacial thermal resistance is more than one order of magnitude lower than those of traditional TIMs, suggesting potential pathways to efficient thermal management.« less

A new regime of nanoscale thermal transport: Collective diffusion increases dissipation efficiency

DOE PAGES

Hoogeboom-Pot, Kathleen M.; Hernandez-Charpak, Jorge N.; Gu, Xiaokun; ...

2015-03-23

Understanding thermal transport from nanoscale heat sources is important for a fundamental description of energy flow in materials, as well as for many technological applications including thermal management in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics, thermoelectric devices, nanoenhanced photovoltaics, and nanoparticle-mediated thermal therapies. Thermal transport at the nanoscale is fundamentally different from that at the macroscale and is determined by the distribution of carrier mean free paths and energy dispersion in a material, the length scales of the heat sources, and the distance over which heat is transported. Past work has shown that Fourier’s law for heat conduction dramatically overpredicts the rate ofmore » heat dissipation from heat sources with dimensions smaller than the mean free path of the dominant heat-carrying phonons. In this work, we uncover a new regime of nanoscale thermal transport that dominates when the separation between nanoscale heat sources is small compared with the dominant phonon mean free paths. Surprisingly, the interaction of phonons originating from neighboring heat sources enables more efficient diffusive-like heat dissipation, even from nanoscale heat sources much smaller than the dominant phonon mean free paths. This finding suggests that thermal management in nanoscale systems including integrated circuits might not be as challenging as previously projected. In conclusion, we demonstrate a unique capability to extract differential conductivity as a function of phonon mean free path in materials, allowing the first (to our knowledge) experimental validation of predictions from the recently developed first-principles calculations.« less

A new regime of nanoscale thermal transport: Collective diffusion increases dissipation efficiency

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hoogeboom-Pot, Kathleen M.; Hernandez-Charpak, Jorge N.; Gu, Xiaokun; Frazer, Travis D.; Anderson, Erik H.; Chao, Weilun; Falcone, Roger W.; Yang, Ronggui; Murnane, Margaret M.; Kapteyn, Henry C.; Nardi, Damiano

2015-04-01

Understanding thermal transport from nanoscale heat sources is important for a fundamental description of energy flow in materials, as well as for many technological applications including thermal management in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics, thermoelectric devices, nanoenhanced photovoltaics, and nanoparticle-mediated thermal therapies. Thermal transport at the nanoscale is fundamentally different from that at the macroscale and is determined by the distribution of carrier mean free paths and energy dispersion in a material, the length scales of the heat sources, and the distance over which heat is transported. Past work has shown that Fourier's law for heat conduction dramatically overpredicts the rate of heat dissipation from heat sources with dimensions smaller than the mean free path of the dominant heat-carrying phonons. In this work, we uncover a new regime of nanoscale thermal transport that dominates when the separation between nanoscale heat sources is small compared with the dominant phonon mean free paths. Surprisingly, the interaction of phonons originating from neighboring heat sources enables more efficient diffusive-like heat dissipation, even from nanoscale heat sources much smaller than the dominant phonon mean free paths. This finding suggests that thermal management in nanoscale systems including integrated circuits might not be as challenging as previously projected. Finally, we demonstrate a unique capability to extract differential conductivity as a function of phonon mean free path in materials, allowing the first (to our knowledge) experimental validation of predictions from the recently developed first-principles calculations.

Theory of transformation thermal convection for creeping flow in porous media: Cloaking, concentrating, and camouflage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dai, Gaole; Shang, Jin; Huang, Jiping

2018-02-01

Heat can transfer via thermal conduction, thermal radiation, and thermal convection. All the existing theories of transformation thermotics and optics can treat thermal conduction and thermal radiation, respectively. Unfortunately, thermal convection has seldom been touched in transformation theories due to the lack of a suitable theory, thus limiting applications associated with heat transfer through fluids (liquid or gas). Here, we develop a theory of transformation thermal convection by considering the convection-diffusion equation, the equation of continuity, and the Darcy law. By introducing porous media, we get a set of equations keeping their forms under coordinate transformation. As model applications, the theory helps to show the effects of cloaking, concentrating, and camouflage. Our finite-element simulations confirm the theoretical findings. This work offers a transformation theory for thermal convection, thus revealing novel behaviors associated with potential applications; it not only provides different hints on how to control heat transfer by combining thermal conduction, thermal convection, and thermal radiation, but also benefits mass diffusion and other related fields that contain a set of equations and need to transform velocities at the same time.

Electron heat transport measured in a stochastic magnetic field.

PubMed

Biewer, T M; Forest, C B; Anderson, J K; Fiksel, G; Hudson, B; Prager, S C; Sarff, J S; Wright, J C; Brower, D L; Ding, W X; Terry, S D

2003-07-25

New profile measurements have allowed the electron thermal diffusivity profile to be estimated from power balance in the Madison Symmetric Torus where magnetic islands overlap and field lines are stochastic. The measurements show that (1) the electron energy transport is conductive not convective, (2) the measured thermal diffusivities are in good agreement with numerical simulations of stochastic transport, and (3) transport is greatly reduced near the reversal surface where magnetic diffusion is small.

Heat Transfer Modeling and Validation for Optically Thick Alumina Fibrous Insulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Daryabeigi, Kamran

2009-01-01

Combined radiation/conduction heat transfer through unbonded alumina fibrous insulation was modeled using the diffusion approximation for modeling the radiation component of heat transfer in the optically thick insulation. The validity of the heat transfer model was investigated by comparison to previously reported experimental effective thermal conductivity data over the insulation density range of 24 to 96 kg/cu m, with a pressure range of 0.001 to 750 torr (0.1 to 101.3 x 10(exp 3) Pa), and test sample hot side temperature range of 530 to 1360 K. The model was further validated by comparison to thermal conductivity measurements using the transient step heating technique on an insulation sample at a density of 144 kg/cu m over a pressure range of 0.001 to 760 torr, and temperature range of 290 to 1090 K.

Characterization of double diffusive convection step and heat budget in the deep Arctic Ocean

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, S.; Lu, Y.

2013-12-01

In this paper, we explore the hydrographic structure and heat budget in deep Canada Basin using data measured with McLane-Moored-Profilers (MMPs), bottom-pressure-recorders (BPRs), and conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profilers. From the bottom upward, a homogenous bottom layer and its overlaying double diffusive convection (DDC) steps are well identified at Mooring A (75oN, 150oW). We find that the deep water is in weak diapycnal mixing because the effective diffusivity of the bottom layer is ~1.8×10-5 m 2s-1 while that of the other steps is ~10-6 m 2s-1. The vertical heat flux through DDC steps is evaluated with different methods. We find that the heat flux (0.1-11 mWm-2) is much smaller than geothermal heating (~50 mWm-2), which suggests that the stack of DDC steps acts as a thermal barrier in the deep basin. Moreover, the temporal distributions of temperature and salinity differences across the interface are exponential, while those of heat flux and effective diffusivity are found to be approximately log-normal. Both are the result of strong intermittency. Between 2003 and 2011, temperature fluctuation close to the sea floor distributed asymmetrically and skewed towards positive values, which provides direct indication that geothermal heating is transferred into ocean. Both BPR and CTD data suggest that geothermal heating, not the warming of upper ocean, is the dominant mechanism responsible for the warming of deep water. As the DDC steps prevent the vertical heat transfer, geothermal heating will be unlikely to have significant effect on the middle and upper oceans.

Characterization of double diffusive convection steps and heat budget in the deep Arctic Ocean

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Sheng-Qi; Lu, Yuan-Zheng

2013-12-01

In this paper, we explore the hydrographic structure and heat budget in the deep Canada Basin by using data measured with McLane-Moored-Profilers (MMP), bottom pressure recorders (BPR), and conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profilers. Upward from the bottom, a homogeneous bottom layer and its overlaying double diffusive convection (DDC) steps are well identified at Mooring A (75°N,150°W). We find that the deep water is in weak diapycnal mixing because the effective diffusivity of the bottom layer is ˜1.8 × 10-5 m2s-1, while that of the other steps is ˜10-6 m2s-1. The vertical heat flux through the DDC steps is evaluated by using different methods. We find that the heat flux (0.1-11 mWm -2) is much smaller than geothermal heating (˜50 mWm -2). This suggests that the stack of DDC steps acts as a thermal barrier in the deep basin. Moreover, the temporal distributions of temperature and salinity differences across the interface are exponential, whereas those of heat flux and effective diffusivity are found to be approximately lognormal. Both are the result of strong intermittency. Between 2003 and 2011, temperature fluctuations close to the sea floor were distributed asymmetrically and skewed toward positive values, which provide a direct observation that geothermal heating was transferred into the ocean. Both BPR and CTD data suggest that geothermal heating and not the warming of the upper ocean is the dominant mechanism responsible for the warming of deep water. As the DDC steps prevent vertical heat transfer, geothermal heating is unlikely to have a significant effect on the middle and upper Arctic Ocean.

CRASH: A BLOCK-ADAPTIVE-MESH CODE FOR RADIATIVE SHOCK HYDRODYNAMICS-IMPLEMENTATION AND VERIFICATION

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Van der Holst, B.; Toth, G.; Sokolov, I. V.

We describe the Center for Radiative Shock Hydrodynamics (CRASH) code, a block-adaptive-mesh code for multi-material radiation hydrodynamics. The implementation solves the radiation diffusion model with a gray or multi-group method and uses a flux-limited diffusion approximation to recover the free-streaming limit. Electrons and ions are allowed to have different temperatures and we include flux-limited electron heat conduction. The radiation hydrodynamic equations are solved in the Eulerian frame by means of a conservative finite-volume discretization in either one-, two-, or three-dimensional slab geometry or in two-dimensional cylindrical symmetry. An operator-split method is used to solve these equations in three substeps: (1)more » an explicit step of a shock-capturing hydrodynamic solver; (2) a linear advection of the radiation in frequency-logarithm space; and (3) an implicit solution of the stiff radiation diffusion, heat conduction, and energy exchange. We present a suite of verification test problems to demonstrate the accuracy and performance of the algorithms. The applications are for astrophysics and laboratory astrophysics. The CRASH code is an extension of the Block-Adaptive Tree Solarwind Roe Upwind Scheme (BATS-R-US) code with a new radiation transfer and heat conduction library and equation-of-state and multi-group opacity solvers. Both CRASH and BATS-R-US are part of the publicly available Space Weather Modeling Framework.« less

Heating of solid targets with laser pulses

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bechtel, J. H.

1975-01-01

Analytical and numerical solutions to the heat-conduction equation are obtained for the heating of absorbing media with pulsed lasers. The spatial and temporal form of the temperature is determined using several different models of the laser irradiance. Both surface and volume generation of heat are discussed. It is found that if the depth of thermal diffusion for the laser-pulse duration is large compared to the optical-attenuation depth, the surface- and volume-generation models give nearly identical results. However, if the thermal-diffusion depth for the laser-pulse duration is comparable to or less than the optical-attenuation depth, the surface-generation model can give significantly different results compared to the volume-generation model. Specific numerical results are given for a tungsten target irradiated by pulses of different temporal durations and the implications of the results are discussed with respect to the heating of metals by picosecond laser pulses.

Frictional Heat Generation and Slip Duration Estimated From Micro-fault in an Exhumed Accretionary Complex and Their Relations to the Scaling Law for Slow Earthquakes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hashimoto, Y.; Morita, K.; Okubo, M.; Hamada, Y.; Lin, W.; Hirose, T.; Kitamura, M.

2015-12-01

Fault motion has been estimated by diffusion pattern of frictional heating recorded in geology (e.g., Fulton et al., 2012). The same record in deeper subduction plate interface can be observed from micro-faults in an exhumed accretionary complex. In this study, we focused on a micro-fault within the Cretaceous Shimanto Belt, SW Japan to estimate fault motion from the frictional heating diffusion pattern. A carbonaceous material concentrated layer (CMCL) with ~2m of thickness is observed in study area. Some micro-faults cut the CMCL. Thickness of a fault is about 3.7mm. Injection veins and dilatant fractures were observed in thin sections, suggesting that the high fluid pressure was existed. Samples with 10cm long were collected to measure distribution of vitrinite reflectance (Ro) as a function of distance from the center of micro-fault. Ro of host rock was ~1.0%. Diffusion pattern was detected decreasing in Ro from ~1.2%-~1.1%. Characteristic diffusion distance is ~4-~9cm. We conducted grid search to find the optimal frictional heat generation per unit area (Q, the product of friction coefficient, normal stress and slip velocity) and slip duration (t) to fit the diffusion pattern. Thermal diffusivity (0.98*10-8m2/s) and thermal conductivity (2.0 W/mK) were measured. In the result, 2000-2500J/m2 of Q and 63000-126000s of t were estimated. Moment magnitudes (M0) of slow earthquakes (slow EQs) follow a scaling law with slip duration and its dimension is different from that for normal earthquakes (normal EQ) (Ide et al., 2007). The slip duration estimated in this study (~104-~105s) consistent with 4-5 of M0, never fit to the scaling law for normal EQ. Heat generation can be inverted from 4-5 of M0, corresponding with ~108-~1011J, which is consistent with rupture area of 105-108m2 in this study. The comparisons in heat generation and slip duration between geological measurements and geophysical remote observations give us the estimation of rupture area, M0, and earthquake style, for non-active geological records.

Influence of heat and particle fluxes nonlocality on spatial distribution of plasma density in two-chamber inductively coupled plasma sources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kudryavtsev, A. A.; Serditov, K. Yu.

2012-07-01

This study presents 2D simulations of the two-chamber inductively coupled plasma source where power is supplied in the small discharge chamber and extends by electron thermal conductivity mechanism to the big diffusion chamber. Depending on pressure, two main scenarios of plasma density and its spatial distribution behavior were identified. One case is characterized by the localization of plasma in the small driver chamber where power is deposed. Another case describes when the diffusion chamber becomes the main source of plasma with maximum of the electron density. The differences in spatial distribution are caused by local or non-local behavior of electron energy transport in the discharge volume due to different characteristic scale of heat transfer with electronic conductivity.

On regularization and error estimates for the backward heat conduction problem with time-dependent thermal diffusivity factor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karimi, Milad; Moradlou, Fridoun; Hajipour, Mojtaba

2018-10-01

This paper is concerned with a backward heat conduction problem with time-dependent thermal diffusivity factor in an infinite "strip". This problem is drastically ill-posed which is caused by the amplified infinitely growth in the frequency components. A new regularization method based on the Meyer wavelet technique is developed to solve the considered problem. Using the Meyer wavelet technique, some new stable estimates are proposed in the Hölder and Logarithmic types which are optimal in the sense of given by Tautenhahn. The stability and convergence rate of the proposed regularization technique are proved. The good performance and the high-accuracy of this technique is demonstrated through various one and two dimensional examples. Numerical simulations and some comparative results are presented.

Fossil rocks of slow earthquake detected by thermal diffusion length

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hashimoto, Yoshitaka; Morita, Kiyohiko; Okubo, Makoto; Hamada, Yohei; Lin, Weiren; Hirose, Takehiro; Kitamura, Manami

2016-04-01

Fault motion has been estimated by diffusion pattern of frictional heating recorded in geology (e.g., Fulton et al., 2012). The same record in deeper subduction plate interface can be observed from micro-faults in an exhumed accretionary complex. In this study, we focused on a micro-fault within the Cretaceous Shimanto Belt, SW Japan to estimate fault motion from the frictional heating diffusion pattern. A carbonaceous material concentrated layer (CMCL) with ~2m of thickness is observed in study area. Some micro-faults cut the CMCL. Thickness of a fault is about 3.7mm. Injection veins and dilatant fractures were observed in thin sections, suggesting that the high fluid pressure was existed. Samples with 10cm long were collected to measure distribution of vitrinite reflectance (Ro) as a function of distance from the center of micro-fault. Ro of host rock was ~1.0%. Diffusion pattern was detected decreasing in Ro from ~1.2%-~1.1%. Characteristic diffusion distance is ~4-~9cm. We conducted grid search to find the optimal frictional heat generation per unit area per second (Q (J/m^2/s), the product of friction coefficient, normal stress and slip velocity) and slip duration (t(s)) to fit the diffusion pattern. Thermal diffusivity (0.98*10^8m^2/s) and thermal conductivity (2.0 w/mK) were measured. In the result, 2000-2500J/m^2/s of Q and 63000-126000s of t were estimated. Moment magnitudes (M0) of slow earthquakes (slow EQs) follow a scaling law with slip duration and its dimension is different from that for normal earthquakes (normal EQ) (Ide et al., 2007). The slip duration estimated in this study (~10^4-~10^5s) consistent with 4-5 of M0, never fit to the scaling law for normal EQ. Heat generation can be inverted from 4-5 of M0, corresponding with ~10^8-~10^11J, which is consistent with rupture area of 10^5-10^8m2 in this study. The comparisons in heat generation and slip duration between geological measurements and geophysical remote observations give us the estimation of rupture area, M0, and earthquake style, for geological records.

Finite-volume scheme for anisotropic diffusion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Es, Bram van, E-mail: bramiozo@gmail.com; FOM Institute DIFFER, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, The Netherlands"1; Koren, Barry

In this paper, we apply a special finite-volume scheme, limited to smooth temperature distributions and Cartesian grids, to test the importance of connectivity of the finite volumes. The area of application is nuclear fusion plasma with field line aligned temperature gradients and extreme anisotropy. We apply the scheme to the anisotropic heat-conduction equation, and compare its results with those of existing finite-volume schemes for anisotropic diffusion. Also, we introduce a general model adaptation of the steady diffusion equation for extremely anisotropic diffusion problems with closed field lines.

Heat Transfer Modeling for Rigid High-Temperature Fibrous Insulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Daryabeigi, Kamran; Cunnington, George R.; Knutson, Jeffrey R.

2012-01-01

Combined radiation and conduction heat transfer through a high-temperature, high-porosity, rigid multiple-fiber fibrous insulation was modeled using a thermal model previously used to model heat transfer in flexible single-fiber fibrous insulation. The rigid insulation studied was alumina enhanced thermal barrier (AETB) at densities between 130 and 260 kilograms per cubic meter. The model consists of using the diffusion approximation for radiation heat transfer, a semi-empirical solid conduction model, and a standard gas conduction model. The relevant parameters needed for the heat transfer model were estimated from steady-state thermal measurements in nitrogen gas at various temperatures and environmental pressures. The heat transfer modeling methodology was evaluated by comparison with standard thermal conductivity measurements, and steady-state thermal measurements in helium and carbon dioxide gases. The heat transfer model is applicable over the temperature range of 300 to 1360 K, pressure range of 0.133 to 101.3 x 10(exp 3) Pa, and over the insulation density range of 130 to 260 kilograms per cubic meter in various gaseous environments.

Laser surface modification of medical grade alloys for reduced heating in a magnetic resonance imaging environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Benafan, O.; Chen, S.-Y.; Kar, A.; Vaidyanathan, R.

2015-12-01

Nanoscale surface modification of medical grade metallic alloys was conducted using a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser-based dopant diffusion technique. The objective of this approach was to minimize the induction heating by reducing the absorbed radio frequency field. Such an approach is advantageous in that the dopant is diffused into the alloy and is not susceptible to detachment or spallation as would an externally applied coating, and is expected to not deteriorate the mechanical and electrical properties of the base alloy or device. Experiments were conducted using a controlled environment laser system with the ability to control laser properties (i.e., laser power, spot size, and irradiation time) and dopant characteristics (i.e., temperature, concentration, and pressure). The reflective and transmissive properties of both the doped and untreated samples were measured in a radio frequency (63.86 MHz) magnetic field using a system comprising a high power signal generator, a localized magnetic field source and sensor, and a signal analyzer. The results indicate an increase in the reflectivity of the laser-treated samples compared to untreated samples. The effect of reflectivity on the heating of the alloys is investigated through a mathematical model incorporating Maxwell's equations and heat conduction.

Development of low cost contacts to silicon solar cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tanner, D. P.

1980-01-01

The results of the second phase of the program of developing low cost contacts to silicon solar cells using copper are presented. Phase 1 yielded the development of a plated Pd-Cr-Cu contact system. This process produced cells with shunting problems when they were heated to 400 C for 5 minutes. Means of stopping the identified copper diffusion which caused the shunting were investigated. A contact heat treatment study was conducted with Pd-Ag, Ci-Ag, Pd-Cu, Cu-Cr, and Ci-Ni-Cu. Nickel is shown to be an effective diffusion barrier to copper.

Diffusion Flame Extinction in a Low Strain Flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sutula, Jason; Jones, Joshua; Torero, Jose L.; Borlik, Jeffrey; Ezekoye, Ofodike A.

1997-01-01

Diffusion flames are of great interest in fire safety and many industrial processes. Many parameters significantly affect the flame structure, shape and stability, of particular importance are the constraints imposed by geometrical boundaries. Physical boundaries determine the characteristics of the flow, affect heat, fuel, and oxidizer transport from and towards the flame and can act as heat sinks or heat sources. As a result, the existence of a flame, its shape and nature are intimately related to the geometrical characteristics of the environment that surrounds it. The counter-flow configuration provides a constant strain flow, therefore, is ideal to study the structure of diffusion flames. Most studies have concentrated on the high velocity, high strain limit, since buoyantly induced instabilities will disintegrate the planar flame as the velocity decreases. Only recently, experimental studies in micro-gravity conditions have begun to explore the low strain regimes. The main objective of these on-going studies is to determine the effect of radiative heat losses and variable strain on the structure and radiation-induced extinction of diffusion flames. For these programs, size, geometry, and experimental conditions have been chosen to keep the flame unaffected by the physical boundaries. Whether is the burning of condensed or gaseous fuels, for most real situations the boundaries impose a significant effect on the nature of the flame. There is, therefore, a need to better understand the effect that geometrical constraints (i.e. flow nonperpendicular to a fuel surface, heat losses to the boundaries, etc.) might have on the final characteristics of a diffusion flame. Preliminary experiments have shown that, in the absence of gravity, and depending on the distance from the flame to the boundary, three characteristically different regimes can be observed. Close to the boundary, the flame is parabolic, very thin and blue, almost soot-less. Diffusion is the main mechanism controlling fuel transport to the reaction zone, conduction towards the inlets is the main source of heat losses. As the distance increases the flame becomes linear and thickens, remaining blue at the oxidizer side and turning yellow at the fuel side. Here, convection brings fuel and oxidizer together and the reaction occurs in the viscous layer formed between the fuel and oxidizer streams. This region corresponds to the characteristic counter-flow flame where conduction and convection become negligible forms of heat losses and radiation becomes dominant. The flame in the third (mixed) region, between the two others, results from the combination of the scenarios presented above.

Counter-extrapolation method for conjugate interfaces in computational heat and mass transfer.

PubMed

Le, Guigao; Oulaid, Othmane; Zhang, Junfeng

2015-03-01

In this paper a conjugate interface method is developed by performing extrapolations along the normal direction. Compared to other existing conjugate models, our method has several technical advantages, including the simple and straightforward algorithm, accurate representation of the interface geometry, applicability to any interface-lattice relative orientation, and availability of the normal gradient. The model is validated by simulating the steady and unsteady convection-diffusion system with a flat interface and the steady diffusion system with a circular interface, and good agreement is observed when comparing the lattice Boltzmann results with respective analytical solutions. A more general system with unsteady convection-diffusion process and a curved interface, i.e., the cooling process of a hot cylinder in a cold flow, is also simulated as an example to illustrate the practical usefulness of our model, and the effects of the cylinder heat capacity and thermal diffusivity on the cooling process are examined. Results show that the cylinder with a larger heat capacity can release more heat energy into the fluid and the cylinder temperature cools down slower, while the enhanced heat conduction inside the cylinder can facilitate the cooling process of the system. Although these findings appear obvious from physical principles, the confirming results demonstrates the application potential of our method in more complex systems. In addition, the basic idea and algorithm of the counter-extrapolation procedure presented here can be readily extended to other lattice Boltzmann models and even other computational technologies for heat and mass transfer systems.

The Cool Flames Experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pearlman, Howard; Chapek, Richard; Neville, Donna; Sheredy, William; Wu, Ming-Shin; Tornabene, Robert

2001-01-01

A space-based experiment is currently under development to study diffusion-controlled, gas-phase, low temperature oxidation reactions, cool flames and auto-ignition in an unstirred, static reactor. At Earth's gravity (1g), natural convection due to self-heating during the course of slow reaction dominates diffusive transport and produces spatio-temporal variations in the thermal and thus species concentration profiles via the Arrhenius temperature dependence of the reaction rates. Natural convection is important in all terrestrial cool flame and auto-ignition studies, except for select low pressure, highly dilute (small temperature excess) studies in small vessels (i.e., small Rayleigh number). On Earth, natural convection occurs when the Rayleigh number (Ra) exceeds a critical value of approximately 600. Typical values of the Ra, associated with cool flames and auto-ignitions, range from 104-105 (or larger), a regime where both natural convection and conduction heat transport are important. When natural convection occurs, it alters the temperature, hydrodynamic, and species concentration fields, thus generating a multi-dimensional field that is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to be modeled analytically. This point has been emphasized recently by Kagan and co-workers who have shown that explosion limits can shift depending on the characteristic length scale associated with the natural convection. Moreover, natural convection in unstirred reactors is never "sufficiently strong to generate a spatially uniform temperature distribution throughout the reacting gas." Thus, an unstirred, nonisothermal reaction on Earth does not reduce to that generated in a mechanically, well-stirred system. Interestingly, however, thermal ignition theories and thermokinetic models neglect natural convection and assume a heat transfer correlation of the form: q=h(S/V)(T(bar) - Tw) where q is the heat loss per unit volume, h is the heat transfer coefficient, S/V is the surface to volume ratio, and (T(bar) - Tw ) is the spatially averaged temperature excess. This Newtonian form has been validated in spatially-uniform, well-stirred reactors, provided the effective heat transfer coefficient associated with the unsteady process is properly evaluated. Unfortunately, it is not a valid assumption for spatially-nonuniform temperature distributions induced by natural convection in unstirred reactors. "This is why the analysis of such a system is so difficult." Historically, the complexities associated with natural convection were perhaps recognized as early as 1938 when thermal ignition theory was first developed. In the 1955 text "Diffusion and Heat Exchange in Chemical Kinetics", Frank-Kamenetskii recognized that "the purely conductive theory can be applied at sufficiently low pressure and small dimensions of the vessel when the influence of natural convection can be disregarded." This was reiterated by Tyler in 1966 and further emphasized by Barnard and Harwood in 1974. Specifically, they state: "It is generally assumed that heat losses are purely conductive. While this may be valid for certain low pressure slow combustion regimes, it is unlikely to be true for the cool flame and ignition regimes." While this statement is true for terrestrial experiments, the purely conductive heat transport assumption is valid at microgravity (mu-g). Specifically, buoyant complexities are suppressed at mu-g and the reaction-diffusion structure associated with low temperature oxidation reactions, cool flames and auto-ignitions can be studied. Without natural convection, the system is simpler, does not require determination of the effective heat transfer coefficient, and is a testbed for analytic and numerical models that assume pure diffusive transport. In addition, mu-g experiments will provide baseline data that will improve our understanding of the effects of natural convection on Earth.

New approaches in the indirect quantification of thermal rock properties in sedimentary basins: the well-log perspective

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fuchs, Sven; Balling, Niels; Förster, Andrea

2016-04-01

Numerical temperature models generated for geodynamic studies as well as for geothermal energy solutions heavily depend on rock thermal properties. Best practice for the determination of those parameters is the measurement of rock samples in the laboratory. Given the necessity to enlarge databases of subsurface rock parameters beyond drill core measurements an approach for the indirect determination of these parameters is developed, for rocks as well a for geological formations. We present new and universally applicable prediction equations for thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity in sedimentary rocks derived from data provided by standard geophysical well logs. The approach is based on a data set of synthetic sedimentary rocks (clastic rocks, carbonates and evaporates) composed of mineral assemblages with variable contents of 15 major rock-forming minerals and porosities varying between 0 and 30%. Petrophysical properties are assigned to both the rock-forming minerals and the pore-filling fluids. Using multivariate statistics, relationships then were explored between each thermal property and well-logged petrophysical parameters (density, sonic interval transit time, hydrogen index, volume fraction of shale and photoelectric absorption index) on a regression sub set of data (70% of data) (Fuchs et al., 2015). Prediction quality was quantified on the remaining test sub set (30% of data). The combination of three to five well-log parameters results in predictions on the order of <15% for thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity, and of <10% for specific heat capacity. Comparison of predicted and benchmark laboratory thermal conductivity from deep boreholes of the Norwegian-Danish Basin, the North German Basin, and the Molasse Basin results in 3 to 5% larger uncertainties with regard to the test data set. With regard to temperature models, the use of calculated TC borehole profiles approximate measured temperature logs with an error of <3°C along a 4 km deep profile. A benchmark comparison for thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity is pending. Fuchs, Sven; Balling, Niels; Förster, Andrea (2015): Calculation of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity of sedimentary rocks using petrophysical well logs, Geophysical Journal International 203, 1977-2000, doi: 10.1093/gji/ggv403

Anisotropic thermal conductivity of thin polycrystalline oxide samples

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tiwari, A., E-mail: abhishektiwariiitr@gmail.com; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800; Boussois, K.

2013-11-15

This paper reports about the development of a modified laser-flash technique and relation to measure the in-plane thermal diffusivity of thin polycrystalline oxide samples. Thermal conductivity is then calculated with the product of diffusivity, specific heat and density. Design and operating features for evaluating in-plane thermal conductivities are described. The technique is advantageous as thin samples are not glued together to measure in-plane thermal conductivities like earlier methods reported in literature. The approach was employed to study anisotropic thermal conductivity in alumina sheet, textured kaolin ceramics and montmorillonite. Since it is rare to find in-plane thermal conductivity values for suchmore » anisotropic thin samples in literature, this technique offers a useful variant to existing techniques.« less

Relation between heat of vaporization, ion transport, molar volume, and cation-anion binding energy for ionic liquids.

PubMed

Borodin, Oleg

2009-09-10

A number of correlations between heat of vaporization (H(vap)), cation-anion binding energy (E(+/-)), molar volume (V(m)), self-diffusion coefficient (D), and ionic conductivity for 29 ionic liquids have been investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that employed accurate and validated many-body polarizable force fields. A significant correlation between D and H(vap) has been found, while the best correlation was found for -log(DV(m)) vs H(vap) + 0.28E(+/-). A combination of enthalpy of vaporization and a fraction of the cation-anion binding energy was suggested as a measure of the effective cohesive energy for ionic liquids. A deviation of some ILs from the reported master curve is explained based upon ion packing and proposed diffusion pathways. No general correlations were found between the ion diffusion coefficient and molecular volume or the diffusion coefficient and cation/anion binding energy.

Thermal diffusivity and adiabatic limit temperature characterization of consolidate granular expanded perlite using the flash method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raefat, Saad; Garoum, Mohammed; Laaroussi, Najma; Thiam, Macodou; Amarray, Khaoula

2017-07-01

In this work experimental investigation of apparent thermal diffusivity and adiabatic limit temperature of expanded granular perlite mixes has been made using the flash technic. Perlite granulates were sieved to produce essentially three characteristic grain sizes. The consolidated samples were manufactured by mixing controlled proportions of the plaster and water. The effect of the particle size on the diffusivity was examined. The inverse estimation of the diffusivity and the adiabatic limit temperature at the rear face as well as the heat losses coefficients were performed using several numerical global minimization procedures. The function to be minimized is the quadratic distance between the experimental temperature rise at the rear face and the analytical model derived from the one dimension heat conduction. It is shown that, for all granulometry tested, the estimated parameters lead to a good agreement between the mathematical model and experimental data.

Fourier's law of heat conduction: quantum mechanical master equation analysis.

PubMed

Wu, Lian-Ao; Segal, Dvira

2008-06-01

We derive the macroscopic Fourier's Law of heat conduction from the exact gain-loss time convolutionless quantum master equation under three assumptions for the interaction kernel. To second order in the interaction, we show that the first two assumptions are natural results of the long time limit. The third assumption can be satisfied by a family of interactions consisting of an exchange effect. The pure exchange model directly leads to energy diffusion in a weakly coupled spin- 12 chain.

A simultaneous characterization and uncertainty analysis of thermal conductivity and diffusivity of bio-insulate material "Palm date Wood" obtained from a periodic method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tlijani, M.; Ben Younes, R.; Durastanti, J. F.; Boudenne, A.

2010-11-01

A periodic method is used to determine simultaneously both thermal conductivity and diffusivity of various insulate materials at room temperature. The sample is placed between two metallic plates and temperature modulation is applied on the front side of one of the metallic plates. The temperature at the front and rear sides of both plates is measured and the experimental transfer function is calculated. The theoretical thermal heat transfer function is calculated by the quadripole method. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity are simultaneously identified from both real and imaginary parts of the experimental transfer function. The thermophysical parameters of several wood scale samples obtained from palm wood trees and common trees with unknown thermal properties (E) with different thicknesses were studied. The value identified for the thermal conductivity 0.03 Wm-1 K-1 compared with different insulate solid material such as glass, glass-wool and PVC is much better and close to the air conductivity, It allowed us to consider the wood scale extracted from palm wood trees, bio and renewable material as good heat insulator aiming in the future as a use for lightness applications, insulating or as a reinforcement in a given matrix. These potentialities still unknown are stengthened by the enormous quantity of such kind of wood gathered annually from palm trees and considered as wastes.

Cellular interface morphologies in directional solidification. III - The effects of heat transfer and solid diffusivity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ungar, Lyle H.; Bennett, Mark J.; Brown, Robert A.

1985-01-01

The shape and stability of two-dimensional finite-amplitude cellular interfaces arising during directional solidification are compared for several solidification models that account differently for latent heat released at the interface, unequal thermal conductivities of melt and solid, and solute diffusivity in the solid. Finite-element analysis and computer-implemented perturbation methods are used to analyze the families of steadily growing cellular forms that evolve from the planar state. In all models a secondary bifurcation between different families of finite-amplitude cells exists that halves the spatial wavelength of the stable interface. The quantitative location of this transition is very dependent on the details of the model. Large amounts of solute diffusion in the solid retard the growth of large-amplitude cells.

A3 Subscale Rocket Hot Fire Testing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Saunders, G. P.; Yen, J.

2009-01-01

This paper gives a description of the methodology and results of J2-X Subscale Simulator (JSS) hot fire testing supporting the A3 Subscale Diffuser Test (SDT) project at the E3 test facility at Stennis Space Center, MS (SSC). The A3 subscale diffuser is a geometrically accurate scale model of the A3 altitude simulating rocket test facility. This paper focuses on the methods used to operate the facility and obtain the data to support the aerodynamic verification of the A3 rocket diffuser design and experimental data quantifying the heat flux throughout the facility. The JSS was operated at both 80% and 100% power levels and at gimbal angle from 0 to 7 degrees to verify the simulated altitude produced by the rocket-rocket diffuser combination. This was done with various secondary GN purge loads to quantify the pumping performance of the rocket diffuser. Also, special tests were conducted to obtain detailed heat flux measurements in the rocket diffuser at various gimbal angles and in the facility elbow where the flow turns from vertical to horizontal upstream of the 2nd stage steam ejector.

Structural and heat-flow implications of infrared anomalies at Mt. Hood, Oregon

USGS Publications Warehouse

Friedman, Jules D.; Frank, David

1977-01-01

Surface thermal features occur in an area of 9700 m2 at Mt. Hood, on the basis of an aerial line-scan survey made April 26, 1973. The distribution of the thermal areas below the summit of Mt. Hood, shown on planimetrically corrected maps at 1:12,000, suggests structural control by a fracture system and brecciated zone peripheral to a hornblende-dacite plug dome (Crater Rock), and by a concentric fracture system that may have been associated with development of the present crater. The extent and inferred temperature of the thermal areas permits a preliminary estimate of a heat discharge of 10 megawatts, by analogy with similar fumarole and thermal fields of Mt. Baker, Washington. This figure includes a heat loss of 4 megawatts (MW) via conduction, diffusion, evaporation, and radiation to the atmosphere, and a somewhat less certain loss of 6MW via fumarolic mass transfer of vapor and advective heat loss from runoff and ice melt. The first part of the estimate is based on two-point models for differential radiant exitance and differential flux via conduction, diffusion, evaporation, and radiation from heat balance of the ground surface. Alternate methods for estimating volcanogenic geothermal flux that assume a quasi-steady state heat flow also yield estimates in the 5-11 MW range. Heat loss equivalent to cooling of the dacite plug dome is judged to be insufficient to account for the heat flux at the fumarole fields.

Thermal properties of nonstoichiometry uranium dioxide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kavazauri, R.; Pokrovskiy, S. A.; Baranov, V. G.; Tenishev, A. V.

2016-04-01

In this paper, was developed a method of oxidation pure uranium dioxide to a predetermined deviation from the stoichiometry. Oxidation was carried out using the thermogravimetric method on NETZSCH STA 409 CD with a solid electrolyte galvanic cell for controlling the oxygen potential of the environment. 4 samples uranium oxide were obtained with a different ratio of oxygen-to-metal: O / U = 2.002, O / U = 2.005, O / U = 2.015, O / U = 2.033. For the obtained samples were determined basic thermal characteristics of the heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity. The error of heat capacity determination is equal to 5%. Thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of the samples decreased with increasing deviation from stoichiometry. For the sample with O / M = 2.033, difference of both values with those of stoichiometric uranium dioxide is close to 50%.

The jet engine design that can drastically reduce oxides of nitrogen

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ferri, A.; Agnone, A.

1977-01-01

The NOx pollution problem of hydrogen fueled turbojets and supersonic combustion ramjets (scramjets) was investigated to determine means of substantially alleviating the problem. Since the NOx reaction rates are much slower than the energy producing reactions, the NOx production depends mainly on the maximum local temperatures in the combustor and the NOx concentration is far from equilibrium at the end of a typical combustor (L approximately 1 ft). In diffusion flames, as used in present turbojets and scramjets combustor designs, the maximum local temperature occurs at the flame and is equal to the stoichiometric value. Whereas, in the heat conduction flames, wherein the flame propagates due to a heat conduction process away from the flame to the cooler oncoming premixed unburnt gases, the maximum temperature is lower than in the diffusion flame. Hence the corresponding pollution index is also lower.

Nanoscale Seebeck effect at hot metal nanostructures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ly, Aboubakry; Majee, Arghya; Würger, Alois

2018-02-01

We theoretically study the electrolyte Seebeck effect in the vicinity of a heated metal nanostructure, such as the cap of an active Janus colloid in an electrolyte, or gold-coated interfaces in optofluidic devices. The thermocharge accumulated at the surface varies with the local temperature, thus modulating the diffuse part of the electric double layer. On a conducting surface with non-uniform temperature, the isopotential condition imposes a significant polarization charge within the metal. Surprisingly, this does not affect the slip velocity, which takes the same value on insulating and conducting surfaces. Our results for specific-ion effects agree qualitatively with recent observations for Janus colloids in different electrolyte solutions. Comparing the thermal, hydrodynamic, and ion diffusion time scales, we expect a rich transient behavior at the onset of thermally powered swimming, extending to microseconds after switching on the heating.

Approximate Solution Methods for Spectral Radiative Transfer in High Refractive Index Layers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Siegel, R.; Spuckler, C. M.

1994-01-01

Some ceramic materials for high temperature applications are partially transparent for radiative transfer. The refractive indices of these materials can be substantially greater than one which influences internal radiative emission and reflections. Heat transfer behavior of single and laminated layers has been obtained in the literature by numerical solutions of the radiative transfer equations coupled with heat conduction and heating at the boundaries by convection and radiation. Two-flux and diffusion methods are investigated here to obtain approximate solutions using a simpler formulation than required for exact numerical solutions. Isotropic scattering is included. The two-flux method for a single layer yields excellent results for gray and two band spectral calculations. The diffusion method yields a good approximation for spectral behavior in laminated multiple layers if the overall optical thickness is larger than about ten. A hybrid spectral model is developed using the two-flux method in the optically thin bands, and radiative diffusion in bands that are optically thick.

Experimental determination of single-crystal halite thermal conductivity, diffusivity and specific heat from -75°C to 300°C

DOE PAGES

Urquhart, Alexander; Bauer, Stephen

2015-05-19

The thermal properties of halite have broad practical importance, from design and long-term modeling of nuclear waste repositories to analysis and performance assessment of underground natural gas, petroleum and air storage facilities. Using a computer-controlled transient plane source method, single-crystal halite thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat were measured from -75°C to 300°C. These measurements reproduce historical high-temperature experiments and extend the lower temperature extreme into cryogenic conditions. Measurements were taken in 25-degree increments from -75°C to 300°C. Over this temperature range, thermal conductivity decreases by a factor of 3.7, from 9.975 to 2.699 W/mK , and thermal diffusivitymore » decreases by a factor of 3.6, from 5.032 to 1.396 mm²/s. Specific heat does not appear to be temperature dependent, remaining near 2.0 MJ/m³K at all temperatures. This work is intended to develop and expand the existing dataset of halite thermal properties, which are of particular value in defining the parameters of salt storage thermophysical models. The work was motivated by a need for thermal conductivity values in a mixture theory model used to determine bulk thermal conductivity of reconsolidating crushed salt.« less

Chemically reactive species in squeezed flow through modified Fourier's and Fick's laws

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Farooq, M.; Ahmad, S.; Javed, M.; Anjum, Aisha

2018-02-01

The squeezing flow of a Newtonian fluid with variable viscosity over a stretchable sheet embedded in Darcy porous medium is addressed. Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion models are adopted to disclose the salient features of heat and mass transport via variable thermal conductivity and variable mass diffusivity instead of conventional Fourier's and Fick's laws. Further, the concept of heat generation/absorption coefficient and first-order chemical reaction are also imposed to illustrate the characteristics of heat and mass transfer. Highly nonlinear computations are developed in dimensionless form and analyzed via the homotopic technique. The variation of flow parameters on velocity, concentration, and temperature distributions are sketched and disclosed physically. The results found that both concentration and temperature distributions decay for higher solutal and thermal relaxation parameters, respectively. Moreover, a higher chemical reaction parameter results in the reduction of the concentration field whereas the temperature profile enhances for a higher heat generation/absorption parameter.

Heat transfer to an unconfined ceiling from an impinging buoyant diffusion flame

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weng, W. G.; Hasemi, Y.

2006-05-01

Impinging flames are used in fire safety research, industrial heating and melting, and aerospace applications. Multiple modes of heat transfer, such as natural convection, forced convection and thermal radiation, etc. are commonly important in those processes. However, the detailed heat transfer mechanisms are not well understood. In this paper, a model is developed to calculate the thermal response of an unconfined nonburning ceiling from an impinging buoyant diffusion flame. This model uses an algorithm for conduction into the ceiling material. It takes account of heat transfer due to radiation from the fire source to the ceiling surface, and due to reradiation from the ceiling surface to other items. Using experimental data, the convective heat transfer coefficient at lower surface is deduced from this model. In addition, the predicted heat fluxes are compared with the existing experimental data, and the comparison results validate the presented model. It is indicated that this model can be used to predict radial-dependent surface temperature histories under a variety of different realistic levels of fire energy generation rates and fire-to-ceiling separation distance.

SAPHIRE: A New Flat-Panel Digital Mammography Detector With Avalanche Photoconductor and High-Resolution Field Emitter Readout

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-01

work by Marshak et al.,9 who was studying neutron diffusion, and by Hamaker ,10 who had calculated the light emitted from a layer of x-ray fluorescent...diffusion and slowing down of neutrons,” Nucleonics 4, 10–22 1949. 10H. C. Hamaker , “Radiation and heat conduction in light scattering mate- rials

Analytical and numerical solutions for heat transfer and effective thermal conductivity of cracked media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tran, A. B.; Vu, M. N.; Nguyen, S. T.; Dong, T. Q.; Le-Nguyen, K.

2018-02-01

This paper presents analytical solutions to heat transfer problems around a crack and derive an adaptive model for effective thermal conductivity of cracked materials based on singular integral equation approach. Potential solution of heat diffusion through two-dimensional cracked media, where crack filled by air behaves as insulator to heat flow, is obtained in a singular integral equation form. It is demonstrated that the temperature field can be described as a function of temperature and rate of heat flow on the boundary and the temperature jump across the cracks. Numerical resolution of this boundary integral equation allows determining heat conduction and effective thermal conductivity of cracked media. Moreover, writing this boundary integral equation for an infinite medium embedding a single crack under a far-field condition allows deriving the closed-form solution of temperature discontinuity on the crack and particularly the closed-form solution of temperature field around the crack. These formulas are then used to establish analytical effective medium estimates. Finally, the comparison between the developed numerical and analytical solutions allows developing an adaptive model for effective thermal conductivity of cracked media. This model takes into account both the interaction between cracks and the percolation threshold.

Significantly High Thermal Rectification in an Asymmetric Polymer Molecule Driven by Diffusive versus Ballistic Transport.

PubMed

Ma, Hao; Tian, Zhiting

2018-01-10

Tapered bottlebrush polymers have novel nanoscale polymer architecture. Using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, we showed that these polymers have the unique ability to generate thermal rectification in a single polymer molecule and offer an exceptional platform for unveiling different heat conduction regimes. In sharp contrast to all other reported asymmetric nanostructures, we observed that the heat current from the wide end to the narrow end (the forward direction) in tapered bottlebrush polymers is smaller than that in the opposite direction (the backward direction). We found that a more disordered to less disordered structural transition within tapered bottlebrush polymers is essential for generating nonlinearity in heat conduction for thermal rectification. Moreover, the thermal rectification ratio increased with device length, reaching as high as ∼70% with a device length of 28.5 nm. This large thermal rectification with strong length dependence uncovered an unprecedented phenomenon-diffusive thermal transport in the forward direction and ballistic thermal transport in the backward direction. This is the first observation of radically different transport mechanisms when heat flow direction changes in the same system. The fundamentally new knowledge gained from this study can guide exciting research into nanoscale organic thermal diodes.

Hollow H II regions. II - Mechanism for wind energy dissipation and diffuse X-ray emission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dorland, H.; Montmerle, T.

1987-05-01

The mechanism by which stellar-wind energy is dissipated near the shock in a hollow H II region (HHR) around a massive star is investigated theoretically, in the context of the HHR model developed by Dorland et al. (1986). The principles of nonlinear thermal conduction (especially the delocalizaton of conductive heat flux postulated for laboratory fusion plasmas) are reviewed; expressions for estimating heat fluxes are derived; a two-temperature approximation is employed to describe coupling between thermal conduction and wind-energy dissipation; and the determination of the flux-limit factor from X-ray observations is explained. The model is then applied to observational data for the Rosette nebula and Eta Car, and the results are presented graphically. The diffuse X-ray temperatures of HHRs are found to be in the range 2-16 keV and to depend uniquely on stellar-wind velocity, the value for an O star with wind velocity 2500 km/s being about 5 keV.

Estimation of optimal hologram recording modes on photothermal materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dzhamankyzov, Nasipbek Kurmanalievich; Ismanov, Yusupzhan Khakimzhanovich; Zhumaliev, Kubanychbek Myrzabekovich; Alymkulov, Samsaly Amanovich

2018-01-01

A theoretical analysis of the hologram recording process on photothermal media to estimate the required laser radiation power for the information recording as the function of the spatial frequency and radiation exposure duration is considered. Results of the analysis showed that materials with a low thermal diffusivity are necessary to increase the recording density in these media and the recording should be performed with short pulses to minimize the thermal diffusion length. A solution for the heat conduction equation for photothermal materials heated by an interference laser field was found. The solution obtained allows one to determine the required value of the recording temperature for given spatial frequencies, depending on the thermal physical parameters of the medium and on the power and duration of the heating radiation.

SEAWAT-based simulation of axisymmetric heat transport.

PubMed

Vandenbohede, Alexander; Louwyck, Andy; Vlamynck, Nele

2014-01-01

Simulation of heat transport has its applications in geothermal exploitation of aquifers and the analysis of temperature dependent chemical reactions. Under homogeneous conditions and in the absence of a regional hydraulic gradient, groundwater flow and heat transport from or to a well exhibit radial symmetry, and governing equations are reduced by one dimension (1D) which increases computational efficiency importantly. Solute transport codes can simulate heat transport and input parameters may be modified such that the Cartesian geometry can handle radial flow. In this article, SEAWAT is evaluated as simulator for heat transport under radial flow conditions. The 1971, 1D analytical solution of Gelhar and Collins is used to compare axisymmetric transport with retardation (i.e., as a result of thermal equilibrium between fluid and solid) and a large diffusion (conduction). It is shown that an axisymmetric simulation compares well with a fully three dimensional (3D) simulation of an aquifer thermal energy storage systems. The influence of grid discretization, solver parameters, and advection solution is illustrated. Because of the high diffusion to simulate conduction, convergence criterion for heat transport must be set much smaller (10(-10) ) than for solute transport (10(-6) ). Grid discretization should be considered carefully, in particular the subdivision of the screen interval. On the other hand, different methods to calculate the pumping or injection rate distribution over different nodes of a multilayer well lead to small differences only. © 2013, National Ground Water Association.

Investigation of thermal transport in polymer composites with percolating networks of silver thin films by the flash diffusivity method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pettersen, Sigurd R.; Nagao, Shijo; Kristiansen, Helge; Helland, Susanne; Njagi, John; Suganuma, Katsuaki; Zhang, Zhiliang; He, Jianying

2017-01-01

The flash diffusivity method, also known as laser flash analysis (LFA), is commonly used to obtain the thermal diffusivity (α) and thermal conductivity (κ) of materials, due to its relative simplicity, rapid measurements, small sample size requirement, and standardized commercially available instruments. In this work, an epoxy adhesive was filled with a large fraction of homogeneous micron-sized polymethylmethacrylate spheres coated with thin silver films, such that a percolating metallic network that dominated the electric and thermal transport formed through the polymer at <3 vol. % silver. Specific heat capacity (Cp) was measured from the LFA measurements by a comparative method and from the total and reversible heat flow signals of modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). κ was estimated as the product of α, Cp, and density (ρ) and was found to vary significantly with the method to find Cp. The electron contribution was found from the electrical conductivity by the Wiedemann-Franz law and was used to elucidate the thermal transport mechanisms in the composite. A theoretical background for the various methods is included.

A coupled theory for chemically active and deformable solids with mass diffusion and heat conduction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Xiaolong; Zhong, Zheng

2017-10-01

To analyse the frequently encountered thermo-chemo-mechanical problems in chemically active material applications, we develop a thermodynamically-consistent continuum theory of coupled deformation, mass diffusion, heat conduction and chemical reaction. Basic balance equations of force, mass and energy are presented at first, and then fully coupled constitutive laws interpreting multi-field interactions and evolving equations governing irreversible fluxes are constructed according to the energy dissipation inequality and the chemical kinetics. To consider the essential distinction between mass diffusion and chemical reactions in affecting free energy and dissipations of a highly coupled system, we regard both the concentrations of diffusive species and the extent of reaction as independent state variables. This new formulation then distinguishes between the energy contribution from the diffusive species entering the solid and that from the subsequent chemical reactions occurring among these species and the host solid, which not only interact with stresses or strains in different manners and on different time scales, but also induce different variations of solid microstructures and material properties. Taking advantage of this new description, we further establish a specialized isothermal model to predict precisely the transient chemo-mechanical response of a swelling solid with a proposed volumetric constraint that accounts for material incompressibility. Coupled kinetics is incorporated to capture the volumetric swelling of the solid caused by imbibition of external species and the simultaneous dilation arised from chemical reactions between the diffusing species and the solid. The model is then exemplified with two numerical examples of transient swelling accompanied by chemical reaction. Various ratios of characteristic times of diffusion and chemical reaction are taken into account to shed light on the dependency on kinetic time scales of evolution patterns for a diffusion-reaction controlled deformable solid.

Thermal diffusivity of electrical insulators at high temperatures: Evidence for diffusion of bulk phonon-polaritons at infrared frequencies augmenting phonon heat conduction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hofmeister, Anne M.; Dong, Jianjun; Branlund, Joy M.

2014-04-01

We show that laser-flash analysis measurements of the temperature (T) dependence of thermal diffusivity (D) for diverse non-metallic (e.g., silicates) single-crystals is consistently represented by D(T) = FT-G + HT above 298 K, with G ranging from 0.3 to 2, depending on structure, and H being ˜10-4 K-1 for 51 single-crystals, 3 polycrystals, and two glasses unaffected by disorder or reconstructive phase transitions. Materials exhibiting this behavior include complex silicates with variable amounts of cation disorder, perovskite structured materials, and graphite. The high-temperature term HT becomes important by ˜1300 K, above which temperature its contribution to D(T) exceeds that of the FT-G term. The combination of the FT-G and HT terms produces the nearly temperature independent high-temperature region of D previously interpreted as the minimal phonon mean free path being limited by the finite interatomic spacing. Based on the simplicity of the fit and large number of materials it represents, this finding has repercussions for high-temperature models of heat transport. One explanation is that the two terms describing D(T) are associated with two distinct microscopic mechanisms; here, we explore the possibility that the thermal diffusivity of an electrical insulator could include both a contribution of lattice phonons (the FT-G term) and a contribution of diffusive bulk phonon-polaritons (BPP) at infrared (IR) frequencies (the HT term). The proposed BPP diffusion exists over length scales smaller than the laboratory sample sizes, and transfers mixed light and vibrational energy at a speed significantly smaller than the speed of light. Our diffusive IR-BPP hypothesis is consistent with other experimental observations such as polarization behavior, dependence of D on the number of IR peaks, and H = 0 for Ge and Si, which lack IR fundamentals. A simple quasi-particle thermal diffusion model is presented to begin understanding the contribution from bulk phonon-polaritons to overall heat conduction.

Investigation on H-containing shallow trap of hydrogenated TiO2 with in situ Fourier transform infrared diffuse reflection spectroscopy.

PubMed

Han, Bing; Hang Hu, Yun

2017-07-28

A novel technique, high temperature high pressure in situ Fourier transform infrared diffuse reflection spectroscopy, was successfully used to investigate the formation and stability of shallow trap states in P25 TiO 2 nanoparticles. Two types of shallow traps (with and without H atoms) were identified. The H-containing shallow trap can be easily generated by heating in H 2 atmosphere. However, the trap is unstable in vacuum at 600 °C. In contrast, the H-free shallow trap, which can be formed by heating in vacuum, is stable even at 600 °C. The energy gaps between shallow trap states and the conduction band are 0.09 eV for H-containing shallow trap and 0.13 eV for H-free shallow trap, indicating that the H-containing shallow trap state is closer to the conduction band than that without H.

Thermal Effusivity Determination of Metallic Films of Nanometric Thickness by the Electrical Micropulse Method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lugo, J. M.; Oliva, A. I.

2017-02-01

The thermal effusivity of gold, aluminum, and copper thin films of nanometric thickness (20 nm to 200 nm) was investigated in terms of the films' thickness. The metallic thin films were deposited onto glass substrates by thermal evaporation, and the thermal effusivity was estimated by using experimental parameters such as the specific heat, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity values obtained at room conditions. The specific heat, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity values of the metallic thin films are determined with a methodology based on the behavior of the thermal profiles of the films when electrical pulses of few microseconds are applied at room conditions. For all the investigated materials, the thermal effusivity decreases with decreased thickness. The thermal effusivity values estimated by the presented methodology are consistent with other reported values obtained under vacuum conditions and more elaborated methodologies.

NOR-USA Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica: Science and Logistics on a Three-Month Expedition Across Antarctica's Farthest Frontier

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Albert, Mary R.

2012-01-01

Dr. Albert's current research is centered on transfer processes in porous media, including air-snow exchange in the Polar Regions and in soils in temperate areas. Her research includes field measurements, laboratory experiments, and theoretical modeling. Mary conducts field and laboratory measurements of the physical properties of natural terrain surfaces, including permeability, microstructure, and thermal conductivity. Mary uses the measurements to examine the processes of diffusion and advection of heat, mass, and chemical transport through snow and other porous media. She has developed numerical models for investigation of a variety of problems, from interstitial transport to freezing of flowing liquids. These models include a two-dimensional finite element code for air flow with heat, water vapor, and chemical transport in porous media, several multidimensional codes for diffusive transfer, as well as a computational fluid dynamics code for analysis of turbulent water flow in moving-boundary phase change problems.

Measurements Of The Effects Of Grain Boundary And Alloy Scattering On Spectral Phonon Mean Free Path Distributions.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lubner, Sean; Khan, Md. Imran; Dames, Chris

In the electronics and clean energy fields, it is increasingly necessary to reliably model the dissipation of heat from micro and nanostructures or nanostructured materials such as in batteries, computer chips, and thermoelectrics. In these regimes where length scales are comparable to the mean free paths (MFPs) of energy carriers, the diffusion law of heat conduction begins to break down. In this talk, I present our recent results from using a time domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) technique with laser spot 1/e-squared radii less than 2 microns to measure sub-diffusion thermal transport in silicon, nanograined-silicon (ng-Si), and silicon germanium (SiGe) alloys. Our results experimentally demonstrate that alloy scattering skews phonon spectra toward longer MFPs, while nanostructuring skews phonon spectra toward shorter MFPs. As a consequence, we show that a significant fraction of the heat-carrying phonons in SiGe have MFPs greater than 10 microns at room temperature, and that the thermal conductivity of ng-Si overtakes that of SiGe after microstructuring. NSF.

An extended laser flash technique for thermal diffusivity measurement of high-temperature materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shen, F.; Khodadadi, J. M.

1993-01-01

Knowledge of thermal diffusivity data for high-temperature materials (solids and liquids) is very important in analyzing a number of processes, among them solidification, crystal growth, and welding. However, reliable thermal diffusivity versus temperature data, particularly those for high-temperature liquids, are still far from complete. The main measurement difficulties are due to the presence of convection and the requirement for a container. Fortunately, the availability of levitation techniques has made it possible to solve the containment problem. Based on the feasibility of the levitation technology, a new laser flash technique which is applicable to both levitated liquid and solid samples is being developed. At this point, the analysis for solid samples is near completion and highlights of the technique are presented here. The levitated solid sample which is assumed to be a sphere is subjected to a very short burst of high power radiant energy. The temperature of the irradiated surface area is elevated and a transient heat transfer process takes place within the sample. This containerless process is a two-dimensional unsteady heat conduction problem. Due to the nonlinearity of the radiative plus convective boundary condition, an analytic solution cannot be obtained. Two options are available at this point. Firstly, the radiation boundary condition can be linearized, which then accommodates a closed-form analytic solution. Comparison of the analytic curves for the temperature rise at different points to the experimentally-measured values will then provide the thermal diffusivity values. Secondly, one may set up an inverse conduction problem whereby experimentally obtained surface temperature history is used as the boundary conditions. The thermal diffusivity can then be elevated by minimizing the difference between the real heat flux boundary condition (radiation plus convection) and the measurements. Status of an experimental study directed at measuring the thermal diffusivity of high-temperature solid samples of pure Nickel and Inconel 718 superalloys are presented. Preliminary measurements showing surface temperature histories are discussed.

Evaporation enhancement in soils: a critical review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rutten, Martine; van de Giesen, Nick

2015-04-01

Temperature gradients in the top layer of the soil are, especially during the daytime, steeper than would be expected if thermal conduction was the primary heat transfer mechanism. Evaporation seems to have significant influence on the soil heat budget. Only part of the surface soil heat flux is conducted downwards, increasing the soil temperatures, and part is used for evaporation, acting as a sink to the soil heat budget. For moist soils, the evaporation is limited by the transport of water molecules to the surface. The classical view is that water vapor is transported from the evaporation front to the surface by diffusion. Diffusion is mixing due to the random movement of molecules resulting in flattening concentration gradients. In soil, the diffusive vapor flux and the resulting latent heat flux are generally small. We found that transport enhancement is necessary in order to sustain vapor fluxes that are large enough to sustain latent heat fluxes, as well as being large enough to explain the observed temperature gradients. Enhancement of vapor diffusion is a known phenomenon, subject to debate on the explanations of underlying mechanism. In an extensive literature review on vapor enhancement in soils, the plausibility of various mechanisms was assessed. We reviewed mechanisms based on (combinations of) diffusive, viscous, buoyant, capillary and external pressure forces including: thermodiffusion, dispersion, Stefan's flow, Knudsen diffusion, liquid island effect, hydraulic lift, free convection, double diffusive convection and forced convection. The analysis of the order of magnitude of the mechanisms based on first principles clearly distinguished between plausible and implausible mechanisms. Thermodiffusion, Stefan's flow, Knudsen effects, liquid islands do not significantly contribute to enhanced evaporation. Double diffusive convection seemed unlikely due to lack of experimental evidence, but could not be completely excluded from the list of potential mechanisms. Hydraulic lift, the mechanism that small capillaries lift liquid water to the surface where it evaporates, does significantly contribute to enhanced evaporation from soils, also from dryer soils. The experimental evidence for and the theoretical underpinnings of this mechanism are convincing. However, we sought mechanisms that both explain enhanced evaporation and steep temperature gradients in the soil during the daytime. These often observed gradients consist of a sharp decrease of temperature with a depth up to the depth of the evaporation front. Hydraulic lift cannot explain this because the evaporation front is located at the surface. One remaining mechanism is forced convection due to atmospheric pressure fluctuations, also referred to as wind pumping. Wind pumping causes displacement and flow velocities too small for significant convective and too small for significant dispersive transport, when steady state dispersion formulations are used. However, experiments do indicate significant dispersive transport that can be explained by dispersion under unsteady flow conditions. Forced convection due to pressure fluctuations seems to be the only mechanism that can explain both enhanced evaporation and the steep temperature gradients.

Self similar flow behind an exponential shock wave in a self-gravitating, rotating, axisymmetric dusty gas with heat conduction and radiation heat flux

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bajargaan, Ruchi; Patel, Arvind

2018-04-01

One-dimensional unsteady adiabatic flow behind an exponential shock wave propagating in a self-gravitating, rotating, axisymmetric dusty gas with heat conduction and radiation heat flux, which has exponentially varying azimuthal and axial fluid velocities, is investigated. The shock wave is driven out by a piston moving with time according to an exponential law. The dusty gas is taken to be a mixture of a non-ideal gas and small solid particles. The density of the ambient medium is assumed to be constant. The equilibrium flow conditions are maintained and energy is varying exponentially, which is continuously supplied by the piston. The heat conduction is expressed in the terms of Fourier's law, and the radiation is assumed of diffusion type for an optically thick grey gas model. The thermal conductivity and the absorption coefficient are assumed to vary with temperature and density according to a power law. The effects of the variation of heat transfer parameters, gravitation parameter and dusty gas parameters on the shock strength, the distance between the piston and the shock front, and on the flow variables are studied out in detail. It is interesting to note that the similarity solution exists under the constant initial angular velocity, and the shock strength is independent from the self gravitation, heat conduction and radiation heat flux.

LED lamp or bulb with remote phosphor and diffuser configuration with enhanced scattering properties

DOEpatents

Tong, Tao; Le Toquin, Ronan; Keller, Bernd; Tarsa, Eric; Youmans, Mark; Lowes, Theodore; Medendorp, Jr., Nicholas W; Van De Ven, Antony; Negley, Gerald

2014-11-11

An LED lamp or bulb is disclosed that comprises a light source, a heat sink structure and an optical cavity. The optical cavity comprises a phosphor carrier having a conversions material and arranged over an opening to the cavity. The phosphor carrier comprises a thermally conductive transparent material and is thermally coupled to the heat sink structure. An LED based light source is mounted in the optical cavity remote to the phosphor carrier with light from the light source passing through the phosphor carrier. A diffuser dome is included that is mounted over the optical cavity, with light from the optical cavity passing through the diffuser dome. The properties of the diffuser, such as geometry, scattering properties of the scattering layer, surface roughness or smoothness, and spatial distribution of the scattering layer properties may be used to control various lamp properties such as color uniformity and light intensity distribution as a function of viewing angle.

Thermal transport at the nanoscale: A Fourier's law vs. phonon Boltzmann equation study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaiser, J.; Feng, T.; Maassen, J.; Wang, X.; Ruan, X.; Lundstrom, M.

2017-01-01

Steady-state thermal transport in nanostructures with dimensions comparable to the phonon mean-free-path is examined. Both the case of contacts at different temperatures with no internal heat generation and contacts at the same temperature with internal heat generation are considered. Fourier's law results are compared to finite volume method solutions of the phonon Boltzmann equation in the gray approximation. When the boundary conditions are properly specified, results obtained using Fourier's law without modifying the bulk thermal conductivity are in essentially exact quantitative agreement with the phonon Boltzmann equation in the ballistic and diffusive limits. The errors between these two limits are examined in this paper. For the four cases examined, the error in the apparent thermal conductivity as deduced from a correct application of Fourier's law is less than 6%. We also find that the Fourier's law results presented here are nearly identical to those obtained from a widely used ballistic-diffusive approach but analytically much simpler. Although limited to steady-state conditions with spatial variations in one dimension and to a gray model of phonon transport, the results show that Fourier's law can be used for linear transport from the diffusive to the ballistic limit. The results also contribute to an understanding of how heat transport at the nanoscale can be understood in terms of the conceptual framework that has been established for electron transport at the nanoscale.

Passive Rocket Diffuser Testing: Reacting Flow Performance of Four Second-Throat Geometries

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, Daniel R.; Allgood, Daniel C.; Saunders, Grady P.

2016-01-01

Second-throat diffusers serve to isolate rocket engines from the effects of ambient back pressure. As one of the nation's largest rocket testing facilities, the performance and design limitations of diffusers are of great interest to NASA's Stennis Space Center. This paper describes a series of tests conducted on four diffuser configurations to better understand the effects of inlet geometry and throat area on starting behavior and boundary layer separation. The diffusers were tested for a duration of five seconds with a 1455-pound thrust, LO2/GH2 thruster to ensure they each reached aerodynamic steady state. The effects of a water spray ring at the diffuser exits and a water-cooled deflector plate were also evaluated. Static pressure and temperature measurements were taken at multiple axial locations along the diffusers, and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were used as a tool to aid in the interpretation of data. The hot combustion products were confirmed to enable the diffuser start condition with tighter second throats than predicted by historical cold-flow data or the theoretical normal shock method. Both aerodynamic performance and heat transfer were found to increase with smaller diffuser throats. Spray ring and deflector cooling water had negligible impacts on diffuser boundary layer separation. CFD was found to accurately capture diffuser shock structures and full-flowing diffuser wall pressures, and the qualitative behavior of heat transfer. However, the ability to predict boundary layer separated flows was not consistent.

Upscaling the diffusion equations in particulate media made of highly conductive particles. I. Theoretical aspects.

PubMed

Vassal, J-P; Orgéas, L; Favier, D; Auriault, J-L; Le Corre, S

2008-01-01

Many analytical and numerical works have been devoted to the prediction of macroscopic effective transport properties in particulate media. Usually, structure and properties of macroscopic balance and constitutive equations are stated a priori. In this paper, the upscaling of the transient diffusion equations in concentrated particulate media with possible particle-particle interfacial barriers, highly conductive particles, poorly conductive matrix, and temperature-dependent physical properties is revisited using the homogenization method based on multiple scale asymptotic expansions. This method uses no a priori assumptions on the physics at the macroscale. For the considered physics and microstructures and depending on the order of magnitude of dimensionless Biot and Fourier numbers, it is shown that some situations cannot be homogenized. For other situations, three different macroscopic models are identified, depending on the quality of particle-particle contacts. They are one-phase media, following the standard heat equation and Fourier's law. Calculations of the effective conductivity tensor and heat capacity are proved to be uncoupled. Linear and steady state continuous localization problems must be solved on representative elementary volumes to compute the effective conductivity tensors for the two first models. For the third model, i.e., for highly resistive contacts, the localization problem becomes simpler and discrete whatever the shape of particles. In paper II [Vassal, Phys. Rev. E 77, 011303 (2008)], diffusion through networks of slender, wavy, entangled, and oriented fibers is considered. Discrete localization problems can then be obtained for all models, as well as semianalytical or fully analytical expressions of the corresponding effective conductivity tensors.

Thermal conductivity of (Np0.20Pu0.50Am0.25Cm0.05)O2-x solid solutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nishi, Tsuyoshi; Takano, Masahide; Akabori, Mitsuo; Arai, Yasuo

2013-09-01

The authors prepared the sintered sample of (Np0.20Pu0.50Am0.25Cm0.05)O2-x (2 - x = 1.98, 1.96) solid solution and evaluated the dependence of the thermal conductivity on storage time and temperature. The heat capacity of (Np0.20Pu0.50Am0.25Cm0.05)O1.98 was measured between 324 and 1082 K by a drop calorimetry. The thermal diffusivity of (Np0.20Pu0.50Am0.25Cm0.05)O1.98 was measured when the storage time became 48, 216, 720 and 1584 h and that of (Np0.20Pu0.50Am0.25Cm0.05)O1.96 was measured when the storage time became 0,528 and 1386 h. In this study, the latter sample was annealed at 1423 K in vacuum with background pressure of less than 2.0 × 10-4 Pa just after the measurement on the storage time, 1386 h. The thermal diffusivity of (Np0.20Pu0.50Am0.25Cm0.05)O1.96 just after annealing returned to the values of the storage time, 0 h. This result reveals the thermal recovery behavior by annealing. The thermal conductivity of (Np0.20Pu0.50Am0.25Cm0.05)O2-x was determined from the measured thermal diffusivity, heat capacity and bulk density. The thermal conductivity of (Np0.20Pu0.50Am0.25Cm0.05)O2-x exponentially decreased with increasing storage time. This result suggested that the decrease of the thermal conductivity was attributed to the accumulation of lattice defects caused by self-irradiation. The heat capacity of (Np0.20Pu0.50Am0.25Cm0.05)O1.98 was expressed by Cp (J mol-1 K-1) = 1.7314 × 10-2T + 75.720 - 1.0579 × 106 T-2. The heat capacity at higher than 473 K was almost close to those of stoichiometric actinide dioxide within at least ±5%. The thermal diffusivity of (Np0.20Pu0.50Am0.25Cm0.05)O2-x decreased with increasing storage time in the temperature range from 473 to 573 K. The decrease of the thermal diffusivity was attributed by the lattice defect rapidly accumulated by the α-decay of 244Cm. The thermal diffusivity of (Np0.20Pu0.50Am0.25Cm0.05)O1.96 just after annealing returned to the values of the storage time, 0 h. This result reveals the thermal recovery behavior by annealing. The thermal conductivity of (Np0.20Pu0.50Am0.25Cm0.05)O2-x was smaller than those of PuO2 and (Pu0.91Cm0.09)O2 mainly because of the oxygen vacancies as is seen other actinide dioxide, such as mixed oxide (MOX) fuels.

Combined Heat Transfer in High-Porosity High-Temperature Fibrous Insulations: Theory and Experimental Validation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Daryabeigi, Kamran; Cunnington, George R.; Miller, Steve D.; Knutson, Jeffry R.

2010-01-01

Combined radiation and conduction heat transfer through various high-temperature, high-porosity, unbonded (loose) fibrous insulations was modeled based on first principles. The diffusion approximation was used for modeling the radiation component of heat transfer in the optically thick insulations. The relevant parameters needed for the heat transfer model were derived from experimental data. Semi-empirical formulations were used to model the solid conduction contribution of heat transfer in fibrous insulations with the relevant parameters inferred from thermal conductivity measurements at cryogenic temperatures in a vacuum. The specific extinction coefficient for radiation heat transfer was obtained from high-temperature steady-state thermal measurements with large temperature gradients maintained across the sample thickness in a vacuum. Standard gas conduction modeling was used in the heat transfer formulation. This heat transfer modeling methodology was applied to silica, two types of alumina, and a zirconia-based fibrous insulation, and to a variation of opacified fibrous insulation (OFI). OFI is a class of insulations manufactured by embedding efficient ceramic opacifiers in various unbonded fibrous insulations to significantly attenuate the radiation component of heat transfer. The heat transfer modeling methodology was validated by comparison with more rigorous analytical solutions and with standard thermal conductivity measurements. The validated heat transfer model is applicable to various densities of these high-porosity insulations as long as the fiber properties are the same (index of refraction, size distribution, orientation, and length). Furthermore, the heat transfer data for these insulations can be obtained at any static pressure in any working gas environment without the need to perform tests in various gases at various pressures.

Transient thermal camouflage and heat signature control

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Tian-Zhi; Su, Yishu; Xu, Weikai; Yang, Xiao-Dong

2016-09-01

Thermal metamaterials have been proposed to manipulate heat flux as a new way to cloak or camouflage objects in the infrared world. To date, however, thermal metamaterials only operate in the steady-state and exhibit detectable, transient heat signatures. In this letter, the theoretical basis for a thermal camouflaging technique with controlled transient diffusion is presented. This technique renders an object invisible in real time. More importantly, the thermal camouflaging device instantaneously generates a pre-designed heat signature and behaves as a perfect thermal illusion device. A metamaterial coating with homogeneous and isotropic thermal conductivity, density, and volumetric heat capacity was fabricated and very good camouflaging performance was achieved.

Decoupled Method for Reconstruction of Surface Conditions From Internal Temperatures On Ablative Materials With Uncertain Recession Model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Oliver, A. Brandon

2017-01-01

Obtaining measurements of flight environments on ablative heat shields is both critical for spacecraft development and extremely challenging due to the harsh heating environment and surface recession. Thermocouples installed several millimeters below the surface are commonly used to measure the heat shield temperature response, but an ill-posed inverse heat conduction problem must be solved to reconstruct the surface heating environment from these measurements. Ablation can contribute substantially to the measurement response making solutions to the inverse problem strongly dependent on the recession model, which is often poorly characterized. To enable efficient surface reconstruction for recession model sensitivity analysis, a method for decoupling the surface recession evaluation from the inverse heat conduction problem is presented. The decoupled method is shown to provide reconstructions of equivalent accuracy to the traditional coupled method but with substantially reduced computational effort. These methods are applied to reconstruct the environments on the Mars Science Laboratory heat shield using diffusion limit and kinetically limited recession models.

Thermal invisibility based on scattering cancellation and mantle cloaking

PubMed Central

Farhat, M.; Chen, P.-Y.; Bagci, H.; Amra, C.; Guenneau, S.; Alù, A.

2015-01-01

We theoretically and numerically analyze thermal invisibility based on the concept of scattering cancellation and mantle cloaking. We show that a small object can be made completely invisible to heat diffusion waves, by tailoring the heat conductivity of the spherical shell enclosing the object. This means that the thermal scattering from the object is suppressed, and the heat flow outside the object and the cloak made of these spherical shells behaves as if the object is not present. Thermal invisibility may open new vistas in hiding hot spots in infrared thermography, military furtivity, and electronics heating reduction. PMID:25928664

Variable Refractive Index Effects on Radiation in Semitransparent Scattering Multilayered Regions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Siegel, R.; Spuckler, C. M.

1993-01-01

A simple set of equations is derived for predicting the temperature distribution and radiative energy flow in a semitransparent layer consisting of an arbitrary number of laminated sublayers that absorb, emit, and scatter radiation. Each sublayer can have a different refractive index and optical thickness. The plane composite region is heated on each exterior side by a different amount of incident radiation. The results are for the limiting case where heat conduction within the layers is very small relative to radiative transfer, and is neglected. The interfaces are assumed diffuse, and all interface reflections are included in the analysis. The thermal behavior is readily calculated from the analytical expressions that are obtained. By using many sublayers, expressions provide the temperature distribution and heat flow for a diffusing medium with a continually varying refractive index, including internal reflection effects caused by refractive index gradients. Temperature and heat flux results are given to show the effect of variations in refractive index and optical thickness through the multilayer laminate.

Effect of Water on the Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Carbon Cloth Phenolic

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sullivan, Roy M.; Stokes, Eric; Baker, Eric H.

2011-01-01

The results of thermo-mechanical experiments, which were conducted previously by one of the authors, are reviewed. The strain in the direction normal to the fabric plane was measured as a function of temperature for a variety of initial moisture contents and heating rates. In this paper, the general features of the thermo-mechanical response are discussed and the effect of heating rate and initial moisture content are highlighted. The mechanical interaction between the phenolic polymer and water trapped within its free volumes as the polymer is heated to high temperatures is discussed. An equation for the internal stresses which are generated within the polymer due to trapped water is obtained from the total stress expression for a binary mixture of polymer and water. Numerical solutions for moisture diffusion in the thermo-mechanical experiments were performed and the results of these solutions are presented. The results of the moisture diffusion solutions help to explain the effects of heating rate and moisture content on the strain behavior normal to the fabric plane.

Variable Refractive Index Effects on Radiation in Semitransparent Scattering Multilayered Regions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Siegel, R.; Spuckler, C. M.

1993-01-01

A simple set of equations is derived for predicting the temperature distribution and radiative energy flow in a semitransparent layer consisting of an arbitrary number of laminated sublayers that absorb, emit, and scatter radiation. Each sublayer can have a different refractive index and optical thickness. The plane composite region is heated on each exterior side by a different amount of incident radiation. The results are for the limiting case where heat conduction within the layers is very small relative to radiative transfer, and is neglected. The interfaces are assumed diffuse, and all interface reflections are included in the analysis. The thermal behavior is readily calculated from the analytical expressions that are obtained. By using many sublayers, the analytical expressions provide the temperature distribution and heat flow for a diffusing medium with a continuously varying refractive index, including internal reflection effects caused by refractive index gradients. Temperature and heat flux results are given to show the effect of variations in refractive index and optical thickness through the multilayer laminate.

Quasi-ballistic Electronic Thermal Conduction in Metal Inverse Opals.

PubMed

Barako, Michael T; Sood, Aditya; Zhang, Chi; Wang, Junjie; Kodama, Takashi; Asheghi, Mehdi; Zheng, Xiaolin; Braun, Paul V; Goodson, Kenneth E

2016-04-13

Porous metals are used in interfacial transport applications that leverage the combination of electrical and/or thermal conductivity and the large available surface area. As nanomaterials push toward smaller pore sizes to increase the total surface area and reduce diffusion length scales, electron conduction within the metal scaffold becomes suppressed due to increased surface scattering. Here we observe the transition from diffusive to quasi-ballistic thermal conduction using metal inverse opals (IOs), which are metal films that contain a periodic arrangement of interconnected spherical pores. As the material dimensions are reduced from ∼230 nm to ∼23 nm, the thermal conductivity of copper IOs is reduced by more than 57% due to the increase in surface scattering. In contrast, nickel IOs exhibit diffusive-like conduction and have a constant thermal conductivity over this size regime. The quasi-ballistic nature of electron transport at these length scales is modeled considering the inverse opal geometry, surface scattering, and grain boundaries. Understanding the characteristics of electron conduction at the nanoscale is essential to minimizing the total resistance of porous metals for interfacial transport applications, such as the total electrical resistance of battery electrodes and the total thermal resistance of microscale heat exchangers.

High conductivity composite metal

DOEpatents

Zhou, Ruoyi; Smith, James L.; Embury, John David

1998-01-01

Electrical conductors and methods of producing them, where the conductors possess both high strength and high conductivity. Conductors are comprised of carbon steel and a material chosen from a group consisting of copper, nickel, silver, and gold. Diffusion barriers are placed between these two materials. The components of a conductor are assembled and then the assembly is subjected to heat treating and mechanical deformation steps.

Oxygen concentration sensor for an internal combustion engine

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nakajima, T.; Okada, Y.; Mieno, T.

1988-09-29

This patent describes an oxygen concentration sensor, comprising: an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte member forming a gas diffusion restricted region into which a measuring gas is introduced; a pair of electrodes sandwiching the solid electrolyte member; pump current supply means applying a pump voltage to the pair of electrodes through a current detection element to generate a pump current; and a heater element connected to the solid electrolyte member for heating the solid electrolyte member for heating the solid electrolyte member when a heater current is supplied from a heater current source; wherein the oxygen concentration sensor detects anmore » oxygen concentration in the measuring gas in terms of a current value of the pump current supplied through the current detection element and controls oxygen concentration in the gas diffusion restricted region by conducting oxygen ions through the solid electrolyte member in accordance to the flow of the pump current; and wherein the current detection element is connected to the electrode of the pair of electrodes facing the gas diffusion restricted region for insuring that the current value is representative of the pump current and possible leakage current from the heater current.« less

Magnetogasdynamics shock waves in a rotational axisymmetric non-ideal gas with increasing energy and conductive and radiative heat-fluxes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nath, Gorakh

2016-07-01

Self-similar solutions are obtained for one-dimensional adiabatic flow behind a magnetogasdynamics cylindrical shock wave propagating in a rotational axisymmetric non ideal gas with increasing energy and conductive and radiative heat fluxes in presence of an azimuthal magnetic field. The fluid velocities and the azimuthal magnetic field in the ambient medium are assume to be varying and obeying power laws. In order to find the similarity solutions the angular velocity of the ambient medium is taken to be decreasing as the distance from the axis increases. The heat conduction is expressed in terms of Fourier's law and the radiation is considered to be the diffusion type for an optically thick grey gas model. The thermal conductivity and the absorption coefficient are assumed to vary with temperature and density. The effects of the presence of radiation and conduction, the non-idealness of the gas and the magnetic field on the shock propagation and the flow behind the shock are investigated.

Vibrational Heat Transport in Molecular Junctions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Segal, Dvira; Agarwalla, Bijay Kumar

2016-05-01

We review studies of vibrational energy transfer in a molecular junction geometry, consisting of a molecule bridging two heat reservoirs, solids or large chemical compounds. This setup is of interest for applications in molecular electronics, thermoelectrics, and nanophononics, and for addressing basic questions in the theory of classical and quantum transport. Calculations show that system size, disorder, structure, dimensionality, internal anharmonicities, contact interaction, and quantum coherent effects are factors that combine to determine the predominant mechanism (ballistic/diffusive), effectiveness (poor/good), and functionality (linear/nonlinear) of thermal conduction at the nanoscale. We review recent experiments and relevant calculations of quantum heat transfer in molecular junctions. We recount the Landauer approach, appropriate for the study of elastic (harmonic) phononic transport, and outline techniques that incorporate molecular anharmonicities. Theoretical methods are described along with examples illustrating the challenge of reaching control over vibrational heat conduction in molecules.

Diffusive wave in the low Mach limit for non-viscous and heat-conductive gas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Yechi

2018-06-01

The low Mach number limit for one-dimensional non-isentropic compressible Navier-Stokes system without viscosity is investigated, where the density and temperature have different asymptotic states at far fields. It is proved that the solution of the system converges to a nonlinear diffusion wave globally in time as Mach number goes to zero. It is remarked that the velocity of diffusion wave is proportional with the variation of temperature. Furthermore, it is shown that the solution of compressible Navier-Stokes system also has the same phenomenon when Mach number is suitably small.

Frequency-Domain Analysis of Diffusion-Cooled Hot-Electron Bolometer Mixers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Skalare, A.; McGrath, W. R.; Bumble, B.; LeDuc, H. G.

1998-01-01

A new theoretical model is introduced to describe heterodyne mixer conversion efficiency and noise (from thermal fluctuation effects) in diffusion-cooled superconducting hot-electron bolometers. The model takes into account the non-uniform internal electron temperature distribution generated by Wiedemann-Franz heat conduction, and accepts for input an arbitrary (analytical or experimental) superconducting resistance-versus- temperature curve. A non-linear large-signal solution is solved iteratively to calculate the temperature distribution, and a linear frequency-domain small-signal formulation is used to calculate conversion efficiency and noise. In the small-signal solution the device is discretized into segments, and matrix algebra is used to relate the heating modulation in the segments to temperature and resistance modulations. Matrix expressions are derived that allow single-sideband mixer conversion efficiency and coupled noise power to be directly calculated. The model accounts for self-heating and electrothermal feedback from the surrounding bias circuit.

Prediction of the Aerothermodynamic Environment of the Huygens Probe

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hollis, Brian R.; Striepe, Scott A.; Wright, Michael J.; Bose, Deepak; Sutton, Kenneth; Takashima, Naruhisa

2005-01-01

An investigation of the aerothermodynamic environment of the Huygens entry probe has been conducted. A Monte Carlo simulation of the trajectory of the probe during entry into Titan's atmosphere was performed to identify a worst-case heating rate trajectory. Flowfield and radiation transport computations were performed at points along this trajectory to obtain convective and radiative heat-transfer distributions on the probe's heat shield. This investigation identified important physical and numerical factors, including atmospheric CH4 concentration, transition to turbulence, numerical diffusion modeling, and radiation modeling, which strongly influenced the aerothermodynamic environment.

On an instability exhibited by the ballistic-diffusive heat conduction model of Xu and Hu

DOE PAGES

Christov, I. C.; Jordan, P. M.

2013-11-13

We show that the constitutive relation for the thermal flux proposed by Xu & Hu (2011) admits an unconditional instability. We also highlight the difference between mathematical models containing delay and those that include relaxation effects.

Conductivity dependence of lithium diffusivity and electrochemical performance for electrospun TiO2 fibers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qing, Rui; Liu, Li; Bohling, Christian; Sigmund, Wolfgang

2015-01-01

TiO2 is one of the most exciting anode candidates for safe application in lithium ion batteries. However, its low intrinsic electronic conductivity limits application. In this paper, a simple sol-gel based route is presented to produce nanosize TiO2 fibers with 119 ± 27 nm diameters via electrospinning. Subsequent calcination in various atmospheres was applied to achieve anatase and anatase-rutile mixed phase crystallites with and without carbon coating. The crystallite size was 5 nm for argon calcined fibers and 13-20 nm for air calcined fibers. Argon calcined TiO2 nanofibers exhibited electronic conductivity orders of magnitude higher than those of air-calcined samples. Lithium diffusivity was increased by one time and specific capacity by 26.9% due to the enhanced conductivity. It also had a different intercalation mechanism of lithium. Hydrogen post heat-treatment was found to benefit electronic conductivity (by 3-4.5 times), lithium diffusivity (1.5-2 times) and consequently the high rate performance of the TiO2 nanofibers (over 80%). The inner mechanism and structure-property relations among these parameters were also discussed.

Thermal Properties of Capparis Decidua (ker) Fiber Reinforced Phenol Formaldehyde Composites

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Singh, G. P.; Mangal, Ravindra; Bhojak, N.

2010-06-29

Simultaneous measurement of effective thermal conductivity ({lambda}), effective thermal diffusivity ({kappa}) and specific heat of Ker fiber reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites have been studied by transient plane source (TPS) technique. The samples of different weight percentage typically (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) have been taken. It is found that values of effective thermal conductivity and effective thermal diffusivity of the composites decrease, as compared to pure phenol formaldehyde, as the fraction of fiber loading increases. Experimental data is fitted on Y. Agari model. Values of thermal conductivity of composites are calculated with two models (Rayleigh, Maxwell and Meredith-Tobias model).more » Good agreement between theoretical and experimental result has been found.« less

Increasing the Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity of Asbestos-Reinforced Laminates Through Modification of their Polymer Matrix with Carbon Nanomaterials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Danilova-Tret'yak, S. M.; Evseeva, L. E.; Tanaeva, S. A.

2014-11-01

Experimental investigations of the thermophysical properties of traditional and modified asbestos-reinforced laminates depending on the type of their carbon nanofiller have been carried out in the range of temperatures from -150 to 150°C. It has been shown that the largest (nearly twofold) increase in the thermal-conductivity and thermal-diffusivity coefficients of the indicated materials is observed when they are modified with a small-scale fraction of a nanofiller (carbon nanotubes). The specific heats of the modified and traditional asbestos-reinforced laminates turned out to be identical, in practice, within the measurement error.

Heat transport in oscillator chains with long-range interactions coupled to thermal reservoirs.

PubMed

Iubini, Stefano; Di Cintio, Pierfrancesco; Lepri, Stefano; Livi, Roberto; Casetti, Lapo

2018-03-01

We investigate thermal conduction in arrays of long-range interacting rotors and Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) oscillators coupled to two reservoirs at different temperatures. The strength of the interaction between two lattice sites decays as a power α of the inverse of their distance. We point out the necessity of distinguishing between energy flows towards or from the reservoirs and those within the system. We show that energy flow between the reservoirs occurs via a direct transfer induced by long-range couplings and a diffusive process through the chain. To this aim, we introduce a decomposition of the steady-state heat current that explicitly accounts for such direct transfer of energy between the reservoir. For 0≤α<1, the direct transfer term dominates, meaning that the system can be effectively described as a set of oscillators each interacting with the thermal baths. Also, the heat current exchanged with the reservoirs depends on the size of the thermalized regions: In the case in which such size is proportional to the system size N, the stationary current is independent on N. For α>1, heat transport mostly occurs through diffusion along the chain: For the rotors transport is normal, while for FPU the data are compatible with an anomalous diffusion, possibly with an α-dependent characteristic exponent.

Heat transport in oscillator chains with long-range interactions coupled to thermal reservoirs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iubini, Stefano; Di Cintio, Pierfrancesco; Lepri, Stefano; Livi, Roberto; Casetti, Lapo

2018-03-01

We investigate thermal conduction in arrays of long-range interacting rotors and Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) oscillators coupled to two reservoirs at different temperatures. The strength of the interaction between two lattice sites decays as a power α of the inverse of their distance. We point out the necessity of distinguishing between energy flows towards or from the reservoirs and those within the system. We show that energy flow between the reservoirs occurs via a direct transfer induced by long-range couplings and a diffusive process through the chain. To this aim, we introduce a decomposition of the steady-state heat current that explicitly accounts for such direct transfer of energy between the reservoir. For 0 ≤α <1 , the direct transfer term dominates, meaning that the system can be effectively described as a set of oscillators each interacting with the thermal baths. Also, the heat current exchanged with the reservoirs depends on the size of the thermalized regions: In the case in which such size is proportional to the system size N , the stationary current is independent on N . For α >1 , heat transport mostly occurs through diffusion along the chain: For the rotors transport is normal, while for FPU the data are compatible with an anomalous diffusion, possibly with an α -dependent characteristic exponent.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bauer, Stephen J.; Flint, Gregory Mark

Accurate knowledge of thermophysical properties of concrete is considered extremely important for meaningful models to be developed of scenarios wherein the concrete is rapidly heated. Test of solid propellant burns on samples of concrete from Launch Complex 17 of the Cape Canaveral show spallation and fragmentation. In response to the need for accurate modeling scenarios of these observations, an experimental program to determine the permeability and thermal properties of the concrete was developed. Room temperature gas permeability measurements of Launch Complex 17 of the Cape Canaveral concrete dried at 50°C yield permeability estimates of 0.07mD (mean), and thermal properties (thermalmore » conductivity, diffusivity, and specific heat) were found to vary with temperatures from room temperature to 300°C. Thermal conductivity ranges from 1.7-1.9 W/mK at 50°C to 1.0-1.15 W/mK at 300°C, thermal diffusivity ranges from 0.75-0.96 mm 2/s at 50°C to 0.44-0.58 mm 2/s at 300°C, and specific heat ranges from 1.76-2.32 /m 3K to 2.00-2.50 /m 3K at 300°C.« less

Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Heat Conduction in Air, Including Effects of Oxygen Dissociation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hansen, C. Frederick; Early, Richard A.; Alzofon, Frederick E.; Witteborn, Fred C.

1959-01-01

Solutions are presented for the conduction of beat through a semi-infinite gas medium having a uniform initial temperature and a constant boundary temperature. The coefficients of thermal conductivity and diffusivity are treated as variables, and the solutions are extended to the case of air at temperatures where oxygen dissociation occurs. These solutions are used together with shock-tube measurements to evaluate the integral of thermal conductivity for air as a function of temperature.

Thermal conductivity behavior of boron carbides

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wood, C.; Zoltan, A.; Emin, D.; Gray, P. E.

1983-01-01

Knowledge of the thermal conductivity of boron carbides is necessary to evaluate its potential for high temperature thermoelectric energy conversion applications. The thermal diffusivity of hot pressed boron carbide B/sub 1-x/C/sub x/ samples as a function of composition, temperature and temperature cycling was measured. These data in concert with density and specific heat data yield the thermal conductivities of these materials. The results in terms of a structural model to explain the electrical transport data and novel mechanisms for thermal conduction are discussed.

Reconstructing thermal properties of firn at Summit, Greenland from a temperature profile

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Giese, A. L.; Hawley, R. L.

2013-12-01

Thermodynamic properties of firn are important factors when considering energy balance and temperature-dependent physical processes in the near-surface of glaciers. Of particular interest is thermal diffusivity, which can take a range of values and which governs both the temperature gradient and its evolution through time. Given that temperature is a well-established driver of firn densification, a better understanding of heat transfer will permit greater accuracy in the compaction models essential for interpreting inter-annual and seasonal ice surface elevation changes detected by airborne and satellite altimetry. Due to its dependence on microstructure, diffusivity can vary significantly by location. Rather than directly measuring diffusivity or one of its proxies (e.g. density, hardness, shear strength), this study inverts the heat equation to reconstruct diffusivity values. This is a less logistically-intensive approach which circumvents many of the challenges associated with imperfect proxies and snow metamorphism during measurement. Hourly records (May 2004 - July 2008) from 8 thermistors placed in the top 10 m at Summit, Greenland provide temperature values for Summit's firn, which is broadly representative of firn across the ice sheet's dry snow zone. In this study, we use both physical analysis and a finite-difference numerical model to determine a diffusivity magnitude and gradient; we find that diffusivity of Summit firn falls in the lower end of the range expected from local density and temperature conditions alone (i.e. 15 - 36 m^2/a for firn at -30C). Further, we assess the utility of our modeling approach, explore the validity of assuming bulk conductive heat transfer when modeling temperature changes in non-homogeneous firn, and investigate the implications of a low-end diffusivity value for surface compaction modeling in Greenland.

Thermophysical properties of gas phase uranium tetrafluoride

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Watanabe, Yoichi; Anghaie, Samim

1993-01-01

Thermophysical data of gaseous uranium tetrafluoride (UF4) are theoretically obtained by taking into account dissociation of molecules at high temperatures (2000-6000 K). Determined quantities include specific heat, optical opacity, diffusion coefficient, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. A computer program is developed for the calculation.

Simultaneous Measurement of Thermophysical Properties of Tissue-Mimicking Phantoms for High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Exposures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Jing; You, Jiang; Huang, Zhihong; Cochran, Sandy; Corner, George

2012-03-01

Tissue-mimicking phantoms, including bovine serum albumin phantoms and egg white phantoms, have been developed for, and in laboratory use for, real-time visualization of high intensity focused ultrasound-induced thermal coagulative necrosis since 2001. However, until now, very few data are available concerning their thermophysical properties. In this article, a step-wise transient plane source method has been used to determine the values of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat capacity of egg white phantoms with elevated egg white concentrations (0 v/v% to 40 v/v%, by 10 v/v% interval) at room temperature (~20 °C). The measured thermophysical properties were close to previously reported values; the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity were linearly proportional to the egg white concentration within the investigation range, while the specific heat capacity decreased as the egg white concentration increased. Taking account of large differences between real experiment and ideal model, data variations within 20 % were accepted.

Stepwise and Pulse Transient Methods of Thermophysical Parameters Measurement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Malinarič, Svetozár; Dieška, Peter

2016-12-01

Stepwise transient and pulse transient methods are experimental techniques for measuring the thermal diffusivity and conductivity of solid materials. Theoretical models and experimental apparatus are presented, and the influence of the heat source capacity and the heat transfer coefficient is investigated using the experiment simulation. The specimens from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) were measured by both methods. Coefficients of variation were better than 0.9 % for LDPE and 2.8 % for PMMA measurements. The time dependence of the temperature response to the input heat flux showed a small drop, which was caused by thermoelastic wave generated by thermal expansions of the heat source.

Use of vertical temperature gradients for prediction of tidal flat sediment characteristics

USGS Publications Warehouse

Miselis, Jennifer L.; Holland, K. Todd; Reed, Allen H.; Abelev, Andrei

2012-01-01

Sediment characteristics largely govern tidal flat morphologic evolution; however, conventional methods of investigating spatial variability in lithology on tidal flats are difficult to employ in these highly dynamic regions. In response, a series of laboratory experiments was designed to investigate the use of temperature diffusion toward sediment characterization. A vertical thermistor array was used to quantify temperature gradients in simulated tidal flat sediments of varying compositions. Thermal conductivity estimates derived from these arrays were similar to measurements from a standard heated needle probe, which substantiates the thermistor methodology. While the thermal diffusivities of dry homogeneous sediments were similar, diffusivities for saturated homogeneous sediments ranged approximately one order of magnitude. The thermal diffusivity of saturated sand was five times the thermal diffusivity of saturated kaolin and more than eight times the thermal diffusivity of saturated bentonite. This suggests that vertical temperature gradients can be used for distinguishing homogeneous saturated sands from homogeneous saturated clays and perhaps even between homogeneous saturated clay types. However, experiments with more realistic tidal flat mixtures were less discriminating. Relationships between thermal diffusivity and percent fines for saturated mixtures varied depending upon clay composition, indicating that clay hydration and/or water content controls thermal gradients. Furthermore, existing models for the bulk conductivity of sediment mixtures were improved only through the use of calibrated estimates of homogeneous end-member conductivity and water content values. Our findings suggest that remotely sensed observations of water content and thermal diffusivity could only be used to qualitatively estimate tidal flat sediment characteristics.

High conductivity composite metal

DOEpatents

Zhou, R.; Smith, J.L.; Embury, J.D.

1998-01-06

Electrical conductors and methods of producing them are disclosed, where the conductors possess both high strength and high conductivity. Conductors are comprised of carbon steel and a material chosen from a group consisting of copper, nickel, silver, and gold. Diffusion barriers are placed between these two materials. The components of a conductor are assembled and then the assembly is subjected to heat treating and mechanical deformation steps. 10 figs.

Multi-time-scale heat transfer modeling of turbid tissues exposed to short-pulsed irradiations.

PubMed

Kim, Kyunghan; Guo, Zhixiong

2007-05-01

A combined hyperbolic radiation and conduction heat transfer model is developed to simulate multi-time-scale heat transfer in turbid tissues exposed to short-pulsed irradiations. An initial temperature response of a tissue to an ultrashort pulse irradiation is analyzed by the volume-average method in combination with the transient discrete ordinates method for modeling the ultrafast radiation heat transfer. This response is found to reach pseudo steady state within 1 ns for the considered tissues. The single pulse result is then utilized to obtain the temperature response to pulse train irradiation at the microsecond/millisecond time scales. After that, the temperature field is predicted by the hyperbolic heat conduction model which is solved by the MacCormack's scheme with error terms correction. Finally, the hyperbolic conduction is compared with the traditional parabolic heat diffusion model. It is found that the maximum local temperatures are larger in the hyperbolic prediction than the parabolic prediction. In the modeled dermis tissue, a 7% non-dimensional temperature increase is found. After about 10 thermal relaxation times, thermal waves fade away and the predictions between the hyperbolic and parabolic models are consistent.

Diffusion in translucent media.

PubMed

Shi, Zhou; Genack, Azriel Z

2018-05-10

Diffusion is the result of repeated random scattering. It governs a wide range of phenomena from Brownian motion, to heat flow through window panes, neutron flux in fuel rods, dispersion of light in human tissue, and electronic conduction. It is universally acknowledged that the diffusion approach to describing wave transport fails in translucent samples thinner than the distance between scattering events such as are encountered in meteorology, astronomy, biomedicine, and communications. Here we show in optical measurements and numerical simulations that the scaling of transmission and the intensity profiles of transmission eigenchannels have the same form in translucent as in opaque media. Paradoxically, the similarities in transport across translucent and opaque samples explain the puzzling observations of suppressed optical and ultrasonic delay times relative to predictions of diffusion theory well into the diffusive regime.

An Investigation into the Effects of Interface Stress and Interfacial Arrangement on Temperature Dependent Thermal Properties of a Biological and a Biomimetic Material

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tomar, Vikas

2015-01-12

A significant effort in the biomimetic materials research is on developing materials that can mimic and function in the same way as biological tissues, on bio-inspired electronic circuits, on bio-inspired flight structures, on bio-mimetic materials processing, and on structural biomimetic materials, etc. Most structural biological and biomimetic material properties are affected by two primary factors: (1) interfacial interactions between an organic and an inorganic phase usually in the form of interactions between an inorganic mineral phase and organic protein network; and (2) structural arrangement of the constituents. Examples are exoskeleton structures such as spicule, nacre, and crustacean exoskeletons. A significantmore » effort is being directed towards making synthetic biomimetic materials based on a manipulation of the above two primary factors. The proposed research is based on a hypothesis that in synthetic materials with biomimetic morphology thermal conductivity, k, (how fast heat is carried away) and thermal diffusivity, D, (how fast a material’s temperature rises: proportional to the ratio of k and heat capacity) can be engineered to be either significantly low or significantly high based on a combination of chosen interface orientation and interfacial arrangement in comparison to conventional material microstructures with the same phases and phase volume fractions. METHOD DEVELOPMENT 1. We have established a combined Raman spectroscopy and nanomechanical loading based experimental framework to perform environment (liquid vs. air vs. vacuum) dependent and temperature dependent (~1000 degree-C) in-situ thermal diffusivity measurements in biomaterials at nanoscale to micron scale along with the corresponding analytical theoretic calculations. (Zhang and Tomar, 2013) 2. We have also established a new classical molecular simulation based framework to measure thermal diffusivity in biomolecular interfaces. We are writing a publication currently (Qu and Tomar, 2013) to report the framework and findings in tropocollagen-hydroxyapatite based idealized biomaterial interfaces. PHYSICAL FINDINGS 1. Analyses using experiments have revealed that in the case of bone thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity at micron scale shows significant dependence on compressive stress and temperature. Overall, there is a decrease with respect to increase in temperature and increase with respect to increase in compressive stress. Bio-molecular simulations on idealized tropocollagen-hydroxyapatite interfaces confirm such findings. However, simulations also reveal that thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity can be significantly tailored by interfacial orientation. More importantly, in inorganic materials, interfaces contribute to reduce thermal conductivity and diffusivity. However, analyses here reveal that both can be increased despite presence of a lot of interfaces. 2. Based on significant role played by interfaces in affecting bone thermal properties, a crustacean-exoskeleton system is examined for thermal diffusivity using the newly developed setup. Special emphasis here is on this system since such arrangement is found to be common in fresh water shrimp as well as in some deep water organisms surviving in environment extremes. Experiments reveal that in such system thermal diffusivity is highly tailorable. 3. Overall, experiments and models have established that in biomaterial interfaces a counterintuitive role of interfaces in mediating thermal conduction as a function of stress and temperature is possible in contrast to inorganic materials where interfaces almost always lead to reduction of thermal conductivity as a function of such factors. More investigations are underway to reveal physical origins of such counter-physical characteristics. Such principles can be significantly useful in developing new and innovative bioenergy and inorganic energy systems where heat dissipation significantly affects system performance.« less

Safety assessment of near infrared light emitting diodes for diffuse optical measurements

PubMed Central

Bozkurt, Alper; Onaral, Banu

2004-01-01

Background Near infrared (NIR) light has been used widely to monitor important hemodynamic parameters in tissue non-invasively. Pulse oximetry, near infrared spectroscopy, and diffuse optical tomography are examples of such NIR light-based applications. These and other similar applications employ either lasers or light emitting diodes (LED) as the source of the NIR light. Although the hazards of laser sources have been addressed in regulations, the risk of LED sources in such applications is still unknown. Methods Temperature increase of the human skin caused by near infrared LED has been measured by means of in-vivo and in-vitro experiments. Effects of the conducted and radiated heat in the temperature increase have been analyzed separately. Results Elevations in skin temperature up to 10°C have been observed. The effect of radiated heat due to NIR absorption is low – less than 0.5°C – since emitted light power is comparable to the NIR part of sunlight. The conducted heat due to semiconductor junction of the LED can cause temperature increases up to 9°C. It has been shown that adjusting operational parameters by amplitude modulating or time multiplexing the LED decreases the temperature increase of the skin significantly. Conclusion In this study, we demonstrate that the major risk source of the LED in direct contact with skin is the conducted heat of the LED semiconductor junction, which may cause serious skin burns. Adjusting operational parameters by amplitude modulating or time multiplexing the LED can keep the LED within safe temperature ranges. PMID:15035670

Quasiballistic heat removal from small sources studied from first principles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vermeersch, Bjorn; Mingo, Natalio

2018-01-01

Heat sources whose characteristic dimension R is comparable to phonon mean free paths display thermal resistances that exceed conventional diffusive predictions. This has direct implications to (opto)electronics thermal management and phonon spectroscopy. Theoretical analyses have so far limited themselves to particular experimental configurations. Here, we build upon the multidimensional Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) to derive universal expressions for the apparent conductivity suppression S (R ) =κeff(R ) /κbulk experienced by radially symmetric 2D and 3D sources. In striking analogy to cross-plane heat conduction in thin films, a distinct quasiballistic regime emerges between ballistic (κeff˜R ) and diffusive (κeff≃κbulk ) asymptotes that displays a logarithmic dependence κeff˜ln(R ) in single crystals and fractional power dependence κeff˜R2 -α in alloys (with α the Lévy superdiffusion exponent). Analytical solutions and Monte Carlo simulations for spherical and circular heat sources in Si, GaAs, Si0.99Ge0.01 , and Si0.82Ge0.18 , all carried out from first principles, confirm the predicted generic tendencies. Contrary to the thin film case, common approximations like kinetic theory estimates κeff≃∑Sωgreyκω and modified Fourier temperature curves perform relatively poorly. Up to threefold deviations from the BTE solutions for sub-100 nm sources underline the need for rigorous treatment of multidimensional nondiffusive transport.

Thermally ruggedized ITO transparent electrode films for high power optoelectronics.

PubMed

Yoo, Jae-Hyuck; Matthews, Manyalibo; Ramsey, Phil; Barrios, Antonio Correa; Carter, Austin; Lange, Andrew; Bude, Jeff; Elhadj, Selim

2017-10-16

We present two strategies to minimize laser damage in transparent conductive films. The first consists of improving heat dissipation by selection of substrates with high thermal diffusivity or by addition of capping layer heatsinks. The second is reduction of bulk energy absorption by lowering free carrier density and increasing mobility, while maintaining film conductance with thicker films. Multi-pulse laser damage tests were performed on tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) films configured to improve optical lifetime damage performance. Conditions where improvements were not observed are also described. When bulk heating is not the dominant damage process, discrete defect-induced damage limits damage behavior.

Air cycle machine for an aircraft environmental control system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Decrisantis, Angelo A. (Inventor); O'Coin, James R. (Inventor); Taddey, Edmund P. (Inventor)

2010-01-01

An ECS system includes an ACM mounted adjacent an air-liquid heat exchanger through a diffuser that contains a diffuser plate. The diffuser plate receives airflow from the ACM which strikes the diffuser plate and flows radially outward and around the diffuser plate and into the air-liquid heat exchanger to provide minimal pressure loss and proper flow distribution into the air-liquid heat exchanger with significantly less packaging space.

Finite Element Analysis of Poroelastic Composites Undergoing Thermal and Gas Diffusion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Salamon, N. J. (Principal Investigator); Sullivan, Roy M.; Lee, Sunpyo

1995-01-01

A theory for time-dependent thermal and gas diffusion in mechanically time-rate-independent anisotropic poroelastic composites has been developed. This theory advances previous work by the latter two authors by providing for critical transverse shear through a three-dimensional axisymmetric formulation and using it in a new hypothesis for determining the Biot fluid pressure-solid stress coupling factor. The derived governing equations couple material deformation with temperature and internal pore pressure and more strongly couple gas diffusion and heat transfer than the previous theory. Hence the theory accounts for the interactions between conductive heat transfer in the porous body and convective heat carried by the mass flux through the pores. The Bubnov Galerkin finite element method is applied to the governing equations to transform them into a semidiscrete finite element system. A numerical procedure is developed to solve the coupled equations in the space and time domains. The method is used to simulate two high temperature tests involving thermal-chemical decomposition of carbon-phenolic composites. In comparison with measured data, the results are accurate. Moreover unlike previous work, for a single set of poroelastic parameters, they are consistent with two measurements in a restrained thermal growth test.

A local heat transfer analysis of lava cooling in the atmosphere: application to thermal diffusion-dominated lava flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Neri, Augusto

1998-05-01

The local cooling process of thermal diffusion-dominated lava flows in the atmosphere was studied by a transient, one-dimensional heat transfer model taking into account the most relevant processes governing its behavior. Thermal diffusion-dominated lava flows include any type of flow in which the conductive-diffusive contribution in the energy equation largely overcomes the convective terms. This type of condition is supposed to be satisfied, during more or less extended periods of time, for a wide range of lava flows characterized by very low flow-rates, such as slabby and toothpaste pahoehoe, spongy pahoehoe, flow at the transition pahoehoe-aa, and flows from ephemeral vents. The analysis can be useful for the understanding of the effect of crust formation on the thermal insulation of the lava interior and, if integrated with adequate flow models, for the explanation of local features and morphologies of lava flows. The study is particularly aimed at a better knowledge of the complex non-linear heat transfer mechanisms that control lava cooling in the atmosphere and at the estimation of the most important parameters affecting the global heat transfer coefficient during the solidification process. The three fundamental heat transfer mechanisms with the atmosphere, that is radiation, natural convection, and forced convection by the wind, were modeled, whereas conduction and heat generation due to crystallization were considered within the lava. The magma was represented as a vesiculated binary melt with a given liquidus and solidus temperature and with the possible presence of a eutectic. The effects of different morphological features of the surface were investigated through a simplified description of their geometry. Model results allow both study of the formation in time of the crust and the thermal mushy layer underlying it, and a description of the behavior of the temperature distribution inside the lava as well as radiative and convective fluxes to the atmosphere. The analysis, performed by using parameters typical of Etnean lavas, particularly focuses on the non-intuitive relations between superficial cooling effects and inner temperature distribution as a function of the major variables involved in the cooling process. Results integrate recent modelings and measurements of the cooling process of Hawaiian pahoehoe flow lobes by Hon et al. (1994) and Keszthelyi and Denlinger (1996) and highlight the critical role played by surface morphology, lava thermal properties, and crystallization dynamics. Furthermore, the reported description of the various heat fluxes between lava and atmosphere can be extended to any other type of lava flows in which atmospheric cooling is involved.

Intensification of heat transfer during mild thermal treatment of dry-cured ham by using airborne ultrasound.

PubMed

Contreras, M; Benedito, J; Bon, J; Garcia-Perez, J V

2018-03-01

The application of power ultrasound (PuS) could be used as a novel technology with which to intensify thermal treatments using hot air. Mild thermal treatments have been applied to improve the soft texture of dry-cured ham caused by defective processing. In this regard, the aim of this study was to assess the kinetic intensification linked to the application of airborne PuS in the mild thermal treatment using hot air of dry-cured ham. For this purpose, vacuum packed cylindrical samples (2.52±0.11cm in diameter and 1.90±0.14cm in height) of dry-cured ham were heated using hot air at different temperatures (40, 45, 50°C) and air velocities (1, 2, 3, 4, 6m/s) with (22.3kHz, 50W) and without PuS application. Heat transfer was analyzed by considering that it was entirely controlled by conduction and the apparent thermal diffusivity was identified by fitting the model to the heating kinetics. The obtained results revealed that PuS application sped up the heat transfer, showing an increase in the apparent thermal diffusivity (up to 37%). The improvement in the apparent thermal diffusivity produced by PuS application was greater at high temperatures (50°C) but negligible at high air velocities (6m/s). Heating caused an increase in the hardness and elasticity of dry-cured ham, which would correct ham pastiness defects, while the influence of PuS on such textural parameters was negligible. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Solid-State Reaction Between Fe-Al-Ca Alloy and Al2O3-CaO-FeO Oxide During Heat Treatment at 1473 K (1200 °C)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Chengsong; Yang, Shufeng; Li, Jingshe; Ni, Hongwei; Zhang, Xueliang

2017-04-01

The aim of this study was to control the physicochemical characteristics of inclusions in steel through appropriate heat treatment. Using a confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM) and pipe furnace, the solid-state reactions between Fe-Al-Ca alloy and Al2O3-CaO-FeO oxide during heat treatment at 1473 K (1200 °C) and the influence of these reactions on the compositions of and phases in the alloy and oxide were investigated by the diffusion couple method. Suitable pretreatment of the oxide using a CSLM and production of the diffusion couple of Fe-Al-Ca alloy and Al2O3-CaO-FeO oxide gave good contact between the alloy and oxide. The diffusion couple was then sealed in a quartz tube with a piece of Ti foil to lower oxygen partial pressure and a block of Fe-Al-Ca alloy was introduced to conduct heat treatment experiments. Solid-state reactions between the alloy and oxide during heat treatment at 1473 K (1200 °C) were analyzed and discussed. A dynamic model to calculate the width of the particle precipitation zone based on the Wagner model of internal oxidation of metal was proposed. This model was helpful to understand the solid-state reaction mechanism between Fe-Al-Ca alloy and Al2O3-CaO-FeO oxide.

Optimization of X-ray Absorbers for TES Microcalorimeters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Iyomoto, Naoko; Sadleir, John E.; Figueroa-Feliciano, Enectali; Saab, Tarek; Bandler, Simon; Kilbourne, Caroline; Chervenak, James; Talley, Dorothy; Finkbeiner, Fred; Brekosky, Regis

2004-01-01

We have investigated the thermal, electrical, and structural properties of Bi and BiCu films that are being developed as X-ray absorbers for transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter arrays for imaging X-ray spectroscopy. Bi could be an ideal material for an X-ray absorber due to its high X-ray stopping power and low heat capacity, but it has a low thermal conductivity, which can result in position dependence of the pulses in the absorber. In order to improve the thermal conductivity, we added Cu layers in between the Bi layers. We measured electrical and thermal conductivities of the films around 0.1 K(sub 1) the operating temperature of the TES calorimeter, to examine the films and to determine the optimal thickness of the Cu layer. From the electrical conductivity measurements, we found that the Cu is more resistive on the Bi than on a Si substrate. Together with an SEM picture of the Bi surface, we concluded that the rough surface of the Bi film makes the Cu layer resistive when the Cu layer is not thick enough t o fill in the roughness. From the thermal conductivity measurements, we determined the thermal diffusion constant to be 2 x l0(exp 3) micrometers squared per microsecond in a film that consists of 2.25 micrometers of Bi and 0.1 micrometers of Cu. We measured the position dependence in the film and found that its thermal diffusion constant is too low to get good energy resolution, because of the resistive Cu layer and/or possibly a very high heat capacity of our Bi films. We show plans to improve the thermal diffusion constant in our BiCu absorbers.

Energy balance in the solar transition region. I - Hydrostatic thermal models with ambipolar diffusion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fontenla, J. M.; Avrett, E. H.; Loeser, R.

1990-01-01

The energy balance in the lower transition region is analyzed by constructing theoretical models which satisfy the energy balance constraint. The energy balance is achieved by balancing the radiative losses and the energy flowing downward from the corona. This energy flow is mainly in two forms: conductive heat flow and hydrogen ionization energy flow due to ambipolar diffusion. Hydrostatic equilibrium is assumed, and, in a first calculation, local mechanical heating and Joule heating are ignored. In a second model, some mechanical heating compatible with chromospheric energy-balance calculations is introduced. The models are computed for a partial non-LTE approach in which radiation departs strongly from LTE but particles depart from Maxwellian distributions only to first order. The results, which apply to cases where the magnetic field is either absent, or uniform and vertical, are compared with the observed Lyman lines and continuum from the average quiet sun. The approximate agreement suggests that this type of model can roughly explain the observed intensities in a physically meaningful way, assuming only a few free parameters specified as chromospheric boundary conditions.

Homotopic solutions for unsteady second grade liquid utilizing non-Fourier double diffusion concept

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sohail, A.; Khan, W. A.; Khan, M.; Shah, S. I. A.

Main purpose of the current work is to investigate the features of unsteady Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass flux models on the second grade fluid over a stretching surface. The characteristics of unsteady Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass flux models are incorporated in the energy and concentration equations. The unsteady Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass flux models are the generalization of Fourier's and Fick's laws in which the time space upper-convected derivative are utilized to describe the heat conduction and mass diffusion phenomena. The suitable transformations are used to alter the governing partial differential equations into the ordinary differential equations. The resulting problem under consideration is solved analytically by using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The effect of non-dimensional pertinent parameters on the temperature and concentration distribution are deliberated by using graphs and tables. Results show that the temperature and concentration profiles diminish for augmented values of the thermal and concentration relaxation parameters. Additionally, it is perceived that the temperature and concentration profiles are higher in case of classical Fourier's and Fick's laws as compared to non-Fourier's and non-Fick's laws.

A statistical method for estimating wood thermal diffusivity and probe geometry using in situ heat response curves from sap flow measurements

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen, Xingyuan; Miller, Gretchen R.; Rubin, Yoram

2012-09-13

The heat pulse method is widely used to measure water flux through plants; it works by inferring the velocity of water through a porous medium from the speed at which a heat pulse is propagated through the system. No systematic, non-destructive calibration procedure exists to determine the site-specific parameters necessary for calculating sap velocity, e.g., wood thermal diffusivity and probe spacing. Such parameter calibration is crucial to obtain the correct transpiration flux density from the sap flow measurements at the plant scale; and consequently, to up-scale tree-level water fluxes to canopy and landscape scales. The purpose of this study ismore » to present a statistical framework for estimating the wood thermal diffusivity and probe spacing simutaneously from in-situ heat response curves collected by the implanted probes of a heat ratio apparatus. Conditioned on the time traces of wood temperature following a heat pulse, the parameters are inferred using a Bayesian inversion technique, based on the Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling method. The primary advantage of the proposed methodology is that it does not require known probe spacing or any further intrusive sampling of sapwood. The Bayesian framework also enables direct quantification of uncertainty in estimated sap flow velocity. Experiments using synthetic data show that repeated tests using the same apparatus are essential to obtain reliable and accurate solutions. When applied to field conditions, these tests are conducted during different seasons and automated using the existing data logging system. The seasonality of wood thermal diffusivity is obtained as a by-product of the parameter estimation process, and it is shown to be affected by both moisture content and temperature. Empirical factors are often introduced to account for the influence of non-ideal probe geometry on the estimation of heat pulse velocity, and they are estimated in this study as well. The proposed methodology can be applied for the calibration of existing heat ratio sap flow systems at other sites. It is especially useful when an alternative transpiration calibration device, such as a lysimeter, is not available.« less

Additivity Principle in High-Dimensional Deterministic Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saito, Keiji; Dhar, Abhishek

2011-12-01

The additivity principle (AP), conjectured by Bodineau and Derrida [Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 180601 (2004)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.92.180601], is discussed for the case of heat conduction in three-dimensional disordered harmonic lattices to consider the effects of deterministic dynamics, higher dimensionality, and different transport regimes, i.e., ballistic, diffusive, and anomalous transport. The cumulant generating function (CGF) for heat transfer is accurately calculated and compared with the one given by the AP. In the diffusive regime, we find a clear agreement with the conjecture even if the system is high dimensional. Surprisingly, even in the anomalous regime the CGF is also well fitted by the AP. Lower-dimensional systems are also studied and the importance of three dimensionality for the validity is stressed.

Thermophysical Properties of Cold and Vacuum Plasma Sprayed Cu-Cr-X Alloys, NiAl and NiCrAlY Coatings. Part 1; Electrical and Thermal Conductivity, Thermal Diffusivity, and Total Hemispherical Emissivity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Raj, S. V.

2017-01-01

This two-part paper reports the thermophysical properties of several cold and vacuum plasma sprayed monolithic Cu and Ni-based alloy coatings. Part I presents the electrical and thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and total hemispherical emissivity data while Part II reports the specific heat capacity data for these coatings. Metallic copper alloys, stoichiometric NiAl and NiCrAlY coatings were fabricated by either the cold sprayed or the vacuum plasma spray deposition processes for thermal property measurements between 77 and 1223 K. The temperature dependencies of the thermal conductivities, thermal diffusivities, electrical conductivities and total hemispherical emissivities of these cold and vacuum sprayed monolithic coatings are reported in this paper. The electrical and thermal conductivity data correlate reasonably well for Cu-8%Cr-1%Al, Cu-23%Cr-5%Al and NiAl in accordance with the Wiedemann-Franz (WF) law although a better fit is obtained using the Smith-Palmer relationship. The Lorentz numbers determined from the WF law are close to the theoretical value.

Thermophysical Properties of Cold- and Vacuum Plasma-Sprayed Cu-Cr-X Alloys, NiAl and NiCrAlY Coatings I: Electrical and Thermal Conductivity, Thermal Diffusivity, and Total Hemispherical Emissivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raj, S. V.

2017-11-01

This two-part paper reports the thermophysical properties of several cold- and vacuum plasma-sprayed monolithic Cu- and Ni-based alloy coatings. Part I presents the electrical and thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and total hemispherical emissivity data, while Part II reports the specific heat capacity data for these coatings. Metallic copper alloys and stoichiometric NiAl and NiCrAlY coatings were fabricated by either the cold spray or the vacuum plasma spray deposition processes for thermal property measurements between 77 and 1223 K. The temperature dependencies of the thermal conductivities, thermal diffusivities, electrical conductivities, and total hemispherical emissivities of these cold- and vacuum-sprayed monolithic coatings are reported in this paper. The electrical and thermal conductivity data correlate reasonably well for Cu-8%Cr-1%Al, Cu-23%Cr-5%Al, and NiAl in accordance with the Wiedemann-Franz (WF) law although a better fit is obtained using the Smith-Palmer relationship. The Lorentz numbers determined from the WF law are close to the theoretical value.

Phonon focusing and temperature dependences of thermal conductivity of silicon nanofilms

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kuleyev, I. I., E-mail: kuleev@imp.uran.ru; Bakharev, S. M.; Kuleyev, I. G.

2015-04-15

The effect of phonon focusing on the anisotropy and temperature dependences of the thermal conductivities of silicon nanofilms is analyzed using the three-mode Callaway model. The orientations of the film planes and the directions of the heat flux for maximal or minimal heat removal from silicon chip elements at low temperatures, as well as at room temperature, are determined. It is shown that in the case of diffuse reflection of phonons from the boundaries, the plane with the (100) orientation exhibits the lowest scattering ability (and the highest thermal conductivity), while the plane with the (111) orientation is characterized bymore » the highest scattering ability (and the lowest thermal conductivity). The thermal conductivity of wide films is determined to a considerable extent by the orientation of the film plane, while for nanowires with a square cross section, the thermal conductivity is mainly determined by the direction of the heat flux. The effect of elastic energy anisotropy on the dependences of the thermal conductivity on the geometrical parameters of films is analyzed. The temperatures of transition from boundary scattering to bulk relaxation mechanisms are determined.« less

Thermal conduction mechanisms in isotope-disordered boron nitride and carbon nanotubes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Savic, Ivana; Mingo, Natalio; Stewart, Derek

2009-03-01

We present first principles studies which determine dominant effects limiting the heat conduction in isotope-disordered boron nitride and carbon nanotubes [1]. Using an ab initio atomistic Green's function approach, we demonstrate that localization cannot be observed in the thermal conductivity measurements [1], and that diffusive scattering is the dominant mechanism which reduces the thermal conductivity [2]. We also give concrete predictions of the magnitude of the isotope effect on the thermal conductivities of carbon and boron nitride single-walled nanotubes [2]. We furthermore show that intershell scattering is not the main limiting mechanism for the heat flow through multi-walled boron nitride nanotubes [1], and that heat conduction restricted to a few shells leads to the low thermal conductivities experimentally measured [1]. We consequently successfully compare the results of our calculations [3] with the experimental measurements [1]. [1] C. W. Chang, A. M. Fennimore, A. Afanasiev, D. Okawa, T. Ikuno, H. Garcia, D. Li, A. Majumdar, A. Zettl, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 97, 085901. [2] I. Savic, N. Mingo, D. A. Stewart, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 101, 165502. [3] I. Savic, D. A. Stewart, N. Mingo, to be published.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SEMICONDUCTOR INJECTION LASERS SELCO-87: Transient heat conduction in laser diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Enders, P.; Galley, J.

1988-11-01

The dynamics of heat transfer in stripe GaAlAs laser diodes is investigated by solving the linear diffusion equation for a quasitwo-dimensional multilayer structure. The calculations are rationalized drastically by the transfer matrix method and also using for the first time the asymptotes of the decay constants. Special attention is given to the convergence of the Fourier series. A comparison with experimental results reveals however that this is essentially the Stefan problem (with moving boundary conditions).

Thermophysical properties of LiCoO₂-LiMn₂O₄ blended electrode materials for Li-ion batteries.

PubMed

Gotcu, Petronela; Seifert, Hans J

2016-04-21

Thermophysical properties of two cathode types for lithium-ion batteries were measured by dependence on temperature. The cathode materials are commercial composite thick films containing LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4 blended active materials, mixed with additives (binder and carbon black) deposited on aluminium current collector foils. The thermal diffusivities of the cathode samples were measured by laser flash analysis up to 673 K. The specific heat data was determined based on measured composite specific heat, aluminium specific heat data and their corresponding measured mass fractions. The composite specific heat data was measured using two differential scanning calorimeters over the temperature range from 298 to 573 K. For a comprehensive understanding of the blended composite thermal behaviour, measurements of the heat capacity of an additional LiMn2O4 sample were performed, and are the first experimental data up to 700 K. Thermal conductivity of each cathode type and their corresponding blended composite layers were estimated from the measured thermal diffusivity, the specific heat capacity and the estimated density based on metallographic methods and structural investigations. Such data are highly relevant for simulation studies of thermal management and thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries, in which the bulk properties are assumed, as a common approach, to be temperature independent.

Heat sink effects on weld bead: VPPA process

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steranka, Paul O., Jr.

1990-01-01

An investigation into the heat sink effects due to weldment irregularities and fixtures used in the variable polarity plasma arc (VPPA) process was conducted. A basic two-dimensional model was created to represent the net heat sink effect of surplus material using Duhamel's theorem to superpose the effects of an infinite number of line heat sinks of variable strength. Parameters were identified that influence the importance of heat sink effects. A characteristic length, proportional to the thermal diffusivity of the weldment material divided by the weld torch travel rate, correlated with heat sinking observations. Four tests were performed on 2219-T87 aluminum plates to which blocks of excess material were mounted in order to demonstrate heat sink effects. Although the basic model overpredicted these effects, it correctly indicated the trends shown in the experimental study and is judged worth further refinement.

Heat sink effects on weld bead: VPPA process

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steranka, Paul O., Jr.

1989-01-01

An investigation into the heat sink effects due to weldment irregularities and fixtures used in the variable polarity plasma arc (VPPA) process was conducted. A basic two-dimensional model was created to represent the net heat sink effect of surplus material using Duhamel's theorem to superpose the effects of an infinite number of line heat sinks of variable strength. Parameters were identified that influence the importance of heat sink effects. A characteristic length, proportional to the thermal diffusivity of the weldment material divided by the weld torch travel rate, correlated with heat sinking observations. Four tests were performed on 2219-T87 aluminum plates to which blocks of excess material were mounted in order to demonstrate heat sink effects. Although the basic model overpredicted these effects, it correctly indicated the trends shown in the experimental study and is judged worth further refinement.

Development of graphite foam infiltrated with MgCl 2 for a latent heat based thermal energy storage (LHTES) system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Singh, Dileep; Kim, Taeil; Zhao, Weihuan

Thermal energy storage (TES) systems that are compatible with high temperature power cycles for concentrating solar power (CSP) require high temperature media for transporting and storing thermal energy. To that end, TES systems have been proposed based on the latent heat of fusion of the phase change materials (PCMs). However, PCMs have relatively low thermal conductivities. In this paper, use of high-thermal-conductivity graphite foam infiltrated with a PCM (MgCl2) has been investigated as a potential TES system. Graphite foams with two porosities were infiltrated with MgCl2. The infiltrated composites were evaluated for density, heat of fusion, melting/freezing temperatures, and thermalmore » diffusivities. Estimated thermal conductivities of MgCl2/graphite foam composites were significantly higher than those of MgCl2 alone over the measured temperature range. Furthermore, heat of fusion, melting/freezing temperatures, and densities showed comparable values to those of pure MgCl2. Results of this study indicate that MgCl2/graphite foam composites show promise as storage media for a latent heat thermal energy storage system for CSP applications.« less

Diffusion of phonons through (along and across) the ultrathin crystalline films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Šetrajčić, J. P.; Jaćimovski, S. K.; Vučenović, S. M.

2017-11-01

Instead of usual approach, applying displacement-displacement Green's functions, the momentum-momentum Green's functions will be used to calculate the diffusion tensor. With this type of Green's function we have calculated and analyzed dispersion law in film-structures. A small number of phonon energy levels along the direction of boundary surfaces joint of the film are discrete-ones and in this case standing waves could occur. This is consequence of quantum size effects. These Green's functions enter into Kubo's formula defining diffusion properties of the system and possible heat transfer direction through observed structures. Calculation of the diffusion tensor for phonons in film-structure requires solving of the system of difference equations. Boundary conditions are included into mentioned system through the Hamiltonian of the film-structure. It has been shown that the diagonal elements of the diffusion tensor express discrete behavior of the dispersion law of elementary excitations. More important result is-that they are temperature independent and that their values are much higher comparing with bulk structures. This result favors better heat conduction of the film, but in direction which is perpendicular to boundary film surface. In the same time this significantly favors appearance 2D superconducting surfaces inside the ultra-thin crystal structure, which are parallel to the boundary surface.

Heat transfer, diffusion, and evaporation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nusselt, Wilhelm

1954-01-01

Although it has long been known that the differential equations of the heat-transfer and diffusion processes are identical, application to technical problems has only recently been made. In 1916 it was shown that the speed of oxidation of the carbon in iron ore depends upon the speed with which the oxygen of the combustion air diffuses through the core of gas surrounding the carbon surface. The identity previously referred to was then used to calculate the amount of oxygen diffusing to the carbon surface on the basis of the heat transfer between the gas stream and the carbon surface. Then in 1921, H. Thoma reversed that procedure; he used diffusion experiments to determine heat-transfer coefficients. Recently Lohrisch has extended this work by experiment. A technically very important application of the identity of heat transfer and diffusion is that of the cooling tower, since in this case both processes occur simultaneously.

Experimental and theoretical analysis of nanofluids based on high temperature-heat transfer fluid with enhanced thermal properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Navas, Javier; Sánchez-Coronilla, Antonio; Martín, Elisa I.; Gómez-Villarejo, Roberto; Teruel, Miriam; Gallardo, Juan Jesús; Aguilar, Teresa; Alcántara, Rodrigo; Fernández-Lorenzo, Concha; Martín-Calleja, Joaquín

2017-04-01

In this work, nanofluids were prepared using commercial Cu nanoparticles and a commercial high temperature-heat transfer Fluid (eutectic mixture of diphenyl oxide and biphenyl) as the base fluid, which is used in concentrating solar power (CSP) plants. Different properties such as density, viscosity, heat capacity and thermal conductivity were characterized. Nanofluids showed enhanced heat transfer efficiency. In detail, the incorporation of Cu nanoparticles led to an increase of the heat capacity up to 14%. Also, thermal conductivity was increased up to 13%. Finally, the performance of the nanofluids prepared increased up to 11% according to the Dittus-Boelter correlation. On the other hand, equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation was used to model the experimental nanofluid system studied. Thermodynamic properties such as heat capacity and thermal conductivity were calculated and the results were compared with experimental data. The analysis of the radial function distributions (RDFs) and the inspection of the spatial distribution functions (SDFs) indicate the important role that plays the metal-oxygen interaction in the system. Dynamic properties such as the diffusion coefficients of base fluid and nanofluid were computed according to Einstein relation by computing the mean square displacement (MSD). Supplementary online material is available in electronic form at http://www.epjap.org

The Lattice and Thermal Radiation Conductivity of Thermal Barrier Coatings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zhu, Dongming; Spuckler, Charles M.

2008-01-01

The lattice and radiation conductivity of thermal barrier coatings was evaluated using a laser heat flux approach. A diffusion model has been established to correlate the apparent thermal conductivity of the coating to the lattice and radiation conductivity. The radiation conductivity component can be expressed as a function of temperature and the scattering and absorption properties of the coating material. High temperature scattering and absorption of the coating systems can also be derived based on the testing results using the modeling approach. The model prediction is found to have good agreement with experimental observations.

Nanoscale Graphene Disk: A Natural Functionally Graded Material–How is Fourier’s Law Violated along Radius Direction of 2D Disk

PubMed Central

Yang, Nuo; Hu, Shiqian; Ma, Dengke; Lu, Tingyu; Li, Baowen

2015-01-01

In this Paper, we investigate numerically and analytically the thermal conductivity of nanoscale graphene disks (NGDs), and discussed the possibility to realize functionally graded material (FGM) with only one material, NGDs. Different from previous studies on divergence/non-diffusive of thermal conductivity in nano-structures with different size, we found a novel non-homogeneous (graded) thermal conductivity along the radius direction in a single nano-disk structure. We found that, instead of a constant value, the NGD has a graded thermal conductivity along the radius direction. That is, Fourier’s law of heat conduction is not valid in two dimensional graphene disk structures Moreover, we show the dependent of NGDs’ thermal conductivity on radius and temperature. Our study might inspire experimentalists to develop NGD based versatile FGMs, improve understanding of the heat removal of hot spots on chips, and enhance thermoelectric energy conversion efficiency by two dimensional disk with a graded thermal conductivity. PMID:26443206

Nanoscale Graphene Disk: A Natural Functionally Graded Material-How is Fourier's Law Violated along Radius Direction of 2D Disk.

PubMed

Yang, Nuo; Hu, Shiqian; Ma, Dengke; Lu, Tingyu; Li, Baowen

2015-10-07

In this Paper, we investigate numerically and analytically the thermal conductivity of nanoscale graphene disks (NGDs), and discussed the possibility to realize functionally graded material (FGM) with only one material, NGDs. Different from previous studies on divergence/non-diffusive of thermal conductivity in nano-structures with different size, we found a novel non-homogeneous (graded) thermal conductivity along the radius direction in a single nano-disk structure. We found that, instead of a constant value, the NGD has a graded thermal conductivity along the radius direction. That is, Fourier's law of heat conduction is not valid in two dimensional graphene disk structures Moreover, we show the dependent of NGDs' thermal conductivity on radius and temperature. Our study might inspire experimentalists to develop NGD based versatile FGMs, improve understanding of the heat removal of hot spots on chips, and enhance thermoelectric energy conversion efficiency by two dimensional disk with a graded thermal conductivity.

Thermally ruggedized ITO transparent electrode films for high power optoelectronics

DOE PAGES

Yoo, Jae-Hyuck; Matthews, Manyalibo; Ramsey, Phil; ...

2017-10-06

Here, we present two strategies to minimize laser damage in transparent conductive films. The first consists of improving heat dissipation by selection of substrates with high thermal diffusivity or by addition of capping layer heatsinks. The second is reduction of bulk energy absorption by lowering free carrier density and increasing mobility, while maintaining film conductance with thicker films. Multi-pulse laser damage tests were performed on tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) films configured to improve optical lifetime damage performance. Conditions where improvements were not observed are also described. Finally, when bulk heating is not the dominant damage process, discrete defect-induced damage limitsmore » damage behavior.« less

Characterization of the mechanical and physical properties of TD-NiCr (Ni-20Cr-2ThO2) alloy sheet

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fritz, L. J.; Koster, W. P.; Taylor, R. E.

1973-01-01

Sheets of TD-NiCr processed using techniques developed to produce uniform material were tested to supply mechanical and physical property data. Two heats each of 0.025 and 0.051 cm thick sheet were tested. Mechanical properties evaluated included tensile, modulus of elasticity, Poisson's Ratio, compression, creep-rupture, creep strength, bearing strength, shear strength, sharp notch and fatigue strength. Test temperatures covered the range from ambient to 1589K. Physical properties were also studied as a function of temperature. The physical properties measured were thermal conductivity, linear thermal expansion, specific heat, total hemispherical emittance, thermal diffusivity, and electrical conductivity.

Continuous Diffusion Flames and Flame Streets in Micro-Channels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohan, Shikhar; Matalon, Moshe

2015-11-01

Experiments of non-premixed combustion in micro-channels have shown different modes of burning. Normally, a flame is established along, or near the axis of a channel that spreads the entire mixing layer and separates a region of fuel but no oxidizer from a region with only oxidizer. Often, however, a periodic sequence of extinction and reignition events, termed collectively as ``flame streets'', are observed. They constitute a series of diffusion flames, each with a tribrachial leading edge stabilized along the channel. This work focuses on understanding the underlying mechanism responsible for these distinct observations. Numerical simulations were conducted in the thermo-diffusive limit in order to study the effects of confinement and heat loss on non-premixed flames in three-dimensional micro-channels with low aspect ratios. The three dimensionality of the channel was captured qualitatively through a systematic asymptotic analysis that led to a two dimensional problem with an effective parameter representing heat losses in the vertical direction. There exist three key flame regimes: (1) a stable continuous diffusion flame, (2) an unsteady flame, and (3) a stable ``flame street'' the transition between regimes demarcated primarily by Reynolds and Nusselt numbers.

Diffusion bonding of IN 718 to VM 350 grade maraging steel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Crosby, S. R.; Biederman, R. R.; Reynolds, C. C.

1972-01-01

Diffusion bonding studies have been conducted on IN 718, VM 350 and the dissimilar alloy couple, IN 718 to maraging steel. The experimental processing parameters critical to obtaining consistently good diffusion bonds between IN 718 and VM 350 were determined. Interrelationships between temperature, pressure and surface preparation were explored for short bending intervals under vacuum conditions. Successful joining was achieved for a range of bonding cycle temperatures, pressures and surface preparations. The strength of the weaker parent material was used as a criterion for a successful tensile test of the heat treated bond. Studies of VM-350/VM-350 couples in the as-bonded condition showed a greater yielding and failure outside the bond region.

METHOD OF FABRICATING A GRAPHITE MODERATED REACTOR

DOEpatents

Kratz, H.R.

1963-05-01

S>A nuclear reactor formed of spaced bodies of uranium and graphite blocks is improved by diffusing helium through the graphite blocks in order to replace the air in the pores of the graphite with helium. The helium-impregnated graphite conducts heat better, and absorbs neutrons less, than the original air- impregnated graphite. (AEC)

Thermophysical properties of enzyme clarified Lime (Citrus aurantifolia L) juice at different moisture contents.

PubMed

Manjunatha, S S; Raju, P S; Bawa, A S

2014-11-01

Thermophysical properties of enzyme clarified lime (Citrus aurantifolia L.) juice were evaluated at different moisture contents ranging from 30.37 % to 89.30 % (wet basis) corresponding to a water activity range of 0.835 to 0.979. The thermophysical properties evaluated were density, Newtonian viscosity, thermal conductivity, specific heat and thermal diffusivity. The investigation showed that density and Newtonian viscosity of enzyme clarified lime juice decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with increase in moisture content and water activity, whereas thermal conductivity and specific heat increased significantly (p < 0.05) with increase in moisture content and water activity and the thermal diffusivity increased marginally. Empirical mathematical models were established relating to thermophysical properties of enzyme clarified lime juice with moisture content/water activity employing regression analysis by the method of least square approximation. Results indicated the existence of strong correlation between thermophysical properties and moisture content/water activity of enzyme clarified lime juice, a significant (p < 0.0001) negative correlation between physical and thermal properties was observed.

Alleviating bias leads to accurate and personalized recommendation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qiu, Tian; Wang, Tian-Tian; Zhang, Zi-Ke; Zhong, Li-Xin; Chen, Guang

2013-11-01

Recommendation bias towards objects has been found to have an impact on personalized recommendation, since objects present heterogeneous characteristics in some network-based recommender systems. In this article, based on a biased heat conduction recommendation algorithm (BHC) which considers the heterogeneity of the target objects, we propose a heterogeneous heat conduction algorithm (HHC), by further taking the heterogeneity of the source objects into account. Tested on three real datasets, the Netflix, RYM and MovieLens, the HHC algorithm is found to present better recommendation in both the accuracy and diversity than two benchmark algorithms, i.e., the original BHC and a hybrid algorithm of heat conduction and mass diffusion (HHM), while not requiring any other accessorial information or parameter. Moreover, the HHC algorithm also elevates the recommendation accuracy on cold objects, referring to the so-called cold-start problem. Eigenvalue analyses show that, the HHC algorithm effectively alleviates the recommendation bias towards objects with different level of popularity, which is beneficial to solving the accuracy-diversity dilemma.

Ballistic phonon transport in holey silicon.

PubMed

Lee, Jaeho; Lim, Jongwoo; Yang, Peidong

2015-05-13

When the size of semiconductors is smaller than the phonon mean free path, phonons can carry heat with no internal scattering. Ballistic phonon transport has received attention for both theoretical and practical aspects because Fourier's law of heat conduction breaks down and the heat dissipation in nanoscale transistors becomes unpredictable in the ballistic regime. While recent experiments demonstrate room-temperature evidence of ballistic phonon transport in various nanomaterials, the thermal conductivity data for silicon in the length scale of 10-100 nm is still not available due to experimental challenges. Here we show ballistic phonon transport prevails in the cross-plane direction of holey silicon from 35 to 200 nm. The thermal conductivity scales linearly with the length (thickness) even though the lateral dimension (neck) is as narrow as 20 nm. We assess the impact of long-wavelength phonons and predict a transition from ballistic to diffusive regime using scaling models. Our results support strong persistence of long-wavelength phonons in nanostructures and are useful for controlling phonon transport for thermoelectrics and potential phononic applications.

A time-dependent model to determine the thermal conductivity of a nanofluid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Myers, T. G.; MacDevette, M. M.; Ribera, H.

2013-07-01

In this paper, we analyse the time-dependent heat equations over a finite domain to determine expressions for the thermal diffusivity and conductivity of a nanofluid (where a nanofluid is a fluid containing nanoparticles with average size below 100 nm). Due to the complexity of the standard mathematical analysis of this problem, we employ a well-known approximate solution technique known as the heat balance integral method. This allows us to derive simple analytical expressions for the thermal properties, which appear to depend primarily on the volume fraction and liquid properties. The model is shown to compare well with experimental data taken from the literature even up to relatively high concentrations and predicts significantly higher values than the Maxwell model for volume fractions approximately >1 %. The results suggest that the difficulty in reproducing the high values of conductivity observed experimentally may stem from the use of a static heat flow model applied over an infinite domain rather than applying a dynamic model over a finite domain.

Heat Fluxes and Evaporation Measurements by Multi-Function Heat Pulse Probe: a Laboratory Experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharma, V.; Ciocca, F.; Hopmans, J. W.; Kamai, T.; Lunati, I.; Parlange, M. B.

2012-04-01

Multi Functional Heat Pulse Probes (MFHPP) are multi-needles probes developed in the last years able to measure temperature, thermal properties such as thermal diffusivity and volumetric heat capacity, from which soil moisture is directly retrieved, and electric conductivity (through a Wenner array). They allow the simultaneous measurement of coupled heat, water and solute transport in porous media, then. The use of only one instrument to estimate different quantities in the same volume and almost at the same time significantly reduces the need to interpolate different measurement types in space and time, increasing the ability to study the interdependencies characterizing the coupled transports, especially of water and heat, and water and solute. A three steps laboratory experiment is realized at EPFL to investigate the effectiveness and reliability of the MFHPP responses in a loamy soil from Conthey, Switzerland. In the first step specific calibration curves of volumetric heat capacity and thermal conductivity as function of known volumetric water content are obtained placing the MFHPP in small samplers filled with the soil homogeneously packed at different saturation degrees. The results are compared with literature values. In the second stage the ability of the MFHPP to measure heat fluxes is tested within a homemade thermally insulated calibration box and results are matched with those by two self-calibrating Heatflux plates (from Huxseflux), placed in the same box. In the last step the MFHPP are used to estimate the cumulative subsurface evaporation inside a small column (30 centimeters height per 8 centimeters inner diameter), placed on a scale, filled with the same loamy soil (homogeneously packed and then saturated) and equipped with a vertical array of four MFHPP inserted close to the surface. The subsurface evaporation is calculated from the difference between the net sensible heat and the net heat storage in the volume scanned by the probes, and the values obtained are matched with the overall evaporation, estimated through the scale in terms of weight loss. A numerical model able to solve the coupled heat-moisture diffusive equations is used to interpolate the obtained measures in the second and third step.

Thermophysical properties of lunar media. II - Heat transfer within the lunar surface layer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cremers, C. J.

1974-01-01

Heat transfer within the lunar surface layer depends on several thermophysical properties of the lunar regolith, including the thermal conductivity, the specific heat, the thermal diffusivity, and the thermal parameter. Results of property measurements on simulated lunar materials are presented where appropriate as well as measurements made on the actual samples themselves. The variation of temperature on the moon with depth is considered, taking into account various times of the lunar day. The daily variation in temperature drops to about 1 deg at a depth of only 0.172 meters. The steady temperature on the moon below this depth is 225 K.

Tidal waves within the thermosphere. [emphasizing wave dissipation and diffusion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Volland, H.; Mayr, H. G.

1974-01-01

The eigenfunctions of the atmosphere (the Hough functions within the lower atmosphere below about 100 km) change their structure and their propagation characteristics within the thermosphere due to dissipation effects such as heat conduction, viscosity, and ion drag. Wave dissipation can be parameterized to a first-order approximation by a complex frequency, the imaginary term of which simulates an effective ion drag force. It is shown how the equivalent depth, the attenuation, and the vertical wavelength of the predominant symmetric diurnal tidal modes change with height as functions of effective ion drag. The boundary conditions of tidal waves are discussed, and asymptotic solutions for the wave parameters like pressure, density, temperature, and wind generated by a heat input proportional to the mean pressure are given. Finally, diffusion effects upon the minor constituents within the thermosphere are described.

Interrogating the Effects of Radiation Damage Annealing on Helium Diffusion Kinetics in Apatite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Willett, C. D.; Fox, M.; Shuster, D. L.

2015-12-01

Apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronology is commonly used to study landscape evolution and potential links between climate, erosion and tectonics. The technique relies on a quantitative understanding of (i) helium diffusion kinetics in apatite, (ii) an evolving 4He concentration, (iii) accumulating damage to the crystal lattice caused by radioactive decay[1], and (iv) the thermal annealing of such damage[2],[3], which are each functions of both time and temperature. Uncertainty in existing models of helium diffusion kinetics has resulted in conflicting conclusions, especially in settings involving burial heating through geologic time. The effects of alpha recoil damage annealing are currently assumed to follow the kinetics of fission track annealing (e.g., reference [3]), although this assumption is difficult to fully validate. Here, we present results of modeling exercises and a suite of experiments designed to interrogate the effects of damage annealing on He diffusivity in apatite that are independent of empirical calibrations of fission track annealing. We use the existing experimental results for Durango apatite[2] to develop and calibrate a new function that predicts the effects of annealing temperature and duration on measured diffusivity. We also present a suite of experiments conducted on apatite from Sierra Nevada, CA granite to establish whether apatites with different chemical compositions have the same behavior as Durango apatite. Crystals were heated under vacuum to temperatures between 250 and 500°C for 1, 10, or 100 hours. The samples were then irradiated with ~220 MeV protons to produce spallogenic 3He, the diffusant then used in step-heating diffusion experiments. We compare the results of these experiments and model calibrations to existing models. Citations: [1]Shuster, D., Flowers R., and Farley K., (2006), EPSL 249(3-4), 148-161; [2]Shuster, D. and Farley, K., (2009), GCA 73 (1), 6183-6196; [3]Flowers, R., Ketcham, R., Shuster, D. and Farley, K., (2009), GCA 73, 2347-2365.

Evaluation of New Thermally Conductive Geopolymer in Thermal Energy Storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Černý, Matěj; Uhlík, Jan; Nosek, Jaroslav; Lachman, Vladimír; Hladký, Radim; Franěk, Jan; Brož, Milan

This paper describes an evaluation of a newly developed thermally conductive geopolymer (TCG), consisting of a mixture of sodium silicate and carbon micro-particles. The TCG is intended to be used as a component of high temperature energy storage (HTTES) to improve its thermal diffusivity. Energy storage is crucial for both ecological and economical sustainability. HTTES plays a vital role in solar energy technologies and in waste heat recovery. The most advanced HTTES technologies are based on phase change materials or molten salts, but suffer with economic and technological limitations. Rock or concrete HTTES are cheaper, but they have low thermal conductivity without incorporation of TCG. It was observed that TCG is stable up to 400 °C. The thermal conductivity was measured in range of 20-23 W m-1 K-1. The effect of TCG was tested by heating a granite block with an artificial fissure. One half of the fissure was filled with TCG and the other with ballotini. 28 thermometers, 5 dilatometers and strain sensors were installed on the block. The heat transport experiment was evaluated with COMSOL Multiphysics software.

Evolution of Edge Pedestal Profiles Over the L-H Transition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sayer, M. S.; Stacey, W. M.; Floyd, J. P.; Groebner, R. J.

2012-10-01

The detailed time evolution of thermal diffusivities, electromagnetic forces, pressure gradients, particle pinch and momentum transport frequencies (which determine the diffusion coefficient) have been analyzed during the L-H transition in a DIII-D discharge. Density, temperature, rotation velocity and electric field profiles at times just before and after the L-H transition are analyzed in terms of these quantities. The analysis is based on the fluid particle balance, energy balance, force balance and heat conduction equations, as in Ref. [1], but with much greater time resolution and with account for thermal ion orbit loss. The variation of diffusive and non-diffusive transport over the L-H transition is determined from the variation in the radial force balance (radial electric field, VxB force, and pressure gradient) and the variation in the interpreted diffusive transport coefficients. 6pt [1] W.M. Stacey and R.J. Groebner, Phys. Plasmas 17, 112512 (2010).

Magnetogasdynamic spherical shock wave in a non-ideal gas under gravitational field with conductive and radiative heat fluxes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nath, G.; Vishwakarma, J. P.

2016-11-01

Similarity solutions are obtained for the flow behind a spherical shock wave in a non-ideal gas under gravitational field with conductive and radiative heat fluxes, in the presence of a spatially decreasing azimuthal magnetic field. The shock wave is driven by a piston moving with time according to power law. The radiation is considered to be of the diffusion type for an optically thick grey gas model and the heat conduction is expressed in terms of Fourier's law for heat conduction. Similarity solutions exist only when the surrounding medium is of constant density. The gas is assumed to have infinite electrical conductivity and to obey a simplified van der Waals equation of state. It is shown that an increase of the gravitational parameter or the Alfven-Mach number or the parameter of the non-idealness of the gas decreases the compressibility of the gas in the flow-field behind the shock, and hence there is a decrease in the shock strength. The pressure and density vanish at the inner surface (piston) and hence a vacuum is formed at the center of symmetry. The shock waves in conducting non-ideal gas under gravitational field with conductive and radiative heat fluxes can be important for description of shocks in supernova explosions, in the study of a flare produced shock in the solar wind, central part of star burst galaxies, nuclear explosion etc. The solutions obtained can be used to interpret measurements carried out by space craft in the solar wind and in neighborhood of the Earth's magnetosphere.

Cool Flame Quenching

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pearlman, Howard; Chapek, Richard

2001-01-01

Cool flame quenching distances are generally presumed to be larger than those associated with hot flames, because the quenching distance scales with the inverse of the flame propagation speed, and cool flame propagation speeds are often times slower than those associated with hot flames. To date, this presumption has never been put to a rigorous test, because unstirred, non-isothermal cool flame studies on Earth are complicated by natural convection. Moreover, the critical Peclet number (Pe) for quenching of cool flames has never been established and may not be the same as that associated with wall quenching due to conduction heat loss in hot flames, Pe approx. = 40-60. The objectives of this ground-based study are to: (1) better understand the role of conduction heat loss and species diffusion on cool flame quenching (i.e., Lewis number effects), (2) determine cool flame quenching distances (i.e, critical Peclet number, Pe) for different experimental parameters and vessel surface pretreatments, and (3) understand the mechanisms that govern the quenching distances in premixtures that support cool flames as well as hot flames induced by spark-ignition. Objective (3) poses a unique fire safety hazard if conditions exist where cool flame quenching distances are smaller than those associated with hot flames. For example, a significant, yet unexplored risk, can occur if a multi-stage ignition (a cool flame that transitions to a hot flame) occurs in a vessel size that is smaller than that associated with the hot quenching distance. To accomplish the above objectives, a variety of hydrocarbon-air mixtures will be tested in a static reactor at elevated temperature in the laboratory (1g). In addition, reactions with chemical induction times that are sufficiently short will be tested aboard NASA's KC-135 microgravity (mu-g) aircraft. The mu-g results will be compared to a numerical model that includes species diffusion, heat conduction, and a skeletal kinetic mechanism, following the work on diffusion-controlled cool flames by Fairlie et,al., 2000.

Non-idealities in the 3ω method for thermal characterization in the low- and high-frequency regimes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jaber, Wassim; Chapuis, Pierre-Olivier

2018-04-01

This work is devoted to analytical and numerical studies of diffusive heat conduction in configurations considered in 3ω experiments, which aim at measuring thermal conductivity of materials. The widespread 2D analytical model considers infinite media and translational invariance, a situation which cannot be met in practice in numerous cases due to the constraints in low-dimensional materials and systems. We investigate how thermal boundary resistance between heating wire and sample, native oxide and heating wire shape affect the temperature fields. 3D finite element modelling is also performed to account for the effect of the bonding pads and the 3D heat spreading down to a typical package. Emphasis is given on the low-frequency regime, which is less known than the so-called slope regime. These results will serve as guides for the design of ideal experiments where the 2D model can be applied and for the analyses of non-ideal ones.

Lattice Boltzmann formulation for conjugate heat transfer in heterogeneous media.

PubMed

Karani, Hamid; Huber, Christian

2015-02-01

In this paper, we propose an approach for studying conjugate heat transfer using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The approach is based on reformulating the lattice Boltzmann equation for solving the conservative form of the energy equation. This leads to the appearance of a source term, which introduces the jump conditions at the interface between two phases or components with different thermal properties. The proposed source term formulation conserves conductive and advective heat flux simultaneously, which makes it suitable for modeling conjugate heat transfer in general multiphase or multicomponent systems. The simple implementation of the source term approach avoids any correction of distribution functions neighboring the interface and provides an algorithm that is independent from the topology of the interface. Moreover, our approach is independent of the choice of lattice discretization and can be easily applied to different advection-diffusion LBM solvers. The model is tested against several benchmark problems including steady-state convection-diffusion within two fluid layers with parallel and normal interfaces with respect to the flow direction, unsteady conduction in a three-layer stratified domain, and steady conduction in a two-layer annulus. The LBM results are in excellent agreement with analytical solution. Error analysis shows that our model is first-order accurate in space, but an extension to a second-order scheme is straightforward. We apply our LBM model to heat transfer in a two-component heterogeneous medium with a random microstructure. This example highlights that the method we propose is independent of the topology of interfaces between the different phases and, as such, is ideally suited for complex natural heterogeneous media. We further validate the present LBM formulation with a study of natural convection in a porous enclosure. The results confirm the reliability of the model in simulating complex coupled fluid and thermal dynamics in complex geometries.

Integration of experimental and computational methods for identifying geometric, thermal and diffusive properties of biomaterials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weres, Jerzy; Kujawa, Sebastian; Olek, Wiesław; Czajkowski, Łukasz

2016-04-01

Knowledge of physical properties of biomaterials is important in understanding and designing agri-food and wood processing industries. In the study presented in this paper computational methods were developed and combined with experiments to enhance identification of agri-food and forest product properties, and to predict heat and water transport in such products. They were based on the finite element model of heat and water transport and supplemented with experimental data. Algorithms were proposed for image processing, geometry meshing, and inverse/direct finite element modelling. The resulting software system was composed of integrated subsystems for 3D geometry data acquisition and mesh generation, for 3D geometry modelling and visualization, and for inverse/direct problem computations for the heat and water transport processes. Auxiliary packages were developed to assess performance, accuracy and unification of data access. The software was validated by identifying selected properties and using the estimated values to predict the examined processes, and then comparing predictions to experimental data. The geometry, thermal conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of water diffusion, equilibrium water content and convective heat and water transfer coefficients in the boundary layer were analysed. The estimated values, used as an input for simulation of the examined processes, enabled reduction in the uncertainty associated with predictions.

Unified implicit kinetic scheme for steady multiscale heat transfer based on the phonon Boltzmann transport equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Chuang; Guo, Zhaoli; Chen, Songze

2017-12-01

An implicit kinetic scheme is proposed to solve the stationary phonon Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) for multiscale heat transfer problem. Compared to the conventional discrete ordinate method, the present method employs a macroscopic equation to accelerate the convergence in the diffusive regime. The macroscopic equation can be taken as a moment equation for phonon BTE. The heat flux in the macroscopic equation is evaluated from the nonequilibrium distribution function in the BTE, while the equilibrium state in BTE is determined by the macroscopic equation. These two processes exchange information from different scales, such that the method is applicable to the problems with a wide range of Knudsen numbers. Implicit discretization is implemented to solve both the macroscopic equation and the BTE. In addition, a memory reduction technique, which is originally developed for the stationary kinetic equation, is also extended to phonon BTE. Numerical comparisons show that the present scheme can predict reasonable results both in ballistic and diffusive regimes with high efficiency, while the memory requirement is on the same order as solving the Fourier law of heat conduction. The excellent agreement with benchmark and the rapid converging history prove that the proposed macro-micro coupling is a feasible solution to multiscale heat transfer problems.

Flow of chemically reactive magneto Cross nanoliquid with temperature-dependent conductivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hayat, Tasawar; Ullah, Ikram; Waqas, Muhammad; Alsaedi, Ahmed

2018-05-01

Influence of temperature-dependent thermal conductivity on MHD flow of Cross nanoliquid bounded by a stretched sheet is explored. The combined feature of Brownian motion and thermophoresis in nanoliquid modeling is retained. In addition, the attributes of zero mass flux at sheet are imposed. First-order chemical reaction is retained. The resulting problems are numerically computed. Plots and tabulated values are presented and examined. It is figured out that larger thermophoretic diffusion and thermal conductivity significantly rise the thermal field, whereas opposite situation is seen for heat transfer rate.

Geochemistry of Dissolved Gases in the Hypersaline Orca Basin.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-12-01

brine (",250%/o) is internally well mixed due to convective overturning, but transfer across the brine-sea water interface is controlled by- molecular ...diffusion. With a molecular diffusivity of l0-cm . sec- , it will take 10 years for all salts to diffuse fro’i-te-basin. Heat diffuses faster than salt...trolled by molecular diffusion. With a molecular diffusivity of 10 cm sec , it will take 10 years for all salts to diffuse from the basin. Heat diffuses

Review of Recent Developments on Using an Off-Lattice Monte Carlo Approach to Predict the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Composite Systems with Complex Structures

PubMed Central

Gong, Feng; Duong, Hai M.; Papavassiliou, Dimitrios V.

2016-01-01

Here, we present a review of recent developments for an off-lattice Monte Carlo approach used to investigate the thermal transport properties of multiphase composites with complex structure. The thermal energy was quantified by a large number of randomly moving thermal walkers. Different modes of heat conduction were modeled in appropriate ways. The diffusive heat conduction in the polymer matrix was modeled with random Brownian motion of thermal walkers within the polymer, and the ballistic heat transfer within the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was modeled by assigning infinite speed of thermal walkers in the CNTs. Three case studies were conducted to validate the developed approach, including three-phase single-walled CNTs/tungsten disulfide (WS2)/(poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) composites, single-walled CNT/WS2/PEEK composites with the CNTs clustered in bundles, and complex graphene/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composites. In all cases, resistance to heat transfer due to nanoscale phenomena was also modeled. By quantitatively studying the influencing factors on the thermal transport properties of the multiphase composites, it was found that the orientation, aggregation and morphology of fillers, as well as the interfacial thermal resistance at filler-matrix interfaces would limit the transfer of heat in the composites. These quantitative findings may be applied in the design and synthesis of multiphase composites with specific thermal transport properties. PMID:28335270

Measurement of Heat Transfer in Unbonded Silica Fibrous Insulation and Comparison with Theory

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Daryabeigi, Kamran; Knutson, Jeffrey R.; Cunnington, George R.

2007-01-01

Effective thermal conductivity of a high porosity unbonded silica fibrous insulation specimen was measured over a pressure range of 0.001 to 750 torr (0.1 to 101.3 x 10(exp 3) Pa), and with large temperature gradients maintained across the sample thickness: hot side temperature range of 360 to 1360 K, with the cold side at room temperature. The measurements were compared with the theoretical solution of combined radiation/conduction heat transfer. The previously developed radiation heat transfer model used in this study is based on a modified diffusion approximation, and uses deterministic parameters that define the composition and morphology of the medium: distributions of fiber size and orientation, fiber volume fractions, and the spectral complex refractive index of the fibers. The close agreement between experimental and theoretical data further verifies the theoretical model over a wide range of temperatures and pressures.

Laser irradiation of carbon nanotube films: Effects and heat dissipation probed by Raman spectroscopy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mialichi, J. R.; Brasil, M. J. S. P.; Iikawa, F.

We investigate the thermal properties of thin films formed by single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes submitted to laser irradiation using Raman scattering as a probe of both the tube morphology and the local temperature. The nanotubes were submitted to heating/cooling cycles attaining high laser intensities ({approx}1.4 MW/cm{sup 2}) under vacuum and in the presence of an atmosphere, with and without oxygen. We investigate the heat diffusion of the irradiated nanotubes to their surroundings and the effect of laser annealing on their properties. The presence of oxygen during laser irradiation gives rise to an irreversible increase of the Raman efficiency ofmore » the carbon nanotubes and to a remarkable increase of the thermal conductivity of multi-walled films. The second effect can be applied to design thermal conductive channels in devices based on carbon nanotube films using laser beams.« less

Orbit transfer rocket engine technology program: Oxygen materials compatibility testing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schoenman, Leonard

1989-01-01

Particle impact and frictional heating tests of metals in high pressure oxygen, are conducted in support of the design of an advanced rocket engine oxygen turbopump. Materials having a wide range of thermodynamic properties including heat of combustion and thermal diffusivity were compared in their resistance to ignition and sustained burning. Copper, nickel and their alloys were found superior to iron based and stainless steel alloys. Some materials became more difficult to ignite as oxygen pressure was increased from 7 to 21 MPa (1000 to 3000 psia).

Bonding Diamond To Metal In Electronic Circuits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jacquez, Andrew E.

1993-01-01

Improved technique for bonding diamond to metal evolved from older technique of soldering or brazing and more suitable for fabrication of delicate electronic circuits. Involves diffusion bonding, developed to take advantage of electrically insulating, heat-conducting properties of diamond, using small diamond bars as supports for slow-wave transmission-line structures in traveling-wave-tube microwave amplifiers. No fillets or side coats formed because metal bonding strips not melted. Technique also used to mount such devices as transistors and diodes electrically insulated from, but thermally connected to, heat sinks.

A numerical solution for the diffusion equation in hydrogeologic systems

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ishii, A.L.; Healy, R.W.; Striegl, Robert G.

1989-01-01

The documentation of a computer code for the numerical solution of the linear diffusion equation in one or two dimensions in Cartesian or cylindrical coordinates is presented. Applications of the program include molecular diffusion, heat conduction, and fluid flow in confined systems. The flow media may be anisotropic and heterogeneous. The model is formulated by replacing the continuous linear diffusion equation by discrete finite-difference approximations at each node in a block-centered grid. The resulting matrix equation is solved by the method of preconditioned conjugate gradients. The conjugate gradient method does not require the estimation of iteration parameters and is guaranteed convergent in the absence of rounding error. The matrixes are preconditioned to decrease the steps to convergence. The model allows the specification of any number of boundary conditions for any number of stress periods, and the output of a summary table for selected nodes showing flux and the concentration of the flux quantity for each time step. The model is written in a modular format for ease of modification. The model was verified by comparison of numerical and analytical solutions for cases of molecular diffusion, two-dimensional heat transfer, and axisymmetric radial saturated fluid flow. Application of the model to a hypothetical two-dimensional field situation of gas diffusion in the unsaturated zone is demonstrated. The input and output files are included as a check on program installation. The definition of variables, input requirements, flow chart, and program listing are included in the attachments. (USGS)

Effective Thermal Conductivity of Graphite Materials with Cracks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pestchaanyi, S. E.; Landman, I. S.

The dependence of effective thermal diffusivity on temperature caused by volumetric cracks is modelled for macroscopic graphite samples using the three-dimensional thermomechanics code Pegasus-3D. At high off-normal heat loads typical of the divertor armour, thermostress due to the anisotropy of graphite grains is much larger than that due to the temperature gradient. Numerical simulation demonstrated that the volumetric crack density both in fine grain graphites and in the CFC matrix depends mainly on the local sample temperature, not on the temperature gradient. This allows to define an effective thermal diffusivity for graphite with cracks. The results obtained are used to explain intense cracking and particle release from carbon based materials under electron beam heat load. Decrease of graphite thermal diffusivity with increase of the crack density explains particle release mechanism in the experiments with CFC where a clear energy threshold for the onset of particle release has been observed in J. Linke et al. Fusion Eng. Design, in press, Bazyler et al., these proceedings. Surface temperature measurement is necessary to calibrate the Pegasus-3D code for simulation of ITER divertor armour brittle destruction.

Heat transfer in suspensions of rigid particles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brandt, Luca; Niazi Ardekani, Mehdi; Abouali, Omid

2016-11-01

We study the heat transfer in laminar Couette flow of suspensions of rigid neutrally buoyant particles by means of numerical simulations. An Immersed Boundary Method is coupled with a VOF approach to simulate the heat transfer in the fluid and solid phase, enabling us to fully resolve the heat diffusion. First, we consider spherical particles and show that the proposed algorithm is able to reproduce the correlations between heat flux across the channel, the particle volume fraction and the heat diffusivity obtained in laboratory experiments and recently proposed in the literature, results valid in the limit of vanishing inertia. We then investigate the role of inertia on the heat transfer and show an increase of the suspension diffusivity at finite particle Reynolds numbers. Finally, we vary the relativity diffusivity of the fluid and solid phase and investigate its effect on the effective heat flux across the channel. The data are analyzed by considering the ensemble averaged energy equation and decomposing the heat flux in 4 different contributions, related to diffusion in the solid and fluid phase, and the correlations between wall-normal velocity and temperature fluctuations. Results for non-spherical particles will be examined before the meeting. Supported by the European Research Council Grant No. ERC-2013- CoG-616186, TRITOS. The authors acknowledge computer time provided by SNIC (Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing).

High-Temperature Thermal Diffusivity Measurements of Silicate Glasses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pertermann, M.; Hofmeister, A. M.; Whittington, A. G.; Spera, F. J.; Zayac, J.

2005-12-01

Transport of heat in geologically relevant materials is of great interest because of its key role in heat transport, magmatism and volcanic activity on Earth. To better understand the thermal properties of magmatic materials at high temperatures, we measured the thermal diffusivity of four synthetic end-member silicate glasses with the following compositions: albite (NaAlSi3O8), orthoclase (KAlSi3O8), anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8), and diopside (CaMgSi2O6). Thermal diffusivity measurements were conducted with the laser-flash technique and data were acquired from room temperature to a maximum temperature near 1100°C, depending on the glass transition temperature. The presence of sub-mm sized bubbles in one of the orthoclase samples had no discernable effect on measured diffusivities. At room temperature, the three feldspar-type glasses have thermal diffusivity (D) values of 0.58-0.61 mm2/s, whereas the diopside glass has 0.52 mm2/s. With increasing temperature, D decreases by 5-10% (relative) for all samples and becomes virtually constant at intermediate temperatures. At higher temperatures, the anorthite and diopside glasses exhibit significant drops in thermal diffusivity over a 50-100°C interval, correlating with previously published heat capacity changes near the glass transition for these compositions. For anorthite, D (in mm2/s) decreases from 0.48 at 750-860°C to 0.36 at 975-1075°C; for diopside, D changes from 0.42 at 630-750°C to 0.30 at 850-910°C, corresponding to relative drops of 24 and 29%, respectively. Albite and orthoclase glasses do not exhibit this change and also lack significant changes in heat capacity near the glass transition. Instead, D is constant at 400-800°C for albite, and for orthoclase values go through a minimum at 500-600°C before increasing slightly towards 1100°C but it never exceeds the room temperature D. Our data on thermal diffusivity correlate closely with other thermophysical properties. Thus, at least in case of simple compositions, measurement of thermal diffusivity of glasses above the glass transition may closely approximate the behavior of magmatic liquids. For the orthoclase composition, our new data show that the thermal diffusivity of glass in the range of 20-1100°C is clearly lower than that of orthoclase single crystals (Hoefer and Schilling, 2002, Phys Chem Minerals, 29, 571-584).

Darcy-Forchheimer flow with Cattaneo-Christov heat flux and homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions

PubMed Central

Hayat, Tasawar; Haider, Farwa; Alsaedi, Ahmed

2017-01-01

Here Darcy-Forchheimer flow of viscoelastic fluids has been analyzed in the presence of Cattaneo-Christov heat flux and homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions. Results for two viscoelastic fluids are obtained and compared. A linear stretching surface has been used to generate the flow. Flow in porous media is characterized by considering the Darcy-Forchheimer model. Modified version of Fourier's law through Cattaneo-Christov heat flux is employed. Equal diffusion coefficients are employed for both reactants and auto catalyst. Optimal homotopy scheme is employed for solutions development of nonlinear problems. Solutions expressions of velocity, temperature and concentration fields are provided. Skin friction coefficient and heat transfer rate are computed and analyzed. Here the temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness are lower for Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model in comparison to classical Fourier's law of heat conduction. Moreover, the homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions parameters have opposite behaviors for concentration field. PMID:28380014

Nanoengineered Thermal Materials Based on Carbon Nanotube Array Composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Li, Jun; Meyyappan, Meyya; Dangelo, Carols

2012-01-01

State-of-the-art integrated circuits (ICs) for microprocessors routinely dissipate power densities on the order of 50 W/cm2. This large power is due to the localized heating of ICs operating at high frequencies and must be managed for future high-frequency microelectronic applications. As the size of components and devices for ICs and other appliances becomes smaller, it becomes more difficult to provide heat dissipation and transport for such components and devices. A thermal conductor for a macro-sized thermal conductor is generally inadequate for use with a microsized component or device, in part due to scaling problems. A method has been developed for providing for thermal conduction using an array of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). An array of vertically oriented CNTs is grown on a substrate having high thermal conductivity, and interstitial regions between adjacent CNTs in the array are partly or wholly filled with a filler material having a high thermal conductivity so that at least one end of each CNT is exposed. The exposed end of each CNT is pressed against a surface of an object from which heat is to be removed. The CNT-filler-composite adjacent to the substrate provides improved mechanical strength to anchor CNTs in place, and also serves as a heat spreader to improve diffusion of heat flux from the smaller volume (CNTs) to a larger heat sink.

Enhancement of thermal conductive pathway of boron nitride coated polymethylsilsesquioxane composite.

PubMed

Kim, Gyungbok; Ryu, Seung Han; Lee, Jun-Tae; Seong, Ki-Hun; Lee, Jae Eun; Yoon, Phil-Joong; Kim, Bum-Sung; Hussain, Manwar; Choa, Yong-Ho

2013-11-01

We report here in the fabrication of enhanced thermal conductive pathway nanocomposites of boron nitride (BN)-coated polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) composite beads using isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as a mixing medium. Exfoliated and size-reduced boron nitride particles were successfully coated on the PMSQ beads and explained by surface charge differences. A homogeneous dispersion and coating of BN on the PMSQ beads using IPA medium was confirmed by SEM. Each condition of the composite powder was carried into the stainless still mould and then hot pressed in an electrically heated hot press machine. Three-dimensional percolation networks and conductive pathways created by exfoliated BN were precisely formed in the nanocomposites. The thermal conductivity of nanocomposites was measured by multiplying specific gravity, specific heat, and thermal diffusivity, based upon the laser flash method. Densification of the composite resulted in better thermal properties. For an epoxy reinforced composite with 30 vol% BN and PMSQ, a thermal conductivity of nine times higher than that of pristine PMSQ was observed.

Analysis of forced convective modified Burgers liquid flow considering Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Waqas, M.; Hayat, T.; Shehzad, S. A.; Alsaedi, A.

2018-03-01

A mathematical model is formulated to characterize the non-Fourier and Fick's double diffusive models of heat and mass in moving flow of modified Burger's liquid. Temperature-dependent conductivity of liquid is taken into account. The concept of stratification is utilized to govern the equations of energy and mass species. The idea of boundary layer theory is employed to obtain the mathematical model of considered physical problem. The obtained partial differential system is converted into ordinary ones with the help of relevant variables. The homotopic concept lead to the convergent solutions of governing expressions. Convergence is attained and acceptable values are certified by expressing the so called ℏ -curves and numerical benchmark. Several graphs are made for different values of physical constraints to explore the mechanism of heat and mass transportation. We explored that the liquid temperature and concentration are retard for the larger thermal/concentration relaxation time constraint.

Diffusion for holographic lattices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Donos, Aristomenis; Gauntlett, Jerome P.; Ziogas, Vaios

2018-03-01

We consider black hole spacetimes that are holographically dual to strongly coupled field theories in which spatial translations are broken explicitly. We discuss how the quasinormal modes associated with diffusion of heat and charge can be systematically constructed in a long wavelength perturbative expansion. We show that the dispersion relation for these modes is given in terms of the thermoelectric DC conductivity and static susceptibilities of the dual field theory and thus we derive a generalised Einstein relation from Einstein's equations. A corollary of our results is that thermodynamic instabilities imply specific types of dynamical instabilities of the associated black hole solutions.

Phonon Mapping in Flowing Equilibrium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ruff, J. P. C.

2015-03-01

When a material conducts heat, a modification of the phonon population occurs. The equilibrium Bose-Einstein distribution is perturbed towards flowing-equilibrium, for which the distribution function is not analytically known. Here I argue that the altered phonon population can be efficiently mapped over broad regions of reciprocal space, via diffuse x-ray scattering or time-of-flight neutron scattering, while a thermal gradient is applied across a single crystal sample. When compared to traditional transport measurements, this technique offers a superior, information-rich new perspective on lattice thermal conductivity, wherein the band and momentum dependences of the phonon thermal current are directly resolved. The proposed method is benchmarked using x-ray thermal diffuse scattering measurements of single crystal diamond under transport conditions. CHESS is supported by the NSF & NIH/NIGMS via NSF Award DMR-1332208.

Investigation of Thermal Properties of High-Density Polyethylene/Aluminum Nanocomposites by Photothermal Infrared Radiometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koca, H. D.; Evgin, T.; Horny, N.; Chirtoc, M.; Turgut, A.; Tavman, I. H.

2017-12-01

In this study, thermal properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) filled with nanosized Al particles (80 nm) were investigated. Samples were prepared using melt mixing method up to filler volume fraction of 29 %, followed by compression molding. By using modulated photothermal radiometry (PTR) technique, thermal diffusivity and thermal effusivity were obtained. The effective thermal conductivity of nanocomposites was calculated directly from PTR measurements and from the measurements of density, specific heat capacity (by differential scanning calorimetry) and thermal diffusivity (obtained from PTR signal amplitude and phase). It is concluded that the thermal conductivity of HDPE composites increases with increasing Al fraction and the highest effective thermal conductivity enhancement of 205 % is achieved at a filler volume fraction of 29 %. The obtained results were compared with the theoretical models and experimental data given in the literature. The results demonstrate that Agari and Uno, and Cheng and Vachon models can predict well the thermal conductivity of HDPE/Al nanocomposites in the whole range of Al fractions.

Effect of Greenhouse Gases Dissolved in Seawater

PubMed Central

Matsunaga, Shigeki

2015-01-01

A molecular dynamics simulation has been performed on the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane dissolved in a sodium chloride aqueous solution, as a simple model of seawater. A carbon dioxide molecule is also treated as a hydrogen carbonate ion. The structure, coordination number, diffusion coefficient, shear viscosity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity of the solutions have been discussed. The anomalous behaviors of these properties, especially the negative pressure dependence of thermal conductivity, have been observed in the higher-pressure region. PMID:26729101

Effect of Greenhouse Gases Dissolved in Seawater.

PubMed

Matsunaga, Shigeki

2015-12-30

A molecular dynamics simulation has been performed on the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane dissolved in a sodium chloride aqueous solution, as a simple model of seawater. A carbon dioxide molecule is also treated as a hydrogen carbonate ion. The structure, coordination number, diffusion coefficient, shear viscosity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity of the solutions have been discussed. The anomalous behaviors of these properties, especially the negative pressure dependence of thermal conductivity, have been observed in the higher-pressure region.

Refractive Index Effects on Radiation in an Absorbing, Emitting, and Scattering Laminated Layer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Siegel, R.; Spuckler, C. M.

1993-01-01

A simple set of equations is derived for predicting temperature radiative energy flow in a two-region semitransparent laminated layer in the limit of zero heat conduction. The composite is heated on its two sides by unequal amounts of incident radiation. The two layers of the composite have different refractive indices, and each material absorbs, emits, and isotropically scatters radiation. The interfaces are diffuse, and all interface reflections are included. To illustrate the thermal behavior that is readily calculated from the equations, typical results an given for various optical thicknesses and refractive indices of the layers. Internal reflections have a substantial effect on the temperature distribution and radiative heat flow.

Protection heater design validation for the LARP magnets using thermal imaging

DOE PAGES

Marchevsky, M.; Turqueti, M.; Cheng, D. W.; ...

2016-03-16

Protection heaters are essential elements of a quench protection scheme for high-field accelerator magnets. Various heater designs fabricated by LARP and CERN have been already tested in the LARP high-field quadrupole HQ and presently being built into the coils of the high-field quadrupole MQXF. In order to compare the heat flow characteristics and thermal diffusion timescales of different heater designs, we powered heaters of two different geometries in ambient conditions and imaged the resulting thermal distributions using a high-sensitivity thermal video camera. We observed a peculiar spatial periodicity in the temperature distribution maps potentially linked to the structure of themore » underlying cable. Two-dimensional numerical simulation of heat diffusion and spatial heat distribution have been conducted, and the results of simulation and experiment have been compared. Imaging revealed hot spots due to a current concentration around high curvature points of heater strip of varying cross sections and visualized thermal effects of various interlayer structural defects. Furthermore, thermal imaging can become a future quality control tool for the MQXF coil heaters.« less

The Laser ablation of a metal foam: The role of electron-phonon coupling and electronic heat diffusivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rosandi, Yudi; Grossi, Joás; Bringa, Eduardo M.; Urbassek, Herbert M.

2018-01-01

The incidence of energetic laser pulses on a metal foam may lead to foam ablation. The processes occurring in the foam may differ strongly from those in a bulk metal: The absorption of laser light, energy transfer to the atomic system, heat conduction, and finally, the atomistic processes—such as melting or evaporation—may be different. In addition, novel phenomena take place, such as a reorganization of the ligament network in the foam. We study all these processes in an Au foam of average porosity 79% and an average ligament diameter of 2.5 nm, using molecular dynamics simulation. The coupling of the electronic system to the atomic system is modeled by using the electron-phonon coupling, g, and the electronic heat diffusivity, κe, as model parameters, since their actual values for foams are unknown. We show that the foam coarsens under laser irradiation. While κe governs the homogeneity of the processes, g mainly determines their time scale. The final porosity reached is independent of the value of g.

Specific Heat and Thermal Diffusivity of YBCO Coated Conductors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Naito, Tomoyuki; Fujishiro, Hiroyuki; YasuhisaYamamura; Saito, Kazuya; Okamoto, Hiroshi; Hayashi, Hidemi; Gosho, Yoshihiro; Ohkuma, Takeshi; Shiohara, Yuh

We have measured the temperature dependence of specific heat,C(T), for Ag deposited YBCO coated conductor (YCC),YCC reinforced by a thin Cutape (YCC-Cu), andthe Hastelloy substrate with buffer layer. C(T) of HastelloyC-276 with buffer layer agrees well with the reported oneof HastelloyC-276, indicating that the contribution of the buffer layer to the measured C(T) is negligibly small. C(T)of both YCC and YCC-Cu tapes was successfully reproduced by the simple sum rule using the C(T) values reported for Hastelloy, Ag and Cu. The results demonstrate that C(T) of various YCC tapes can be estimated using the reported C(T)of constitutional materials. The estimated thermal diffusivity, a = K/C, at 300K of YCC, which was estimated using the thermal conductivity, K, did not agree with the reported a of Ag. This resultwas in consistent with the fact that the applied heat flew through the Aglayer, suggesting that a relation of a = K/Cfor homogeneous material cannot be applicable for the layered material such as YCC.

Ties of Heat and Mass Transport Properties in Glasses and Melts, with Emphasis on Natural Lava Compositions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hofmeister, A. M.; Whittington, A. G.; Robert, G.; Sehlke, A.

2016-12-01

We have discovered strong ties of mass and heat transport properties in glasses and melts via coordinated measurements of thermal diffusivity (D) and viscosity (η). Over the course of several studies we have compared over 50 remelted natural lavas, tektites, and synthetic glasses and melts, with substantially different chemical compositions, e.g., from 50 to 100% silica, and with slight variations in H and Fe cations and the presence/absence of Al. We use laser flash analysis to obtain D, which avoids contact and radiative errors and constrain η over a wide range of temperature (T). We use a combination of parallel-plate and concentric-cylinder viscometry to obtain η from the glass transition to above the liquidus. Our most recent studies include differential scanning calorimetric measurements of heat capacity (CP) to calculate their thermal conductivity (k), and we are now measuring thermal expansivity using dilatometry. The combined datasets show consistent macroscopic behavior, providing an improved understanding of microscopic behavior, particularly of heat transport properties, which have been misunderstood. Both viscosity and the glass transition temperature decrease with decreasing melt polymerization. Clear correlations exist between D of glass or melt with Si content, density, NBO/T, and, most strongly, with fragility (obtained from η). Glass thermal diffusivity is represented by D = FT-G +HT, where F, G and H are fitting parameters. For melts, D drops upon melting but we could only resolve D/T for a small number of samples. The results show that high-T behavior is controlled by Fe oxidation state and polymerization and involves radiative transfer (HT) but at infrared frequencies. In disordered materials, acoustic scattering is less important to heat transfer than is IR absorption/re-emissions. We find that k for glasses is described by a Maier-Kelly formula, consistent with the T response being dominated by CP. Trends in k are irregular due to k being the convolution of three physical properties. Nonetheless, basaltic melts are constrained to k 1.4±0.1 Wm-1k-1. Low values for thermal diffusivity and viscosity for basaltic melts suggests that basalts transfer heat much more efficiently by advection than by conduction alone, which pertains to upper mantle processes.

Uncertainty Determination for Aeroheating in Uranus and Saturn Probe Entries by the Monte Carlo Method

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Palmer, Grant; Prabhu, Dinesh; Cruden, Brett A.

2013-01-01

The 2013-2022 Decaedal survey for planetary exploration has identified probe missions to Uranus and Saturn as high priorities. This work endeavors to examine the uncertainty for determining aeroheating in such entry environments. Representative entry trajectories are constructed using the TRAJ software. Flowfields at selected points on the trajectories are then computed using the Data Parallel Line Relaxation (DPLR) Computational Fluid Dynamics Code. A Monte Carlo study is performed on the DPLR input parameters to determine the uncertainty in the predicted aeroheating, and correlation coefficients are examined to identify which input parameters show the most influence on the uncertainty. A review of the present best practices for input parameters (e.g. transport coefficient and vibrational relaxation time) is also conducted. It is found that the 2(sigma) - uncertainty for heating on Uranus entry is no more than 2.1%, assuming an equilibrium catalytic wall, with the uncertainty being determined primarily by diffusion and H(sub 2) recombination rate within the boundary layer. However, if the wall is assumed to be partially or non-catalytic, this uncertainty may increase to as large as 18%. The catalytic wall model can contribute over 3x change in heat flux and a 20% variation in film coefficient. Therefore, coupled material response/fluid dynamic models are recommended for this problem. It was also found that much of this variability is artificially suppressed when a constant Schmidt number approach is implemented. Because the boundary layer is reacting, it is necessary to employ self-consistent effective binary diffusion to obtain a correct thermal transport solution. For Saturn entries, the 2(sigma) - uncertainty for convective heating was less than 3.7%. The major uncertainty driver was dependent on shock temperature/velocity, changing from boundary layer thermal conductivity to diffusivity and then to shock layer ionization rate as velocity increases. While radiative heating for Uranus entry was negligible, the nominal solution for Saturn computed up to 20% radiative heating at the highest velocity examined. The radiative heating followed a non-normal distribution, with up to a 3x variation in magnitude. This uncertainty is driven by the H(sub 2) dissociation rate, as H(sub 2) that persists in the hot non-equilibrium zone contributes significantly to radiation.

Thermal modeling of the lithium/polymer battery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pals, C. R.

1994-10-01

Research in the area of advanced batteries for electric-vehicle applications has increased steadily since the 1990 zero-emission-vehicle mandate of the California Air Resources Board. Due to their design flexibility and potentially high energy and power densities, lithium/polymer batteries are an emerging technology for electric-vehicle applications. Thermal modeling of lithium/polymer batteries is particularly important because the transport properties of the system depend exponentially on temperature. Two models have been presented for assessment of the thermal behavior of lithium/polymer batteries. The one-cell model predicts the cell potential, the concentration profiles, and the heat-generation rate during discharge. The cell-stack model predicts temperature profiles and heat transfer limitations of the battery. Due to the variation of ionic conductivity and salt diffusion coefficient with temperature, the performance of the lithium/polymer battery is greatly affected by temperature. Because of this variation, it is important to optimize the cell operating temperature and design a thermal management system for the battery. Since the thermal conductivity of the polymer electrolyte is very low, heat is not easily conducted in the direction perpendicular to cell layers. Temperature profiles in the cells are not as significant as expected because heat-generation rates in warmer areas of the cell stack are lower than heat-generation rates in cooler areas of the stack. This nonuniform heat-generation rate flattens the temperature profile. Temperature profiles as calculated by this model are not as steep as those calculated by previous models that assume a uniform heat-generation rate.

Heat capacities and thermal diffusivities of n-alkane acid ethyl esters—biodiesel fuel components

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bogatishcheva, N. S.; Faizullin, M. Z.; Nikitin, E. D.

2017-09-01

The heat capacities and thermal diffusivities of ethyl esters of liquid n-alkane acids C n H2 n-1O2C2H5 with the number of carbon atoms in the parent acid n = 10, 11, 12, 14, and 16 are measured. The heat capacities are measured using a DSC 204 F1 Phoenix heat flux differential scanning calorimeter (Netzsch, Germany) in the temperature range of 305-375 K. Thermal diffusivities are measured by means of laser flash method on an LFA-457 instrument (Netzsch, Germany) at temperatures of 305-400 K. An equation is derived for the dependence of the molar heat capacities of the investigated esters on temperature. It is shown that the dependence of molar heat capacity C p,m (298.15 K) on n ( n = 1-6) is close to linear. The dependence of thermal diffusivity on temperature in the investigated temperature range is described by a first-degree polynomial, but thermal diffusivity a (298.15 K) as a function of n has a minimum at n = 5.

Anomalous quantum heat transport in a one-dimensional harmonic chain with random couplings.

PubMed

Yan, Yonghong; Zhao, Hui

2012-07-11

We investigate quantum heat transport in a one-dimensional harmonic system with random couplings. In the presence of randomness, phonon modes may normally be classified as ballistic, diffusive or localized. We show that these modes can roughly be characterized by the local nearest-neighbor level spacing distribution, similarly to their electronic counterparts. We also show that the thermal conductance G(th) through the system decays rapidly with the system size (G(th) ∼ L(-α)). The exponent α strongly depends on the system size and can change from α < 1 to α > 1 with increasing system size, indicating that the system undergoes a transition from a heat conductor to a heat insulator. This result could be useful in thermal control of low-dimensional systems.

Theory of a time-dependent heat diffusion determination of thermal diffusivities with a single temperature measurement

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Perez, R. B.; Carroll, R. M.; Sisman, O.

1971-02-01

A method to measure the thermal diffusivity of reactor fuels during irradiation is developed, based on a time-dependent heat diffusion equation. With this technique the temperature is measured at only one point in the fuel specimen. This method has the advantage that it is not necessary to know the heat generation (a difficult evaluation during irradiation). The theory includes realistic boundary conditions, applicable to actual experimental systems. The parameters are the time constants associated with the first two time modes in the temperature-vs-time curve resulting from a step change in heat input to the specimen. With the time constants andmore » the necessary material properties and dimensions of the specimen and specimen holder, the thermal diffusivity of the specimen can be calculated.« less

Regolith thermal property inversion in the LUNAR-A heat-flow experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hagermann, A.; Tanaka, S.; Yoshida, S.; Fujimura, A.; Mizutani, H.

2001-11-01

In 2003, two penetrators of the LUNAR--A mission of ISAS will investigate the internal structure of the Moon by conducting seismic and heat--flow experiments. Heat-flow is the product of thermal gradient tial T / tial z, and thermal conductivity λ of the lunar regolith. For measuring the thermal conductivity (or dissusivity), each penetrator will carry five thermal property sensors, consisting of small disc heaters. The thermal response Ts(t) of the heater itself to the constant known power supply of approx. 50 mW serves as the data for the subsequent data interpretation. Horai et al. (1991) found a forward analytical solution to the problem of determining the thermal inertia λ ρ c of the regolith for constant thermal properties and a simplyfied geometry. In the inversion, the problem of deriving the unknown thermal properties of a medium from known heat sources and temperatures is an Identification Heat Conduction Problem (IDHCP), an ill--posed inverse problem. Assuming that thermal conductivity λ and heat capacity ρ c are linear functions of temperature (which is reasonable in most cases), one can apply a Kirchhoff transformation to linearize the heat conduction equation, which minimizes computing time. Then the error functional, i.e. the difference between the measured temperature response of the heater and the predicted temperature response, can be minimized, thus solving for thermal dissusivity κ = λ / (ρ c), wich will complete the set of parameters needed for a detailed description of thermal properties of the lunar regolith. Results of model calculations will be presented, in which synthetic data and calibration data are used to invert the unknown thermal diffusivity of the unknown medium by means of a modified Newton Method. Due to the ill-posedness of the problem, the number of parameters to be solved for should be limited. As the model calculations reveal, a homogeneous regolith allows for a fast and accurate inversion.

Variational bounds on the temperature distribution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kalikstein, Kalman; Spruch, Larry; Baider, Alberto

1984-02-01

Upper and lower stationary or variational bounds are obtained for functions which satisfy parabolic linear differential equations. (The error in the bound, that is, the difference between the bound on the function and the function itself, is of second order in the error in the input function, and the error is of known sign.) The method is applicable to a range of functions associated with equalization processes, including heat conduction, mass diffusion, electric conduction, fluid friction, the slowing down of neutrons, and certain limiting forms of the random walk problem, under conditions which are not unduly restrictive: in heat conduction, for example, we do not allow the thermal coefficients or the boundary conditions to depend upon the temperature, but the thermal coefficients can be functions of space and time and the geometry is unrestricted. The variational bounds follow from a maximum principle obeyed by the solutions of these equations.

Improving personalized link prediction by hybrid diffusion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Jin-Hu; Zhu, Yu-Xiao; Zhou, Tao

2016-04-01

Inspired by traditional link prediction and to solve the problem of recommending friends in social networks, we introduce the personalized link prediction in this paper, in which each individual will get equal number of diversiform predictions. While the performances of many classical algorithms are not satisfactory under this framework, thus new algorithms are in urgent need. Motivated by previous researches in other fields, we generalize heat conduction process to the framework of personalized link prediction and find that this method outperforms many classical similarity-based algorithms, especially in the performance of diversity. In addition, we demonstrate that adding one ground node that is supposed to connect all the nodes in the system will greatly benefit the performance of heat conduction. Finally, better hybrid algorithms composed of local random walk and heat conduction have been proposed. Numerical results show that the hybrid algorithms can outperform other algorithms simultaneously in all four adopted metrics: AUC, precision, recall and hamming distance. In a word, this work may shed some light on the in-depth understanding of the effect of physical processes in personalized link prediction.

CarbAl Heat Transfer Material

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fink, Richard

2015-01-01

The increasing use of power electronics, such as high-current semiconductor devices and modules, within space vehicles is driving the need to develop specialty thermal management materials in both the packaging of these discrete devices and the packaging of modules consisting of these device arrays. Developed by Applied Nanotech, Inc. (ANI), CarbAl heat transfer material is uniquely characterized by its low density, high thermal diffusivity, and high thermal conductivity. Its coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is similar to most power electronic materials, making it an effective base plate substrate for state-of-the-art silicon carbide (SiC) super junction transistors. The material currently is being used to optimize hybrid vehicle inverter packaging. Adapting CarbAl-based substrates to space applications was a major focus of the SBIR project work. In Phase I, ANI completed modeling and experimentation to validate its deployment in a space environment. Key parameters related to cryogenic temperature scaling of CTE, thermal conductivity, and mechanical strength. In Phase II, the company concentrated on improving heat sinks and thermally conductive circuit boards for power electronic applications.

Estimating diffusivity from the mixed layer heat and salt balances in the North Pacific

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cronin, M. F.; Pelland, N.; Emerson, S. R.; Crawford, W. R.

2015-12-01

Data from two National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) surface moorings in the North Pacific, in combination with data from satellite, Argo floats and glider (when available), are used to evaluate the residual diffusive flux of heat across the base of the mixed layer from the surface mixed layer heat budget. The diffusion coefficient (i.e., diffusivity) is then computed by dividing the diffusive flux by the temperature gradient in the 20-m transition layer just below the base of the mixed layer. At Station Papa in the NE Pacific subpolar gyre, this diffusivity is 1×10-4 m2/s during summer, increasing to ~3×10-4 m2/s during fall. During late winter and early spring, diffusivity has large errors. At other times, diffusivity computed from the mixed layer salt budget at Papa correlate with those from the heat budget, giving confidence that the results are robust for all seasons except late winter-early spring and can be used for other tracers. In comparison, at the Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO) in the NW Pacific subtropical recirculation gyre, somewhat larger diffusivity are found based upon the mixed layer heat budget: ~ 3×10-4 m2/s during the warm season and more than an order of magnitude larger during the winter, although again, wintertime errors are large. These larger values at KEO appear to be due to the increased turbulence associated with the summertime typhoons, and weaker wintertime stratification.

Estimating diffusivity from the mixed layer heat and salt balances in the North Pacific

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cronin, Meghan F.; Pelland, Noel A.; Emerson, Steven R.; Crawford, William R.

2015-11-01

Data from two National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) surface moorings in the North Pacific, in combination with data from satellite, Argo floats and glider (when available), are used to evaluate the residual diffusive flux of heat across the base of the mixed layer from the surface mixed layer heat budget. The diffusion coefficient (i.e., diffusivity) is then computed by dividing the diffusive flux by the temperature gradient in the 20 m transition layer just below the base of the mixed layer. At Station Papa in the NE Pacific subpolar gyre, this diffusivity is 1 × 10-4 m2/s during summer, increasing to ˜3 × 10-4 m2/s during fall. During late winter and early spring, diffusivity has large errors. At other times, diffusivity computed from the mixed layer salt budget at Papa correlate with those from the heat budget, giving confidence that the results are robust for all seasons except late winter-early spring and can be used for other tracers. In comparison, at the Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO) in the NW Pacific subtropical recirculation gyre, somewhat larger diffusivities are found based upon the mixed layer heat budget: ˜ 3 × 10-4 m2/s during the warm season and more than an order of magnitude larger during the winter, although again, wintertime errors are large. These larger values at KEO appear to be due to the increased turbulence associated with the summertime typhoons, and weaker wintertime stratification.

Anisotropic thermal conduction with magnetic fields in galaxy clusters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arth, Alexander; Dolag, Klaus; Beck, Alexander; Petkova, Margarita; Lesch, Harald

2015-08-01

Magnetic fields play an important role for the propagation and diffusion of charged particles, which are responsible for thermal conduction. In this poster, we present an implementation of thermal conduction including the anisotropic effects of magnetic fields for smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). The anisotropic thermal conduction is mainly proceeding parallel to magnetic fields and suppressed perpendicular to the fields. We derive the SPH formalism for the anisotropic heat transport and solve the corresponding equation with an implicit conjugate gradient scheme. We discuss several issues of unphysical heat transport in the cases of extreme ansiotropies or unmagnetized regions and present possible numerical workarounds. We implement our algorithm into the cosmological simulation code GADGET and study its behaviour in several test cases. In general, we reproduce the analytical solutions of our idealised test problems, and obtain good results in cosmological simulations of galaxy cluster formations. Within galaxy clusters, the anisotropic conduction produces a net heat transport similar to an isotropic Spitzer conduction model with low efficiency. In contrast to isotropic conduction our new formalism allows small-scale structure in the temperature distribution to remain stable, because of their decoupling caused by magnetic field lines. Compared to observations, strong isotropic conduction leads to an oversmoothed temperature distribution within clusters, while the results obtained with anisotropic thermal conduction reproduce the observed temperature fluctuations well. A proper treatment of heat transport is crucial especially in the outskirts of clusters and also in high density regions. It's connection to the local dynamical state of the cluster also might contribute to the observed bimodal distribution of cool core and non cool core clusters. Our new scheme significantly advances the modelling of thermal conduction in numerical simulations and overall gives better results compared to observations.

Thermal conductivity measurements of impregnated Nb3Sn coil samples in the temperature range of 3.5 K to 100 K

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koettig, T.; Maciocha, W.; Bermudez, S.; Rysti, J.; Tavares, S.; Cacherat, F.; Bremer, J.

2017-02-01

In the framework of the luminosity upgrade of the LHC, high-field magnets are under development. Magnetic flux densities of up to 13 T require the use of Nb3Sn superconducting coils. Quench protection becomes challenging due to the high stored energy density and the low stabilizer fraction. The thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the combination of insulating layers and Nb3Sn based cables are an important thermodynamic input parameter for quench protection systems and superfluid helium cooling studies. A two-stage cryocooler based test stand is used to measure the thermal conductance of the coil sample in two different heat flow directions with respect to the coil package geometry. Variable base temperatures of the experimental platform at the cryocooler allow for a steady-state heat flux method up to 100 K. The heat is applied at wedges style copper interfaces of the Rutherford cables. The respective temperature difference represents the absolute value of thermal conductance of the sample arrangement. We report about the measurement methodology applied to this kind of non-uniform sample composition and the evaluation of the used resin composite materials.

In-pile Thermal Conductivity Characterization with Time Resolved Raman

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Xinwei; Hurley, David H.

The project is designed to achieve three objectives: (1) Develop a novel time resolved Raman technology for direct measurement of fuel and cladding thermal conductivity. (2) Validate and improve the technology development by measuring ceramic materials germane to the nuclear industry. (3) Conduct instrumentation development to integrate optical fiber into our sensing system for eventual in-pile measurement. We have developed three new techniques: time-domain differential Raman (TD-Raman), frequency-resolved Raman (FR-Raman), and energy transport state-resolved Raman (ET-Raman). The TD-Raman varies the laser heating time and does simultaneous Raman thermal probing, the FR-Raman probes the material’s thermal response under periodical laser heatingmore » of different frequencies, and the ET-Raman probes the thermal response under steady and pulsed laser heating. The measurement capacity of these techniques have been fully assessed and verified by measuring micro/nanoscale materials. All these techniques do not need the data of laser absorption and absolute material temperature rise, yet still be able to measure the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity with unprecedented accuracy. It is expected they will have broad applications for in-pile thermal characterization of nuclear materials based on pure optical heating and sensing.« less

Non-destructive thermal wave method applied to study thermal properties of fast setting time endodontic cement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Picolloto, A. M.; Mariucci, V. V. G.; Szpak, W.; Medina, A. N.; Baesso, M. L.; Astrath, N. G. C.; Astrath, F. B. G.; Santos, A. D.; Moraes, J. C. S.; Bento, A. C.

2013-11-01

The thermal wave method is applied for thermal properties measurement in fast endodontic cement (CER). This new formula is developed upon using Portland cement in gel and it was successfully tested in mice with good biocompatibility and stimulated mineralization. Recently, thermal expansion and setting time were measured, conferring to this material twice faster hardening than the well known Angelus Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) the feature of fast hardening (˜7 min) and with similar thermal expansion (˜12 μstrain/ °C). Therefore, it is important the knowledge of thermal properties like thermal diffusivity, conductivity, effusivity in order to match thermally the tissue environment upon its application in filling cavities of teeth. Photothermal radiometry technique based on Xe illumination was applied in CER disks 600 μm thick for heating, with prepared in four particle sizes (25, 38, 45, and 53) μm, which were added microemulsion gel with variation volumes (140, 150, 160, and 170) μl. The behavior of the thermal diffusivity CER disks shows linear decay for increase emulsion volume, and in contrast, thermal diffusivity increases with particles sizes. Aiming to compare to MTA, thermal properties of CER were averaged to get the figure of merit for thermal diffusivity as (44.2 ± 3.6) × 10-3 cm2/s, for thermal conductivity (228 ± 32) mW/cm K, the thermal effusivity (1.09 ± 0.06) W s0.5/cm2 K and volume heat capacity (5.2 ± 0.7) J/cm3 K, which are in excellent agreement with results of a disk prepared from commercial MTA-Angelus (grain size < 10 μm using 57 μl of distilled water).

Non-destructive thermal wave method applied to study thermal properties of fast setting time endodontic cement

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Picolloto, A. M.; Mariucci, V. V. G.; Szpak, W.

The thermal wave method is applied for thermal properties measurement in fast endodontic cement (CER). This new formula is developed upon using Portland cement in gel and it was successfully tested in mice with good biocompatibility and stimulated mineralization. Recently, thermal expansion and setting time were measured, conferring to this material twice faster hardening than the well known Angelus Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) the feature of fast hardening (∼7 min) and with similar thermal expansion (∼12 μstrain/ °C). Therefore, it is important the knowledge of thermal properties like thermal diffusivity, conductivity, effusivity in order to match thermally the tissue environment upon its applicationmore » in filling cavities of teeth. Photothermal radiometry technique based on Xe illumination was applied in CER disks 600 μm thick for heating, with prepared in four particle sizes (25, 38, 45, and 53) μm, which were added microemulsion gel with variation volumes (140, 150, 160, and 170) μl. The behavior of the thermal diffusivity CER disks shows linear decay for increase emulsion volume, and in contrast, thermal diffusivity increases with particles sizes. Aiming to compare to MTA, thermal properties of CER were averaged to get the figure of merit for thermal diffusivity as (44.2 ± 3.6) × 10{sup −3} cm{sup 2}/s, for thermal conductivity (228 ± 32) mW/cm K, the thermal effusivity (1.09 ± 0.06) W s{sup 0.5}/cm{sup 2} K and volume heat capacity (5.2 ± 0.7) J/cm{sup 3} K, which are in excellent agreement with results of a disk prepared from commercial MTA-Angelus (grain size < 10 μm using 57 μl of distilled water)« less

Near-Limit Flamelet Phenomena in Buoyant Low Stretch Diffusion Flames Beneath a Solid Fuel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Olson, S. L.; Tien, J. S.

2000-01-01

A unique near-limit low stretch multidimensional stable flamelet phenomena has been observed for the first time which extends the material flammability limit beyond the one-dimensional low stretch flammability limit to lower burning rates and higher relative heat losses than is possible with uniform flame coverage. During low stretch experiments burning the underside of very large radii (greater than or = 75 cm stretch rate less than or = 3/s) cylindrical cast PMMA samples, multidimensional flamelets were observed, in contrast with a one-dimensional flame that was found to blanket the surface for smaller radii samples ( higher stretch rate). Flamelets were observed by decreasing the stretch rate or by increasing the conductive heat loss from the flame. Flamelets are defined as flames that cover only part of the burning sample at any given time, but persist for many minutes. Flamelet phenomena is viewed as the flame's method of enhancing oxygen flow to the flame, through oxygen transport into the edges of the flamelet. Flamelets form as heat losses (surface radiation and solid-phase conduction) become large relative to the weakened heat release of the low stretch flame. While heat loss rates remain fairly constant, the limiting factor in the heat release of the flame is hypothesized to be the oxygen transport to the flame in this low stretch (low convective) environment. Flamelet extinction is frequently caused by encroachment of an adjacent flamelet. Large-scale whole-body flamelet oscillations at 1.2 - 1.95 Hz are noted prior to extinction of a flamelet. This oscillation is believed to be due a repeated process of excess fuel leakage through the dark channels between the flamelets, fuel premixing with slow incoming oxidizer, and subsequent rapid flame spread and retreat of the flamelet through the premixed layer. The oscillation frequency is driven by gas-phase diffusive time scales.

Transient Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamic Simulations of Thermal Conductivity: 1. Simple Fluids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hulse, R. J.; Rowley, R. L.; Wilding, W. V.

2005-01-01

Thermal conductivity has been previously obtained from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using either equilibrium (EMD) simulations (from Green--Kubo equations) or from steady-state nonequilibrium (NEMD) simulations. In the case of NEMD, either boundary-driven steady states are simulated or constrained equations of motion are used to obtain steady-state heat transfer rates. Like their experimental counterparts, these nonequilibrium steady-state methods are time consuming and may have convection problems. Here we report a new transient method developed to provide accurate thermal conductivity predictions from MD simulations. In the proposed MD method, molecules that lie within a specified volume are instantaneously heated. The temperature decay of the system of molecules inside the heated volume is compared to the solution of the transient energy equation, and the thermal diffusivity is regressed. Since the density of the fluid is set in the simulation, only the isochoric heat capacity is needed in order to obtain the thermal conductivity. In this study the isochoric heat capacity is determined from energy fluctuations within the simulated fluid. The method is valid in the liquid, vapor, and critical regions. Simulated values for the thermal conductivity of a Lennard-Jones (LJ) fluid were obtained using this new method over a temperature range of 90 to 900 K and a density range of 1-35 kmol · m-3. These values compare favorably with experimental values for argon. The new method has a precision of ±10%. Compared to other methods, the algorithm is quick, easy to code, and applicable to small systems, making the simulations very efficient.

Analysis of Heat Transfer Phenomenon in Magnetohydrodynamic Casson Fluid Flow Through Cattaneo-Christov Heat Diffusion Theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ramesh, G. K.; Gireesha, B. J.; Shehzad, S. A.; Abbasi, F. M.

2017-07-01

Heat transport phenomenon of two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic Casson fluid flow by employing Cattaneo-Christov heat diffusion theory is described in this work. The term of heat absorption/generation is incorporated in the mathematical modeling of present flow problem. The governing mathematical expressions are solved for velocity and temperature profiles using RKF 45 method along with shooting technique. The importance of arising nonlinear quantities namely velocity, temperature, skin-friction and temperature gradient are elaborated via plots. It is explored that the Casson parameter retarded the liquid velocity while it enhances the fluid temperature. Further, we noted that temperature and thickness of temperature boundary layer are weaker in case of Cattaneo-Christov heat diffusion model when matched with the profiles obtained for Fourier’s theory of heat flux.

Method of producing microporous joints in metal bodies

DOEpatents

Danko, Joseph C.

1982-01-01

Tungsten is placed in contact with either molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, vanadium, rhenium, or other metal of atoms having a different diffusion coefficient than tungsten. The metals are heated so that the atoms having the higher diffusion coefficient migrate to the metal having the lower diffusion rate, leaving voids in the higher diffusion coefficient metal. Heating is continued until the voids are interconnected.

Heat conductance, diffusion theory and intracellular metabolic regulation.

PubMed

Wheatley, D N; Malone, P C

1993-01-01

Diffusion theory played a major role in the development of biology as an exact science. The question is raised, however, as to its relevance and applicability in the molecular interactions which occur in metabolism in the living cell. This review looks at diffusion theory from its inception and subsequent introduction into biology, its shortcomings with regard not only to whole-body physiology, but more pertinently at the intracellular level, with its failure to offer a rational basis for metabolic regulation in the internum of the cell. The conclusion is reached that although diffusion inevitably occurs within cells, its role is of little importance with regard to most metabolic activity. In comparison, perfusion of the internal surfaces of the cell by streaming of the fluid compartment of the cytoplasm seems to be the modus operandi which allows molecular interactions to occur at rates far beyond those that diffusion would permit, and at the same time offers a mechanism which permits sensitive control of metabolic activity.

Diffusion of external magnetic fields into the cone-in-shell target in the fast ignition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sunahara, Atsushi; Morita, Hiroki; Johzaki, Tomoyuki; Nagatomo, Hideo; Fujioka, Shinsuke; Hassanein, Ahmed; Firex Project Team

2017-10-01

We simulated the diffusion of externally applied magnetic fields into cone-in-shell target in the fast ignition. Recently, in the fast ignition scheme, the externally magnetic fields up to kilo-Tesla is used to guide fast electrons to the high-dense imploded core. In order to study the profile of the magnetic field, we have developed 2D cylindrical Maxwell equation solver with Ohm's law, and carried out simulations of diffusion of externally applied magnetic fields into a cone-in-shell target. We estimated the conductivity of the cone and shell target based on the assumption of Saha-ionization equilibrium. Also, we calculated the temporal evolution of the target temperature heated by the eddy current driven by temporal variation of magnetic fields, based on the accurate equation of state. Both, the diffusion of magnetic field and the increase of target temperature interact with each other. We present our results of temporal evolution of the magnetic field and its diffusion into the cone and shell target.

The Observed Properties of Liquid Helium at the Saturated Vapor Pressure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Donnelly, Russell J.; Barenghi, Carlo F.

1998-11-01

The equilibrium and transport properties of liquid 4He are deduced from experimental observations at the saturated vapor pressure. In each case, the bibliography lists all known measurements. Quantities reported here include density, thermal expansion coefficient, dielectric constant, superfluid and normal fluid densities, first, second, third, and fourth sound velocities, specific heat, enthalpy, entropy, surface tension, ion mobilities, mutual friction, viscosity and kinematic viscosity, dispersion curve, structure factor, thermal conductivity, latent heat, saturated vapor pressure, thermal diffusivity and Prandtl number of helium I, and displacement length and vortex core parameter in helium II.

Temperature profiles induced by a stationary CW laser beam in a multi-layer structure - Application to solar cell interconnect welding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oh, J. E.; Ianno, N. J.; Ahmed, A. U.

A three-dimensional heat transfer model for heating of a multilayer structure by a stationary Gaussian CW CO2 laser beam is developed and applied to solar cell interconnect welding. This model takes into account the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity and diffusivity as well as free carrier absorption of the incident beam in the silicon where appropriate. Finally, the theoretical temperature profiles are used to determine the weld spot size and these values are compared to results obtained from a simple welding experiment, where excellent agreement is obtained.

Thermophysical properties of parahydrogen from the freezing liquid line to 5000 R for pressures to 10000 psia

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mccarty, R. D.; Weber, L. A.

1972-01-01

The tables include entropy, enthalpy, internal energy, density, volume, speed of sound, specific heat, thermal conductivity, viscosity, thermal diffusivity, Prandtl number, and the dielectric constant for 65 isobars. Quantities of special utility in heat transfer and thermodynamic calculations are also included in the isobaric tables. In addition to the isobaric tables, tables for the saturated vapor and liquid are given, which include all of the above properties, plus the surface tension. Tables for the P-T of the freezing liquid, index of refraction, and the derived Joule-Thomson inversion curve are also presented.

Heat guiding and focusing using ballistic phonon transport in phononic nanostructures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anufriev, Roman; Ramiere, Aymeric; Maire, Jeremie; Nomura, Masahiro

2017-05-01

Unlike classical heat diffusion at macroscale, nanoscale heat conduction can occur without energy dissipation because phonons can ballistically travel in straight lines for hundreds of nanometres. Nevertheless, despite recent experimental evidence of such ballistic phonon transport, control over its directionality, and thus its practical use, remains a challenge, as the directions of individual phonons are chaotic. Here, we show a method to control the directionality of ballistic phonon transport using silicon membranes with arrays of holes. First, we demonstrate that the arrays of holes form fluxes of phonons oriented in the same direction. Next, we use these nanostructures as directional sources of ballistic phonons and couple the emitted phonons into nanowires. Finally, we introduce thermal lens nanostructures, in which the emitted phonons converge at the focal point, thus focusing heat into a spot of a few hundred nanometres. These results motivate the concept of ray-like heat manipulations at the nanoscale.

Heat Transfer Characteristics of Mixed Electroosmotic and Pressure Driven Micro-Flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Horiuchi, Keisuke; Dutta, Prashanta

We analyze heat transfer characteristics of steady electroosmotic flows with an arbitrary pressure gradient in two-dimensional straight microchannels considering the effects of Joule heating in electroosmotic pumping. Both the temperature distribution and local Nusselt number are mathematically derived in this study. The thermal analysis takes into consideration of the interaction among advective, diffusive, and Joule heating terms to obtain the thermally developing behavior. Unlike macro-scale pipes, axial conduction in micro-scale cannot be negligible, and the governing energy equation is not separable. Thus, a method that considers an extended Graetz problem is introduced. Analytical results show that the Nusselt number of pure electrooosmotic flow is higher than that of plane Poiseulle flow. Moreover, when the electroosmotic flow and pressure driven flow coexist, it is found that adverse pressure gradient to the electroosmotic flow makes the thermal entrance length smaller and the heat transfer ability stronger than pure electroosmotic flow case.

Heat guiding and focusing using ballistic phonon transport in phononic nanostructures.

PubMed

Anufriev, Roman; Ramiere, Aymeric; Maire, Jeremie; Nomura, Masahiro

2017-05-18

Unlike classical heat diffusion at macroscale, nanoscale heat conduction can occur without energy dissipation because phonons can ballistically travel in straight lines for hundreds of nanometres. Nevertheless, despite recent experimental evidence of such ballistic phonon transport, control over its directionality, and thus its practical use, remains a challenge, as the directions of individual phonons are chaotic. Here, we show a method to control the directionality of ballistic phonon transport using silicon membranes with arrays of holes. First, we demonstrate that the arrays of holes form fluxes of phonons oriented in the same direction. Next, we use these nanostructures as directional sources of ballistic phonons and couple the emitted phonons into nanowires. Finally, we introduce thermal lens nanostructures, in which the emitted phonons converge at the focal point, thus focusing heat into a spot of a few hundred nanometres. These results motivate the concept of ray-like heat manipulations at the nanoscale.

Heat guiding and focusing using ballistic phonon transport in phononic nanostructures

PubMed Central

Anufriev, Roman; Ramiere, Aymeric; Maire, Jeremie; Nomura, Masahiro

2017-01-01

Unlike classical heat diffusion at macroscale, nanoscale heat conduction can occur without energy dissipation because phonons can ballistically travel in straight lines for hundreds of nanometres. Nevertheless, despite recent experimental evidence of such ballistic phonon transport, control over its directionality, and thus its practical use, remains a challenge, as the directions of individual phonons are chaotic. Here, we show a method to control the directionality of ballistic phonon transport using silicon membranes with arrays of holes. First, we demonstrate that the arrays of holes form fluxes of phonons oriented in the same direction. Next, we use these nanostructures as directional sources of ballistic phonons and couple the emitted phonons into nanowires. Finally, we introduce thermal lens nanostructures, in which the emitted phonons converge at the focal point, thus focusing heat into a spot of a few hundred nanometres. These results motivate the concept of ray-like heat manipulations at the nanoscale. PMID:28516909

Design of a heat pipe governed thermal control system for the Solar Electric Propulsion Stage /SEPS/

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ruttner, L. E.; Wright, J. P.

1975-01-01

A 2200-w capacity spacecraft heat rejection system designed for the SEPS and utilizing heat pipe radiator panels has been investigated. The total thermal control system consists of two radiator panels connected to the heat source by variable conductance heat pipes (VCHP's). The system was designed to operate in the 223 to 333 temperature range. The radiators have an emittance of 0.88 at their operational temperature and a fin efficiency of approximately 80 percent. The radiators are thermally isolated from the SEPS and environment by multilayer insulation and thermal shields. Butane was selected as the working fluid for the VCHP because of its low freezing point (135), which is necessary to prevent diffusion freezeout of the liquid during the cold outbond missions. Helium was selected for the control gas. This paper describes the VCHP system, discusses the system design parameters and presents the results of the analyses.

Energy and variance budgets of a diffusive staircase with implications for heat flux scaling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hieronymus, M.; Carpenter, J. R.

2016-02-01

Diffusive convection, the mode of double-diffusive convection that occur when both temperature and salinity increase with increasing depth, is commonplace throughout the high latitude oceans and diffusive staircases constitute an important heat transport process in the Arctic Ocean. Heat and buoyancy fluxes through these staircases are often estimated using flux laws deduced either from laboratory experiments, or from simplified energy or variance budgets. We have done direct numerical simulations of double-diffusive convection at a range of Rayleigh numbers and quantified the energy and variance budgets in detail. This allows us to compare the fluxes in our simulations to those derived using known flux laws and to quantify how well the simplified energy and variance budgets approximate the full budgets. The fluxes are found to agree well with earlier estimates at high Rayleigh numbers, but we find large deviations at low Rayleigh numbers. The close ties between the heat and buoyancy fluxes and the budgets of thermal variance and energy have been utilized to derive heat flux scaling laws in the field of thermal convection. The result is the so called GL-theory, which has been found to give accurate heat flux scaling laws in a very wide parameter range. Diffusive convection has many similarities to thermal convection and an extension of the GL-theory to diffusive convection is also presented and its predictions are compared to the results from our numerical simulations.

Structure and ionic conductivity of well-aligned polycrystalline sodium titanogallate grown by reactive diffusion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hasegawa, Ryo; Okabe, Momoko; Asaka, Toru

We prepared the b-axis-oriented polycrystalline Na{sub 0.85}Ti{sub 0.51}Ga{sub 4.37}O{sub 8} (NTGO) embedded in Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3}-doped Na{sub 2}Ti{sub 4}O{sub 9} matrix using the reactive diffusion technique. When the sandwich-type Ga{sub 2}TiO{sub 5}/NaGaO{sub 2}/Ga{sub 2}TiO{sub 5} diffusion couple was heated at 1323 K for 24 h, the NTGO polycrystal was readily formed in the presence of a liquid phase. The resulting polycrystalline material was characterized by X-ray diffractometry, electron microscopy and impedance spectroscopy. We mechanically processed the annealed diffusion couple and obtained the thin-plate electrolyte consisting mostly of the grain-aligned NTGO polycrystal. The ionic conductivity (σ) of the electrolyte along themore » common b-axis direction steadily increased from 1.3×10{sup −4} to 7.3×10{sup −3} S/cm as the temperature increased from 573 to 1073 K. There was a slope change at ca. 792 K for the Arrhenius plot of σ; the activation energies were 0.39 eV above this temperature and 0.57 eV below it. The NTGO showed the crystal structure (space group C2/m) with substantial positional disordering of one of the two Ga sites. The Na{sup +} ions occupied ca. 43% of the Wyckoff position 4i site, the deficiency of which would contribute to the relatively high ionic conductivity along the b-axis. The reactive diffusion could be widely applicable as the novel technique to the preparation of grain-aligned ceramics of multi-component systems. - Graphical abstract: We have prepared the b-axis-oriented Na{sub 0.85}Ti{sub 0.51}Ga{sub 4.37}O{sub 8} polycrystal embedded in Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3}-doped Na{sub 2}Ti{sub 4}O{sub 9} matrix by the heat treatment of sandwich-type diffusion couple of Ga{sub 2}TiO{sub 5}/NaGaO{sub 2}/Ga{sub 2}TiO{sub 5}. The resulting Na{sub 0.85}Ti{sub 0.51}Ga{sub 4.37}O{sub 8} electrolyte showed the ionic conductivity ranging from 1.3×10{sup −4} S/cm at 573 K to 7.3×10{sup −3} S/cm at 1073 K. - Highlights: • The b-axis-oriented polycrystalline Na{sub 0.85}Ti{sub 0.51}Ga{sub 4.37}O{sub 8} is successfully prepared. • Crystal structure of Na{sub 0.85}Ti{sub 0.51}Ga{sub 4.37}O{sub 8} is determined by single-crystal XRD. • The polycrystal shows relatively high Na{sup +} ion conductivity along the common b-axis. • Reactive diffusion is successfully used for the preparation of grain-aligned ceramics.« less

Determination of thermal physical properties of alkali fluoride/carbonate eutectic molten salt

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

An, Xue-Hui; Cheng, Jin-Hui; Su, Tao; Zhang, Peng

2017-06-01

Molten salts used in high temperatures are more and more interested in the CSP for higher energy conversion efficiency. Thermal physical properties are the basic engineering data of thermal hydraulic calculation and safety analysis. Therefore, the thermophysical performances involving density, specific heat capacity, viscosity and thermal conductivity of FLiNaK, (LiNaK)2CO3 and LiF(NaK)2CO3 molten salts are experimentally determined and through comparison the general rules can be summarized. Density measurement was performed on the basis of Archimedes theory; specific heat capacity was measured using the DSC technique; viscosity was tested based on the rotating method; and the thermal conductivity was gained by laser flash method with combination of the density, specific heat capacity and thermal diffusivity through a formula. Finally, the energy storage capacity and figures of merit are calculated to evaluate their feasibility as TES and HFT media. The results show that FLiNaK has the largest energy storage capacity and best heat transfer performance, LiF(NaK)2CO3 is secondary, and (LiNaK)2CO3 has the smallest.

Unified Heat Kernel Regression for Diffusion, Kernel Smoothing and Wavelets on Manifolds and Its Application to Mandible Growth Modeling in CT Images

PubMed Central

Chung, Moo K.; Qiu, Anqi; Seo, Seongho; Vorperian, Houri K.

2014-01-01

We present a novel kernel regression framework for smoothing scalar surface data using the Laplace-Beltrami eigenfunctions. Starting with the heat kernel constructed from the eigenfunctions, we formulate a new bivariate kernel regression framework as a weighted eigenfunction expansion with the heat kernel as the weights. The new kernel regression is mathematically equivalent to isotropic heat diffusion, kernel smoothing and recently popular diffusion wavelets. Unlike many previous partial differential equation based approaches involving diffusion, our approach represents the solution of diffusion analytically, reducing numerical inaccuracy and slow convergence. The numerical implementation is validated on a unit sphere using spherical harmonics. As an illustration, we have applied the method in characterizing the localized growth pattern of mandible surfaces obtained in CT images from subjects between ages 0 and 20 years by regressing the length of displacement vectors with respect to the template surface. PMID:25791435

Exergy optimization in a steady moving bed heat exchanger.

PubMed

Soria-Verdugo, A; Almendros-Ibáñez, J A; Ruiz-Rivas, U; Santana, D

2009-04-01

This work provides an energy and exergy optimization analysis of a moving bed heat exchanger (MBHE). The exchanger is studied as a cross-flow heat exchanger where one of the phases is a moving granular medium. The optimal MBHE dimensions and the optimal particle diameter are obtained for a range of incoming fluid flow rates. The analyses are carried out over operation data of the exchanger obtained in two ways: a numerical simulation of the steady-state problem and an analytical solution of the simplified equations, neglecting the conduction terms. The numerical simulation considers, for the solid, the convection heat transfer to the fluid and the diffusion term in both directions, and for the fluid only the convection heat transfer to the solid. The results are compared with a well-known analytical solution (neglecting conduction effects) for the temperature distribution in the exchanger. Next, the analytical solution is used to derive an expression for the exergy destruction. The optimal length of the MBHE depends mainly on the flow rate and does not depend on particle diameter unless they become very small (thus increasing sharply the pressure drop). The exergy optimal length is always smaller than the thermal one, although the difference is itself small.

Electron-phonon mediated heat flow in disordered graphene

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Wei; Clerk, Aashish A.

2012-09-01

We calculate the heat flux and electron-phonon thermal conductance in a disordered graphene sheet, going beyond a Fermi’s golden rule approach to fully account for the modification of the electron-phonon interaction by disorder. Using the Keldysh technique combined with standard impurity averaging methods in the regime kFl≫1 (where kF is the Fermi wave vector and l is the mean free path), we consider both scalar potential (i.e., deformation potential) and vector-potential couplings between electrons and phonons. We also consider the effects of electronic screening at the Thomas-Fermi level. We find that the temperature dependence of the heat flux and thermal conductance is sensitive to the presence of disorder and screening, and reflects the underlying chiral nature of electrons in graphene and the corresponding modification of their diffusive behavior. In the case of weak screening, disorder enhances the low-temperature heat flux over the clean system (changing the associated power law from T4 to T3), and the deformation potential dominates. For strong screening, both the deformation potential and vector-potential couplings make comparable contributions, and the low-temperature heat flux obeys a T5 power law.

Diffusion in higher dimensional SYK model with complex fermions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cai, Wenhe; Ge, Xian-Hui; Yang, Guo-Hong

2018-01-01

We construct a new higher dimensional SYK model with complex fermions on bipartite lattices. As an extension of the original zero-dimensional SYK model, we focus on the one-dimension case, and similar Hamiltonian can be obtained in higher dimensions. This model has a conserved U(1) fermion number Q and a conjugate chemical potential μ. We evaluate the thermal and charge diffusion constants via large q expansion at low temperature limit. The results show that the diffusivity depends on the ratio of free Majorana fermions to Majorana fermions with SYK interactions. The transport properties and the butterfly velocity are accordingly calculated at low temperature. The specific heat and the thermal conductivity are proportional to the temperature. The electrical resistivity also has a linear temperature dependence term.

Effects of variable specific heat on energy transfer in a high-temperature supersonic channel flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Xiaoping; Li, Xiaopeng; Dou, Hua-Shu; Zhu, Zuchao

2018-05-01

An energy transfer mechanism in high-temperature supersonic turbulent flow for variable specific heat (VSH) condition through turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), mean kinetic energy (MKE), turbulent internal energy (TIE) and mean internal energy (MIE) is proposed. The similarities of energy budgets between VSH and constant specific heat (CSH) conditions are investigated by introducing a vibrational energy excited degree and considering the effects of fluctuating specific heat. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of temporally evolving high-temperature supersonic turbulent channel flow is conducted at Mach number 3.0 and Reynolds number 4800 combined with a constant dimensional wall temperature 1192.60 K for VSH and CSH conditions to validate the proposed energy transfer mechanism. The differences between the terms in the two kinetic energy budgets for VSH and CSH conditions are small; however, the magnitude of molecular diffusion term for VSH condition is significantly smaller than that for CSH condition. The non-negligible energy transfer is obtained after neglecting several small terms of diffusion, dissipation and compressibility related. The non-negligible energy transfer involving TIE includes three processes, in which energy can be gained from TKE and MIE and lost to MIE. The same non-negligible energy transfer through TKE, MKE and MIE is observed for both the conditions.

A diffusion-limited reaction model for self-propagating Al/Pt multilayers with quench limits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kittell, D. E.; Yarrington, C. D.; Hobbs, M. L.; Abere, M. J.; Adams, D. P.

2018-04-01

A diffusion-limited reaction model was calibrated for Al/Pt multilayers ignited on oxidized silicon, sapphire, and tungsten substrates, as well as for some Al/Pt multilayers ignited as free-standing foils. The model was implemented in a finite element analysis code and used to match experimental burn front velocity data collected from several years of testing at Sandia National Laboratories. Moreover, both the simulations and experiments reveal well-defined quench limits in the total Al + Pt layer (i.e., bilayer) thickness. At these limits, the heat generated from atomic diffusion is insufficient to support a self-propagating wave front on top of the substrates. Quench limits for reactive multilayers are seldom reported and are found to depend on the thermal properties of the individual layers. Here, the diffusion-limited reaction model is generalized to allow for temperature- and composition-dependent material properties, phase change, and anisotropic thermal conductivity. Utilizing this increase in model fidelity, excellent overall agreement is shown between the simulations and experimental results with a single calibrated parameter set. However, the burn front velocities of Al/Pt multilayers ignited on tungsten substrates are over-predicted. Possible sources of error are discussed and a higher activation energy (from 41.9 kJ/mol.at. to 47.5 kJ/mol.at.) is shown to bring the simulations into agreement with the velocity data observed on tungsten substrates. This higher activation energy suggests an inhibited diffusion mechanism present at lower heating rates.

Cattaneo-Christov double-diffusion theory for three-dimensional flow of viscoelastic nanofluid with the effect of heat generation/absorption

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hayat, Tasawar; Qayyum, Sajid; Shehzad, Sabir Ali; Alsaedi, Ahmed

2018-03-01

The present research article focuses on three-dimensional flow of viscoelastic(second grade) nanofluid in the presence of Cattaneo-Christov double-diffusion theory. Flow caused is due to stretching sheet. Characteristics of heat transfer are interpreted by considering the heat generation/absorption. Nanofluid theory comprises of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Cattaneo-Christov double-diffusion theory is introduced in the energy and concentration expressions. Such diffusions are developed as a part of formulating the thermal and solutal relaxation times framework. Suitable variables are implemented for the conversion of partial differential systems into a sets of ordinary differential equations. The transformed expressions have been explored through homotopic algorithm. Behavior of sundry variables on the velocities, temperature and concentration are scrutinized graphically. Numerical values of skin friction coefficients are also calculated and examined. Here thermal field enhances for heat generation parameter while reverse situation is noticed for heat absorption parameter.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ranjan, Devesh

Diffusion bonded heat exchangers are the leading candidates for the sCO 2 Brayton cycles in next generation nuclear power plants. Commercially available diffusion bonded heat exchangers utilize set of continuous semi-circular zigzag micro channels to increase the heat transfer area and enhance heat transfer through increased turbulence production. Such heat exchangers can lead to excessive pressure drop as well as flow maldistribution in the case of poorly designed flow distribution headers. The goal of the current project is to fabricate and test potential discontinuous fin patterns for diffusion bonded heat exchangers; which can achieve desired thermal performance at lower pressuremore » drops. Prototypic discontinuous offset rectangular and Airfoil fin surface geometries were chemically etched on to 316 stainless steel plate and sealed against an un-etched flat pate using O-ring seal emulating diffusion bonded heat exchangers. Thermal-hydraulic performance of these prototypic discontinuous fin geometries was experimentally evaluated and compared to the existing data for the continuous zigzag channels. The data generated from this project will serve as the database for future testing and validation of numerical models.« less

Experimental evaluation of the thermal properties of two tissue equivalent phantom materials.

PubMed

Craciunescu, O I; Howle, L E; Clegg, S T

1999-01-01

Tissue equivalent radio frequency (RF) phantoms provide a means for measuring the power deposition of various hyperthermia therapy applicators. Temperature measurements made in phantoms are used to verify the accuracy of various numerical approaches for computing the power and/or temperature distributions. For the numerical simulations to be accurate, the electrical and thermal properties of the materials that form the phantom should be accurately characterized. This paper reports on the experimentally measured thermal properties of two commonly used phantom materials, i.e. a rigid material with the electrical properties of human fat, and a low concentration polymer gel with the electrical properties of human muscle. Particularities of the two samples required the design of alternative measuring techniques for the specific heat and thermal conductivity. For the specific heat, a calorimeter method is used. For the thermal diffusivity, a method derived from the standard guarded comparative-longitudinal heat flow technique was used for both materials. For the 'muscle'-like material, the thermal conductivity, density and specific heat at constant pressure were measured as: k = 0.31 +/- 0.001 W(mK)(-1), p = 1026 +/- 7 kgm(-3), and c(p) = 4584 +/- 107 J(kgK)(-1). For the 'fat'-like material, the literature reports on the density and specific heat such that only the thermal conductivity was measured as k = 0.55 W(mK)(-1).

Kinetic and Mechanism Study of Vanadium Acid Leaching from Black Shale Using Microwave Heating Method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jing-peng; Zhang, Yi-min; Huang, Jing; Liu, Tao

2018-04-01

The leaching kinetics of the vanadium leaching process were investigated by the comparison of microwave heating and conventional heating methods. Microwave heating with CaF2 had a synergistic effect and improved the vanadium leaching efficiency. In contrast to conventional heating leaching, microwave heating accelerated the vanadium leaching rate by approximately 1-3% and by approximately 15% when CaF2 was also used. The kinetics analysis showed that the calculated activation energy decreased in the microwave heating method in the presence and absence of CaF2. The control procedure of leaching also changed from a chemical reaction control step to a mixed chemical diffusion control step upon the addition of CaF2. Microwave heating was shown to be suitable for leaching systems with diffusion or mixed chemical diffusion control steps when the target mineral does not have a microwave absorbing ability.

Kinetic and Mechanism Study of Vanadium Acid Leaching from Black Shale Using Microwave Heating Method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jing-peng; Zhang, Yi-min; Huang, Jing; Liu, Tao

2018-06-01

The leaching kinetics of the vanadium leaching process were investigated by the comparison of microwave heating and conventional heating methods. Microwave heating with CaF2 had a synergistic effect and improved the vanadium leaching efficiency. In contrast to conventional heating leaching, microwave heating accelerated the vanadium leaching rate by approximately 1-3% and by approximately 15% when CaF2 was also used. The kinetics analysis showed that the calculated activation energy decreased in the microwave heating method in the presence and absence of CaF2. The control procedure of leaching also changed from a chemical reaction control step to a mixed chemical diffusion control step upon the addition of CaF2. Microwave heating was shown to be suitable for leaching systems with diffusion or mixed chemical diffusion control steps when the target mineral does not have a microwave absorbing ability.

Double diffusive conjugate heat transfer: Part I

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Azeem, Soudagar, Manzoor Elahi M.

2018-05-01

The present work is undertaken to investigate the effect of solid wall being placed at left of square cavity filled with porous medium. The presence of a solid wall in the porous medium turns the situation into a conjugate heat transfer problem. The boundary conditions are such that the left vertical surface is maintained at highest temperature and concentration whereas right vertical surface at lowest temperature and concentration in the medium. The top and bottom surfaces are adiabatic. The additional conduction equation along with the regular momentum and energy equations of porous medium are solved in an iterative manner with the help of finite element method. It is seen that the heat and mass transfer rate is lesser due to smaller thermal and concentration gradients.

Coupling Schemes for Multiphysics Reactor Simulation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vijay Mahadeven; Jean Ragusa

2007-11-01

This report documents the progress of the student Vijay S. Mahadevan from the Nuclear Engineering Department of Texas A&M University over the summer of 2007 during his visit to the INL. The purpose of his visit was to investigate the physics-based preconditioned Jacobian-free Newton-Krylov method applied to physics relevant to nuclear reactor simulation. To this end he studied two test problems that represented reaction-diffusion and advection-reaction. These two test problems will provide the basis for future work in which neutron diffusion, nonlinear heat conduction, and a twophase flow model will be tightly coupled to provide an accurate model of amore » BWR core.« less

A Study on the Heat Flow Characteristics of IRSS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cho, Yong-Jin; Ko, Dae-Eun

2017-11-01

The infrared signatures emitted from the hot waste gas generated by the combustion engine and generator of a naval ship and from the metal surface around the funnel are the targets of the enemy threatening weapon system, thereby reducing the survivability of the ship. Such infrared signatures are reduced by installing an infrared signature suppression system (IRSS) in the naval ship. An IRSS consists of three parts: an eductor that creates a turbulent flow in the waste gas, a mixing tube that mixes the waste gas with the ambient air, and a diffuser that forms an air film using the pressure difference between the waste gas and the outside air. This study analyzed the test model of the IRSS developed by an advanced company and, based on this, conducted heat flow analyses as a basic study to improve the performance of the IRSS. The results were compared and analyzed considering various turbulence models. As a result, the temperatures and velocities of the waste gas at the eductor inlet and the diffuser outlet as well as the temperature of the diffuser metal surface were obtained. It was confirmed that these results were in good agreement with the measurement results of the model test.

Numerical simulation of nanofluids based on power-law fluids with flow and heat transfer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Lin; Jiang, Yongyue; Chen, Aixin

2017-04-01

In this paper, we investigate the heat transfer of nanofluids based on power-law fluids and movement of nanoparticles with the effect of thermophoresis in a rotating circular groove. The velocity of circular groove rotating is a constant and the temperature on the wall is kept to be zero all the time which is different from the temperature of nanofluids in the initial time. The effects of thermophoresis and Brownian diffusion are considered in temperature and concentration equations, and it is assumed that the thermal conductivity of nanofluids is a function of concentration of nanoparticles. Based on numerical results, it can be found that nanofluids improve the process of heat transfer than base fluids in a rotating circular groove. The enhancement of heat transfer increases as the power law index of base fluids decreases.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Novascone, Stephen Rhead; Peterson, John William

Abstract This report documents the progress of simulating pore migration in ceramic (UO 2 and mixed oxide or MOX) fuel using BISON. The porosity field is treated as a function of space and time whose evolution is governed by a custom convection-diffusion-reaction equation (described here) which is coupled to the heat transfer equation via the temperature field. The porosity is initialized to a constant value at every point in the domain, and as the temperature (and its gradient) are increased by application of a heat source, the pores move up the thermal gradient and accumulate at the center of themore » fuel in a time-frame that is consistent with observations from experiments. There is an inverse dependence of the fuel’s thermal conductivity on porosity (increasing porosity decreases thermal conductivity, and vice-versa) which is also accounted for, allowing the porosity equation to couple back into the heat transfer equation. Results from an example simulation are shown to demonstrate the new capability.« less

Extrapolation of thermophysical properties data for oxygen to high pressures (5000 to 10,000 psia) at low temperatures (100-600 R)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weber, L. A.

1971-01-01

Thermophysical properties data for oxygen at pressures below 5000 psia have been extrapolated to higher pressures (5,000-10,000 psia) in the temperature range 100-600 R. The tables include density, entropy, enthalpy, internal energy, speed of sound, specific heat, thermal conductivity, viscosity, thermal diffusivity, Prandtl number, and dielectric constant.

Thermophysical Property Testing Using Transient Techniques.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-06-29

WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number) Specific heat HMX carbon/carbon Diffusivity RDX solid propellants Conductivity...energetic materials (AP, " HMX , RDX and HTPB) used in solid rocket fuel to carbon/carbon materials used as rocket nozzles. Studies on AP included single...32 4.1b HMX and RDX ............................35 a 4.2 Carbon/Carbon Materials ...................... 36 5.0 SUMMARY

Effect of air confinement on thermal contact resistance in nanoscale heat transfer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pratap, Dheeraj; Islam, Rakibul; Al-Alam, Patricia; Randrianalisoa, Jaona; Trannoy, Nathalie

2018-03-01

Here, we report a detailed analysis of thermal contact resistance (R c) of nano-size contact formed between a Wollaston wire thermal probe and the used samples (fused silica and titanium) as a function of air pressure (from 1 Pa to 105 Pa). Moreover, we suggest an analytical model using experimental data to extract R c. We found that for both samples, the thermal contact resistance decreases with increasing air pressure. We also showed that R c strongly depends on the thermal conductivity of materials keeping other parameters the same, such as roughness of the probe and samples, as well as the contact force. We provide a physical explanation of the R c trend with pressure and thermal conductivity of the materials: R c is ascribed to the heat transfer through solid-solid (probe-sample) contact and confined air at nanoscale cavities, due to the rough nature of the materials in contact. The contribution of confined air on heat transfer through the probe sample contact is significant at atmospheric pressure but decreases as the pressure decreases. In vacuum, only the solid-solid contact contributes to R c. In addition, theoretical calculations using the well-known acoustic and diffuse mismatch models showed a high thermal conductivity material that exhibits high heat transmission and consequently low R c, supporting our findings.

Model for visualizing high energy laser (HEL) damage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Erten, Gail

2017-11-01

This paper describes and presents results from a model created in MATLAB® to calculate and display the time dependent temperature profile on a target aimpoint as it is being engaged by a high energy laser (HEL) beam. The model uses public domain information namely physics equations of heat conduction and phase changes and material properties such as thermal conductivity/diffusivity, latent heat, specific heat, melting and evaporation points as well as user input material type and thickness. The user also provides time varying characteristics of the HEL beam on the aimpoint, including beam size and intensity distribution (in Watts per centimeter square). The model calculates the temperature distribution at and around the aimpoint and also shows the phase changes of the aimpoint with the material first melting and then evaporating. User programmable features (selecting materials and thickness, erosion rates for melting) make the model highly versatile. The objective is to bridge the divide between remaining faithful to theoretical formulations such as the partial differential equations of heat conduction and at the same time serving practical concerns of the model user who needs to rapidly evaluate HEL thermal effects. One possible use of the tool is to assess lethality values of different aimpoints without costly (as well as often dangerous and destructive) experiments.

Heating the warm ionized medium

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reynolds, R. J.; Cox, D. P.

1992-01-01

If photoelectric heating by grains within the diffuse ionized component of the interstellar medium is 10 exp -25 ergs/s per H atom, the average value within diffuse H I regions, then grain heating equals or exceeds photoionization heating of the ionized gas. This supplemental heat source would obviate the need for energetic ionizing photons to balance the observed forbidden-line cooling and could be responsible in part for enhanced intensities of some of the forbidden lines.

Sensors for Metering Heat Flux Area Density and Metrological Equipment for the Heat Flux Density Measurement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Doronin, D. O.

2018-04-01

The demand in measuring and studies of heat conduction of various media is very urgent now. This article considers the problem of heat conduction monitoring and measurement in various media and materials in any industries and branches of science as well as metrological support of the heat flux measurement equipment. The main study objects are both the sensors manufactured and facilities onto which these sensors will be installed: different cladding structures of the buildings, awnings, rocket fairings, boiler units, internal combustion engines. The Company develops and manufactures different types of heat flux sensors: thermocouple, thin-film, heterogeneous gradient as well as metrological equipment for the gauging calibration of the heat flux density measurement. The calibration shall be performed using both referencing method in the unit and by fixed setting of the heat flux in the unit. To manufacture heterogeneous heat flux gradient sensors (HHFGS) the Company developed and designed a number of units: diffusion welding unit, HHFGS cutting unit. Rather good quality HHFGS prototypes were obtained. At this stage the factory tests on the equipment for the heat flux density measurement equipment are planned. A high-sensitivity heat flux sensor was produced, now it is tested at the Construction Physics Research Institute (Moscow). It became possible to create thin-film heat flux sensors with the sensitivity not worse than that of the sensors manufactured by Captec Company (France). The Company has sufficient premises to supply the market with a wide range of sensors, to master new sensor manufacture technologies which will enable their application range.

Ignition and Combustion of Bulk Metals in a Microgravity Environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Branch, M. C.; Daily, J. W.; Abbud-Madrid, A.

1996-01-01

This annual report summarizes the latest results obtained in a NASA-supported project to investigate the effect of gravity on the ignition and combustion of bulk metals. The experimental arrangement used for this purpose consists of a 1000-W xenon lamp that irradiates the top surface of cylindrical titanium and magnesium specimens, 4 mm in diameter and 4 mm in height, in a quiescent, pure-oxygen environment at 1 atm. Reduced gravity is obtained from the NASA LeRC DC-9 aircraft flying parabolic trajectories. Values of critical and ignition temperatures are obtained from thermocouple records. Qualitative observations and propagation rates are extracted from high-speed cinematography. Emission spectra of gas-phase reactions are obtained with an imaging spectrograph/diode array system. It was found that high applied heating rates and large internal conduction losses generate critical and ignition temperatures that are several hundred degrees above the values obtained from isothermal experiments. Because of high conduction and radiation heat losses, no appreciable effect on ignition temperatures with reduced convection in low gravity is detected. Lower propagation rates of the molten interface on titanium and of ignition waves on magnesium are obtained at reduced gravity. These rates are compared to theoretical results from heat conduction analyses with a diffusion/convection controlled reaction. The close agreement found between experimental and theoretical values indicates the importance of the influence of natural convection-enhanced oxygen transport on combustion rates. Lower oxygen flux and lack of oxide product removal in the absence of convective currents appear to be responsible for longer burning times of magnesium diffusion flames at reduced gravity. The accumulation of condensed oxide particles in the flame front at low gravity produces a previously unreported unsteady explosion phenomenon in bulk magnesium flames. This spherically symmetric explosion phenomenon seems to be driven by increased radiation heat transfer from the flame front to an evaporating metal core covered by a porous, flexible oxide coating. These important results have revealed the significant role of gravity on the burning of metals, and are now being used as the database for future experiments to be conducted with different metals at various pressures, oxygen concentrations and gravity levels.

Diffusion, Fluxes, Friction Forces, and Joule Heating in Two-Temperature Multicomponent Magnetohydrodynamics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chang, C. H.

1999-01-01

The relationship between Joule heating, diffusion fluxes, and friction forces has been studied for both total and electron thermal energy equations, using general expressions for multicomponent diffusion in two-temperature plasmas with the velocity dependent Lorentz force acting on charged species in a magnetic field. It is shown that the derivation of Joule heating terms requires both diffusion fluxes and friction between species which represents the resistance experienced by the species moving at different relative velocities. It is also shown that the familiar Joule heating term in the electron thermal energy equation includes artificial effects produced by switching the convective velocity from the species velocity to the mass-weighted velocity, and thus should not be ignored even when there is no net energy dissipation.

Electron Currents and Heating in the Ion Diffusion Region of Asymmetric Reconnection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Graham, D. B.; Khotyaintsev, Yu. V.; Norgren, C.; Vaivads, A.; Andre, M.; Lindqvist, P. A.; Marklund, G. T.; Ergun, R. E.; Paterson, W. R.; Gershman, D. J.;

Investigation of parabolic computational techniques for internal high-speed viscous flows

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, O. L.; Power, G. D.

1985-01-01

A feasibility study was conducted to assess the applicability of an existing parabolic analysis (ADD-Axisymmetric Diffuser Duct), developed previously for subsonic viscous internal flows, to mixed supersonic/subsonic flows with heat addition simulating a SCRAMJET combustor. A study was conducted with the ADD code modified to include additional convection effects in the normal momentum equation when supersonic expansion and compression waves were present. It is concluded from the present study that for the class of problems where strong viscous/inviscid interactions are present a global iteration procedure is required.

Bessel Fourier orientation reconstruction: an analytical EAP reconstruction using multiple shell acquisitions in diffusion MRI.

PubMed

Hosseinbor, Ameer Pasha; Chung, Moo K; Wu, Yu-Chien; Alexander, Andrew L

2011-01-01

The estimation of the ensemble average propagator (EAP) directly from q-space DWI signals is an open problem in diffusion MRI. Diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) is one common technique to compute the EAP directly from the diffusion signal, but it is burdened by the large sampling required. Recently, several analytical EAP reconstruction schemes for multiple q-shell acquisitions have been proposed. One, in particular, is Diffusion Propagator Imaging (DPI) which is based on the Laplace's equation estimation of diffusion signal for each shell acquisition. Viewed intuitively in terms of the heat equation, the DPI solution is obtained when the heat distribution between temperatuere measurements at each shell is at steady state. We propose a generalized extension of DPI, Bessel Fourier Orientation Reconstruction (BFOR), whose solution is based on heat equation estimation of the diffusion signal for each shell acquisition. That is, the heat distribution between shell measurements is no longer at steady state. In addition to being analytical, the BFOR solution also includes an intrinsic exponential smootheing term. We illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by showing results on both synthetic and real MR datasets.

Comparison of different bioheat transfer models for assessment of burns injuries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Łapka, Piotr; Furmański, Piotr; Wiśniewski, Tomasz S.

2016-12-01

Two bioheat transfer models i.e.: the classical Pennes model and a more realistic two-equation model which accounted for blood vessel structure in the skin as well as heat transfer in the tissue and arteria blood were coupled with heat and mass transfer model in the protective multilayer garment. The clothing model included conductive-radiative heat transfer with water vapor diffusion in pores and air gaps as well as sorption and desorption of water in fibers. Thermal radiation was modeled rigorously e.g.: both the tissue and fabrics were assumed non-gray, absorbing, emitting and anisotropically scattering. Additionally different refractive indices of fabrics, air and tissue and resulting optical phenomena at separating interfaces were accounted for. Both bioheat models were applied for predicting skin temperature distributions and possibility of burns for different exposition times and radiative heat fluxes incident on external surface of the protective garment. Performed analyses revealed that heat transfer in the skin subjected to high heat flux is independent of the blood vessel structure.

Transformed Fourier and Fick equations for the control of heat and mass diffusion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Guenneau, S.; Petiteau, D.; Zerrad, M.

We review recent advances in the control of diffusion processes in thermodynamics and life sciences through geometric transforms in the Fourier and Fick equations, which govern heat and mass diffusion, respectively. We propose to further encompass transport properties in the transformed equations, whereby the temperature is governed by a three-dimensional, time-dependent, anisotropic heterogeneous convection-diffusion equation, which is a parabolic partial differential equation combining the diffusion equation and the advection equation. We perform two dimensional finite element computations for cloaks, concentrators and rotators of a complex shape in the transient regime. We precise that in contrast to invisibility cloaks for waves,more » the temperature (or mass concentration) inside a diffusion cloak crucially depends upon time, its distance from the source, and the diffusivity of the invisibility region. However, heat (or mass) diffusion outside cloaks, concentrators and rotators is unaffected by their presence, whatever their shape or position. Finally, we propose simplified designs of layered cylindrical and spherical diffusion cloaks that might foster experimental efforts in thermal and biochemical metamaterials.« less

Conjugate heat and mass transfer in the lattice Boltzmann equation method.

PubMed

Li, Like; Chen, Chen; Mei, Renwei; Klausner, James F

2014-04-01

An interface treatment for conjugate heat and mass transfer in the lattice Boltzmann equation method is proposed based on our previously proposed second-order accurate Dirichlet and Neumann boundary schemes. The continuity of temperature (concentration) and its flux at the interface for heat (mass) transfer is intrinsically satisfied without iterative computations, and the interfacial temperature (concentration) and their fluxes are conveniently obtained from the microscopic distribution functions without finite-difference calculations. The present treatment takes into account the local geometry of the interface so that it can be directly applied to curved interface problems such as conjugate heat and mass transfer in porous media. For straight interfaces or curved interfaces with no tangential gradient, the coupling between the interfacial fluxes along the discrete lattice velocity directions is eliminated and thus the proposed interface schemes can be greatly simplified. Several numerical tests are conducted to verify the applicability and accuracy of the proposed conjugate interface treatment, including (i) steady convection-diffusion in a channel containing two different fluids, (ii) unsteady convection-diffusion in the channel, (iii) steady heat conduction inside a circular domain with two different solid materials, and (iv) unsteady mass transfer from a spherical droplet in an extensional creeping flow. The accuracy and order of convergence of the simulated interior temperature (concentration) field, the interfacial temperature (concentration), and heat (mass) flux are examined in detail and compared with those obtained from the "half-lattice division" treatment in the literature. The present analysis and numerical results show that the half-lattice division scheme is second-order accurate only when the interface is fixed at the center of the lattice links, while the present treatment preserves second-order accuracy for arbitrary link fractions. For curved interfaces, the present treatment yields second-order accurate interior and interfacial temperatures (concentrations) and first-order accurate interfacial heat (mass) flux. An increase of order of convergence by one degree is obtained for each of these three quantities compared with the half-lattice division scheme. The surface-averaged Sherwood numbers computed in test (iv) agree well with published results.

Conjugate heat and mass transfer in the lattice Boltzmann equation method

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, LK; Chen, C; Mei, RW

2014-04-22

An interface treatment for conjugate heat and mass transfer in the lattice Boltzmann equation method is proposed based on our previously proposed second-order accurate Dirichlet and Neumann boundary schemes. The continuity of temperature (concentration) and its flux at the interface for heat (mass) transfer is intrinsically satisfied without iterative computations, and the interfacial temperature (concentration) and their fluxes are conveniently obtained from the microscopic distribution functions without finite-difference calculations. The present treatment takes into account the local geometry of the interface so that it can be directly applied to curved interface problems such as conjugate heat and mass transfer inmore » porous media. For straight interfaces or curved interfaces with no tangential gradient, the coupling between the interfacial fluxes along the discrete lattice velocity directions is eliminated and thus the proposed interface schemes can be greatly simplified. Several numerical tests are conducted to verify the applicability and accuracy of the proposed conjugate interface treatment, including (i) steady convection-diffusion in a channel containing two different fluids, (ii) unsteady convection-diffusion in the channel, (iii) steady heat conduction inside a circular domain with two different solid materials, and (iv) unsteady mass transfer from a spherical droplet in an extensional creeping flow. The accuracy and order of convergence of the simulated interior temperature (concentration) field, the interfacial temperature (concentration), and heat (mass) flux are examined in detail and compared with those obtained from the "half-lattice division" treatment in the literature. The present analysis and numerical results show that the half-lattice division scheme is second-order accurate only when the interface is fixed at the center of the lattice links, while the present treatment preserves second-order accuracy for arbitrary link fractions. For curved interfaces, the present treatment yields second-order accurate interior and interfacial temperatures (concentrations) and first-order accurate interfacial heat (mass) flux. An increase of order of convergence by one degree is obtained for each of these three quantities compared with the half-lattice division scheme. The surface-averaged Sherwood numbers computed in test (iv) agree well with published results.« less

Characterizing Thermal Properties of Melting Te Semiconductor: Thermal Diffusivity Measurements and Simulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zhu, Shen; Li, C.; Su, Ching-Hua; Lin, B.; Ben, H.; Scripa, R. N.; Lehoczky, S. L.; Curreri, Peter A. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

Tellurium is an element for many II-VI and I-III-VI(sub 2) compounds that are useful materials for fabricating many devices. In the melt growth techniques, the thermal properties of the molten phase are important parameter for controlling growth process to improve semiconducting crystal quality. In this study, thermal diffusivity of molten tellurium has been measured by a laser flash method in the temperature range from 500 C to 900 C. A pulsed laser with 1064 nm wavelength is focused on one side of the measured sample. The thermal diffusivity can be estimated from the temperature transient at the other side of the sample. A numerical simulation based on the thermal transport process has been also performed. By numerically fitting the experimental results, both the thermal conductivity and heat capacity can be derived. A relaxation phenomenon, which shows a slow drift of the measured thermal conductivity toward the equilibrium value after cooling of the sample, was observed for the first time. The error analysis and the comparison of the results to published data measured by other techniques will be discussed.

Characterizing Thermal Properties of Melting Te Semiconductor: Thermal Diffusivity Measurements and Simulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zhu, Shen; Su, Ching-Hua; Li, C.; Lin, B.; Ben, H.; Scripa, R. N.; Lehoczky, S. L.; Curreri, Peter A. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

Tellurium is an element for many II-VI and I-III-VI(sub 2) compounds that are useful materials for fabricating many devises. In the melt growth techniques, the thermal properties of the molten phase are important parameter for controlling growth process to improve semiconducting crystal quality. In this study, thermal diffusivity of molten tellurium has been measured by a laser flash method in the temperature range from 500 C to 900 C. A pulsed laser with 1064 nm wavelength is focused on one side of the measured sample. The thermal diffusivity can be estimated from the temperature transient at the other side of the sample. A numerical simulation based on the thermal transport process has been also performed. By numerically fitting the experimental results, both the thermal conductivity and heat capacity can be derived. A relaxation phenomenon, which shows a slow drift of the measured thermal conductivity toward the equilibrium value after cooling of the sample, was observed for the first time. The error analysis and the comparison of the results to published data measured by other techniques will be discussed in the presentation.

MHD convective heat transfer in a discretely heated square cavity with conductive inner block using two-phase nanofluid model.

PubMed

Alsabery, A I; Sheremet, M A; Chamkha, A J; Hashim, I

2018-05-09

The problem of steady, laminar natural convection in a discretely heated and cooled square cavity filled by an alumina/water nanofluid with a centered heat-conducting solid block under the effects of inclined uniform magnetic field, Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis is studied numerically by using the finite difference method. Isothermal heaters and coolers are placed along the vertical walls and the bottom horizontal wall, while the upper horizontal wall is kept adiabatic. Water-based nanofluids with alumina nanoparticles are chosen for investigation. The governing parameters of this study are the Rayleigh number (10 3  ≤ Ra ≤ 10 6 ), the Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 50), thermal conductivity ratio (0.28 ≤ k w  ≤ 16), centered solid block size (0.1 ≤ D ≤ 0.7) and the nanoparticles volume fraction (0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.04). The developed computational code is validated comprehensively using the grid independency test and numerical and experimental data of other authors. The obtained results reveal that the effects of the thermal conductivity ratio, centered solid block size and the nanoparticles volume fraction are non-linear for the heat transfer rate. Therefore, it is possible to find optimal parameters for the heat transfer enhancement in dependence on the considered system. Moreover, high values of the Rayleigh number and nanoparticles volume fraction characterize homogeneous distributions of nanoparticles inside the cavity. High concentration of nanoparticles can be found near the centered solid block where thermal plumes from the local heaters interact.

Thermal properties of simulated Hanford waste glasses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rodriguez, Carmen P.; Chun, Jaehun; Crum, Jarrod V.

The Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) will vitrify the mixed hazardous wastes generated from 45 years of plutonium production. The molten glasses will be poured into stainless steel containers or canisters and subsequently quenched for storage and disposal. Such highly energy-consuming processes require precise thermal properties of materials for appropriate facility design and operations. Key thermal properties (heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity) of representative high-level and low-activity waste glasses were studied as functions of temperature in the range of 200 to 800°C (relevant to the cooling process), implementing simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry-thermal gravimetry (DSC-TGA), Xe-flashmore » diffusivity, pycnometry, and dilatometry. The study showed that simultaneous DSC-TGA would be a reliable method to obtain heat capacity of various glasses at the temperature of interest. Accurate thermal properties from this study were shown to provide a more realistic guideline for capacity and time constraint of heat removal process, in comparison to the design basis conservative engineering estimates. The estimates, though useful for design in the absence measured physical properties, can now be supplanted and the measured thermal properties can be used in design verification activities.« less

Buoyant Low Stretch Diffusion Flames Beneath Cylindrical PMMA Samples

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Olson, S. L.; Tien, J. S.

1999-01-01

A unique new way to study low gravity flames in normal gravity has been developed. To study flame structure and extinction characteristics in low stretch environments, a normal gravity low-stretch diffusion flame is generated using a cylindrical PMMA sample of varying large radii. Burning rates, visible flame thickness, visible flame standoff distance, temperature profiles in the solid and gas, and radiative loss from the system were measured. A transition from the blowoff side of the flammability map to the quenching side of the flammability map is observed at approximately 6-7/ sec, as determined by curvefits to the non-monotonic trends in peak temperatures, solid and gas-phase temperature gradients, and non-dimensional standoff distances. A surface energy balance reveals that the fraction of heat transfer from the flame that is lost to in-depth conduction and surface radiation increases with decreasing stretch until quenching extinction is observed. This is primarily due to decreased heat transfer from the flame, while the magnitude of the losses remains the same. A unique local extinction flamelet phenomena and associated pre-extinction oscillations are observed at very low stretch. An ultimate quenching extinction limit is found at low stretch with sufficiently high induced heat losses.

Thermal Transport Model for Heat Sink Design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chervenak, James A.; Kelley, Richard L.; Brown, Ari D.; Smith, Stephen J.; Kilbourne, Caroline a.

2009-01-01

A document discusses the development of a finite element model for describing thermal transport through microcalorimeter arrays in order to assist in heat-sinking design. A fabricated multi-absorber transition edge sensor (PoST) was designed in order to reduce device wiring density by a factor of four. The finite element model consists of breaking the microcalorimeter array into separate elements, including the transition edge sensor (TES) and the silicon substrate on which the sensor is deposited. Each element is then broken up into subelements, whose surface area subtends 10 10 microns. The heat capacity per unit temperature, thermal conductance, and thermal diffusivity of each subelement are the model inputs, as are the temperatures of each subelement. Numerical integration using the Finite in Time Centered in Space algorithm of the thermal diffusion equation is then performed in order to obtain a temporal evolution of the subelement temperature. Thermal transport across interfaces is modeled using a thermal boundary resistance obtained using the acoustic mismatch model. The document concludes with a discussion of the PoST fabrication. PoSTs are novel because they enable incident x-ray position sensitivity with good energy resolution and low wiring density.

Effect of asymmetric concentration profile on thermal conductivity in Ge/SiGe superlattices

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hahn, Konstanze R., E-mail: konstanze.hahn@dsf.unica.it; Cecchi, Stefano; Colombo, Luciano

2016-05-16

The effect of the chemical composition in Si/Ge-based superlattices on their thermal conductivity has been investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Simulation cells of Ge/SiGe superlattices have been generated with different concentration profiles such that the Si concentration follows a step-like, a tooth-saw, a Gaussian, and a gamma-type function in direction of the heat flux. The step-like and tooth-saw profiles mimic ideally sharp interfaces, whereas Gaussian and gamma-type profiles are smooth functions imitating atomic diffusion at the interface as obtained experimentally. Symmetry effects have been investigated comparing the symmetric profiles of the step-like and the Gaussian function to the asymmetric profilesmore » of the tooth-saw and the gamma-type function. At longer sample length and similar degree of interdiffusion, the thermal conductivity is found to be lower in asymmetric profiles. Furthermore, it is found that with smooth concentration profiles where atomic diffusion at the interface takes place the thermal conductivity is higher compared to systems with atomically sharp concentration profiles.« less

Conduction Channel Formation and Dissolution Due to Oxygen Thermophoresis/Diffusion in Hafnium Oxide Memristors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kumar, Suhas; Wang, Ziwen; Huang, Xiaopeng

Due to the favorable operating power, endurance, speed, and density., transition-metal-oxide memristors, or resistive random-access memory (RRAM) switches, are under intense development for storage-class memory. Their commercial deployment critically depends on predictive compact models based on understanding nanoscale physiocochemical forces, which remains elusive and controversial owing to the difficulties in directly observing atomic motions during resistive switching, Here, using scanning transmission synchrotron X-ray spectromicroscopy to study in situ switching of hafnium oxide memristors, we directly observed the formation of a localized oxygen-deficiency-derived conductive channel surrounded by a low-conductivity ring of excess oxygen. Subsequent thermal annealing homogenized the segregated oxygen, resettingmore » the cells toward their as-grown resistance state. We show that the formation and dissolution of the conduction channel are successfully modeled by radial thermophoresis and Fick diffusion of oxygen atoms driven by Joule heating. This confirmation and quantification of two opposing nanoscale radial forces that affect bipolar memristor switching are important components for any future physics-based compact model for the electronic switching of these devices.« less

Unidirectional spin-wave heat conveyer.

PubMed

An, T; Vasyuchka, V I; Uchida, K; Chumak, A V; Yamaguchi, K; Harii, K; Ohe, J; Jungfleisch, M B; Kajiwara, Y; Adachi, H; Hillebrands, B; Maekawa, S; Saitoh, E

2013-06-01

When energy is introduced into a region of matter, it heats up and the local temperature increases. This energy spontaneously diffuses away from the heated region. In general, heat should flow from warmer to cooler regions and it is not possible to externally change the direction of heat conduction. Here we show a magnetically controllable heat flow caused by a spin-wave current. The direction of the flow can be switched by applying a magnetic field. When microwave energy is applied to a region of ferrimagnetic Y3Fe5O12, an end of the magnet far from this region is found to be heated in a controlled manner and a negative temperature gradient towards it is formed. This is due to unidirectional energy transfer by the excitation of spin-wave modes without time-reversal symmetry and to the conversion of spin waves into heat. When a Y3Fe5O12 film with low damping coefficients is used, spin waves are observed to emit heat at the sample end up to 10 mm away from the excitation source. The magnetically controlled remote heating we observe is directly applicable to the fabrication of a heat-flow controller.

DESIGN NOTE: The measurement of thermal conductivities of solid fruits and vegetables

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liang, Xin-Gang; Zhang, Yinping; Ge, Xinshi

1999-07-01

A thermal conductivity probe consisting of a heating cell, a thermocouple and a guard tube over the heating cell was developed and is described here. Analyses demonstrate that the guard tube acts as a thermal contact resistance. This resistance does not influence measurements of thermal conductivity significantly, but it must be considered in an accurate measurement of thermal diffusivity, especially when there is a gap between the heater and the guard tube. Calibration of the probe with glycerine in this work exhibits an accuracy of 1.4% for thermal conductivity measurements. The probe was used to measure the thermal conductivities of some solid fruits and vegetables. The sizes of both specimen and probe were analysed and their influences controlled to be under 1.0%. Each measurement was completed within two minutes and the temperature rise was less than under 6 °C. The water content of fruits and vegetables was found to be the dominant factor in determining their thermal conductivities. An empirical relationship between thermal conductivity and mass density is proposed based on the measurements. It is shown that this relation gives a deviation from experimental data of only 11%.

The study of frequency-scan photothermal reflectance technique for thermal diffusivity measurement

DOE PAGES

Hua, Zilong; Ban, Heng; Hurley, David H.

2015-05-05

A frequency scan photothermal reflectance technique to measure thermal diffusivity of bulk samples is studied in this manuscript. Similar to general photothermal reflectance methods, an intensity-modulated heating laser and a constant intensity probe laser are used to determine the surface temperature response under sinusoidal heating. The approach involves fixing the distance between the heating and probe laser spots, recording the phase lag of reflected probe laser intensity with respect to the heating laser frequency modulation, and extracting thermal diffusivity using the phase lag – (frequency) 1/2 relation. The experimental validation is performed on three samples (SiO 2, CaF 2 andmore » Ge), which have a wide range of thermal diffusivities. The measured thermal diffusivity values agree closely with literature values. Lastly, compared to the commonly used spatial scan method, the experimental setup and operation of the frequency scan method are simplified, and the uncertainty level is equal to or smaller than that of the spatial scan method.« less

The study of frequency-scan photothermal reflectance technique for thermal diffusivity measurement

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hua, Zilong; Ban, Heng; Hurley, David H.

A frequency scan photothermal reflectance technique to measure thermal diffusivity of bulk samples is studied in this manuscript. Similar to general photothermal reflectance methods, an intensity-modulated heating laser and a constant intensity probe laser are used to determine the surface temperature response under sinusoidal heating. The approach involves fixing the distance between the heating and probe laser spots, recording the phase lag of reflected probe laser intensity with respect to the heating laser frequency modulation, and extracting thermal diffusivity using the phase lag – (frequency) 1/2 relation. The experimental validation is performed on three samples (SiO 2, CaF 2 andmore » Ge), which have a wide range of thermal diffusivities. The measured thermal diffusivity values agree closely with literature values. Lastly, compared to the commonly used spatial scan method, the experimental setup and operation of the frequency scan method are simplified, and the uncertainty level is equal to or smaller than that of the spatial scan method.« less

Thermophysical properties of Apollo 14 fines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cremers, C. J.

1974-01-01

The vacuum thermal conductivity of lunar fines sample 14163 was measured for the approximate temperature range of 100 to 400 K. Sample densities of 1500 kg/cu m and 1800 kg/cu m were used. The temperature dependence of the conductivity was found to be well represented by the relation k = A + BT-cubed, which is predicted by elementary theory. The coefficients A and B were obtained by least-squares analysis of the data. The thermal diffusivity was calculated for the various densities using specific heat data from the literature along with the measured conductivities. The results are compared with those obtained for Apollo 11, Apollo 12, and terrestrial basalt samples.

A theoretical study of the global F region for June solstice, solar maximum, and low magnetic activity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sojka, J. J.; Schunk, R. W.

1985-01-01

A time-dependent, three-dimensional, multi-ion model of the ionospheric F region at 120-800 km altitude is presented. Account is taken of field-aligned diffusion, cross-field electrodynamic drifts in equatorial and high latitude regions, interhemispheric flow, thermospheric winds, polar wind escape, energy-dependent chemical reactions and neutral composition changes. Attention is also given to the effects of ion production by solar EUV radiation and auroral precipitation, thermal conduction, diffusion-thermal heat flow, local heating and cooling processes, offsets between the geomagnetic and geographic poles, and bending of field lines near the magnetic equator. The model incorporates all phenomena described by previous models and can be applied to tracing magnetic storm and substorm disturbances from high to low latitudes on a global scale. Sample results are provided for ionospheric features during a June solstice, the solar maximum and in a period of low geomagnetic activity. The model will eventually be used to study coupled ionosphere-thermosphere activity.

A Three-Fold Approach to the Heat Equation: Data, Modeling, Numerics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Spayd, Kimberly; Puckett, James

2016-01-01

This article describes our modeling approach to teaching the one-dimensional heat (diffusion) equation in a one-semester undergraduate partial differential equations course. We constructed the apparatus for a demonstration of heat diffusion through a long, thin metal rod with prescribed temperatures at each end. The students observed the physical…

Topology optimisation for natural convection problems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alexandersen, Joe; Aage, Niels; Andreasen, Casper Schousboe; Sigmund, Ole

2014-12-01

This paper demonstrates the application of the density-based topology optimisation approach for the design of heat sinks and micropumps based on natural convection effects. The problems are modelled under the assumptions of steady-state laminar flow using the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations coupled to the convection-diffusion equation through the Boussinesq approximation. In order to facilitate topology optimisation, the Brinkman approach is taken to penalise velocities inside the solid domain and the effective thermal conductivity is interpolated in order to accommodate differences in thermal conductivity of the solid and fluid phases. The governing equations are discretised using stabilised finite elements and topology optimisation is performed for two different problems using discrete adjoint sensitivity analysis. The study shows that topology optimisation is a viable approach for designing heat sink geometries cooled by natural convection and micropumps powered by natural convection.

Thermophysical properties of U 3 Si 2 to 1773K

DOE PAGES

White, Joshua Taylor; Nelson, Andrew Thomas; Dunwoody, John Tyler; ...

2015-05-08

Use of U 3Si 2 in nuclear reactors requires accurate thermophysical property data to capture heat transfer within the core. Compilation of the limited previous research efforts focused on the most critical property, thermal conductivity, reveals extensive disagreement. Assessment of this data is challenged by the fact that the critical structural and chemical details of the material used to provide historic data is either absent or confirms the presence of significant impurity phases. This study was initiated to fabricate high purity U 3Si 2 to quantify the coefficient of thermal expansion, heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity from roommore » temperature to 1773 K. Here, the datasets provided in this manuscript will facilitate more detailed fuel performance modeling to assess both current and proposed reactor designs that incorporate U 3Si 2.« less

Modern Workflows for Fracture Rock Hydrogeology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Doe, T.

2015-12-01

Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) is a numerical simulation approach that represents a conducting fracture network using geologically realistic geometries and single-conductor hydraulic and transport properties. In terms of diffusion analogues, equivalent porous media derive from heat conduction in continuous media, while DFN simulation is more similar to electrical flow and diffusion in circuits with discrete pathways. DFN modeling grew out of pioneering work of David Snow in the late 1960s with additional impetus in the 1970's from the development of the development of stochastic approaches for describing of fracture geometric and hydrologic properties. Research in underground test facilities for radioactive waste disposal developed the necessary linkages between characterization technologies and simulation as well as bringing about a hybrid deterministic stochastic approach. Over the past 40 years DFN simulation and characterization methods have moved from the research environment into practical, commercial application. The key geologic, geophysical and hydrologic tools provide the required DFN inputs of conductive fracture intensity, orientation, and transmissivity. Flow logging either using downhole tool or by detailed packer testing identifies the locations of conducting features in boreholes, and image logging provides information on the geology and geometry of the conducting features. Multi-zone monitoring systems isolate the individual conductors, and with subsequent drilling and characterization perturbations help to recognize connectivity and compartmentalization in the fracture network. Tracer tests and core analysis provide critical information on the transport properties especially matrix diffusion unidentified conducting pathways. Well test analyses incorporating flow dimension boundary effects provide further constraint on the conducting geometry of the fracture network.

Quantifying the Influence of Near-Surface Water-Energy Budgets on Soil Thermal Properties Using a Network of Coupled Meteorological and Vadose Zone Instrument Arrays in Indiana, USA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Naylor, S.; Gustin, A. R.; Ellett, K. M.

2012-12-01

Weather stations that collect reliable, sustained meteorological data sets are becoming more widely distributed because of advances in both instrumentation and data server technology. However, sites collecting soil moisture and soil temperature data remain sparse with even fewer locations where complete meteorological data are collected in conjunction with soil data. Thanks to the advent of sensors that collect continuous in-situ thermal properties data for soils, we have gone a step further and incorporated thermal properties measurements as part of hydrologic instrument arrays in central and northern Indiana. The coupled approach provides insights into the variability of soil thermal conductivity and diffusivity attributable to geologic and climatological controls for various hydrogeologic settings. These data are collected to facilitate the optimization of ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs) in the glaciated Midwest by establishing publicly available data that can be used to parameterize system design models. A network of six monitoring sites was developed in Indiana. Sensors that determine thermal conductivity and diffusivity using radial differential temperature measurements around a heating wire were installed at 1.2 meters below ground surface— a typical depth for horizontal GSHP systems. Each site also includes standard meteorological sensors for calculating reference evapotranspiration following the methods by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Vadose zone instrumentation includes time domain reflectometry soil-moisture and temperature sensors installed at 0.3-meter depth intervals down to a 1.8-meter depth, in addition to matric potential sensors at 0.15, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 meters. Cores collected at 0.3-meter intervals were analyzed in a laboratory for grain size distribution, bulk density, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity. Our work includes developing methods for calibrating thermal properties sensors based on known standards and comparing measurements from transient line heat source devices. Transform equations have been developed to correct in-situ measurements of thermal conductivity and comparing these results with soil moisture data indicates that thermal conductivity can increase by as much as 25 percent during wetting front propagation. Thermal dryout curves have also been modeled based on laboratory conductivity data collected from core samples to verify field measurements, and alternatively, temperature profile data are used to calibrate near-surface temperature gradient models. We compare data collected across various spatial scales to assess the potential for upscaling near-surface thermal regimes based on available soils data. A long-term goal of the monitoring effort is to establish continuous data sets that determine the effect of climate variability on soil thermal properties such that expected ranges in thermal conductivity can be used to determine optimal ground-coupling loop lengths for GSHP systems.

Information filtering via preferential diffusion.

PubMed

Lü, Linyuan; Liu, Weiping

2011-06-01

Recommender systems have shown great potential in addressing the information overload problem, namely helping users in finding interesting and relevant objects within a huge information space. Some physical dynamics, including the heat conduction process and mass or energy diffusion on networks, have recently found applications in personalized recommendation. Most of the previous studies focus overwhelmingly on recommendation accuracy as the only important factor, while overlooking the significance of diversity and novelty that indeed provide the vitality of the system. In this paper, we propose a recommendation algorithm based on the preferential diffusion process on a user-object bipartite network. Numerical analyses on two benchmark data sets, MovieLens and Netflix, indicate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods. Specifically, it can not only provide more accurate recommendations, but also generate more diverse and novel recommendations by accurately recommending unpopular objects.

Information filtering via preferential diffusion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lü, Linyuan; Liu, Weiping

2011-06-01

Recommender systems have shown great potential in addressing the information overload problem, namely helping users in finding interesting and relevant objects within a huge information space. Some physical dynamics, including the heat conduction process and mass or energy diffusion on networks, have recently found applications in personalized recommendation. Most of the previous studies focus overwhelmingly on recommendation accuracy as the only important factor, while overlooking the significance of diversity and novelty that indeed provide the vitality of the system. In this paper, we propose a recommendation algorithm based on the preferential diffusion process on a user-object bipartite network. Numerical analyses on two benchmark data sets, MovieLens and Netflix, indicate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods. Specifically, it can not only provide more accurate recommendations, but also generate more diverse and novel recommendations by accurately recommending unpopular objects.

The Lattice and Thermal Radiation Conductivity of Thermal Barrier Coatings: Models and Experiments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zhu, Dongming; Spuckler, Charles M.

2010-01-01

The lattice and radiation conductivity of ZrO2-Y2O3 thermal barrier coatings was evaluated using a laser heat flux approach. A diffusion model has been established to correlate the coating apparent thermal conductivity to the lattice and radiation conductivity. The radiation conductivity component can be expressed as a function of temperature, coating material scattering, and absorption properties. High temperature scattering and absorption of the coating systems can be also derived based on the testing results using the modeling approach. A comparison has been made for the gray and nongray coating models in the plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings. The model prediction is found to have a good agreement with experimental observations.

Venus' superrotation, mixing length theory and eddy diffusion - A parametric study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mayr, H. G.; Harris, I.; Schatten, K. H.; Stevens-Rayburn, D. R.; Chan, K. L.

1988-01-01

The concept of the Hadley mechanism is adopted to describe the axisymmetric circulation of the Venus atmosphere. It is shown that, for the atmosphere of a slowly rotating planet such as Venus, a form of the nonliner 'closure' (self-consistent solution) of the fluid dynamics system which constrains the magnitude of the eddy diffusion coefficients can be postulated. A nonlinear one-layer spectral model of the zonally symmetric circulation was then used to establish the relationship between the heat source, the meridional circulation, and the eddy diffusion coefficients, yielding large zonal velocities. Computer experiments indicated that proportional changes in the heat source and eddy diffusion coefficients do not significantly change the zonal velocities. It was also found that, for large eddy diffusion coefficients, the meridional velocity is virtually constant; below a threshold in the diffusion rate, the meridional velocity decreases; and, for large eddy diffusion and small heating rates, the zonal velocities decrease with decreasing planetary rotation rates.

SEAWAT Version 4: A Computer Program for Simulation of Multi-Species Solute and Heat Transport

USGS Publications Warehouse

Langevin, Christian D.; Thorne, Daniel T.; Dausman, Alyssa M.; Sukop, Michael C.; Guo, Weixing

2008-01-01

The SEAWAT program is a coupled version of MODFLOW and MT3DMS designed to simulate three-dimensional, variable-density, saturated ground-water flow. Flexible equations were added to the program to allow fluid density to be calculated as a function of one or more MT3DMS species. Fluid density may also be calculated as a function of fluid pressure. The effect of fluid viscosity variations on ground-water flow was included as an option. Fluid viscosity can be calculated as a function of one or more MT3DMS species, and the program includes additional functions for representing the dependence on temperature. Although MT3DMS and SEAWAT are not explicitly designed to simulate heat transport, temperature can be simulated as one of the species by entering appropriate transport coefficients. For example, the process of heat conduction is mathematically analogous to Fickian diffusion. Heat conduction can be represented in SEAWAT by assigning a thermal diffusivity for the temperature species (instead of a molecular diffusion coefficient for a solute species). Heat exchange with the solid matrix can be treated in a similar manner by using the mathematically equivalent process of solute sorption. By combining flexible equations for fluid density and viscosity with multi-species transport, SEAWAT Version 4 represents variable-density ground-water flow coupled with multi-species solute and heat transport. SEAWAT Version 4 is based on MODFLOW-2000 and MT3DMS and retains all of the functionality of SEAWAT-2000. SEAWAT Version 4 also supports new simulation options for coupling flow and transport, and for representing constant-head boundaries. In previous versions of SEAWAT, the flow equation was solved for every transport timestep, regardless of whether or not there was a large change in fluid density. A new option was implemented in SEAWAT Version 4 that allows users to control how often the flow field is updated. New options were also implemented for representing constant-head boundaries with the Time-Variant Constant-Head (CHD) Package. These options allow for increased flexibility when using CHD flow boundaries with the zero-dispersive flux solute boundaries implemented by MT3DMS at constant-head cells. This report contains revised input instructions for the MT3DMS Dispersion (DSP) Package, Variable-Density Flow (VDF) Package, Viscosity (VSC) Package, and CHD Package. The report concludes with seven cases of an example problem designed to highlight many of the new features.

Modeling of various heat adapter plate 4 and 6 array for optimization of thermoelectric generator element using modified diffusion equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Defrianto; Tambunan, W.; Lazuardi

2017-07-01

The use of waste heat from exhaust gas and converting it to electricity is now an alternative to harvest a cheap and clean energy. Thermoelectric generator (TEG) has the ability to directly recover such waste heat and generate electricity. The aim of this study is to simulate the heat transfer on the aluminum adapter plate for homogeneity temperature distribution coupled with hot side of TEG type 40-40-10/100 from Firma Eureka and adjust their high temperatures to the TEG operating temperature to avoid the element damage. Modelling was carried out using MATLAB modified diffusion equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions at defined temperature which has been set at the ends of the heat source at 463K and 373K ± 10% on the hot side of the TEG element. The use of nylon insulated material is modeled after Neumann boundary condition in which the temperature gradient is ∂T/∂n = 0 out of boundary. Realization of the modelling is done by designing a heat conductive plate using software ACAD 2015 and converted into a binary file format of Mathlab to form a finite element mesh with geometry variations of solid model. The solid cubic model of aluminum adapter plate has a dimension of 40mm length, 40mm width and also 20mm, 30mm and 40mm thickness arranged in two arrays of 2×2 and 2×3 of TEG elements. Results showed a temperature decrease about 40.95% and 50.02% respectively from the initial source and appropriate with TEG temperature tolerance.

An analytical and experimental evaluation of shadow shields and their support members

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stochl, R. J.; Boyle, R. J.

1972-01-01

Experimental tests were performed on a model shadow shield thermal protection system to examine the effect of certain configuration variables. The experimental results were used to verify the ability of an analytical program to predict the shadow shield performance including the shield-support interaction. In general, the analysis (assuming diffuse surfaces) agreed well with the experimental support temperature profiles. The agreement for the shield profiles was not as good. The results demonstrated: (1) shadow shields can be effective in reducing the heat transfer into cryogenic propellant tanks, and (2) the conductive heat transfer through supports can be reduced by selective surface coatings.

Measurement of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity using a thermoelectric module

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beltrán-Pitarch, Braulio; Márquez-García, Lourdes; Min, Gao; García-Cañadas, Jorge

2017-04-01

A proof of concept of using a thermoelectric module to measure both thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of bulk disc samples at room temperature is demonstrated. The method involves the calculation of the integral area from an impedance spectrum, which empirically correlates with the thermal properties of the sample through an exponential relationship. This relationship was obtained employing different reference materials. The impedance spectroscopy measurements are performed in a very simple setup, comprising a thermoelectric module, which is soldered at its bottom side to a Cu block (heat sink) and thermally connected with the sample at its top side employing thermal grease. Random and systematic errors of the method were calculated for the thermal conductivity (18.6% and 10.9%, respectively) and thermal diffusivity (14.2% and 14.7%, respectively) employing a BCR724 standard reference material. Although errors are somewhat high, the technique could be useful for screening purposes or high-throughput measurements at its current state. This new method establishes a new application for thermoelectric modules as thermal properties sensors. It involves the use of a very simple setup in conjunction with a frequency response analyzer, which provides a low cost alternative to most of currently available apparatus in the market. In addition, impedance analyzers are reliable and widely spread equipment, which facilities the sometimes difficult access to thermal conductivity facilities.

Diffusion of Magnetic Field and Removal of Magnetic Flux from Clouds Via Turbulent Reconnection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Santos-Lima, R.; Lazarian, A.; de Gouveia Dal Pino, E. M.; Cho, J.

2010-05-01

The diffusion of astrophysical magnetic fields in conducting fluids in the presence of turbulence depends on whether magnetic fields can change their topology via reconnection in highly conducting media. Recent progress in understanding fast magnetic reconnection in the presence of turbulence reassures that the magnetic field behavior in computer simulations and turbulent astrophysical environments is similar, as far as magnetic reconnection is concerned. This makes it meaningful to perform MHD simulations of turbulent flows in order to understand the diffusion of magnetic field in astrophysical environments. Our studies of magnetic field diffusion in turbulent medium reveal interesting new phenomena. First of all, our three-dimensional MHD simulations initiated with anti-correlating magnetic field and gaseous density exhibit at later times a de-correlation of the magnetic field and density, which corresponds well to the observations of the interstellar media. While earlier studies stressed the role of either ambipolar diffusion or time-dependent turbulent fluctuations for de-correlating magnetic field and density, we get the effect of permanent de-correlation with one fluid code, i.e., without invoking ambipolar diffusion. In addition, in the presence of gravity and turbulence, our three-dimensional simulations show the decrease of the magnetic flux-to-mass ratio as the gaseous density at the center of the gravitational potential increases. We observe this effect both in the situations when we start with equilibrium distributions of gas and magnetic field and when we follow the evolution of collapsing dynamically unstable configurations. Thus, the process of turbulent magnetic field removal should be applicable both to quasi-static subcritical molecular clouds and cores and violently collapsing supercritical entities. The increase of the gravitational potential as well as the magnetization of the gas increases the segregation of the mass and magnetic flux in the saturated final state of the simulations, supporting the notion that the reconnection-enabled diffusivity relaxes the magnetic field + gas system in the gravitational field to its minimal energy state. This effect is expected to play an important role in star formation, from its initial stages of concentrating interstellar gas to the final stages of the accretion to the forming protostar. In addition, we benchmark our codes by studying the heat transfer in magnetized compressible fluids and confirm the high rates of turbulent advection of heat obtained in an earlier study.

Diffuse versus discrete venting at the Tour Eiffel vent site, Lucky Strike hydrothermal field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mittelstaedt, E. L.; Escartin, J.; Gracias, N.; Olive, J. L.; Barreyre, T.; Davaille, A. B.; Cannat, M.

2010-12-01

Two styles of fluid flow at the seafloor are widely recognized: (1) localized outflows of high temperature (>300°C) fluids, often black or grey color in color (“black smokers”) and (2) diffuse, lower temperature (<100°C), fluids typically transparent and which escape through fractures, porous rock, and sediment. The partitioning of heat flux between these two types of hydrothermal venting is debated and estimates of the proportion of heat carried by diffuse flow at ridge axes range from 20% to 90% of the total axial heat flux. Here, we attempt to improve estimates of this partitioning by carefully characterizing the heat fluxes carried by diffuse and discrete flows at a single vent site, Tour Eiffel in the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Fluid temperature and video data were acquired during the recent Bathyluck’09 cruise to the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field (September, 2009) by Victor aboard “Pourquoi Pas?” (IFREMER, France). Temperature measurements were made of fluid exiting discrete vents, of diffuse effluents immediately above the seafloor, and of vertical temperature gradients within discrete hydrothermal plumes. Video data allow us to calculate the fluid velocity field associated with these outflows: for diffuse fluids, Diffuse Flow Velocimetry tracks the displacement of refractive index anomalies through time; for individual hydrothermal plumes, Particle Image Velocimetry tracks eddies by cross-correlation of pixels intensities between subsequent images. Diffuse fluids exhibit temperatures of 8-60°C and fluid velocities of ~1-10 cm s-1. Discrete outflows at 204-300°C have velocities of ~1-2 m s-1. Combined fluid flow velocities, temperature measurements, and full image mosaics of the actively venting areas are used to estimate heat flux of both individual discrete vents and diffuse outflow. The total integrated heat flux and the partitioning between diffuse and discrete venting at Tour Eiffel, and its implications for the nature of hydrothermal activity across the Lucky Strike site are discussed along with the implications for crustal permeability, associated ecosystems, and mid-ocean ridge processes.

Thermophysical Properties of Sn-Ag-Cu Based Pb-Free Solders

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Sok Won; Lee, Jaeran; Jeon, Bo-Min; Jung, Eun; Lee, Sang Hyun; Kang, Kweon Ho; Lim, Kwon Taek

2009-06-01

Lead-tin (Pb-Sn) alloys are the dominant solders used for electronic packaging because of their low cost and superior properties required for interconnecting electronic components. However, increasing environmental and health concerns over the toxicity of lead, combined with global legislation to limit the use of Pb in manufactured products, have led to extensive research and development studies of lead-free solders. The Sn-Ag-Cu ternary eutectic alloy is considered to be one of the promising alternatives. Except for thermal properties, much research on several properties of Sn-Ag-Cu alloy has been performed. In this study, five Sn-xAg-0.5Cu alloys with variations of Ag content x of 1.0 mass%, 2.5 mass%, 3.0 mass%, 3.5 mass%, and 4.0 mass% were prepared, and their thermal diffusivity and specific heat were measured from room temperature to 150 °C, and the thermal conductivity was calculated using the measured thermal diffusivity, specific heat, and density values. Also, the linear thermal expansion was measured from room temperature to 170 °C. The results show that Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Cu is the best candidate because it has a maximum thermal conductivity and a low thermal expansion, which are the ideal conditions to be a proper packaging alloy for effective cooling and thermostability.

Impact of Fe powder sintering and soldering in production of porous heating surface on flow boiling heat transfer in minichannels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Depczyński, Wojciech; Piasecki, Artur; Piasecka, Magdalena; Strąk, Kinga

2017-10-01

This paper focuses on identification of the impact of porous heated surface on flow boiling heat transfer in a rectangular minichannel. The heated element for Fluorinert FC-72 was a thin plate made of Haynes-230. Infrared thermography was used to determine changes in the temperature on its outer smooth side. The porous surface in contact with the fluid in the minichannel was produced in two processes: sintering or soldering of Fe powder to the plate. The results were presented as relationships between the heat transfer coefficient and the distance from the minichannel inlet and as boiling curves. Results obtained for using a smooth heated plate at the saturated boiling region were also presented to compare. In the subcooled boiling region, at a higher heat flux, the heat transfer coefficient was slightly higher for the surface prepared via soldering. In the saturated boiling region, the local heat transfer coefficients obtained for the smooth plate surface were slightly higher than those achieved from the sintered plate surface. The porous structures formed have low thermal conductivity. This may induce noticeable thermal resistance at the diffusion bridges of the sintered structures, in particular within the saturated boiling region.

Ni-Al phase transformation of dual layer coating prepared by pack cementation and electrodeposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Afandi, A.; Sugiarti, E.; Ekaputra, R.; Sudiro, T.; Thosin, K. A. Z.

2018-03-01

In this work, Fe-Cr alloys were coated via Aluminum (Al) pack cementation, followed by Nickel (Ni) electrodeposition. The process of pack cementation was done with mixing powders of Al, Al203 and NH4Cl with weight percentage of 15%, 85%, and 5% respectively. To control successful Al diffusion to the substrate, pack cementation was conducted for 7 hours with two holding temperatures treatment at 400 °C for 4 hours, and 800 ° C hours for 2 hours. Subsequently, the electrodeposition of Ni was applied with the solution consisting of NiSO4, H3BO3, and NiCl2. The samples were placed in the cathode, and then dipped in the solutions, while Ni plate used as anode. Successfully the samples were coated by dual Al-Ni layers, the samples were slowly heat treated at 900 °C for 10 hours. The inter-diffusion of Al and Ni were characterized with SEM/EDX to investigate the distribution of the elements. Mechanical properties of the coated substrates were analyzed with Hardness Vickers (HV). It was found the hardness of the substrate increased significantly, from originally 255 HV to the 1177 HV after pack cementation. The hardness of the substrates has decreased to 641 HV after Ni plating, but subsequent heat treatment has been able to increase the hardness to 842 HV. This phenomenon can be correlated to the inward Al diffusion, and outward Fe, Cr diffusion. The formation of intermetallic compounds due to Al inward and Fe, Cr outward diffusion were discussed in details.

A diffusion-limited reaction model for self-propagating Al/Pt multilayers with quench limits

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kittell, David E.; Yarrington, Cole D.; Hobbs, M. L.

A diffusion-limited reaction model was calibrated for Al/Pt multilayers ignited on oxidized silicon, sapphire, and tungsten substrates, as well as for some Al/Pt multilayers ignited as free-standing foils. The model was implemented in a finite element analysis code and used to match experimental burn front velocity data collected from several years of testing at Sandia National Laboratories. Moreover, both the simulations and experiments reveal well-defined quench limits in the total Al + Pt layer (i.e., bilayer) thickness. At these limits, the heat generated from atomic diffusion is insufficient to support a self-propagating wave front on top of the substrates. Quenchmore » limits for reactive multilayers are seldom reported and are found to depend on the thermal properties of the individual layers. Here, the diffusion-limited reaction model is generalized to allow for temperature- and composition-dependent material properties, phase change, and anisotropic thermal conductivity. Utilizing this increase in model fidelity, excellent overall agreement is shown between the simulations and experimental results with a single calibrated parameter set. However, the burn front velocities of Al/Pt multilayers ignited on tungsten substrates are over-predicted. Finally, possible sources of error are discussed and a higher activation energy (from 41.9 kJ/mol.at. to 47.5 kJ/mol.at.) is shown to bring the simulations into agreement with the velocity data observed on tungsten substrates. Finally, this higher activation energy suggests an inhibited diffusion mechanism present at lower heating rates.« less

A diffusion-limited reaction model for self-propagating Al/Pt multilayers with quench limits

DOE PAGES

Kittell, David E.; Yarrington, Cole D.; Hobbs, M. L.; ...

2018-04-14

A diffusion-limited reaction model was calibrated for Al/Pt multilayers ignited on oxidized silicon, sapphire, and tungsten substrates, as well as for some Al/Pt multilayers ignited as free-standing foils. The model was implemented in a finite element analysis code and used to match experimental burn front velocity data collected from several years of testing at Sandia National Laboratories. Moreover, both the simulations and experiments reveal well-defined quench limits in the total Al + Pt layer (i.e., bilayer) thickness. At these limits, the heat generated from atomic diffusion is insufficient to support a self-propagating wave front on top of the substrates. Quenchmore » limits for reactive multilayers are seldom reported and are found to depend on the thermal properties of the individual layers. Here, the diffusion-limited reaction model is generalized to allow for temperature- and composition-dependent material properties, phase change, and anisotropic thermal conductivity. Utilizing this increase in model fidelity, excellent overall agreement is shown between the simulations and experimental results with a single calibrated parameter set. However, the burn front velocities of Al/Pt multilayers ignited on tungsten substrates are over-predicted. Finally, possible sources of error are discussed and a higher activation energy (from 41.9 kJ/mol.at. to 47.5 kJ/mol.at.) is shown to bring the simulations into agreement with the velocity data observed on tungsten substrates. Finally, this higher activation energy suggests an inhibited diffusion mechanism present at lower heating rates.« less

Frequency-resolved Raman for transient thermal probing and thermal diffusivity measurement

DOE PAGES

Wang, Tianyu; Xu, Shen; Hurley, David H.; ...

2015-12-18

Steady state Raman has been widely used for temperature probing and thermal conductivity/conductance measurement in combination with temperature coefficient calibration. In this work, a new transient Raman thermal probing technique: frequency-resolved Raman (FR-Raman) is developed for probing the transient thermal response of materials and measuring their thermal diffusivity. The FR-Raman uses an amplitude modulated square-wave laser for simultaneous material heating and Raman excitation. The evolution profile of Raman properties: intensity, Raman wavenumber, and emission, against frequency are measured experimentally and reconstructed theoretically. They are used for fitting to determine the thermal diffusivity of the material under test. A Si cantilevermore » is used to investigate the capacity of this new technique. The cantilever’s thermal diffusivity is determined as 9.57 × 10 -5 m 2/s, 11.00 × 10 -5 m 2/s and 9.02 × 10 -5 m 2/s by fitting the Raman intensity, wavenumber and emission. The deviation from the reference value is largely attributed to thermal stress-induced material deflection and Raman drift, which could be significantly suppressed by using a higher sensitivity Raman spectrometer with lower laser energy. As a result, the FR-Raman provides a novel way for transient thermal characterization of materials with a ?m spatial resolution.« less

Ultrafast demagnetization by hot electrons: Diffusion or super-diffusion?

PubMed

Salvatella, G; Gort, R; Bühlmann, K; Däster, S; Vaterlaus, A; Acremann, Y

2016-09-01

Ultrafast demagnetization of ferromagnetic metals can be achieved by a heat pulse propagating in the electron gas of a non-magnetic metal layer, which absorbs a pump laser pulse. Demagnetization by electronic heating is investigated on samples with different thicknesses of the absorber layer on nickel. This allows us to separate the contribution of thermalized hot electrons compared to non-thermal electrons. An analytical model describes the demagnetization amplitude as a function of the absorber thickness. The observed change of demagnetization time can be reproduced by diffusive heat transport through the absorber layer.

Cross-diffusive effects on the onset of double-diffusive convection in a horizontal saturated porous fluid layer heated and salted from above

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rajib, Basu; C. Layek, G.

2013-05-01

Double-diffusive stationary and oscillatory instabilities at the marginal state in a saturated porous horizontal fluid layer heated and salted from above are investigated theoretically under the Darcy's framework for a porous medium. The contributions of Soret and Dufour coefficients are taken into account in the analysis. Linear stability analysis shows that the critical value of the Darcy—Rayleigh number depends on cross-diffusive parameters at marginally stationary convection, while the marginal state characterized by oscillatory convection does not depend on the cross-diffusion terms even if the condition and frequency of oscillatory convection depends on the cross-diffusive parameters. The critical value of the Darcy—Rayleigh number increases with increasing value of the solutal Darcy—Rayleigh number in the absence of cross-diffusive parameters. The critical Darcy—Rayleigh number decreases with increasing Soret number, resulting in destabilization of the system, while its value increases with increasing Dufour number, resulting in stabilization of the system at the marginal state characterized by stationary convection. The analysis reveals that the Dufour and Soret parameters as well as the porosity parameter play an important role in deciding the type of instability at the onset. This analysis also indicates that the stationary convection is followed by the oscillatory convection for certain fluid mixtures. It is interesting to note that the roles of cross-diffusive parameters on the double-diffusive system heated and salted from above are reciprocal to the double-diffusive system heated and salted from below.

An advanced model of heat and mass transfer in the protective clothing - verification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Łapka, P.; Furmański, P.

2016-09-01

The paper presents an advanced mathematical and numerical models of heat and mass transfer in the multi-layers protective clothing and in elements of the experimental stand subjected to either high surroundings temperature or high radiative heat flux emitted by hot objects. The model included conductive-radiative heat transfer in the hygroscopic porous fabrics and air gaps as well as conductive heat transfer in components of the stand. Additionally, water vapour diffusion in the pores and air spaces as well as phase transition of the bound water in the fabric fibres (sorption and desorption) were accounted for. The thermal radiation was treated in the rigorous way e.g.: semi-transparent absorbing, emitting and scattering fabrics were assumed a non-grey and all optical phenomena at internal or external walls were modelled. The air was assumed transparent. Complex energy and mass balance as well as optical conditions at internal or external interfaces were formulated in order to find exact values of temperatures, vapour densities and radiation intensities at these interfaces. The obtained highly non-linear coupled system of discrete equation was solve by the in-house iterative algorithm which was based on the Finite Volume Method. The model was then successfully partially verified against the results obtained from commercial software for simplified cases.

Theory and Simulation of Self- and Mutual-Diffusion of Carrier Density and Temperature in Semiconductor Lasers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Li, Jian-Zhong; Cheung, Samson H.; Ning, C. Z.

2001-01-01

Carrier diffusion and thermal conduction play a fundamental role in the operation of high-power, broad-area semiconductor lasers. Restricted geometry, high pumping level and dynamic instability lead to inhomogeneous spatial distribution of plasma density, temperature, as well as light field, due to strong light-matter interaction. Thus, modeling and simulation of such optoelectronic devices rely on detailed descriptions of carrier dynamics and energy transport in the system. A self-consistent description of lasing and heating in large-aperture, inhomogeneous edge- or surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) require coupled diffusion equations for carrier density and temperature. In this paper, we derive such equations from the Boltzmann transport equation for the carrier distributions. The derived self- and mutual-diffusion coefficients are in general nonlinear functions of carrier density and temperature including many-body interactions. We study the effects of many-body interactions on these coefficients, as well as the nonlinearity of these coefficients for large-area VCSELs. The effects of mutual diffusions on carrier and temperature distributions in gain-guided VCSELs will be also presented.

Scanning thermal probe microscope method for the determination of thermal diffusivity of nanocomposite thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Varandani, Deepak; Agarwal, Khushboo; Brugger, Juergen; Mehta, Bodh Raj

2016-08-01

A commercial scanning thermal microscope has been upgraded to facilitate its use in estimating the radial thermal diffusivity of thin films close to room temperature. The modified setup includes a microcontroller driven microhotplate coupled with a Bluetooth module for wireless control. The microcontroller board (Arduino Leonardo) is used to generate a bias of suitable voltage amplitude and pulse duration which is applied across the microhotplate contact pads. A corresponding heat pulse from the Pt heating element (1 mm2) embedded within the microhotplate is delivered to the lower surface of the thin film (25 mm2) deposited over it. The large difference in the dimensions of the heating source and the thin film surface causes heat to flow radially outwards on the top surface of the latter. The decay of this radial heat wave as it flows outwards is recorded by the scanning thermal microscope in terms of temperature-time (T-t) profiles at varying positions around the central heating zone. A fitting procedure is suggested to extract the thermal diffusivity value from the array of T-t profiles. The efficacy of the above setup has been established by evaluating the thermal diffusivities of Bi2Te3 and Bi2Te3:Si thin film samples. Further, with only minor alterations in design the capabilities of the above setup can be extended to estimate the axial thermal diffusivity and specific heat of thin films, as a function of temperature.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bauer, Stephen J.; Urquhart, Alexander

Reconsolidated crushed salt is being considered as a backfilling material placed upon nuclear waste within a salt repository environment. In-depth knowledge of thermal and mechanical properties of the crushed salt as it reconsolidates is critical to thermal/mechanical modeling of the reconsolidation process. An experimental study was completed to quantitatively evaluate the thermal conductivity of reconsolidated crushed salt as a function of porosity and temperature. The crushed salt for this study came from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). In this work the thermal conductivity of crushed salt with porosity ranging from 1% to 40% was determined from room temperature upmore » to 300°C, using two different experimental methods. Thermal properties (including thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat) of single-crystal salt were determined for the same temperature range. The salt was observed to dewater during heating; weight loss from the dewatering was quantified. The thermal conductivity of reconsolidated crushed salt decreases with increasing porosity; conversely, thermal conductivity increases as the salt consolidates. The thermal conductivity of reconsolidated crushed salt for a given porosity decreases with increasing temperature. A simple mixture theory model is presented to predict and compare to the data developed in this study.« less

Heat source reconstruction from noisy temperature fields using a gradient anisotropic diffusion filter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beitone, C.; Balandraud, X.; Delpueyo, D.; Grédiac, M.

2017-01-01

This paper presents a post-processing technique for noisy temperature maps based on a gradient anisotropic diffusion (GAD) filter in the context of heat source reconstruction. The aim is to reconstruct heat source maps from temperature maps measured using infrared (IR) thermography. Synthetic temperature fields corrupted by added noise are first considered. The GAD filter, which relies on a diffusion process, is optimized to retrieve as well as possible a heat source concentration in a two-dimensional plate. The influence of the dimensions and the intensity of the heat source concentration are discussed. The results obtained are also compared with two other types of filters: averaging filter and Gaussian derivative filter. The second part of this study presents an application for experimental temperature maps measured with an IR camera. The results demonstrate the relevancy of the GAD filter in extracting heat sources from noisy temperature fields.

Development and fabrication of a diffusion welded Columbium alloy heat exchanger. [for space power generation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zimmerman, W. F.; Duderstadt, E. C.; Wein, D.; Titran, R. H.

1978-01-01

A Mini Brayton space power generation system required the development of a Columbium alloy heat exchanger to transfer heat from a radioisotope heat source to a He/Xe working fluid. A light-weight design featured the simultaneous diffusion welding of 148 longitudinal fins in an annular heat exchanger about 9-1/2 in. in diameter, 13-1/2 in. in length and 1/4 in. in radial thickness. To complete the heat exchanger, additional gas ducting elements and attachment supports were added by GTA welding in a vacuum-purged inert atmosphere welding chamber. The development required the modification of an existing large size hot isostatic press to achieve HIP capabilities of 2800 F and 10,000 psi for at least 3 hr. Excellent diffusion welds were achieved in a high-quality component which met all system requirements.

Thermal Diffusivity and Specific Heat Measurements of Titanium Potassium Perchlorate Titanium Subhydride Potassium Perchlorate 9013 Glass 7052 Glass SB-14 Glass and C-4000 Muscovite Mica Using the Flash Technique

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Specht, Paul Elliott; Cooper, Marcia A.

The flash technique was used to measure the thermal diffusivity and specific heat of titanium potassium perchlorate (TKP) ignition powder (33wt% Ti - 67wt% KP) with Ventron sup- plied titanium particles, TKP ignition powder (33wt% Ti - 67wt% KP) with ATK supplied titanium particles, TKP output powder (41wt% Ti - 59wt% KP), and titanium subhydride potassium perchlorate (THKP) (33wt% TiH 1.65 - 67wt% KP) at 25°C. The influence of density and temperature on the thermal diffusivity and specific heat of TKP with Ventron supplied titanium particles was also investigated. Lastly, the thermal diffusivity and specific heats of 9013 glass, 7052more » glass, SB-14 glass, and C-4000 Muscovite mica are presented as a function of temperature up to 300° C.« less

He diffusion in zircon: Observations from (U-Th)/He age suites and 4He diffusion experiments and implications for radiation damage and anisotropic effects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guenthner, W. R.; Reiners, P. W.

2009-12-01

Despite widespread use of zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronometry in many geologic applications, our understanding of the kinetics of He diffusion in this system is rudimentary. Previous studies have shown that both radiation damage and crystallographic anisotropy may strongly influence diffusion kinetics and ages. We present observations of zircon He ages from multiple single-grain analyses from both detrital and bedrock suites from a wide variety of locations, showing relationships consistent with effects arising from the interaction of radiation damage and anisotropy. Individual zircons in each suite have experienced the same post-depositional or exhumational t-T history but grains appear to have experienced differential He loss that is correlated with effective uranium (eU) content, a proxy for the relative extent of radiation damage within each suite. Several suites of zircons heated to partial resetting upon burial or that have experienced slow cooling show positive correlations between age and eU. Examples of partially reset detrital samples include Cretaceous Sevier foreland basin sandstones buried to ~6-8 km depth, with ages ranging from 88-309 Ma across an eU range of 215-1453 ppm, and Apennines and Olympics greywackes heated to >~120 °C, showing similar trends. Some slowly-cooled bedrock samples also show positive age-eU correlations, suggesting increasing closure temperature with higher extents of radiation damage. Conversely, zircons from cratonal bedrock samples with high levels of radiation damage—measured as accumulated alpha dosage (in this case >~10^18 α/g)—generally show negative age-eU correlations. We interpret these contrasting age-eU relationships as a manifestation of the interaction of radiation damage and anisotropic diffusion: at low damage, He diffusivity is relatively high and preferentially through c-axis-parallel channels. As suggested by Farley (2007), however, with increasing damage, channels are progressively blocked and He diffusivity decreases. Eventually, a crystal reaches a threshold level (>~10^18 α/g ) wherein radiation damage is so extensive that damage zones become interconnected and He diffusivity increases once again. In order to evaluate these assertions, we conducted a series of step-heating experiments on several pairs of zircon slabs. Individual slabs were crystallographically oriented either orthogonal or parallel to the c-axis and each pair possessed varying degrees of radiation damage. Results from these experiments provide new closure temperature estimates, explain age-eU correlations within a data set, and allow us to construct diffusion models that more accurately describe the t-T history of a given sample.

Heterogeneous nanofluids: natural convection heat transfer enhancement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oueslati, Fakhreddine Segni; Bennacer, Rachid

2011-12-01

Convective heat transfer using different nanofluid types is investigated. The domain is differentially heated and nanofluids are treated as heterogeneous mixtures with weak solutal diffusivity and possible Soret separation. Owing to the pronounced Soret effect of these materials in combination with a considerable solutal expansion, the resulting solutal buoyancy forces could be significant and interact with the initial thermal convection. A modified formulation taking into account the thermal conductivity, viscosity versus nanofluids type and concentration and the spatial heterogeneous concentration induced by the Soret effect is presented. The obtained results, by solving numerically the full governing equations, are found to be in good agreement with the developed solution based on the scale analysis approach. The resulting convective flows are found to be dependent on the local particle concentration φ and the corresponding solutal to thermal buoyancy ratio N. The induced nanofluid heterogeneity showed a significant heat transfer modification. The heat transfer in natural convection increases with nanoparticle concentration but remains less than the enhancement previously underlined in forced convection case.

Heterogeneous nanofluids: natural convection heat transfer enhancement

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Convective heat transfer using different nanofluid types is investigated. The domain is differentially heated and nanofluids are treated as heterogeneous mixtures with weak solutal diffusivity and possible Soret separation. Owing to the pronounced Soret effect of these materials in combination with a considerable solutal expansion, the resulting solutal buoyancy forces could be significant and interact with the initial thermal convection. A modified formulation taking into account the thermal conductivity, viscosity versus nanofluids type and concentration and the spatial heterogeneous concentration induced by the Soret effect is presented. The obtained results, by solving numerically the full governing equations, are found to be in good agreement with the developed solution based on the scale analysis approach. The resulting convective flows are found to be dependent on the local particle concentration φ and the corresponding solutal to thermal buoyancy ratio N. The induced nanofluid heterogeneity showed a significant heat transfer modification. The heat transfer in natural convection increases with nanoparticle concentration but remains less than the enhancement previously underlined in forced convection case. PMID:21711755

Anomalous thermal diffusivity in underdoped YBa2Cu3O6+x

PubMed Central

Levenson-Falk, Eli M.; Ramshaw, B. J.; Bonn, D. A.; Liang, Ruixing; Hardy, W. N.; Hartnoll, Sean A.; Kapitulnik, Aharon

2017-01-01

The thermal diffusivity in the ab plane of underdoped YBCO crystals is measured by means of a local optical technique in the temperature range of 25–300 K. The phase delay between a point heat source and a set of detection points around it allows for high-resolution measurement of the thermal diffusivity and its in-plane anisotropy. Although the magnitude of the diffusivity may suggest that it originates from phonons, its anisotropy is comparable with reported values of the electrical resistivity anisotropy. Furthermore, the anisotropy drops sharply below the charge order transition, again similar to the electrical resistivity anisotropy. Both of these observations suggest that the thermal diffusivity has pronounced electronic as well as phononic character. At the same time, the small electrical and thermal conductivities at high temperatures imply that neither well-defined electron nor phonon quasiparticles are present in this material. We interpret our results through a strongly interacting incoherent electron–phonon “soup” picture characterized by a diffusion constant D∼vB2τ, where vB is the soup velocity, and scattering of both electrons and phonons saturates a quantum thermal relaxation time τ∼ℏ/kBT. PMID:28484003

Laser depth profiling studies of helium diffusion in Durango fluorapatite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van Soest, Matthijs C.; Monteleone, Brian D.; Hodges, Kip V.; Boyce, Jeremy W.

2011-05-01

Ultraviolet lasers coupled with sensitive mass spectrometers provide a useful way to measure laboratory-induced noble gas diffusion profiles in minerals, thus enabling the calculation of diffusion parameters. We illustrate this laser ablation depth profiling (LADP) technique for a previously well-studied mineral-isotopic system: 4He in Durango fluorapatite. LADP studies were conducted on oriented, polished slabs from a single crystal that were heated under vacuum to a variety of temperatures between 300 and 450 °C for variable times. The resolved 4He profiles exhibited error-function loss as predicted by previous bulk 4He diffusion studies. All of the slabs, regardless of crystallographic orientation, yielded modeled diffusivities that are statistically co-linear on an Arrhenius diagram, suggesting no diffusional anisotropy of 4He in this material. The data indicate an activation energy of 142.2 ± 5.0 (2 σ) kJ/mol and diffusivity at infinite temperature - reported as ln( D0) - of -4.71 ± 0.94 (2 σ) m 2/s. These values imply a bulk closure temperature for 4He in Durango fluorapatite of 74 °C for a 50 μm radius grain, infinite cylinder geometry, and a cooling rate of 10 °C/Myr.

A Simple Classroom Simulation of Heat Energy Diffusing through a Metal Bar

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kinsler, Mark; Kinzel, Evelyn

2007-01-01

We present an iterative procedure that does not rely on calculus to model heat flow through a uniform bar of metal and thus avoids the use of the partial differential equation typically needed to describe heat diffusion. The procedure is based on first principles and can be done with students at the blackboard. It results in a plot that…

Parallel heat transport in integrable and chaotic magnetic fields

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Del-Castillo-Negrete, Diego B; Chacon, Luis

2012-01-01

The study of transport in magnetized plasmas is a problem of fundamental interest in controlled fusion, space plasmas, and astrophysics research. Three issues make this problem particularly chal- lenging: (i) The extreme anisotropy between the parallel (i.e., along the magnetic field), , and the perpendicular, , conductivities ( / may exceed 1010 in fusion plasmas); (ii) Magnetic field lines chaos which in general complicates (and may preclude) the construction of magnetic field line coordinates; and (iii) Nonlocal parallel transport in the limit of small collisionality. Motivated by these issues, we present a Lagrangian Green s function method to solve themore » local and non-local parallel transport equation applicable to integrable and chaotic magnetic fields in arbitrary geom- etry. The method avoids by construction the numerical pollution issues of grid-based algorithms. The potential of the approach is demonstrated with nontrivial applications to integrable (magnetic island chain), weakly chaotic (devil s staircase), and fully chaotic magnetic field configurations. For the latter, numerical solutions of the parallel heat transport equation show that the effective radial transport, with local and non-local closures, is non-diffusive, thus casting doubts on the appropriateness of the applicability of quasilinear diffusion descriptions. General conditions for the existence of non-diffusive, multivalued flux-gradient relations in the temperature evolution are derived.« less

Nonlocal approach to nonequilibrium thermodynamics and nonlocal heat diffusion processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

El-Nabulsi, Rami Ahmad

2018-04-01

We study some aspects of nonequilibrium thermodynamics and heat diffusion processes based on Suykens's nonlocal-in-time kinetic energy approach recently introduced in the literature. A number of properties and insights are obtained in particular the emergence of oscillating entropy and nonlocal diffusion equations which are relevant to a number of physical and engineering problems. Several features are obtained and discussed in details.

A molecular dynamics study of tilt grain boundary resistance to slip and heat transfer in nanocrystalline silicon

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen, Xiang; Chen, Youping; Xiong, Liming

2014-12-28

We present a molecular dynamics study of grain boundary (GB) resistance to dislocation-mediated slip transfer and phonon-mediated heat transfer in nanocrystalline silicon bicrystal. Three most stable 〈110〉 tilt GBs in silicon are investigated. Under mechanical loading, the nucleation and growth of hexagonal-shaped shuffle dislocation loops are reproduced. The resistances of different GBs to slip transfer are quantified through their constitutive responses. Results show that the Σ3 coherent twin boundary (CTB) in silicon exhibits significantly higher resistance to dislocation motion than the Σ9 GB in glide symmetry and the Σ19 GB in mirror symmetry. The distinct GB strengths are explained bymore » the atomistic details of the dislocation-GB interaction. Under thermal loading, based on a thermostat-induced heat pulse model, the resistances of the GBs to transient heat conduction in ballistic-diffusive regime are characterized. In contrast to the trend found in the dislocation-GB interaction in bicrystal models with different GBs, the resistances of the same three GBs to heat transfer are strikingly different. The strongest dislocation barrier Σ3 CTB is almost transparent to heat conduction, while the dislocation-permeable Σ9 and Σ19 GBs exhibit larger resistance to heat transfer. In addition, simulation results suggest that the GB thermal resistance not only depends on the GB energy but also on the detailed atomic structure along the GBs.« less

Heat and mass transfer models to understand the drying mechanisms of a porous substrate.

PubMed

Songok, Joel; Bousfield, Douglas W; Gane, Patrick A C; Toivakka, Martti

2016-02-01

While drying of paper and paper coatings is expensive, with significant energy requirements, the rate controlling mechanisms are not currently fully understood. Two two-dimensional models are used as a first approximation to predict the heat transfer during hot air drying and to evaluate the role of various parameters on the drying rates of porous coatings. The models help determine the structural limiting factors during the drying process, while applying for the first time the recently known values of coating thermal diffusivity. The results indicate that the thermal conductivity of the coating structure is not the controlling factor, but the drying rate is rather determined by the thermal transfer process at the structure surface. This underlines the need for ensuring an efficient thermal transfer from hot air to coating surface during drying, before considering further measures to increase the thermal conductivity of porous coatings.

Effects of variable electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity on unsteady MHD free convection flow past an exponential accelerated inclined plate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rana, B. M. Jewel; Ahmed, Rubel; Ahmmed, S. F.

2017-06-01

An analysis is carried out to investigate the effects of variable viscosity, thermal radiation, absorption of radiation and cross diffusion past an inclined exponential accelerated plate under the influence of variable heat and mass transfer. A set of suitable transformations has been used to obtain the non-dimensional coupled governing equations. Explicit finite difference technique has been used to solve the obtained numerical solutions of the present problem. Stability and convergence of the finite difference scheme have been carried out for this problem. Compaq Visual Fortran 6.6a has been used to calculate the numerical results. The effects of various physical parameters on the fluid velocity, temperature, concentration, coefficient of skin friction, rate of heat transfer, rate of mass transfer, streamlines and isotherms on the flow field have been presented graphically and discussed in details.

Microstructure of arc brazed and diffusion bonded joints of stainless steel and SiC reinforced aluminum matrix composite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elßner, M.; Weis, S.; Grund, T.; Wagner, G.; Habisch, S.; Mayr, P.

2016-03-01

Joint interfaces of aluminum and stainless steel often exhibit intermetallics of Al-Fe, which limit the joint strength. In order to reduce these brittle phases in joints of aluminum matrix composites (AMC) and stainless steel, diffusion bonding and arc brazing are used. Due to the absence of a liquid phase, diffusion welding can reduce the formation of these critical in- termetallics. For this joining technique, the influence of surface treatments and adjusted time- temperature-surface-pressure-regimes is investigated. On the other hand, arc brazing offers the advantage to combine a localized heat input with the application of a low melting filler and was conducted using the system Al-Ag-Cu. Results of the joining tests using both approaches are described and discussed with regard to the microstructure of the joints and the interfaces.

Tomographic imaging of non-local media based on space-fractional diffusion models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Buonocore, Salvatore; Semperlotti, Fabio

2018-06-01

We investigate a generalized tomographic imaging framework applicable to a class of inhomogeneous media characterized by non-local diffusive energy transport. Under these conditions, the transport mechanism is well described by fractional-order continuum models capable of capturing anomalous diffusion that would otherwise remain undetected when using traditional integer-order models. Although the underlying idea of the proposed framework is applicable to any transport mechanism, the case of fractional heat conduction is presented as a specific example to illustrate the methodology. By using numerical simulations, we show how complex inhomogeneous media involving non-local transport can be successfully imaged if fractional order models are used. In particular, results will show that by properly recognizing and accounting for the fractional character of the host medium not only allows achieving increased resolution but, in case of strong and spatially distributed non-locality, it represents the only viable approach to achieve a successful reconstruction.

Thermodynamics analysis of diffusion in spark plasma sintering welding Cr3C2 and Ni

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Fan; Zhang, Jinyong; Leng, Xiaoxuan; Lei, Liwen; Fu, Zhengyi

2017-03-01

Spark plasma sintering (SPS) welding of chromium carbide (Cr3C2) and nickel (Ni) was used to investigate the atomic diffusion caused by bypassing current. It was found that the diffusion coefficient with bypassing current was enhanced by almost 3.57 times over that without bypassing current. Different from the previous researches, the thermodynamics analysis conducted herein showed that the enhancement included a current direction-independent part besides the known current direction-dependent part. A local temperature gradient (LTG) model was proposed to explain the current direction-independent effect. Assuming that the LTG was mainly due to the interfacial electric resistance causing heterogeneous Joule heating, the theoretical results were in good agreement with the experimental results both in the present and previous studies. This new LTG model provides a reasonable physical meaning for the low-temperature advantage of SPS welding and should be useful in a wide range of applications.

Optical diagnostics and computational modeling of reacting and non-reacting single and multiphase flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Basu, Saptarshi

Three critical problem domains namely water transport in PEM fuel cell, interaction of vortices with diffusion flames and laminar diffusion layers and thermo-physical processes in droplets heated by a plasma or monochromatic radiation have been analyzed in this dissertation. The first part of the dissertation exhibits a unique, in situ, line-of-sight measurements of water vapor partial pressure and temperature in single and multiple gas channels on the cathode side of an operating PEM fuel cell. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy was employed for these measurements for which water transitions sensitive to temperature and partial pressure were utilized. The technique was demonstrated in a PEM fuel cell operating under both steady state and time-varying load conditions. The second part of the dissertation is dedicated to the study of vortex interaction with laminar diffusion flame and non-reacting diffusion layers. For the non-reacting case, a detailed computational study of scalar mixing in a laminar vortex is presented for vortices generated between two gas streams. A detailed parametric study was conducted to determine the effects of vortex strength, convection time, and non-uniform temperature on scalar mixing characteristics. For the reacting case, an experimental study of the interaction of a planar diffusion flame with a line vortex is presented. The flame-vortex interactions are diagnosed by laser induced incandescence for soot yield and by particle image velocimetry for vortex flow characterization. The soot topography was studied as a function of the vortex strength, residence time, flame curvature and the reactant streams from which vortices are initiated. The third part of the dissertation is modeling of thermo-physical processes in liquid ceramic precursor droplets injected into plasma as used in the thermal spray industry to generate thermal barrier coatings on high value materials. Models include aerodynamic droplet break-up process, mixing of droplets in the high temperature plasma, heat and mass transfer within individual droplets as well as droplet precipitation and internal pressurization. The last part of the work is also concerned with the modeling of thermo-physical processes in liquid ceramic precursor droplets heated by monochromatic radiation. Purpose of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of studying precipitation kinetics and morphological changes in a droplet by mimicking similar heating rates as the plasma.

Is thermal dispersivity significant for the use of heat as a tracer?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rau, G. C.; Andersen, M. S.; Acworth, I.

2011-12-01

Heat profiles are regularly used to estimate sediment thermal parameters and to quantify vertical water flow velocity in fully saturated porous media. However, it has been pointed out by several authors that there is disagreement regarding the use of thermal dispersivity in heat transport models [e.g. Anderson, 2005]. Some researchers argue that this term should be treated analogous to solute transport [e.g. de Marsily, 1986], whilst others state that because heat diffusion is much faster than solute diffusion the dispersivity term can be neglected [e.g. Ingebritsen and Sanford, 1998]. This issue has never been properly addressed experimentally for environmentally relevant conditions. In order to address this question a hydraulic laboratory experiment was designed to investigate heat transport for different steady-state uniform flow velocities in the Darcy range (between 0 and 100 m/d) through homogeneous sand. For each flow velocity a point heat source at the center of the tank was instantaneously activated, and the thermal response was measured at 27 different locations using high resolution temperature probes. For the same flow velocities, a solute slug was injected in the center of the tank and the solute slug breakthrough was measured using 3 fluid EC sensors at different distances downstream of the injection point. This enabled direct comparison of solute and heat transport under identical conditions. The recorded temperature time-series data were used to calculate the thermal properties of the sand for conduction only, and estimate water flow velocity and thermal dispersion. The recorded EC time-series data were used to independently estimate water flow velocity but also solute dispersivity. The analytical solution for the solute transport case [Hunt, 1978] was adapted for heat transport and extended to account for slightly non-ideal experiment conditions. Velocity results independently derived from solute and heat show a discrepancy of up to 20%. The reason for this is not clear. Furthermore, the results show that thermal dispersivity can best be approximated with a square dependency on flow velocity. This agrees with earlier experiments in ideal materials by Green et al. [1964] as well as theoretical derivations [Kaviany, 1995]. However, this is in contrast to the linear dispersion model which has been adapted from solute transport and is commonly used in groundwater studies. The experimental results can be visualized in a conceptual plot devised by Bear [1972] for solute dispersion data (Figure 1). From this it becomes clear that the heat and solute transport Peclet numbers differs by several orders of magnitude for the same flow velocity and material because diffusion of heat is much faster than solute diffusion. As a result, the same Darcy flow range covers a different Peclet number range in heat transport and solute transport. This explains the controversy in the hydrologic community regarding the use of thermal dispersivity in transport models. In summary, for this experiment thermal dispersivity can be neglected when thermal Pe < 0.5, but should be considered for Pe > 0.5 with a square dependency on velocity.

Acoustic instability driven by cosmic-ray streaming

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Begelman, Mitchell C.; Zweibel, Ellen G.

1994-01-01

We study the linear stability of compressional waves in a medium through which cosmic rays stream at the Alfven speed due to strong coupling with Alfven waves. Acoustic waves can be driven unstable by the cosmic-ray drift, provided that the streaming speed is sufficiently large compared to the thermal sound speed. Two effects can cause instability: (1) the heating of the thermal gas due to the damping of Alfven waves driven unstable by cosmic-ray streaming; and (2) phase shifts in the cosmic-ray pressure perturbation caused by the combination of cosmic-ray streaming and diffusion. The instability does not depend on the magnitude of the background cosmic-ray pressure gradient, and occurs whether or not cosmic-ray diffusion is important relative to streaming. When the cosmic-ray pressure is small compared to the gas pressure, or cosmic-ray diffusion is strong, the instability manifests itself as a weak overstability of slow magnetosonic waves. Larger cosmic-ray pressure gives rise to new hybrid modes, which can be strongly unstable in the limits of both weak and strong cosmic-ray diffusion and in the presence of thermal conduction. Parts of our analysis parallel earlier work by McKenzie & Webb (which were brought to our attention after this paper was accepted for publication), but our treatment of diffusive effects, thermal conduction, and nonlinearities represent significant extensions. Although the linear growth rate of instability is independent of the background cosmic-ray pressure gradient, the onset of nonlinear eff ects does depend on absolute value of DEL (vector differential operator) P(sub c). At the onset of nonlinearity the fractional amplitude of cosmic-ray pressure perturbations is delta P(sub C)/P(sub C) approximately (kL) (exp -1) much less than 1, where k is the wavenumber and L is the pressure scale height of the unperturbed cosmic rays. We speculate that the instability may lead to a mode of cosmic-ray transport in which plateaus of uniform cosmic-ray pressure are separated by either laminar or turbulent jumps in which the thermal gas is subject to intense heating.

An Experimental and Theoretical Study of Radiative Extinction of Diffusion Flames

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Atreya, Arvind

1995-01-01

The objective of this research was to experimentally and theoretically investigate the radiation-induced extinction of gaseous diffusion flames in microgravity. The microgravity conditions were required because radiation-induced extinction is generally not possible in 1-g but is highly likely in microgravity. In 1-g, the flame-generated particulates (e.g. soot) and gaseous combustion products that are responsible for flame radiation, are swept away from the high temperature reaction zone by the buoyancy-induced flow and a steady state is developed. In microgravity, however, the absence of buoyancy-induced flow which transports the fuel and the oxidizer to the combustion zone and removes the hot combustion products from it enhances the flame radiation due to: (1) transient build-up of the combustion products in the flame zone which increases the gas radiation, and (2) longer residence time makes conditions appropriate for substantial amounts of soot to form which is usually responsible for most of the radiative heat loss. Numerical calculations conducted during the course of this work show that even non-radiative flames continue to become "weaker" (diminished burning rate per unit flame area) due to reduced rates of convective and diffusive transport. Thus, it was anticipated that radiative heat loss may eventually extinguish the already "weak" microgravity diffusion flame. While this hypothesis appears convincing and our numerical calculations support it, experiments for a long enough microgravity time could not be conducted during the course of this research to provide an experimental proof. Space shuttle experiments on candle flames show that in an infinite ambient atmosphere, the hemispherical candle flame in microgravity will burn indefinitely. It was hoped that radiative extinction can be experimentally shown by the aerodynamically stabilized gaseous diffusion flames where the fuel supply rate was externally controlled. While substantial progress toward this goal was made during this project, identifying the experimental conditions for which radiative extinction occurs for various fuels requires further study. Details concerning this research which are discussed in published articles are included in the appendices.

PEG 400-Based Phase Change Materials Nano-Enhanced with Functionalized Graphene Nanoplatelets.

PubMed

Marcos, Marco A; Cabaleiro, David; Guimarey, María J G; Comuñas, María J P; Fedele, Laura; Fernández, Josefa; Lugo, Luis

2017-12-29

This study presents new Nano-enhanced Phase Change Materials, NePCMs, formulated as dispersions of functionalized graphene nanoplatelets in a poly(ethylene glycol) with a mass-average molecular mass of 400 g·mol -1 for possible use in Thermal Energy Storage. Morphology, functionalization, purity, molecular mass and thermal stability of the graphene nanomaterial and/or the poly(ethylene glycol) were characterized. Design parameters of NePCMs were defined on the basis of a temporal stability study of nanoplatelet dispersions using dynamic light scattering. Influence of graphene loading on solid-liquid phase change transition temperature, latent heat of fusion, isobaric heat capacity, thermal conductivity, density, isobaric thermal expansivity, thermal diffusivity and dynamic viscosity were also investigated for designed dispersions. Graphene nanoplatelet loading leads to thermal conductivity enhancements up to 23% while the crystallization temperature reduces up to in 4 K. Finally, the heat storage capacities of base fluid and new designed NePCMs were examined by means of the thermophysical properties through Stefan and Rayleigh numbers. Functionalized graphene nanoplatelets leads to a slight increase in the Stefan number.

PEG 400-Based Phase Change Materials Nano-Enhanced with Functionalized Graphene Nanoplatelets

PubMed Central

Marcos, Marco A.; Guimarey, María J. G.; Comuñas, María J. P.

2017-01-01

This study presents new Nano-enhanced Phase Change Materials, NePCMs, formulated as dispersions of functionalized graphene nanoplatelets in a poly(ethylene glycol) with a mass-average molecular mass of 400 g·mol−1 for possible use in Thermal Energy Storage. Morphology, functionalization, purity, molecular mass and thermal stability of the graphene nanomaterial and/or the poly(ethylene glycol) were characterized. Design parameters of NePCMs were defined on the basis of a temporal stability study of nanoplatelet dispersions using dynamic light scattering. Influence of graphene loading on solid-liquid phase change transition temperature, latent heat of fusion, isobaric heat capacity, thermal conductivity, density, isobaric thermal expansivity, thermal diffusivity and dynamic viscosity were also investigated for designed dispersions. Graphene nanoplatelet loading leads to thermal conductivity enhancements up to 23% while the crystallization temperature reduces up to in 4 K. Finally, the heat storage capacities of base fluid and new designed NePCMs were examined by means of the thermophysical properties through Stefan and Rayleigh numbers. Functionalized graphene nanoplatelets leads to a slight increase in the Stefan number. PMID:29286324

PAINeT: An object-oriented software package for simulations of flow-field, transport coefficients and flux terms in non-equilibrium gas mixture flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Istomin, V. A.

2018-05-01

The software package Planet Atmosphere Investigator of Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics (PAINeT) has been devel-oped for studying the non-equilibrium effects associated with electronic excitation, chemical reactions and ionization. These studies are necessary for modeling process in shock tubes, in high enthalpy flows, in nozzles or jet engines, in combustion and explosion processes, in modern plasma-chemical and laser technologies. The advantages and possibilities of the package implementation are stated. Within the framework of the package implementation, based on kinetic theory approximations (one-temperature and state-to-state approaches), calculations are carried out, and the limits of applicability of a simplified description of shock-heated air flows and any other mixtures chosen by the user are given. Using kinetic theory algorithms, a numerical calculation of the heat fluxes and relaxation terms can be performed, which is necessary for further comparison of engineering simulation with experi-mental data. The influence of state-to-state distributions over electronic energy levels on the coefficients of thermal conductivity, diffusion, heat fluxes and diffusion velocities of the components of various gas mixtures behind shock waves is studied. Using the software package the accuracy of different approximations of the kinetic theory of gases is estimated. As an example state-resolved atomic ionized mixture of N/N+/O/O+/e- is considered. It is shown that state-resolved diffusion coefficients of neutral and ionized species vary from level to level. Comparing results of engineering applications with those given by PAINeT, recommendations for adequate models selection are proposed.

Investigating Water Movement Within and Near Wells Using Active Point Heating and Fiber Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing

PubMed Central

Selker, Frank; Selker, John S.

2018-01-01

There are few methods to provide high-resolution in-situ characterization of flow in aquifers and reservoirs. We present a method that has the potential to quantify lateral and vertical (magnitude and direction) components of flow with spatial resolution of about one meter and temporal resolution of about one day. A fiber optic distributed temperature sensor is used with a novel heating system. Temperatures before heating may be used to evaluate background geothermal gradient and vertical profile of thermal diffusivity. The innovation presented is the use of variable energy application along the well, in this case concentrated heating at equally-spaced (2 m) localized areas (0.5 m). Relative to uniform warming this offers greater opportunity to estimate water movement, reduces required heating power, and increases practical length that can be heated. Numerical simulations are presented which illustrate expected behaviors. We estimate relative advection rates near the well using the times at which various locations diverge from a heating trajectory expected for pure conduction in the absence of advection. The concept is demonstrated in a grouted 600 m borehole with 300 heated patches, though evidence of vertical water movement was not seen. PMID:29596339

Investigating Water Movement Within and Near Wells Using Active Point Heating and Fiber Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing.

PubMed

Selker, Frank; Selker, John S

2018-03-29

There are few methods to provide high-resolution in-situ characterization of flow in aquifers and reservoirs. We present a method that has the potential to quantify lateral and vertical (magnitude and direction) components of flow with spatial resolution of about one meter and temporal resolution of about one day. A fiber optic distributed temperature sensor is used with a novel heating system. Temperatures before heating may be used to evaluate background geothermal gradient and vertical profile of thermal diffusivity. The innovation presented is the use of variable energy application along the well, in this case concentrated heating at equally-spaced (2 m) localized areas (0.5 m). Relative to uniform warming this offers greater opportunity to estimate water movement, reduces required heating power, and increases practical length that can be heated. Numerical simulations are presented which illustrate expected behaviors. We estimate relative advection rates near the well using the times at which various locations diverge from a heating trajectory expected for pure conduction in the absence of advection. The concept is demonstrated in a grouted 600 m borehole with 300 heated patches, though evidence of vertical water movement was not seen.

Nano-inspired smart interfaces: fluidic interactivity and its impact on heat transfer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Beom Seok; Lee, Byoung In; Lee, Namkyu; Choi, Geehong; Gemming, Thomas; Cho, Hyung Hee

2017-03-01

Interface-inspired convection is a key heat transfer scheme for hot spot cooling and thermal energy transfer. An unavoidable trade-off of the convective heat transfer is pressure loss caused by fluidic resistance on an interface. To overcome this limitation, we uncover that nano-inspired interfaces can trigger a peculiar fluidic interactivity, which can pursue all the two sides of the coin: heat transfer and fluidic friction. We demonstrate the validity of a quasi-fin effect of Si-based nanostructures based on conductive capability of heat dissipation valid under the interactivity with fluidic viscous sublayer. The exclusive fluid-interface friction is achieved when the height of the nanostructures is much less than the thickness of the viscous sublayers in the turbulent regime. The strategic nanostructures show an enhancement of heat transfer coefficients in the wall jet region by more than 21% without any significant macroscale pressure loss under single-phase impinging jet. Nanostructures guaranteeing fluid access via an equivalent vacancy larger than the diffusive path length of viscid flow lead to local heat transfer enhancement of more than 13% at a stagnation point. Functional nanostructures will give shape to possible breakthroughs in heat transfer and its optimization can be pursued for engineered systems.

THERMAL PROPERTIES AND HEATING AND COOLING DURABILITY OF REACTOR SHIELDING CONCRETE (in Japanese)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hosoi, J.; Chujo, K.; Saji, K.

1959-01-01

A study was made of the thermal properties of various concretes made of domestic raw materials for radiation shields of a power reactor and of a high- flux research reactor. The results of measurements of thermal expansion coefficient, specific heat, thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, cyclical heating, and cooling durability are described. Relationships between thermal properties and durability are discussed and several photographs of the concretes are given. It is shown that the heating and cooling durability of such a concrete which has a large thermal expansion coefficient or a considerable difference between the thermal expansion of coarse aggregate and themore » one of cement mortar part or aggregates of lower strength is very poor. The decreasing rates of bending strength and dynamical modulus of elasticity and the residual elongation of the concrete tested show interesting relations with the modified thermal stress resistance factor containing a ratio of bending strength and thermal expansion coefficient. The thermal stress resistance factor seems to depend on the conditions of heat transfer on the surface and on heat release in the concrete. (auth)« less

A simple Boltzmann transport equation for ballistic to diffusive transient heat transport

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maassen, Jesse, E-mail: jmaassen@purdue.edu; Lundstrom, Mark

2015-04-07

Developing simplified, but accurate, theoretical approaches to treat heat transport on all length and time scales is needed to further enable scientific insight and technology innovation. Using a simplified form of the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE), originally developed for electron transport, we demonstrate how ballistic phonon effects and finite-velocity propagation are easily and naturally captured. We show how this approach compares well to the phonon BTE, and readily handles a full phonon dispersion and energy-dependent mean-free-path. This study of transient heat transport shows (i) how fundamental temperature jumps at the contacts depend simply on the ballistic thermal resistance, (ii) thatmore » phonon transport at early times approach the ballistic limit in samples of any length, and (iii) perceived reductions in heat conduction, when ballistic effects are present, originate from reductions in temperature gradient. Importantly, this framework can be recast exactly as the Cattaneo and hyperbolic heat equations, and we discuss how the key to capturing ballistic heat effects is to use the correct physical boundary conditions.« less

Heat transfer modelling of pulsed laser-tissue interaction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Urzova, J.; Jelinek, M.

2018-03-01

Due to their attributes, the application of medical lasers is on the rise in numerous medical fields. From a biomedical point of view, the most interesting applications are the thermal interactions and the photoablative interactions, which effectively remove tissue without excessive heat damage to the remaining tissue. The objective of this work is to create a theoretical model for heat transfer in the tissue following its interaction with the laser beam to predict heat transfer during medical laser surgery procedures. The dimensions of the ablated crater (shape and ablation depth) were determined by computed tomography imaging. COMSOL Multiphysics software was used for temperature modelling. The parameters of tissue and blood, such as density, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and diffusivity, were calculated from the chemical ratio. The parameters of laser-tissue interaction, such as absorption and reflection coefficients, were experimentally determined. The parameters of the laser beam were power density, repetition frequency, pulse length and spot dimensions. Heat spreading after laser interaction with tissue was captured using a Fluke thermal camera. The model was verified for adipose tissue, skeletal muscle tissue and heart muscle tissue.

Boron diffusion in silicon devices

DOEpatents

Rohatgi, Ajeet; Kim, Dong Seop; Nakayashiki, Kenta; Rounsaville, Brian

2010-09-07

Disclosed are various embodiments that include a process, an arrangement, and an apparatus for boron diffusion in a wafer. In one representative embodiment, a process is provided in which a boric oxide solution is applied to a surface of the wafer. Thereafter, the wafer is subjected to a fast heat ramp-up associated with a first heating cycle that results in a release of an amount of boron for diffusion into the wafer.

An experimental and theoretical evaluation of increased thermal diffusivity phase change devices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

White, S. P.; Golden, J. O.; Stermole, F. J.

1972-01-01

This study was to experimentally evaluate and mathematically model the performance of phase change thermal control devices containing high thermal conductivity metal matrices. Three aluminum honeycomb filters were evaluated at five different heat flux levels using n-oct-adecane as the test material. The system was mathematically modeled by approximating the partial differential equations with a three-dimensional implicit alternating direction technique. The mathematical model predicts the system quite well. All of the phase change times are predicted. The heating of solid phase is predicted exactly while there is some variation between theoretical and experimental results in the liquid phase. This variation in the liquid phase could be accounted for by the fact that there are some heat losses in the cell and there could be some convection in the experimental system.

Thermocapillary flow and melt/solid interfaces in floating-zone crystal growth under microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lan, C. W.; Kou, Sindo

1990-01-01

Computer simulation of steady-state axisymmetrical heat transfer and fluid flow was conducted to study thermocapillary flow and melt/solid interfaces in floating-zone crystal growth under microgravity. The effects of key variables on the extent of thermocapillary flow in the melt zone, the shapes of melt/solid interfaces and the length of the melt zone were discussed. These variables are: (1) the temperature coefficient of surface tension (or the Marangoni number), (2) the pulling speed (or the Peclet number), (3) the feed rod radius, (4) the ambient temperature distribution, (5) the heat transfer coefficient (or the Biot number), and (6) the thermal diffusivity of the material (or the Prandtl number).

Modeling and Optimization of a High-Tc Hot-Electron Superconducting Mixer for Terahertz Applicaitons

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Karasik, B. S.; McGrath, W. R.; Gaidis, M. C.; Burns, M. J.; Kleinsasser, A. W.; Delin, K. A.; Vasquez, R. P.

1996-01-01

The development of a YBa(sub 2)Cu(sub 3)O(sub 7-(kronecker delta))(YBCO) hot-electron bolometer (HEB) quasioptical mixer for a 2.5 heterodyne receiver is discussed. The modeled device is a submicron bridge made from a 10 nm thick film on a high thermal conductance substrate. The mixer performance expected for this device is analyzed in the framework of a two-temperature model which includes heating both of the electrons and the lattice. Also, the contribution of heat diffusion from the film through the substrate and from the film to the normal metal contacts is evaluated....a single sideband temperature of less than 2000k is predicted.

Design, implementation, and extension of thermal invisibility cloaks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Youming; Xu, Hongyi; Zhang, Baile

2015-05-01

A thermal invisibility cloak, as inspired by optical invisibility cloaks, is a device which can steer the conductive heat flux around an isolated object without changing the ambient temperature distribution so that the object can be "invisible" to external thermal environment. While designs of thermal invisibility cloaks inherit previous theories from optical cloaks, the uniqueness of heat diffusion leads to more achievable implementations. Thermal invisibility cloaks, as well as the variations including thermal concentrator, rotator, and illusion devices, have potentials to be applied in thermal management, sensing and imaging applications. Here, we review the current knowledge of thermal invisibility cloaks in terms of their design and implementation in cloaking studies, and their extension as other functional devices.

Sintering of highly porous silica-particle samples: analogues of early Solar-System aggregates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Poppe, T.

2003-07-01

I describe a new method to make particle layers which consist of SiO 2 spheres with 0.78 μm radius. The layers were produced by sedimentation of aggregates which had grown in ballistic particle collisions, and the layers had a porosity of 0.95. They were used for experiments on sintering, i.e., the samples were heated in an oven at varying temperatures and heating durations, and the samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Based on the change of particle diameter, surface diffusion sintering and viscous flow are identified as important transformation mechanisms. The first effect dominated at the start of restructuring and the latter at higher temperatures. The neck growth of adjacent particles was fitted to a surface diffusion sintering model and predicts neck radii as a heating temperature and duration function. Between the temperature range of neck formation and of melting, further restructuring occurred which lead to dissolution of particulate structure and to densification and which resulted in a porous object consisting of straight elongated substructures which connected kinks of higher material density. The thermal transformation is important for the change of strength, collisional behavior, light-scattering properties, and thermal conductivity with relevance to dust aggregates, planetesimals, comets, interplanetary dust particles, and regolith-covered celestial bodies.

Heat and solute tracers: how do they compare in heterogeneous aquifers?

PubMed

Irvine, Dylan J; Simmons, Craig T; Werner, Adrian D; Graf, Thomas

2015-04-01

A comparison of groundwater velocity in heterogeneous aquifers estimated from hydraulic methods, heat and solute tracers was made using numerical simulations. Aquifer heterogeneity was described by geostatistical properties of the Borden, Cape Cod, North Bay, and MADE aquifers. Both heat and solute tracers displayed little systematic under- or over-estimation in velocity relative to a hydraulic control. The worst cases were under-estimates of 6.63% for solute and 2.13% for the heat tracer. Both under- and over-estimation of velocity from the heat tracer relative to the solute tracer occurred. Differences between the estimates from the tracer methods increased as the mean velocity decreased, owing to differences in rates of molecular diffusion and thermal conduction. The variance in estimated velocity using all methods increased as the variance in log-hydraulic conductivity (K) and correlation length scales increased. The variance in velocity for each scenario was remarkably small when compared to σ2 ln(K) for all methods tested. The largest variability identified was for the solute tracer where 95% of velocity estimates ranged by a factor of 19 in simulations where 95% of the K values varied by almost four orders of magnitude. For the same K-fields, this range was a factor of 11 for the heat tracer. The variance in estimated velocity was always lowest when using heat as a tracer. The study results suggest that a solute tracer will provide more understanding about the variance in velocity caused by aquifer heterogeneity and a heat tracer provides a better approximation of the mean velocity. © 2013, National Ground Water Association.

Tunable Interfacial Thermal Conductance by Molecular Dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shen, Meng

We study the mechanism of tunable heat transfer through interfaces between solids using a combination of non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation (NEMD), vibrational mode analysis and wave packet simulation. We investigate how heat transfer through interfaces is affected by factors including pressure, interfacial modulus, contact area and interfacial layer thickness, with an overreaching goal of developing fundamental knowledge that will allow one to tailor thermal properties of interfacial materials. The role of pressure and interfacial stiffness is unraveled by our studies on an epitaxial interface between two Lennard-Jones (LJ) crystals. The interfacial stiffness is varied by two different methods: (i) indirectly by applying pressure which due to anharmonic nature of bonding, increases interfacial stiffness, and (ii) directly by changing the interfacial bonding strength by varying the depth of the potential well of the LJ potential. When the interfacial bonding strength is low, quantitatively similar behavior to pressure tuning is observed when the interfacial thermal conductance is increased by directly varying the potential-well depth parameter of the LJ potential. By contrast, when the interfacial bonding strength is high, thermal conductance is almost pressure independent, and even slightly decreases with increasing pressure. This decrease can be explained by the change in overlap between the vibrational densities of states of the two crystalline materials. The role of contact area is studied by modeling structures comprised of Van der Waals junctions between single-walled nanotubes (SWCNT). Interfacial thermal conductance between SWCNTs is obtained from NEMD simulation as a function of crossing angle. In this case the junction conductance per unit area is essentially a constant. By contrast, interfacial thermal conductance between multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is shown to increase with diameter of the nanotubes by recent experimental studies [1]. To elucidate this behavior we studied a simplified model comprised of an interface between two stacks of graphene ribbons to mimic the contact between multiwalled nanotubes. Our results, in agreement with experiment, show that the interfacial thermal conductance indeed increases with the number of graphene layers, corresponding to larger diameter and larger number of walls in MWCNT. The role of interfacial layer thickness is investigated by modeling a system of a few layers of graphene sandwiched between two silicon slabs. We show, by wave packet simulation and by theoretical calculation of a spring-mass model, that the transmission coefficient of individual vibrational modes is strongly dependent on the frequency and the number of graphene layers due to coherent interference effects; by contrast, the interfacial thermal conductance obtained in NEMD simulation, which represents an integral over all phonons, is essentially independent of the number of graphene layers, in agreement with recent experiments. Furthermore, when we heat one atomic layer of graphene directly, the effective interfacial conductance associated with heat dissipation to the silicon substrate is very small. We attribute this to the resistance associated with heat transfer between high and low frequency phonon modes within graphene. Finally, we also replaced graphene layers by a few WSe2 sheets and observed that interfacial thermal resistance of a Si/n-WSe2/Si structure increases linearly with interface thickness at least for 1 < n <= 20, indicating diffusive heat transfer mechanism, in contrast to ballistic behavior of a few graphene layers. The corresponding thermal conductivity (0.048 W m-1 K-1) of a few WSe2 layers is rather small. By comparing phonon dispersion of graphene layers and WSe2 sheets, we attribute the diffusive behavior of a few WSe2 sheets to abundant optical phonons at low and medium frequencies leading to very short mean free path. Our computational studies of effects of pressure and structural properties on interfacial thermal conductance provide fundamental insights for tunable heat transfer in nanostructures. [1] Professor D. Y. Li from University of Vanderbilt, private communication (Nov. 14, 2011).

Revisiting thermodynamics and kinetic diffusivities of uranium–niobium with Bayesian uncertainty analysis

DOE PAGES

Duong, Thien C.; Hackenberg, Robert E.; Landa, Alex; ...

2016-09-20

In this paper, thermodynamic and kinetic diffusivities of uranium–niobium (U–Nb) are re-assessed by means of the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagram) methodology. In order to improve the consistency and reliability of the assessments, first-principles calculations are coupled with CALPHAD. In particular, heats of formation of γ -U–Nb are estimated and verified using various density-functional theory (DFT) approaches. These thermochemistry data are then used as constraints to guide the thermodynamic optimization process in such a way that the mutual-consistency between first-principles calculations and CALPHAD assessment is satisfactory. In addition, long-term aging experiments are conducted in order to generate new phase equilibriamore » data at the γ 2/α+γ 2 boundary. These data are meant to verify the thermodynamic model. Assessment results are generally in good agreement with experiments and previous calculations, without showing the artifacts that were observed in previous modeling. The mutual-consistent thermodynamic description is then used to evaluate atomic mobility and diffusivity of γ-U–Nb. Finally, Bayesian analysis is conducted to evaluate the uncertainty of the thermodynamic model and its impact on the system's phase stability.« less

Energy Models for One-Carrier Transport in Semiconductor Devices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jerome, Joseph W.; Shu, Chi-Wang

1991-01-01

Moment models of carrier transport, derived from the Boltzmann equation, made possible the simulation of certain key effects through such realistic assumptions as energy dependent mobility functions. This type of global dependence permits the observation of velocity overshoot in the vicinity of device junctions, not discerned via classical drift-diffusion models, which are primarily local in nature. It was found that a critical role is played in the hydrodynamic model by the heat conduction term. When ignored, the overshoot is inappropriately damped. When the standard choice of the Wiedemann-Franz law is made for the conductivity, spurious overshoot is observed. Agreement with Monte-Carlo simulation in this regime required empirical modification of this law, or nonstandard choices. Simulations of the hydrodynamic model in one and two dimensions, as well as simulations of a newly developed energy model, the RT model, are presented. The RT model, intermediate between the hydrodynamic and drift-diffusion model, was developed to eliminate the parabolic energy band and Maxwellian distribution assumptions, and to reduce the spurious overshoot with physically consistent assumptions. The algorithms employed for both models are the essentially non-oscillatory shock capturing algorithms. Some mathematical results are presented and contrasted with the highly developed state of the drift-diffusion model.

Fast diffusion of silver in TiO2 nanotube arrays

PubMed Central

Zhang, Wanggang; Liu, Yiming; Zhou, Diaoyu; Wang, Hui

2016-01-01

Summary Using magnetron sputtering and heat treatment, Ag@TiO2 nanotubes are prepared. The effects of heat-treatment temperature and heating time on the evolution of Ag nanofilms on the surface of TiO2 nanotubes and microstructure of Ag nanofilms are investigated by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Ag atoms migrate mainly on the outmost surface of the TiO2 nanotubes, and fast diffusion of Ag atoms is observed. The diffusivity for the diffusion of Ag atoms on the outmost surface of the TiO2 nanotubes at 400 °C is 6.87 × 10−18 m2/s, which is three orders of magnitude larger than the diffusivities for the diffusion of Ag through amorphous TiO2 films. The activation energy for the diffusion of Ag atoms on the outmost surface of the TiO2 nanotubes in the temperature range of 300 to 500 °C is 157 kJ/mol, which is less than that for the lattice diffusion of Ag and larger than that for the grain boundary diffusion. The diffusion of Ag atoms leads to the formation of Ag nanocrystals on the outmost surface of TiO2 nanotubes. Probably there are hardly any Ag nanocrystals formed inside the TiO2 nanotubes through the migration of Ag. PMID:27547630

Synchronous infrared imaging methods to characterize thermal properties of materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ouyang, Zhong

1999-11-01

A fundamental thermal property of a material is its thermal conductivity. The current state-of-the art for measurement of thermal conductivity is inadequate, especially in the case of composite materials. This dissertation addresses the need for a rapid and accurate measurement of thermal conductivity that can provide values for three orthogonal directions in a single measurement. The theoretical approach is based on three-dimensional thermal wave propagation and scattering treatments that have been developed earlier at Wayne State University. The experimental approach makes use of a state-of-the-art focal-plane-array infrared camera, which is used to follow the time- and spatial-progression of the planar heat pulse on both surfaces of the slab. The method has been used to determine the thermal diffusivity of six pure elemental single crystal materials (Cu, Ti, Bi, Al, Ag, Pb). The results are in good agreement (better than 1%) with the diffusivities calculated from the handbook. The diffusivities of some alloys and unidirectional graphite-fiber-reinforced-polymer composite also are determined by this method. As a byproduct of one of the experimental approaches measuring the IR radiation from the heated surface, direct evidence is obtained for the presence of a thermal wave "echo". The theory and confirming measurements in this dissertation represent its first clear confirmation. A second experimental method which is studied in this dissertation, and which may be used to characterize thermal properties of materials, is that of lock-in thermal wave imaging. In this technique, pioneered earlier at Wayne State University, a periodic heat source is applied to the surface of the material, and synchronous, phase-sensitive detection of the IR radiation from that surface is used to determine the effects of thermal wave propagation to subsurface features, and the effects of reflected thermal waves from those features on the observed IR radiation from the surface. The rationale for re-visiting this technique is the availability of the focal-plane-array IR camera, with its "snapshot" capability, its high spatial resolution, and its high pixel rate. A lock-in imaging method is developed for use with this camera, which can be used at frequencies that considerably exceed the maximum frame rate, with illustrative applications to characterize the thermal properties of printed circuits and electronic packages.

Hydrogen bonds and heat diffusion in α-helices: a computational study.

PubMed

Miño, German; Barriga, Raul; Gutierrez, Gonzalo

2014-08-28

Recent evidence has shown a correlation between the heat diffusion pathways and the known allosteric communication pathways in proteins. Allosteric communication in proteins is a central, yet unsolved, problem in biochemistry, and the study and characterization of the structural determinants that mediate energy transfer among different parts of proteins is of major importance. In this work, we characterized the role of hydrogen bonds in diffusivity of thermal energy for two sets of α-helices with different abilities to form hydrogen bonds. These hydrogen bonds can be a constitutive part of the α-helices or can arise from the lateral chains. In our in vacuo simulations, it was observed that α-helices with a higher possibility of forming hydrogen bonds also had higher rates of thermalization. Our simulations also revealed that heat readily flowed through atoms involved in hydrogen bonds. As a general conclusion, according to our simulations, hydrogen bonds fulfilled an important role in heat diffusion in structural patters of proteins.

Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis mechanisms in Casson fluid over a moving wedge

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ullah, Imran; Shafie, Sharidan; Khan, Ilyas; Hsiao, Kai Long

2018-06-01

The effect of Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis on electrically conducting mixed convection flow of Casson fluid induced by moving wedge is investigated in this paper. It is assumed that the wedge is saturated in a porous medium and experiences the thermal radiation and chemical reaction effects. The transformed nonlinear governing equations are solved numerically by Keller box scheme. Findings reveal that increase in Casson and magnetic parameters reduced the boundary layer thickness. The effect of Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters are more pronounced on temperature profile as compared to nanoparticles concentration. The presence of thermal radiation assisted the heat transfer rate significantly. The influence of magnetic parameter is observed less significant on temperature and nanoparticles concentration.

Variable mass diffusion effects on free convection flow past an impulsively started infinite vertical plate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rushi Kumar, B.; Jayakar, R.; Vijay Kumar, A. G.

2017-11-01

An exact analysis of the problem of free convection flow of a viscous incompressible chemically reacting fluid past an infinite vertical plate with the flow due to impulsive motion of the plate with Newtonian heating in the presence of thermal radiation and variable mass diffusion is performed. The resulting governing equations were tackled by Laplace transform technique. Finally the effects of pertinent flow parameters such as the radiation parameter, chemical reaction parameter, buoyancy ratio parameter, thermal Grashof number, Schmidt number, Prandtl number and time on the velocity, temperature, concentration and skin friction for both aiding and opposing flows were examined in detail when Pr=0.71(conducting air) and Pr=7.0(water).

Influence of a Simple Heat Loss Profile on a Pure Diffusion Flame

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ray, Anjan; Wichman, Indrek S.

1996-01-01

The presence of soot on the fuel side of a diffusion flame results in significant radiative heat losses. The influence of a fuel side heat loss zone on a pure diffusion flame established between a fuel and an oxidizer wall is investigated by assuming a hypothetical sech(sup 2) heat loss profile. The intensity and width of the loss zone are parametrically varied. The loss zone is placed at different distances from the Burke-Schumann flame location. The migration of the temperature and reactivity peaks are examined for a variety of situations. For certain cases the reaction zone breaks through the loss zone and relocates itself on the fuel side of the loss zone. In all cases the temperature and reactivity peaks move toward the fuel side with increased heat losses. The flame structure reveals that the primary balance for the energy equation is between the reaction term and the diffusion term. Extinction plots are generated for a variety of situations. The heat transfer from the flame to the walls and the radiative fraction is also investigated, and an analytical correlation formula, derived in a previous study, is shown to produce excellent predictions of our numerical results when an O(l) numerical multiplicative constant is employed.

Theoretical analysis of oxygen diffusion at startup in an alkali metal heat pipe with gettered alloy walls

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tower, L. K.

1973-01-01

The diffusion of oxygen into, or out of, a gettered alloy exposed to oxygenated alkali liquid metal coolant, a situation arising in some high temperature heat transfer systems, was analyzed. The relation between the diffusion process and the thermochemistry of oxygen in the alloy and in the alkali metal was developed by making several simplifying assumptions. The treatment is therefore theoretical in nature. However, a practical example pertaining to the startup of a heat pipe with walls of T-111, a tantalum alloy, and lithium working fluid illustrates the use of the figures contained in the analysis.

Generalizing the flash technique in the front-face configuration to measure the thermal diffusivity of semitransparent solids

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pech-May, Nelson Wilbur; Department of Applied Physics, CINVESTAV Unidad Mérida, carretera Antigua a Progreso km6, A.P. 73 Cordemex, Mérida Yucatán 97310, México; Mendioroz, Arantza

2014-10-15

In this work, we have extended the front-face flash method to retrieve simultaneously the thermal diffusivity and the optical absorption coefficient of semitransparent plates. A complete theoretical model that allows calculating the front surface temperature rise of the sample has been developed. It takes into consideration additional effects, such as multiple reflections of the heating light beam inside the sample, heat losses by convection and radiation, transparency of the sample to infrared wavelengths, and heating pulse duration. Measurements performed on calibrated solids, covering a wide range of absorption coefficients (from transparent to opaque) and thermal diffusivities, validate the proposed method.

MEASUREMENT OF PHONON TRANSPORT IN GaN-ON-SiC AND GaN-ON-DIAMOND HIGH ELECTRON MOBILITY TRANSISTOR (HEMT) DEVICES

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-10-16

DARPA) or the U.S. Government. Report contains color. 14. ABSTRACT The objective of this project is to experimentally study the transient non ...the Metal Thin Film in TDTR ........................................ 14 4.3 Experimental Observation of the Frequency Filtering Effect...scale of the device layers and the high density of interfaces, non -diffusive heat conduction plays a critical role in thermal transport of GaN devices

Evaluation of Rhenium Joining Methods

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reed, Brian D.; Morren, Sybil H.

1995-01-01

Coupons of rhenium-to-Cl03 flat plate joints, formed by explosive and diffusion bonding, were evaluated in a series of shear tests. Shear testing was conducted on as-received, thermally-cycled (100 cycles, from 21 to 1100 C), and thermally-aged (3 and 6 hrs at 1100 C) joint coupons. Shear tests were also conducted on joint coupons with rhenium and/or Cl03 electron beam welded tabs to simulate the joint's incorporation into a structure. Ultimate shear strength was used as a figure of merit to assess the effects of the thermal treatment and the electron beam welding of tabs on the joint coupons. All of the coupons survived thermal testing intact and without any visible degradation. Two different lots of as-received, explosively-bonded joint coupons had ultimate shear strengths of 281 and 310 MPa and 162 and 223 MPa, respectively. As-received, diffusion-bonded coupons had ultimate shear strengths of 199 and 348 MPa. For the most part, the thermally-treated and rhenium weld tab coupons had shear strengths slightly reduced or within the range of the as-received values. Coupons with Cl03 weld tabs experienced a significant reduction in shear strength. The degradation of strength appeared to be the result of a poor heat sink provided during the electron beam welding. The Cl03 base material could not dissipate heat as effectively as rhenium, leading to the formation of a brittle rhenium-niobium intermetallic.

Measurement of thermo-optic properties of Y3Al5O12, Lu3Al5O12, YAIO3, LiYF4, LiLuF4, BaY2F8, KGd(WO4)2, and KY(WO4)2 laser crystals in the 80-300 K temperature range

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aggarwal, R. L.; Ripin, D. J.; Ochoa, J. R.; Fan, T. Y.

2005-11-01

Thermo-optic materials properties of laser host materials have been measured to enable solid-state laser performance modeling. The thermo-optic properties include thermal diffusivity (β), specific heat at constant pressure (Cp), thermal conductivity (κ), coefficient of thermal expansion (α), thermal coefficient of the optical path length (γ) equal to (dO/dT)/L, and thermal coefficient of refractive index (dn/dT) at 1064nm; O denotes the optical path length, which is equal to the product of the refractive index (n) and sample length (L). Thermal diffusivity and specific heat were measured using laser-flash method. Thermal conductivity was deduced using measured values of β, Cp, and the density (ρ ). Thermal expansion was measured using a Michelson laser interferometer. Thermal coefficient of the optical path length was measured at 1064nm, using interference between light reflected from the front and rear facets of the sample. Thermal coefficient of the refractive index was determined, using the measured values of γ, α, and n. β and κ of Y3Al5O12, YAIO3, and LiYF4 were found to decrease, as expected, upon doping with Yb.

Thermal properties of soils: effect of biochar application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Usowicz, Boguslaw; Lukowski, Mateusz; Lipiec, Jerzy

2014-05-01

Thermal properties (thermal conductivity, heat capacity and thermal diffusivity) have a significant effect on the soil surface energy partitioning and resulting in the temperature distribution. Thermal properties of soil depend on water content, bulk density and organic matter content. An important source of organic matter is biochar. Biochar as a material is defined as: "charcoal for application as a soil conditioner". Biochar is generally associated with co-produced end products of pyrolysis. Many different materials are used as biomass feedstock for biochar, including wood, crop residues and manures. Additional predictions were done for terra preta soil (also known as "Amazonian dark earth"), high in charcoal content, due to adding a mixture of charcoal, bone, and manure for thousands of years i.e. approximately 10-1,000 times longer than residence times of most soil organic matter. The effect of biochar obtained from the wood biomass and other organic amendments (peat, compost) on soil thermal properties is presented in this paper. The results were compared with wetland soils of different organic matter content. The measurements of the thermal properties at various water contents were performed after incubation, under laboratory conditions using KD2Pro, Decagon Devices. The measured data were compared with predictions made using Usowicz statistical-physical model (Usowicz et al., 2006) for biochar, mineral soil and soil with addition of biochar at various water contents and bulk densities. The model operates statistically by probability of occurrence of contacts between particular fractional compounds. It combines physical properties, specific to particular compounds, into one apparent conductance specific to the mixture. The results revealed that addition of the biochar and other organic amendments into the soil caused considerable reduction of the thermal conductivity and diffusivity. The mineral soil showed the highest thermal conductivity and diffusivity that decreased in soil with addition of biochar and pure biochar. The reduction of both properties was mostly due to decrease in both particle density and bulk density. Both biochar and the organic amendments addition resulted in a decrease of the heat capacity of the mixtures in dry state and considerable increase in wet state. The lowest and highest reduction in the thermal conductivity with decreasing water content was obtained for pure biochar and mineral soil, respectively. The thermal diffusivity had a characteristic maximum at higher bulk densities and lower water contents. The wetland soil higher in organic matter content exhibit smaller temporal variation of the thermal properties compared to soils lower in organic matter content in response to changes of water content. The statistical-physical model was found to be useful for satisfactory predicting thermal properties of the soil with addition of biochar and organic amendments. Usowicz B. et al., 2006. Thermal conductivity modelling of terrestrial soil media - A comparative study. Planetary and Space Science 54, 1086-1095.

Ion Transport and Structural Properties of Polymeric Electrolytes and Ionic Liquids from Molecular Dynamics Simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borodin, Oleg

2010-03-01

Molecular dynamics simulations are well suited for exploring electrolyte structure and ion transport mechanisms on the nanometer length scale and the nanosecond time scales. In this presentation we will describe how MD simulations assist in answering fundamental questions about the lithium transport mechanisms in polymeric electrolytes and ionic liquids. In particular, in the first part of the presentation the extent of ion aggregation, the structure of ion aggregates and the lithium cation diffusion in binary polymeric electrolytes will be compared with that of single-ion conducting polymers. In the second part of the talk, the lithium transport in polymeric electrolytes will be compared with that of three ionic liquids ( [emim][FSI] doped with LiFSI , [pyr13][FSI] doped with LiFSI, [emim][BF4] doped with LiBF4). The relation between ionic liquid self-diffusion, conductivity and thermodynamic properties will be discussed in details. A number of correlations between heat of vaporization Hvap, cation-anion binding energy (E+/-), molar volume (Vm), self-diffusion coefficient (D) and ionic conductivity for 29 ionic liquids have been investigated using MD simulations. A significant correlation between D and Hvap has been found, while best correlation was found for -log((D Vm)) vs. Hvap+0.28E+/-. A combination of enthalpy of vaporization and a fraction of the cation-anion binding energy was suggested as a measure of the effective cohesive energy for ionic liquids.

Ultrafast Thermal Plasma Preparation of Solid Si Films with Potential Application in Photovoltaic Cells: A Parametric Study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mostajeran Goortani, Behnam; Gitzhofer, François; Bouyer, Etienne; Mousavi, Mehdi

2009-03-01

An innovative method, namely ultrafast plasma surface melting, is developed to fabricate solid films of silicon with very high rates (150 cm2/min). The method is composed of preparing a suspension of solid particles in a volatile solvent and spreading it on a refractory substrate such as Mo. After solvent evaporation, the resulting porous layer is exposed to the flame tale of inductively coupled RF plasma to sinter and melt the surface particles and to prepare a solid film of silicon. It is shown that by controlling the flow dynamics and heat transfer around the substrate, and managing the kinetic parameters (i.e., exposure time, substrate transport speed, and reaction kinetics) in the reactor, we can produce solid crystalline Si films with the potential applications in photovoltaic cells industry. The results indicate that the optimum formation conditions with a film thickness of 250-700 μm is when the exposure time in the plasma is in the range of 5-12.5 s for a 100 × 50 mm large layer. By combining the Fourier’s law of conduction with the experimental measurements, we obtained an effective heat diffusivity and developed a model to obtain heat diffusion in the porous layer exposed to the plasma. The model further predicts the minimum and maximum exposure time for the substrate in the plasma flame as a function of material properties, the porous layer thickness and of the imposed heat flux.

Onset of fractional-order thermal convection in porous media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karani, Hamid; Rashtbehesht, Majid; Huber, Christian; Magin, Richard L.

2017-12-01

The macroscopic description of buoyancy-driven thermal convection in porous media is governed by advection-diffusion processes, which in the presence of thermophysical heterogeneities fail to predict the onset of thermal convection and the average rate of heat transfer. This work extends the classical model of heat transfer in porous media by including a fractional-order advective-dispersive term to account for the role of thermophysical heterogeneities in shifting the thermal instability point. The proposed fractional-order model overcomes limitations of the common closure approaches for the thermal dispersion term by replacing the diffusive assumption with a fractional-order model. Through a linear stability analysis and Galerkin procedure, we derive an analytical formula for the critical Rayleigh number as a function of the fractional model parameters. The resulting critical Rayleigh number reduces to the classical value in the absence of thermophysical heterogeneities when solid and fluid phases have similar thermal conductivities. Numerical simulations of the coupled flow equation with the fractional-order energy model near the primary bifurcation point confirm our analytical results. Moreover, data from pore-scale simulations are used to examine the potential of the proposed fractional-order model in predicting the amount of heat transfer across the porous enclosure. The linear stability and numerical results show that, unlike the classical thermal advection-dispersion models, the fractional-order model captures the advance and delay in the onset of convection in porous media and provides correct scalings for the average heat transfer in a thermophysically heterogeneous medium.

Heat pipes for sodium-sulfur batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hartenstine, John R.

1989-08-01

The objective of this program was to develop a variable conductance heat pipe (VCHP) for the thermal management of sodium-sulfur batteries. The VCHP maintains the sodium sulfur battery within a specified temperature rise limit (20 C) while the battery discharges a thermal load from 0 watts to 500 watts. A preliminary full scale thermal management design was developed for the sodium-sulfur battery, incorporating the VCHPs and supporting integration hardware. The feasibility of the VCHPs for this application was proved by test. The VCHP developed in Phase 1 utilized titanium as the heat pipe envelope material, and cesium as the heat pipe working fluid. The wick structure was axial grooves. Analysis and test indicate that the VCHP can provide the passive thermal control necessary for the sodium-sulfur battery. Test data show that with the heat input from Q = 0 watts to Q = 500 watts, the VCHP evaporator temperature increased from 350 C to 385 C. The temperature control range was higher than predicted due to working fluid vapor diffusion into the noncondensible gas and thermal axial conduction into the VCHP reservoir. Analysis has shown that by utilizing VCHPs for passive temperature control, the sodium-sulfur battery cells will have a lower axial delta-T during discharge than a current louver design. The VCHP thermal management package has the potential to be used in geosynchronous earth orbits (GEO) and low earth orbits (LEO).

Heat Transfer Behavior across the Dentino-Enamel Junction in the Human Tooth

PubMed Central

Niu, Lin; Dong, Shao-Jie; Kong, Ting-Ting; Wang, Rong; Zou, Rui; Liu, Qi-Da

2016-01-01

During eating, the teeth usually endure the sharply temperature changes because of different foods. It is of importance to investigate the heat transfer and heat dissipation behavior of the dentino–enamel junction (DEJ) of human tooth since dentine and enamel have different thermophysical properties. The spatial and temporal temperature distributions on the enamel, dentine, and pulpal chamber of both the human tooth and its discontinuous boundaries, were measured using infrared thermography using a stepped temperature increase on the outer boundary of enamel crowns. The thermal diffusivities for enamel and dentine were deduced from the time dependent temperature change at the enamel and dentine layers. The thermal conductivities for enamel and dentine were calculated to be 0.81 Wm-1K-1 and 0.48 Wm-1K-1 respectively. The observed temperature discontinuities across the interfaces between enamel, dentine and pulp-chamber layers were due to the difference of thermal conductivities at interfaces rather than to the phase transformation. The temperature gradient distributes continuously across the enamel and dentine layers and their junction below a temperature of 42°C, whilst a negative thermal resistance is observed at interfaces above 42°C. These results suggest that the microstructure of the dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) junction play an important role in tooth heat transfer and protects the pulp from heat damage. PMID:27662186

Heat Transfer Behavior across the Dentino-Enamel Junction in the Human Tooth.

PubMed

Niu, Lin; Dong, Shao-Jie; Kong, Ting-Ting; Wang, Rong; Zou, Rui; Liu, Qi-Da

During eating, the teeth usually endure the sharply temperature changes because of different foods. It is of importance to investigate the heat transfer and heat dissipation behavior of the dentino-enamel junction (DEJ) of human tooth since dentine and enamel have different thermophysical properties. The spatial and temporal temperature distributions on the enamel, dentine, and pulpal chamber of both the human tooth and its discontinuous boundaries, were measured using infrared thermography using a stepped temperature increase on the outer boundary of enamel crowns. The thermal diffusivities for enamel and dentine were deduced from the time dependent temperature change at the enamel and dentine layers. The thermal conductivities for enamel and dentine were calculated to be 0.81 Wm-1K-1 and 0.48 Wm-1K-1 respectively. The observed temperature discontinuities across the interfaces between enamel, dentine and pulp-chamber layers were due to the difference of thermal conductivities at interfaces rather than to the phase transformation. The temperature gradient distributes continuously across the enamel and dentine layers and their junction below a temperature of 42°C, whilst a negative thermal resistance is observed at interfaces above 42°C. These results suggest that the microstructure of the dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) junction play an important role in tooth heat transfer and protects the pulp from heat damage.

Thermal diffusivity and conductivity of thorium- uranium mixed oxides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saoudi, M.; Staicu, D.; Mouris, J.; Bergeron, A.; Hamilton, H.; Naji, M.; Freis, D.; Cologna, M.

2018-03-01

Thorium-uranium oxide pellets with high densities were prepared at the Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL) by co-milling, pressing, and sintering at 2023 K, with UO2 mass contents of 0, 1.5, 3, 8, 13, 30, 60 and 100%. At the Joint Research Centre, Karlsruhe (JRC-Karlsruhe), thorium-uranium oxide pellets were prepared using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique with 79 and 93 wt. % UO2. The thermal diffusivity of (Th1-xUx)O2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) was measured at CNL and at JRC-Karlsruhe using the laser flash technique. ThO2 and (Th,U)O2 with 1.5, 3, 8 and 13 wt. % UO2 were found to be semi-transparent to the infrared wavelength of the laser and were coated with graphite for the thermal diffusivity measurements. This semi-transparency decreased with the addition of UO2 and was lost at about 30 wt. % of UO2 in ThO2. The thermal conductivity was deduced using the measured density and literature data for the specific heat capacity. The thermal conductivity for ThO2 is significantly higher than for UO2. The thermal conductivity of (Th,U)O2 decreases rapidly with increasing UO2 content, and for UO2 contents of 60% and higher, the conductivity of the thorium-uranium oxide fuel is close to UO2. As the mass difference between the Th and U atoms is small, the thermal conductivity decrease is attributed to the phonon scattering enhanced by lattice strain due to the introduction of uranium in ThO2 lattice. The new results were compared to the data available in the literature and were evaluated using the classical phonon transport model for oxide systems.

Sound wave generation by a spherically symmetric outburst and AGN feedback in galaxy clusters II: impact of thermal conduction.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, Xiaping; Churazov, Eugene

2018-04-01

We analyze the impact of thermal conduction on the appearance of a shock-heated gas shell which is produced when a spherically symmetric outburst of a supermassive black hole inflates bubbles of relativistic plasma at the center of a galaxy cluster. The presence of the hot and low-density shell can be used as an ancillary indicator for a high rate of energy release during the outburst, which is required to drive strong shocks into the gas. Here we show that conduction can effectively erase such shell, unless the diffusion of electrons is heavily suppressed. We conclude that a more robust proxy to the energy release rate is the ratio between the shock radius and bubble radius. We also revisited the issue of sound waves dissipation induced by thermal conduction in a scenario, where characteristic wavelength of the sound wave is set by the total energy of the outburst. For a fiducial short outburst model, the dissipation length does not exceed the cooling radius in a typical cluster, provided that the conduction is suppressed by a factor not larger than ˜100. For quasi-continuous energy injection neither the shock-heated shell nor the outgoing sound wave are important and the role of conduction is subdominant.

Specific heat and related thermophysical properties of liquid Fe-Cu-Mo alloy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Haipeng; Luo, Bingchi; Chang, Jian; Wei, Bingbo

2007-08-01

The specific heat and related thermophysical properties of liquid Fe77.5Cu13Mo9.5 monotectic alloy were investigated by an electromagnetic levitation drop calorimeter over a wide temperature range from 1482 to 1818 K. A maximum undercooling of 221 K (0.13 T m) was achieved and the specific heat was determined as 44.71 J·mol-1·K-1. The excess specific heat, enthalpy change, entropy change and Gibbs free energy difference of this alloy were calculated on the basis of experimental results. It was found that the calculated results by traditional estimating methods can only describe the solidification process under low undercooling conditions. Only the experimental results can reflect the reality under high undercooling conditions. Meanwhile, the thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and sound speed were derived from the present experimental results. Furthermore, the solidified microstructural morphology was examined, which consists of (Fe) and (Cu) phases. The calculated interface energy was applied to exploring the correlation between competitive nucleation and solidification microstructure within monotectic alloy.

An approximate analysis of the diffusing flow in a self-controlled heat pipe.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Somogyi, D.; Yen, H. H.

1973-01-01

Constant-density two-dimensional axisymmetric equations are presented for the diffusing flow of a class of self-controlled heat pipes. The analysis is restricted to the vapor space. Condensation of the vapor is related to its mass fraction at the wall by the gas kinetic formula. The Karman-Pohlhausen integral method is applied to obtain approximate solutions. Solutions are presented for a water heat pipe with neon control gas.

Diffusion welding of MA 6000 and a conventional nickel-base superalloy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moore, T. J.; Glasgow, T. K.

1985-01-01

A feasibility study of diffusion welding the oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy MA 6000 to itself and to conventional Ni-base superalloy Udimet 700 was conducted. Butt joints between MA 6000 pieces and lap joints between Udimet 700 and the ODS alloy were produced by hot pressing for 1.25 hr at temperatures ranging from 1000 to 1200 C (1832-2192 F) in vacuum. Following pressing, all weldments were heat treated and machined into mechanical property test specimens. While three different combinations of recrystallized and unrecrystallized MA 6000 butt joints were produced, the unrecrystallized to unrecrystallized joint was most successful as determined by mechanical properties and microstructural examination. Failure to weld the recrystallized material probably related to a lack of adequate deformation at the weld interface. While recrystallized MA 6000 could be diffusion welded to Udimet 700 in places, complete welding over the entire lap joint was not achieved, again due to the lack of sufficient deformation at the faying surfaces. Several methods are proposed to promote the intimate contact necessary for diffusion welding MA 6000 to itself and to superalloys.

Coiled Tube Gas Heaters For Nuclear Gas-Brayton Power Conversion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Peterson, Per F.

This project developed an alternative design for heat exchangers for application to heating supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO 2) or air for power conversion. We have identified an annular coiled tube bundle configuration–where hot sodium enters tubes from multiple vertical inlet manifold pipes, flows in a spiral pattern radially inward and downward, and then exits into an equal number of vertical outlet manifold pipes–as a potentially attractive option. The S-CO 2 gas or air flows radially outward through the tube bundle. Coiled tube gas heaters (CTGHs) are expected to have excellent thermal shock, long-term thermal creep, in-service inspection, and reparability characteristics,more » compared to alternative options. CTGHs have significant commonality with modern nuclear steam generators. Extensive experience exists with the design, manufacture, operation, in-service inspection and maintenance of nuclear steam generators. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission also has extensive experience with regulatory guidance documented in NUREG 0800. CTGHs leverage this experience and manufacturing capability. The most important difference between steam generators and gas-Brayton cycles such as the S-CO 2 cycle is that the heat exchangers must operate with counter flow with high effectiveness to minimize the pinch-point temperature difference between the hot liquid coolant and the heated gas. S-CO 2-cycle gas heaters also operate at sufficiently elevated temperatures that time dependent creep is important and allowable stresses are relatively low. Designing heat exchangers to operate in this regime requires configurations that minimize stresses and stress concentrations. The cylindrical tubes and cylindrical manifold pipes used in CTGHs are particularly effective geometries. The first major goal of this research project was to develop and experimentally validate a detailed, 3-D multi-phase (gas-solid-liquid) heat transport model for CTGHs, using methods similar to earlier UCB multi-scale models for PCHEs, which will enable optimization of CTGH designs with respect to the number of manifold pipes, S-CO 2 and sodium circulating power, and other design parameters. CTGHs are relatively novel because the tubes loaded in compression as well as the manifold pipes which form the tube sheets. The second major goal of the experimental and modeling effort was to optimize the assembly and heat treatment of the tube-to-tubesheet joints, using a novel tapered joint configuration, and to develop diffusion-bonded joints with high shear strength and creep resistance, as has been done in other applications for tapered plugs. The project would also conduct creep testing of these tubesheet joints in pressurized furnaces under prototypical conditions of stress and temperature, however this was not feasible due to numerous hinderances. Detailed microstructural investigations was conducted on the diffusion bond interface, while the bond strength was evaluated by tensile testing. The mechanical testing quantified the overall strength of the bond and measured the pull out force as well as long term behavior, which complemented the microstructural analysis and gave a complete understanding of the diffusion bond.« less

The Radiator-Enhanced Geothermal System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hilpert, M.; Marsh, B. D.; Geiser, P.

2015-12-01

Standard Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) have repeatedly been hobbled by the inability of rock to conductively transfer heat at rates sufficient to re-supply heat extracted convectively via artificially made fracture systems. At the root of this imbalance is the basic magnitude of thermal diffusivity for most rocks, which severely hampers heat flow once the cooled halos about fractures reach ~0.1 m or greater. This inefficiency is exacerbated by the standard EGS design of mainly horizontally constructed fracture systems with inflow and outflow access at the margins of the fracture network. We introduced an alternative system whereby the heat exchanger mimics a conventional radiator in an internal combustion engine, which we call a Radiator-EGS (i.e., RAD-EGS). The heat exchanger is built vertically with cool water entering the base and hot water extracted at the top. The RAD-EGS itself consists of a family of vertical vanes produced through sequential horizontal drilling and permeability stimulation through propellant fracking. The manufactured fracture zones share the orientation of the natural transmissive fracture system. As below about 700 m, S1 is vertical and the average strike of transmissive fractures parallels SHmax, creating vertical fractures that include S1 and SHmax requires drilling stacked laterals parallel to SHmax. The RAD-EGS is also based on the observation that the longevity of natural hydrothermal systems depends on thermal recharge through heat convection but not heat conduction. In this paper, we present numerical simulations that examine the effects of the depths of the injector and extraction wells, vane size, coolant flow rate, the natural crustal geothermal gradient, and natural regional background flow on geothermal energy extraction.

Maskless direct laser writing with visible light: Breaking through the optical resolving limit with cooperative manipulations of nonlinear reverse saturation absorption and thermal diffusion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wei, Jingsong, E-mail: weijingsong@siom.ac.cn; Wang, Rui; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049

In this work, the resolving limit of maskless direct laser writing is overcome by cooperative manipulation from nonlinear reverse saturation absorption and thermal diffusion, where the nonlinear reverse saturation absorption can induce the formation of below diffraction-limited energy absorption spot, and the thermal diffusion manipulation can make the heat quantity at the central region of energy absorption spot propagate along the thin film thickness direction. The temperature at the central region of energy absorption spot transiently reaches up to melting point and realizes nanolithography. The sample “glass substrate/AgInSbTe” is prepared, where AgInSbTe is taken as nonlinear reverse saturation absorption thinmore » film. The below diffraction-limited energy absorption spot is simulated theoretically and verified experimentally by near-field spot scanning method. The “glass substrate/Al/AgInSbTe” sample is prepared, where the Al is used as thermal conductive layer to manipulate the thermal diffusion channel because the thermal diffusivity coefficient of Al is much larger than that of AgInSbTe. The direct laser writing is conducted by a setup with a laser wavelength of 650 nm and a converging lens of NA=0.85, the lithographic marks with a size of about 100 nm are obtained, and the size is only about 1/10 the incident focused spot. The experimental results indicate that the cooperative manipulation from nonlinear reverse saturation absorption and thermal diffusion is a good method to realize nanolithography in maskless direct laser writing with visible light.« less

Thermal conductivity and combustion properties of wheat gluten foams.

PubMed

Blomfeldt, Thomas O J; Nilsson, Fritjof; Holgate, Tim; Xu, Jianxiao; Johansson, Eva; Hedenqvist, Mikael S

2012-03-01

Freeze-dried wheat gluten foams were evaluated with respect to their thermal and fire-retardant properties, which are important for insulation applications. The thermal properties were assessed by differential scanning calorimetry, the laser flash method and a hot plate method. The unplasticised foam showed a similar specific heat capacity, a lower thermal diffusivity and a slightly higher thermal conductivity than conventional rigid polystyrene and polyurethane insulation foams. Interestingly, the thermal conductivity was similar to that of closed cell polyethylene and glass-wool insulation materials. Cone calorimetry showed that, compared to a polyurethane foam, both unplasticised and glycerol-plasticised foams had a significantly longer time to ignition, a lower effective heat of combustion and a higher char content. Overall, the unplasticised foam showed better fire-proof properties than the plasticized foam. The UL 94 test revealed that the unplasticised foam did not drip (form droplets of low viscous material) and, although the burning times varied, self-extinguished after flame removal. To conclude both the insulation and fire-retardant properties were very promising for the wheat gluten foam. © 2012 American Chemical Society

Temperature-dependent thermal diffusivity of the Earth's crust and implications for magmatism.

PubMed

Whittington, Alan G; Hofmeister, Anne M; Nabelek, Peter I

2009-03-19

The thermal evolution of planetary crust and lithosphere is largely governed by the rate of heat transfer by conduction. The governing physical properties are thermal diffusivity (kappa) and conductivity (k = kapparhoC(P)), where rho denotes density and C(P) denotes specific heat capacity at constant pressure. Although for crustal rocks both kappa and k decrease above ambient temperature, most thermal models of the Earth's lithosphere assume constant values for kappa ( approximately 1 mm(2) s(-1)) and/or k ( approximately 3 to 5 W m(-1) K(-1)) owing to the large experimental uncertainties associated with conventional contact methods at high temperatures. Recent advances in laser-flash analysis permit accurate (+/-2 per cent) measurements on minerals and rocks to geologically relevant temperatures. Here we provide data from laser-flash analysis for three different crustal rock types, showing that kappa strongly decreases from 1.5-2.5 mm(2) s(-1) at ambient conditions, approaching 0.5 mm(2) s(-1) at mid-crustal temperatures. The latter value is approximately half that commonly assumed, and hot middle to lower crust is therefore a much more effective thermal insulator than previously thought. Above the quartz alpha-beta phase transition, crustal kappa is nearly independent of temperature, and similar to that of mantle materials. Calculated values of k indicate that its negative dependence on temperature is smaller than that of kappa, owing to the increase of C(P) with increasing temperature, but k also diminishes by 50 per cent from the surface to the quartz alpha-beta transition. We present models of lithospheric thermal evolution during continental collision and demonstrate that the temperature dependence of kappa and C(P) leads to positive feedback between strain heating in shear zones and more efficient thermal insulation, removing the requirement for unusually high radiogenic heat production to achieve crustal melting temperatures. Positive feedback between heating, increased thermal insulation and partial melting is predicted to occur in many tectonic settings, and in both the crust and the mantle, facilitating crustal reworking and planetary differentiation.

Unified heat kernel regression for diffusion, kernel smoothing and wavelets on manifolds and its application to mandible growth modeling in CT images.

PubMed

Chung, Moo K; Qiu, Anqi; Seo, Seongho; Vorperian, Houri K

2015-05-01

We present a novel kernel regression framework for smoothing scalar surface data using the Laplace-Beltrami eigenfunctions. Starting with the heat kernel constructed from the eigenfunctions, we formulate a new bivariate kernel regression framework as a weighted eigenfunction expansion with the heat kernel as the weights. The new kernel method is mathematically equivalent to isotropic heat diffusion, kernel smoothing and recently popular diffusion wavelets. The numerical implementation is validated on a unit sphere using spherical harmonics. As an illustration, the method is applied to characterize the localized growth pattern of mandible surfaces obtained in CT images between ages 0 and 20 by regressing the length of displacement vectors with respect to a surface template. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Thermal diffusivity of rhyolitic glasses and melts: effects of temperature, crystals and dissolved water

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Romine, William L.; Whittington, Alan G.; Nabelek, Peter I.; Hofmeister, Anne M.

2012-12-01

Thermal diffusivity ( D) was measured using laser-flash analysis on pristine and remelted obsidian samples from Mono Craters, California. These high-silica rhyolites contain between 0.013 and 1.10 wt% H2O and 0 to 2 vol% crystallites. At room temperature, D glass varies from 0.63 to 0.68 mm2 s-1, with more crystalline samples having higher D. As T increases, D glass decreases, approaching a constant value of ˜0.55 mm2 s-1 near 700 K. The glass data are fit with a simple model as an exponential function of temperature and a linear function of crystallinity. Dissolved water contents up to 1.1 wt% have no statistically significant effect on the thermal diffusivity of the glass. Upon crossing the glass transition, D decreases rapidly near ˜1,000 K for the hydrous melts and ˜1,200 K for anhydrous melts. Rhyolitic melts have a D melt of ˜0.51 mm2 s-1. Thermal conductivity ( k = D· ρ· C P) of rhyolitic glass and melt increases slightly with T because heat capacity ( C P) increases with T more strongly than density ( ρ) and D decrease. The thermal conductivity of rhyolitic melts is ˜1.5 W m-1 K-1, and should vary little over the likely range of magmatic temperatures and water contents. These values of D and k are similar to those of major crustal rock types and granitic protoliths at magmatic temperatures, suggesting that changes in thermal properties accompanying partial melting of the crust should be relatively minor. Numerical models of shallow rhyolite intrusions indicate that the key difference in thermal history between bodies that quench to obsidian, and those that crystallize, results from the release of latent heat of crystallization. Latent heat release enables bodies that crystallize to remain at high temperatures for much longer times and cool more slowly than glassy bodies. The time to solidification is similar in both cases, however, because solidification requires cooling through the glass transition in the first case, and cooling only to the solidus in the second.

Thermophysical Properties of Solid and Liquid Ti-6Al-4V (TA6V) Alloy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boivineau, M.; Cagran, C.; Doytier, D.; Eyraud, V.; Nadal, M.-H.; Wilthan, B.; Pottlacher, G.

2006-03-01

Ti-6Al-4V (TA6V) titanium alloy is widely used in industrial applications such as aeronautic and aerospace due to its good mechanical properties at high temperatures. Experiments on two different resistive pulse heating devices (CEA Valduc and TU-Graz) have been carried out in order to study thermophysical properties (such as electrical resistivity, volume expansion, heat of fusion, heat capacity, normal spectral emissivity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity) of both solid and liquid Ti-6Al-4V. Fast time-resolved measurements of current, voltage, and surface radiation and shadowgraphs of the volume have been undertaken. At TU-Graz, a fast laser polarimeter has been used for determining the emissivity of liquid Ti-6Al-4V at 684.5 nm and a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) for measuring the heat capacity of solid Ti-6Al-4V. This study deals with the specific behavior of the different solid phase transitions (effect of heating rate) and the melting region, and emphasizes the liquid state ( T > 2000 K).

Enhanced heat transport during phase separation of liquid binary mixtures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Molin, Dafne; Mauri, Roberto

2007-07-01

We show that heat transfer in regular binary fluids is enhanced by induced convection during phase separation. The motion of binary mixtures is simulated using the diffuse interface model, where convection and diffusion are coupled via a nonequilibrium, reversible Korteweg body force. Assuming that the mixture is regular, i.e., its components are van der Waals fluids, we show that the two parameters that describe the mixture, namely the Margules constant and the interfacial thickness, depend on temperature as T-1 and T-1/2, respectively. Two quantities are used to measure heat transfer, namely the heat flux at the walls and the characteristic cooling time. Comparing these quantities with those of very viscous mixtures, where diffusion prevails over convection, we saw that the ratio between heat fluxes, which defines the Nusselt number, NNu, equals that between cooling times and remains almost constant in time. The Nusselt number depends on the following: the Peclet number, NPe, expressing the ratio between convective and diffusive mass fluxes; the Lewis number, NLe, expressing the ratio between thermal and mass diffusivities; the specific heat of the mixture, as it determines how the heat generated by mixing can be stored within the system; and the quenching depth, defined as the distance of the temperature at the wall from its critical value. In particular, the following results were obtained: (a) The Nusselt number grows monotonically with the Peclet number until it reaches an asymptotic value at NNu≈2 when NPe≈106; (b) the Nusselt number increases with NLe when NLe<1, remains constant at 11; (c) the Nusselt number is hardly influenced by the specific heat; (d) the Nusselt number decreases as the quenching rate increases. All these results can be explained by physical considerations. Predictably, considering that convection is within the creeping flow regime, the Nusselt number is always of o(10).

Steady MHD free convection heat and mass transfer flow about a vertical porous surface with thermal diffusion and induced magnetic field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Touhid Hossain, M. M.; Afruz-Zaman, Md.; Rahman, Fouzia; Hossain, M. Arif

2013-09-01

In this study the thermal diffusion effect on the steady laminar free convection flow and heat transfer of viscous incompressible MHD electrically conducting fluid above a vertical porous surface is considered under the influence of an induced magnetic field. The governing non-dimensional equations relevant to the problem, containing the partial differential equations, are transformed by usual similarity transformations into a system of coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations and will be solved analytically by using the perturbation technique. On introducing the non-dimensional concept and applying Boussinesq's approximation, the solutions for velocity field, temperature distribution and induced magnetic field to the second order approximations are obtained for large suction with different selected values of the established dimensionless parameters. The influences of these various establish parameters on the velocity and temperature fields and on the induced magnetic fields are exhibited under certain assumptions and are studied graphically in the present analysis. It is observed that the effects of thermal-diffusion and large suction have great importance on the velocity, temperature and induced magnetic fields and mass concentration for several fluids considered, so that their effects should be taken into account with other useful parameters associated. It is also found that the dimensionless Prandtl number, Grashof number, Modified Grashof number and magnetic parameter have an appreciable influence on the concerned independent variables.

Diffusion-Welded Microchannel Heat Exchanger for Industrial Processes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Piyush Sabharwall; Denis E. Clark; Michael V. Glazoff

The goal of next generation reactors is to increase energy ef?ciency in the production of electricity and provide high-temperature heat for industrial processes. The ef?cient transfer of energy for industrial applications depends on the ability to incorporate effective heat exchangers between the nuclear heat transport system and the industrial process. The need for ef?ciency, compactness, and safety challenge the boundaries of existing heat exchanger technology. Various studies have been performed in attempts to update the secondary heat exchanger that is downstream of the primary heat exchanger, mostly because its performance is strongly tied to the ability to employ more ef?cientmore » industrial processes. Modern compact heat exchangers can provide high compactness, a measure of the ratio of surface area-to-volume of a heat exchange. The microchannel heat exchanger studied here is a plate-type, robust heat exchanger that combines compactness, low pressure drop, high effectiveness, and the ability to operate with a very large pressure differential between hot and cold sides. The plates are etched and thereafter joined by diffusion welding, resulting in extremely strong all-metal heat exchanger cores. After bonding, any number of core blocks can be welded together to provide the required ?ow capacity. This study explores the microchannel heat exchanger and draws conclusions about diffusion welding/bonding for joining heat exchanger plates, with both experimental and computational modeling, along with existing challenges and gaps. Also, presented is a thermal design method for determining overall design speci?cations for a microchannel printed circuit heat exchanger for both supercritical (24 MPa) and subcritical (17 MPa) Rankine power cycles.« less

Implications of Thermal Diffusity being Inversely Proportional to Temperature Times Thermal Expansivity on Lower Mantle Heat Transport

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hofmeister, A.

2010-12-01

Many measurements and models of heat transport in lower mantle candidate phases contain systematic errors: (1) conventional methods of insulators involve thermal losses that are pressure (P) and temperature (T) dependent due to physical contact with metal thermocouples, (2) measurements frequently contain unwanted ballistic radiative transfer which hugely increases with T, (3) spectroscopic measurements of dense samples in diamond anvil cells involve strong refraction by which has not been accounted for in analyzing transmission data, (4) the role of grain boundary scattering in impeding heat and light transfer has largely been overlooked, and (5) essentially harmonic physical properties have been used to predict anharmonic behavior. Improving our understanding of the physics of heat transport requires accurate data, especially as a function of temperature, where anharmonicity is the key factor. My laboratory provides thermal diffusivity (D) at T from laser flash analysis, which lacks the above experimental errors. Measuring a plethora of chemical compositions in diverse dense structures (most recently, perovskites, B1, B2, and glasses) as a function of temperature provides a firm basis for understanding microscopic behavior. Given accurate measurements for all quantities: (1) D is inversely proportional to [T x alpha(T)] from ~0 K to melting, where alpha is thermal expansivity, and (2) the damped harmonic oscillator model matches measured D(T), using only two parameters (average infrared dielectric peak width and compressional velocity), both acquired at temperature. These discoveries pertain to the anharmonic aspects of heat transport. I have previously discussed the easily understood quasi-harmonic pressure dependence of D. Universal behavior makes application to the Earth straightforward: due to the stiffness and slow motions of the plates and interior, and present-day, slow planetary cooling rates, Earth can be approximated as being in quasi-steady-state. Because cooling conditions are not transient and pressures are high, vibrational mechanisms overshadow radiative diffusion. On this basis, lower mantle thermal conductivity and temperatures, are modeled from seismic data, using available experimental constraints on T for the melted core. A steep thermal gradient existing just above the core is unlikely.

Estimating Thermal Inertia with a Maximum Entropy Boundary Condition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nearing, G.; Moran, M. S.; Scott, R.; Ponce-Campos, G.

2012-04-01

Thermal inertia, P [Jm-2s-1/2K-1], is a physical property the land surface which determines resistance to temperature change under seasonal or diurnal heating. It is a function of volumetric heat capacity, c [Jm-3K-1], and thermal conductivity, k [Wm-1K-1] of the soil near the surface: P=√ck. Thermal inertia of soil varies with moisture content due the difference between thermal properties of water and air, and a number of studies have demonstrated that it is feasible to estimate soil moisture given thermal inertia (e.g. Lu et al, 2009, Murray and Verhoef, 2007). We take the common approach to estimating thermal inertia using measurements of surface temperature by modeling the Earth's surface as a 1-dimensional homogeneous diffusive half-space. In this case, surface temperature is a function of the ground heat flux (G) boundary condition and thermal inertia and a daily value of P was estimated by matching measured and modeled diurnal surface temperature fluctuations. The difficulty is in measuring G; we demonstrate that the new maximum entropy production (MEP) method for partitioning net radiation into surface energy fluxes (Wang and Bras, 2011) provides a suitable boundary condition for estimating P. Adding the diffusion representation of heat transfer in the soil reduces the number of free parameters in the MEP model from two to one, and we provided a sensitivity analysis which suggests that, for the purpose of estimating P, it is preferable to parameterize the coupled MEP-diffusion model by the ratio of thermal inertia of the soil to the effective thermal inertia of convective heat transfer to the atmosphere. We used this technique to estimate thermal inertia at two semiarid, non-vegetated locations in the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed in southeast AZ, USA and compared these estimates to estimates of P made using the Xue and Cracknell (1995) solution for a linearized ground heat flux boundary condition, and we found that the MEP-diffusion model produced superior thermal inertia estimates. The MEP-diffusion estimates also agreed well with P estimates made using a boundary condition measured with buried flux plates. We further demonstrated the new method using diurnal surface temperature fluctuations estimated from day/night MODIS image pairs and, excluding instances where the soil was extremely dry, found a strong relationship between estimated thermal inertia and measured 5 cm soil moisture. Lu, S., Ju, Z.Q., Ren, T.S. & Horton, R. (2009). A general approach to estimate soil water content from thermal inertia. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 149, 1693-1698. Murray, T. & Verhoef, A. (2007). Moving towards a more mechanistic approach in the determination of soil heat flux from remote measurements - I. A universal approach to calculate thermal inertia. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 147, 80-87. Wang, J.F. & Bras, R.L. (2011). A model of evapotranspiration based on the theory of maximum entropy production. Water Resources Research, 47. Xue, Y. & Cracknell, A.P. (1995). Advanced thermal inertia modeling. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 16, 431-446.

On the calculation of turbulent heat transport downstream from an abrupt pipe expansion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chieng, C. C.; Launder, B. E.

1980-01-01

A numerical study of flow and heat transfer in the separated flow region produced by an abrupt pipe explosion is reported, with emphasis on the region in the immediate vicinity of the wall where turbulent transport gives way to molecular conduction and diffusion. The analysis is based on a modified TEACH-2E program with the standard k-epsilon model of turbulence. Predictions of the experimental data of Zemanick and Dougall (1970) for a diameter ratio of 0.54 show generally encouraging agreement with experiment. At a diameter ratio of 0.43 different trends are discernable between measurement and calculation, though this appears to be due to effects unconnected with the wall region studied here.

Optimization of design parameters of low-energy buildings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vala, Jiří; Jarošová, Petra

2017-07-01

Evaluation of temperature development and related consumption of energy required for heating, air-conditioning, etc. in low-energy buildings requires the proper physical analysis, covering heat conduction, convection and radiation, including beam and diffusive components of solar radiation, on all building parts and interfaces. The system approach and the Fourier multiplicative decomposition together with the finite element technique offers the possibility of inexpensive and robust numerical and computational analysis of corresponding direct problems, as well as of the optimization ones with several design variables, using the Nelder-Mead simplex method. The practical example demonstrates the correlation between such numerical simulations and the time series of measurements of energy consumption on a small family house in Ostrov u Macochy (35 km northern from Brno).

Homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in curved channel with porous medium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hayat, T.; Ayub, Sadia; Alsaedi, A.

2018-06-01

Purpose of the present investigation is to examine the peristaltic flow through porous medium in a curved conduit. Problem is modeled for incompressible electrically conducting Ellis fluid. Influence of porous medium is tackled via modified Darcy's law. The considered model utilizes homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions with equal diffusivities for reactant and autocatalysis. Constitutive equations are formulated in the presence of viscous dissipation. Channel walls are compliant in nature. Governing equations are modeled and simplified under the assumptions of small Reynolds number and large wavelength. Graphical results for velocity, temperature, heat transfer coefficient and homogeneous-heterogeneous reaction parameters are examined for the emerging parameters entering into the problem. Results reveal an activation in both homogenous-heterogenous reaction effect and heat transfer rate with increasing curvature of the channel.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bandyopadhyay, S.; Chowdhury, R.; Biswas, G.K.

A mathematical model based on the mechanistic approach to the reaction kinetics of pyrolysis reactions and the realistic analysis of the interaction between simultaneous heat and mass transfer along with the chemical reaction has been developed for the design of smoothly running pyrolyzers. The model of a fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor has been proposed on the basis of the dimensionless parameters with respect to time and radial position. The variation of physical parameters like bed voidage, heat capacity, diffusivity, density, thermal conductivity, etc., on temperature and conversion has been taken into account. A deactivation model has also been incorporated to explainmore » the behavior of pyrolysis reactions at temperatures above 673 K. The simulated results of the model have been explained by comparing them with the experimental results.« less

The effect of processing parameters during heat treatment of bulk high-T(sub c) superconductors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cha, Y. S.; Dorris, S. E.; Hull, J. R.; Poeppel, R. B.

1991-04-01

Plastic extrusion is a promising method for producing the long lengths of high-Tc superconductor that will be necessary to meet many potential applications. A crucial phase of the extrusion method is removal of organic constituents. Incomplete removal can leave residual carbon at grain boundaries, which can adversely affect the superconducting properties, whereas excessively rapid removal of the organics can cause the extruded superconductor to disintegrate completely. In this paper, we analyze the effects of the following aspects of organics removal, as they apply to the firing of extruded YBa2Cu3O(x) coils: (1) total pressure in the furnace, (2) oxygen flow, (3) heat conduction, and (4) diffusion of volatile components during removal of organics.

Joining of materials using laser heating

DOEpatents

Cockeram, Brian V.; Hicks, Trevor G.; Schmid, Glenn C.

2003-07-01

A method for diffusion bonding ceramic layers such as boron carbide, zirconium carbide, or silicon carbide uses a defocused laser beam to heat and to join ceramics with the use of a thin metal foil insert. The metal foil preferably is rhenium, molybdenum or titanium. The rapid, intense heating of the ceramic/metal/ceramic sandwiches using the defocused laser beam results in diffusive conversion of the refractory metal foil into the ceramic and in turn creates a strong bond therein.

Thermal properties of spinel based solid solutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Hara, Kelley Rae

Solid solution formation in spinel based systems proved to be a viable approach to decreasing thermal conductivity. Samples with systematically varied additions of MgGa2O4 to MgAl2O 4 were prepared and thermal diffusivity was measured using the laser flash technique. Additionally, heat capacity was measured using differential scanning calorimetry and modeled for the MgAl2O4-MgGa 2O4 system. At 200°C thermal conductivity decreased 24% with a 5 mol% addition of MgGa2O4 to the system. The solid solution continued to decrease the thermal conductivity by 13% up to 1000°C with 5 mol% addition. The decrease in thermal conductivity ultimately resulted in a decrease in heat flux when applied to a theoretical furnace lining, which could lead to energy savings in industrial settings. The MgAl2O4-Al2O3 phase equilibria was investigated to fully understand the system and the thermal properties at elevated temperatures. The solvus line between MgAl2O4 and Al2O3 has been defined at 79.6 wt% Al 2O3 at 1500°C, 83.0 wt% Al2O4 at 1600°C, and 86.5 wt% Al2O3 at 1700°C. A metastable region has been identified at temperatures up to 1700°C which could have significant implications for material processing and properties. The spinel solid solution region has been extended to form an infinite solid solution with Al2O3 at elevated temperatures. A minimum in melting at 1975°C and a chemistry of 96 wt% Al2O3 rather than a eutectic is present. Thermal properties in the MgAl2O4-Al2O 3 system were investigated in both the single phase solid solution region and the two phase region. The thermal diffusivity decreased through the MgAl 2O4 solid solution region and was at a minimum through the entire metastable (nucleation and growth) region. As Al2O 3 became present as a second phase the thermal diffusivity increased with Al2O3 content. There was an 11.7% increase in thermal diffusivity with a change in overall chemistry of 85.20 wt% Al2O 3 to 87.71 wt% Al2O3, due to the drastic change in final chemistry (38.3 wt% Al20 3) caused by the nucleation and growth region in the system.

Thermophysical Properties of Matter-The TPRC Data Series. Volume 10. Thermal Diffusivity

DTIC Science & Technology

1974-01-01

Encyclopaedia Britannica, The 19. Mikryukov , V . E ., "Temperature Dependence of the Heat Encyclopaedia Britannica Co.. New York, 11th Edition, Conductivity and...translation: Phys. Metals and Metallog. USSR, 12 (4), 39-44, 1962. 54 27539 Mikryukov , V . E . and Karagezyan, A. G., "Thermal and Electrical Properties of...Chem. Res., 62 (1), 8-13, 1968. 248 38076, Kirichenko, P.1. and Mikryukov , V . E ., "Thermal and Electrical Properties of Some Alloys of the 36392

Thermal insulation materials for inside applications: Hygric and thermal properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jerman, Miloš; Černý, Robert

2017-11-01

Two thermal insulation materials suitable for the application on the interior side of historical building envelopes, namely calcium silicate and polyurethane-based foam are studied. Moisture diffusivity and thermal conductivity of both materials, as fundamental moisture and heat transport parameters, are measured in a dependence on moisture content. The measured data will be used as input parameters in computer simulation studies which will provide moisture and temperature fields necessary for an appropriate design of interior thermal insulation systems.

Ocean carbon and heat variability in an Earth System Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thomas, J. L.; Waugh, D.; Gnanadesikan, A.

2016-12-01

Ocean carbon and heat content are very important for regulating global climate. Furthermore, due to lack of observations and dependence on parameterizations, there has been little consensus in the modeling community on the magnitude of realistic ocean carbon and heat content variability, particularly in the Southern Ocean. We assess the differences between global oceanic heat and carbon content variability in GFDL ESM2Mc using a 500-year, pre-industrial control simulation. The global carbon and heat content are directly out of phase with each other; however, in the Southern Ocean the heat and carbon content are in phase. The global heat mutli-decadal variability is primarily explained by variability in the tropics and mid-latitudes, while the variability in global carbon content is primarily explained by Southern Ocean variability. In order to test the robustness of this relationship, we use three additional pre-industrial control simulations using different mesoscale mixing parameterizations. Three pre-industrial control simulations are conducted with the along-isopycnal diffusion coefficient (Aredi) set to constant values of 400, 800 (control) and 2400 m2 s-1. These values for Aredi are within the range of parameter settings commonly used in modeling groups. Finally, one pre-industrial control simulation is conducted where the minimum in the Gent-McWilliams parameterization closure scheme (AGM) increased to 600 m2 s-1. We find that the different simulations have very different multi-decadal variability, especially in the Weddell Sea where the characteristics of deep convection are drastically changed. While the temporal frequency and amplitude global heat and carbon content changes significantly, the overall spatial pattern of variability remains unchanged between the simulations.

Effect of the Platinum Electroplated Layer Thickness on the Coatings' Microstructure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zagula-Yavorska, Maryana; Gancarczyk, Kamil; Sieniawski, Jan

2017-03-01

CMSX 4 and Inconel 625 superalloys were coated by platinum layers (3 and 7 μm thick) in the electroplating process. The heat treatment of platinum layers (at 1,050 ˚C for 2 h) was performed to increase platinum adherence to the superalloys substrate. The diffusion zone obtained on CMSX 4 superalloy (3 and 7 μm platinum thick before heat treatment) consisted of two phases: γ-Ni(Al, Cr) and (Al0.25Pt0.75)Ni3. The diffusion zone obtained on Inconel 625 superalloy (3 μm platinum thick before heat treatment) consisted of the α-Pt(Ni, Cr, Al) phase. Moreover, γ-Ni(Cr, Al) phase was identified. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed the presence of platinum in the diffusion zone of the heat-treated coating (7 μm platinum thick) on Inconel 625 superalloy. The surface roughness parameter Ra of heat-treated coatings increased with the increase of platinum layers thickness. This was due to the unequal mass flow of platinum and nickel.

Evaporation Flux Distribution of Drops on a Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic Flat Surface by Molecular Simulations.

PubMed

Xie, Chiyu; Liu, Guangzhi; Wang, Moran

2016-08-16

The evaporation flux distribution of sessile drops is investigated by molecular dynamic simulations. Three evaporating modes are classified, including the diffusion dominant mode, the substrate heating mode, and the environment heating mode. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drop-substrate interactions are considered. To count the evaporation flux distribution, which is position dependent, we proposed an azimuthal-angle-based division method under the assumption of spherical crown shape of drops. The modeling results show that the edge evaporation, i.e., near the contact line, is enhanced for hydrophilic drops in all the three modes. The surface diffusion of liquid molecular absorbed on solid substrate for hydrophilic cases plays an important role as well as the space diffusion on the enhanced evaporation rate at the edge. For hydrophobic drops, the edge evaporation flux is higher for the substrate heating mode, but lower than elsewhere of the drop for the diffusion dominant mode; however, a nearly uniform distribution is found for the environment heating mode. The evidence shows that the temperature distribution inside drops plays a key role in the position-dependent evaporation flux.

Nano-inspired smart interfaces: fluidic interactivity and its impact on heat transfer

PubMed Central

Kim, Beom Seok; Lee, Byoung In; Lee, Namkyu; Choi, Geehong; Gemming, Thomas; Cho, Hyung Hee

2017-01-01

Interface-inspired convection is a key heat transfer scheme for hot spot cooling and thermal energy transfer. An unavoidable trade-off of the convective heat transfer is pressure loss caused by fluidic resistance on an interface. To overcome this limitation, we uncover that nano-inspired interfaces can trigger a peculiar fluidic interactivity, which can pursue all the two sides of the coin: heat transfer and fluidic friction. We demonstrate the validity of a quasi-fin effect of Si-based nanostructures based on conductive capability of heat dissipation valid under the interactivity with fluidic viscous sublayer. The exclusive fluid-interface friction is achieved when the height of the nanostructures is much less than the thickness of the viscous sublayers in the turbulent regime. The strategic nanostructures show an enhancement of heat transfer coefficients in the wall jet region by more than 21% without any significant macroscale pressure loss under single-phase impinging jet. Nanostructures guaranteeing fluid access via an equivalent vacancy larger than the diffusive path length of viscid flow lead to local heat transfer enhancement of more than 13% at a stagnation point. Functional nanostructures will give shape to possible breakthroughs in heat transfer and its optimization can be pursued for engineered systems. PMID:28345613

Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames.

PubMed

Singh, Ajay V; Gollner, Michael J

2016-06-01

Modeling the realistic burning behavior of condensed-phase fuels has remained out of reach, in part because of an inability to resolve the complex interactions occurring at the interface between gas-phase flames and condensed-phase fuels. The current research provides a technique to explore the dynamic relationship between a combustible condensed fuel surface and gas-phase flames in laminar boundary layers. Experiments have previously been conducted in both forced and free convective environments over both solid and liquid fuels. A unique methodology, based on the Reynolds Analogy, was used to estimate local mass burning rates and flame heat fluxes for these laminar boundary layer diffusion flames utilizing local temperature gradients at the fuel surface. Local mass burning rates and convective and radiative heat feedback from the flames were measured in both the pyrolysis and plume regions by using temperature gradients mapped near the wall by a two-axis traverse system. These experiments are time-consuming and can be challenging to design as the condensed fuel surface burns steadily for only a limited period of time following ignition. The temperature profiles near the fuel surface need to be mapped during steady burning of a condensed fuel surface at a very high spatial resolution in order to capture reasonable estimates of local temperature gradients. Careful corrections for radiative heat losses from the thermocouples are also essential for accurate measurements. For these reasons, the whole experimental setup needs to be automated with a computer-controlled traverse mechanism, eliminating most errors due to positioning of a micro-thermocouple. An outline of steps to reproducibly capture near-wall temperature gradients and use them to assess local burning rates and heat fluxes is provided.

Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames

PubMed Central

Singh, Ajay V.; Gollner, Michael J.

2016-01-01

Modeling the realistic burning behavior of condensed-phase fuels has remained out of reach, in part because of an inability to resolve the complex interactions occurring at the interface between gas-phase flames and condensed-phase fuels. The current research provides a technique to explore the dynamic relationship between a combustible condensed fuel surface and gas-phase flames in laminar boundary layers. Experiments have previously been conducted in both forced and free convective environments over both solid and liquid fuels. A unique methodology, based on the Reynolds Analogy, was used to estimate local mass burning rates and flame heat fluxes for these laminar boundary layer diffusion flames utilizing local temperature gradients at the fuel surface. Local mass burning rates and convective and radiative heat feedback from the flames were measured in both the pyrolysis and plume regions by using temperature gradients mapped near the wall by a two-axis traverse system. These experiments are time-consuming and can be challenging to design as the condensed fuel surface burns steadily for only a limited period of time following ignition. The temperature profiles near the fuel surface need to be mapped during steady burning of a condensed fuel surface at a very high spatial resolution in order to capture reasonable estimates of local temperature gradients. Careful corrections for radiative heat losses from the thermocouples are also essential for accurate measurements. For these reasons, the whole experimental setup needs to be automated with a computer-controlled traverse mechanism, eliminating most errors due to positioning of a micro-thermocouple. An outline of steps to reproducibly capture near-wall temperature gradients and use them to assess local burning rates and heat fluxes is provided. PMID:27285827

Time- and Space-Domain Measurements of the Thermal Conductivity in Diamond Anvil Cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goncharov, A. F.

2011-12-01

I will give an overview of recent developments of experimental techniques to measure the thermal conductivity in diamond anvil cell (DAC) under conditions of high pressure and high temperature (P-T) which are relevant for the planetary interiors. To measure the lattice contributions to the thermal conductivity, we developed a transient heating technique (THT) in the diamond anvil cell (DAC) [1]. This technique utilizes a periodic front surface temperature variation (measured by the spectroradiometry) of a metallic absorber surrounded by the material of interest and exposed to a pulsed laser radiation (10 nanoseconds pulses). We extract the thermal diffusivity of minerals by fitting the experimental results to the model finite element (FE) calculations. We have recently modified this technique for microseconds laser pulses as this allows avoiding nonequilibrium heat transfer processes. We have measured the thermal conductivity of Ar up to 50 GPa and 2500 K; the results are in agreement with the theoretical calculations [2] in the limit of high temperatures. In collaboration with a group from the University of Illinois we have utilized a time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR)- ultrafast (femtosecond) laser pump-probe technique for measurement of the lattice thermal conductivity at high P-T conditions. We have measured the thermal conductivity of MgO up to 60 GPa and 300 K and up to 45 GPa at 600 K. The detailed results of this study will be presented in a separate paper at this Meeting. Finally, we have combined static and pulsed laser techniques to determine the thermal conductivity of Fe and its temperature dependence at high pressures up to 70 GPa and 2000 K [3]. A thin plate of Fe was positioned in an Ar medium, laser heated from one side and the temperature is being measured from both sides of the sample radiometrically. The thermal conductivity has been determined by fitting the results of FE calculations to the experimental results. These examples demonstrate that different techniques can be successfully used to determine the thermal conductivity of materials loaded in the DAC. The choice of the technique depends on material properties, sample preparation method, and P-T range needed. I thank D. Allen Dalton, David Cahill, Viktor Struzhkin, Wen-Pin Hsieh, Zuzana Konopkova, Peter Lazor, Javier A. Montoya for critically contributing to this work. I acknowledge support from NSF EAR 0711358 and EAR-1015239, Carnegie Institution of Washington, DOE/ NNSA (CDAC), and EFree, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Award No. DESC0001057. 1. P. Beck, A. F. Goncharov, V. V. Struzhkin, B. Militzer, H. K. Mao, R. J. Hemley (2007). Measurement of thermal diffusivity at high pressure using a transient heating technique, Appl Phys. Lett. 91, 181914. 2. K. V. Tretiakov and S. Scandolo (2004). Thermal conductivity of solid argon at high pressure and high temperature: A molecular dynamics study. Journal of Chemical Physics 121, 11177-11182. 3. Z. Konopkova, P. Lazor, A. F. Goncharov, V. V. Struzhkin (2011). Thermal conductivity of hcp iron at high pressure and temperature, High Pressure Research, 31, 228-236.

Heat transport by phonons in crystalline materials and nanostructures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koh, Yee Kan

This dissertation presents experimental studies of heat transport by phonons in crystalline materials and nanostructures, and across solid-solid interfaces. Particularly, this dissertation emphasizes advancing understanding of the mean-free-paths (i.e., the distance phonons propagate without being scattered) of acoustic phonons, which are the dominant heat carriers in most crystalline semiconductor nanostructures. Two primary tools for the studies presented in this dissertation are time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) for measurements of thermal conductivity of nanostructures and thermal conductance of interfaces; and frequency-domain thermoreflectance (FDTR), which I developed as a direct probe of the mean-free-paths of dominant heat-carrying phonons in crystalline solids. The foundation of FDTR is the dependence of the apparent thermal conductivity on the frequency of periodic heat sources. I find that the thermal conductivity of semiconductor alloys (InGaP, InGaAs, and SiGe) measured by TDTR depends on the modulation frequency, 0.1 ≤ f ≤ 10 MHz, used in TDTR measurements. Reduction in the thermal conductivity of the semiconductor alloys at high f compares well to the reduction in the thermal conductivity of epitaxial thin films, indicating that frequency dependence and thickness dependence of thermal conductivity are fundamentally equivalent. I developed the frequency dependence of thermal conductivity into a convenient probe of phonon mean-free-paths, a technique which I call frequency-domain thermoreflectance (FDTR). In FDTR, I monitor the changes in the intensity of the reflected probe beam as a function of the modulation frequency. To facilitate the analysis of FDTR measurements, I developed a nonlocal theory for heat conduction by phonons at high heating frequencies. Calculations of the nonlocal theory confirm my experimental findings that phonons with mean-free-paths longer than two times the penetration depth do not contribute to the apparent thermal conductivity. I employed FDTR to study the mean-free-paths of acoustic phonons in Si1-xGex. I experimentally demonstrate that 40% of heat is carried in Si1-xGe x alloys by phonons with mean-free-path 0.5 ≤ ℓ ≤ 5 mum, and phonons with > 2 mum do not contribute to the thermal conductivity of Si. I employed TDTR and frequency-dependent TDTR to study scattering of long- and medium-wavelength phonons in two important thermoelectric materials embedded with nanoscale precipitates. I find that the through-thickness lattice thermal conductivity of (PbTe)1-x/(PbSe)x nanodot superlattices (NDSLs) approaches the thermal conductivity of bulk homogenous PbTe1-x Sex alloys with the same average composition. On the other hand, I find that 3% of ErAs nanoparticles embedded in InGaAs is sufficient to scatter most of the phonons in InGaAs that have intermediate mean-free-paths, and thus reduces the thermal conductivity of InGaAs below the alloy limit. I find that scattering by nanoparticles approach the geometrical limit and can be readily accounted for by an additional boundary scattering which depends on the concentration of nanoparticles. Finally, I studied the thermal conductance of Au/Ti/Graphene/SiO 2 interfaces by TDTR. I find that heat transport across the interface is dominated by phonons. Even though graphene is only one atomic layer thick, graphene interfaces should be treated as two discrete interfaces instead of one diffuse interface in thermal analysis, suggesting that direct transmission of phonons from Au to SiO2 is negligible. My study is important for thermal management of graphene devices.

Self-diffusion in a stochastically heated two-dimensional dusty plasma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sheridan, T. E.

2016-09-01

Diffusion in a two-dimensional dusty plasma liquid (i.e., a Yukawa liquid) is studied experimentally. The dusty plasma liquid is heated stochastically by a surrounding three-dimensional toroidal dusty plasma gas which acts as a thermal reservoir. The measured dust velocity distribution functions are isotropic Maxwellians, giving a well-defined kinetic temperature. The mean-square displacement for dust particles is found to increase linearly with time, indicating normal diffusion. The measured diffusion coefficients increase approximately linearly with temperature. The effective collision rate is dominated by collective dust-dust interactions rather than neutral gas drag, and is comparable to the dusty-plasma frequency.

Non-isothermal electrochemical model for lithium-ion cells with composite cathodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Basu, Suman; Patil, Rajkumar S.; Ramachandran, Sanoop; Hariharan, Krishnan S.; Kolake, Subramanya Mayya; Song, Taewon; Oh, Dukjin; Yeo, Taejung; Doo, Seokgwang

2015-06-01

Transition metal oxide cathodes for Li-ion batteries offer high energy density and high voltage. Composites of these materials have shown excellent life expectancy and improved thermal performance. In the present work, a comprehensive non-isothermal electrochemical model for a Lithium ion cell with a composite cathode is developed. The present work builds on lithium concentration-dependent diffusivity and thermal gradient of cathode potential, obtained from experiments. The model validation is performed for a wide range of temperature and discharge rates. Excellent agreement is found for high and room temperature with moderate success at low temperatures, which can be attributed to the low fidelity of material properties at low temperature. Although the cell operation is limited by electronic conductivity of NCA at room temperature, at low temperatures a shift in controlling process is seen, and operation is limited by electrolyte transport. At room temperature, the lithium transport in Cathode appears to be the main source of heat generation with entropic heat as the primary contributor at low discharge rates and ohmic heat at high discharge rates respectively. Improvement in electronic conductivity of the cathode is expected to improve the performance of these composite cathodes and pave way for its wider commercialization.

Characterization studies of prototype ISOL targets for the RIA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Greene, John P.; Burtseva, Tatiana; Neubauer, Janelle; Nolen, Jerry A.; Villari, Antonio C. C.; Gomes, Itacil C.

2005-12-01

Targets employing refractory compounds are being developed for the rare isotope accelerator (RIA) facility to produce ion species far from stability. With the 100 kW beams proposed for the production targets, dissipation of heat becomes a challenging issue. In our two-step target design, neutrons are generated in a refractory primary target, inducing fission in the surrounding uranium carbide. The interplay of density, grain size, thermal conductivity and diffusion properties of the UC2 needs to be well understood before fabrication. Thin samples of uranium carbide were prepared for thermal conductivity measurements using an electron beam to heat the sample and an optical pyrometer to observe the thermal radiation. Release efficiencies and independent thermal analysis on these samples are being undertaken at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). An alternate target concept for RIA, the tilted slab approach promises to be simple with fast ion release and capable of withstanding high beam intensities while providing considerable yields via spallation. A proposed small business innovative research (SBIR) project will design a prototype tilted target, exploring the materials needed for fabrication and testing at an irradiation facility to address issues of heat transfer and stresses within the target.

Steady-state heat transport: Ballistic-to-diffusive with Fourier's law

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maassen, Jesse, E-mail: jmaassen@purdue.edu; Lundstrom, Mark

2015-01-21

It is generally understood that Fourier's law does not describe ballistic phonon transport, which is important when the length of a material is similar to the phonon mean-free-path. Using an approach adapted from electron transport, we demonstrate that Fourier's law and the heat equation do capture ballistic effects, including temperature jumps at ideal contacts, and are thus applicable on all length scales. Local thermal equilibrium is not assumed, because allowing the phonon distribution to be out-of-equilibrium is important for ballistic and quasi-ballistic transport. The key to including the non-equilibrium nature of the phonon population is to apply the proper boundarymore » conditions to the heat equation. Simple analytical solutions are derived, showing that (i) the magnitude of the temperature jumps is simply related to the material properties and (ii) the observation of reduced apparent thermal conductivity physically stems from a reduction in the temperature gradient and not from a reduction in actual thermal conductivity. We demonstrate how our approach, equivalent to Fourier's law, easily reproduces results of the Boltzmann transport equation, in all transport regimes, even when using a full phonon dispersion and mean-free-path distribution.« less

The thermal and physical characteristics of the Gao-Guenie (H5) meteorite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beech, Martin; Coulson, Ian M.; Nie, Wenshuang; McCausland, Phil

2009-06-01

Measurements of the bulk density, grain density, porosity, and magnetic susceptibility of 19 Gao-Guenie H5 chondrite meteorite samples are presented. We find average values of bulk density < ρbulk>=3.46±0.07 g/cm 3, grain density < ρgrain>=3.53±0.08 g/cm 3, porosity < P(%)>=2.46±1.39, and bulk mass magnetic susceptibility =5.23±0.11. Measurements of the specific heat capacity for a 3.01-g Gao-Guenie sample, a 61.37-g Gao-Guenie sample, a 62.35-g Jilin H5 chondrite meteorite sample, and a 51.37-g Sikhote-Alin IIAB Iron meteorite sample are also presented. Temperature interpolation formula are further provided for the specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity of the 3.01-g Gao-Guenie sample in the temperature range 300< T (K)<800. We briefly review the possible effects of the newly deduced specific heat and thermal conductivity values on the ablation of meteoroids within the Earth's atmosphere, the modeling of asteroid interiors and the orbital evolution of meteoroids through the Yarkovsky-O'Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack (YORP) effect.

Evaluation of surface energy and radiation balance systems for FIFE

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fritschen, Leo J.; Qian, Ping

1988-01-01

The energy balance and radiation balance components were determined at six sites during the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project Field Experiment (FIFE) conducted south of Manhattan, Kansas during the summer of 1987. The objectives were: to determine the effect of slope and aspect, throughout a growing season, on the magnitude of the surface energy balance fluxes as determined by the Energy Balance Method (EBM); to investigate the calculation of the soil heat flux density at the surface as calculated from the heat capacity and the thermal conductivity equations; and to evaluate the performance of the Surface Energy and Radiation Balance System (SERBS). A total of 17 variables were monitored at each site. They included net, solar (up and down), total hemispherical (up and down), and diffuse radiation, soil temperature and heat flux density, air and wet bulb temperature gradients, wind speed and direction, and precipitation. A preliminary analysis of the data, for the season, indicate that variables including net radiation, air temperature, vapor pressure, and wind speed were quite similar at the sites even though the sites were as much as 16 km apart and represented four cardinal slopes and the top of a ridge.

TEMPEST simulations of the plasma transport in a single-null tokamak geometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, X. Q.; Bodi, K.; Cohen, R. H.; Krasheninnikov, S.; Rognlien, T. D.

2010-06-01

We present edge kinetic ion transport simulations of tokamak plasmas in magnetic divertor geometry using the fully nonlinear (full-f) continuum code TEMPEST. Besides neoclassical transport, a term for divergence of anomalous kinetic radial flux is added to mock up the effect of turbulent transport. To study the relative roles of neoclassical and anomalous transport, TEMPEST simulations were carried out for plasma transport and flow dynamics in a single-null tokamak geometry, including the pedestal region that extends across the separatrix into the scrape-off layer and private flux region. A series of TEMPEST simulations were conducted to investigate the transition of midplane pedestal heat flux and flow from the neoclassical to the turbulent limit and the transition of divertor heat flux and flow from the kinetic to the fluid regime via an anomalous transport scan and a density scan. The TEMPEST simulation results demonstrate that turbulent transport (as modelled by large diffusion) plays a similar role to collisional decorrelation of particle orbits and that the large turbulent transport (large diffusion) leads to an apparent Maxwellianization of the particle distribution. We also show the transition of parallel heat flux and flow at the entrance to the divertor plates from the fluid to the kinetic regime. For an absorbing divertor plate boundary condition, a non-half-Maxwellian is found due to the balance between upstream radial anomalous transport and energetic ion endloss.

Ultra high temperature ceramics for hypersonic vehicle applications.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tandon, Rajan; Dumm, Hans Peter; Corral, Erica L.

2006-01-01

HfB{sub 2} and ZrB{sub 2} are of interest for thermal protection materials because of favorable thermal stability, mechanical properties, and oxidation resistance. We have made dense diboride ceramics with 2 to 20 % SiC by hot pressing at 2000 C and 5000 psi. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows very thin grain boundary phases that suggest liquid phase sintering. Fracture toughness measurements give RT values of 4 to 6 MPam{sup 1/2}. Four-pt flexure strengths measured in air up to 1450 C were as high as 450-500 MPa. Thermal diffusivities were measured to 2000 C for ZrB{sub 2} and HfB{sub 2}more » ceramics with SiC contents from 2 to 20%. Thermal conductivities were calculated from thermal diffusivities and measured heat capacities. Thermal diffusivities were modeled using different two-phase composite models. These materials exhibit excellent high temperature properties and are attractive for further development for thermal protection systems.« less

Application of Monte Carlo techniques to transient thermal modeling of cavity radiometers having diffuse-specular surfaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mahan, J. R.; Eskin, L. D.

1981-01-01

A viable alternative to the net exchange method of radiative analysis which is equally applicable to diffuse and diffuse-specular enclosures is presented. It is particularly more advantageous to use than the net exchange method in the case of a transient thermal analysis involving conduction and storage of energy as well as radiative exchange. A new quantity, called the distribution factor is defined which replaces the angle factor and the configuration factor. Once obtained, the array of distribution factors for an ensemble of surface elements which define an enclosure permits the instantaneous net radiative heat fluxes to all of the surfaces to be computed directly in terms of the known surface temperatures at that instant. The formulation of the thermal model is described, as is the determination of distribution factors by application of a Monte Carlo analysis. The results show that when fewer than 10,000 packets are emitted, an unsatisfactory approximation for the distribution factors is obtained, but that 10,000 packets is sufficient.

Mechanisms of heat and mass transfer across a double-diffusive interface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ko, B. H.; Smith, K. A.

1984-06-01

Flux measurements in an aqueous two-layer double-diffusive system using heat and NaCl confirmed the existence of a regime in which the ratio of the buoyancy fluxes (BFR) of salt and heat is independent of the stability ratio (R = beta(delta C)/alpha(delta T)). Linear analysis showed that the quiescent system can become unstable to small perturbations even when the lower layer is denser than the upper. If R is large, the most unstable mode presents as an oscillatory, antisymmetric pattern.

An Exponential Finite Difference Technique for Solving Partial Differential Equations. M.S. Thesis - Toledo Univ., Ohio

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Handschuh, Robert F.

1987-01-01

An exponential finite difference algorithm, as first presented by Bhattacharya for one-dimensianal steady-state, heat conduction in Cartesian coordinates, has been extended. The finite difference algorithm developed was used to solve the diffusion equation in one-dimensional cylindrical coordinates and applied to two- and three-dimensional problems in Cartesian coordinates. The method was also used to solve nonlinear partial differential equations in one (Burger's equation) and two (Boundary Layer equations) dimensional Cartesian coordinates. Predicted results were compared to exact solutions where available, or to results obtained by other numerical methods. It was found that the exponential finite difference method produced results that were more accurate than those obtained by other numerical methods, especially during the initial transient portion of the solution. Other applications made using the exponential finite difference technique included unsteady one-dimensional heat transfer with temperature varying thermal conductivity and the development of the temperature field in a laminar Couette flow.

exponential finite difference technique for solving partial differential equations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Handschuh, R.F.

1987-01-01

An exponential finite difference algorithm, as first presented by Bhattacharya for one-dimensianal steady-state, heat conduction in Cartesian coordinates, has been extended. The finite difference algorithm developed was used to solve the diffusion equation in one-dimensional cylindrical coordinates and applied to two- and three-dimensional problems in Cartesian coordinates. The method was also used to solve nonlinear partial differential equations in one (Burger's equation) and two (Boundary Layer equations) dimensional Cartesian coordinates. Predicted results were compared to exact solutions where available, or to results obtained by other numerical methods. It was found that the exponential finite difference method produced results that weremore » more accurate than those obtained by other numerical methods, especially during the initial transient portion of the solution. Other applications made using the exponential finite difference technique included unsteady one-dimensional heat transfer with temperature varying thermal conductivity and the development of the temperature field in a laminar Couette flow.« less

Impact of generalized Fourier's and Fick's laws on MHD 3D second grade nanofluid flow with variable thermal conductivity and convective heat and mass conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ramzan, M.; Bilal, M.; Chung, Jae Dong; Lu, Dian Chen; Farooq, Umer

2017-09-01

A mathematical model has been established to study the magnetohydrodynamic second grade nanofluid flow past a bidirectional stretched surface. The flow is induced by Cattaneo-Christov thermal and concentration diffusion fluxes. Novel characteristics of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are accompanied by temperature dependent thermal conductivity and convective heat and mass boundary conditions. Apposite transformations are betrothed to transform a system of nonlinear partial differential equations to nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Analytic solutions of the obtained nonlinear system are obtained via a convergent method. Graphs are plotted to examine how velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions are affected by varied physical involved parameters. Effects of skin friction coefficients along the x- and y-direction versus various parameters are also shown through graphs and are well debated. Our findings show that velocities along both the x and y axes exhibit a decreasing trend for the Hartmann number. Moreover, temperature and concentration distributions are decreasing functions of thermal and concentration relaxation parameters.

Extinguishment of a Diffusion Flame Over a PMMA Cylinder by Depressurization in Reduced-Gravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goldmeer, Jeffrey Scott

1996-01-01

Extinction of a diffusion flame burning over horizontal PMMA (Polymethyl methacrylate) cylinders in low-gravity was examined experimentally and via numerical simulations. Low-gravity conditions were obtained using the NASA Lewis Research Center's reduced-gravity aircraft. The effects of velocity and pressure on the visible flame were examined. The flammability of the burning solid was examined as a function of pressure and the solid-phase centerline temperature. As the solid temperature increased, the extinction pressure decreased, and with a centerline temperature of 525 K, the flame was sustained to 0.1 atmospheres before extinguishing. The numerical simulation iteratively coupled a two-dimensional quasi-steady, gas-phase model with a transient solid-phase model which included conductive heat transfer and surface regression. This model employed an energy balance at the gas/solid interface that included the energy conducted by the gas-phase to the gas/solid interface, Arrhenius pyrolysis kinetics, surface radiation, and the energy conducted into the solid. The ratio of the solid and gas-phase conductive fluxes Phi was a boundary condition for the gas-phase model at the solid-surface. Initial simulations modeled conditions similar to the low-gravity experiments and predicted low-pressure extinction limits consistent with the experimental limits. Other simulations examined the effects of velocity, depressurization rate and Phi on extinction.

­­­Experimental Quantifications of Radiation Damage Annealing and Helium Diffusion Kinetics in Apatite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Willett, C. D.; Shuster, D. L.

2017-12-01

(U-Th)/He thermochronology in apatite requires a quantitative description of He diffusivity as a function of temperature and through geologic time. Although variability in diffusion kinetics across a range of natural apatite samples has revealed that higher concentrations of alpha-recoil radiation damage correlates with lower He diffusivity (i.e., at a given temperature, [1]), only one published study has experimentally quantified the effects of annealing for a single apatite specimen (Durango apatite, [2]). Although these effects have been incorporated into now widely applied numerical models, underlying assumptions in these models—in particular, that He diffusivity in all apatite crystals responds with the same rate of damage annealing—have been called into question, and further evaluation is warranted (e.g., [3], [4]). Here, we will describe a suite of experiments conducted on apatite from a single hand sample of granite from Sierra Nevada, CA as well as Durango apatite, to establish whether these two apatites with different chemical compositions and thermal pasts exhibit the same response to annealing conditions. Crystals from both samples were heated under vacuum to temperatures between 220 and 500 °C for 1, 10, 100 or 1000 hours. The samples were then irradiated with 220 MeV protons to produce spallation 3He, the diffusant used in subsequent step-heating degassing experiments. Our preliminary results indicate different minima in closure temperatures of 55 oC and 65 oC for the Durango and Sierra apatite, respectively, when exposed to sufficiently high temperatures (>350 oC) for durations > 1 hour, yet similar transitions from low diffusivities at T <200 oC (and higher activation energy, Ea) to higher diffusivity (lower Ea) across a range of experimental annealing temperatures and durations. We will interpret these results with a new model framework for describing the effects of annealing on diffusivity, and will discuss potential implications of our experimental results, the required assumptions in our analyses, and potential limitations of such empirical quantifications. References: [1] Shuster, D. et al. (2006), EPSL 294, 148-161; [2] Shuster, D., Farley, K. (2009), GCA 73 (1), 6183-6196; [3] Gautheron, C. et al. (2013), Chem. Geol. 351, 257-267; [4] Fox, M., Shuster, D. (2014), EPSL 397, 174-183.

Heat of transport of air in clay.

PubMed

Minkin, Leonid; Shapovalov, Alexander S

2007-01-01

By measuring the thermomolecular pressure difference and using principles of irreversible thermodynamics, heat of transport of air in clay and its coefficient of diffusion are found. A comparison of thermotranspiration and pressure driven gas fluxes through concrete slab in homes is examined. It is shown that thermotranspiration air/radon flow may greatly exceed diffusion (pressure driven) flow in homes.

Fabrication and thermophysical property characterization of UN/U 3Si 2 composite fuel forms

DOE PAGES

White, Joshua Taylor; Travis, Austin William; Dunwoody, John Tyler; ...

2017-09-21

High uranium density composite fuels composed of UN and U 3Si 2 have been fabricated using a liquid phase sintering route at temperatures between 1873 K and 1973 K and spanning compositions of 10 vol% to 40 vol% U 3Si 2. Microstructural analysis and phase characterization revealed the formation of an U-Si-N phase of unknown structure. Microcracking was observed in the U-Si portion of the composite microstructure that likely originates from the mismatched coefficient of thermal expansion between the UN and U 3Si 2 leading to stresses on heating and cooling of the composite. Thermal expansion coefficient, thermal diffusivity, andmore » thermal conductivity were characterized for each of the compositions as a function of temperature to 1673 K. Hysteresis is observed in the thermal diffusivity for the 20 vol% through 40 vol% specimens between room temperature and 1273 K, which is attributed to the microcracking in the U-Si phase. Thermal conductivity of the composites was modeled using the MOOSE framework based on the collected microstructure data. In conclusion, the impact of irradiation on thermal conductivity was also simulated for this class of composite materials.« less

Fabrication and thermophysical property characterization of UN/U 3Si 2 composite fuel forms

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

White, Joshua Taylor; Travis, Austin William; Dunwoody, John Tyler

High uranium density composite fuels composed of UN and U 3Si 2 have been fabricated using a liquid phase sintering route at temperatures between 1873 K and 1973 K and spanning compositions of 10 vol% to 40 vol% U 3Si 2. Microstructural analysis and phase characterization revealed the formation of an U-Si-N phase of unknown structure. Microcracking was observed in the U-Si portion of the composite microstructure that likely originates from the mismatched coefficient of thermal expansion between the UN and U 3Si 2 leading to stresses on heating and cooling of the composite. Thermal expansion coefficient, thermal diffusivity, andmore » thermal conductivity were characterized for each of the compositions as a function of temperature to 1673 K. Hysteresis is observed in the thermal diffusivity for the 20 vol% through 40 vol% specimens between room temperature and 1273 K, which is attributed to the microcracking in the U-Si phase. Thermal conductivity of the composites was modeled using the MOOSE framework based on the collected microstructure data. In conclusion, the impact of irradiation on thermal conductivity was also simulated for this class of composite materials.« less

Aiding flow Thermo-Solutal Convection in Porous Cavity: ANN approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jafer Kazi1, Mohammed; Ameer Ahamad, N.; Yunus Khan, T. M.

2017-08-01

The transfer of thermal energy along with the diffusion of mass is common phenomenon that occurs in nature. The thermos-solutal convection in porous medium arises due to combined effect of diffusion of heat as well as mass inside the domain. The density variation of fluid due to absorbed heat at one end of porous cavity leads to fluid movement which in turn initiates the heat transfer. The mass diffusion inside the porous regime occurs due to concentration difference between two ends of cavity. Generally this phenomenon is studied with the help of numerical methods but current work emphasis the successful usage of artificial neural network in predicting the thermos-solutal convection of aiding flow in porous medium.

A technique to measure the thermal diffusivity of high Tc superconductors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Powers, Charles E.

1991-01-01

High T(sub c) superconducting electrical current leads and ground straps will be used in cryogenic coolers in future NASA Goddard Space Flight Center missions. These superconducting samples are long, thin leads with a typical diameter of two millimeters. A longitudinal method is developed to measure the thermal diffusivity of candidate materials for this application. This technique uses a peltier junction to supply an oscillatory heat wave into one end of a sample and will use low mass thermocouples to follow the heat wave along the sample. The thermal diffusivity is calculated using both the exponential decay of the heat wave and the phase shift to the wave. Measurements are performed in a cryostat between 10 K and room temperature.

Transient variation of martian ground-atmosphere thermal boundary layer structure.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pallmann, A. J.; Dannevik, W. P.

1972-01-01

Results of a numerical simulation of the diurnal redistribution of temperature by radiative and molecular-conductive processes in the Martian soil-atmosphere system. An attempt is made to assess the importance of atmospheric molecular conduction near the surface and to estimate the characteristic depth of the diurnal temperature wave. The computational results are found to indicate a dual structure in the diurnal temperature wave propagation pattern, with a diffusive-type wave in the lowest 150 m superimposed on a radiatively induced disturbance with a characteristic scale of 1.8 km. Atmospheric molecular thermal conduction typically accounts for about 15% of the total heating/cooling in the lowest 25 m. Thermal conduction in both the soil and atmosphere appears to be an important factor in the thermal coupling of these subsystems. A free-convection regime in the conduction layer is predicted by the model for about five hours of the Martian day.

A Computational Fluid Dynamic and Heat Transfer Model for Gaseous Core and Gas Cooled Space Power and Propulsion Reactors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anghaie, S.; Chen, G.

1996-01-01

A computational model based on the axisymmetric, thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations is developed to predict the convective, radiation and conductive heat transfer in high temperature space nuclear reactors. An implicit-explicit, finite volume, MacCormack method in conjunction with the Gauss-Seidel line iteration procedure is utilized to solve the thermal and fluid governing equations. Simulation of coolant and propellant flows in these reactors involves the subsonic and supersonic flows of hydrogen, helium and uranium tetrafluoride under variable boundary conditions. An enthalpy-rebalancing scheme is developed and implemented to enhance and accelerate the rate of convergence when a wall heat flux boundary condition is used. The model also incorporated the Baldwin and Lomax two-layer algebraic turbulence scheme for the calculation of the turbulent kinetic energy and eddy diffusivity of energy. The Rosseland diffusion approximation is used to simulate the radiative energy transfer in the optically thick environment of gas core reactors. The computational model is benchmarked with experimental data on flow separation angle and drag force acting on a suspended sphere in a cylindrical tube. The heat transfer is validated by comparing the computed results with the standard heat transfer correlations predictions. The model is used to simulate flow and heat transfer under a variety of design conditions. The effect of internal heat generation on the heat transfer in the gas core reactors is examined for a variety of power densities, 100 W/cc, 500 W/cc and 1000 W/cc. The maximum temperature, corresponding with the heat generation rates, are 2150 K, 2750 K and 3550 K, respectively. This analysis shows that the maximum temperature is strongly dependent on the value of heat generation rate. It also indicates that a heat generation rate higher than 1000 W/cc is necessary to maintain the gas temperature at about 3500 K, which is typical design temperature required to achieve high efficiency in the gas core reactors. The model is also used to predict the convective and radiation heat fluxes for the gas core reactors. The maximum value of heat flux occurs at the exit of the reactor core. Radiation heat flux increases with higher wall temperature. This behavior is due to the fact that the radiative heat flux is strongly dependent on wall temperature. This study also found that at temperature close to 3500 K the radiative heat flux is comparable with the convective heat flux in a uranium fluoride failed gas core reactor.

Steam ejector as an industrial heat pump

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Arnold, H.G.; Huntley, W.R.; Perez-Blanco, H.

1982-01-01

The steam ejector is analyzed for use in industrial heat recovery applications and compared to mechanical compressor heat pumps. An estimated ejector performance was analyzed using methods based on conservation of mass, momentum, and energy; using steam properties to account for continuity; and using appropriate efficiencies for the nozzle and diffuse performance within the ejector. A potential heat pump application at a paper plant in which waste water was available in a hot well downstream of the paper machine was used to describe use of the stream ejector. Both mechanical compression and jet ejector heat pumps were evaluated for recompressionmore » of flashed steam from the hot well. It is noted that another possible application of vapor recompression heat pumps is the recovery of waste heat from large facilities such as the gaseous diffusion plants. The economics of recovering waste heat in similar applications is analyzed. (MCW)« less

Mesoscale elucidation of laser-assisted chemical deposition of Sn nanostructured electrodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Zhixiao; Deng, Biwei; Cheng, Gary J.; Deng, Huiqiu; Mukherjee, Partha P.

2015-06-01

Nanostructured tin (Sn) is a promising high-capacity electrode for improved performance in lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles. In this work, Sn nanoisland growth for nanostructured electrodes assisted by the pulse laser irradiation has been investigated based on a mesoscale modeling formalism. The influence of pertinent processing conditions, such as pulse duration, heating/cooling rates, and atom flux, on the Sn nanostructure formation is specifically considered. The interaction between the adsorbed atom and the substrate, represented by the adatom diffusion barrier, is carefully studied. It is found that the diffusion barrier predominantly affects the distribution of Sn atoms. For both α-Sn and β-Sn, the averaged coordination number is larger than 3 when the diffusion barrier equals to 0.15 eV. The averaged coordination number decreases as the diffusion barrier increases. The substrate temperature, which is determined by heating/cooling rates and pulse duration, can also affect the formation of Sn nanoislands. For α-Sn, when applied low heating/cooling rates, nanoislands cannot form if the diffusion barrier is larger than 0.35 eV.

Forced convective heat transfer in curved diffusers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rojas, J.; Whitelaw, J. H.; Yianneskis, M.

1987-01-01

Measurements of the velocity characteristics of the flows in two curved diffusers of rectangular cross section with C and S-shaped centerlines are presented and related to measurements of wall heat transfer coefficients along the heated flat walls of the ducts. The velocity results were obtained by laser-Doppler anemometry in a water tunnel and the heat transfer results by liquid crystal thermography in a wind tunnel. The thermographic technique allowed the rapid and inexpensive measurement of wall heat transfer coefficients along flat walls of arbitrary boundary shapes with an accuracy of about 5 percent. The results show that an increase in secondary flow velocities near the heated wall causes an increase in the local wall heat transfer coefficient, and quantify the variation for maximum secondary-flow velocities in a range from 1.5 to 17 percent of the bulk flow velocity.

Lunar heat flow experiments: Science objectives and a strategy for minimizing the effects of lander-induced perturbations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kiefer, Walter S.

2012-01-01

Reliable measurements of the Moon's global heat flow would serve as an important diagnostic test for models of lunar thermal evolution and would also help to constrain the Moon's bulk abundance of radioactive elements and its differentiation history. The two existing measurements of lunar heat flow are unlikely to be representative of the global heat flow. For these reasons, obtaining additional heat flow measurements has been recognized as a high priority lunar science objective. In making such measurements, it is essential that the design and deployment of the heat flow probe and of the parent spacecraft do not inadvertently modify the near-surface thermal structure of the lunar regolith and thus perturb the measured heat flow. One type of spacecraft-related perturbation is the shadow cast by the spacecraft and by thermal blankets on some instruments. The thermal effects of these shadows propagate by conduction both downward and outward from the spacecraft into the lunar regolith. Shadows cast by the spacecraft superstructure move over the surface with time and only perturb the regolith temperature in the upper 0.8 m. Permanent shadows, such as from thermal blankets covering a seismometer or other instruments, can modify the temperature to greater depth. Finite element simulations using measured values of the thermal diffusivity of lunar regolith show that the limiting factor for temperature perturbations is the need to measure the annual thermal wave for 2 or more years to measure the thermal diffusivity. The error induced by permanent spacecraft thermal shadows can be kept below 8% of the annual wave amplitude at 1 m depth if the heat flow probe is deployed at least 2.5 m away from any permanent spacecraft shadow. Deploying the heat flow probe 2 m from permanent shadows permits measuring the annual thermal wave for only one year and should be considered the science floor for a heat flow experiment on the Moon. One way to meet this separation requirement would be to deploy the heat flow and seismology experiments on opposite sides of the spacecraft. This result should be incorporated in the design of future lunar geophysics spacecraft experiments. Differences in the thermal environments of the Moon and Mars result in less restrictive separation requirements for heat flow experiments on Mars.

Reaction Kernel Structure of a Slot Jet Diffusion Flame in Microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Takahashi, F.; Katta, V. R.

2001-01-01

Diffusion flame stabilization in normal earth gravity (1 g) has long been a fundamental research subject in combustion. Local flame-flow phenomena, including heat and species transport and chemical reactions, around the flame base in the vicinity of condensed surfaces control flame stabilization and fire spreading processes. Therefore, gravity plays an important role in the subject topic because buoyancy induces flow in the flame zone, thus increasing the convective (and diffusive) oxygen transport into the flame zone and, in turn, reaction rates. Recent computations show that a peak reactivity (heat-release or oxygen-consumption rate) spot, or reaction kernel, is formed in the flame base by back-diffusion and reactions of radical species in the incoming oxygen-abundant flow at relatively low temperatures (about 1550 K). Quasi-linear correlations were found between the peak heat-release or oxygen-consumption rate and the velocity at the reaction kernel for cases including both jet and flat-plate diffusion flames in airflow. The reaction kernel provides a stationary ignition source to incoming reactants, sustains combustion, and thus stabilizes the trailing diffusion flame. In a quiescent microgravity environment, no buoyancy-induced flow exits and thus purely diffusive transport controls the reaction rates. Flame stabilization mechanisms in such purely diffusion-controlled regime remain largely unstudied. Therefore, it will be a rigorous test for the reaction kernel correlation if it can be extended toward zero velocity conditions in the purely diffusion-controlled regime. The objectives of this study are to reveal the structure of the flame-stabilizing region of a two-dimensional (2D) laminar jet diffusion flame in microgravity and develop a unified diffusion flame stabilization mechanism. This paper reports the recent progress in the computation and experiment performed in microgravity.

A novel investigation of a micropolar fluid characterized by nonlinear constitutive diffusion model in boundary layer flow and heat transfer.

PubMed

Sui, Jize; Zhao, Peng; Cheng, Zhengdong; Zheng, Liancun; Zhang, Xinxin

2017-02-01

The rheological and heat-conduction constitutive models of micropolar fluids (MFs), which are important non-Newtonian fluids, have been, until now, characterized by simple linear expressions, and as a consequence, the non-Newtonian performance of such fluids could not be effectively captured. Here, we establish the novel nonlinear constitutive models of a micropolar fluid and apply them to boundary layer flow and heat transfer problems. The nonlinear power law function of angular velocity is represented in the new models by employing generalized " n -diffusion theory," which has successfully described the characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids, such as shear-thinning and shear-thickening fluids. These novel models may offer a new approach to the theoretical understanding of shear-thinning behavior and anomalous heat transfer caused by the collective micro-rotation effects in a MF with shear flow according to recent experiments. The nonlinear similarity equations with a power law form are derived and the approximate analytical solutions are obtained by the homotopy analysis method, which is in good agreement with the numerical solutions. The results indicate that non-Newtonian behaviors involving a MF depend substantially on the power exponent n and the modified material parameter [Formula: see text] introduced by us. Furthermore, the relations of the engineering interest parameters, including local boundary layer thickness, local skin friction, and Nusselt number are found to be fitted by a quadratic polynomial to n with high precision, which enables the extraction of the rapid predictions from a complex nonlinear boundary-layer transport system.

A novel investigation of a micropolar fluid characterized by nonlinear constitutive diffusion model in boundary layer flow and heat transfer

PubMed Central

Zhao, Peng; Cheng, Zhengdong; Zheng, Liancun; Zhang, Xinxin

2017-01-01

The rheological and heat-conduction constitutive models of micropolar fluids (MFs), which are important non-Newtonian fluids, have been, until now, characterized by simple linear expressions, and as a consequence, the non-Newtonian performance of such fluids could not be effectively captured. Here, we establish the novel nonlinear constitutive models of a micropolar fluid and apply them to boundary layer flow and heat transfer problems. The nonlinear power law function of angular velocity is represented in the new models by employing generalized “n-diffusion theory,” which has successfully described the characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids, such as shear-thinning and shear-thickening fluids. These novel models may offer a new approach to the theoretical understanding of shear-thinning behavior and anomalous heat transfer caused by the collective micro-rotation effects in a MF with shear flow according to recent experiments. The nonlinear similarity equations with a power law form are derived and the approximate analytical solutions are obtained by the homotopy analysis method, which is in good agreement with the numerical solutions. The results indicate that non-Newtonian behaviors involving a MF depend substantially on the power exponent n and the modified material parameter K0 introduced by us. Furthermore, the relations of the engineering interest parameters, including local boundary layer thickness, local skin friction, and Nusselt number are found to be fitted by a quadratic polynomial to n with high precision, which enables the extraction of the rapid predictions from a complex nonlinear boundary-layer transport system. PMID:28344433

Verification and validation of an advanced model of heat and mass transfer in the protective clothing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Łapka, Piotr; Furmański, Piotr

2018-04-01

The paper presents verification and validation of an advanced numerical model of heat and moisture transfer in the multi-layer protective clothing and in components of the experimental stand subjected to either high surroundings temperature or high radiative heat flux emitted by hot objects. The developed model included conductive-radiative heat transfer in the hygroscopic porous fabrics and air gaps as well as conductive heat transfer in components of the stand. Additionally, water vapour diffusion in the pores and air spaces as well as phase transition of the bound water in the fabric fibres (sorption and desorption) were accounted for. All optical phenomena at internal or external walls were modelled and the thermal radiation was treated in the rigorous way, i.e., semi-transparent absorbing, emitting and scattering fabrics with the non-grey properties were assumed. The air was treated as transparent. Complex energy and mass balances as well as optical conditions at internal or external interfaces were formulated in order to find values of temperatures, vapour densities and radiation intensities at these interfaces. The obtained highly non-linear coupled system of discrete equations was solved by the Finite Volume based in-house iterative algorithm. The developed model passed discretisation convergence tests and was successfully verified against the results obtained applying commercial software for simplified cases. Then validation was carried out using experimental measurements collected during exposure of the protective clothing to high radiative heat flux emitted by the IR lamp. Satisfactory agreement of simulated and measured temporal variation of temperature at external and internal surfaces of the multi-layer clothing was attained.

EXTENSION OF THE MURAM RADIATIVE MHD CODE FOR CORONAL SIMULATIONS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rempel, M., E-mail: rempel@ucar.edu

2017-01-01

We present a new version of the MURaM radiative magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) code that allows for simulations spanning from the upper convection zone into the solar corona. We implement the relevant coronal physics in terms of optically thin radiative loss, field aligned heat conduction, and an equilibrium ionization equation of state. We artificially limit the coronal Alfvén and heat conduction speeds to computationally manageable values using an approximation to semi-relativistic MHD with an artificially reduced speed of light (Boris correction). We present example solutions ranging from quiet to active Sun in order to verify the validity of our approach. We quantifymore » the role of numerical diffusivity for the effective coronal heating. We find that the (numerical) magnetic Prandtl number determines the ratio of resistive to viscous heating and that owing to the very large magnetic Prandtl number of the solar corona, heating is expected to happen predominantly through viscous dissipation. We find that reasonable solutions can be obtained with values of the reduced speed of light just marginally larger than the maximum sound speed. Overall this leads to a fully explicit code that can compute the time evolution of the solar corona in response to photospheric driving using numerical time steps not much smaller than 0.1 s. Numerical simulations of the coronal response to flux emergence covering a time span of a few days are well within reach using this approach.« less

Thermophysical Properties of Alloy 617 from 25°C to 1000°C

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

B. H. Rabin; R. N. Wright; W. D. Swank

2013-09-01

Key thermophysical properties needed for the successful design and use of Alloy 617 in steam generator and heat exchanger applications have been measured experimentally, and results are compared with literature values and results obtained from some other commercial Ni–Cr alloys and model materials. Specifically, the thermal diffusivity, thermal expansion coefficient, and specific heat capacity have been measured for Alloy 617 over a range of temperatures, allowing calculation of thermal conductivity up to 1000 degrees C. It has been found that the thermal conductivity of Alloy 617 exhibits significant deviation from monotonic behavior in the temperature range from 600 degrees Cmore » to 850 degrees C, the temperatures of interest for most heat transfer applications. The non-linear behavior appears to result primarily from short-range order/disorder phenomena known to occur in the Ni–Cr system. Similar deviation from monotonic behavior was observed in the solid solution Ni–Cr-W Alloy 230, and lesser deviations were observed in iron based Alloy 800H and an austenitic stainless steel. Measured thermophysical property data are provided for four different heats of Alloy 617, and it is shown that property variations between the four different heats are not significant. Measurements were also obtained from Alloy 617 that was aged for up to 2000 h at 750 degrees C, and it was found that this aging treatment does not significantly influence the thermophysical properties.« less

Characterization of Thermal, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Fluoropolymer Composite Coatings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Y.; Farokhzadeh, K.; Edrisy, A.

2017-04-01

Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) is a potential polymer coating material for low-temperature waste heat recovery in heat exchangers. Nonetheless, poor thermal conductivity, low strength and susceptibility to surface degradation by erosion/wear pose restrictions in its application. In this study, four types of fillers, namely graphite, silicon carbide, alumina and boron nitride, were introduced to enhance the thermal, mechanical and tribological properties in PFA coatings. The thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity of the composites (reinforced with 20 wt.% filler) were also measured using laser flash and differential scanning calorimetry techniques, respectively. The results indicated that the addition of graphite or boron nitride increased the thermal conductivity of PFA by at least 2.8 orders of magnitude, while the composites with the same weight fraction of alumina or silicon carbide showed 20-80% rise in thermal conductivity. The micromechanical deformation and tribological behavior of composite coatings, electrostatically sprayed on steel substrates, were investigated by means of instrumented indentation and scratch tests. The deformation response and friction characteristics were investigated, and the failure mechanisms were identified. Surface hardness, roughness and structure of fillers influenced the sliding performance of the composite coatings. PFA coatings filled with Al2O3 or SiC particles showed high load-bearing capacity under sliding conditions. Conversely, BN- and graphite-filled PFA coatings exhibited lower interfacial adhesion to steel substrate and were prone to failure at relatively lower applied loads.

Electric-field noise from carbon-adatom diffusion on a Au(110) surface: First-principles calculations and experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, E.; Safavi-Naini, A.; Hite, D. A.; McKay, K. S.; Pappas, D. P.; Weck, P. F.; Sadeghpour, H. R.

2017-03-01

The decoherence of trapped-ion quantum gates due to heating of their motional modes is a fundamental science and engineering problem. This heating is attributed to electric-field noise arising from the trap-electrode surfaces. In this work, we investigate the source of this noise by focusing on the diffusion of carbon-containing adsorbates on the surface of Au(110). We show by density functional theory, based on detailed scanning probe microscopy, how the carbon adatom diffusion on the gold surface changes the energy landscape and how the adatom dipole moment varies with the diffusive motion. A simple model for the diffusion noise, which varies quadratically with the variation of the dipole moment, predicts a noise spectrum, in accordance with the measured values.

On ternary species mixing and combustion in isotropic turbulence at high pressure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lou, Hong; Miller, Richard S.

2004-05-01

Effects of Soret and Dufour cross-diffusion, whereby both concentration and thermal diffusion occur in the presence of mass fraction, temperature, and pressure gradients, are investigated in the context of both binary and ternary species mixing and combustion in isotropic turbulence at large pressure. The compressible flow formulation is based on a cubic real-gas state equation, and includes generalized forms for heat and mass diffusion derived from nonequilibrium thermodynamics and fluctuation theory. A previously derived formulation of the generalized binary species heat and mass fluxes is first extended to the case of ternary species, and appropriate treatment of the thermal and mass diffusion factors is described. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are then conducted for both binary and ternary species mixing and combustion in stationary isotropic turbulence. Mean flow temperatures and pressures of =700 K and =45 atm are considered to ensure that all species mixtures remain in the supercritical state such that phase changes do not occur. DNS of ternary species systems undergoing both pure mixing and a simple chemical reaction of the form O2+N2→2NO are then conducted. It is shown that stationary scalar states previously observed for binary mixing persist for the ternary species problem as well; however, the production and magnitude of the scalar variance is found to be altered for the intermediate molecular weight species as compared to the binary species case. The intermediate molecular weight species produces a substantially smaller scalar variance than the remaining species for all flows considered. For combustion of nonstoichiometric mixtures, a binary species mixture, characterized by stationary scalar states, results at long times after the lean reactant is depleted. The form of this final scalar distribution is observed to be similar to that found in the binary flow situation. A series of lower resolution simulations for a variety of species is then used to show the dependence of the stationary scalar variance on the turbulence Reynolds number, turbulence Mach number, species molecular weight ratio, and relative proportion of two species present in the flow after completion of combustion.

Electric currents in E-like planetary ionospheres

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cole, K. D.

1990-01-01

In this paper an MHD approach is used to consider the conduction of electric current in a lightly ionized gas, taking into account the gradients of pressure in the ion and electron gases, in addition to the electric field. The coefficients of electrical conductivity are found for each driver of current. New expressions for the components of heat dissipation associated with each driver of current are developed, which are fully consistent with kinetic theory. The relationship of the results to those obtained by kinetic theory is discussed. New components of currents associated with planetary equatorial electrojets are found. A new diffusion equation for magnetic induction is found, applicable in E-like regions of planetary ionospheres, and stellar photospheres.

Investigation of anisotropic thermal transport in cross-linked polymers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simavilla, David Nieto

Thermal transport in lightly cross-linked polyisoprene and polybutadine subjected to uniaxial elongation is investigated experimentally. We employ two experimental techniques to assess the effect that deformation has on this class of materials. The first technique, which is based on Forced Rayleigh Scattering (FRS), allows us to measure the two independent components of the thermal diffusivity tensor as a function of deformation. These measurements along with independent measurements of the tensile stress and birefringence are used to evaluate the stress-thermal and stress-optic rules. The stress-thermal rule is found to be valid for the entire range of elongations applied. In contrast, the stress-optic rule fails for moderate to large stretch ratios. This suggests that the degree of anisotropy in thermal conductivity depends on both orientation and tension in polymer chain segments. The second technique, which is based on infrared thermography (IRT), allows us to measure anisotropy in thermal conductivity and strain induced changes in heat capacity. We validate this method measurements of anisotropic thermal conductivity by comparing them with those obtained using FRS. We find excellent agreement between the two techniques. Uncertainty in the infrared thermography method measurements is estimated to be about 2-5 %. The accuracy of the method and its potential application to non-transparent materials makes it a good alternative to extend current research on anisotropic thermal transport in polymeric materials. A second IRT application allows us to investigate the dependence of heat capacity on deformation. We find that heat capacity increases with stretch ratio in polyisoprene specimens under uniaxial extension. The deviation from the equilibrium value of heat capacity is consistent with an independent set of experiments comparing anisotropy in thermal diffusivity and conductivity employing FRS and IRT techniques. We identify finite extensibility and strain-induced crystallization as the possible causes explaining our observations and evaluate their contribution making use of classical rubber elasticity results. Finally, we study of the role of evaporation-induced thermal effects in the well-know phenomena of the tears of wine. We develop a transport model and support its predictions by experimentally measuring the temperature gradient present in wine and cognac films using IRT. Our results demonstrate that the Marangoni flow responsible for wine tears results from both composition and temperature gradients, whose relative contribution strongly depends on the thermodynamic properties of ethanol-water mixtures. The methods developed here can be used to obtain a deeper understanding of Marangoni flows, which are ubiquitous in nature and modern technology.

Mathematical Model of the Processes of Heat and Mass Transfer and Diffusion of the Magnetic Field in an Induction Furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Perminov, A. V.; Nikulin, I. L.

2016-03-01

We propose a mathematical model describing the motion of a metal melt in a variable inhomogeneous magnetic field of a short solenoid. In formulating the problem, we made estimates and showed the possibility of splitting the complete magnetohydrodynamical problem into two subproblems: a magnetic field diffusion problem where the distributions of the external and induced magnetic fields and currents are determined, and a heat and mass transfer problem with known distributions of volume sources of heat and forces. The dimensionless form of the heat and mass transfer equation was obtained with the use of averaging and multiscale methods, which permitted writing and solving separately the equations for averaged flows and temperature fields and their oscillations. For the heat and mass transfer problem, the boundary conditions for a real technological facility are discussed. The dimensionless form of the magnetic field diffusion equation is presented, and the experimental computational procedure and results of the numerical simulation of the magnetic field structure in the melt for various magnetic Reynolds numbers are described. The extreme dependence of heat release on the magnetic Reynolds number has been interpreted.

Characteristic power spectrum of diffusive interface dynamics in the two-dimensional Ising model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Masumoto, Yusuke; Takesue, Shinji

2018-05-01

We investigate properties of the diffusive motion of an interface in the two-dimensional Ising model in equilibrium or nonequilibrium situations. We focused on the relation between the power spectrum of a time sequence of spins and diffusive motion of an interface which was already clarified in one-dimensional systems with a nonequilibrium phase transition like the asymmetric simple exclusion process. It is clarified that the interface motion is a diffusion process with a drift force toward the higher-temperature side when the system is in contact with heat reservoirs at different temperatures and heat transfers through the system. Effects of the width of the interface are also discussed.

Ocean Turbulence. Paper 2; One-Point Closure Model Momentum, Heat and Salt Vertical Diffusivities in the Presence of Shear

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Canuto, V. M.; Howard, A.; Cheng, Y.; Dubovikov, M. S.

1999-01-01

We develop and test a 1-point closure turbulence model with the following features: 1) we include the salinity field and derive the expression for the vertical turbulent diffusivities of momentum K(sub m) , heat K(sub h) and salt K(sub s) as a function of two stability parameters: the Richardson number R(sub i) (stratification vs. shear) and the Turner number R(sub rho) (salinity gradient vs. temperature gradient). 2) to describe turbulent mixing below the mixed layer (ML), all previous models have adopted three adjustable "background diffusivities" for momentum, heat and salt. We propose a model that avoids such adjustable diffusivities. We assume that below the ML, the three diffusivities have the same functional dependence on R( sub i) and R(sub rho) as derived from the turbulence model. However, in order to compute R(sub i) below the ML, we use data of vertical shear due to wave-breaking.measured by Gargett et al. The procedure frees the model from adjustable background diffusivities and indeed we employ the same model throughout the entire vertical extent of the ocean. 3) in the local model, the turbulent diffusivities K(sub m,h,s) are given as analytical functions of R(sub i) and R(sub rho). 5) the model is used in an O-GCM and several results are presented to exhibit the effect of double diffusion processes. 6) the code is available upon request.