Sample records for disclosure consumer behavior

  1. Effects of risk disclosure prominence in direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs: An integrative cognitive process model.

    PubMed

    Ju, Ilwoo; Park, Jin Seong

    2018-01-01

    The literature shows that the prominence of risk disclosure influences consumer responses to direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs. However, little is known about the psychological process whereby disclosure prominence exerts its influences on health beliefs and behavior. Based on a review of the literature on health cognition and behavior, the current study proposed and tested a model to show that risk disclosure prominence affects consumers' drug choice intention through the mediating roles of awareness of drug adverse reactions (ARs), perceived control over ARs, and perceived risk of ARs. The findings were discussed in terms of their theoretical and managerial implications.

  2. The Impact of Disclosure of Nutrition Information on Consumers' Behavioral Intention in Korea.

    PubMed

    Choi, Jinkyung

    2015-01-01

    To investigate the effect of nutritional information disclosure on consumers' nutritional perception, attitude, and behavioral intention to purchase the food item. Questionnaires were distributed measuring nutritional perception, attitude, and behavioral intention with different nutritional information about the food (no information, calories only, and six nutritional content information items: food weight(g), calories(kcal), protein(g), sugar(g), sodium(g), and saturated fat(g)). Food items shown to the respondents were hamburgers and bibimbap. Descriptive analysis, analysis of variance, and multiple regression were used in order to examine the effects of nutritional information levels and different food items on consumers' behavioral intentions. Nutritional perception, food attitude, and food choice intention were all affected by levels of nutritional information and different food items. Also, food attitude was a predictor of food choice behavioral intention and was affected by different food items as well. However, results of the study found that objective and subjective knowledge of individuals are not related to their nutritional perception, attitude, and behavioral intention. Results of this study would help restaurant managers to prepare for consumers' demand on disclosure of nutritional information and adjust their menu ingredients for consumers' healthy food inquiries in order to respond to consumers' interests in nutritional information and ensure consumers satisfaction with the perceived nutritional value of food.

  3. Consumer credit card use: the roles of creditor disclosure and anticipated emotion.

    PubMed

    Wiener, Richard L; Holtje, Michael; Winter, Ryan J; Cantone, Jason A; Gross, Karen; Block-Lieb, Susan

    2007-03-01

    In response to federal legislative reform aimed, in part, at reducing consumer bankruptcy filings, the authors conducted 2 experiments examining the role of affect in purchasing behavior. In Experiment 1, they examined consumer debtors, and in Experiment 2, they examined nondebtors. In both experiments, they investigated purchasing decisions made during a simulated online shopping trip, with some participants receiving standard disclosures of interest rates and money owed and with other participants receiving information under the new enhanced disclosure regulations. Results demonstrated support for the influence of anticipated affect in credit card use among both debtors and nondebtors and indicated that anticipated emotion may moderate the impact of the enhanced disclosure regulations. ((c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).

  4. The Truth behind Higher Education Disclosure Laws

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Carey, Kevin; Kelly, Andrew P.

    2011-01-01

    Recognizing that higher education is a market driven by consumer choice and reluctant to regulate college behavior directly, state and federal policymakers have created a host of college information disclosure and reporting requirements. Armed with better data, the theory goes, students and parents will vote with their wallets, putting pressure on…

  5. Implicit Reasons for Disclosure of the Use of Complementary Health Approaches (CHA): a Consumer Commitment Perspective.

    PubMed

    Sirois, Fuschia M; Riess, Helene; Upchurch, Dawn M

    2017-10-01

    Disclosure of the use of complementary health approaches (CHA) is an important yet understudied health behavior with important implications for patient care. Yet research into disclosure of CHA has been atheoretical and neglected the role of health beliefs. Using a consumer commitment model of CHA use as a guiding conceptual framework, the current study tests the hypotheses that perceived positive CHA outcomes (utilitarian values) and positive CHA beliefs (symbolic values) are associated with disclosure of CHA to conventional care providers in a nationally representative US sample. From a sample of 33,594 with CHA use information from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a subsample of 7348 who used CHA within the past 12 months was analyzed. The 2012 NHIS is a cross-sectional survey of the non-institutionalized US adult population, which includes the most recent nationally representative CHA use data. The 63.2% who disclosed CHA use were older, were less educated, and had visited a health care provider in the past year. Weighted logistic regression analyses controlling for demographic variables revealed that those who disclosed were more likely to report experiencing positive psychological (improved coping and well-being) and physical outcomes (better sleep, improved health) from CHA and hold positive CHA-related beliefs. CHA users who perceive physical and psychological benefits from CHA use and who hold positive attitudes towards CHA are more likely to disclose their CHA use. Findings support the relevance of a consumer commitment perspective for understanding CHA disclosure and suggest CHA disclosure as an important proactive health behavior that warrants further attention.

  6. The effect of life-cycle cost disclosure on consumer behavior

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Deutsch, Matthias

    For more than 20 years, analysts have reported on the so-called "energy paradox" or the "energy efficiency gap", referring to the fact that economic agents could in principle lower their total cost at current prices by using more energy-efficient technology but, nevertheless, often decide not to do so. Theory suggests that providing information in a simplified way could potentially reduce this "efficiency gap". Such simplification may be achieved by providing the estimated monetary operating cost and life-cycle cost (LCC) of a given appliance---which has been a recurring theme within the energy policy and efficiency labeling community. Yet, little is known so far about the causal effects of LCC disclosure on consumer action because of the gap between the acquisition of efficiency information and consumer purchasing behavior in the real marketplace. This dissertation bridges the gap by experimentally integrating LCC disclosure into two major German commercial websites---a price comparison engine for cooling appliances, and an online shop for washing machines. Internet users arriving on these websites were randomly assigned to two experimental groups, and the groups were exposed to different visual stimuli. The control group received regular product price information, whereas the treatment group was, in addition, offered information about operating cost and total LCC. Click-stream data of consumers' shopping behavior was evaluated with multiple regression analysis by controlling for several product characteristics. This dissertation finds that LCC disclosure reduces the mean energy use of chosen cooling appliances by 2.5% (p<0.01), and the energy use of chosen washing machines by 0.8% (p<0.001). For the latter, it also reduces the mean water use by 0.7% (p<0.05). These effects suggest a potential role for public policy in promoting LCC disclosure. While I do not attempt to estimate the costs of such a policy, a simple quantification shows that the benefits amount to 100 to 200 thousand Euros per year for Germany, given current predictions regarding the price of tradable permits for CO2, and not counting other potential benefits. Future research should strive for increasing external validity, using better instruments, and evaluating the effectiveness of different information formats for LCC disclosure.

  7. Consumer Credit Card Use: The Roles of Creditor Disclosure and Anticipated Emotion

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wiener, Richard L.; Holtje, Michael; Winter, Ryan J.; Cantone, Jason A.; Gross, Karen; Block-Lieb, Susan

    2007-01-01

    In response to federal legislative reform aimed, in part, at reducing consumer bankruptcy filings, the authors conducted 2 experiments examining the role of affect in purchasing behavior. In Experiment 1, they examined consumer debtors, and in Experiment 2, they examined nondebtors. In both experiments, they investigated purchasing decisions made…

  8. Nothing to declare: mandatory and voluntary disclosure leads advisors to avoid conflicts of interest.

    PubMed

    Sah, Sunita; Loewenstein, George

    2014-02-01

    Professionals face conflicts of interest when they have a personal interest in giving biased advice. Mandatory disclosure--informing consumers of the conflict--is a widely adopted strategy in numerous professions, such as medicine, finance, and accounting. Prior research has shown, however, that such disclosures have little impact on consumer behavior, and can backfire by leading advisors to give even more biased advice. We present results from three experiments with real monetary stakes. These results show that, although disclosure has generally been found to be ineffective for dealing with unavoidable conflicts of interest, it can be beneficial when providers have the ability to avoid conflicts. Mandatory and voluntary disclosure can deter advisors from accepting conflicts of interest so that they have nothing to disclose except the absence of conflicts. We propose that people are averse to being viewed as biased, and that policies designed to activate reputational and ethical concerns will motivate advisors to avoid conflicts of interest.

  9. 77 FR 37616 - Disclosure of Consumer Complaint Data

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-22

    ... X [Docket No. CFPB-2012-0023] Disclosure of Consumer Complaint Data AGENCY: Bureau of Consumer... disclosure of data from consumer complaints about financial products and services other than credit cards... Statement'') describing its plans to disclose consumer credit card complaint data. The present notice (the...

  10. Energy disclosure, market behavior, and the building data ecosystem.

    PubMed

    Kontokosta, Constantine E

    2013-08-01

    Energy disclosure laws represent one of the most promising public policy tools to accelerate market transformation around building energy efficiency. For this type of information to have an impact on market behavior, it must be collected, analyzed, and disseminated to support the decision-making processes of each end user and influence both the producers and consumers of building performance data. This paper explores the significance of energy disclosure requirements and outlines a framework for utilizing these new sources of transparent, publicly available information. It presents the mechanisms by which information can alter market behavior in the commercial real estate sector and develops a wiring diagram for the flows of information through the building data ecosystem. It concludes with a discussion of the motivations, metrics, and constraints faced by the various stakeholders in the ecosystem and how these factors influence investment decision models. © 2013 New York Academy of Sciences.

  11. 12 CFR 1070.44 - Disclosure of confidential consumer complaint information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 8 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Disclosure of confidential consumer complaint... RECORDS AND INFORMATION Confidential Information § 1070.44 Disclosure of confidential consumer complaint... disclose confidential consumer complaint information as it deems necessary to investigate, resolve, or...

  12. 12 CFR 1070.44 - Disclosure of confidential consumer complaint information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Disclosure of confidential consumer complaint... RECORDS AND INFORMATION Confidential Information § 1070.44 Disclosure of confidential consumer complaint... disclose confidential consumer complaint information as it deems necessary to investigate, resolve, or...

  13. 12 CFR 1070.44 - Disclosure of confidential consumer complaint information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 8 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Disclosure of confidential consumer complaint... RECORDS AND INFORMATION Confidential Information § 1070.44 Disclosure of confidential consumer complaint... disclose confidential consumer complaint information as it deems necessary to investigate, resolve, or...

  14. 24 CFR 17.76 - Disclosure to a consumer reporting agency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Disclosure to a consumer reporting... General Provisions § 17.76 Disclosure to a consumer reporting agency. (a) Definition. For purposes of this... Consumer Reporting Agency information from a system of records to the effect that an individual is...

  15. 24 CFR 17.76 - Disclosure to a consumer reporting agency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Disclosure to a consumer reporting... General Provisions § 17.76 Disclosure to a consumer reporting agency. (a) Definition. For purposes of this... Consumer Reporting Agency information from a system of records to the effect that an individual is...

  16. 77 FR 10744 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-23

    ... establish disclosure requirements that assist consumers in making informed purchasing decisions, and... establish disclosure requirements that assist consumers in making informed purchasing decisions and... disclosure requirements that assist consumers in making informed purchasing decisions, and recordkeeping...

  17. 22 CFR 1506.7 - Disclosure to consumer reporting agencies and contracts with collection agencies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Disclosure to consumer reporting agencies and... COLLECTION OF CLAIMS § 1506.7 Disclosure to consumer reporting agencies and contracts with collection... of current Federal employees, to consumer reporting agencies in accordance with 31 U.S.C. 3711(f) and...

  18. 77 FR 70105 - Delayed Implementation of Certain New Mortgage Disclosures

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-11-23

    ...The Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (Bureau) is amending Regulation Z (Truth in Lending) to, in effect, delay implementation of certain new mortgage disclosure requirements in title XIV of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act that would otherwise take effect on January 21, 2013. Instead, to avoid potential consumer confusion and reduce compliance burden for industry, the Bureau plans to implement these disclosures as part of the integrated mortgage disclosure forms proposed earlier this year, which combine certain disclosures that consumers receive in connection with applying for and closing on a mortgage loan under the Truth in Lending Act and the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act. Accordingly, this rulemaking exempts persons from complying with these mortgage disclosure requirements and provides that such exemptions are intended to last only until the integrated mortgage disclosure forms take effect.

  19. Transparency of Mandatory Information Disclosure and Concerns of Health Services Providers and Consumers.

    PubMed

    Yan, Yu-Hua; Kung, Chih-Ming; Fang, Shih-Chieh; Chen, Yi

    2017-01-09

    This study analyzed differences between transparency of information disclosure and related demands from the health service consumer's perspective. It also compared how health service providers and consumers are associated by different levels of mandatory information disclosure. We obtained our research data using a questionnaire survey (health services providers, n = 201; health service consumers, n = 384). Health service consumers do not have major concerns regarding mandatory information disclosure. However, they are concerned about complaint channels and settlement results, results of patient satisfaction surveys, and disclosure of hospital financial statements ( p < 0.001). We identified significant differences in health service providers' and consumers' awareness regarding the transparency of information disclosure ( p < 0.001). It may not be possible for outsiders to properly interpret the information provided by hospitals. Thus, when a hospital discloses information, it is necessary for the government to consider the information's applicability. Toward improving medical expertise and information asymmetry, the government has to reduce the burden among health service consumers in dealing with this information, and it has to use the information effectively.

  20. 14 CFR 234.11 - Disclosure to consumers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Disclosure to consumers. 234.11 Section 234.11 Aeronautics and Space OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (AVIATION PROCEEDINGS) ECONOMIC REGULATIONS AIRLINE SERVICE QUALITY PERFORMANCE REPORTS § 234.11 Disclosure to consumers. Link to...

  1. 12 CFR 205.7 - Initial disclosures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... TRANSFERS (REGULATION E) § 205.7 Initial disclosures. (a) Timing of disclosures. A financial institution shall make the disclosures required by this section at the time a consumer contracts for an electronic fund transfer service or before the first electronic fund transfer is made involving the consumer's...

  2. 12 CFR 205.7 - Initial disclosures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... TRANSFERS (REGULATION E) § 205.7 Initial disclosures. (a) Timing of disclosures. A financial institution shall make the disclosures required by this section at the time a consumer contracts for an electronic fund transfer service or before the first electronic fund transfer is made involving the consumer's...

  3. 14 CFR 298.30 - Public disclosure of policy on consumer protection.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Public disclosure of policy on consumer protection. 298.30 Section 298.30 Aeronautics and Space OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION... Limitations and Conditions on Exemptions and Operations § 298.30 Public disclosure of policy on consumer...

  4. Transparency of Mandatory Information Disclosure and Concerns of Health Services Providers and Consumers

    PubMed Central

    Yan, Yu-Hua; Kung, Chih-Ming; Fang, Shih-Chieh; Chen, Yi

    2017-01-01

    Background: This study analyzed differences between transparency of information disclosure and related demands from the health service consumer’s perspective. It also compared how health service providers and consumers are associated by different levels of mandatory information disclosure. Methods: We obtained our research data using a questionnaire survey (health services providers, n = 201; health service consumers, n = 384). Results: Health service consumers do not have major concerns regarding mandatory information disclosure. However, they are concerned about complaint channels and settlement results, results of patient satisfaction surveys, and disclosure of hospital financial statements (p < 0.001). We identified significant differences in health service providers’ and consumers’ awareness regarding the transparency of information disclosure (p < 0.001). Conclusions: It may not be possible for outsiders to properly interpret the information provided by hospitals. Thus, when a hospital discloses information, it is necessary for the government to consider the information’s applicability. Toward improving medical expertise and information asymmetry, the government has to reduce the burden among health service consumers in dealing with this information, and it has to use the information effectively. PMID:28075362

  5. Market Discrimination Against the Poor and the Impact of Consumer Disclosure Laws: The Used Car Industry. Discussion Paper No. 486-78.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    McNeil, Kenneth; And Others

    The poor pay more than the non-poor for similar products in many consumer goods markets. This disparity seems not to be addressed by consumer protection regulations like disclosure laws. Several lines of argument suggest that the poor will not benefit from disclosure regulation either because they lack the ability to use information effectively…

  6. 12 CFR 226.5 - General disclosure requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... conspicuously in writing, 7 in a form that the consumer may keep. 8 The disclosures required by this subpart may be provided to the consumer in electronic form, subject to compliance with the consumer consent and... to the consumer in electronic form without regard to the consumer consent or other provisions of the...

  7. Counseling Directory and Consumer's Guide: Implementing Professional Disclosure and Consumer Protection.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Swanson, John L.

    1979-01-01

    The publication of a "counseling directory" and "consumer's guide" is a new approach that can be used to respond to the current professional issues of professional disclosure and consumer protection. Reviews the purposes, format, and content of both the directory and guide. (Author)

  8. 12 CFR 1005.7 - Initial disclosures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... disclosures required by this section at the time a consumer contracts for an electronic fund transfer service or before the first electronic fund transfer is made involving the consumer's account. (b) Content of... Banks and Banking BUREAU OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFERS (REGULATION E...

  9. 77 FR 74625 - Policy To Encourage Trial Disclosure Programs; Information Collection

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-17

    ... BUREAU OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION 12 CFR Chapter X [Docket No. CFPB-2012-0046] Policy To Encourage Trial Disclosure Programs; Information Collection AGENCY: Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection... Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (Bureau) invites the general public and other Federal agencies to...

  10. 77 FR 74831 - Fair Credit Reporting Act Disclosures

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-18

    ... the FACT Act added a new Section 612(a) to the FCRA that gives consumers the right to request free... BUREAU OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION [Docket No. CFPB-2012-0047] Fair Credit Reporting Act Disclosures AGENCY: Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection. ACTION: Notice regarding charges for certain...

  11. 12 CFR 1070.43 - Disclosure of confidential information to law enforcement agencies and other government agencies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... confidentiality of the information disclosed; and (2) Disclose confidential consumer complaint information to a... CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION DISCLOSURE OF RECORDS AND INFORMATION Confidential Information § 1070.43... market for consumer financial products and services, provided that the agency shall first give written...

  12. 12 CFR 1070.43 - Disclosure of confidential information to law enforcement agencies and other government agencies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... confidentiality of the information disclosed; and (2) Disclose confidential consumer complaint information to a... CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION DISCLOSURE OF RECORDS AND INFORMATION Confidential Information § 1070.43... market for consumer financial products and services, provided that the agency shall first give written...

  13. 12 CFR 1070.43 - Disclosure of confidential information to law enforcement agencies and other government agencies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... confidentiality of the information disclosed; and (2) Disclose confidential consumer complaint information to a... CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION DISCLOSURE OF RECORDS AND INFORMATION Confidential Information § 1070.43... market for consumer financial products and services, provided that the agency shall first give written...

  14. 12 CFR 226.31 - General rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... shall furnish the disclosures required by § 226.32 at least three business days prior to consummation of... disclosures inaccurate, new disclosures shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of this subpart. (ii) Telephone disclosures. A creditor may provide new disclosures by telephone if the consumer...

  15. 12 CFR 1022.136 - Centralized source for requesting annual file disclosures from nationwide consumer reporting...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ..., dedicated toll-free telephone number; and (iii) Mail directed to a single address; (2) Be designed, funded... Web site or telephone number for ordering free annual credit reports as required by Federal law; and... the file disclosure is delivered to the consumer through the Internet, and the nationwide consumer...

  16. 12 CFR 1022.136 - Centralized source for requesting annual file disclosures from nationwide consumer reporting...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ..., dedicated toll-free telephone number; and (iii) Mail directed to a single address; (2) Be designed, funded... Web site or telephone number for ordering free annual credit reports as required by Federal law; and... the file disclosure is delivered to the consumer through the Internet, and the nationwide consumer...

  17. 12 CFR 1022.136 - Centralized source for requesting annual file disclosures from nationwide consumer reporting...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ..., dedicated toll-free telephone number; and (iii) Mail directed to a single address; (2) Be designed, funded... Web site or telephone number for ordering free annual credit reports as required by Federal law; and... the file disclosure is delivered to the consumer through the Internet, and the nationwide consumer...

  18. FINANCIAL PRIVACY: Status of State Actions on Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act’s Privacy Provisions

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2002-04-01

    initial notice) to the consumer . In addition, for consumers who become customers of a financial institution, the institution must furnish the privacy...a financial product or service that is to be used primarily for personal, family, or household purposes. A customer is a consumer who has established...service customer accounts. The other set of exceptions includes disclosures authorized by the consumer , disclosures to the consumer’s authorized

  19. 77 FR 61513 - Information Disclosure Under Section 6(b) of the Consumer Product Safety Act

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-10

    ... CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION 16 CFR Part 1101 Information Disclosure Under Section 6(b) of the Consumer Product Safety Act CFR Correction 0 In Title 16 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1000 to End, revised as of January 1, 2012, on page 147, in Sec. 1101.25 (a) and (b), the words ``5...

  20. 14 CFR 234.11 - Disclosure to consumers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    .... (b) For each domestic flight for which schedule information is available on its Web site, including domestic code-share flights, a reporting carrier shall display the following information regarding the...) ECONOMIC REGULATIONS AIRLINE SERVICE QUALITY PERFORMANCE REPORTS § 234.11 Disclosure to consumers. (a...

  1. 14 CFR 234.11 - Disclosure to consumers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    .... (b) For each domestic flight for which schedule information is available on its Web site, including domestic code-share flights, a reporting carrier shall display the following information regarding the...) ECONOMIC REGULATIONS AIRLINE SERVICE QUALITY PERFORMANCE REPORTS § 234.11 Disclosure to consumers. (a...

  2. 14 CFR 234.11 - Disclosure to consumers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    .... (b) For each domestic flight for which schedule information is available on its Web site, including domestic code-share flights, a reporting carrier shall display the following information regarding the...) ECONOMIC REGULATIONS AIRLINE SERVICE QUALITY PERFORMANCE REPORTS § 234.11 Disclosure to consumers. (a...

  3. 14 CFR 234.11 - Disclosure to consumers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    .... (b) For each domestic flight for which schedule information is available on its Web site, including domestic code-share flights, a reporting carrier shall display the following information regarding the...) ECONOMIC REGULATIONS AIRLINE SERVICE QUALITY PERFORMANCE REPORTS § 234.11 Disclosure to consumers. (a...

  4. 12 CFR 226.27 - Language of disclosures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... this regulation may be made in a language other than English, provided that the disclosures are made available in English upon the consumer's request. This requirement for providing English disclosures on...

  5. Visual gut punch: persuasion, emotion, and the constitutional meaning of graphic disclosure.

    PubMed

    Goodman, Ellen P

    2014-01-01

    The ability of government to "nudge" with information mandates, or merely to inform consumers of risks, is circumscribed by First Amendment interests that have been poorly articulated. New graphic cigarette warning labels supplied courts with the first opportunity to assess the informational interests attending novel forms of product disclosures. The D.C. Circuit enjoined them as unconstitutional, compelled by a narrative that the graphic labels converted government from objective informer to ideological persuader, shouting its warning to manipulate consumer decisions. This interpretation will leave little room for graphic disclosure and is already being used to challenge textual disclosure requirements (such as county-of-origin labeling) as unconstitutional. Graphic warning and the increasing reliance on regulation-by-disclosure present new free speech quandaries related to consumer autonomy, state normativity, and speaker liberty. This Article examines the distinct goals of product disclosure requirements and how those goals may serve to vindicate, or to frustrate, listener interests. I argue that many disclosures, and especially warnings, are necessarily both normative and informative, expressing value along with fact. It is not the existence of a norm that raises constitutional concern but rather the insistence on a controversial norm. Turning to the means of disclosure, this Article examines how emotional and graphic communication might change the constitutional calculus. Using autonomy theory and the communications research on speech processing, I conclude that disclosures do not bypass reason simply by reaching for the heart. If large graphic labels are unconstitutional, it will be because of undue burden on the speaker, not because they are emotionally powerful. This Article makes the following distinct contributions to the compelled commercial speech literature: critiques the leading precedent, Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel, from a consumer autonomy standpoint; brings to bear empirical communications research on questions of facticity and rationality in emotional and graphic communications; and teases apart and distinguishes among various free speech dangers and contributions of commercial disclosure mandates with a view towards informing policy, law, and research.

  6. 12 CFR 226.39 - Mortgage transfer disclosures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... to the loan or it is assigned to the servicer solely for the administrative convenience of the servicer in servicing the obligation. (2) A “mortgage loan” means any consumer credit transaction that is secured by the principal dwelling of a consumer. (b) Disclosure required. Except as provided in paragraph...

  7. 16 CFR 610.2 - Centralized source for requesting annual file disclosures from nationwide consumer reporting...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION THE FAIR CREDIT REPORTING ACT FREE ANNUAL FILE DISCLOSURES § 610.2 Centralized... request methods, at the consumers' option: (i) A single, dedicated Internet website, (ii) A single, dedicated toll-free telephone number; and (iii) Mail directed to a single address; (2) Be designed, funded...

  8. 16 CFR 610.2 - Centralized source for requesting annual file disclosures from nationwide consumer reporting...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION THE FAIR CREDIT REPORTING ACT FREE ANNUAL FILE DISCLOSURES § 610.2 Centralized... request methods, at the consumers' option: (i) A single, dedicated Internet website, (ii) A single, dedicated toll-free telephone number; and (iii) Mail directed to a single address; (2) Be designed, funded...

  9. 78 FR 79729 - Integrated Mortgage Disclosures Under the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (Regulation X...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-31

    ...-scale quantitative validation study of its integrated disclosures with 858 consumers, which concluded.../consumer-financial-protection-bureau-proposes-know-before-you-owe-mortgage-forms/ ; see also Blog post, U.S.... After additional study, the Bureau may propose rules on either or both topics. The Bureau also decided...

  10. 12 CFR 716.6 - Information to be included in privacy notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... that you make disclosures to other nonaffiliated companies: (1) For your everyday business purposes... request the notice; or (ii) For a consumer who conducts business in person at your office, maintain copies of the notice on hand that you provide to a consumer immediately upon request. (d) Future disclosures...

  11. The Drift toward Problem Behavior during the Transition to Adolescence: The Contributions of Youth Disclosure, Parenting, and Older Siblings.

    PubMed

    Low, Sabina; Snyder, James; Shortt, Joann Wu

    2012-03-01

    Prospective associations of mothers' parenting processes, youth disclosure and youth problem behavior were examined in a longitudinal design following 244 adolescent sibling dyads over a three year period. For both siblings, authoritative parenting was positively associated with youth disclosure and negatively related to problem behavior, and coercive parenting was negatively associated with youth disclosure and positively related to problem behavior. When the influence of older sibling problem behavior on younger sibling problem behavior was modeled, younger sibling disclosure accounted for the relationship of maternal parenting processes to problem behavior. Findings indicate the important role of sibling influence in the development of problem behavior, contextualizing the relative roles of maternal parenting and youth disclosure in the transmission of risk.

  12. The Drift toward Problem Behavior during the Transition to Adolescence: The Contributions of Youth Disclosure, Parenting, and Older Siblings

    PubMed Central

    Low, Sabina; Snyder, James; Shortt, Joann Wu

    2013-01-01

    Prospective associations of mothers’ parenting processes, youth disclosure and youth problem behavior were examined in a longitudinal design following 244 adolescent sibling dyads over a three year period. For both siblings, authoritative parenting was positively associated with youth disclosure and negatively related to problem behavior, and coercive parenting was negatively associated with youth disclosure and positively related to problem behavior. When the influence of older sibling problem behavior on younger sibling problem behavior was modeled, younger sibling disclosure accounted for the relationship of maternal parenting processes to problem behavior. Findings indicate the important role of sibling influence in the development of problem behavior, contextualizing the relative roles of maternal parenting and youth disclosure in the transmission of risk. PMID:23667299

  13. 75 FR 73947 - Securities of Nonmember Insured Banks

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-30

    ..., DC, and should be addressed as follows: Accounting and Securities Disclosure Section, Division of..., Accounting and Securities Disclosure Section, Division of Supervision and Consumer Protection, 550 17th... comment. SUMMARY: The FDIC is revising its securities disclosure regulations applicable to state nonmember...

  14. Japanese Family and Consumer Sciences Teachers' Lived Experiences: Self-Disclosure in the Classroom

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Katadae, Ayako

    2008-01-01

    The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the lived experiences of Japanese family and consumer sciences teachers' self-disclosure in the classroom. Twelve secondary school teachers were interviewed, beginning with this primary question, "Think about a specific time and space when you self-disclosed in the classroom. Would you…

  15. Do Data Breach Disclosure Laws Reduce Identity Theft?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Romanosky, Sasha; Telang, Rahul; Acquisti, Alessandro

    2011-01-01

    In the United States, identity theft resulted in corporate and consumer losses of $56 billion dollars in 2005, with up to 35 percent of known identity thefts caused by corporate data breaches. Many states have responded by adopting data breach disclosure laws that require firms to notify consumers if their personal information has been lost or…

  16. 12 CFR 230.3 - General disclosure requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 230.3 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM (CONTINUED) BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM TRUTH IN SAVINGS (REGULATION DD) § 230.3 General disclosure requirements. (a) Form. Depository... the consumer and the depository institution. Disclosures may be made in languages other than English...

  17. 12 CFR 229.18 - Additional disclosure requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... RESERVE SYSTEM AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS AND COLLECTION OF CHECKS (REGULATION CC) Availability of Funds and Disclosure of Funds Availability Policies § 229.18 Additional disclosure requirements. (a) Deposit slips. A... consumer accounts a notice that sets forth the time periods applicable to the availability of funds...

  18. 12 CFR 229.18 - Additional disclosure requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... RESERVE SYSTEM AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS AND COLLECTION OF CHECKS (REGULATION CC) Availability of Funds and Disclosure of Funds Availability Policies § 229.18 Additional disclosure requirements. (a) Deposit slips. A... consumer accounts a notice that sets forth the time periods applicable to the availability of funds...

  19. Mental illness stigma and disclosure: consequences of coming out of the closet.

    PubMed

    Bos, Arjan E R; Kanner, Daphne; Muris, Peter; Janssen, Birgit; Mayer, Birgit

    2009-08-01

    The present study investigated disclosure patterns among mental health consumers (N = 500) and examined the relationships among disclosure, perceived stigmatization, perceived social support, and self-esteem. Results suggest that selective disclosure optimizes social support and limits stigmatization. Perceived stigmatization has a detrimental impact on self-esteem, especially for those who are relatively open about their mental disorder.

  20. Diminishing self-disclosure to maintain security in partners' care.

    PubMed

    Lemay, Edward P; Melville, Michael C

    2014-01-01

    Six studies demonstrate that perceivers' desire to bond with targets motivates perceivers to misconstrue their own self-disclosure in ways that maintain perceivers' security in targets' care and commitment. Perceivers who strongly valued relationships with targets reported high levels of global self-disclosure, consistent with many findings suggesting salutary effects of disclosure. However, these same perceivers reported low self-disclosure of needs and desires in hypothetical (Study 1) and actual (Study 2) situations characterized by targets' unresponsive behavior. Similarly, in daily report (Study 3) and behavioral observation (Study 4) studies, perceivers who valued relationships with targets perceived high levels of self-disclosure when targets were responsive, but they perceived low self-disclosure when targets were unresponsive, and these perceptions seemed partly illusory. In turn, these perceptions of low self-disclosure in situations characterized by partners' unresponsive behavior predicted decreased perceptions of diagnosticity of targets' behavior (Studies 1-3) and buffered the negative affective and interpersonal effects of unresponsive behavior (Study 4). Experimental manipulations (Studies 5 and 6) demonstrated the motivational nature of perceived self-disclosure. Collectively, the results suggest that a desire to bond with targets motivates perceivers to downplay the diagnosticity of targets' unresponsive behavior through diminishing their self-disclosure, in turn preserving perceivers' trust in targets' care and commitment.

  1. 77 FR 8721 - Home Mortgage Disclosure (Regulation C)

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-15

    ... Home Mortgage Disclosure (Regulation C) AGENCY: Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection. ACTION: Final... a final rule amending the official commentary that interprets the requirements of Regulation C (Home.... SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975, as amended (HMDA; 12 U.S.C. 2801 et seq...

  2. Priming states of mind can affect disclosure of threatening self-information: Effects of self-affirmation, mortality salience, and attachment orientations.

    PubMed

    Davis, Deborah; Soref, Assaf; Villalobos, J Guillermo; Mikulincer, Mario

    2016-08-01

    Interviewers often face respondents reluctant to disclose sensitive, embarrassing or potentially damaging information. We explored effects of priming 5 states of mind on willingness to disclose: including 2 expected to facilitate disclosure (self-affirmation, attachment security), and 3 expected to inhibit disclosure (self-disaffirmation, attachment insecurity, mortality salience). Israeli Jewish participants completed a survey including a manipulation of 1 of these states of mind, followed by questions concerning hostile thoughts and behaviors toward the Israeli Arab outgroup, past minor criminal behaviors, and socially undesirable traits and behaviors. Self-affirmation led to more disclosures of all undesirable behaviors than neutral priming, whereas self-disaffirmation led to less disclosures. Mortality salience led to fewer disclosures of socially undesirable and criminal behaviors compared to neutral priming, but more disclosures of hostile thoughts and behaviors toward Israeli Arabs. Security priming facilitated disclosure of hostile attitudes toward Israeli Arabs. However, neither security nor insecurity priming had any other significant effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).

  3. 12 CFR 213.3 - General disclosure requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... consumer consent and other applicable provisions of the Electronic Signatures in Global and National... model form in appendix A of this part. (3) Timing of disclosures. A lessor shall provide the disclosures... scheduled payments may be different because a scheduled date is not a business day; (3) That months have...

  4. 12 CFR 213.3 - General disclosure requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... consumer consent and other applicable provisions of the Electronic Signatures in Global and National... model form in appendix A of this part. (3) Timing of disclosures. A lessor shall provide the disclosures... scheduled payments may be different because a scheduled date is not a business day; (3) That months have...

  5. 76 FR 78465 - Home Mortgage Disclosure (Regulation C)

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-19

    ... 44 U.S.C. 1510. #0; #0;The Code of Federal Regulations is sold by the Superintendent of Documents. #0... Mortgage Disclosure (Regulation C) AGENCY: Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection. ACTION: Interim final... a new Regulation C (Home Mortgage Disclosure). This interim final rule does not impose any new...

  6. Serious and actionable risks, plus disclosure: Investigating an alternative approach for presenting risk information in prescription drug television advertisements.

    PubMed

    Betts, Kevin R; Boudewyns, Vanessa; Aikin, Kathryn J; Squire, Claudia; Dolina, Suzanne; Hayes, Jennifer J; Southwell, Brian G

    2017-08-02

    Broadcast direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescription drug ads that present product claims are required to also present the product's major risks. Debate exists regarding how much information should be included in these major risk statements. Some argue that such statements expose people to unnecessary amounts of information, while others argue that they leave out important information. Examine the impact of type of risk statement (unedited versus serious and actionable risks only) and a disclosure indicating that not all risks are presented on consumers' ability to remember the important risks and benefits of a drug following exposure to a DTC television advertisement (ad). Risk and benefit perceptions, ad-prompted actions, recognition of the disclosure statement, and evaluations of both the disclosure and risk statement were also examined. A web-based experiment was conducted in which US adults who self-reported as having depression (N = 500), insomnia (N = 500), or high cholesterol (N = 500) were randomly assigned to view one of four versions of the television ad, and then complete a questionnaire. The type of risk statement had a significant effect on risk recall and recognition, benefit recognition, perceived risk severity (depression condition only), and perceived benefit magnitude (high cholesterol condition only). Disclosure recognition (using bias-corrected scores) ranged from 63% to 70% across the three illness samples. The revised risk statement improved overall processing of the television ad, as evidenced by improved risk recall and recognition and improved benefit recognition. Further, the presence of the disclosure did not adversely affect consumers' processing of drug risk and benefit information. Therefore, limiting the risks presented in DTC television ads and including a disclosure alerting consumers that not all risks are presented may be an effective strategy for communicating product risks. Published by Elsevier Inc.

  7. 24 CFR 3286.7 - Consumer information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 24 Housing and Urban Development 5 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Consumer information. 3286.7... Requirements § 3286.7 Consumer information. (a) Manufacturer's consumer manual. In each consumer manual... manufactured home, the retailer must provide the purchaser or lessee with a consumer disclosure. This...

  8. Parenting and adolescent problem behavior: an integrated model with adolescent self-disclosure and perceived parental knowledge as intervening variables.

    PubMed

    Soenens, Bart; Vansteenkiste, Maarten; Luyckx, Koen; Goossens, Luc

    2006-03-01

    Parental monitoring, assessed as (perceived) parental knowledge of the child's behavior, has been established as a consistent predictor of problem behavior. However, recent research indicates that parental knowledge has more to do with adolescents' self-disclosure than with parents' active monitoring. Although these findings may suggest that parents exert little influence on adolescents' problem behavior, the authors argue that this conclusion is premature, because self-disclosure may in itself be influenced by parents' rearing style. This study (a) examined relations between parenting dimensions and self-disclosure and (b) compared 3 models describing the relations among parenting, self-disclosure, perceived parental knowledge, and problem behavior. Results in a sample of 10th- to 12th-grade students, their parents, and their peers demonstrated that high responsiveness, high behavioral control, and low psychological control are independent predictors of self-disclosure. In addition, structural equation modeling analyses demonstrated that parenting is both indirectly (through self-disclosure) and directly associated with perceived parental knowledge but is not directly related to problem behavior or affiliation with peers engaging in problem behavior. Copyright (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved.

  9. 77 FR 51115 - Integrated Mortgage Disclosures Under the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (Regulation X...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-23

    ... accomplish this, the Bureau has engaged in extensive consumer and industry research and public outreach for... rule on small businesses. The first new form (the Loan Estimate) is designed to provide disclosures... they submit a loan application. The second form (the Closing Disclosure) is designed to provide...

  10. 16 CFR 610.2 - Centralized source for requesting annual file disclosures from nationwide consumer reporting...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... provide a consumer report to a third party relating to a consumer, regardless of whether the consumer report is owned by that nationwide consumer reporting agency or by an associated consumer reporting... agency for the purpose of providing consumer reports, provided that the nationwide consumer reporting...

  11. 16 CFR 610.1 - Definitions and rule of construction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... agencies. (3) Consumer means an individual. (4) Consumer report has the meaning provided in section 603(d... file disclosure that is provided to a consumer, upon consumer request and without charge, once in any...(a). (2) Associated consumer reporting agency means a consumer reporting agency that owns or...

  12. The relationship between self-injurious behavior and self-disclosure in adolescents with eating disorders.

    PubMed

    Klomek, Anat Brunstein; Lev-Wiesel, Rachel; Shellac, Evia; Hadas, Arik; Berger, Uri; Horwitz, Mira; Fennig, Silvana

    2015-03-01

    The aim of the current study is to examine the association between self disclosure and self-injurious behaviors among adolescent patients diagnosed with an eating disorder. Sixty three female patients who fulfilled the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria of eating disorders were included (i.e. anorexia, bulimia, binge eating disorder and eating disorders not otherwise specified). Participants' age ranged from 11.5 to 20 years (M = 15.42, SD = 1.82). Participants completed self- report questionnaires about eating disorders, self-disclosure, self-injurious behaviors (FASM) and depression (BDI-II) RESULTS: 82.5% of the sample endorsed severe self-injurious behaviors. A moderate negative relationship was found between general disclosure to parents and self-injurious behaviors indicating that patients who generally self-disclose to their parents (on different topics, apart from suicidal ideation) engage less frequently in self-injurious behaviors. In addition, the more patients self-disclose their suicidal ideation to others, the more they tend to self-injure. Self-disclosure to parents on any topic may buffer against self-injurious behaviors and therefore it is important to work with adolescents suffering from eating disorders on effective self disclosure. In addition, self-disclosure about suicidal ideation to others by adolescents suffering from eating disorders should always be taken seriously, since it may be related to self-injurious behaviors.

  13. "Bringing a Butter Knife to a Gun Fight"? Salience, Disclosure, and FDA's Differing Approaches to the Tobacco Use and Obesity Epidemics.

    PubMed

    Weimholt, Josef

    2015-01-01

    One might expect--given the vastly different look, feel, and function of the ubiquitous (and innocuous) Nutrition Facts panel and the "inflammatory" graphic warning labels for cigarettes--that the statutes establishing such disclosure requirements would exhibit similar disparities. In fact, the relevant provisions of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 and the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 are. quite analogous. Like other mandated disclosures, the nutrition label and the cigarette. graphic warnings seek to simultaneously inform and influence consumer decisions. Both statutes grant FDA considerable discretion in.the implementation of the labeling requirements, generally allowing the agency to alter the format and content of the labels as necessary to promote the statutory goals. Thus, the differences in the nutrition and cigarette warning labels are not the product of the statutory schemes alone; rather, they reflect important differences in FDA's interpretation and prioritization of the dual regulatory goals, and in the agency's implicit or explicit assumptions about human behavior.

  14. 47 CFR 15.216 - Disclosure requirements for wireless microphones and other low power auxiliary stations capable...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ...) Any person who manufactures, sells, leases, or offers for sale or lease, low power auxiliary stations... following disclosure requirements: (1) Such persons must display the consumer disclosure text, as specified... or lease and clearly associated with the model to which it pertains. (2) If such persons offer such...

  15. Disclosure and Fit Capability of the Filtering Facepiece Respirator.

    PubMed

    Lofgren, Don J

    2018-05-01

    The filtering facepiece air-purifying respirator is annually purchased in the tens of millions and widely used for worker protection from harmful airborne particulates. The workplace consumers of this safety product, i.e., employers, workers, and safety and health professionals, have assurances of its effectiveness through the respirator certification and disclosure requirements of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. However, the certification of a critical performance requirement has been missing for the approved filtering facepiece respirator since 1995: fit capability. Without this certification, consumers continue to be at risk of purchasing a respirator model that may fit a small percentage of the intended users. This commentary updates and expands an earlier one by this author, addresses the consequences of poorly fitting certified models on the market and lack of disclosure, and calls for further action by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to meet the needs and expectations of the consumer.

  16. A study of material composition disclosure practices in green footwear products.

    PubMed

    Jacques, Jocelise J; Guimarães, Lia B M

    2012-01-01

    This work is based on the study of pioneering sustainable product development initiatives, and the analysis was guided by the cradle-to-cradle concept, which sees the waste of a given process as raw material for another, just like it happens in nature. Several studies on human factors have focused on factory conditions and workers dealing with product assembly. This research, however, relates more to consumer behavior, product use and end-of-life. The purchase of more environmentally- friendly products, in particular, is heavily influenced by the information made available by the companies. In this scenario, this article discusses three early but notable efforts on green product development, focusing on the disclosure practices adopted by the companies regarding the composition of their products. Research and data collection has focused on the footwear industry, whose products satisfy a basic human need and are ubiquitous worldwide. The use of hazardous materials and chemicals in shoe manufacturing, particularly the use of chromium - a highly toxic element - in addition to toxic solvents and adhesives and non-recyclable synthetic materials can pose serious risks to human health and the environment, even though the consumer usually is not aware of all the relevant characteristics of this kind of product.

  17. An Experimental Test of the Roles of Audience Involvement and Message Frame in Shaping Public Reactions to Celebrity Illness Disclosures.

    PubMed

    Myrick, Jessica Gall

    2018-04-13

    Much research has investigated what happens when celebrities disclose an illness (via media) to the public. While audience involvement (i.e., identification and parasocial relationships) is often the proposed mechanism linking illness disclosures with audience behavior change, survey designs have prevented researchers from understanding if audience involvement prior to the illness disclosure actually predicts post-disclosure emotions, cognitions, and behaviors. Rooted in previous work on audience involvement as well as the Extended Parallel Process Model, the present study uses a national online experiment (N = 1,068) to test how pre-disclosure audience involvement may initiate post-disclosure effects for the message context of skin cancer. The data demonstrate that pre-disclosure audience involvement as well as the celebrity's framing of the disclosure can shape emotional responses (i.e., fear and hope), and that cognitive perceptions of the illness itself also influence behavioral intentions.

  18. Exploring the “Bisexual Bridge”: A Qualitative Study of Risk Behavior and Disclosure of Same-Sex Behavior Among Black Bisexual Men

    PubMed Central

    Arriola, Kimberly Jacob; Jenkins, Tyrrell R.; Dauria, Emily; Patel, Shilpa N.

    2010-01-01

    Objectives. We explored factors influencing sexual behavior, disclosure of same-sex behavior, and condom-use practices among Black bisexual men. Methods. We conducted semistructured interviews with 38 Black men in Atlanta, Georgia, who reported having had oral, vaginal, or anal sex with both men and women in the prior 6 months. Results. Participants described approaches to disclosure of same-sex behavior as part of a complex decisional balance influenced by both situational and individual factors and ranging from full disclosure to total secrecy. Influences on sexual behavior and condom-use practices included: (1) type of relationship, (2) gender-specific considerations, (3) perceptions of comfort or trust, and (4) fear of disease or pregnancy. Conclusions. Disclosure of same-sex behavior was not a major influence on the sexual behavior and condom-use practices of the Black bisexual men in our study, who demonstrated heterogeneity in approaches to sexual behavior, disclosure of same-sex behavior, and condom-use practices. Additional research is needed to assess the social determinants of sexual risk for this population. Future HIV-prevention efforts should include initiatives to encourage accuracy in risk assessment and in taking sexual histories in clinical settings. PMID:19910348

  19. 75 FR 9126 - Truth in Savings

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-01

    ... depository institutions' disclosure practices related to overdraft services, including balances disclosed to... institutions' disclosure practices related to overdraft services, including balances disclosed to consumers... daily or sustained overdraft, negative balance, or similar fees or charges imposed by the institution...

  20. 12 CFR 205.4 - General disclosure requirements; jointly offered services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Commerce Act (E-Sign Act)(15 U.S.C. 7001 et seq.). A financial institution may use commonly accepted or... combine the required disclosures into a single statement for a consumer who holds more than one account at... imposes on any or all of them. An institution need make only the disclosures required by §§ 205.7 and 205...

  1. An Analysis of College Students' Self-Disclosure Behaviors on the Internet

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Punyanunt-Carter, Narissra Maria

    2006-01-01

    Four hundred and ninety-two undergraduate students at a large Midwestern university completed a 35 item questionnaire designed to assess self-disclosure behaviors on the Internet. Findings revealed that males and females have different perceptions about their self-disclosure behaviors on the Internet. In addition, findings showed that college…

  2. Young Men's Disclosure of Same Sex Behaviors to Healthcare Providers and the Impact on Health: Results from a US National Sample of Young Men Who Have Sex with Men.

    PubMed

    Stupiansky, Nathan W; Liau, Adrian; Rosenberger, Joshua; Rosenthal, Susan L; Tu, Wanzhu; Xiao, Shan; Fontenot, Holly; Zimet, Gregory D

    2017-08-01

    Many men who have sex with men (MSM) do not disclose their same sex behaviors to healthcare providers (HCPs). We used a series of logistic regression models to explore a conceptual framework that first identified predictors of disclosure to HCPs among young MSM (YMSM), and subsequently examined young men's disclosure of male-male sexual behaviors to HCPs as a mediator between sociodemographic and behavioral factors and three distinct health outcomes [HIV testing, sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing, and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination]. We determined the predictors of disclosure to HCPs among YMSM and examined the relationship between disclosure and the receipt of appropriate healthcare services. Data were collected online through a US national sample of 1750 YMSM (ages 18-29 years) using a social and sexual networking website for MSM. Sexual history, STI/HIV screening history, sexual health, and patient-provider communication were analyzed in the logistic regression models. Participants were predominantly white (75.2%) and gay/homosexual (76.7%) with at least some college education (82.7%). Young men's disclosure of male-male sexual behaviors to HCPs was associated with the receipt of all healthcare outcomes in our model. Disclosure was a stronger mediator in HPV vaccination than in HIV and STI testing. Disclosure to non-HCP friends and family, HCP visit in the past year, and previous STI diagnosis were the strongest predictors of disclosure. Young men's disclosure of male-male sexual behaviors to HCPs is integral to the receipt of appropriate healthcare services among YMSM. HPV vaccination is more dependent on provider-level interaction with patients than HIV/STI testing.

  3. 49 CFR 89.29 - Disclosure to commercial credit bureaus and consumer reporting agencies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... consumer reporting agencies. 89.29 Section 89.29 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation... bureaus and consumer reporting agencies. (a) Data on all delinquent commercial and consumer debts may be reported to commercial credit bureaus and consumer reporting agencies (see 31 U.S.C. 3701(a)(3)). Sixty...

  4. Do Smartphone Power Users Protect Mobile Privacy Better than Nonpower Users? Exploring Power Usage as a Factor in Mobile Privacy Protection and Disclosure.

    PubMed

    Kang, Hyunjin; Shin, Wonsun

    2016-03-01

    This study examines how consumers' competence at using smartphone technology (i.e., power usage) affects their privacy protection behaviors. A survey conducted with smartphone users shows that power usage influences privacy protection behavior not only directly but also indirectly through privacy concerns and trust placed in mobile service providers. A follow-up experiment indicates that the effects of power usage on smartphone users' information management can be a function of content personalization. Users, high on power usage, are less likely to share personal information on personalized mobile sites, but they become more revealing when they interact with nonpersonalized mobile sites.

  5. 77 FR 33337 - Rule Concerning Disclosures Regarding Energy Consumption and Water Use of Certain Home Appliances...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-06

    ...The Commission seeks comment on proposed disclosures to help consumers, distributors, contractors, and installers easily determine whether a specific furnace or central air conditioner meets applicable Department of Energy regional efficiency standards.

  6. The Drift toward Problem Behavior during the Transition to Adolescence: The Contributions of Youth Disclosure, Parenting, and Older Siblings

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Low, Sabina; Snyder, James; Shortt, Joann Wu

    2012-01-01

    Prospective associations of mothers' parenting processes, youth disclosure, and youth problem behavior were examined in a longitudinal design following 244 adolescent sibling dyads over a 3-year period. For both siblings, authoritative parenting was positively associated with youth disclosure and was negatively related to problem behavior, and…

  7. Patient Organizations’ Funding from Pharmaceutical Companies: Is Disclosure Clear, Complete and Accessible to the Public? An Italian Survey

    PubMed Central

    Colombo, Cinzia; Mosconi, Paola; Villani, Walter; Garattini, Silvio

    2012-01-01

    Background Many patients’ and consumers’ organizations accept drug industry funding to support their activities. As drug companies and patient groups move closer, disclosure become essential for transparency, and the internet could be a useful means of making sponsorship information accessible to the public. This survey aims to assess the transparency of a large group of Italian patient and consumer groups and a group of pharmaceutical companies, focusing on their websites. Methodology/Principal Findings Patient and consumer groups were selected from those stated to be sponsored by a group of pharmaceutical companies on their websites. The websites were examined using two forms with principal (name of drug companies providing funds, amount of funding) and secondary indicators of transparency (section where sponsors are disclosed, update of sponsorship). Principal indicators were applied independently by two reviewers to the patient and consumer groups’ websites. Discordances were solved by discussion. One hundred fifty-seven Italian patient and consumer groups and 17 drug companies were considered. Thirteen drug companies (76%) named at least one group funded, on their Italian websites. Of these, four (31%) indicated the activities sponsored and two (15%) the amount of funding. Of the 157 patient and consumer groups, 46 (29%) named at least one pharmaceutical company as providing funds. Three (6%) reported the amount of funding, 25 (54%) the activities funded, none the proportion of income derived from drug companies. Among the groups naming pharmaceutical company sponsors, 15 (33%) declared them in a dedicated section, five (11%) on the home page, the others in the financial report or other sections. Conclusions/Significance Disclosure of funds is scarce on Italian patient and consumer groups’ websites. The levels of transparency need to be improved. Disclosure of patient and consumer groups provided with funds is frequent on Italian pharmaceutical companies’ websites, but information are often not complete. PMID:22590498

  8. 75 FR 63183 - Notice of Meeting of the Consumer Advisory Council

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-10-14

    ... in Lending Act, to enhance consumer protection and improve disclosures for reverse mortgage... FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM Notice of Meeting of the Consumer Advisory Council The Consumer Advisory..., will take place at the Federal Reserve Board's offices in Washington, DC, in Dining Room E on the...

  9. 76 FR 77230 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-12

    ... consumers in making informed purchasing decisions, and recordkeeping requirements that assist the Commission... Rules establish disclosure requirements that assist consumers in making informed purchasing decisions... consumers in making informed purchasing decisions, and recordkeeping requirements that assist the Commission...

  10. The Effects of Polyvictimization and Quality of Caregiver Attachment on Disclosure of Illegal Sexual Behavior.

    PubMed

    Harrelson, Megan E; Alexander, Apryl A; Morais, Hugo B; Burkhart, Barry R

    2017-07-01

    The current study examined the relationship among self-disclosure of illegal sexual behaviors and two conceptually relevant constructs in psychotherapy: childhood polyvictimization (i.e., cumulative types of victimization experienced during childhood) and caregiver attachment. Participants consisted of 63 adolescent males participating in mandated treatment for illegal sexual behavior. Childhood polyvictimization and caregiver attachment were expected to predict self-disclosure of illegal sexual behaviors. Quality of caregiver attachment was also expected to mediate the relationship between polyvictimization and disclosure. Consistent with our main hypothesis, results indicate that quality of caregiver attachment mediated the relationship between childhood polyvictimization and self-disclosure of illegal sexual behaviors in psychotherapy. The current findings highlight the impact of polyvictimization on important therapeutic processes as well as the importance of assessing for multiple types of victimization in adolescents who engage in illegal sexual behavior. Further clinical implications regarding the use of trauma-informed approaches during sex offender treatment are discussed.

  11. 77 FR 58983 - Notice of Telephonic Prehearing Conference

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-09-25

    ... CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION [CPSC Docket No. 12-1] Notice of Telephonic Prehearing Conference AGENCY: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: Notice of telephonic... standards, regulations, and consumer product safety rules; (11) Disclosure of the names of witnesses and of...

  12. 16 CFR 1101.61 - Generally.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Information Submitted Pursuant to Section 15... initial report to assist the Commission in its evaluation of the section 15 report. However, the...

  13. 16 CFR 610.3 - Streamlined process for requesting annual file disclosures from nationwide specialty consumer...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... and prominently posted on any website owned or maintained by the nationwide specialty consumer... by any additional available request methods; and (2) Be designed, funded, implemented, maintained... consumers request while the consumer is in the process of making a request; (B) For a website request method...

  14. 75 FR 72773 - Empowering Consumers to Avoid Bill Shock; Consumer Information and Disclosure

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-26

    ... require mobile service providers to provide usage alerts and information that will assist consumers in... proposes rules that would require mobile service providers to provide usage alerts, such as voice or text... consumers, including methods such as providing voice or text alerts. In addition, the Commission seeks...

  15. 16 CFR 610.3 - Streamlined process for requesting annual file disclosures from nationwide specialty consumer...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... and prominently posted on any website owned or maintained by the nationwide specialty consumer... by any additional available request methods; and (2) Be designed, funded, implemented, maintained... consumers request while the consumer is in the process of making a request; (B) For a website request method...

  16. 16 CFR 610.3 - Streamlined process for requesting annual file disclosures from nationwide specialty consumer...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... and prominently posted on any website owned or maintained by the nationwide specialty consumer... by any additional available request methods; and (2) Be designed, funded, implemented, maintained... consumers request while the consumer is in the process of making a request; (B) For a website request method...

  17. 12 CFR 229.57 - Consumer awareness.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Consumer awareness. 229.57 Section 229.57 Banks... AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS AND COLLECTION OF CHECKS (REGULATION CC) Substitute Checks § 229.57 Consumer awareness... (b) of this section, a brief disclosure to each of its consumer customers that describes— (1) That a...

  18. 16 CFR 700.3 - Written warranty.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... will not construe the Act to impede information disclosure in product advertising or labeling. 1 A... the consumer nor brought to the consumer's attention in connection with the sale. Such warranties are...

  19. 78 FR 2258 - Notice of Telephonic Prehearing Conference

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-01-10

    ... CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION [CPSC Docket No. 13-1] Notice of Telephonic Prehearing Conference AGENCY: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: Notice of telephonic..., regulations, and consumer product safety rules; (11) Disclosure of the names of witnesses and of documents or...

  20. 16 CFR 1101.61 - Generally.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Information Submitted Pursuant to Section 15...) if: (1) The Commission has issued a complaint under section 15 (c) or (d) of the CPSA alleging that...

  1. 16 CFR 1101.61 - Generally.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Information Submitted Pursuant to Section 15...) if: (1) The Commission has issued a complaint under section 15 (c) or (d) of the CPSA alleging that...

  2. 16 CFR 1101.61 - Generally.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Information Submitted Pursuant to Section 15...) if: (1) The Commission has issued a complaint under section 15 (c) or (d) of the CPSA alleging that...

  3. 16 CFR 1101.24 - Scope of comments Commission seeks.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Section 1101.24 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Procedure for... its evaluation of the accuracy of the information. A firm's submission, therefore, must be specific...

  4. 12 CFR 716.7 - Form of opt out notice to consumers and opt out methods.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... your consumers that accurately explains the right to opt out under that section. The notice must state... consumer to a nonaffiliated third party; (ii) That the consumer has the right to opt out of that disclosure; and (iii) A reasonable means by which the consumer may exercise the opt out right. (2) Examples. (i...

  5. 78 FR 21218 - Disclosure of Consumer Complaint Data

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-10

    ... customer service and alleviate problems up front by helping consumers avoid ``bad actors.'' They further... Wire Jan. 31, 2013, available at http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130131006068/en/Arc-Analyzes...

  6. 16 CFR 1101.21 - Form of notice and opportunity to comment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... other relevant information the Commission intends to include with the disclosure. If the Commission... information, including a request for explanatory data or other relevant information for the Commission's... ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Procedure...

  7. 75 FR 33806 - Proposed Agency Information Collection Activities; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-15

    ... with Regulation CC (Expedited Funds Availability Act (EFAA)). Agency form number: Reg CC. OMB control... response: Banks: Specific availability policy disclosure and initial disclosures, 1 minute; notice in... consumer deposits, 15 minutes; annual notice of new automated teller machines (ATMs), 5 hours; ATM changes...

  8. Sharing Experience Learned Firsthand (SELF): Self-disclosure of lived experience in mental health services and supports.

    PubMed

    Marino, Casadi Khaki; Child, Beckie; Campbell Krasinski, Vanessa

    2016-06-01

    Self-disclosure of lived experiences with mental health challenges is a central method for challenging stigma and promoting empowerment. Individuals are encouraged to share their stories yet little is known about the process of self-disclosure in this context. This article presents the results of an investigation of the role of lived experience in professional training and work. A mixed methods design was used in a sequential exploratory manner. A purposive sample of 35 individuals participated in interviews and focus groups. Based on their reports and a literature review, an anonymous online survey (N = 117) was developed and distributed through consumer networks and the SAMHSA funded Consumer Technical Assistance Centers. The qualitative data was subjected to thematic analysis. The survey data were statistically analyzed for differences in levels of disclosure and factors regarding risks, benefits, and guidance regarding self-disclosure. Participants valued their lived experience as a resource through which they could assist others and service delivery. Lived experience was foundational to building relationships with individuals in recovery. Disclosure was dependent on social context and perceptions of safety. Individuals expressed concerns regarding exclusion and discrimination. Project participants maintained that their lived experience was their greatest strengths in helping others. At the same time, decisions about disclosure were made in complex social contexts featuring power differentials. Sharing lived experience is essential to peer-delivered services and further exploration is needed to support service development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).

  9. 12 CFR 1005.5 - Issuance of access devices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... validation is not desired; (3) Accompanied by the disclosures required by § 1005.7, of the consumer's rights... to the consumer's oral or written request for validation, after the institution has verified the...

  10. Disclosure and Self-Efficacy Among HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Comparison Between Older and Younger Adults.

    PubMed

    Brown, Monique J; Serovich, Julianne M; Kimberly, Judy A; Umasabor-Bubu, Ogie

    2015-11-01

    Men who have sex with men (MSM) continue to be disproportionately affected by HIV in the US. HIV among older adults also continues to be an important public health problem. Age is associated with disclosure of HIV serostatus and self-efficacy for condom use. However, studies examining self-efficacy and disclosure among older MSM (age 50 and older) living with HIV are lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the associations between being 50 and older, and disclosure behaviors, intentions and attitudes, and self-efficacy for condom use, disclosure, and negotiation for safer sex practices among HIV-positive MSM. Data were gathered from 340 participants at the baseline assessment of a longitudinal disclosure intervention study. Linear regression was used to determine the association between being older (age 50 and older) and disclosure behaviors, intentions and attitudes, and self-efficacy for condom use, disclosure, and negotiation for safer sex practices. After adjusting for time since diagnosis and number of sexual partners, MSM aged 50 and older scored lower in disclosure behavior (β = -7.49; 95% CI: -14.8, -0.18) and in self-efficacy for negotiation of safer sex practices (β = -0.80; 95% CI: -1.57, -0.04) compared to MSM 18-34 years. Intervention and prevention programs should endeavor to improve disclosure and self-efficacy for negotiating safer sex practices among older HIV-positive MSM. More health care providers should initiate sexual health discussions, especially among older HIV-positive MSM populations, which may help to improve their disclosure behavior and self-efficacy for negotiating safer sex practices.

  11. Disclosure and Self-Efficacy Among HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Comparison Between Older and Younger Adults

    PubMed Central

    Serovich, Julianne M.; Kimberly, Judy A.; Umasabor-Bubu, Ogie

    2015-01-01

    Abstract Men who have sex with men (MSM) continue to be disproportionately affected by HIV in the US. HIV among older adults also continues to be an important public health problem. Age is associated with disclosure of HIV serostatus and self-efficacy for condom use. However, studies examining self-efficacy and disclosure among older MSM (age 50 and older) living with HIV are lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the associations between being 50 and older, and disclosure behaviors, intentions and attitudes, and self-efficacy for condom use, disclosure, and negotiation for safer sex practices among HIV-positive MSM. Data were gathered from 340 participants at the baseline assessment of a longitudinal disclosure intervention study. Linear regression was used to determine the association between being older (age 50 and older) and disclosure behaviors, intentions and attitudes, and self-efficacy for condom use, disclosure, and negotiation for safer sex practices. After adjusting for time since diagnosis and number of sexual partners, MSM aged 50 and older scored lower in disclosure behavior (β = −7.49; 95% CI: −14.8, −0.18) and in self-efficacy for negotiation of safer sex practices (β = −0.80; 95% CI: −1.57, −0.04) compared to MSM 18–34 years. Intervention and prevention programs should endeavor to improve disclosure and self-efficacy for negotiating safer sex practices among older HIV-positive MSM. More health care providers should initiate sexual health discussions, especially among older HIV-positive MSM populations, which may help to improve their disclosure behavior and self-efficacy for negotiating safer sex practices. PMID:26348705

  12. 78 FR 67847 - Debt Collection (Regulation F)

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-12

    ... disclosures to assist consumers in understanding the costs, benefits, and risks associated with consumer... to understand the costs, benefits, and risks associated with the product or service in light of the... communications about the risks, costs, and benefits of consumer financial products or services.'' \\40\\ The Bureau...

  13. 75 FR 80817 - Charges for Certain Disclosures

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-23

    ..., Bureau of Consumer Protection, 202-326-3208, or Keith B. Anderson, Bureau of Economics, Federal Trade... changes rounded to the nearest fifty cents. An amendment of this section by the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 \\2\\ provides that the newly-created Consumer Financial Protection Bureau will perform...

  14. 12 CFR 229.57 - Consumer awareness.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... customer relationship is initiated, for each customer relationship established after October 28, 2004. (2... (b) of this section, a brief disclosure to each of its consumer customers that describes— (1) That a... consumer customer who receives paid original checks or paid substitute checks with his or her periodic...

  15. 16 CFR § 1101.61 - Generally.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Information Submitted Pursuant to Section 15...) if: (1) The Commission has issued a complaint under section 15 (c) or (d) of the CPSA alleging that...

  16. 16 CFR 602.1 - Effective dates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... security number in a consumer report; (iv) Section 151(a)(1), concerning the summary of rights of identity..., concerning the prevention of repollution of consumer reports; (viii) Section 155, concerning notice by debt... consumers; (x) Section 212(a)-(d), concerning the disclosure of credit scores; (xi) Section 213(c...

  17. Disclosure appraisal mediating the association between perceived stigma and HIV disclosure to casual sex partners among HIV+ MSM: a path model analysis.

    PubMed

    Li, Haochu; Chen, Xinguang; Yu, Bin

    2016-01-01

    HIV stigma is widely believed to be related to HIV disclosure. However, there is a dearth of studies examining the mechanisms that link stigma to disclosure. This is a specific study to assess the relationship between perceived stigma and HIV disclosure to casual sex partners based on a social cognitive theory. HIV+ men who have sex with men (MSM) from two US cities (N = 297) completed questionnaires administered using audio computer-assisted self-interviewing. Path modeling analysis was used to assess the theory-based structural relationships. Perceived stigma was negatively associated with attitudes, intention and behavior of HIV disclosure to casual sex partners. The association was fully mediated by disclosure appraisal, including disclosure outcome expectations, costs and self-efficacy. Findings of this study add new knowledge regarding HIV stigma and disclosure, and provide timely data supporting more effective behavioral interventions to encourage HIV disclosure among MSM.

  18. Food and Drug Labeling and the Adult Reader.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    McKenna, Michael C.; Aker, Richard

    1978-01-01

    Full disclosure of ingredients on food, drugs, and cosmetic labels is really non-disclosure where the chemical formulation has no common name or where one generic name covers a variety of formations. The Food and Drug Administration offers suggestions for adult education programs in consumer awareness, understanding compound nomenclature, and…

  19. 12 CFR 1026.47 - Content of disclosures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... required to pay back the loan. (4) Cost estimates. An example of the total cost of the loan calculated as... school enrollment eligibility requirements relating to the consumer or cosigner. (6) Alternatives to... institution may have school-specific education loan benefits and terms not detailed on the disclosure form. (7...

  20. 12 CFR 1026.47 - Content of disclosures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... required to pay back the loan. (4) Cost estimates. An example of the total cost of the loan calculated as... school enrollment eligibility requirements relating to the consumer or cosigner. (6) Alternatives to... institution may have school-specific education loan benefits and terms not detailed on the disclosure form. (7...

  1. 12 CFR 1026.47 - Content of disclosures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... required to pay back the loan. (4) Cost estimates. An example of the total cost of the loan calculated as... school enrollment eligibility requirements relating to the consumer or cosigner. (6) Alternatives to... institution may have school-specific education loan benefits and terms not detailed on the disclosure form. (7...

  2. 38 CFR 1.916 - Disclosure of debt information to consumer reporting agencies (CRA).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... consumer report in order to assess an individuals ability to repay a debt when such individual has failed... for inclusion in consumer reports pertaining to the individual, or for the purpose of locating the... be reported to consumer reporting agencies after 30 days have elapsed from the date of the notice. (2...

  3. 16 CFR Appendix F to Part 698 - General Summary of Consumer Rights

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false General Summary of Consumer Rights F... FORMS AND DISCLOSURES Pt. 698, App. F Appendix F to Part 698—General Summary of Consumer Rights The... consumer. ER30NO04.002 ER30NO04.003 [69 FR 69787, Nov. 30, 2004] ...

  4. Early and Middle Adolescents' Disclosure to Parents about Activities in Different Domains

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Smetana, Judith G.; Villalobos, Myriam; Tasopoulos-Chan, Marina; Gettman, Denise C.; Campione-Barr, Nicole

    2009-01-01

    Disclosure, disclosure strategies, and justifications for nondisclosure for prudential, peer, multifaceted, and personal acts were assessed using a sorting task with 118 lower-middle class early and middle adolescents (Ms = 12.77 and 15.68 years). Adolescents were less involved in prudential than other behaviors, although prudential behavior was…

  5. 12 CFR 1026.1 - Authority, purpose, coverage, organization, enforcement, and liability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010, Title X of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer... contains the rules for open-end credit. It requires that account-opening disclosures and periodic...-secured) consumer credit plan during the first year after account opening. Section 1026.53 contains rules...

  6. 34 CFR 682.205 - Disclosure requirements for lenders.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... disbursement and the amount of the loan, will be reported to each nationwide consumer reporting agency; (x) An... will be reported to each nationwide consumer reporting agency, and statements that the borrower will be... the default will be reported to each nationwide consumer reporting agency. The Borrower's Rights and...

  7. Influence of Model's Race and Sex on Interviewees' Self-Disclosure.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Casciani, Joseph M.

    1978-01-01

    Examined how a model's personal characteristics and disclosure characteristics affect White interviewees' self-disclosures. Validity of Jourard's Self-Disclosure Questionnaire was investigated. Results showed that the model's race did not affect his/her behavior or ratings of models. Self-Disclosure Questionnaire showed subjects would disclose as…

  8. What's in a Name? The Case of Emotional Disclosure of Pain-Related Distress.

    PubMed

    Cano, Annmarie; Goubert, Liesbet

    2017-08-01

    Pain behavior plays a key role in many theoretical models of pain, with many of these models conceptualizing pain behaviors as potentially detrimental to patient functioning. We propose that a certain class of behaviors-talking to others about one's pain-related distress (ie, emotional disclosures of pain-related distress)-can be distinguished from other behaviors traditionally conceptualized as pain behaviors. Emotional disclosures of pain-related distress include verbally disclosing one's anger, sadness, or worry about the pain and its effects to another person. In this article, conceptual and empirical evidence is offered to indicate that these verbal behaviors are distinct from other pain behaviors such as bodily expressions and motions, facial expressions, pain ratings, and paraverbal expressions. Emotion and relationships models are also applied to assert that disclosures of pain-related distress may have functions that are not shared with other pain behaviors. In addition to an expanded conceptualization of these verbal expressions of distress about pain, further directions are provided to spur new research as well as clinical recommendations concerning appropriate responses to these behaviors. This article offers an expanded conceptualization of one type of pain behavior-emotional disclosure of pain-related distress-by showing the theoretical and empirical distinctions between this behavior and other pain behaviors. This perspective may enhance clinical work and research aimed at identifying adaptive responses to these behaviors to improve pain adjustment. Copyright © 2017 American Pain Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  9. HIV Disclosure and Sexual Transmission Behaviors among an Internet Sample of HIV-positive Men Who Have Sex with Men in Asia: Implications for Prevention with Positives

    PubMed Central

    Wei, Chongyi; Lim, Sin How; Guadamuz, Thomas E.; Koe, Stuart

    2012-01-01

    The relationship between HIV disclosure and sexual transmission behaviors, and factors that influence disclosure are unknown among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in Asia. We describe disclosure practices and sexual transmission behaviors, and correlates of disclosure among this group of MSM in Asia. A cross-sectional multi-country online survey was conducted among 416 HIV-positive MSM. Data on disclosure status, HIV-related risk behaviors, disease status, and other characteristics were collected. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify significant correlates of disclosure. Only 7.0% reported having disclosed their HIV status to all partners while 67.3% did not disclose to any. The majority (86.5%) of non-disclosing participants had multiple partners and unprotected insertive or receptive anal intercourse with their partners (67.5%). Non-disclosure was significantly associated with non-disclosure from partners (AOR = 37.13, 95% CI: 17.22, 80.07), having casual partners only (AOR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.03, 3.53), drug use before sex on a weekly basis (AOR: 6.48, 95% CI: 0.99, 42.50), being diagnosed with HIV between 1–5 years ago (AOR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.05, 4.74), and not knowing one’s viral load (AOR = 2.80, 95% CI: 1.00, 7.83). Given the high HIV prevalence and incidence among MSM in Asia, it is imperative to include Prevention with Positives for MSM. Interventions on disclosure should not solely focus on HIV-positive men but also need to include their sexual partners and HIV-negative men. PMID:22198313

  10. [The Second Health Care Market: Market Mapping Based upon Consumer Perception].

    PubMed

    Teichert, T; Mühlbach, C

    2018-03-01

    The aim of the study was to present a picture of consumers' views on the specific market of health and health products, the second German health market. Market analysis of the product categories was carried out. A large-scale representative survey (N=1 033) determined with an innovative adaptation of the repertory grid method the consumer's perspective on the specific market. Basic questions concerning attitudes to health as well as healthy behaviors completed the telephone survey. In the saturated markets, market for health is growing, especially in the context of aging societies, and this is not limited to primary medical products. In this study, product categories such as "dental care", "fruit and vegetables" or "nuts" were classified as healthy products. The relevance of health also in the macroeconomic context has been long underestimated. Health has still a high priority for consumers. A disclosure of individual perceptions in the health context provides a significantly more relevant product design. The identification of healthy product dimensions from the consumer's perspective sheds light on the actually desired product properties and the available potential to meet these desires. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

  11. "Keep a low profile": pesticide residue, additives, and freon use in Australian tobacco manufacturing

    PubMed Central

    Chapman, S

    2003-01-01

    Objectives: To review the Australian tobacco industry's knowledge of pesticide residue on Australian tobacco and its policies and practices on resisting calls by tobacco control advocates that consumers should be informed about pesticide residue as well as additives. Methods: Review of previously internal industry documents relevant to pesticides and additives in Australian tobacco located from the Master Settlement Agreement websites. Results: Between 1972 and 1994 Philip Morris Australia was aware that its leaf samples were often contaminated with pesticide residue, sometimes including organochlorine levels described by PM's European laboratories as being "extremely high". Consumers were not advised of the contamination nor products withdrawn. From 1981, the industry also resisted calls to declare fully the extent of use and long term safety data on all additives used in their products. They developed standard public responses that were evasive and misleading and, in 2000, implemented voluntary additive disclosure which allowed the companies to continue to avoid disclosure of any ingredient they deemed to be a trade secret. There was extensive use of ozone depleting freon in Australian tobacco manufacturing. Again, the industry kept this information away from consumers. Conclusions: Australian smokers are unable to make informed decisions about smoking because pesticide and additive disclosure remains voluntary. The Australian government should regulate tobacco to require full disclosure including information on the likely health consequences of inhaling pesticide and additive pyrolysis products. PMID:14645948

  12. Negative reactions to monitoring: Do they undermine the ability of monitoring to protect adolescents?

    PubMed

    Laird, Robert D; Zeringue, Megan M; Lambert, Emily S

    2018-02-01

    This study focused on adolescents' negative reactions to parental monitoring to determine whether parents should avoid excessive monitoring because adolescents find monitoring behaviors to be over-controlling and privacy invasive. Adolescents (n = 242, M age = 15.4 years; 51% female) reported monitoring, negative reactions, warmth, antisocial behavior, depressive symptoms, and disclosure. Adolescents additionally reported antisocial behavior, depressive symptoms, and disclosure one to two years later. In cross-sectional analyses, less monitoring but more negative reactions were linked with less disclosure, suggesting that negative reactions can undermine parents' ability to obtain information. Although monitoring behaviors were not related to depressive symptoms, more negative reactions were linked with more depressive symptoms, suggesting that negative reactions also may increase depressive symptoms as a side effect of monitoring behavior. Negative reactions were not linked to antisocial behavior. There were no longitudinal links between negative reactions and changes in disclosure, antisocial behavior, or depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  13. Relationship Between Concussion History and Concussion Knowledge, Attitudes, and Disclosure Behavior in High School Athletes.

    PubMed

    Register-Mihalik, Johna K; Valovich McLeod, Tamara C; Linnan, Laura A; Guskiewicz, Kevin M; Marshall, Stephen W

    2017-05-01

    Examine the association between self-reported concussion history and measures of concussion knowledge, attitude, and disclosure behavior. Cross-sectional survey. Classroom. A convenience sample of high school athletes (n = 167; mean age = 15.7 years) from multiple sports completed a validated survey. Concussion history (main predictor) was defined as the number of self-recalled concussions during participants' high school career. The outcomes were recalled concussion disclosure behavior (3 measures) and scales assessing both concussion knowledge and concussion attitude. A greater number of previous concussions was associated with worse attitude to concussion and negative concussion disclosure behavior. For every 3 additional self-recalled concussions, there was a mean decrease of 7.2 points (range of possible scores = 14-98) in concussion attitude score (P = 0.002), a 48% decrease in the self-reported proportion of concussion events disclosed (P = 0.013), and an increased prevalence of self-reported participation in games (67%) and practices (125%) while experiencing signs and symptoms of concussion (P < 0.001). Increased concussion history did not affect concussion knowledge score (P = 0.333). Negative trends in concussion disclosure behavior were identified in youth athletes with a positive history of concussion. Improving disclosure in this subgroup will require targeted efforts addressing negative attitude to concussion.

  14. Examining the Role of Serostatus Disclosure on Unprotected Sex Among People Living with HIV

    PubMed Central

    Golin, Carol; Widman, Laura; Grodensky, Catherine; Earp, Jo Anne; Suchindran, Chirayath

    2014-01-01

    Abstract Given the increasing prevalence of HIV, it is important to identify factors associated with safer sex behaviors between people living with HIV and their partners. Utilizing a diverse sample of 242 HIV-infected adults [n=69 men who have sex with men (MSM); n=68 men who have sex with women (MSW); n=105 women who have sex with men (WSM)], we examined the association between serostatus disclosure and unprotected anal or vaginal intercourse (UAVI) and the moderating effect of sexual behavior group on this association. Overall, 88.7% disclosed to their current partner. Approximately 18.8% of MSM, 17.7% of MSW, and 29.5% of WSM reported UAVI. Controlling for age, time since diagnosis, and partner serostatus, we found main effects on UAVI for disclosure and sexual behavior group; specifically, disclosure was inversely related to unprotected sex [AOR=0.09, 95% CI (0.02, 0.43), p<0.001], and MSM were less likely to engage in UAVI relative to WSM [AOR=0.11, 95% CI (0.17, 0.82), p<0.05]. However, the relationship between disclosure and UAVI was not moderated by sexual behavior group. Future strategies that aim to increase disclosure to partners may consider focusing on its value as a means by which to reduce sexual risk behavior. PMID:25397358

  15. Health Behavior Changes After Genetic Risk Assessment for Alzheimer Disease: The REVEAL Study

    PubMed Central

    Chao, Serena; Roberts, J. Scott; Marteau, Theresa M.; Silliman, Rebecca; Cupples, L. Adrienne; Green, Robert C.

    2008-01-01

    Risk information for Alzheimer disease (AD) may be communicated through susceptibility gene disclosure, even though this is not currently in clinical use. The REVEAL Study is the first randomized clinical trial of risk assessment for AD with apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and numerical risk estimate disclosure. We examined whether APOE genotype and numerical risk disclosure to asymptomatic individuals at high risk for AD alters health behaviors. One hundred sixty-two participants were randomized to either intervention (APOE disclosure) or control (no genotype disclosure) groups. Subjects in both groups received numerical lifetime risk estimates of future AD development based on sex and family history of AD. The intervention group received their APOE genotype. Subjects were informed that no proven preventive measures for AD existed and given an information sheet on preventative therapies under investigation. Participants who learned they were ε4 positive were significantly more likely than ε4 negative participants to report AD-specific health behavior change 1 year after disclosure (adjusted odds ratio: 2.73; 95% confidence interval: 1.14, 6.54; P = 0.02). Post hoc analyses revealed similar significant associations between numerical lifetime risk estimates and self-report of AD-specific health behavior change. Despite lack of preventive measures for AD, knowledge of APOE genotype, numerical lifetime risk, or both, influences health behavior. PMID:18317253

  16. Health behavior changes after genetic risk assessment for Alzheimer disease: The REVEAL Study.

    PubMed

    Chao, Serena; Roberts, J Scott; Marteau, Theresa M; Silliman, Rebecca; Cupples, L Adrienne; Green, Robert C

    2008-01-01

    Risk information for Alzheimer disease (AD) may be communicated through susceptibility gene disclosure, even though this is not currently in clinical use. The REVEAL Study is the first randomized clinical trial of risk assessment for AD with apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and numerical risk estimate disclosure. We examined whether APOE genotype and numerical risk disclosure to asymptomatic individuals at high risk for AD alters health behaviors. One hundred sixty-two participants were randomized to either intervention (APOE disclosure) or control (no genotype disclosure) groups. Subjects in both groups received numerical lifetime risk estimates of future AD development based on sex and family history of AD. The intervention group received their APOE genotype. Subjects were informed that no proven preventive measures for AD existed and given an information sheet on preventative therapies under investigation. Participants who learned they were epsilon 4 positive were significantly more likely than epsilon 4 negative participants to report AD-specific health behavior change 1 year after disclosure (adjusted odds ratio: 2.73; 95% confidence interval: 1.14, 6.54; P=0.02). Post hoc analyses revealed similar significant associations between numerical lifetime risk estimates and self-report of AD-specific health behavior change. Despite lack of preventive measures for AD, knowledge of APOE genotype, numerical lifetime risk, or both, influences health behavior.

  17. 12 CFR 40.12 - Limits on sharing account number information for marketing purposes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Limits on sharing account number information... OF THE TREASURY PRIVACY OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION Limits on Disclosures § 40.12 Limits on sharing account number information for marketing purposes. (a) General prohibition on disclosure of...

  18. 12 CFR 573.12 - Limits on sharing account number information for marketing purposes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Limits on sharing account number information..., DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY PRIVACY OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION Limits on Disclosures § 573.12 Limits on sharing account number information for marketing purposes. (a) General prohibition on disclosure of...

  19. 16 CFR 1030.101 - Cross-references to employee ethical conduct standards and financial disclosure regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Cross-references to employee ethical conduct... employee ethical conduct standards and financial disclosure regulations. Employees of the Consumer Product Safety Commission are subject to the Standards of Ethical Conduct, 5 CFR part 2635, which are applicable...

  20. 16 CFR 1030.101 - Cross-references to employee ethical conduct standards and financial disclosure regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Cross-references to employee ethical conduct... employee ethical conduct standards and financial disclosure regulations. Employees of the Consumer Product Safety Commission are subject to the Standards of Ethical Conduct, 5 CFR part 2635, which are applicable...

  1. 78 FR 7215 - Disclosure and Delivery Requirements for Copies of Appraisals and Other Written Valuations Under...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-01-31

    ... described above, the inter-agency group is issuing a final rule under section 129H of TILA (2103 Interagency... Communication Group, Inc. (Kleimann), which specializes in consumer financial disclosures. The Bureau and... Interagency Appraisals Proposal and involved a large bank, a trade group of smaller depository institutions...

  2. 16 CFR § 1030.101 - Cross-references to employee ethical conduct standards and financial disclosure regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Cross-references to employee ethical conduct...-references to employee ethical conduct standards and financial disclosure regulations. Employees of the Consumer Product Safety Commission are subject to the Standards of Ethical Conduct, 5 CFR part 2635, which...

  3. 16 CFR 1030.101 - Cross-references to employee ethical conduct standards and financial disclosure regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Cross-references to employee ethical conduct... employee ethical conduct standards and financial disclosure regulations. Employees of the Consumer Product Safety Commission are subject to the Standards of Ethical Conduct, 5 CFR part 2635, which are applicable...

  4. 16 CFR 1030.101 - Cross-references to employee ethical conduct standards and financial disclosure regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Cross-references to employee ethical conduct... employee ethical conduct standards and financial disclosure regulations. Employees of the Consumer Product Safety Commission are subject to the Standards of Ethical Conduct, 5 CFR part 2635, which are applicable...

  5. 75 FR 66644 - Electronic Fund Transfers

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-10-29

    ... Gift Card Amendment requires that certain disclosures be made to the consumer through in-store signage... disclosures required by Sec. 205.20(h)(2). For example, it would be impracticable to provide in-store signage... the final gift card rule, that issuer would not then be required to make the in-store signage and...

  6. Social network predictors of disclosure of MSM behavior and HIV-positive serostatus among African American MSM in Baltimore, Maryland

    PubMed Central

    Latkin, Carl; Yang, Cui; Tobin, Karin; Roebuck, Geoffrey; Spikes, Pilgrim; Patterson, Jocelyn

    2012-01-01

    This study examined correlates of disclosure of MSM behavior and seropositive HIV status to social network members among 187 African American MSM in Baltimore, MD. 49.7% of participants were HIV-positive, 64% of their social network members (excluding male sex partners) were aware of their MSM behavior, and 71.3% were aware of their HIV-positive status. Disclosure of MSM behavior to network members was more frequent among participants who were younger, had a higher level of education, and were HIV-positive. Attributes of the social network members associated with MSM disclosure included the network member being HIV-positive, providing emotional support, socializing with the participant, and not being a female sex partner. Participants who were younger were more likely to disclose their positive HIV status. Attributes of social network members associated with disclosure of positive serostatus included the network member being older, HIV-positive, providing emotional support, loaning money, and not being a male sex partner. PMID:21811844

  7. Role-modeling and medical error disclosure: a national survey of trainees.

    PubMed

    Martinez, William; Hickson, Gerald B; Miller, Bonnie M; Doukas, David J; Buckley, John D; Song, John; Sehgal, Niraj L; Deitz, Jennifer; Braddock, Clarence H; Lehmann, Lisa Soleymani

    2014-03-01

    To measure trainees' exposure to negative and positive role-modeling for responding to medical errors and to examine the association between that exposure and trainees' attitudes and behaviors regarding error disclosure. Between May 2011 and June 2012, 435 residents at two large academic medical centers and 1,187 medical students from seven U.S. medical schools received anonymous, electronic questionnaires. The questionnaire asked respondents about (1) experiences with errors, (2) training for responding to errors, (3) behaviors related to error disclosure, (4) exposure to role-modeling for responding to errors, and (5) attitudes regarding disclosure. Using multivariate regression, the authors analyzed whether frequency of exposure to negative and positive role-modeling independently predicted two primary outcomes: (1) attitudes regarding disclosure and (2) nontransparent behavior in response to a harmful error. The response rate was 55% (884/1,622). Training on how to respond to errors had the largest independent, positive effect on attitudes (standardized effect estimate, 0.32, P < .001); negative role-modeling had the largest independent, negative effect (standardized effect estimate, -0.26, P < .001). Positive role-modeling had a positive effect on attitudes (standardized effect estimate, 0.26, P < .001). Exposure to negative role-modeling was independently associated with an increased likelihood of trainees' nontransparent behavior in response to an error (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.15-1.64; P < .001). Exposure to role-modeling predicts trainees' attitudes and behavior regarding the disclosure of harmful errors. Negative role models may be a significant impediment to disclosure among trainees.

  8. 76 FR 74017 - Empowering Consumers to Prevent and Detect Billing for Unauthorized Charges (“Cramming...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-30

    ... FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 47 CFR Part 64 [CG Docket Nos. 11-116 and 09-158; CC Docket No. 98-170; FCC 11-106; DA 11-1860] Empowering Consumers to Prevent and Detect Billing for Unauthorized Charges (``Cramming''); Consumer Information and Disclosure; Truth-in-Billing and Billing Format AGENCY...

  9. 77 FR 71353 - Empowering Consumers To Prevent and Detect Billing for Unauthorized Charges (“Cramming...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-11-30

    ... FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 47 CFR Part 64 [CG Docket Nos. 11-116 and 09-158; CC Docket No. 98-170; FCC 12-42] Empowering Consumers To Prevent and Detect Billing for Unauthorized Charges (``Cramming''); Consumer Information and Disclosure; Truth-in-Billing Format AGENCY: Federal Communications...

  10. 77 FR 71354 - Empowering Consumers To Prevent and Detect Billing for Unauthorized Charges (“Cramming...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-11-30

    ... FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 47 CFR Part 64 [CG Docket Nos. 11-116 and 09-158; CC Docket No. 98-170; FCC 12-42] Empowering Consumers To Prevent and Detect Billing for Unauthorized Charges (``Cramming''); Consumer Information and Disclosure; Truth-in-Billing Format AGENCY: Federal Communications...

  11. 24 CFR 3286.7 - Consumer information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... URBAN DEVELOPMENT MANUFACTURED HOME INSTALLATION PROGRAM Generally Applicable Provisions and... recommendation that any home that has been reinstalled after its original installation should be inspected after... manufactured home, the retailer must provide the purchaser or lessee with a consumer disclosure. This...

  12. 12 CFR 205.4 - General disclosure requirements; jointly offered services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-Sign Act) (15 U.S.C. 7001 et seq.). A financial institution.... A financial institution may combine the required disclosures into a single statement for a consumer... with the requirements that this part imposes on any or all of them. An institution need make only the...

  13. 16 CFR 1015.9 - Fees for production of records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fees for production of records. 1015.9 Section 1015.9 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR DISCLOSURE OR PRODUCTION OF INFORMATION UNDER THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT Production or Disclosure Under 5 U.S.C. 552(a) § 1015.9 Fees for production of...

  14. 77 FR 54843 - Integrated Mortgage Disclosures Under the Real Estate Settlement Procedure Act (Regulation X) and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-09-06

    ... Integrated Mortgage Disclosures Under the Real Estate Settlement Procedure Act (Regulation X) and the Truth... Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act). The proposed rule, which would amend Regulation X (RESPA) and... rule would amend Regulation X (RESPA) and Regulation Z (TILA). The notice was published in the Federal...

  15. 16 CFR 1102.42 - Disclaimers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... AVAILABLE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY INFORMATION DATABASE Notice and Disclosure Requirements § 1102.42... Consumer Product Safety Information Database, particularly with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of information submitted by persons outside of the CPSC. The Database will contain a notice to...

  16. 16 CFR 1102.42 - Disclaimers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... AVAILABLE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY INFORMATION DATABASE Notice and Disclosure Requirements § 1102.42... Consumer Product Safety Information Database, particularly with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of information submitted by persons outside of the CPSC. The Database will contain a notice to...

  17. 16 CFR 1102.42 - Disclaimers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... AVAILABLE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY INFORMATION DATABASE (Eff. Jan. 10, 2011) Notice and Disclosure... of the contents of the Consumer Product Safety Information Database, particularly with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of information submitted by persons outside of the CPSC. The Database...

  18. 12 CFR Supplement I to Part 213 - Official Staff Commentary to Regulation M

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... primary use. 2. Period of time. To be a consumer lease, the initial term of the lease must be more than... lease (unless terminable without penalty at any time by the consumer) under which the consumer: i... the lease contract, so long as all disclosures are given at the same time. Alternatively, all...

  19. 12 CFR Supplement I to Part 213 - Official Staff Commentary to Regulation M

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... primary use. 2. Period of time. To be a consumer lease, the initial term of the lease must be more than... lease (unless terminable without penalty at any time by the consumer) under which the consumer: i... the lease contract, so long as all disclosures are given at the same time. Alternatively, all...

  20. 16 CFR Appendix E to Part 698 - Summary of Consumer Identity Theft Rights

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Summary of Consumer Identity Theft Rights E Appendix E to Part 698 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION THE FAIR CREDIT REPORTING ACT MODEL FORMS AND DISCLOSURES Pt. 698, App. E Appendix E to Part 698—Summary of Consumer Identity Theft Rights...

  1. 16 CFR Appendix E to Part 698 - Summary of Consumer Identity Theft Rights

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Summary of Consumer Identity Theft Rights E Appendix E to Part 698 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION THE FAIR CREDIT REPORTING ACT MODEL FORMS AND DISCLOSURES Pt. 698, App. E Appendix E to Part 698—Summary of Consumer Identity Theft Rights...

  2. 16 CFR Appendix E to Part 698 - Summary of Consumer Identity Theft Rights

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Summary of Consumer Identity Theft Rights E Appendix E to Part 698 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION THE FAIR CREDIT REPORTING ACT MODEL FORMS AND DISCLOSURES Pt. 698, App. E Appendix E to Part 698—Summary of Consumer Identity Theft Rights...

  3. 16 CFR Appendix E to Part 698 - Summary of Consumer Identity Theft Rights

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Summary of Consumer Identity Theft Rights E Appendix E to Part 698 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION THE FAIR CREDIT REPORTING ACT MODEL FORMS AND DISCLOSURES Pt. 698, App. E Appendix E to Part 698—Summary of Consumer Identity Theft Rights...

  4. 16 CFR Appendix E to Part 698 - Summary of Consumer Identity Theft Rights

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Summary of Consumer Identity Theft Rights E Appendix E to Part 698 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION THE FAIR CREDIT REPORTING ACT MODEL FORMS AND DISCLOSURES Pt. 698, App. E Appendix E to Part 698—Summary of Consumer Identity Theft Rights...

  5. 16 CFR 1101.23 - Providing less than 15 days notice before disclosing information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Providing less than 15 days notice before disclosing information. 1101.23 Section 1101.23 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Procedure for Providing Notice...

  6. 16 CFR 1101.23 - Providing less than 15 days notice before disclosing information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Providing less than 15 days notice before disclosing information. 1101.23 Section 1101.23 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Procedure for Providing Notice...

  7. 16 CFR 1101.23 - Providing less than 15 days notice before disclosing information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Providing less than 15 days notice before disclosing information. 1101.23 Section 1101.23 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Procedure for Providing Notice...

  8. 16 CFR Appendix F to Part 698 - General Summary of Consumer Rights

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false General Summary of Consumer Rights F Appendix F to Part 698 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION THE FAIR CREDIT REPORTING ACT MODEL FORMS AND DISCLOSURES Pt. 698, App. F Appendix F to Part 698—General Summary of Consumer Rights The...

  9. It’s Time to Shine the Light on Direct-to-Consumer Advertising

    PubMed Central

    Mackey, Tim K.; Liang, Bryan A.

    2015-01-01

    Pharmaceutical marketing is undergoing a transition as the business, delivery, and consumption of health care have increasingly become part of a growing digital landscape. Changes in pharmaceutical promotion also coincide with federal “sunshine” regulations newly implemented under the Affordable Care Act that require disclosure of certain marketing and industry payments to physicians. Collectively, these trends could lead to fundamental shifts in physician-directed and direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) that have yet to be adequately identified or explored. In response, we advocate for greater DTCA transparency, especially in the emerging digital forms of DTCA, to complement forthcoming sunshine transparency data. This will allow more robust study and understanding of changes in overall pharmaceutical marketing trends and their impact on health care consumption and behavior. This can also lead to more targeted state and federal policy interventions leveraging existing federal transparency regulations to ensure appropriate marketing, sales, and consumption of pharmaceutical products. PMID:25583897

  10. 16 CFR 701.1 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ...-MOSS WARRANTY ACT DISCLOSURE OF WRITTEN CONSUMER PRODUCT WARRANTY TERMS AND CONDITIONS § 701.1.... 2301, et seq. (b) Consumer product means any tangible personal property which is distributed in commerce and which is normally used for personal, family, or household purposes (including any such...

  11. 16 CFR 701.1 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ...-MOSS WARRANTY ACT DISCLOSURE OF WRITTEN CONSUMER PRODUCT WARRANTY TERMS AND CONDITIONS § 701.1.... 2301, et seq. (b) Consumer product means any tangible personal property which is distributed in commerce and which is normally used for personal, family, or household purposes (including any such...

  12. 16 CFR 701.1 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ...-MOSS WARRANTY ACT DISCLOSURE OF WRITTEN CONSUMER PRODUCT WARRANTY TERMS AND CONDITIONS § 701.1.... 2301, et seq. (b) Consumer product means any tangible personal property which is distributed in commerce and which is normally used for personal, family, or household purposes (including any such...

  13. 16 CFR 701.1 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ...-MOSS WARRANTY ACT DISCLOSURE OF WRITTEN CONSUMER PRODUCT WARRANTY TERMS AND CONDITIONS § 701.1.... 2301, et seq. (b) Consumer product means any tangible personal property which is distributed in commerce and which is normally used for personal, family, or household purposes (including any such...

  14. 16 CFR 701.1 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ...-MOSS WARRANTY ACT DISCLOSURE OF WRITTEN CONSUMER PRODUCT WARRANTY TERMS AND CONDITIONS § 701.1.... 2301, et seq. (b) Consumer product means any tangible personal property which is distributed in commerce and which is normally used for personal, family, or household purposes (including any such...

  15. 76 FR 77766 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-14

    ... regarding the consumer's mortgage loan; With respect to disclosures concerning interest rate adjustments for hybrid adjustable rate mortgages, informing consumers of pending interest rate adjustments, enabling a... (Reset of Hybrid Adjustable Rate Mortgages), 1420 (Periodic Mortgage Loan Statements) and 1463 (Force...

  16. 16 CFR § 1102.42 - Disclaimers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... AVAILABLE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY INFORMATION DATABASE Notice and Disclosure Requirements § 1102.42... Consumer Product Safety Information Database, particularly with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of information submitted by persons outside of the CPSC. The Database will contain a notice to...

  17. Longitudinal Relations Between Adolescent and Parental Behaviors, Parental Knowledge, and Internalizing Behaviors Among Urban Adolescents

    PubMed Central

    Garthe, Rachel C.; Sullivan, Terri; Kliewer, Wendy

    2018-01-01

    High prevalence rates of depression and anxiety among adolescents underscore the importance of identifying parental and adolescent behaviors that may lessen the risk for these outcomes. Previous research has shown that parental acceptance, parental knowledge, and child disclosure are negatively associated with internalizing behaviors. It is also important to explore the impact of internalizing behaviors on these parental and child constructs. The current study examined longitudinal relationships between parental acceptance, parental knowledge, child disclosure, and internalizing symptoms across a one-year time period. Participants were 358 adolescents (54 % female) and their primary caregivers, who were primarily African American (92 %). Parents and adolescents provided data through face-to-face interviews. Results showed that parental knowledge and parental acceptance predicted child disclosure, and child disclosure predicted parental knowledge one year later. Higher levels of parental acceptance predicted lower levels of adolescent-reported depressive symptoms, while higher levels of parental report of adolescents’ internalizing symptoms predicted lower levels of parental knowledge. No differences in the strength of these relationships were found across grade or gender. These findings highlight the role of the adolescent’s perceived acceptance by parents in promoting children’s disclosure, and the benefits of parental acceptance in decreasing depressive symptoms over time. Overall, these results show the impact that both adolescent and parental behaviors and internalizing behaviors have on each other across time. PMID:24609843

  18. Parental monitoring in late adolescence: relations to ADHD symptoms and longitudinal predictors.

    PubMed

    Salari, Raziye; Thorell, Lisa B

    2015-04-01

    In this study, we aimed to replicate Stattin and Kerr's (2000) study on parental monitoring and adolescents' deviant behavior, to extend their findings to ADHD symptoms, and to examine the longitudinal predictors (8-18 years) of parental knowledge and child disclosure. Results showed that conduct problems were primarily associated with parental knowledge and child disclosure, but not with parental solicitation and control. A similar pattern was observed for ADHD symptoms. However, while the relations for conduct problems were generally independent of ADHD symptoms, the relations for ADHD symptoms were primarily non-significant after controlling for conduct problems. Moreover, early behavior problems, but not insecure/disorganized attachment, were associated with parental knowledge and child disclosure in adolescence. In conclusion, child disclosure is primarily associated with deviant behavior rather than ADHD, and early child problem behavior is a more important predictor of child disclosure (implicating reciprocal relations between these two constructs) than is insecure/disorganized attachment. Copyright © 2015 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  19. Therapeutic Self-Disclosure within DBT, Schema Therapy, and CBASP: Opportunities and Challenges.

    PubMed

    Köhler, Stephan; Guhn, Anne; Betzler, Felix; Stiglmayr, Christian; Brakemeier, Eva-Lotta; Sterzer, Philipp

    2017-01-01

    In recent years, various therapeutic interventions have been established that extended behavior and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) by so-called "third-wave" strategies. In order to address specific therapeutic challenges in certain subgroups of patients who do not sufficiently respond to "classical CBT," some of these third-wave strategies put particular emphasis on therapist self-disclosure. This article highlights therapeutic self-disclosure as a means to address interpersonal problems by comparing three third-wave strategies: (a) acceptance and change strategies as used in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), (b) the concept of "limited reparenting" as used in Schema Therapy (ST), and (c) disciplined personal involvement as used in the Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP). On the basis of a critical discussion on opportunities and challenges within these three concepts, self-disclosure is proposed to be a promising therapeutic tool that is worth to be investigated in more depth in future studies.

  20. How HIV diagnosis and disclosure affect sexual behavior and relationships in Ugandan fishing communities.

    PubMed

    McArthur, Moriah; Birdthistle, Isolde; Seeley, Janet; Mpendo, Juliet; Asiki, Gershim

    2013-08-01

    In this article we examine how members of fishing communities on the shores of Lake Victoria in Uganda respond to HIV diagnosis in terms of disclosure to sexual partners. We then explore the subsequent changes in sexual behavior and relationships. To access this information, we collected life history data from 78 HIV-positive individuals in five fishing communities. We found that the strength of the sexual relationships shaped how and why individuals disclosed to partners, and that these relationships tended to be stronger when partners shared familial responsibility. Those who perceived their current sexual partnership to be weak sought to conceal their status by maintaining prediagnosis patterns of sexual behavior. The majority of the study's participants rarely changed their sexual behavior following HIV diagnosis, regardless of their relationship's strength. These findings elucidate barriers to disclosure and behavior change, and suggest that a life-course approach might enhance individual-level counseling so that counselors can provide tailored support to individuals regarding disclosure decisions and outcomes.

  1. HIV status disclosure, depressive symptoms, and sexual risk behavior among HIV-positive young men who have sex with men

    PubMed Central

    Cook, Stephanie H.; Valera, Pamela

    2015-01-01

    The rate of HIV infection among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) is increasing in the United States, and targeted research is needed to inform interventions aimed at reducing HIV transmission in this population. This study aims to understand the association between HIV status disclosure and sexual risk behavior among HIV-positive YMSM. A particular focus is given to depressive symptoms and their potential role in explaining the association between HIV disclosure and sexual risk behavior. In a sample of 991 YMSM receiving care at 20 clinics across the United States, Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to explore these associations. Approximately one-half (52.4 %) of participants reported disclosing to their current sexual/romantic partner. Disclosure to family members was negatively associated with sexual risk behavior. Also, depressive symptoms were positively associated with sexual risk behavior. We discuss the implications of our findings for future research and intervention. PMID:25773478

  2. 47 CFR 15.216 - Disclosure requirements for wireless microphones and other low power auxiliary stations capable...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ..., conspicuous, and readily legible manner. One way to fulfill the requirement in this section is to display the consumer disclosure text in a prominent manner on the product box by using a label (either printed onto the box or otherwise affixed to the box), a sticker, or other means. Another way to fulfill this...

  3. 76 FR 54374 - Disclosure for Asset-Backed Securities Required by Section 943 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-01

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION 17 CFR PART 240 [Release Nos. 33-9175A; 34-63741A; File No. S7-24-10] RIN 3235-AK75 Disclosure for Asset-Backed Securities Required by Section 943 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act AGENCY: Securities and Exchange Commission. ACTION...

  4. Examining CAM use disclosure using the Behavioral Model of Health Services Use.

    PubMed

    Faith, Jennifer; Thorburn, Sheryl; Tippens, Kimberly M

    2013-10-01

    To improve understanding of factors that may influence disclosure of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in the U.S. Cross-sectional survey. Data are from the 2001 Health Care Quality Survey (HCQS), a nationally representative study of adults aged 18 and older living in the continental United States. Using the Behavioral Model of Health Services Use, we conducted multivariate logistic regressions to identify factors associated with disclosing CAM use among the sub-sample of recent CAM users (n=1995). Disclosure of CAM use. Most CAM users (71.0%) disclosed their use of CAM to their doctors. Contextual, individual, and health behavior factors were associated with CAM use disclosure. Of particular interest, disclosure was significantly more likely among those who perceived high quality relationships with their providers (AOR=1.59, CI: 1.01, 2.49) and among those who had a regular source of medical care (AOR=1.54, CI: 1.03, 2.29). The odds of disclosure were also higher among those who used practitioner-provided CAM, with (AOR=2.02, CI: 1.34, 3.06) or without (AOR=1.52, CI: 1.05, 2.20) concurrent herbal medicine use, compared to those who used herbal medicines only. The Behavioral Model of Health Services Use is a useful framework for examining factors that may influence disclosure of CAM use. Further research should examine these relationships using more comprehensive measures. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  5. 78 FR 76033 - Truth in Lending (Regulation Z)

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-16

    ... BUREAU OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION 12 CFR Part 1026 Truth in Lending (Regulation Z) AGENCY... Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009 (CARD Act) and the Home Ownership and... re-calculated annually using the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers...

  6. A bill to amend the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 to provide consumers with a free annual disclosure of information the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection maintains on them, and for other purposes.

    THOMAS, 113th Congress

    Sen. Vitter, David [R-LA

    2013-11-07

    Senate - 11/07/2013 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

  7. 16 CFR § 1101.23 - Providing less than 15 days notice before disclosing information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Providing less than 15 days notice before disclosing information. § 1101.23 Section § 1101.23 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Procedure for Providing...

  8. 16 CFR 503.5 - Interpretation of the definition of “consumer commodity” as contained in section 10(a) of the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... the term consumer commodity in four classifications. These are: (1) Any food, drug, device, or... Act as to any food, drug, device, or cosmetic has been delegated to the Secretary of Health, Education... connection will regard as one criterion the extent to which the disclosures required on “consumer commodities...

  9. Disclosure and Psychological Well-Being of Sexually Abused Adolescents in Hong Kong.

    PubMed

    Lam, Kindy Yuk-Ip

    2015-01-01

    The role of disclosure on psychological well-being of adolescents with child sexual abuse experience was investigated in a subsample of 74 disclosers among 800 adolescents recruited in the community in Hong Kong. The results supported that CSA experiences have differential impact on adolescents' psychological well-being. Family characteristics of the disclosers accounted for only a small amount of the variance in an array of psychological well-being measures. CSA characteristics were robust predictors of disclosers' sexual eroticism and externalizing behavioral symptoms. Disclosers' cognitive appraisal of CSA experience and quality of parental attachment were strong predictors of their self-esteem and internalizing behavioral problems. After controlling for the aforementioned factors, negative disclosure experience still significantly predicted lower self-esteem, higher sexual anxiety, more internalizing behavior, and more severe post-traumatic stress disorder responses. Research to understand the factors that generate negative disclosure experiences is needed for developing effective intervention strategies to mitigate the negative consequences of disclosure.

  10. 77 FR 37558 - Disclosure of Certain Credit Card Complaint Data

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-22

    ... publication of a public consumer complaint database that, instead of aiding complainants, enables data mining... Certain Credit Card Complaint Data AGENCY: Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection. ACTION: Notice of... Bureau plans to exercise its discretion to publicly disclose certain credit card complaint data that do...

  11. Publicly disclosed information about the quality of health care: response of the US public

    PubMed Central

    Schneider, E; Lieberman, T

    2001-01-01

    Public disclosure of information about the quality of health plans, hospitals, and doctors continues to be controversial. The US experience of the past decade suggests that sophisticated quality measures and reporting systems that disclose information on quality have improved the process and outcomes of care in limited ways in some settings, but these efforts have not led to the "consumer choice" market envisaged. Important reasons for this failure include limited salience of objective measures to consumers, the complexity of the task of interpretation, and insufficient use of quality results by organised purchasers and insurers to inform contracting and pricing decisions. Nevertheless, public disclosure may motivate quality managers and providers to undertake changes that improve the delivery of care. Efforts to measure and report information about quality should remain public, but may be most effective if they are targeted to the needs of institutional and individual providers of care. Key Words: public disclosure; quality of health care; quality improvement PMID:11389318

  12. Parenting and Adolescent Problem Behavior: An Integrated Model with Adolescent Self-Disclosure and Perceived Parental Knowledge as Intervening Variables

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Soenens, Bart; Vansteenkiste, Maarten; Luyckx, Koen; Goossens, Luc

    2006-01-01

    Parental monitoring, assessed as (perceived) parental knowledge of the child's behavior, has been established as a consistent predictor of problem behavior. However, recent research indicates that parental knowledge has more to do with adolescents' self-disclosure than with parents' active monitoring. Although these findings may suggest that…

  13. Student Conduct Administrator Knowledge of the Statistical Reporting Obligations of the Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    DeBowes, Michael Matthew

    2014-01-01

    The "Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act" (the "Clery Act") is a consumer right-to-know law originally passed by Congress in 1900. The law requires colleges and universities receiving federal student aid to publish annually their security-related policies and crime statistics. The…

  14. To tell or not to tell? Examining the role of discrimination in the pregnancy disclosure process at work.

    PubMed

    Jones, Kristen P

    2017-04-01

    Despite the rapid entrance of women into the workforce over the past several decades, many workplace experiences unique to women remain poorly understood. One critical, yet understudied, area is the intersection of work and pregnancy. Because pregnancy remains concealable for a substantial amount of time, expectant employees must navigate decisions regarding to whom, when, and how to disclose their pregnant identities at work. In light of evidence that has suggested pregnancy is often stigmatized within the workplace, I employed a retrospective longitudinal design to explore the extent to which women's expectations about discrimination-anticipated discrimination-shape their pregnancy disclosure behaviors, and the extent to which these different behavioral strategies are associated with higher or lower experienced discrimination. I also examined the link between pregnancy disclosure strategies and psychological distress. Taken together, findings suggest that pregnant employees' expectations about pregnancy discrimination play a role in shaping disclosure behaviors at work. Furthermore, certain behavioral strategies for pregnancy disclosure were linked with average reports of experienced discrimination and momentary reports of psychological distress. I also discuss theoretical and practical implications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).

  15. Explaining mental health disparities for non-monosexual women: abuse history and risky sex, or the burdens of non-disclosure?

    PubMed

    Persson, Tonje J; Pfaus, James G; Ryder, Andrew G

    2015-03-01

    Research has found that non-monosexual women report worse mental health than their heterosexual and lesbian counterparts. The reasons for these mental health discrepancies are unclear. This study investigated whether higher levels of child abuse and risky sexual behavior, and lower levels of sexual orientation disclosure, may help explain elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety among non-monosexual women. Participants included 388 women living in Canada (Mean age = 24.40, SD = 6.40, 188 heterosexual, 53 mostly heterosexual, 64 bisexual, 32 mostly lesbian, 51 lesbian) who filled out the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories as part of an online study running from April 2011 to February 2014. Participants were collapsed into non-monosexual versus monosexual categories. Non-monosexual women reported more child abuse, risky sexual behavior, less sexual orientation disclosure, and more symptoms of depression and anxiety than monosexual women. Statistical mediation analyses, using conditional process modeling, revealed that sexual orientation disclosure and risky sexual behavior uniquely, but not sequentially, mediated the relation between sexual orientation, depression and anxiety. Sexual orientation disclosure and risky sexual behavior were both associated with depression and anxiety. Childhood abuse did not moderate depression, anxiety, or risky sexual behavior. Findings indicate that elevated levels of risky sexual behavior and deflated levels of sexual orientation disclosure may in part explain mental health disparities among non-monosexual women. Results highlight potential targets for preventive interventions aimed at decreasing negative mental health outcomes for non-monosexual women, such as public health campaigns targeting bisexual stigma and the development of sex education programs for vulnerable sexual minority women, such as those defining themselves as bisexual, mostly heterosexual, or mostly lesbian. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  16. 77 FR 30972 - Empowering Consumers to Prevent and Detect Billing for Unauthorized Charges (“Cramming...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-24

    ... FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 47 CFR Part 64 [CG Docket Nos. 11-116 and 09-158; CC Docket No... (``Cramming''); Consumer Information and Disclosure; Truth-in-Billing Format AGENCY: Federal Communications Commission. ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY: In this document, the Federal Communications Commission...

  17. 12 CFR 1026.1 - Authority, purpose, coverage, organization, enforcement, and liability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ...-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, Public Law 111-203, 124 Stat. 1376, when four... for open-end credit. It requires that account-opening disclosures and periodic statements be provided...-secured) consumer credit plan during the first year after account opening. Section 1026.53 contains rules...

  18. 77 FR 75410 - Request for Information Regarding Credit Card Market

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-20

    ... Regarding Credit Card Market AGENCY: Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection. ACTION: Notice and request for information. SUMMARY: Section 502(a) of the Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act of... review (Review) of the consumer credit card market, within the limits of its existing resources available...

  19. 78 FR 68150 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Information Collection Renewal; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-13

    ... information collection unless it displays a currently valid Office of Management and Budget (OMB) control..., ``Record and Disclosure Requirements--Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Regulations B, C, E, M, Z, and... Requirements--Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) Regulations B, C, E, M, Z, and DD and Board of...

  20. 12 CFR 332.6 - Information to be included in privacy notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... everyday business purposes, such as [include all that apply] to process transactions, maintain account(s... consumer may call to request the notice; or (ii) For a consumer who conducts business in person at your.... (e) Future disclosures. Your notice may include: (1) Categories of nonpublic personal information...

  1. Therapeutic Self-Disclosure within DBT, Schema Therapy, and CBASP: Opportunities and Challenges

    PubMed Central

    Köhler, Stephan; Guhn, Anne; Betzler, Felix; Stiglmayr, Christian; Brakemeier, Eva-Lotta; Sterzer, Philipp

    2017-01-01

    In recent years, various therapeutic interventions have been established that extended behavior and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) by so-called “third-wave” strategies. In order to address specific therapeutic challenges in certain subgroups of patients who do not sufficiently respond to “classical CBT,” some of these third-wave strategies put particular emphasis on therapist self-disclosure. This article highlights therapeutic self-disclosure as a means to address interpersonal problems by comparing three third-wave strategies: (a) acceptance and change strategies as used in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), (b) the concept of “limited reparenting” as used in Schema Therapy (ST), and (c) disciplined personal involvement as used in the Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP). On the basis of a critical discussion on opportunities and challenges within these three concepts, self-disclosure is proposed to be a promising therapeutic tool that is worth to be investigated in more depth in future studies. PMID:29238317

  2. Early and middle adolescents' disclosure to parents about activities in different domains.

    PubMed

    Smetana, Judith G; Villalobos, Myriam; Tasopoulos-Chan, Marina; Gettman, Denise C; Campione-Barr, Nicole

    2009-06-01

    Disclosure, disclosure strategies, and justifications for nondisclosure for prudential, peer, multifaceted, and personal acts were assessed using a sorting task with 118 lower-middle class early and middle adolescents (Ms=12.77 and 15.68 years). Adolescents were less involved in prudential than other behaviors, although prudential behavior was greater among middle than early adolescents; adolescents disclosed more about prudential and personal than multifaceted and peer behaviors. Nondisclosure was primarily due to concerns about parental disapproval (for prudential acts), claims that acts were personal or not harmful (for personal acts), and their mixture (for peer and multifaceted acts). When concerned about parental disapproval, older adolescents fully disclosed less (and lied somewhat more) than younger adolescents, whereas adolescents primarily avoided discussing the issue when they viewed acts as personal. Full disclosure was associated with better relationships with parents and less depressed mood; lying was associated with more parental behavioral control over personal issues and poorer relationships with fathers.

  3. Strangers in sync: Achieving embodied rapport through shared movements

    PubMed Central

    Vacharkulksemsuk, Tanya; Fredrickson, Barbara L.

    2011-01-01

    This paper examines the emergence of behavioral synchrony among strangers in the context of self-disclosure, and their path in predicting interaction quality. Specifically, we hypothesize that behavioral synchrony mediates the direct effect of self-disclosure on the development of embodied rapport. Same-sex stranger pairs (n=94) were randomly assigned to a videorecorded self-disclosure or control condition, and afterward each member rated their social interaction. Following the procedure used by Bernieri, Reznick, & Rosenthal (1988), two trained judges independently watched each video record and rated each pair interaction on behavioral synchrony. Bootstrapping analyses provide support for the hypothesized mediating effect of behavioral synchrony, which emerged as independent of the effects of self-other overlap and positive affect. The authors discuss implications of behavioral synchrony for relationship formation processes and the inevitable entwinement of behavior and judgments in light of embodied cognition. PMID:22389521

  4. Associations among solicitation, relationship quality, and adolescents' disclosure and secrecy with mothers and best friends.

    PubMed

    Villalobos Solís, Myriam; Smetana, Judith G; Comer, Jessamy

    2015-08-01

    Disclosure and secrecy with mothers and best friends about personal, bad behavior, and multifaceted (e.g., staying out late) activities were examined using daily diaries among 102 ethnically diverse, urban middle adolescents (M = 15.18 years, SD = .89). Adolescents disclosed more and kept fewer secrets from best friends than from mothers and more frequently disclosed and kept secrets about their personal than their bad behavior and multifaceted activities. Better daily relationship quality was associated with more disclosure about personal and multifaceted activities and less secrecy about bad behaviors for both mothers and best friends. Overall, when mothers solicited information, adolescents disclosed more but also kept more secrets from them, whereas best friends' solicitation was mostly associated with more disclosure. Copyright © 2015 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  5. Longitudinal Associations between Maternal Solicitation, Perceived Maternal Acceptance, Adolescent Self-Disclosure, and Adolescent Externalizing Behaviors

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Garthe, Rachel C.; Sullivan, Terri N.; Kliewer, Wendy

    2018-01-01

    The current study examined prospective associations between maternal solicitation and acceptance, adolescent self-disclosure, and adolescent externalizing behaviors. Participants included 357 urban adolescents (46% male; 92% African American) and their maternal caregivers. Participants provided data annually (three waves across 2-year time frame).…

  6. Effects of Prosocial Television Programming on Viewer Self-Perceptions.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Smith, Kyle D.

    Moderate amounts of self-disclosure and willingness to let others disclose are considered essential in moving from casual to lasting relationships. Self-disclosure, however, is a private behavior which is seldom observed directly. Television provides a unique opportunity for the observation of otherwise personal behaviors, and may affect viewers'…

  7. 75 FR 11483 - Rule Concerning Disclosures Regarding Energy Consumption and Water Use of Certain Home Appliances...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-11

    ... article which consumes, or is designed to consume energy and which, to any significant extent, is...) and has discretion to require comparative information on the label. V. FTC's Advance Notice of... appear on a newly designed EnergyGuide label affixed to the product itself. Finally, the proposed...

  8. 12 CFR 1026.9 - Subsequent disclosure requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... nor more than 18 months, either to all consumers or to each consumer entitled to receive a periodic... alternative to paragraph (a)(1) of this section, the creditor may mail or deliver, on or with each periodic... front of the page containing the checks the following terms in the form of a table with the headings...

  9. 12 CFR 1026.9 - Subsequent disclosure requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... nor more than 18 months, either to all consumers or to each consumer entitled to receive a periodic... alternative to paragraph (a)(1) of this section, the creditor may mail or deliver, on or with each periodic... front of the page containing the checks the following terms in the form of a table with the headings...

  10. 12 CFR 1026.9 - Subsequent disclosure requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... nor more than 18 months, either to all consumers or to each consumer entitled to receive a periodic... alternative to paragraph (a)(1) of this section, the creditor may mail or deliver, on or with each periodic... front of the page containing the checks the following terms in the form of a table with the headings...

  11. 49 CFR Appendix E to Part 512 - Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save (CARS) Class Determinations

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save (CARS... Save (CARS) Class Determinations (a) The Chief Counsel has determined that the following information... (3) CARS Dealer Code and Authorization Code. (b) The Chief Counsel has determined that the disclosure...

  12. 49 CFR Appendix E to Part 512 - Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save (CARS) Class Determinations

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save (CARS... Save (CARS) Class Determinations (a) The Chief Counsel has determined that the following information... (3) CARS Dealer Code and Authorization Code. (b) The Chief Counsel has determined that the disclosure...

  13. 49 CFR Appendix E to Part 512 - Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save (CARS) Class Determinations

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save (CARS... Save (CARS) Class Determinations (a) The Chief Counsel has determined that the following information... (3) CARS Dealer Code and Authorization Code. (b) The Chief Counsel has determined that the disclosure...

  14. 49 CFR Appendix E to Part 512 - Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save (CARS) Class Determinations

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save (CARS... Save (CARS) Class Determinations (a) The Chief Counsel has determined that the following information... (3) CARS Dealer Code and Authorization Code. (b) The Chief Counsel has determined that the disclosure...

  15. 77 FR 6310 - Electronic Fund Transfers (Regulation E)

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-07

    ... a one-time transfer or the first in a series of preauthorized transfers to occur more than 10 days... disclosures and receipts where a consumer schedules a one-time transfer or the first in a series of... where a consumer schedules a one-time transfer or the first in a series of preauthorized transfers to...

  16. 12 CFR 717.26 - Delivery of opt-out notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... CREDIT REPORTING Affiliate Marketing § 717.26 Delivery of opt-out notices. (a) In general. The opt-out... of actual notice. A consumer may reasonably be expected to receive actual notice if the affiliate... to a consumer who has agreed to receive electronic disclosures by e-mail from the affiliate providing...

  17. 12 CFR 334.26 - Delivery of opt-out notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... POLICY FAIR CREDIT REPORTING Affiliate Marketing § 334.26 Delivery of opt-out notices. (a) In general... expectation of actual notice. A consumer may reasonably be expected to receive actual notice if the affiliate... to a consumer who has agreed to receive electronic disclosures by e-mail from the affiliate providing...

  18. 12 CFR 334.26 - Delivery of opt-out notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... POLICY FAIR CREDIT REPORTING Affiliate Marketing § 334.26 Delivery of opt-out notices. (a) In general... expectation of actual notice. A consumer may reasonably be expected to receive actual notice if the affiliate... to a consumer who has agreed to receive electronic disclosures by e-mail from the affiliate providing...

  19. 12 CFR 717.26 - Delivery of opt-out notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... CREDIT REPORTING Affiliate Marketing § 717.26 Delivery of opt-out notices. (a) In general. The opt-out... of actual notice. A consumer may reasonably be expected to receive actual notice if the affiliate... to a consumer who has agreed to receive electronic disclosures by e-mail from the affiliate providing...

  20. 12 CFR 334.26 - Delivery of opt-out notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... POLICY FAIR CREDIT REPORTING Affiliate Marketing § 334.26 Delivery of opt-out notices. (a) In general... expectation of actual notice. A consumer may reasonably be expected to receive actual notice if the affiliate... to a consumer who has agreed to receive electronic disclosures by e-mail from the affiliate providing...

  1. 12 CFR 717.26 - Delivery of opt-out notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... CREDIT REPORTING Affiliate Marketing § 717.26 Delivery of opt-out notices. (a) In general. The opt-out... of actual notice. A consumer may reasonably be expected to receive actual notice if the affiliate... to a consumer who has agreed to receive electronic disclosures by e-mail from the affiliate providing...

  2. 12 CFR 229.18 - Additional disclosure requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... consumer accounts a notice that sets forth the time periods applicable to the availability of funds deposited in a consumer account. (c) Automated teller machines. (1) A depositary bank shall post or provide... than two times each week, as described in § 229.19(a)(4), shall disclose at or on the ATM the days on...

  3. 12 CFR 229.18 - Additional disclosure requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... deposits to consumer accounts a notice that sets forth the time periods applicable to the availability of funds deposited in a consumer account. (c) Automated teller machines. (1) A depositary bank shall post... removed not more than two times each week, as described in § 229.19(a)(4), shall disclose at or on the ATM...

  4. 32 CFR 232.1 - Authority, purpose, and coverage.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... consumer credit; (2) Requires creditors to disclose to covered borrowers the cost of the transaction as a... implement 10 U.S.C. 987. (b) Purpose. The purpose of this part is to impose limitations on the cost and... provide additional consumer disclosures for such transactions. (c) Coverage. This part defines the types...

  5. 76 FR 4489 - Disclosure for Asset-Backed Securities Required by Section 943 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-01-26

    ... Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act AGENCY: Securities and Exchange Commission... Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the ``Act'') related to asset-backed securities (``ABS'').\\11... securities. The Act broadened the mission of the MSRB to include the protection of state and local...

  6. 16 CFR § 1101.13 - Public ability to ascertain readily identity of manufacturer or private labeler.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Information Subject to Notice and Analysis Provisions of Section 6... advance notice and analysis provisions of section 6(b)(1) apply only when a reasonable person receiving...

  7. 16 CFR 1101.13 - Public ability to ascertain readily identity of manufacturer or private labeler.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Information Subject to Notice and Analysis Provisions of Section 6(b... advance notice and analysis provisions of section 6(b)(1) apply only when a reasonable person receiving...

  8. 16 CFR 1101.13 - Public ability to ascertain readily identity of manufacturer or private labeler.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Information Subject to Notice and Analysis Provisions of Section 6(b... advance notice and analysis provisions of section 6(b)(1) apply only when a reasonable person receiving...

  9. 16 CFR 1101.13 - Public ability to ascertain readily identity of manufacturer or private labeler.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Information Subject to Notice and Analysis Provisions of Section 6(b... advance notice and analysis provisions of section 6(b)(1) apply only when a reasonable person receiving...

  10. 16 CFR 1101.13 - Public ability to ascertain readily identity of manufacturer or private labeler.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Information Subject to Notice and Analysis Provisions of Section 6(b... advance notice and analysis provisions of section 6(b)(1) apply only when a reasonable person receiving...

  11. 12 CFR 573.6 - Information to be included in privacy notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... nonaffiliated companies: (1) For your everyday business purposes, such as [include all that apply] to process...; or (ii) For a consumer who conducts business in person at your office, maintain copies of the notice on hand that you provide to the consumer immediately upon request. (e) Future disclosures. Your...

  12. 16 CFR 313.6 - Information to be included in privacy notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... business purposes, such as to process transactions, maintain account(s), respond to court orders and legal...; or (ii) For a consumer who conducts business in person at your office, maintain copies of the notice on hand that you provide to the consumer immediately upon request. (e) Future disclosures. Your...

  13. 12 CFR 216.6 - Information to be included in privacy notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... nonaffiliated companies: (1) For your everyday business purposes, such as [include all that apply] to process...; or (ii) For a consumer who conducts business in person at your office, maintain copies of the notice on hand that you provide to the consumer immediately upon request. (e) Future disclosures. Your...

  14. Parenting and Antisocial Behavior: A Model of the Relationship between Adolescent Self-Disclosure, Parental Closeness, Parental Control, and Adolescent Antisocial Behavior

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Vieno, Alessio; Nation, Maury; Pastore, Massimiliano; Santinello, Massimo

    2009-01-01

    This study used data collected from a sample of 840 Italian adolescents (418 boys; M age = 12.58) and their parents (657 mothers; M age = 43.78) to explore the relations between parenting, adolescent self-disclosure, and antisocial behavior. In the hypothesized model, parenting practices (e.g., parental monitoring and control) have direct effects…

  15. Factors Assisting Female Clients' Disclosure of Incest during Counseling.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Josephson, Gilda S.; Fong-Beyette, Margaret L.

    1987-01-01

    Explored specific behaviors and characteristics of counselors that relate to adult, female clients' disclosure of incest during counseling. Suggests that factors related to initial disclosure and exploration of incest are client readiness, direct questioning by the counselor, specific counselor characteristics, and positive counselor reactions to…

  16. Explaining Behavior Change after Genetic Testing: The Problem of Collinearity between Test Results and Risk Estimates

    PubMed Central

    Fanshawe, Thomas R.; Prevost, A. Toby; Roberts, J. Scott; Green, Robert C.; Armstrong, David; Marteau, Theresa M.

    2010-01-01

    This paper explores whether and how the behavioral impact of genotype disclosure can be disentangled from the impact of numerical risk estimates generated by genetic tests. Secondary data analyses are presented from a randomized controlled trial of 162 first-degree relatives of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Each participant received a lifetime risk estimate of AD. Control group estimates were based on age, gender, family history, and assumed ε4-negative apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype; intervention group estimates were based upon the first three variables plus true APOE genotype, which was also disclosed. AD-specific self-reported behavior change (diet, exercise, and medication use) was assessed at 12 months. Behavior change was significantly more likely with increasing risk estimates, and also more likely, but not significantly so, in ε4-positive intervention group participants (53% changed behavior) than in control group participants (31%). Intervention group participants receiving ε4-negative genotype feedback (24% changed behavior) and control group participants had similar rates of behavior change and risk estimates, the latter allowing assessment of the independent effects of genotype disclosure. However, collinearity between risk estimates and ε4-positive genotypes, which engender high-risk estimates, prevented assessment of the independent effect of the disclosure of an ε4 genotype. Novel study designs are proposed to determine whether genotype disclosure has an impact upon behavior beyond that of numerical risk estimates. PMID:18666860

  17. Explaining behavior change after genetic testing: the problem of collinearity between test results and risk estimates.

    PubMed

    Fanshawe, Thomas R; Prevost, A Toby; Roberts, J Scott; Green, Robert C; Armstrong, David; Marteau, Theresa M

    2008-09-01

    This paper explores whether and how the behavioral impact of genotype disclosure can be disentangled from the impact of numerical risk estimates generated by genetic tests. Secondary data analyses are presented from a randomized controlled trial of 162 first-degree relatives of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Each participant received a lifetime risk estimate of AD. Control group estimates were based on age, gender, family history, and assumed epsilon4-negative apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype; intervention group estimates were based upon the first three variables plus true APOE genotype, which was also disclosed. AD-specific self-reported behavior change (diet, exercise, and medication use) was assessed at 12 months. Behavior change was significantly more likely with increasing risk estimates, and also more likely, but not significantly so, in epsilon4-positive intervention group participants (53% changed behavior) than in control group participants (31%). Intervention group participants receiving epsilon4-negative genotype feedback (24% changed behavior) and control group participants had similar rates of behavior change and risk estimates, the latter allowing assessment of the independent effects of genotype disclosure. However, collinearity between risk estimates and epsilon4-positive genotypes, which engender high-risk estimates, prevented assessment of the independent effect of the disclosure of an epsilon4 genotype. Novel study designs are proposed to determine whether genotype disclosure has an impact upon behavior beyond that of numerical risk estimates.

  18. Parenting and antisocial behavior: a model of the relationship between adolescent self-disclosure, parental closeness, parental control, and adolescent antisocial behavior.

    PubMed

    Vieno, Alessio; Nation, Maury; Pastore, Massimiliano; Santinello, Massimo

    2009-11-01

    This study used data collected from a sample of 840 Italian adolescents (418 boys; M age = 12.58) and their parents (657 mothers; M age = 43.78) to explore the relations between parenting, adolescent self-disclosure, and antisocial behavior. In the hypothesized model, parenting practices (e.g., parental monitoring and control) have direct effects on parental knowledge and antisocial behavior. Parenting style (e.g., parent-child closeness), on the other hand, is directly related to adolescent self-disclosure, which in turn is positively related to parental knowledge and negatively related to adolescents' antisocial behavior. A structural equation model, which incorporated data from parents and adolescents, largely supported the hypothesized model. Gender-specific models also found some gender differences among adolescents and parents, as the hypothesized model adequately fit the subsample of mothers but not fathers. Mothers' closeness to girls predicted their knowledge of their daughters' behavior; mothers' control predicted boys' antisocial behavior.

  19. Patients' and family members' views on how clinicians enact and how they should enact incident disclosure: the "100 patient stories" qualitative study.

    PubMed

    Iedema, Rick; Allen, Suellen; Britton, Kate; Piper, Donella; Baker, Andrew; Grbich, Carol; Allan, Alfred; Jones, Liz; Tuckett, Anthony; Williams, Allison; Manias, Elizabeth; Gallagher, Thomas H

    2011-07-25

    To investigate patients' and family members' perceptions and experiences of disclosure of healthcare incidents and to derive principles of effective disclosure. Retrospective qualitative study based on 100 semi-structured, in depth interviews with patients and family members. Nationwide multisite survey across Australia. 39 patients and 80 family members who were involved in high severity healthcare incidents (leading to death, permanent disability, or long term harm) and incident disclosure. Recruitment was via national newspapers (43%), health services where the incidents occurred (28%), two internet marketing companies (27%), and consumer organisations (2%). Participants' recurrent experiences and concerns expressed in interviews. Most patients and family members felt that the health service incident disclosure rarely met their needs and expectations. They expected better preparation for incident disclosure, more shared dialogue about what went wrong, more follow-up support, input into when the time was ripe for closure, and more information about subsequent improvement in process. This analysis provided the basis for the formulation of a set of principles of effective incident disclosure. Despite growing prominence of open disclosure, discussion about healthcare incidents still falls short of patient and family member expectations. Healthcare organisations and providers should strengthen their efforts to meet patients' (and family members') needs and expectations.

  20. Self Disclosure in Self Descriptive Essays

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Burhenne, Diane; Mirels, Herbert L.

    1970-01-01

    This study sought to ascertain degree to which self disclosing behavior would be predicted by scores on the Jourard Self Disclosure Questionnaire and by scores on the Marlowe Crowne Social Desirability Scale (SDS). Data revealed no relationship between Questionnaire scores and judges' ratings of self disclosure; a significant negative relationship…

  1. Disclosure of serostatus to sex partners among HIV-positive men and women in Hawaii.

    PubMed

    Sullivan, Kathleen M

    2009-11-01

    The HIV epidemic in the United States is not abating, and sexual activity is the transmission-risk factor most frequently reported among those newly infected. Many HIV-positive persons have difficulty disclosing their serostatus to sex partners (SPs) and may not use condoms consistently. The aims of the research were to explore patterns of disclosure to SPs among HIV-positive men (N = 93) and women (N = 23) living in Hawaii, and to explore factors influencing disclosure and condom use. Using a survey design, participants were asked about their sexual activity during a three-month recall period, including detailed information for up-to-three most recent SPs. A variety of demographic, HIV-illness, self-efficacy, and contextual variables were examined as potential factors influencing disclosure. A total of 278 SPs were reported with rates of disclosure and of condom use near 50% for both genders. Perceived self-efficacy (SE) for disclosure decision-making was associated with disclosure for both men and women. Not discussing a SP's serostatus was associated with nondisclosure for both men and women. Additional factors influencing disclosure for men included cocaine and marijuana use, and years since diagnosis. Being transgendered was associated with less disclosure, but the small sample size for women precludes generalization of findings. There was an association between disclosure and condom use for men but not for women. Nurses must routinely assess for client HIV transmission-risk behaviors, and encourage disclosure of serostatus to SPs. It is also essential to offer clients behavioral strategies that can enhance their intentions to use condoms.

  2. Revealing all: misleading self-disclosure rates in laboratory-based online research.

    PubMed

    Callaghan, Diana E; Graff, Martin G; Davies, Joanne

    2013-09-01

    Laboratory-based experiments in online self-disclosure research may be inadvertently compromising the accuracy of research findings by influencing some of the factors known to affect self-disclosure behavior. Disclosure-orientated interviews conducted with 42 participants in the laboratory and in nonlaboratory settings revealed significantly greater breadth of self-disclosure in laboratory interviews, with message length and intimacy of content also strongly related. These findings suggest that a contrived online setting with a researcher presence may stimulate motivation for greater self-disclosure than would occur naturally in an online environment of an individual's choice. The implications of these findings are that researchers should consider the importance of experimental context and motivation in self-disclosure research.

  3. It's time to shine the light on direct-to-consumer advertising.

    PubMed

    Mackey, Tim K; Liang, Bryan A

    2015-01-01

    Pharmaceutical marketing is undergoing a transition as the business, delivery, and consumption of health care have increasingly become part of a growing digital landscape. Changes in pharmaceutical promotion also coincide with federal "sunshine" regulations newly implemented under the Affordable Care Act that require disclosure of certain marketing and industry payments to physicians. Collectively, these trends could lead to fundamental shifts in physician-directed and direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) that have yet to be adequately identified or explored. In response, we advocate for greater DTCA transparency, especially in the emerging digital forms of DTCA, to complement forthcoming sunshine transparency data. This will allow more robust study and understanding of changes in overall pharmaceutical marketing trends and their impact on health care consumption and behavior. This can also lead to more targeted state and federal policy interventions leveraging existing federal transparency regulations to ensure appropriate marketing, sales, and consumption of pharmaceutical products. © 2015 Annals of Family Medicine, Inc.

  4. Stigma, social inequality, and HIV risk disclosure among Dominican male sex workers☆

    PubMed Central

    Padilla, Mark; Castellanos, Daniel; Guilamo-Ramos, Vincent; Reyes, Armando Matiz; Sánchez Marte, Leonardo E.; Soriano, Martha Arredondo

    2010-01-01

    Some quantitative behavioral studies in the USA have concluded that bisexually behaving Latino men are less likely than White men to disclose to their female partners that they have engaged in same-sex risk behavior and/or are HIV-positive, presumably exposing female partners to elevated risk for HIV infection. Nevertheless, very little theoretical or empirical research has been conducted to understand the social factors that promote or inhibit sexual risk disclosure among Latino men who have sex with men (MSM), and much of the existing literature has neglected to contextualize disclosure patterns within broader experiences of stigma and social inequality. This paper examines decisions about disclosure of sex work, same-sex behavior, and sexual risk for HIV among male sex workers in two cities in the Dominican Republic. Data derive from long-term ethnography and qualitative in-depth interviews with 72 male sex workers were used to analyze the relationships among experiences of stigma, social inequality, and patterns of sexual risk disclosure. Thematic analysis of interviews and ethnographic evidence revealed a wide range of stigma management techniques utilized by sex workers to minimize the effects of marginality due to their engagement in homosexuality and sex work. These techniques imposed severe constraints on men’s sexual risk disclosure, and potentially elevated their own and their female partners’ vulnerability to HIV infection. Based on the study’s findings, we conclude that future studies of sexual risk disclosure among ethnic minority MSM should avoid analyzing disclosure as a decontextualized variable, and should seek to examine sexual risk communication as a dynamic social process constrained by hierarchical systems of power and inequality. PMID:18410986

  5. Report: Consumer Federation of America Foundation - Costs Claimed Under EPA Cooperative Agreements CX825612-01, CX825837-01, X828814-01, CX824939-01, and X829178-01

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Report #2004-4-00014, March 1, 2004. The Consumer Federation of America (Federation), a 501(c)(4)4 lobbying organization, effectively received Federal funds under the EPA cooperative agreements in violation of the Lobbying Disclosure Act.

  6. 12 CFR 216.6 - Information to be included in privacy notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    .... 216.6 Section 216.6 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM PRIVACY OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION (REGULATION P) Privacy and Opt Out Notices § 216.6...) An explanation of the consumer's right under § 216.10(a) to opt out of the disclosure of nonpublic...

  7. 12 CFR 216.6 - Information to be included in privacy notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    .... 216.6 Section 216.6 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM PRIVACY OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION (REGULATION P) Privacy and Opt Out Notices § 216.6...) An explanation of the consumer's right under § 216.10(a) to opt out of the disclosure of nonpublic...

  8. 77 FR 46789 - Agency Request for Renewal of a Previously Approved Collection: Disclosure of Change-of-Gauge...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-06

    ... change planes at an intermediate stop. In addition to one-flight-to-one-flight change-of-gauge services... changes planes, but in addition, the single flight to or from the exchange point itself has multiple... valuable consumer benefits, they can be confusing and misleading unless consumers are given reasonable and...

  9. 16 CFR § 1101.11 - General application of provisions of section 6(b)(1).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Information Subject to Notice and Analysis Provisions of Section 6(b)(1) § 1101.11 General... notice and analysis provisions of section 6(b)(1), information must meet all the following criteria: (1...

  10. A Qualitative Study Examining Experiences and Dilemmas in Concealment and Disclosure of People Living With Serious Mental Illness.

    PubMed

    Bril-Barniv, Shani; Moran, Galia S; Naaman, Adi; Roe, David; Karnieli-Miller, Orit

    2017-03-01

    People with mental illnesses face the dilemma of whether to disclose or conceal their diagnosis, but this dilemma was scarcely researched. To gain in-depth understanding of this dilemma, we interviewed 29 individuals with mental illnesses: 16 with major depression/bipolar disorders and 13 with schizophrenia. Using a phenomenological design, we analyzed individuals' experiences, decision-making processes, and views of gains and costs regarding concealment and disclosure of mental illness. We found that participants employed both positive and negative disclosure/concealment practices. Positive practices included enhancing personal recovery, community integration, and/or supporting others. Negative practices occurred in forced, uncontrolled situations. We also identified various influencing factors, including familial norms of sharing, accumulated experiences with disclosure, and ascribed meaning to diagnosis. Based on these findings, we deepen the understanding about decision-making processes and the consequences of disclosing or concealing mental illness. We discuss how these finding can help consumers explore potential benefits and disadvantages of mental illness disclosure/concealment occurrences.

  11. Consumer bill of rights and responsibilities: report to the President of the United States. Advisory Commission on Consumer Protection and Quality in the Health Care Industry.

    PubMed

    1998-01-01

    President Clinton appointed a 34-member Advisory Commission on Consumer Protection and Quality in the Healthcare Industry in 1997, and the group has adopted a statement of consumers' rights and responsibilities. The document addresses eight areas, including information disclosure on health plans, benefits, and qualifications of healthcare providers, choice of providers and plans, access to emergency services, patients' rights to participate in treatment decisions, mutual respect and nondiscrimination, confidentiality of health and personal information, complaints and the appeals process, and the responsibilities of consumers.

  12. Depression and HIV Serostatus Disclosure to Sexual Partners Among Newly HIV-Diagnosed Men Who Have Sex with Men.

    PubMed

    Abler, Laurie; Sikkema, Kathleen J; Watt, Melissa H; Hansen, Nathan B; Wilson, Patrick A; Kochman, Arlene

    2015-10-01

    HIV disclosure to sexual partners facilitates joint decision-making and risk reduction strategies for safer sex behaviors, but disclosure may be impacted by depression symptoms. Disclosure is also associated with disclosure self-efficacy, which in turn may also be influenced by depressive symptoms. This study examined the relationship between depression and HIV disclosure to partners following diagnosis among men who have sex with men (MSM), mediated by disclosure self-efficacy. Newly HIV-diagnosed MSM (n=92) who reported sexual activity after diagnosis completed an assessment soon after diagnosis which measured depressive symptoms, and another assessment within 3 months of diagnosis that measured disclosure self-efficacy and disclosure. Over one-third of the sample reported elevated depressive symptoms soon after diagnosis and equal proportions (one-third each) disclosed to none, some, or all partners in the 3 months after diagnosis. Depressive symptoms were negatively associated with disclosure self-efficacy and disclosure to partners, while disclosure self-efficacy was positively associated with disclosure. Disclosure self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between depression and disclosure, accounting for 33% of the total effect. These findings highlight the importance of addressing depression that follows diagnosis to enhance subsequent disclosure to sexual partners.

  13. Disclosure of Financial Conflicts of Interests in Interventions to Improve Child Psychosocial Health: A Cross-Sectional Study.

    PubMed

    Eisner, Manuel; Humphreys, David K; Wilson, Philip; Gardner, Frances

    2015-01-01

    Academic journals increasingly request a full disclosure of financial conflict of interest (CoI). The Committee for Publication Ethics provides editors with guidance about the course of action in the case of suspected non-disclosure. No prior study has examined the extent to which journal articles on psychosocial interventions disclose CoI, and how journal editors process requests to examine suspected undisclosed CoI. Four internationally disseminated psychosocial interventions were examined. 136 articles related to an intervention, co-authored by intervention developers and published in health sciences journals were retrieved as requiring a CoI statement. Two editors refused consent to be included in the study. COI disclosures and editor responses were coded for 134 articles. Overall, 92/134 (71%) of all articles were found to have absent, incomplete or partly misleading CoI disclosures. Disclosure rates for the four programs varied significantly between 11% and 73%. Journal editors were contacted about 92 published articles with no CoI disclosure or a disclosure that was considered problematic. In 65/92 (71%) of all cases the editors published an 'erratum' or 'corrigendum'. In 16 of these cases the journal had mishandled a submitted disclosure. The most frequent reason for non-publication of an erratum was that the journal had no disclosure policy at the time of the publication (16 cases). Consumers of research on psychosocial interventions published in peer-reviewed journals cannot currently assume that CoI disclosures are adequate and complete. More efforts are needed to achieve transparency.

  14. How could disclosing incidental information from whole-genome sequencing affect patient behavior?

    PubMed Central

    Christensen, Kurt D; Green, Robert C

    2013-01-01

    In this article, we argue that disclosure of incidental findings from whole-genome sequencing has the potential to motivate individuals to change health behaviors through psychological mechanisms that differ from typical risk assessment interventions. Their ability to do so, however, is likely to be highly contingent upon the nature of the incidental findings and how they are disclosed, the context of the disclosure and the characteristics of the patient. Moreover, clinicians need to be aware that behavioral responses may occur in unanticipated ways. This article argues for commentators and policy makers to take a cautious but optimistic perspective while empirical evidence is collected through ongoing research involving whole-genome sequencing and the disclosure of incidental information. PMID:24319470

  15. How could disclosing incidental information from whole-genome sequencing affect patient behavior?

    PubMed

    Christensen, Kurt D; Green, Robert C

    2013-06-01

    In this article, we argue that disclosure of incidental findings from whole-genome sequencing has the potential to motivate individuals to change health behaviors through psychological mechanisms that differ from typical risk assessment interventions. Their ability to do so, however, is likely to be highly contingent upon the nature of the incidental findings and how they are disclosed, the context of the disclosure and the characteristics of the patient. Moreover, clinicians need to be aware that behavioral responses may occur in unanticipated ways. This article argues for commentators and policy makers to take a cautious but optimistic perspective while empirical evidence is collected through ongoing research involving whole-genome sequencing and the disclosure of incidental information.

  16. An unexplored ethical issue in clinical research: disclosure of individual findings in the Creando Posibilidades [Creating Possibilities] study.

    PubMed

    Stein, Karen Farchaus; Keller, Colleen; Fishstrom, Astrid

    2013-06-01

    Individual disclosure refers to the presumptive ethical responsibility of an investigator to communicate to a study participant information that was collected as a part of a research study protocol and is specific to the individual. Currently, there are no federal regulatory guidelines specifying the conditions and management of disclosure of health-related individual-specific information. In this report, the authors discuss the challenges associated with individual disclosure in the context of a longitudinal descriptive study. Arguments favoring disclosure and those challenging disclosure as a general ethical duty are presented. Finally, strategies for addressing individual disclosure are discussed using a research exemplar in which risk behaviors related to health outcomes were measured. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  17. Daily self-disclosure and sleep in couples.

    PubMed

    Kane, Heidi S; Slatcher, Richard B; Reynolds, Bridget M; Repetti, Rena L; Robles, Theodore F

    2014-08-01

    An emerging literature provides evidence for the association between romantic relationship quality and sleep, an important factor in health and well-being. However, we still know very little about the specific relationship processes that affect sleep behavior. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine how self-disclosure, an important relational process linked to intimacy, relationship satisfaction, and health, is associated with sleep behavior. As part of a larger study of family processes, wives (n = 46) and husbands (n = 38) from 46 cohabiting families completed 56 days of daily diaries. Spouses completed evening diaries assessing daily self-disclosure, relationship satisfaction, and mood and morning diaries assessing the prior night's sleep. Multilevel modeling was used to explore the effects of both daily variation in and average levels across the 56 days of self-disclosure on sleep. Daily variation in self-disclosure predicted sleep outcomes for wives, but not for husbands. On days when wives self-disclosed more to their spouses than their average level, their subjective sleep quality and sleep efficiency that night improved. Furthermore, daily self-disclosure buffered the effect of high negative mood on sleep latency for wives, but not husbands. In contrast, higher average levels of self-disclosure predicted less waking during the night for husbands, but not for wives. The association between self-disclosure and sleep is one mechanism by which daily relationship functioning may influence health and well-being. Gender may play a role in how self-disclosure is associated with sleep.

  18. Daily Self-Disclosure and Sleep in Couples

    PubMed Central

    Kane, Heidi S.; Slatcher, Richard B.; Reynolds, Bridget M.; Repetti, Rena L.; Robles, Theodore F.

    2014-01-01

    Objective An emerging literature provides evidence for the association between romantic relationship quality and sleep, an important factor in health and well-being. However, we still know very little about the specific relationship processes that affect sleep behavior. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine how self-disclosure, an important relational process linked to intimacy, relationship satisfaction and health, is associated with sleep behavior. Method As part of a larger study of family processes, wives (n=46) and husbands (n=38) from 46 cohabiting families completed 56 days of daily diaries. Spouses completed evening diaries assessing daily self-disclosure, relationship satisfaction, and mood and morning diaries assessing the prior night's sleep. Multilevel modeling was used to explore the effects of both daily variation in and average levels across the 56 days of self-disclosure on sleep. Results Daily variation in self-disclosure predicted sleep outcomes for wives, but not for husbands. On days when wives self-disclosed more to their spouses than their average level, their subjective sleep quality and sleep efficiency that night improved. Furthermore, daily self-disclosure buffered the negative effect of daily negative mood on sleep latency for wives, but not husbands. In contrast, higher average levels of self-disclosure predicted less waking during the night for husbands, but not for wives. Conclusion The association between self-disclosure and sleep is one mechanism by which daily relationship functioning may influence health and well-being. Gender may play a role in how self-disclosure is associated with sleep. PMID:25068453

  19. A Qualitative Study of Medical Mistrust, Perceived Discrimination, and Risk Behavior Disclosure to Clinicians by U.S. Male Sex Workers and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men: Implications for Biomedical HIV Prevention.

    PubMed

    Underhill, Kristen; Morrow, Kathleen M; Colleran, Christopher; Holcomb, Richard; Calabrese, Sarah K; Operario, Don; Galárraga, Omar; Mayer, Kenneth H

    2015-08-01

    Access to biomedical HIV prevention technologies such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) requires individuals to disclose risk behavior to clinicians, but experiences of discrimination and medical mistrust may limit disclosure among male sex workers and other MSM. We explored experiences of perceived discrimination, medical mistrust, and behavior disclosure among male sex workers compared to other men who have sex with men (MSM). We conducted 56 interviews with MSM and compared findings about medical mistrust, discrimination, and disclosure for 31 men who engaged in sex work vs. 25 men who did not. MSM who engaged in sex work reported more medical mistrust and healthcare discrimination due to issues beyond MSM behavior/identity (e.g., homelessness, substance use, poverty). MSM who did not report sex work described disclosing sex with men to clinicians more often. Both subgroups reported low PrEP awareness, but willingness to disclose behavior to obtain PrEP. Medical mistrust and perceived discrimination create barriers for sexual behavior disclosure to clinicians, potentially impeding access to PrEP and other forms of biomedical HIV prevention. These barriers may be higher among male sex workers compared to other MSM, given overlapping stigmas including sex work, substance use, homelessness, and poverty. An intersectionality framework for understanding multiple stigmas can help to identify how these dynamics may limit access to biomedical HIV prevention among male sex workers, as well as suggesting strategies for addressing stigmas to improve the delivery of PrEP and other HIV prevention approaches in this population.

  20. Patients’ and family members’ views on how clinicians enact and how they should enact incident disclosure: the “100 patient stories” qualitative study

    PubMed Central

    Allen, Suellen; Britton, Kate; Piper, Donella; Baker, Andrew; Grbich, Carol; Allan, Alfred; Jones, Liz; Tuckett, Anthony; Williams, Allison; Manias, Elizabeth; Gallagher, Thomas H

    2011-01-01

    Objectives To investigate patients’ and family members’ perceptions and experiences of disclosure of healthcare incidents and to derive principles of effective disclosure. Design Retrospective qualitative study based on 100 semi-structured, in depth interviews with patients and family members. Setting Nationwide multisite survey across Australia. Participants 39 patients and 80 family members who were involved in high severity healthcare incidents (leading to death, permanent disability, or long term harm) and incident disclosure. Recruitment was via national newspapers (43%), health services where the incidents occurred (28%), two internet marketing companies (27%), and consumer organisations (2%). Main outcome measures Participants’ recurrent experiences and concerns expressed in interviews. Results Most patients and family members felt that the health service incident disclosure rarely met their needs and expectations. They expected better preparation for incident disclosure, more shared dialogue about what went wrong, more follow-up support, input into when the time was ripe for closure, and more information about subsequent improvement in process. This analysis provided the basis for the formulation of a set of principles of effective incident disclosure. Conclusions Despite growing prominence of open disclosure, discussion about healthcare incidents still falls short of patient and family member expectations. Healthcare organisations and providers should strengthen their efforts to meet patients’ (and family members’) needs and expectations. PMID:21788260

  1. College Students' Perceptions of What Teaching Assistants Are Self-Disclosing in the Classroom

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Punyanunt-Carter, Narissra Maria

    2006-01-01

    The purpose of this study was to examine college students' perceptions of their teaching assistants' self-disclosure behavior in the classroom. Students in the introductory speech course rated their teaching assistants' self-disclosure based on positive and negative statements. In addition, student rated the self-disclosure on intent to disclose,…

  2. Effect of Subliminal Stimulation of Symbiotic Fantasies on College Student Self-Disclosure in Group Counseling.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Linehan, Edward; O'Toole, James

    1982-01-01

    Studied subliminal symbiotic stimulation as a treatment aid in conjunction with counselor self-disclosures in group counseling. Results showed that subliminal exposure to MOMMY AND I ARE ONE stimulus would lead to more client self-disclosures in group counseling. Suggests impact of symbiotic stimulus can be affected by counselor behavior. (RC)

  3. Depression and HIV Serostatus Disclosure to Sexual Partners Among Newly HIV-Diagnosed Men Who Have Sex with Men

    PubMed Central

    Abler, Laurie; Watt, Melissa H.; Hansen, Nathan B.; Wilson, Patrick A.; Kochman, Arlene

    2015-01-01

    Abstract HIV disclosure to sexual partners facilitates joint decision-making and risk reduction strategies for safer sex behaviors, but disclosure may be impacted by depression symptoms. Disclosure is also associated with disclosure self-efficacy, which in turn may also be influenced by depressive symptoms. This study examined the relationship between depression and HIV disclosure to partners following diagnosis among men who have sex with men (MSM), mediated by disclosure self-efficacy. Newly HIV-diagnosed MSM (n = 92) who reported sexual activity after diagnosis completed an assessment soon after diagnosis which measured depressive symptoms, and another assessment within 3 months of diagnosis that measured disclosure self-efficacy and disclosure. Over one-third of the sample reported elevated depressive symptoms soon after diagnosis and equal proportions (one-third each) disclosed to none, some, or all partners in the 3 months after diagnosis. Depressive symptoms were negatively associated with disclosure self-efficacy and disclosure to partners, while disclosure self-efficacy was positively associated with disclosure. Disclosure self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between depression and disclosure, accounting for 33% of the total effect. These findings highlight the importance of addressing depression that follows diagnosis to enhance subsequent disclosure to sexual partners. PMID:26430721

  4. Psychological, behavioral and social effects of disclosing Alzheimer's disease biomarkers to research participants: a systematic review.

    PubMed

    Bemelmans, S A S A; Tromp, K; Bunnik, E M; Milne, R J; Badger, S; Brayne, C; Schermer, M H; Richard, E

    2016-11-10

    Current Alzheimer's disease (AD) research initiatives focus on cognitively healthy individuals with biomarkers that are associated with the development of AD. It is unclear whether biomarker results should be returned to research participants and what the psychological, behavioral and social effects of disclosure are. This systematic review therefore examines the psychological, behavioral and social effects of disclosing genetic and nongenetic AD-related biomarkers to cognitively healthy research participants. We performed a systematic literature search in eight scientific databases. Three independent reviewers screened the identified records and selected relevant articles. Results extracted from the included articles were aggregated and presented per effect group. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the data synthesis. None of the identified studies examined the effects of disclosing nongenetic biomarkers. All studies but one concerned the disclosure of APOE genotype and were conducted in the USA. Study populations consisted largely of cognitively healthy first-degree relatives of AD patients. In this group, disclosure of an increased risk was not associated with anxiety, depression or changes in perceived risk in relation to family history. Disclosure of an increased risk did lead to an increase in specific test-related distress levels, health-related behavior changes and long-term care insurance uptake and possibly diminished memory functioning. In cognitively healthy research participants with a first-degree relative with AD, disclosure of APOE ε4-positivity does not lead to elevated anxiety and depression levels, but does increase test-related distress and results in behavior changes concerning insurance and health. We did not find studies reporting the effects of disclosing nongenetic biomarkers and only one study included people without a family history of AD. Empirical studies on the effects of disclosing nongenetic biomarkers and of disclosure to persons without a family history of AD are urgently needed. PROSPERO international prospective register for systematic reviews CRD42016035388 . Registered 19 February 2016.

  5. Emotional Disclosure Through Journal Writing: Telehealth Intervention for Maternal Stress and Mother-Child Relationships.

    PubMed

    Whitney, Rondalyn V; Smith, Gigi

    2015-11-01

    This study examines emotional disclosure through the activity of journaling as a means of coping with maternal stress associated with parenting a child with disruptive behaviors. Through a randomized control and pre-test post-test study design of an online journal writing intervention, change to maternal stress and quality of mother-child relationship for children with ASD, ADHD and SPD was addressed. Behavioral symptoms were found to be the primary source of parenting stress for mothers and a significant relationship between child characteristics and maternal stress was identified. Emotional disclosure through the online journal writing program (especially in the presence of high disclosure of negative emotions) was shown to reduce maternal stress and improve the quality of mother-child relationship. These findings suggest cost-effective telehealth interventions may support maternal health. Important clinical implications are discussed.

  6. Couldn't or wouldn't? The influence of privacy concerns and self-efficacy in privacy management on privacy protection.

    PubMed

    Chen, Hsuan-Ting; Chen, Wenghong

    2015-01-01

    Sampling 515 college students, this study investigates how privacy protection, including profile visibility, self-disclosure, and friending, are influenced by privacy concerns and efficacy regarding one's own ability to manage privacy settings, a factor that researchers have yet to give a great deal of attention to in the context of social networking sites (SNSs). The results of this study indicate an inconsistency in adopting strategies to protect privacy, a disconnect from limiting profile visibility and friending to self-disclosure. More specifically, privacy concerns lead SNS users to limit their profile visibility and discourage them from expanding their network. However, they do not constrain self-disclosure. Similarly, while self-efficacy in privacy management encourages SNS users to limit their profile visibility, it facilitates self-disclosure. This suggests that if users are limiting their profile visibility and constraining their friending behaviors, it does not necessarily mean they will reduce self-disclosure on SNSs because these behaviors are predicted by different factors. In addition, the study finds an interaction effect between privacy concerns and self-efficacy in privacy management on friending. It points to the potential problem of increased risk-taking behaviors resulting from high self-efficacy in privacy management and low privacy concerns.

  7. 16 CFR 1101.51 - Commission interpretation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Retraction § 1101.51 Commission... retraction of such inaccurate or misleading information. (b) Scope. Section 6(b)(7) applies to inaccurate or...

  8. 16 CFR 1101.51 - Commission interpretation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Retraction § 1101.51 Commission... retraction of such inaccurate or misleading information. (b) Scope. Section 6(b)(7) applies to inaccurate or...

  9. 16 CFR 1101.51 - Commission interpretation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Retraction § 1101.51 Commission... retraction of such inaccurate or misleading information. (b) Scope. Section 6(b)(7) applies to inaccurate or...

  10. 16 CFR 1101.51 - Commission interpretation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Retraction § 1101.51 Commission... retraction of such inaccurate or misleading information. (b) Scope. Section 6(b)(7) applies to inaccurate or...

  11. 12 CFR 205.5 - Issuance of access devices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... it if validation is not desired; (3) Accompanied by the disclosures required by § 205.7, of the... in response to the consumer's oral or written request for validation, after the institution has...

  12. 12 CFR 1005.5 - Issuance of access devices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... if validation is not desired; (3) Accompanied by the disclosures required by § 1005.7, of the... in response to the consumer's oral or written request for validation, after the institution has...

  13. 12 CFR 205.5 - Issuance of access devices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... it if validation is not desired; (3) Accompanied by the disclosures required by § 205.7, of the... in response to the consumer's oral or written request for validation, after the institution has...

  14. 12 CFR 1005.5 - Issuance of access devices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... if validation is not desired; (3) Accompanied by the disclosures required by § 1005.7, of the... in response to the consumer's oral or written request for validation, after the institution has...

  15. 12 CFR 205.5 - Issuance of access devices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... it if validation is not desired; (3) Accompanied by the disclosures required by § 205.7, of the... in response to the consumer's oral or written request for validation, after the institution has...

  16. 12 CFR 205.5 - Issuance of access devices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... it if validation is not desired; (3) Accompanied by the disclosures required by § 205.7, of the... in response to the consumer's oral or written request for validation, after the institution has...

  17. 12 CFR 205.5 - Issuance of access devices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... it if validation is not desired; (3) Accompanied by the disclosures required by § 205.7, of the... in response to the consumer's oral or written request for validation, after the institution has...

  18. Unveiling consumer's privacy paradox behaviour in an economic exchange.

    PubMed

    Motiwalla, Luvai F; Li, Xiao-Bai

    2016-01-01

    Privacy paradox is of great interest to IS researchers and firms gathering personal information. It has been studied from social, behavioural, and economic perspectives independently. However, prior research has not examined the degrees of influence these perspectives contribute to the privacy paradox problem. We combine both economic and behavioural perspectives in our study of the privacy paradox with a price valuation of personal information through an economic experiment combined with a behavioural study on privacy paradox. Our goal is to reveal more insights on the privacy paradox through economic valuation on personal information. Results indicate that general privacy concerns or individual disclosure concerns do not have a significant influence on the price valuation of personal information. Instead, prior disclosure behaviour in specific scenario, like with healthcare providers or social networks, is a better indicator of consumer price valuations.

  19. 77 FR 76839 - Home Mortgage Disclosure (Regulation C): Adjustment To Asset-Size Exemption Threshold

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-31

    ...The Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (Bureau) is publishing a final rule amending the official commentary that interprets the requirements of the Bureau's Regulation C (Home Mortgage Disclosure) to reflect a change in the asset-size exemption threshold for banks, savings associations, and credit unions based on the annual percentage change in the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). The exemption threshold is adjusted to increase to $42 million from $41 million. The adjustment is based on the 2.23 percent increase in the average of the CPI-W for the 12-month period ending in November 2012. Therefore, banks, savings associations, and credit unions with assets of $42 million or less as of December 31, 2012, are exempt from collecting data in 2013.

  20. 78 FR 79285 - Home Mortgage Disclosure (Regulation C): Adjustment to Asset-Size Exemption Threshold

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-30

    ...The Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (Bureau) is publishing a final rule amending the official commentary that interprets the requirements of the Bureau's Regulation C (Home Mortgage Disclosure) to reflect a change in the asset-size exemption threshold for banks, savings associations, and credit unions based on the annual percentage change in the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). The exemption threshold is adjusted to increase to $43 million from $42 million. The adjustment is based on the 1.4 percent increase in the average of the CPI-W for the 12-month period ending in November 2013. Therefore, banks, savings associations, and credit unions with assets of $43 million or less as of December 31, 2013, are exempt from collecting data in 2014.

  1. Physician and stakeholder perceptions of conflict of interest policies in oncology.

    PubMed

    Lockhart, A Craig; Brose, Marcia S; Kim, Edward S; Johnson, David H; Peppercorn, Jeffrey M; Michels, Dina L; Storm, Courtney D; Schuchter, Lynn M; Rathmell, W Kimryn

    2013-05-01

    The landscape of managing potential conflicts of interest (COIs) has evolved substantially across many disciplines in recent years, but rarely are the issues more intertwined with financial and ethical implications than in the health care setting. Cancer care is a highly technologic arena, with numerous physician-industry interactions. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) recognizes the role of a professional organization to facilitate management of these interactions and the need for periodic review of its COI policy (Policy). To gauge the sentiments of ASCO members and nonphysician stakeholders, two surveys were performed. The first asked ASCO members to estimate opinions of the Policy as it relates to presentation of industry-sponsored research. Respondents were classified as consumers or producers of research material based on demographic responses. A similar survey solicited opinions of nonphysician stakeholders, including patients with cancer, survivors, family members, and advocates. The ASCO survey was responded to by 1,967 members (1% of those solicited); 80% were producers, and 20% were consumers. Most respondents (93% of producers; 66% of consumers) reported familiarity with the Policy. Only a small proportion regularly evaluated COIs for presented research. Members favored increased transparency about relationships over restrictions on presentations of research. Stakeholders (n = 264) indicated that disclosure was "very important" to "extremely important" and preferred written disclosure (77%) over other methods. COI policies are an important and relevant topic among physicians and patient advocates. Methods to simplify the disclosure process, improve transparency, and facilitate responsiveness are critical for COI management.

  2. A Systematic Review of HIV Serostatus Disclosure Among African Immigrants in Europe.

    PubMed

    Whembolua, Guy-Lucien; Conserve, Donaldson F; Thomas, Kirstyn; Handler, Lara

    2017-08-01

    As the human immunodeficiency virus continues to devastate large parts of Africa, particularly the Sub-Saharan region, the number of immigrants migrating from these areas to European nations continues to grow. African men and women leave their countries for Europe because of armed conflicts, unemployment, or poverty. Thus, these migration patterns combined with newly contracted infections have resulted in a large and growing number of HIV-positive diagnoses among African immigrants living in Europe. Using the disclosure process model, this systematic review examines the reasons for HIV status disclosure and nondisclosure among African immigrants residing in Europe. PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, Global Health, and Web of Science were searched. Bibliographies of retrieved studies were also reviewed for other relevant citations. Studies were eligible if they: (1) focused on HIV-positive immigrants from SSA residing in Europe; and (2) described or measured HIV status disclosure. Out of 166 articles found, a total of 17 articles and 1 brief report met the inclusion criteria. Factors such as stigma and social implications of disclosure contribute to avoidance goals leading to nondisclosure while approach goals or disclosure reasons were found to include health status and behaviors such as seeking support, and helping others. The findings highlight the importance of understanding the avoidance and approach goals involved in HIV status disclosure among African immigrants in Europe. Interventions and future research directed at increasing HIV disclosure among African immigrants in Europe should move beyond individual-level to consider multilevel factors including country-specific social behaviors.

  3. The influence of parental monitoring and parent-adolescent communication on Bahamian adolescent risk involvement: A three-year longitudinal examination

    PubMed Central

    Wang, Bo; Stanton, Bonita; Li, Xiaoming; Cottrell, Lesley; Deveaux, Lynette; Kaljee, Linda

    2014-01-01

    The literature suggests that parental monitoring can best be conceptualized and measured through the domains of parental knowledge, youth disclosure, parental solicitation, and parental control. Using longitudinal data on 913 grade-six Bahamian students followed over a period of three years, we examined the unique and independent roles of these domains of parental monitoring and parent–adolescent communication in relation to adolescent involvement in delinquency, substance use, and sexual risk behaviors. The results obtained with mixed-effects models indicate that parental knowledge, youth disclosure, and parental control are negatively associated with both delinquency and substance use. Open parent—adolescent communication was associated with decreased sexual risk behavior, whereas problematic parent–adolescent communication was associated with increased sexual risk behavior. The results obtained with path models indicate that youth disclosure is a significant longitudinal predictor of reduced adolescent delinquency and that parental control during early adolescence predicted reduced substance use in middle adolescence. The findings suggest that parental knowledge, youth disclosure and parental control differ in their impacts on substance use, delinquency and sexual risk behaviors. Problematic parent–adolescent communication is consistently associated with increases in all three types of adolescent risk behaviors. Future parental monitoring interventions should focus on enhancing parents’ interpersonal communication skills and emphasize the differences in and importance of the unique components of parental monitoring. PMID:24161101

  4. The influence of parental monitoring and parent-adolescent communication on Bahamian adolescent risk involvement: a three-year longitudinal examination.

    PubMed

    Wang, Bo; Stanton, Bonita; Li, Xiaoming; Cottrell, Lesley; Deveaux, Lynette; Kaljee, Linda

    2013-11-01

    The literature suggests that parental monitoring can best be conceptualized and measured through the domains of parental knowledge, youth disclosure, parental solicitation, and parental control. Using longitudinal data on 913 grade-six Bahamian students followed over a period of three years, we examined the unique and independent roles of these domains of parental monitoring and parent-adolescent communication in relation to adolescent involvement in delinquency, substance use, and sexual risk behaviors. The results obtained with mixed-effects models indicate that parental knowledge, youth disclosure, and parental control are negatively associated with both delinquency and substance use. Open parent-adolescent communication was associated with decreased sexual risk behavior, whereas problematic parent-adolescent communication was associated with increased sexual risk behavior. The results obtained with path models indicate that youth disclosure is a significant longitudinal predictor of reduced adolescent delinquency and that parental control during early adolescence predicted reduced substance use in middle adolescence. The findings suggest that parental knowledge, youth disclosure and parental control differ in their impacts on substance use, delinquency and sexual risk behaviors. Problematic parent-adolescent communication is consistently associated with increases in all three types of adolescent risk behaviors. Future parental monitoring interventions should focus on enhancing parents' interpersonal communication skills and emphasize the differences in and importance of the unique components of parental monitoring. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  5. 12 CFR 230.11 - Additional disclosure requirements for overdraft services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... an institution's Internet site, is not a response to a consumer-initiated inquiry for purposes of... or radio; (iv) An advertisement made on outdoor media, such as billboards; (v) An ATM receipt; (vi...

  6. 12 CFR 1030.11 - Additional disclosure requirements for overdraft services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... telephone response machine, ATM, or an institution's Internet site, is not a response to a consumer... electronic media, such as television or radio; (iv) An advertisement made on outdoor media, such as...

  7. 12 CFR 230.11 - Additional disclosure requirements for overdraft services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... an institution's Internet site, is not a response to a consumer-initiated inquiry for purposes of... or radio; (iv) An advertisement made on outdoor media, such as billboards; (v) An ATM receipt; (vi...

  8. 12 CFR 1030.11 - Additional disclosure requirements for overdraft services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... telephone response machine, ATM, or an institution's Internet site, is not a response to a consumer... electronic media, such as television or radio; (iv) An advertisement made on outdoor media, such as...

  9. 12 CFR 1030.11 - Additional disclosure requirements for overdraft services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... telephone response machine, ATM, or an institution's Internet site, is not a response to a consumer... electronic media, such as television or radio; (iv) An advertisement made on outdoor media, such as...

  10. 12 CFR 230.11 - Additional disclosure requirements for overdraft services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... an institution's Internet site, is not a response to a consumer-initiated inquiry for purposes of... or radio; (iv) An advertisement made on outdoor media, such as billboards; (v) An ATM receipt; (vi...

  11. 12 CFR 230.11 - Additional disclosure requirements for overdraft services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... an institution's Internet site, is not a response to a consumer-initiated inquiry for purposes of... or radio; (iv) An advertisement made on outdoor media, such as billboards; (v) An ATM receipt; (vi...

  12. 16 CFR § 1101.51 - Commission interpretation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Retraction § 1101.51... publish a retraction of such inaccurate or misleading information. (b) Scope. Section 6(b)(7) applies to...

  13. Thumbs up for privacy?: Differences in online self-disclosure behavior across national cultures.

    PubMed

    Reed, Philip J; Spiro, Emma S; Butts, Carter T

    2016-09-01

    This study investigates relationships between national-level culture and online self-disclosure behavior. We operationalize culture through the GLOBE dimensions, a set of nine variables measuring cultural practices and another nine measuring values. Our observations of self-disclosure come from the privacy settings of approximately 200,000 randomly sampled Facebook users who designated a geographical network in 2009. We model privacy awareness as a function of one or more GLOBE variables with demographic covariates, evaluating the relative influence of each factor. In the top-performing models, we find that the majority of the cultural dimensions are significantly related to privacy awareness behavior. We also find that the hypothesized directions of several of these relationships, based largely on cultural attitudes towards threat mitigation, are confirmed. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Inc.

  14. Disclosure and Nondisclosure Among People Newly Diagnosed with HIV: An Analysis from a Stress and Coping Perspective

    PubMed Central

    Wrubel, Judith; Bränström, Richard; Acree, Michael; Moskowitz, Judith Tedlie

    2012-01-01

    Abstract Disclosing HIV status to friends, family, and sex partners is often stressful. However, HIV disclosure has been associated with improved physical health, psychological well-being, and improved health behaviors. The aim of this study was to address some of the gaps in the literature regarding the disclosure process by conducting a mixed-methods study of disclosure in people newly diagnosed with HIV and the relationship of disclosure to stigma and social support. The CHAI (Coping, HIV, and Affect Interview) Study was a longitudinal cohort study that followed individuals who were newly diagnosed with HIV. The study took place from October 2004 to June 2008 in the San Francisco Bay Area. This sample includes data from 50 participants who were interviewed 1, 3, and 9 months following diagnosis with HIV. We identified four main approaches to HIV disclosure that revealed distinct differences in how participants appraised disclosure, whether disclosure was experienced as stressful, and whether disclosure or nondisclosure functioned as a way of coping with an HIV diagnosis. Implications of these findings for disclosure counseling are discussed. PMID:22256856

  15. Dispositional pathways to trust: Self-esteem and agreeableness interact to predict trust and negative emotional disclosure.

    PubMed

    McCarthy, Megan H; Wood, Joanne V; Holmes, John G

    2017-07-01

    Expressing our innermost thoughts and feelings is critical to the development of intimacy (Reis & Shaver, 1988), but also risks negative evaluation and rejection. Past research suggests that people with high self-esteem are more expressive and self-disclosing because they trust that others care for them and will not reject them (Gaucher et al., 2012). However, feeling good about oneself may not always be enough; disclosure may also depend on how we feel about other people. Drawing on the principles of risk regulation theory (Murray et al., 2006), we propose that agreeableness-a trait that refers to the positivity of interpersonal motivations and behaviors-is a key determinant of trust in a partner's caring and responsiveness, and may work in conjunction with self-esteem to predict disclosure. We examined this possibility by exploring how both self-esteem and agreeableness predict a particularly risky and intimate form of self-disclosure, the disclosure of emotional distress. In 6 studies using correlational, partner-report, and experimental methods, we demonstrate that self-esteem and agreeableness interact to predict disclosure: People who are high in both self-esteem and agreeableness show higher emotional disclosure. We also found evidence that trust mediates this effect. People high in self-esteem and agreeableness are most self-revealing, it seems, because they are especially trusting of their partners' caring. Self-esteem and agreeableness were particularly important for the disclosure of vulnerable emotions (i.e., sadness; Study 5) and disclosures that were especially risky (Study 6). These findings illustrate how dispositional variables can work together to explain behavior in close relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).

  16. Disclosure and concealment of sexual orientation and the mental health of non-gay-identified, behaviorally bisexual men.

    PubMed

    Schrimshaw, Eric W; Siegel, Karolynn; Downing, Martin J; Parsons, Jeffrey T

    2013-02-01

    Although bisexual men report lower levels of mental health relative to gay men, few studies have examined the factors that contribute to bisexual men's mental health. Bisexual men are less likely to disclose, and more likely to conceal (i.e., a desire to hide), their sexual orientation than gay men. Theory suggests that this may adversely impact their mental health. This report examined the factors associated with disclosure and with concealment of sexual orientation, the association of disclosure and concealment with mental health, and the potential mediators (i.e., internalized homophobia, social support) of this association with mental health. An ethnically diverse sample of 203 non-gay-identified, behaviorally bisexual men who do not disclose their same-sex behavior to their female partners were recruited in New York City to complete a single set of self-report measures. Concealment was associated with higher income, a heterosexual identification, living with a wife or girlfriend, more frequent sex with women, and less frequent sex with men. Greater concealment, but not disclosure to friends and family, was significantly associated with lower levels of mental health. Multiple mediation analyses revealed that both internalized homophobia and general emotional support significantly mediated the association between concealment and mental health. The findings demonstrate that concealment and disclosure are independent constructs among bisexual men. Further, they suggest that interventions addressing concerns about concealment, emotional support, and internalized homophobia may be more beneficial for increasing the mental health of bisexual men than those focused on promoting disclosure.

  17. Disclosure and Concealment of Sexual Orientation and the Mental Health of Non-Gay-Identified, Behaviorally-Bisexual Men

    PubMed Central

    Schrimshaw, Eric W.; Siegel, Karolynn; Downing, Martin J.; Parsons, Jeffrey T.

    2013-01-01

    Objective Although bisexual men report lower levels of mental health relative to gay men, few studies have examined the factors that contribute to bisexual men’s mental health. Bisexual men are less likely to disclose, and more likely to conceal (i.e., a desire to hide), their sexual orientation than gay men. Theory suggests that this may adversely impact their mental health. This report examined the factors associated with disclosure and with concealment of sexual orientation, the association of disclosure and concealment with mental health, and the potential mediators (i.e., internalized homophobia, social support) of this association with mental health. Method An ethnically-diverse sample of 203 non-gay-identified, behaviorally-bisexual men who do not disclose their same-sex behavior to their female partners were recruited in New York City to complete a single set of self-report measures. Results Concealment was associated with higher income, a heterosexual identification, living with a wife or girlfriend, more frequent sex with women, and less frequent sex with men. Greater concealment, but not disclosure to friends and family, was significantly associated with lower levels of mental health. Multiple mediation analyses revealed that both internalized homophobia and general emotional support significantly mediated the association between concealment and mental health. Conclusions The findings demonstrate that concealment and disclosure are independent constructs among bisexual men. Further, they suggest that interventions addressing concerns about concealment, emotional support, and internalized homophobia may be more beneficial for increasing the mental health of bisexual men than those focused on promoting disclosure. PMID:23276123

  18. Disclosure management behaviors in Korean adults with well-controlled epilepsy: Their relation to perception of stigma.

    PubMed

    Lee, Sang-Ahm; Lee, Byung-In

    2017-02-01

    In spite of the fact that epilepsy is a concealable stigmatized identity, there is little evidence pertaining to disclosure management in adults living with epilepsy. We determined the factors contributing to disclosure management strategies in adults living with well-controlled epilepsy. This was a cross-sectional multicenter study. Korean adults whose seizures had remitted for at least one year participated in this study. Using statistical analyses, we determined whether disclosure management behaviors measured using the Disclosure Management Scale (DMS) were related to demographic, clinical, and psychosocial variables. The Stigma Scale and Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) were used. Of a total of 225 participants, 76% stated that they often or sometimes kept their epilepsy a secret, while 24% reported that they never or rarely kept their diagnosis hidden. The mean DMS score was 6.1 (SD=2.4). In univariate analyses, the DMS scores were significantly related to the HADS depression scores (r=0.187, p=0.005) and the presence of perceived stigma (p=0.001). In linear regression analyses, perceived stigma was identified only as an independent factor associated with DMS scores (p=0.031), while HADS depression lost significance (p=0.057). The presence of perceived stigma explained only 4.6% of the variance in DMS scores. Our study shows that over 70% of Korean adults with well-controlled epilepsy often or sometimes keep their epilepsy a secret. Although perceived stigma is associated with concealment behaviors, it accounts for only a small proportion of the variance in disclosure management. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  19. 75 FR 3985 - Trade Regulation Rule Relating to Power Output Claims for Amplifiers Utilized in Home...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-01-26

    ... purchasing decision, or, at worst, could be deceived by certain power output claims.'' More specifically... consumers who purchase power amplification equipment. The Rule standardized the measurement and disclosure...

  20. 49 CFR 89.29 - Disclosure to commercial credit bureaus and consumer reporting agencies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    .... (b) The information that may be disclosed is the debtor's name, address, social security number or taxpayer identification number, and any other information to establish the identity and location of the...

  1. Patient's right to information under the New Zealand Code of Rights.

    PubMed

    Mullen, Kyla

    2015-09-01

    The Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers' Rights includes right 6: the "Right to be Fully Informed". Analysis of the Health and Disability Commissioners' opinions between 2008 and 2013 that have discussed right 6 shows that the duties on providers have increased in a number of areas: the need to inform of risks, including provider-inherent risks; open disclosure of adverse events; ongoing need to inform consumers throughout the therapeutic relationship; information of all available options; and provision of sufficient time between disclosure of information and obtaining informed consent for provision of health services. Following a breach opinion, the Human Rights Review Tribunal and the Health Practitioners Competency Tribunal, on occasion, have the opportunity to consider the case but their role in law development is limited compared with that of the Commissioner. The limitations of law development in this manner are discussed.

  2. The Influence of Disclosure and Ethics Education on Perceptions of Financial Conflicts of Interest.

    PubMed

    Sacco, Donald F; Bruton, Samuel V; Hajnal, Alen; Lustgraaf, Chris J N

    2015-08-01

    This study explored how disclosure of financial conflicts of interest (FCOI) influences naïve or "lay" individuals' perceptions of the ethicality of researcher conduct. On a between-subjects basis, participants read ten scenarios in which researchers disclosed or failed to disclose relevant financial conflicts of interest. Participants evaluated the extent to which each vignette represented a FCOI, its possible influence on researcher objectivity, and the ethics of the financial relationship. Participants were then asked if they had completed a college-level ethics course. Results indicated that FCOI disclosure significantly influenced participants' perceptions of the ethicality of the situation, but only marginally affected perceptions of researcher objectivity and had no significant influence on perceptions of the existence of FCOIs. Participants who had previously completed a college-level ethics course appeared more sensitive to the importance of FCOI disclosure than those who lacked such background. This result suggests that formal ethical training may help individuals become more critical consumers of scientific research.

  3. Disclosure of HIV Status Beyond Sexual Partners by People Living with HIV in France: A Call for Help? Results from the National Cross-Sectional Survey ANRS-VESPA2.

    PubMed

    Marcellin, Fabienne; Suzan-Monti, Marie; Vilotitch, Antoine; Sagaon-Teyssier, Luis; Mora, Marion; Dray-Spira, Rosemary; Préau, Marie; Lert, France; Spire, Bruno

    2017-01-01

    HIV status disclosure remains a complex issue for most people living with HIV (PLWH). We analyzed PLWH disclosure behaviors in France, where treatment is free and where the social image of HIV has improved in the general population. Analyses focused on disclosure to the social network excluding sexual partners (close family, other relatives, friends, colleagues). The study sample comprised 3016 participants from the nationally representative survey ANRS-VESPA2. Three PLWH clusters were identified using hierarchical classification ("high disclosure level": 28.2 %, "medium disclosure level": 27.5 %, and "low disclosure level": 44.3 %). In multivariable analyses, the variable "not living in a couple but psychological social support needed" was independently associated with medium (AOR [95 % CI] 1.8 [1.4; 2.3]) and high levels of disclosure (1.4 [1.1; 1.8]) (multinomial regression models). For PLWH living alone, HIV status disclosure may reveal a need for psychological social support, a key component to treatment adherence and positive prevention.

  4. Promoting safety voice with safety-specific transformational leadership: the mediating role of two dimensions of trust.

    PubMed

    Conchie, Stacey M; Taylor, Paul J; Donald, Ian J

    2012-01-01

    Although safety-specific transformational leadership is known to encourage employee safety voice behaviors, less is known about what makes this style of leadership effective. We tested a model that links safety-specific transformational leadership to safety voice through various dimensions of trust. Data from 150 supervisor-employee dyads from the United Kingdom oil industry supported our predictions that the effects of safety-specific transformational leadership are sequentially mediated by affect-based trust beliefs and disclosure trust intentions. Moreover, we found that reliance trust intentions moderated the effect of disclosure: employees' disclosure intentions mediated the effects of affect-based trust on safety voice behaviors only when employees' intention to rely on their leader was moderate to high. These findings suggest that leaders seeking to encourage safety voice behaviors should go beyond "good reason" arguments and develop affective bonds with their employees.

  5. Physician and Stakeholder Perceptions of Conflict of Interest Policies in Oncology

    PubMed Central

    Lockhart, A. Craig; Brose, Marcia S.; Kim, Edward S.; Johnson, David H.; Peppercorn, Jeffrey M.; Michels, Dina L.; Storm, Courtney D.; Schuchter, Lynn M.; Rathmell, W. Kimryn

    2013-01-01

    Purpose The landscape of managing potential conflicts of interest (COIs) has evolved substantially across many disciplines in recent years, but rarely are the issues more intertwined with financial and ethical implications than in the health care setting. Cancer care is a highly technologic arena, with numerous physician-industry interactions. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) recognizes the role of a professional organization to facilitate management of these interactions and the need for periodic review of its COI policy (Policy). Methods To gauge the sentiments of ASCO members and nonphysician stakeholders, two surveys were performed. The first asked ASCO members to estimate opinions of the Policy as it relates to presentation of industry-sponsored research. Respondents were classified as consumers or producers of research material based on demographic responses. A similar survey solicited opinions of nonphysician stakeholders, including patients with cancer, survivors, family members, and advocates. Results The ASCO survey was responded to by 1,967 members (1% of those solicited); 80% were producers, and 20% were consumers. Most respondents (93% of producers; 66% of consumers) reported familiarity with the Policy. Only a small proportion regularly evaluated COIs for presented research. Members favored increased transparency about relationships over restrictions on presentations of research. Stakeholders (n = 264) indicated that disclosure was “very important” to “extremely important” and preferred written disclosure (77%) over other methods. Conclusion COI policies are an important and relevant topic among physicians and patient advocates. Methods to simplify the disclosure process, improve transparency, and facilitate responsiveness are critical for COI management. PMID:23530092

  6. Predicting adolescents' disclosure of personal information in exchange for commercial incentives: an application of an extended theory of planned behavior.

    PubMed

    Heirman, Wannes; Walrave, Michel; Ponnet, Koen

    2013-02-01

    This study adopts a global theoretical framework to predict adolescents' disclosure of personal information in exchange for incentives offered by commercial Websites. The study postulates and tests the validity of a model based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), including antecedent factors of attitude and perceived behavioral control (PBC). A survey was conducted among 1,042 respondents. Results from SEM analyses show that the hypothesized model fits the empirical data well. The model accounts for 61.9 percent of the variance in adolescents' intention to disclose and 43.7 percent of the variance in self-reported disclosure. Perceived social pressure exerted by significant others (subjective norm) is the most important TPB factor in predicting intention to disclose personal information in exchange for incentives. This finding suggests that in discussions of adolescents' information privacy, the importance of social factors outweighs the individually oriented TPB factors of attitude and PBC. Moreover, privacy concern and trust propensity are significant predictors of respondents' attitudes toward online disclosure in exchange for commercial incentives, whereas the frequency of Internet use significantly affects their level of PBC.

  7. Privacy Practices of Health Social Networking Sites: Implications for Privacy and Data Security in Online Cancer Communities.

    PubMed

    Charbonneau, Deborah H

    2016-08-01

    While online communities for social support continue to grow, little is known about the state of privacy practices of health social networking sites. This article reports on a structured content analysis of privacy policies and disclosure practices for 25 online ovarian cancer communities. All of the health social networking sites in the study sample provided privacy statements to users, yet privacy practices varied considerably across the sites. The majority of sites informed users that personal information was collected about participants and shared with third parties (96%, n = 24). Furthermore, more than half of the sites (56%, n = 14) stated that cookies technology was used to track user behaviors. Despite these disclosures, only 36% (n = 9) offered opt-out choices for sharing data with third parties. In addition, very few of the sites (28%, n = 7) allowed individuals to delete their personal information. Discussions about specific security measures used to protect personal information were largely missing. Implications for privacy, confidentiality, consumer choice, and data safety in online environments are discussed. Overall, nurses and other health professionals can utilize these findings to encourage individuals seeking online support and participating in social networking sites to build awareness of privacy risks to better protect their personal health information in the digital age.

  8. Can Lighting Influence Self-Disclosure?

    PubMed

    Mehta, Veli; Mukherjee, Sumitava; Manjaly, Jaison A

    2017-01-01

    With the advent of social networks where people disclose a lot of their information and opinions publicly, this research attempted to re-look at the effect of environmental lighting on willingness and actual disclosure of personal information. Previous literatures mostly addressed counseling setups and the findings were mixed. In order to clarify the effect of lighting on self-disclosure, two experiments were conducted with reported willingness to disclose (Experiment 1) as well as actual disclosure (Experiment 2) on a range of topics like social issues, body, money, work, and personality. While quite a handful of studies have reported differences in disclosure from very subtle environmental lighting manipulations, in both experiments we could not find any effect of ambient room lighting conditions on self-disclosure. These results call for caution both in over-interpreting subtle environmental effects and in increased generalization of perceptual metaphors to actual behavior.

  9. Labeling and advertising of home insulation. Final staff report to the Federal Trade Commission and proposed trade regulation rule (16 CFR Part 460)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    Insulation can save significant amounts of fuel and money, and has therefore captured public attention as a desirable energy conservation measure. Because insulation is a very difficult product for uninformed consumers to evaluate, there was broad support for a rule requiring the disclosure of information facilitating choices among insulation products. With the information that the Recommended Rule will require, consumers will be able to compare the thermal properties of varous types of insulation and make the best purchases for their needs. In order to provide consumers, as quickly as possible, with information aiding their purchase of this major conservation measure,more » and to protect consumers from the abuses that rising demand has brought, the Commission undertook this rulemaking proceeding on an expedited schedule. The Rule was proposed on November 18, 1977. The tests mandated by the Rule will provide reproducible and accurate R-values, permitting comparisons of thermal performance. As a result of the testing and required disclosures of R-values and related information, consumers should be able to make sound choices for their needs, without being uninformed or misinformed about the relative values of different types of insulation. The Recommended Rule covers the testing, advertising, and labeling of thermal insulation products. It includes organic, fibrous, cellular, and reflective insulations sold for use in homes, apartments, and other residential dwellings. Insulation sold directly to consumers for do-it-yourself installation is covered, as well as insulation installed by professionals.« less

  10. Help-Seeking Behaviors for Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration by Men Receiving Substance Use Treatment: A Mixed-Methods Secondary Analysis.

    PubMed

    Hashimoto, Nozomu; Radcliffe, Polly; Gilchrist, Gail

    2018-05-01

    Despite the high prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration by men receiving substance use treatment, little is known about their help-seeking behaviors for IPV. A secondary analysis of a mixed-methods study of men receiving substance use treatment who perpetrated IPV examined the prevalence, characteristics, and barriers associated with IPV perpetration disclosure and help-seeking. In total, 170 men were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, and a subsample of 20 were interviewed in-depth about their experiences. Logistic regression determined variables associated with disclosure and help-seeking. Thematic analysis of the in-depth interviews explored barriers to disclosure and help-seeking. Only half the participants had told anyone about their IPV perpetration and about one quarter reported having sought any sort of support. Whereas participants were more likely to disclose their IPV perpetration to informal resources (such as friends or family), they tended to seek help from formal resources (such as health professionals or the police). A greater proportion of physical IPV perpetrators, who had disclosed, had been arrested or had police involvement for IPV, suggesting that their disclosure may not have been voluntary. The following themes emerged from the qualitative data about the barriers to disclosure and help-seeking for IPV perpetration: fear that their children would be taken into care by social services, shame and embarrassment, and a minimization or normalization of their behavior. In addition, many participants highlighted that they had never been previously asked about IPV during treatment for substance use and stressed the need for greater expertise in or knowledge of this topic from specialist services. Substance use treatment services should enquire about men's relationships and IPV perpetration to facilitate disclosure and provide support. Further research is necessary to determine the context of disclosure and help-seeking for IPV perpetration to increase the likelihood of identification.

  11. What would you say? Genetic counseling graduate students' and counselors' hypothetical responses to patient requested self-disclosure.

    PubMed

    Redlinger-Grosse, Krista; Veach, Patricia McCarthy; MacFarlane, Ian M

    2013-08-01

    Genetic counselor self-disclosure is a complex behavior that lacks extensive characterization. In particular, data are limited about genetic counselors' responses when patients ask them to self-disclose. Accordingly, this study investigated genetic counseling students' (n = 114) and practicing genetic counselors' (n = 123) responses to two hypothetical scenarios in which a female prenatal patient requests self-disclosure. Scenarios were identical except for a final patient question: "Have you ever had an amniocentesis?" or "What would you do if you were me?" Imagining themselves as the counselor, participants wrote a response for each scenario and then explained their response. Differences in disclosure frequency for students vs. counselors and disclosure question were assessed, and themes in participant responses and explanations were extracted via content and thematic analysis methods. Chi-square analyses indicated no significant differences in frequency of student versus counselor disclosure. Self-disclosure was significantly higher for, "Have you ever had an amniocentesis?" (78.5 %) than for, "What would you do if you were me?" (53.2 %) (p < .001). Types of self-disclosures included personal, professional, and mixed disclosures. Prevalent explanations for disclosure and non-disclosure responses included: remain patient focused and support/empower the patient. Additional findings, practice and training implications, and research recommendations are presented.

  12. College Women's Responses to a Celebrity Health Disclosure.

    PubMed

    Drizin, Julia H; Malcarne, Vanessa L; Schiaffino, Melody K; Wells, Kristen J

    2017-08-18

    Celebrities can have a powerful influence on people's health-related attitudes and behaviors, often by publicly disclosing their own personal health decisions. In May 2013, Angelina Jolie, an internationally recognized actress, director, and author, wrote an op-ed for the New York Times disclosing her decision to undergo a prophylactic double mastectomy to reduce her risk of breast cancer after learning that she carried the BRCA1 gene mutation. This cross-sectional study examined whether exposure to Angelina Jolie and her mastectomy disclosure and parasocial involvement (PSI) with Angelina Jolie were related to female college students' perceived risk of breast cancer and breast cancer screening intentions. Participants were 198 female undergraduate college students. Data were collected anonymously via an online questionnaire and analyzed using bivariate correlations and hierarchical linear regression analyses. Neither exposure to Angelina and her disclosure nor PSI with Angelina Jolie was related to participants' attitudes or behaviors related to breast cancer. However, having a family history of cancer was associated with more exposure to Angelina Jolie and her disclosure. Findings suggest that exposure to and PSI with a celebrity who has disclosed a health-related message may not be sufficient to motivate young women to change their health-related attitudes and behaviors. Future studies should explore how celebrities disclosing different types of health issues might influence the attitudes and behaviors of young women.

  13. Community-Level HIV Stigma as a Driver for HIV Transmission Risk Behaviors and Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Sierra Leone: A Population-Based Study.

    PubMed

    Kelly, J Daniel; Reid, Michael J; Lahiff, Maureen; Tsai, Alexander C; Weiser, Sheri D

    2017-08-01

    Although HIV stigma has been identified as an important risk factor for HIV transmission risk behaviors, little is known about the contribution of community-level HIV stigma to HIV transmission risk behaviors and self-reported sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or how gender may modify associations. We pooled data from the 2008 and 2013 Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Surveys. For HIV stigma, we examined HIV stigmatizing attitudes and HIV disclosure concerns at both individual and community levels. Outcomes of HIV transmission risk behaviors were recent condom usage, consistent condom usage, and self-reported STDs. We assessed associations with multivariable logistic regressions. We also analyzed gender as an effect modifier of these associations. Of 34,574 respondents, 24,030 (69.5%) who had heard of HIV were included in this analysis. Community-level HIV stigmatizing attitudes and disclosure concerns were associated with higher odds of self-reported STDs (adjusted odds ratio = 2.07; 95% confidence interval: 1.55 to 2.77; adjusted odds ratio = 2.95; 95% confidence interval: 1.51 to 5.58). Compared with men, community-level HIV stigmatizing attitudes among women were a stronger driver of self-reported STDs (interaction P = 0.07). Gender modified the association between community-level HIV disclosure concerns and both recent and consistent condom usage (interaction P = 0.03 and P = 0.002, respectively). Community-level HIV disclosure concerns among women were observed to be a driver of risky sex and self-reported STDs. This study shows that community-level HIV stigma may be a driver for risky sex and self-reported STDs, particularly among women. Our findings suggest that community-held stigmatizing beliefs and HIV disclosure concerns among women might be important targets for HIV stigma reduction interventions.

  14. 29 CFR 2702.8 - Advance payment of fees; interest; debt collection procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... charged in timely fashion (i.e., within 30 days of the date of billing) may be required first to pay that...) The Debt Collection Act of 1982, Pub. L. 97-365, including disclosure to consumer credit reporting...

  15. 75 FR 47173 - Truth in Savings

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-05

    ... unions' disclosure practices related to overdraft services, including balances disclosed to members... overdraft services, including balances disclosed to consumers through automated systems. 74 FR 5584 (January... sustained overdraft, negative balance, or similar fees or charges imposed by the credit union. See comment...

  16. Iranian EFL Teachers' Perceptions of Teacher Self-Disclosure

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rahimi, Ali; Askari Bigdeli, Rouhollah

    2016-01-01

    Teacher self-disclosure (TSD) as a communication behavior can influence students' learning by increasing their engagement and class participation as well as helping them establish effective interpersonal relationships. Owning to its context-sensitive and culture-dependent nature, however, TSD topics, purposes, and considerations may vary…

  17. Disclosure of Sexual Orientation and Uptake of HIV Testing and Hepatitis Vaccination for Rural Men Who Have Sex With Men.

    PubMed

    Metheny, Nicholas; Stephenson, Rob

    2016-03-01

    The decision and ability of primary care clinician to make recommendations for routine human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccines are shaped by knowledge of their patient's risk behaviors. For men who have sex with men, such knowledge requires disclosure of same-sex sexual behavior or sexual identity. Data were analyzed from a national survey of rural men who have sex with men (N = 319) to understand whether the disclosure of sexual identity to clinicians was associated with increased uptake of HIV testing and hepatitis vaccinations. We found that disclosure of sexual identity to clinicians was significantly associated (OR = 1.26; 95% CI, 1.08-1.47) with uptake of routine HIV testing and HAV/HBV vaccination. Our finding reinforces the need for safe, nonjudgmental settings for patients to discuss their sexual identities freely with their clinicians. © 2016 Annals of Family Medicine, Inc.

  18. Caregivers' Intentions to Disclose HIV Diagnosis to Children Living with HIV in South Africa: A Theory-Based Approach

    PubMed Central

    Jemmott, John B.; Heeren, G. Anita; Sidloyi, Lulama; Marange, C. Show; Tyler, Joanne C.; Ngwane, Zolani

    2015-01-01

    When people know their HIV serostatus, they can take steps to manage their health and the risk of transmitting HIV to others. Mounting evidence indicates that caregivers often do not disclose to HIV-positive children that the children are living with HIV, but little is known about the modifiable determinants of pediatric HIV disclosure. The present study examined theory-of-planned-behavior predictors of the intention to disclose to children their HIV diagnosis. The participants were 100 caregivers of HIV-positive children in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Proportional-odds logistic regression analysis revealed that normative support for disclosure and caregiver-child communication predicted the intention to disclose, whereas behavioral beliefs regarding the consequences of disclosing and self-efficacy to disclose did not. The results suggest that interventions to increase pediatric HIV disclosure in South Africa should help caregivers enlist support for disclosure among important referents and improve communication with their HIV-infected children. PMID:24310931

  19. [Therapist self-disclosure in cognitive-behavioral therapy].

    PubMed

    Panagiotidou, K; Zervas, I

    2014-01-01

    Social changes and developments in medical science prompted mental health professionals to adopt new roles in relation to their self-disclosure practices. The physician-patient relationship has balanced on a different level, promoting the equity and the autonomy of the second. The contemporary patient is better informed, asks more questions and requires more answers. The boundaries between "professional" and "personal" are less strict and patients believe that they have a right to know whether the personal experiences (educational, clinical, research) of their therapists enable them to understand and help them. Although the latest version of the American Psychological Association's Ethics Code (APA, 2002) offers no explicit guidance on therapist self-disclosure, it incorporates an implicit message that therapists can no longer choose non-disclosure without having considered the issue carefully. Non-disclosure is no longer the easy answer, as it may affect adversely the therapeutic relationship and the therapeutic effect. These new circumstances prompted representatives of all psychotherapeutic orientations to reconsider traditional positions on therapist self-disclosure, to adapt to the diverse needs of the patients and the modern requirements of the therapeutic process and to define the framework within which its conduct is not only safe but also effective. This review attempts to describe the concept of therapist self-disclosure and its use and its functions in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, following a history of the term in other major therapeutic schools (psychoanalytic, client-centered and systemic). As the focus of any psychotherapy is the patient himself, we added reports of patients' experiences by their therapists' disclosures. Those descriptions reveal clearly not only the benefits of therapist self-disclosure but also the dangers posed by improper use. Finally, we attempt to set a framework in the form of proposals, as these result from existing empirical and theoretical research. As therapists will inevitably be confronted with the issue of self-disclosure in their careers, they will have to make decisions on if, what, when, why, to whom, and how to disclose. These guidelines aspire to be of help to therapists so they can use self-disclosure efficiently and ethically and to minimize potential risks.

  20. Advancing methodology in the study of HIV status disclosure: the importance of considering disclosure target and intent.

    PubMed

    Dima, Alexandra L; Stutterheim, Sarah E; Lyimo, Ramsey; de Bruin, Marijn

    2014-05-01

    Disclosure of HIV status has been the focus of three decades of research, which have revealed its complex relations to many behaviors involved in HIV prevention and treatment, and exposed its central role in managing the HIV epidemic. The causes and consequences of disclosure acts have recently been the subject of several theoretical models. Although it is acknowledged that individual disclosure events are part of a broader process of disclosing one's HIV status to an increasing number of people, this process has received less theoretical attention. In quantitative studies of disclosure, researchers have often implicitly assumed that disclosure is a single unidimensional process appropriately measured via the total number of one's disclosure acts. However, there is also evidence that disclosure may have different causes and consequences depending on the types of actors involved (e.g. family members, friends) and on the presence or absence of the discloser's intention, suggesting that the unidimensionality assumption may not hold. We quantitatively examined the dimensionality of voluntary and involuntary disclosure to different categories of actors, using data collected via structured interviews in the spring of 2010 from 158 people living with HIV in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. For voluntary disclosure, nonparametric item response analyses identified two multi-category clusters, family and community, and two single-category dimensions, partner and children. Involuntary disclosure consisted of several single- or two-category dimensions. Correlation analyses between the resulting disclosure dimensions and stigma and social support revealed distinct relationships for each disclosure dimension. Our results suggest that treating disclosure as a unidimensional construct is a simplification of disclosure processes that may lead to incorrect conclusions about disclosure correlates. We therefore recommend examining disclosure acts jointly to identify sample-specific dimensions before examining causes and consequences of disclosure. We propose a methodology for investigating disclosure processes, and recommend its adoption in future disclosure studies. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  1. The efficacy of serostatus disclosure for HIV Transmission risk reduction.

    PubMed

    O'Connell, Ann A; Reed, Sandra J; Serovich, Julianne A

    2015-02-01

    Interventions to assist HIV+ persons in disclosing their serostatus to sexual partners can play an important role in curbing rates of HIV transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM). Based on the methods of Pinkerton and Galletly (AIDS Behav 11:698-705, 2007), we develop a mathematical probability model for evaluating effectiveness of serostatus disclosure in reducing the risk of HIV transmission and extend the model to examine the impact of serosorting. In baseline data from 164 HIV+ MSM participating in a randomized controlled trial of a disclosure intervention, disclosure is associated with a 45.0 % reduction in the risk of HIV transmission. Accounting for serosorting, a 61.2 % reduction in risk due to disclosure was observed in serodisconcordant couples. The reduction in risk for seroconcordant couples was 38.4 %. Evidence provided supports the value of serostatus disclosure as a risk reduction strategy in HIV+ MSM. Interventions to increase serostatus disclosure and that address serosorting behaviors are needed.

  2. The Efficacy of Serostatus Disclosure for HIV Transmission Risk Reduction

    PubMed Central

    O’Connell, Ann A.; Serovich, Julianne A.

    2015-01-01

    Interventions to assist HIV+ persons in disclosing their serostatus to sexual partners can play an important role in curbing rates of HIV transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM). Based on the methods of Pinkerton and Galletly (AIDS Behav 11:698–705, 2007), we develop a mathematical probability model for evaluating effectiveness of serostatus disclosure in reducing the risk of HIV transmission and extend the model to examine the impact of serosorting. In baseline data from 164 HIV+ MSM participating in a randomized controlled trial of a disclosure intervention, disclosure is associated with a 45.0 % reduction in the risk of HIV transmission. Accounting for serosorting, a 61.2 % reduction in risk due to disclosure was observed in serodisconcordant couples. The reduction in risk for seroconcordant couples was 38.4 %. Evidence provided supports the value of serostatus disclosure as a risk reduction strategy in HIV+ MSM. Interventions to increase serostatus disclosure and that address serosorting behaviors are needed. PMID:25164375

  3. 75 FR 80675 - Home Mortgage Disclosure

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-23

    ...The Board is publishing a final rule amending the staff commentary that interprets the requirements of Regulation C (Home Mortgage Disclosure). The staff commentary is amended to increase the asset-size exemption threshold for depository institutions based on the annual percentage change in the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW). The adjustment from $39 million to $40 million reflects the increase of that index by 2.21 percent during the twelve-month period ending in November 2010. Thus, depository institutions with assets of $40 million or less as of December 31, 2010 are exempt from collecting data in 2011.

  4. Perceptions of, and assistance provided to, a hypothetical rape victim: differences between rape disclosure recipients and nonrecipients.

    PubMed

    Paul, Lisa A; Kehn, Andre; Gray, Matt J; Salapska-Gelleri, Joanna

    2014-01-01

    Undergraduate rape disclosure recipients' and nonrecipients' sociodemographic and life experience variables, attitudes towards rape, and responses to a hypothetical rape disclosure were compared to determine differences between them. One hundred ninety-two undergraduates at 3 universities participated in this online survey between November 2011 and April 2012. Participants reported on their rape myth acceptance (RMA) and personal direct and indirect (ie, disclosure receipt) experiences with sexual assault. Participants also responded to a hypothetical rape disclosure. Disclosure recipients were more likely to report a victimization history, and less confusion and perceived ineffectiveness in helping the hypothetical victim. RMA and nonrecipient status predicted perceived victim responsibility; these variables and childhood victimization predicted confusion about helping. RMA also predicted perceived ineffectiveness of one's helping behaviors. Victimization history and female gender predicted victim empathy. These findings can inform sexual assault-related programming for undergraduates through the provision of targeted assistance and corrective information.

  5. The measurement of substance use among adolescents: when is the 'bogus pipeline' method needed?

    PubMed

    Murray, D M; Perry, C L

    1987-01-01

    The use of objective measures to assess cigarette smoking among adolescents has become commonplace in research studies in recent years. This trend is based on evidence that this so called pipeline methodology can increase the disclosure of socially proscribed behaviors in a setting where adolescents might otherwise feel pressure to deny that they smoke. This paper examines the effects of the pipeline methodology alone and in combination with procedures designed to ensure anonymity on the disclosure of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use by young adolescents. The data indicate that the pipeline procedures significantly increase disclosure of tobacco and marijuana use when students are promised confidentiality but not anonymity. However, when anonymity was assured, disclosure of cigarette use was just as high without the pipeline; for marijuana use, disclosure was higher without the pipeline. No effects were observed for alcohol disclosure. These data are interpreted for their implications for prospective and cross sectional studies.

  6. Self-Disclosure as an Exchange Process: Reinforcement Effects.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Taylor, Dalmas A.

    In association with an extensive examination of the disclosure literature, this paper describes two laboratory studies designed to yield information regarding the effects of reinforcement on self-disclosing behaviors in an exchange process. In one series, the experimenters manipulated the patterns of personal reward/cost experiences, hypothesizing…

  7. AN INTERVENTION TO ASSIST MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN DISCLOSE THEIR SEROSTATUS TO CASUAL SEX PARTNERS

    PubMed Central

    Serovich, Julianne M.; Reed, Sandra; Grafsky, Erika L.; Andrist, David

    2009-01-01

    This article reports pilot data from a newly developed disclosure intervention and associated measures specifically tailored for disclosure to casual sexual partners. Treatment consisted of a four-session, theoretically driven intervention focusing on the costs and benefits of disclosure. Using a randomized control, crossover design 77 men were randomized into one of three conditions (wait-list control, facilitator only, and computer and facilitator). Results of the study suggest that facilitated administration of the pilot intervention was effective in reducing mean scores on the HIV disclosure behavior and attitude scales and that these reductions were both statistically and practically significant. PMID:19519236

  8. Characteristics of HIV-infected adolescents enrolled in a disclosure intervention trial in western Kenya

    PubMed Central

    Vreeman, Rachel C.; Scanlon, Michael L.; Marete, Irene; Mwangi, Ann; Inui, Thomas S.; McAteer, Carole I.; Nyandiko, Winstone M.

    2015-01-01

    Knowledge of one’s own HIV status is essential for long-term disease management, but there are few data on how disclosure of HIV status to infected children and adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa is associated with clinical and psychosocial health outcomes. We conducted a detailed baseline assessment of the disclosure status, medication adherence, HIV stigma, depression, emotional and behavioral difficulties, and quality of life among a cohort of Kenyan children enrolled in an intervention study to promote disclosure of HIV status. Among 285 caregiver–child dyads enrolled in the study, children’s mean age was 12.3 years. Caregivers were more likely to report that the child knew his/her diagnosis (41%) compared to self-reported disclosure by children (31%). Caregivers of disclosed children reported significantly more positive views about disclosure compared to caregivers of non-disclosed children, who expressed fears of disclosure related to the child being too young to understand (75%), potential psychological trauma for the child (64%), and stigma and discrimination if the child told others (56%). Overall, the vast majority of children scored within normal ranges on screenings for behavioral and emotional difficulties, depression, and quality of life, and did not differ by whether or not the child knew his/her HIV status. A number of factors were associated with a child’s knowledge of his/her HIV diagnosis in multivariate regression, including older age (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.5–2.1), better WHO disease stage (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4–4.4), and fewer reported caregiver-level adherence barriers (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.4). While a minority of children in this cohort knew their HIV status and caregivers reported significant barriers to disclosure including fears about negative emotional impacts, we found that disclosure was not associated with worse psychosocial outcomes. PMID:26616121

  9. 32 CFR 232.6 - Mandatory loan disclosures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... (including any consumer credit originated or extended through the internet) to a covered borrower, a creditor... the Armed Forces and their dependents may request free legal advice regarding an application for... section orally before consummation. In mail and internet transactions, the creditor satisfies this...

  10. 32 CFR 232.6 - Mandatory loan disclosures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... (including any consumer credit originated or extended through the internet) to a covered borrower, a creditor... the Armed Forces and their dependents may request free legal advice regarding an application for... section orally before consummation. In mail and internet transactions, the creditor satisfies this...

  11. 32 CFR 232.6 - Mandatory loan disclosures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... (including any consumer credit originated or extended through the internet) to a covered borrower, a creditor... the Armed Forces and their dependents may request free legal advice regarding an application for... section orally before consummation. In mail and internet transactions, the creditor satisfies this...

  12. 32 CFR 232.6 - Mandatory loan disclosures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... (including any consumer credit originated or extended through the internet) to a covered borrower, a creditor... the Armed Forces and their dependents may request free legal advice regarding an application for... section orally before consummation. In mail and internet transactions, the creditor satisfies this...

  13. 32 CFR 232.6 - Mandatory loan disclosures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... (including any consumer credit originated or extended through the internet) to a covered borrower, a creditor... the Armed Forces and their dependents may request free legal advice regarding an application for... section orally before consummation. In mail and internet transactions, the creditor satisfies this...

  14. 76 FR 79275 - Truth in Savings (Regulation DD)

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-21

    ... disclosure. Sensitive personal information, such as account numbers or social security numbers, should not be... improved, and consumers' ability to make informed decisions regarding deposit accounts would be... regulations, while making information on the other regulations available. The Bureau expects to conduct...

  15. 12 CFR 226.47 - Content of disclosures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... for bankruptcy, the consumer may still be required to pay back the loan. (4) Cost estimates. An... payment option. (5) Eligibility. Any age or school enrollment eligibility requirements relating to the... a covered educational institution may have school-specific education loan benefits and terms not...

  16. 12 CFR 226.47 - Content of disclosures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... for bankruptcy, the consumer may still be required to pay back the loan. (4) Cost estimates. An... payment option. (5) Eligibility. Any age or school enrollment eligibility requirements relating to the... a covered educational institution may have school-specific education loan benefits and terms not...

  17. 12 CFR 226.47 - Content of disclosures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... for bankruptcy, the consumer may still be required to pay back the loan. (4) Cost estimates. An... payment option. (5) Eligibility. Any age or school enrollment eligibility requirements relating to the... a covered educational institution may have school-specific education loan benefits and terms not...

  18. 12 CFR 226.47 - Content of disclosures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... for bankruptcy, the consumer may still be required to pay back the loan. (4) Cost estimates. An... payment option. (5) Eligibility. Any age or school enrollment eligibility requirements relating to the... a covered educational institution may have school-specific education loan benefits and terms not...

  19. 75 FR 70342 - Privacy Act; System of Records: Equal Employment Opportunity Records

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-17

    ... users are given cyber security awareness training which covers the procedures for handling Sensitive but.... State-09 SYSTEM NAME: Equal Employment Opportunity Records. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION: Unclassified... apply to the Equal Employment Opportunity Records, State-09. DISCLOSURE TO CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCIES...

  20. 12 CFR 335.701 - Filing requirements, public reference, and confidentiality.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... filing any statement, report, or document under the Act may make a written objection to the public... FDIC's office in Washington, DC should be addressed as follows: Attention: Accounting and Securities... Insurance Corporation, Accounting and Securities Disclosure Section, Division of Supervision and Consumer...

  1. Do Parents Meet Adolescents' Monitoring Standards? Examination of the Impact on Teen Risk Disclosure and Behaviors if They Don't.

    PubMed

    Cottrell, Lesley; Rishel, Carrie; Lilly, Christa; Cottrell, Scott; Metzger, Aaron; Ahmadi, Halima; Wang, Bo; Li, Xiaoming; Stanton, Bonita

    2015-01-01

    In this study, we examined how adolescents compare monitoring efforts by their parents to those of a "good parent" standard and assessed the impact of these comparisons on adolescent self-disclosure and risk behavior and their perceptions of their parents' monitoring knowledge. Survey responses from 519 adolescents (12-17 years) at baseline of a larger, longitudinal study examining parental monitoring and adolescent risk were examined. Adolescents' "good parent comparisons" differed greatly by monitoring areas (e.g., telephone use, health, money); however, between 5.5% and 25.8% of adolescents believed their parents needed to monitor their activities more than they currently were monitoring. Alternatively, between 8.5% and 23.8% of adolescents believed their parents needed to monitor their activities less often. These perceptions significantly distinguished adolescents in terms of their level of disclosure, perceived monitoring knowledge, and risk involvement. Adolescents who viewed their parents as needing to monitor more were less likely to disclose information to their parents (p<.001), less likely to perceive their parents as having greater monitoring knowledge (p<.001), and more likely to be involved in a risk behaviors (p<.001) than adolescents who perceived their parents needed no change. Adolescent disclosure to a parent is a powerful predictor of adolescent risk and poor health outcomes. These findings demonstrate that adolescents' comparisons of their parents' monitoring efforts can predict differences in adolescent disclosure and future risk. Obtaining adolescent "good parent" comparisons may successfully identify intervention opportunities with the adolescent and parent by noting the areas of need and direction of monitoring improvement.

  2. Managing identity impacts associated with disclosure of HIV status: a qualitative investigation

    PubMed Central

    Frye, Victoria; Fortin, Princess; MacKenzie, Sonja; Purcell, David; Edwards, Lorece V.; Mitchell, Shannon Gwin; Valverde, Eduardo; Garfein, R.; Metsch, Lisa; Latka, Mary H

    2011-01-01

    Disclosure of HIV status to potential and current sex partners by HIV-positive people (HIVPP) is a complex issue that has received a significant amount of attention. Research has found that disclosure depends upon the evaluation by HIVPP of potential benefits and risks, especially of the risks stemming from the profound social stigma of HIV and AIDS. Drawing on concepts from Goffman’s classic stigma theory and Anderson’s more recently developed cultural-identity theory of drug abuse, we analyzed data from in-depth, post-intervention qualitative interviews with 116 heterosexually active, HIV-positive injection drug users enrolled in a randomized trial of a behavioral intervention to prevent HIV transmission. We explored how disclosure experiences lead to “identity impacts” defined as: (1) identity challenges (i.e. interactions that challenge an individual’s self-concept as a “normal” or non-deviant individual); and (2) identity transformations (i.e. processes whereby an individual comes to embrace a new identity and reject behaviors and values of an old one, resulting in the conscious adoption of a social and/or public identity as an HIV-positive individual). Participants engaged in several strategies to manage the identity impacts associated with disclosure. Implications of these findings for research and prevention programming are discussed. PMID:20024764

  3. Trans fatty acid content in Malaysian supermarket foods: a field-to-laboratory approach in assessing food risk.

    PubMed

    Karupaiah, Tilakavati; Tan, Hui Kuen; Ong, Wei Wen; Tan, Choon Heen; Sundram, Kalyana

    2014-01-01

    The extent of industrial trans fatty acids (TFA) in the food supply is unknown in Malaysia, whilst TFA disclosure on food labels is not mandatory by Malaysian food standards. Supermarket foods such as dairy products, fats and oils, meat products, snack foods, soups, and confectionery are commonly cited to be major contributors of TFA in the diet. A consumer survey (n = 622) was used to develop a food listing of these 'high risk' foods. TFA content of high-risk foods were analysed by gas chromatography. Food samples (n = 158) were analysed and their total TFA content were compared with Malaysian Food Standards. A wide variation in TFA content within food categories was indicated. Of the foods containing TFA, many food labels did not cite TFA content or the use of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVO) as an ingredient. Hypothesised estimates of TFA intake from these supermarket foods in a sample day's menu providing 2000 kcal projected a minimum intake of 0.5 g and a maximum intake of 5.2 g TFA. This study found there was no voluntary disclosure of TFA content on food labels or identifying PHVO as an ingredient. It appears that health education targeting consumers to minimise TFA consumption is required supported by mandatory PHVO disclosure on the food label.

  4. Disclosure of Personalized Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk Using Genetics, Biomarkers, and Lifestyle Factors to Motivate Health Behavior Improvements: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

    PubMed

    Sparks, Jeffrey A; Iversen, Maura D; Yu, Zhi; Triedman, Nellie A; Prado, Maria G; Miller Kroouze, Rachel; Kalia, Sarah S; Atkinson, Michael L; Mody, Elinor A; Helfgott, Simon M; Todd, Derrick J; Dellaripa, Paul F; Bermas, Bonnie L; Costenbader, Karen H; Deane, Kevin D; Lu, Bing; Green, Robert C; Karlson, Elizabeth W

    2018-06-01

    To determine the effect of disclosure of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk personalized with genetics, biomarkers, and lifestyle factors on health behavior intentions. We performed a randomized controlled trial among first-degree relatives without RA. Subjects assigned to the Personalized Risk Estimator for Rheumatoid Arthritis (PRE-RA) group received the web-based PRE-RA tool for RA risk factor education and disclosure of personalized RA risk estimates, including genotype/autoantibody results and behaviors (n = 158). Subjects assigned to the comparison arm received standard RA education (n = 80). The primary outcome was readiness for change based on the trans-theoretical model, using validated contemplation ladder scales. Increased motivation to improve RA risk-related behaviors (smoking, diet, exercise, or dental hygiene) was defined as an increase in any ladder score compared to baseline, assessed immediately, 6 weeks, and 6 months post-intervention. Subjects reported behavior change at each visit. We performed intent-to-treat analyses using generalized estimating equations for the binary outcome. Subjects randomized to PRE-RA were more likely to increase ladder scores over post-intervention assessments (relative risk 1.23, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.01, 1.51) than those randomized to nonpersonalized education. At 6 months, 63.9% of PRE-RA subjects and 50.0% of comparison subjects increased motivation to improve behaviors (age-adjusted difference 15.8%; 95% CI 2.8%, 28.8%). Compared to nonpersonalized education, more PRE-RA subjects increased fish intake (45.0% versus 22.1%; P = 0.005), brushed more frequently (40.7% versus 22.9%; P = 0.01), flossed more frequently (55.7% versus 34.8%; P = 0.004), and quit smoking (62.5% versus 0.0% among 11 smokers; P = 0.18). Disclosure of RA risk personalized with genotype/biomarker results and behaviors increased motivation to improve RA risk-related behaviors. Personalized medicine approaches may motivate health behavior improvements for those at risk for RA and provide rationale for larger studies evaluating effects of behavior changes on clinical outcomes, such as RA-related autoantibody production or RA development. © 2017, American College of Rheumatology.

  5. Coping Strategies and Benefit-finding in the Relationship between Non-disclosure and Depressive Symptoms among Breast Cancer Survivors in China.

    PubMed

    Lee, Minsun; Song, Yuan; Zhu, Lin; Ma, Grace X

    2017-07-01

    Open communication about cancer diagnosis and relevant stress is frequently avoided among breast cancer survivors in China. Non-disclosure behavior may lead to negative psychological consequences. We aimed to examine the relationship between non-disclosure and depressive symptoms, and the role of coping strategies and benefit-finding in that relationship among Chinese breast cancer survivors. Using convenience sampling, we recruited 148 women in an early survivorship phase (up to 6 years post-treatment) in Nanjing, China. Participants were asked to complete a set of questionnaires in Chinese language, regarding sociodemographic characteristics, depressive symptoms, disclosure views, coping strategies, and benefit-finding. A higher level of non-disclosure was associated with more depressive symptoms. This relationship was mediated by self-blame and moderated by benefit-finding. Specifically, non-disclosure was associated with depressive symptoms through self-blame. The impact of non-disclosure was minimized among the women with a higher level of benefit-finding. Unexpressed cancer-related concern may increase self-blame, which leads to emotional distress among Chinese breast cancer survivors. Practicing benefit-finding may reduce the negative impact of non-disclosure. As a culturally appropriate way of disclosure, written expression may be beneficial to Chinese breast cancer patients.

  6. Coping Strategies and Benefit-finding in the Relationship between Non-disclosure and Depressive Symptoms among Breast Cancer Survivors in China

    PubMed Central

    Lee, Minsun; Song, Yuan; Zhu, Lin; Ma, Grace X.

    2017-01-01

    Objective Open communication about cancer diagnosis and relevant stress is frequently avoided among breast cancer survivors in China. Non-disclosure behavior may lead to negative psychological consequences. We aimed to examine the relationship between non-disclosure and depressive symptoms, and the role of coping strategies and benefit-finding in that relationship among Chinese breast cancer survivors. Methods Using convenience sampling, we recruited 148 women in an early survivorship phase (up to 6 years post-treatment) in Nanjing, China. Participants were asked to complete a set of questionnaires in Chinese language, regarding sociodemographic characteristics, depressive symptoms, disclosure views, coping strategies, and benefit-finding. Results A higher level of non-disclosure was associated with more depressive symptoms. This relationship was mediated by self-blame and moderated by benefit-finding. Specifically, non-disclosure was associated with depressive symptoms through self-blame. The impact of non-disclosure was minimized among the women with a higher level of benefit-finding. Conclusion Unexpressed cancer-related concern may increase self-blame, which leads to emotional distress among Chinese breast cancer survivors. Practicing benefit-finding may reduce the negative impact of non-disclosure. As a culturally appropriate way of disclosure, written expression may be beneficial to Chinese breast cancer patients. PMID:28601096

  7. Parent and health care provider perspectives related to disclosure of autism spectrum disorder in pediatric emergency departments.

    PubMed

    Muskat, Barbara; Greenblatt, Andrea; Nicholas, David B; Ratnapalan, Savithiri; Cohen-Silver, Justine; Newton, Amanda S; Craig, William R; Kilmer, Christopher; Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie

    2016-11-01

    Children and youth with autism spectrum disorder presenting in emergency departments face potential cognitive, sensory, and behavioral challenges, and it is crucial for providers to be aware of their unique needs. However, disclosure of a child's autism spectrum disorder can be complex for parental caregivers and is not well understood. This qualitative study utilized a grounded theory approach and analyzed data from 28 parents and 16 health care providers related to autism spectrum disorder disclosure within two Canadian pediatric emergency departments. Study results indicated that participants identified benefits and risks of disclosure. Encouraging understanding, expediting service, and preparing health care providers for working with children with autism spectrum disorder were identified as benefits of disclosure. Risks related to disclosure included potential negative attributions toward the children and parental discomfort in disclosing a diagnosis in front of the children. Parents discussed the health care encounters they experienced following disclosure and provided recommendations for improving the disclosure process in the emergency department. It is recommended that future research explore the experiences of parents who choose not to disclose their child's autism spectrum disorder. Greater awareness of the disclosure experience and the development of resources and tools to support communication between parents and health care providers are also recommended. © The Author(s) 2016.

  8. Sexy ladies sexing ladies: women as consumers in strip clubs.

    PubMed

    Wosick-Correa, Kassia R; Joseph, Lauren J

    2008-01-01

    Recent shifts in the consumer base of the sex industry have involved greater female attendance in strip clubs. This article examines how strip clubs and dancers incorporate female patrons into a sexualized space traditionally designed for men by identifying three interactional processes: passing over, sidestaging, and tailoring. We suggest dancers pass over women because they perceive female patron behavior to include resistance to "buying the game" and spending patterns that diverge from male customers. Drawing on Goffman's dramaturgical analysis, we suggest the dynamic relationship between dancer and female patron involves what we term sidestaging, which refers to both dancers' disclosure and how the club's spatial organization inhibits the construction of women as customers through sharing gendered spaces, such as the bathroom. We argue that when a dancer tailors her lap dance for a female patron, she succeeds in acknowledging the female customer's sexual subjectivity and potential same-sex desires by providing an individualized avenue for exploring an erotic experience. Finally, we discuss data implications for understanding how same-sex desire and sexual identity operate in an environment that eroticizes the female form, and how the strip club becomes a potential space for engaging in same-sex eroticism that includes elements of play.

  9. Laughter's influence on the intimacy of self-disclosure.

    PubMed

    Gray, Alan W; Parkinson, Brian; Dunbar, Robin I

    2015-03-01

    If laughter functions to build relationships between individuals, as current theory suggests, laughter should be linked to interpersonal behaviors that have been shown to be critical to relationship development. Given the importance of disclosing behaviors in facilitating the development of intense social bonds, it is possible that the act of laughing may temporarily influence the laugher's willingness to disclose personal information. We tested this hypothesis experimentally by comparing the characteristics of self-disclosing statements produced by those who had previously watched one of three video clips that differed in the extent to which they elicited laughter and positive affect. The results show that disclosure intimacy is significantly higher after laughter than in the control condition, suggesting that this effect may be due, at least in part, to laughter itself and not simply to a change in positive affect. However, the disclosure intimacy effect was only found for observers' ratings of participants' disclosures and was absent in the participants' own ratings. We suggest that laughter increases people's willingness to disclose, but that they may not necessarily be aware that it is doing so.

  10. Deceptive Business Practices: Federal Regulations.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rohrer, Daniel Morgan

    Federal regulations to prevent deceptive advertising seek to balance the advertiser's freedom of speech with protection of the consumer. This paper discusses what the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has done to regulate advertising and evaluates the adequacy of its controls. The commission uses cease-and-desist orders, affirmative disclosure,…

  11. 77 FR 39529 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-03

    ... time of establishing a customer relationship with a consumer and not less than annually during the continuation of such relationship, a financial institution shall provide a clear and conspicuous disclosure to... to the Office of Management and Budget for extension and approval. The privacy notice and opt out...

  12. 12 CFR 35.4 - Fulfillment of the CRA.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY DISCLOSURE AND REPORTING OF CRA..., home-improvement, small business, small farm, community development, and consumer lending, as described... the case of an insured depository institution that is evaluated on the basis of a strategic plan, any...

  13. 12 CFR 533.4 - Fulfillment of the CRA

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Banks and Banking OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY DISCLOSURE AND REPORTING OF..., home-improvement, small business, small farm, community development, and consumer lending, as described... the case of an insured depository institution that is evaluated on the basis of a strategic plan, any...

  14. 78 FR 66698 - Pesticides; Repellency Awareness Graphic; Notice of Availability

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-06

    ... information you consider to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure... products for quick and easy identification by the consumer. Prototypes of this graphic were presented to... from several key stakeholder groups. Starting in May 2012, EPA presented the concept, draft guidance...

  15. 76 FR 11597 - Truth in Lending

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-02

    ... certain information regarding a mandatory escrow account at least three business days before consummation... creditor to disclose the information about escrow accounts specified in Sec. 226.19(f)(2)(i) when an escrow... disclosures avoids the anomalous result of a consumer receiving information about escrow accounts when an...

  16. 75 FR 65442 - Disclosure for Asset-Backed Securities Required by Section 943 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-10-25

    ...-Backed Securities Required by Section 943 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act AGENCY: Securities and Exchange Commission. ACTION: Proposed rule; correction. SUMMARY: The..., October 25, 2010 / Proposed Rules#0;#0; [[Page 65442

  17. 77 FR 27631 - Standardized and Enhanced Disclosure Requirements for Television Broadcast Licensee Public...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-11

    ... greater public participation in broadcast licensing. Finding that Congress, in enacting these provisions... reduce the cost of reporting, empower consumers, and foster innovation. 9. In October 2011, the... Internet should facilitate public access and foster increased public participation in the licensing process...

  18. Disclosures, conflict of interest, and funding issues in urogynecology articles: a bibliometric study.

    PubMed

    Koch, Marianne; Riss, Paul; Kölbl, Heinz; Umek, Wolfgang; Hanzal, Engelbert

    2015-10-01

    The ethical behavior of authors, editors, and journals is increasingly placed in the spotlight, by both the public and the research community. Disclosures and conflict of interest (COI) statements of publishing authors represent one important aspect. We aimed to unravel the current management of disclosures, COI, and funding statements in the subspecialty urogynecology. A bibliometric study was carried out. We included six journals that published urogynecology articles between January and December 2013. All original articles, reviews, and opinion articles were assessed for the presence of disclosure/COI and funding statements. Information given on the official disclosure form was compared with information given in the final article (International Urogynecology Journal). All journals investigated require disclosure and funding statements in their instructions to authors. Of the 434 articles included, almost all contained a disclosure statement (98-100 %). Funding statements were present in 41-100 % of articles, indicating a difference in journal type (50 % on average among urogynecology journals; 75 % on average among general gynecology journals). The main source of funding was "grants" (58 %), followed by "none" (16 %), "industry" (16 %), and lastly "hospital/university" (10 %). Disclosure statements in the article were identical to the official disclosure form in 80 % (IUJ). Disclosure/COI statements were included in almost all urogynecology articles investigated. Their content, however, is sometimes incomplete and should possibly be monitored more closely by journals and authors. Despite universal requirements of journals, the reporting of funding seems inconsistent. This issue in addition to the completeness of disclosures should be given more attention.

  19. Perceptions of, and Assistance Provided to, a Hypothetical Rape Victim: Differences Between Rape Disclosure Recipients and Nonrecipients

    PubMed Central

    Paul, Lisa A.; Kehn, Andre; Gray, Matt J.; Salapska-Gelleri, Joanna

    2014-01-01

    Objective Undergraduate rape disclosure recipients and nonrecipients’ sociodemographic and life experience variables, attitudes towards rape and responses to a hypothetical rape disclosure were compared to determine differences between them. Participants One-hundred-ninety-two undergraduates at three universities participated in this online survey between November 2011 – April 2012. Methods Participants reported on their rape myth acceptance (RMA) and personal direct and indirect (i.e., disclosure receipt) experiences with sexual assault. Participants also responded to a hypothetical rape disclosure. Results Disclosure recipients were more likely to report a victimization history, and less confusion and perceived ineffectiveness in helping the hypothetical victim. RMA and nonrecipient status predicted perceived victim responsibility; these variables and childhood victimization predicted confusion about helping. RMA also predicted perceived ineffectiveness of one’s helping behaviors. Victimization history and female gender predicted victim empathy. Conclusions These findings can inform sexual assault-related programming for undergraduates through the provision of targeted assistance and corrective information. PMID:24779405

  20. Positive and negative consequences of HIV disclosure among seropositive injection drug users.

    PubMed

    Parsons, Jeffrey T; VanOra, Jason; Missildine, Whitney; Purcell, David W; Gómez, Cynthia A

    2004-10-01

    This study examines HIV status disclosure in an ethnically diverse sample of HIV-seropositive injection drug users (IDUs) from New York City and San Francisco. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 158 participants. Analyses revealed a number of negative and positive consequences of disclosing serostatus to sexual partners. Negative consequences included stigma, rejection by sexual partners and others, loss of intimacy, and threats to personal well-being. Positive rewards resulting from disclosure included increased social support and intimacy with partners, reaffirmation of one's sense of self, and the opportunity to share personal experiences and feelings with sexual partners. The role of responsibility in impacting disclosure and nondisclosure revealed varied patterns in terms of how this construct impacts disclosure and resulting behaviors with sexual partners. Some participants used particular strategies, such as getting involved in seroconcordant relationships or minimizing intimacy in relationships, in order to combat potential negative outcomes of disclosure. For others, positive rewards were viewed as important enough to risk negative consequences. Interventions for HIV-positive IDUs are discussed.

  1. Parental Monitoring Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men: Associations With Sexual Activity and HIV-Related Sexual Risk Behaviors

    PubMed Central

    Thoma, Brian C.

    2018-01-01

    Purpose Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) are at disproportionate risk for HIV infection. Parental monitoring is protective against adolescent sexual risk behavior among heterosexual adolescents, yet it is unclear whether these findings generalize to YMSM. YMSM experience unique family dynamics during adolescence, including coming out to parents and parental rejection of sexual orientation. The present study examined how theoretically derived parental monitoring constructs were associated with sexual activity and sexual risk behaviors among YMSM. Methods YMSM aged 14–18 years completed a cross-sectional online survey (n = 646). Factor analysis was completed to determine factor structure of monitoring measure. Sexual behaviors were predicted from monitoring constructs and covariates within regression models. Results Parental knowledge and adolescent disclosure, parental solicitation, parental control, and adolescent secret-keeping emerged as four distinct monitoring constructs among YMSM. Higher knowledge and disclosure (b = −.32, p = .022), higher control (b = −.28, p = .006), lower solicitation (b = .31, p = .008), and lower secret-keeping (b = .25, p =.015) were associated with lower odds of sexual activity with males in the past 6 months. Higher knowledge and disclosure (b = −.12, p = .016), higher control (b = −.08, p = .039), and lower secret-keeping (b =.11, p = .005) were associated with having fewer recent sexual partners. Monitoring constructs were unassociated with condomless anal intercourse instances among sexually active YMSM. Conclusions YMSM disclosure is closely tied with parental knowledge, and parents should foster relationships and home environments where YMSM are comfortable disclosing information freely. Effective parental monitoring could limit YMSM’s opportunities for sexual activity, but monitoring is not sufficient to protect against HIV-related sexual risk behaviors among sexually active YMSM. PMID:28528209

  2. Comparison of community and hospital pharmacists' attitudes and behaviors on medication error disclosure to the patient: A pilot study.

    PubMed

    Kim, ChungYun; Mazan, Jennifer L; Quiñones-Boex, Ana C

    To determine pharmacists' attitudes and behaviors on medication errors and their disclosure and to compare community and hospital pharmacists on such views. An online questionnaire was developed from previous studies on physicians' disclosure of errors. Questionnaire items included demographics, environment, personal experiences, and attitudes on medication errors and the disclosure process. An invitation to participate along with the link to the questionnaire was electronically distributed to members of two Illinois pharmacy associations. A follow-up reminder was sent 4 weeks after the original message. Data were collected for 3 months, and statistical analyses were performed with the use of IBM SPSS version 22.0. The overall response rate was 23.3% (n = 422). The average employed respondent was a 51-year-old white woman with a BS Pharmacy degree working in a hospital pharmacy as a clinical staff member. Regardless of practice settings, pharmacist respondents agreed that medication errors were inevitable and that a disclosure process is necessary. Respondents from community and hospital settings were further analyzed to assess any differences. Community pharmacist respondents were more likely to agree that medication errors were inevitable and that pharmacists should address the patient's emotions when disclosing an error. Community pharmacist respondents were also more likely to agree that the health care professional most closely involved with the error should disclose the error to the patient and thought that it was the pharmacists' responsibility to disclose the error. Hospital pharmacist respondents were more likely to agree that it was important to include all details in a disclosure process and more likely to disagree on putting a "positive spin" on the event. Regardless of practice setting, responding pharmacists generally agreed that errors should be disclosed to patients. There were, however, significant differences in their attitudes and behaviors depending on their particular practice setting. Copyright © 2017 American Pharmacists Association®. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  3. Determination of the effect of brand and product identification on consumer palatability ratings of ground beef patties.

    PubMed

    Wilfong, A K; McKillip, K V; Gonzalez, J M; Houser, T A; Unruh, J A; Boyle, E A E; O'Quinn, T G

    2016-11-01

    The objective of this study was to determine the effect of brand and product identification on consumer palatability ratings of ground beef patties. Six treatments were used in the study: 90/10 Certified Angus Beef (CAB) ground sirloin, 90/10 ground beef, 80/20 CAB ground chuck, 80/20 ground chuck, 80/20 ground beef, and 73/27 CAB ground beef. Ground beef was processed into 151.2-g patties using a patty former with 2 consecutively formed patties assigned to blind consumer testing and the following 2 assigned to informed testing. Following cooking to 74°C, patties were cut into quarters and served to consumers. Consumers ( = 112) evaluated samples in 2 rounds for tenderness, juiciness, flavor liking, texture liking, and overall liking. Each trait was also rated as either acceptable or unacceptable. In the first round of testing, samples were blind evaluated, with no information about the treatments provided to consumers, but in the second round, product type and brand were disclosed prior to sample evaluation. Additionally, texture profile and shear force analyses were performed on patties from each treatment. Few differences were observed for palatability traits during blind consumer testing; however, during informed testing, 90/10 CAB ground sirloin was rated greatest ( < 0.05) for all palatability traits other than juiciness. Also, 90/10 CAB ground sirloin had increased ( < 0.05; (consumer informed score - consumer blind score)/consumer blind score) ratings for tenderness (17.4%), juiciness (36.5%), flavor liking (23.3%), texture liking (18.2%), and overall liking (24.7%) due to brand disclosure. Increased ( < 0.05) ratings were found for CAB products for multiple traits due to treatment disclosure, whereas the only non-CAB-branded product that received increased ( < 0.05) ratings during informed testing was 90/10 ground beef for tenderness and juiciness. Texture results indicated that decreased fat level increased hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. These results indicate that when sampling ground beef without brand and product information, few consumers find differences in eating quality among ground beef treatments; however, when consumers are aware of the brand, fat level, and subprimal blend prior to sampling, these factors have a large impact on consumer eating satisfaction.

  4. 76 FR 62004 - Revisions to the California State Implementation Plan, California Air Resources Board-Consumer...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-06

    ... comment includes Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is... the hard copy materials, please schedule an appointment during normal business hours with the contact... compounds with a global warming potential (GWP) of 150 or greater in Multi-purpose Solvents and Paint...

  5. 16 CFR 1101.52 - Procedure for retraction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Procedure for retraction. 1101.52 Section... INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Retraction § 1101.52 Procedure for retraction. (a) Initiative. The Commission may retract information under section 6(b)(7) on the...

  6. 16 CFR 1101.52 - Procedure for retraction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Procedure for retraction. 1101.52 Section... INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Retraction § 1101.52 Procedure for retraction. (a) Initiative. The Commission may retract information under section 6(b)(7) on the...

  7. 16 CFR 1101.52 - Procedure for retraction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Procedure for retraction. 1101.52 Section... INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Retraction § 1101.52 Procedure for retraction. (a) Initiative. The Commission may retract information under section 6(b)(7) on the...

  8. 16 CFR 1101.52 - Procedure for retraction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Procedure for retraction. 1101.52 Section... INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Retraction § 1101.52 Procedure for retraction. (a) Initiative. The Commission may retract information under section 6(b)(7) on the...

  9. 16 CFR 1015.16 - Exemptions (5 U.S.C. 552(b)).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Exemptions (5 U.S.C. 552(b)). 1015.16 Section 1015.16 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR DISCLOSURE... particular types of matters to be withheld. (d) Trade secrets and commercial or financial information...

  10. 16 CFR 305.4 - Prohibited acts.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... DISCLOSURES REGARDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND WATER USE OF CERTAIN HOME APPLIANCES AND OTHER PRODUCTS REQUIRED... closets, and urinals, water use of a covered product to which a test procedure is applicable under section... showerheads, faucets, water closets and urinals, water use of such product, or cost of energy consumed by such...

  11. 16 CFR 305.4 - Prohibited acts.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... DISCLOSURES REGARDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND WATER USE OF CERTAIN HOME APPLIANCES AND OTHER PRODUCTS REQUIRED... closets, and urinals, water use of a covered product to which a test procedure is applicable under section... showerheads, faucets, water closets and urinals, water use of such product, or cost of energy consumed by such...

  12. 16 CFR 305.4 - Prohibited acts.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... DISCLOSURES REGARDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND WATER USE OF CERTAIN HOME APPLIANCES AND OTHER PRODUCTS REQUIRED... closets, and urinals, water use of a covered product to which a test procedure is applicable under section... showerheads, faucets, water closets and urinals, water use of such product, or cost of energy consumed by such...

  13. 76 FR 41602 - Fair Credit Reporting Risk-Based Pricing Regulations

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-15

    ... on and disclose the key factors provided with the scores purchased from consumer reporting agencies... making the credit decision, the creditor must disclose that score and certain information relating to the... following disclosures: (1) the credit score \\4\\ used by the person in making the credit decision; (2) the...

  14. 16 CFR 1101.71 - Delegation of authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Delegation of authority. 1101.71 Section... INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Delegation of Authority to Information Group § 1101.71 Delegation of authority. (a) Delegation. Pursuant to section 27(b)(9) of the CPSA...

  15. 12 CFR 216.11 - Limits on redisclosure and reuse of information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... RESERVE SYSTEM PRIVACY OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION (REGULATION P) Limits on Disclosures § 216.11... disclose that information to a third party for marketing purposes or use that information for your own marketing purposes. (b)(1) Information you receive outside of an exception. If you receive nonpublic...

  16. 76 FR 54998 - Request for Information on Consumer Financial Products and Services Offered to Servicemembers

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-06

    ... public disclosure. Sensitive personal information such as account numbers or Social Security numbers... in person and online? 4. What programs, policies, accommodations, or benefits do financial service... protections and fraud protections. 5. What unique assistance, if any, is currently offered by financial...

  17. 14 CFR 298.30 - Public disclosure of policy on consumer protection.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... (AVIATION PROCEEDINGS) ECONOMIC REGULATIONS EXEMPTIONS FOR AIR TAXI AND COMMUTER AIR CARRIER OPERATIONS... protection. (a) Every air taxi and commuter air carrier shall cause to be displayed continuously in a..., containing a statement setting forth the air taxi and commuter air carrier's policy on baggage liability and...

  18. 12 CFR 343.40 - What you must disclose.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false What you must disclose. 343.40 Section 343.40 Banks and Banking FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION REGULATIONS AND STATEMENTS OF GENERAL POLICY CONSUMER PROTECTION IN SALES OF INSURANCE § 343.40 What you must disclose. (a) Insurance disclosures. In...

  19. Fragranced consumer products: Chemicals emitted, ingredients unlisted

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Steinemann, Anne C., E-mail: acstein@u.washington.ed; MacGregor, Ian C.; Gordon, Sydney M.

    2011-04-15

    Fragranced consumer products are pervasive in society. Relatively little is known about the composition of these products, due to lack of prior study, complexity of formulations, and limitations and protections on ingredient disclosure in the U.S. We investigated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from 25 common fragranced consumer products-laundry products, personal care products, cleaning supplies, and air fresheners-using headspace analysis with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Our analysis found 133 different VOCs emitted from the 25 products, with an average of 17 VOCs per product. Of these 133 VOCs, 24 are classified as toxic or hazardous under U.S. federal laws, andmore » each product emitted at least one of these compounds. For 'green' products, emissions of these compounds were not significantly different from the other products. Of all VOCs identified across the products, only 1 was listed on any product label, and only 2 were listed on any material safety data sheet (MSDS). While virtually none of the chemicals identified were listed, this nonetheless accords with U.S. regulations, which do not require disclosure of all ingredients in a consumer product, or of any ingredients in a mixture called 'fragrance.' Because the analysis focused on compounds emitted and listed, rather than exposures and effects, it makes no claims regarding possible risks from product use. Results of this study contribute to understanding emissions from common products, and their links with labeling and legislation.« less

  20. Review of nutrition labeling formats.

    PubMed

    Geiger, C J; Wyse, B W; Parent, C R; Hansen, R G

    1991-07-01

    This article examines nutrition labeling history as well as the findings of nine research studies of nutrition labeling formats. Nutrition labeling regulations were announced in 1973 and have been periodically amended since then. In response to requests from consumers and health care professionals for revision of the labeling system, the Food and Drug Administration initiated a three-phase plan for reform of nutrition labeling in 1990. President Bush signed the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act in November 1990. Literature analysis revealed that only nine studies with an experimental design have focused on nutrition labeling since 1971. Four were conducted before 1975, which was the year that nutrition labeling was officially implemented, two were conducted in 1980, and three were conducted after 1986. Only two of the nine studies supported the traditional label format mandated by the Code of Federal Regulations, and one study partially supported it. Four of the nine studies that evaluated graphic presentations of nutrition information found that consumer comprehension of nutrition information was improved with a graphic format for nutrition labeling: three studies supported the use of bar graphs and one study supported the use of a pie chart. Full disclosure (ie, complete nutrient and ingredient labeling) was preferred by consumers in two of the three studies that examined this variable. The third study supported three types of information disclosure dependent upon socioeconomic class. In those studies that tested graphics, a bar graph format was significantly preferred and showed better consumer comprehension than the traditional format.

  1. Periconception HIV risk behavior among men and women reporting HIV-serodiscordant partners in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

    PubMed Central

    Matthews, LT; Smit, JA; Moore, L; Milford, C; Greener, R; Mosery, FN; Ribaudo, H; Bennett, K; Crankshaw, TL; Kaida, A; Psaros, C; Safren, S; Bangsberg, DR

    2015-01-01

    HIV-infected men and women who choose to conceive risk infecting their partners. To inform safer conception programs we surveyed HIV risk behavior prior to recent pregnancy amongst South African, HIV-infected women (209) and men (82) recruited from antenatal and antiretroviral clinics, respectively, and reporting an uninfected or unknown-HIV-serostatus pregnancy partner. All participants knew their HIV-positive serostatus prior to the referent pregnancy. Only 11% of women and 5% of men had planned the pregnancy; 40% of women and 27% of men reported serostatus disclosure to their partner before conception. Knowledge of safer conception strategies was low. Around two-thirds reported consistent condom use, 41% of women and 88% of men reported antiretroviral therapy, and a third of women reported male partner circumcision prior to the referent pregnancy. Seven women (3%) and two men (2%) reported limiting sex without condoms to peak fertility. None reported sperm washing or manual insemination. Safer conception behaviors including HIV-serostatus disclosure, condom use, and ART at the time of conception were not associated with desired pregnancy. In light of low pregnancy planning and HIV-serostatus disclosure, interventions to improve understandings of serodiscordance and motivate mutual HIV-serostatus disclosure and pregnancy planning are necessary first steps before couples or individuals can implement specific safer conception strategies. PMID:26080688

  2. Disclosure of HIV Status and Social Support Among People Living With HIV

    PubMed Central

    Jorjoran Shushtari, Zahra; Sajjadi, Homeira; Forouzan, Ameneh Setareh; Salimi, Yahya; Dejman, Masoumeh

    2014-01-01

    Background: Disclosure of HIV is important for improving self-care behaviors, psychological well-being, commitment to the treatment, and reducing risk of transmission. One of the major benefits of disclosure is social support, which is an essential resource for effective coping with HIV infection. However, receiving any social support requires disclosing of HIV status. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the disclosure of HIV status and its related factors such as social support in addition to demographic and disease characteristics among people living with HIV in Iran. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study, using simple random sampling, was carried out on 175 people with HIV/AIDS who referred to Behavioral Counseling Centers. The self-administrated, Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire was used to measure social support. Disclosure of HIV status was assessed with an investigator-designed questions. Multiple logistic regression analysis with backward Likelihood Ratio method was applied to identify the adjusted odds ratio between disclosure as dependent variable and demographic variables, social support as independent variables. Results: Participants were often disclosed their HIV status to family members. But there were differences about disclosure of HIV status within the context of the family. Family members were perceived as more supportive. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrates that the gender (adjusted OR = 0.181; 95% CI .068-0.479), CD4 cell count (adjusted OR = 0.997; 95% CI 0.994-0.999), route of transmission (injection-drug user [adjusted OR = 9.366; 95% CI 3.358-26.123] and other routes [tattooing, mother to child, dental services, etc.], [adjusted OR = 3.752; 95% CI 1.157-12.167]), and functional support variable (adjusted OR = 1.007; 95% CI 1.001-1.013) remained in the model as significant predictors for disclosure. Conclusions: The results of this study regarding disclosure of HIV status and its relations to social support and some demographic variables can provide an understanding based on the evidence for promotion of knowledge and coping interventions about people living with HIV/AIDS and their perceived social support status. PMID:25389470

  3. [The status of HIV disclosure to primary sexual partners and sexual behaviors among HIV-infected men who have sex with men of 3 cities in China].

    PubMed

    Chen, Fang; Ding, Fan; Lin, Xiaojie; Wang, Xiaodong; He, Huan; Huang, Wen; Dong, Yanyan; Yang, Qiaohong; Zhang, Hongbo

    2014-11-01

    To investigate the status of HIV disclosure to primary partners and to explore the correlates of HIV disclosure among HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) in Guangzhou, Chongqing and Chengdu. This survey was conducted in Chengdu, Chongqing and Guangzhou by using "snowballing" sample from December, 2012 to May, 2013. Participants who were eighteen years old or elder, HIV-infected, had sex with men and lived in three cities when the survey was conducted were eligible for subjects of this survey. Primary partners and disclosure status of participants were investigated. Multiple Unconditioned Logistic Regression analysis was used to analyze the influence factors associated with HIV disclosure.Of 600 participants, 541 were excluded because of logical problem or incomplete items in questionnaire and the effective response rate was 90.2%. Of the 541 HIV-positive MSM participants, the mean age was (30.2 ± 7.7) years old, 78.2% (423/541) of the participants had male primary partners.Of the 423 participants who had male primary partner, 10.9% (46/423) had wife, 58.9% (249/423) had one primary partner, and 41.1% (174/423) had two or more. The proportion of HIV disclosure to all male primary sexual partners and wife was 41.8% (177/423) and 4.5% (19/423) respectively, 20.3% (86/423) of them disclosure to some of male primary partners and 37.8% (160/423) not disclosure to any male primary partners. Participants who had HIV-positive male partners in the past 6 months (accounting for 35.2% (149/423)) were more likely to disclose HIV infection to their primary sexual partners (70.5% (105/149)) than those who had non-HIV-positive sexual partners (26.3% (72/274)) (χ(2) = 77.46, P < 0.01). Participants who had male unknown HIV-status sexual partners in the past 6 months(accounting for 52.7% (223/423)) were less likely to disclosure HIV infection to primary sexual partners (22.4% (50/223) ) than those who had already known HIV-status sexual partners (63.5% (127/200)) (χ(2) = 73.11, P < 0.01). The possibility of HIV disclosure to primary sexual partner among participants who had HIV-positive sexual partner increase to 6.36 (3.75-10.80) times of those who had HIV -negative partners, and the possibility among participants who had sexual partners of unknown HIV status decreased to 0.44 (0.25-0.76) times of those who had sexual partners of already known HIV status. Compared with having non-anal sex behaviors with male primary partner, the possibility of HIV disclosure to primary sexual partner decreased to 0.46 (0.22-0.95) times among participants who had anal sex behavior with male primary partners. There were low proportion of HIV disclosure to primary sexual partners among HIV-infected MSM in Guangzhou, Chongqing and Chengdu.HIV disclosure to primary sexual partners may be associated with characteristics of their sexual partners, and participants who had HIV-positive male partners were more likely to disclose HIV infection to their primary sexual partners.

  4. Examining the Role of Self-Disclosure and Connectedness in the Process of Instructional Dissent: A Test of the Instructional Beliefs Model

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Johnson, Zac D.; LaBelle, Sara

    2015-01-01

    The current study examined the relationship between student-to-student communicative behaviors and communication outcomes in the college classroom. The instructional beliefs model was used to examine student self-disclosures, student perceptions of connectedness, and student enactment of instructional dissent. Students (N = 351) completed…

  5. Emotional Disclosure through Journal Writing: Telehealth Intervention for Maternal Stress and Mother-Child Relationships

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Whitney, Rondalyn V.; Smith, Gigi

    2015-01-01

    This study examines emotional disclosure through the activity of journaling as a means of coping with maternal stress associated with parenting a child with disruptive behaviors. Through a randomized control and pre-test post-test study design of an online journal writing intervention, change to maternal stress and quality of mother-child…

  6. Do Parents Meet Adolescents’ Monitoring Standards? Examination of the Impact on Teen Risk Disclosure and Behaviors if They Don’t

    PubMed Central

    Cottrell, Lesley; Cottrell, Scott; Metzger, Aaron; Ahmadi, Halima; Wang, Bo; Li, Xiaoming; Stanton, Bonita

    2015-01-01

    In this study, we examined how adolescents compare monitoring efforts by their parents to those of a "good parent" standard and assessed the impact of these comparisons on adolescent self-disclosure and risk behavior and their perceptions of their parents' monitoring knowledge. Survey responses from 519 adolescents (12–17 years) at baseline of a larger, longitudinal study examining parental monitoring and adolescent risk were examined. Adolescents’ “good parent comparisons” differed greatly by monitoring areas (e.g., telephone use, health, money); however, between 5.5% and 25.8% of adolescents believed their parents needed to monitor their activities more than they currently were monitoring. Alternatively, between 8.5% and 23.8% of adolescents believed their parents needed to monitor their activities less often. These perceptions significantly distinguished adolescents in terms of their level of disclosure, perceived monitoring knowledge, and risk involvement. Adolescents who viewed their parents as needing to monitor more were less likely to disclose information to their parents (p<.001), less likely to perceive their parents as having greater monitoring knowledge (p<.001), and more likely to be involved in a risk behaviors (p<.001) than adolescents who perceived their parents needed no change. Adolescent disclosure to a parent is a powerful predictor of adolescent risk and poor health outcomes. These findings demonstrate that adolescents' comparisons of their parents' monitoring efforts can predict differences in adolescent disclosure and future risk. Obtaining adolescent "good parent" comparisons may successfully identify intervention opportunities with the adolescent and parent by noting the areas of need and direction of monitoring improvement. PMID:25955160

  7. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Emotional Disclosure in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Can Clinician Assistance Enhance the Effects?

    PubMed Central

    Keefe, Francis J.; Anderson, Timothy; Lumley, Mark; Caldwell, David; Stainbrook, David; Mckee, Daphne; Waters, Sandra J.; Connelly, Mark; Affleck, Glenn; Pope, Mary Susan; Weiss, Marianne; Riordan, Paul A.; Uhlin, Brian D.

    2008-01-01

    Emotional disclosure by writing or talking about stressful life experiences improves health status in non-clinical populations, but its success in clinical populations, particularly rheumatoid arthritis (RA), has been mixed. In this randomized, controlled trial, we attempted to increase the efficacy of emotional disclosure by having a trained clinician help patients emotionally disclose and process stressful experiences. We randomized 98 adults with RA to one of four conditions: a) private verbal emotional disclosure; b) clinician-assisted verbal emotional disclosure; c) arthritis information control (all of which engaged in four, 30-minute laboratory sessions); or d) no-treatment, standard care only control group. Outcome measures (pain, disability, affect, stress) were assessed at baseline, 2 months following treatment (2-month follow-up), and at 5-month, and 15-month follow-ups. A manipulation check demonstrated that, as expected, both types of emotional disclosure led to immediate (post-session) increases in negative affect compared with arthritis information. Outcome analyses at all three follow-ups revealed no clear pattern of effects for either clinician-assisted or private emotional disclosure compared with the two control groups. There were some benefits in terms of a reduction in pain behavior with private disclosure versus clinician-assisted disclosure at the 2 month follow-up, but no other significant between group differences. We conclude that verbal emotional disclosure about stressful experiences, whether conducted privately or assisted by a clinician, has little or no benefit for people with RA. PMID:17923329

  8. Does Emotional Disclosure About Stress Improve Health in Rheumatoid Arthritis? Randomized, Controlled Trials of Written and Spoken Disclosure

    PubMed Central

    Lumley, Mark A.; Leisen, James C.C.; Partridge, R. Ty; Meyer, Tina M.; Radcliffe, Alison M.; Macklem, Debra J.; Naoum, Linda A.; Cohen, Jay L.; Lasichak, Lydia M.; Lubetsky, Michael R.; Mosley-Williams, Angelia D.; Granda, Jose L.

    2011-01-01

    Studies of the effects of disclosing stressful experiences among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have yielded inconsistent findings, perhaps due to different disclosure methods—writing or speaking—and various methodological limitations. We randomized adults with RA to a writing (n = 88) or speaking (to a recorder) sample (n = 93), and within each sample, to either disclosure or one of two control groups (positive or neutral events), which conducted 4, 20-minute, at-home sessions. Follow-up evaluations at 1, 3, and 6 months included self-reported, behavioral, physiological, and blinded physician-assessed outcomes. In both writing and speaking samples, the disclosure and control groups were comparably credible, and the linguistic content differed as expected. Covariance analyses at each follow-up point indicated that written disclosure had minimal effects compared to combined controls—only pain was reduced at 1 and 6 months, but no other outcomes improved. Spoken disclosure led to faster walking speed at 3 months, and reduced pain, swollen joints, and physician-rated disease activity at 6 months, but there were no effects on other outcomes. Latent growth curve modeling examined differences in the trajectory of change over follow-ups. Written disclosure improved affective pain and walking speed; spoken disclosure showed only a marginal benefit on sensory pain. In both analyses, disclosure's few benefits occurred relative to both positive and neutral control groups. We conclude that both written and spoken disclosure have modest benefits for patients with RA, particularly at 6 months, but these effects are limited in scope and consistency. PMID:21315515

  9. How Radiation Oncologists Would Disclose Errors: Results of a Survey of Radiation Oncologists and Trainees

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Evans, Suzanne B., E-mail: Suzannne.evans@yale.edu; Yu, James B.; Chagpar, Anees

    2012-10-01

    Purpose: To analyze error disclosure attitudes of radiation oncologists and to correlate error disclosure beliefs with survey-assessed disclosure behavior. Methods and Materials: With institutional review board exemption, an anonymous online survey was devised. An email invitation was sent to radiation oncologists (American Society for Radiation Oncology [ASTRO] gold medal winners, program directors and chair persons of academic institutions, and former ASTRO lecturers) and residents. A disclosure score was calculated based on the number or full, partial, or no disclosure responses chosen to the vignette-based questions, and correlation was attempted with attitudes toward error disclosure. Results: The survey received 176 responses:more » 94.8% of respondents considered themselves more likely to disclose in the setting of a serious medical error; 72.7% of respondents did not feel it mattered who was responsible for the error in deciding to disclose, and 3.9% felt more likely to disclose if someone else was responsible; 38.0% of respondents felt that disclosure increased the likelihood of a lawsuit, and 32.4% felt disclosure decreased the likelihood of lawsuit; 71.6% of respondents felt near misses should not be disclosed; 51.7% thought that minor errors should not be disclosed; 64.7% viewed disclosure as an opportunity for forgiveness from the patient; and 44.6% considered the patient's level of confidence in them to be a factor in disclosure. For a scenario that could be considerable, a non-harmful error, 78.9% of respondents would not contact the family. Respondents with high disclosure scores were more likely to feel that disclosure was an opportunity for forgiveness (P=.003) and to have never seen major medical errors (P=.004). Conclusions: The surveyed radiation oncologists chose to respond with full disclosure at a high rate, although ideal disclosure practices were not uniformly adhered to beyond the initial decision to disclose the occurrence of the error.« less

  10. Parent and Health Care Provider Perspectives Related to Disclosure of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Pediatric Emergency Departments

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Muskat, Barbara; Greenblatt, Andrea; Nicholas, David B.; Ratnapalan, Savithiri; Cohen-Silver, Justine; Newton, Amanda S.; Craig, William R.; Kilmer, Christopher; Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie

    2016-01-01

    Children and youth with autism spectrum disorder presenting in emergency departments face potential cognitive, sensory, and behavioral challenges, and it is crucial for providers to be aware of their unique needs. However, disclosure of a child's autism spectrum disorder can be complex for parental caregivers and is not well understood. This…

  11. Health Professionals' Responses to Women's Disclosure of Domestic Violence.

    PubMed

    Keeling, June; Fisher, Colleen

    2015-08-01

    This study explored women's experiences of their responses from health professionals following disclosure of domestic violence within a health setting. The existence of health-based policies guiding professionals in the provision of appropriate support following disclosure of domestic violence is only effective if health professionals understand the dynamics of violent relationships. This article focuses on the findings from the interviews conducted with 15 women living in the United Kingdom who disclosed their experiences of domestic violence when accessing health care. Following thematic analysis, themes emerged that rotated around their disclosure and the responses they received from health professionals. The first two themes revealed the repudiation of, or recognition of and failure to act upon, domestic violence. A description of how the health professional's behavior became analogous with that of the perpetrator is discussed. The final theme illuminated women's receipt of appropriate and sensitive support, leading to a positive trajectory away from a violent relationship. The findings suggest that the implicit understanding of the dynamics of violent relationships and the behaviors of the perpetrator of domestic violence are essential components of health care provision to avoid inadvertent inappropriate interactions with women. © The Author(s) 2014.

  12. Non-disclosure of Sexual Orientation to Parents Associated with Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Gay and Bisexual MSM in China.

    PubMed

    Zhao, Ye; Ma, Ying; Chen, Ren; Li, Feng; Qin, Xia; Hu, Zhi

    2016-01-01

    The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between non-disclosure of sexual orientation to parents and sexual risk behaviors among gay and bisexual men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. A total of 295 eligible participants (gay n = 179, bisexual n = 116) were recruited from MSM venues and MSM organizations in Anhui Province, China. Overall, 16.6 % of participants chose to disclose their sexual orientation to parents. Fewer bisexual participants chose to disclose their sexual orientation than gay participants (9.5 vs. 21.2 %, p < 0.01). A multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that non-disclosers were more likely than disclosers to report having one or more female sex partners among gay and bisexual MSM (AOR = 2.91), non-disclosure of sexual orientation to parents was positively associated with the number of female sex partners (AOR = 3.40) and with engagement in unprotected anal intercourse with men (AOR = 2.49) among gay MSM, in the past 6 months. Our findings indicated that HIV/AIDS intervention programs should promote the disclosure of sexual orientation and should design interventions specific to gay and bisexual MSM separately.

  13. 12 CFR 332.12 - Limits on sharing account number information for marketing purposes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Limits on sharing account number information... REGULATIONS AND STATEMENTS OF GENERAL POLICY PRIVACY OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION Limits on Disclosures § 332.12 Limits on sharing account number information for marketing purposes. (a) General prohibition on...

  14. 12 CFR 216.12 - Limits on sharing account number information for marketing purposes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Limits on sharing account number information... GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM PRIVACY OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION (REGULATION P) Limits on Disclosures § 216.12 Limits on sharing account number information for marketing purposes. (a) General...

  15. 18 CFR 1301.5 - Timing of responses to requests.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... expect that the decision on disclosure will be as time consuming as for requests in Tract 3. (3) Tract 3. Requests which require a decision or input from another office or agency, extensive submitter notifications... expected to pose an imminent threat to the life or physical safety of an individual; (ii) An urgency to...

  16. 76 FR 71267 - Standardized and Enhanced Disclosure Requirements for Television Broadcast Licensee Public...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-17

    ... collect and publish data in forms that make it easy for citizens, entrepreneurs, software developers, and... serves the public interest easier to understand and more accessible will not only promote discussion... order to create a permanent, searchable record of these arrangements and afford easy access by consumers...

  17. 16 CFR § 1101.52 - Procedure for retraction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Procedure for retraction. § 1101.52 Section... REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Retraction § 1101.52 Procedure for retraction. (a) Initiative. The Commission may retract information under section 6(b)(7) on...

  18. 12 CFR 716.12 - Limits on sharing of account number information for marketing purposes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Limits on sharing of account number information... REGULATIONS AFFECTING CREDIT UNIONS PRIVACY OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION Limits on Disclosures § 716.12 Limits on sharing of account number information for marketing purposes. (a) General prohibition on...

  19. 16 CFR 313.12 - Limits on sharing account number information for marketing purposes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Limits on sharing account number information... REGULATIONS UNDER SPECIFIC ACTS OF CONGRESS PRIVACY OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION Limits on Disclosures § 313.12 Limits on sharing account number information for marketing purposes. (a) General prohibition on...

  20. 78 FR 8114 - Request for Information Regarding Financial Products Marketed to Students Enrolled in...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-05

    ... positive financial decision-making among young consumers. We also seek information to develop a clearer... the most important factors? (c) What type of information is helpful in making that decision? (d) How... record and subject to public disclosure. Sensitive personal information, such as account numbers or...

  1. 78 FR 59880 - Enhanced Consumer Protections for Charter Air Transportation

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-30

    ...) The name of the company in operational control of the aircraft during flight; (2) any other ``doing... disclosure of the entity in operational control of the aircraft during the flight and seven of those comments... different from the entity in operational control of the aircraft, primarily on the basis that these entities...

  2. 12 CFR 571.26 - Delivery of opt-out notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Affiliate Marketing § 571.26 Delivery of opt-out notices. (a) In general. The opt-out notice must be... consumer may reasonably be expected to receive actual notice if the affiliate providing the notice: (1... agreed to receive electronic disclosures by e-mail from the affiliate providing the notice; or (4) Posts...

  3. 12 CFR 41.26 - Delivery of opt-out notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Affiliate Marketing § 41.26 Delivery of opt-out notices. (a) In general. The opt-out notice must be provided... consumer may reasonably be expected to receive actual notice if the affiliate providing the notice: (1... agreed to receive electronic disclosures by e-mail from the affiliate providing the notice; or (4) Posts...

  4. 12 CFR 1022.26 - Delivery of opt-out notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ...) Affiliate Marketing § 1022.26 Delivery of opt-out notices. (a) In general. The opt-out notice must be... consumer may reasonably be expected to receive actual notice if the affiliate providing the notice: (1... agreed to receive electronic disclosures by email from the affiliate providing the notice; or (4) Posts...

  5. 12 CFR 41.26 - Delivery of opt-out notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Affiliate Marketing § 41.26 Delivery of opt-out notices. (a) In general. The opt-out notice must be provided... consumer may reasonably be expected to receive actual notice if the affiliate providing the notice: (1... agreed to receive electronic disclosures by e-mail from the affiliate providing the notice; or (4) Posts...

  6. 12 CFR 41.26 - Delivery of opt-out notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Affiliate Marketing § 41.26 Delivery of opt-out notices. (a) In general. The opt-out notice must be provided... consumer may reasonably be expected to receive actual notice if the affiliate providing the notice: (1... agreed to receive electronic disclosures by e-mail from the affiliate providing the notice; or (4) Posts...

  7. 12 CFR 1022.26 - Delivery of opt-out notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ...) Affiliate Marketing § 1022.26 Delivery of opt-out notices. (a) In general. The opt-out notice must be... consumer may reasonably be expected to receive actual notice if the affiliate providing the notice: (1... agreed to receive electronic disclosures by email from the affiliate providing the notice; or (4) Posts...

  8. 12 CFR 1022.26 - Delivery of opt-out notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ...) Affiliate Marketing § 1022.26 Delivery of opt-out notices. (a) In general. The opt-out notice must be... consumer may reasonably be expected to receive actual notice if the affiliate providing the notice: (1... agreed to receive electronic disclosures by email from the affiliate providing the notice; or (4) Posts...

  9. 12 CFR 571.26 - Delivery of opt-out notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Affiliate Marketing § 571.26 Delivery of opt-out notices. (a) In general. The opt-out notice must be... consumer may reasonably be expected to receive actual notice if the affiliate providing the notice: (1... agreed to receive electronic disclosures by e-mail from the affiliate providing the notice; or (4) Posts...

  10. 12 CFR 571.26 - Delivery of opt-out notices.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Affiliate Marketing § 571.26 Delivery of opt-out notices. (a) In general. The opt-out notice must be... consumer may reasonably be expected to receive actual notice if the affiliate providing the notice: (1... agreed to receive electronic disclosures by e-mail from the affiliate providing the notice; or (4) Posts...

  11. 32 CFR 513.4 - Conditions creditors must meet before getting help in debt processing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ..., Oklahoma, and Wyoming. (4) DOD Standards of Fairness (app B) define fair and just dealings with soldiers... debt complaints are exempt (§ 513.4(f)). (5) Certificate of Compliance certifies the creditor has... consumer credit transaction. (6) Full disclosure information shows what the soldier should know about...

  12. 32 CFR 513.4 - Conditions creditors must meet before getting help in debt processing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ..., Oklahoma, and Wyoming. (4) DOD Standards of Fairness (app B) define fair and just dealings with soldiers... debt complaints are exempt (§ 513.4(f)). (5) Certificate of Compliance certifies the creditor has... consumer credit transaction. (6) Full disclosure information shows what the soldier should know about...

  13. 16 CFR 1101.11 - General application of provisions of section 6(b)(1).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Information Subject to Notice and Analysis Provisions of Section 6(b)(1) § 1101.11 General... notice and analysis provisions of section 6(b)(1), information must meet all the following criteria: (1...

  14. 16 CFR 1101.11 - General application of provisions of section 6(b)(1).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Information Subject to Notice and Analysis Provisions of Section 6(b)(1) § 1101.11 General... notice and analysis provisions of section 6(b)(1), information must meet all the following criteria: (1...

  15. 16 CFR 1101.11 - General application of provisions of section 6(b)(1).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Information Subject to Notice and Analysis Provisions of Section 6(b)(1) § 1101.11 General... notice and analysis provisions of section 6(b)(1), information must meet all the following criteria: (1...

  16. 16 CFR 1101.11 - General application of provisions of section 6(b)(1).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Information Subject to Notice and Analysis Provisions of Section 6(b)(1) § 1101.11 General... notice and analysis provisions of section 6(b)(1), information must meet all the following criteria: (1...

  17. 16 CFR § 1101.12 - Commission must disclose information to the public.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Information Subject to Notice and Analysis Provisions of Section 6(b)(1) § 1101.12 Commission must... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Commission must disclose information to the...

  18. 16 CFR 1101.12 - Commission must disclose information to the public.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Information Subject to Notice and Analysis Provisions of Section 6(b)(1) § 1101.12 Commission must disclose... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Commission must disclose information to the...

  19. 16 CFR 1101.12 - Commission must disclose information to the public.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Information Subject to Notice and Analysis Provisions of Section 6(b)(1) § 1101.12 Commission must disclose... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Commission must disclose information to the...

  20. 16 CFR 1101.12 - Commission must disclose information to the public.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Information Subject to Notice and Analysis Provisions of Section 6(b)(1) § 1101.12 Commission must disclose... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Commission must disclose information to the...

  1. 16 CFR 1101.12 - Commission must disclose information to the public.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS INFORMATION DISCLOSURE UNDER SECTION 6(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT Information Subject to Notice and Analysis Provisions of Section 6(b)(1) § 1101.12 Commission must disclose... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Commission must disclose information to the...

  2. 77 FR 20011 - Fair Credit Reporting Act Disclosures

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-04-03

    ... Credit Reporting Act (``FCRA'') will increase from $11.00 to $11.50 effective April 3, 2012. The Bureau is required to increase the $8.00 amount referred to in Section 612(f)(1)(A)(i) of the FCRA on January 1 of each year, based proportionally on changes in the Consumer Price Index (``CPI''), with...

  3. 16 CFR 698.1 - Authority and purpose.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Authority and purpose. 698.1 Section 698.1 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION THE FAIR CREDIT REPORTING ACT MODEL FORMS AND DISCLOSURES § 698... provisions of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.), as amended by the Consumer Credit...

  4. 78 FR 59378 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission to OMB for Reinstatement, With Change, of a...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-26

    ... for Reinstatement, With Change, of a Previously Approved Collection; Comment Request AGENCY: National... institutions to disclose to consumers certain information, including interest rates, bonuses, and fees... specific disclosures when an account is opened, when a disclosed term changes or a term account is close to...

  5. 78 FR 47424 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission to OMB for Reinstatement, With Change, of a...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-08-05

    ... for Reinstatement, With Change, of a Previously Approved Collection; Comment Request AGENCY: National... institutions to disclose to consumers certain information, including interest rates, bonuses, and fees... specific disclosures when an account is opened, when a disclosed term changes or a term account is close to...

  6. 12 CFR 536.40 - What you must disclose.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false What you must disclose. 536.40 Section 536.40 Banks and Banking OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY CONSUMER PROTECTION IN SALES OF INSURANCE § 536.40 What you must disclose. (a) Insurance disclosures. In connection with the...

  7. 12 CFR 536.40 - What you must disclose.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2014-01-01 2012-01-01 true What you must disclose. 536.40 Section 536.40 Banks and Banking OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY CONSUMER PROTECTION IN SALES OF INSURANCE § 536.40 What you must disclose. (a) Insurance disclosures. In connection with the...

  8. Leveraging Psychological Insights to Encourage the Responsible Use of Consumer Debt.

    PubMed

    Hershfield, Hal E; Sussman, Abigail B; O'Brien, Rourke L; Bryan, Christopher J

    2015-11-01

    U.S. consumers currently hold $880 billion in revolving debt, with a mean household credit card balance of approximately $6,000. Although economic factors play a role in this societal issue, it is clear that psychological forces also affect consumers' decisions to take on and maintain unmanageable debt balances. We examine three psychological barriers to the responsible use of credit and debt. We discuss the tendency for consumers to (a) make erroneous predictions about future spending habits, (b) rely too heavily on values presented on billing statements, and (c) categorize debt and saving into separate mental accounts. To overcome these obstacles, we urge policymakers to implement methods that facilitate better budgeting of future expenses, modify existing credit card statement disclosures, and allow consumers to easily apply government transfers (such as tax credits) to debt repayment. In doing so, we highlight minimal and inexpensive ways to remedy the debt problem. © The Author(s) 2015.

  9. Innovation, Diffusion, and Regulation in Energy Technologies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fetter, Theodore Robert

    The innovation and diffusion of new technologies is one of the central concerns of economics. New inventions or technological combinations do not spring fully formed into the world; as firms encounter and learn about new technologies they experiment, refine, and learn about them, improving productivity (and sometimes earning economic rents). Understanding the processes by which firms learn, and how these processes interact with regulations, is fundamental to understanding the emergence of new technologies, their contribution to growth, and the interaction of innovation and regulation. This dissertation addresses how firms learn and respond to regulations in the context of emerging technologies. Within this framework, I address several questions. When production inputs are socially controversial, do firms respond to disclosure laws by voluntarily constraining their inputs? Do these public disclosure laws facilitate knowledge transmission across firms, and if so, what are the implications for public welfare - for instance, do the gains from trade outweigh any effects of reduced incentives for innovation? I study these questions in the context of hydraulic fracturing, though the results offer insight for more general settings. Panning out to a much broader view, I also explore how energy-related technologies - in both generation and consumption - diffuse across national boundaries over time, and whether innovation and diffusion of energy-efficient technologies has led to more or less energy-efficient economic growth. In my first paper, I contribute to improved understanding of the conditions in which information-based regulations, which are increasingly common in multiple policy domains, decrease externalities such as environmental pollution. Specifically, I test whether information disclosure regulations applied to hydraulic fracturing chemicals caused firms to decrease their use of toxic inputs. Prior to these mandatory disclosure laws, some operators voluntarily disclosed fluid components for some or all of their wells. I compare the chemical mixtures used prior to the mandatory disclosure laws to those used after the laws took effect, using a difference-in-differences method motivated by the difference in timing of state-level disclosure laws. I use voluntary disclosures to measure the toxicity of fluids prior to mandated disclosure, and thus observe a composite effect of both full reporting and disclosure pressure. These effects likely have opposite signs; I employ several methods to tease them apart so that I can separately identify the effect of disclosure pressure. My analysis, which covers over 70,000 wells in seven states, suggests that state disclosure regulations resulted in a large and persistent decrease in the use of toxic and regulated chemicals in fracturing fluids. This is not the first paper to find that disclosure regulations can change firms' behavior, but it demonstrates such an effect in a setting in which consumer or market pressure is minimal or nonexistent: firms that produce undifferentiated products for an intermediate market, and disclosure policies that do not generate readily accessible or interpretable information. The second paper tests whether disclosure laws facilitated the transmission of useful knowledge across companies. It is well established that economic agents learn about new technologies in part from other adopters, though even sophisticated firms may not take full advantage of social learning. With my co-authors, I examine whether firms took advantage of environmentally-focused disclosure laws to learn from competitors and improve productivity. We find evidence that they did: following mandatory disclosure we observe convergence in productivity per well, in production inputs, and strong evidence of a link between the two. To our knowledge this is the first study to examine this pathway for social learning in an emerging technology. This could also be interpreted as a form of technology diffusion facilitated by environmental regulation. In my third paper, I address a broader scale of technology change, looking for evidence that improved technologies for energy generation and consumption have allowed less energy-intensive or pollution-intensive growth in developing countries. I analyze panel data on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and national energy consumption to look for evidence of technology "leapfrogging" (i.e., decreased intensity of energy consumption for a given level of economic growth). I combine 1960-2014 data on energy consumption from the International Energy Agency with historical data that extends back to 1861 for several countries on energy consumption and fuel source, as well as GDP. I compare countries at the same income level and test whether energy consumption and energy intensity are different for today's less-developed countries compared to today's industrialized countries when they had similar income levels. Compared to prior analysis, my much longer time series allows me to test for leapfrogging over a scale appropriate to the pace of widespread technological change.

  10. How reliable are self-reports of HIV status disclosure? Evidence from couples in Malawi.

    PubMed

    Conroy, Amy A; Wong, Lauren H

    2015-11-01

    The majority of research on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disclosure utilizes the perspective from a single individual, which cannot be substantiated in the absence of supporting data such as from a primary partner. The objectives of this study were to evaluate: (1) the extent to which self-reported HIV disclosure was confirmed by a primary partner; (2) individual and relationship-level predictors of self-reported versus confirmed disclosure; and (3) whether confirmed disclosure was a stronger predictor of correctly assessing a partner's HIV status compared to self-reported disclosure. As part of an 8-wave longitudinal study from 2009 to 2011 in southern Malawi, 366 individuals (183 couples) were interviewed about their primary relationship (wave 3), individually tested for HIV (wave 4), and then asked whether they disclosed to their primary partner (wave 5). While 93% of respondents reported that they disclosed, only 64% of respondents had confirmed reports from their partner. Having communicated with partner about HIV was positively associated with self-reported disclosure; this association remained significant but became more precise in the models for confirmed disclosure. Confirmed disclosure, but not self-report, was a significant predictor of correctly assessing a partner's HIV status. Being male, having lower perceived partner infidelity, having higher relationship unity, and testing HIV-negative were positively and significantly associated with correct assessment. Dyadic data from two partners provide an improved measure of disclosure as compared to a single individual's self-report and could be used to identify behavioral and biomedical opportunities to prevent HIV transmission within couples. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  11. Consistency of financial interest disclosures in the biomedical literature: the case of coronary stents.

    PubMed

    Weinfurt, Kevin P; Seils, Damon M; Tzeng, Janice P; Lin, Li; Schulman, Kevin A; Califf, Robert M

    2008-05-07

    Disclosure of authors' financial interests has been proposed as a strategy for protecting the integrity of the biomedical literature. We examined whether authors' financial interests were disclosed consistently in articles on coronary stents published in 2006. We searched PubMed for English-language articles published in 2006 that provided evidence or guidance regarding the use of coronary artery stents. We recorded article characteristics, including information about authors' financial disclosures. The main outcome measures were the prevalence, nature, and consistency of financial disclosures. There were 746 articles, 2985 authors, and 135 journals in the database. Eighty-three percent of the articles did not contain disclosure statements for any author (including declarations of no interests). Only 6% of authors had an article with a disclosure statement. In comparisons between articles by the same author, the types of disagreement were as follows: no disclosure statements vs declarations of no interests (64%); specific disclosures vs no disclosure statements (34%); and specific disclosures vs declarations of no interests (2%). Among the 75 authors who disclosed at least 1 relationship with an organization, there were 2 cases (3%) in which the organization was disclosed in every article the author wrote. In the rare instances when financial interests were disclosed, they were not disclosed consistently, suggesting that there are problems with transparency in an area of the literature that has important implications for patient care. Our findings suggest that the inconsistencies we observed are due to both the policies of journals and the behavior of some authors.

  12. How reliable are self-reports of HIV status disclosure? Evidence from couples in Malawi

    PubMed Central

    Conroy, Amy A.; Wong, Lauren H.

    2015-01-01

    Introduction The majority of research on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disclosure utilizes the perspective from a single individual, which cannot be substantiated in the absence of supporting data such as from a primary partner. Objectives The objectives of this study were to evaluate: (1) the extent to which self-reported HIV disclosure was confirmed by a primary partner; (2) individual and relationship-level predictors of self-reported versus confirmed disclosure; and (3) whether confirmed disclosure was a stronger predictor of correctly assessing a partner's HIV status compared to self-reported disclosure. Methods As part of an 8-wave longitudinal study from 2009-2011 in southern Malawi, 366 individuals (183 couples) were interviewed about their primary relationship (wave 3), individually tested for HIV (wave 4), and then asked whether they disclosed to their primary partner (wave 5). Results While 93% of respondents reported that they disclosed, only 64% of respondents had confirmed reports from their partner. Having communicated with partner about HIV was positively associated with self-reported disclosure; this association remained significant but became more precise in the models for confirmed disclosure. Confirmed disclosure, but not self-report, was a significant predictor of correctly assessing a partner's HIV status. Being male, having lower perceived partner infidelity, having higher relationship unity, and testing HIV-negative were positively and significantly associated with correct assessment. Dyadic data from two partners provide an improved measure of disclosure as compared to a single individual's self-report and could be used to identify behavioral and biomedical opportunities to prevent HIV transmission within couples. PMID:26379084

  13. Consistency of Financial Interest Disclosures in the Biomedical Literature: The Case of Coronary Stents

    PubMed Central

    Weinfurt, Kevin P.; Seils, Damon M.; Tzeng, Janice P.; Lin, Li; Schulman, Kevin A.; Califf, Robert M.

    2008-01-01

    Background Disclosure of authors' financial interests has been proposed as a strategy for protecting the integrity of the biomedical literature. We examined whether authors' financial interests were disclosed consistently in articles on coronary stents published in 2006. Methodology/Principal Findings We searched PubMed for English-language articles published in 2006 that provided evidence or guidance regarding the use of coronary artery stents. We recorded article characteristics, including information about authors' financial disclosures. The main outcome measures were the prevalence, nature, and consistency of financial disclosures. There were 746 articles, 2985 authors, and 135 journals in the database. Eighty-three percent of the articles did not contain disclosure statements for any author (including declarations of no interests). Only 6% of authors had an article with a disclosure statement. In comparisons between articles by the same author, the types of disagreement were as follows: no disclosure statements vs declarations of no interests (64%); specific disclosures vs no disclosure statements (34%); and specific disclosures vs declarations of no interests (2%). Among the 75 authors who disclosed at least 1 relationship with an organization, there were 2 cases (3%) in which the organization was disclosed in every article the author wrote. Conclusions/Significance In the rare instances when financial interests were disclosed, they were not disclosed consistently, suggesting that there are problems with transparency in an area of the literature that has important implications for patient care. Our findings suggest that the inconsistencies we observed are due to both the policies of journals and the behavior of some authors. PMID:18461146

  14. The Charlie Sheen Effect on Rapid In-home Human Immunodeficiency Virus Test Sales.

    PubMed

    Allem, Jon-Patrick; Leas, Eric C; Caputi, Theodore L; Dredze, Mark; Althouse, Benjamin M; Noar, Seth M; Ayers, John W

    2017-07-01

    One in eight of the 1.2 million Americans living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are unaware of their positive status, and untested individuals are responsible for most new infections. As a result, testing is the most cost-effective HIV prevention strategy and must be accelerated when opportunities are presented. Web searches for HIV spiked around actor Charlie Sheen's HIV-positive disclosure. However, it is unknown whether Sheen's disclosure impacted offline behaviors like HIV testing. The goal of this study was to determine if Sheen's HIV disclosure was a record-setting HIV prevention event and determine if Web searches presage increases in testing allowing for rapid detection and reaction in the future. Sales of OraQuick rapid in-home HIV test kits in the USA were monitored weekly from April 12, 2014, to April 16, 2016, alongside Web searches including the terms "test," "tests," or "testing" and "HIV" as accessed from Google Trends. Changes in OraQuick sales around Sheen's disclosure and prediction models using Web searches were assessed. OraQuick sales rose 95% (95% CI, 75-117; p < 0.001) of the week of Sheen's disclosure and remained elevated for 4 more weeks (p < 0.05). In total, there were 8225 more sales than expected around Sheen's disclosure, surpassing World AIDS Day by a factor of about 7. Moreover, Web searches mirrored OraQuick sales trends (r = 0.79), demonstrating their ability to presage increases in testing. The "Charlie Sheen effect" represents an important opportunity for a public health response, and in the future, Web searches can be used to detect and act on more opportunities to foster prevention behaviors.

  15. Parenting Behavior, Quality of the Parent-Adolescent Relationship, and Adolescent Functioning in Four Ethnic Groups

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wissink, Inge B.; Dekovic, Maja; Meijer, Anne Marie

    2006-01-01

    The cross-ethnic similarity in the pattern of associations among parenting behavior (support and authoritative and restrictive control), the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship (disclosure and positive and negative quality), and several developmental outcomes (aggressive behavior, delinquent behavior, and global self-esteem) was tested.…

  16. Labeling of trans fatty acid content in food, regulations and limits-the FDA view.

    PubMed

    Moss, Julie

    2006-05-01

    With the scientific evidence associating trans fatty acid (TFA) intake with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a final rule that requires the declaration of the amount of TFA present in foods, including dietary supplements, on the nutrition label by January 1, 2006. The addition of TFA to the nutrition label will lead to the prevention of 600 to 1200 cases of CHD and 240-480 deaths each year saving Dollars 900 million to Dollars 1.8 billion per year in medical costs, lost productivity, and pain and suffering. For the purpose of nutrition labeling, TFA are defined as the sum of all unsaturated fatty acids that contain one or more isolated (i.e. non-conjugated) double bonds in a trans configuration. There are many issues that FDA has yet to resolve: (1) defining nutrient content claims for "free" and "reduced" levels of trans fat, (2) placing limits on the amount of TFA in conjunction with saturated fat limits for nutrient content claims, health claims, and disclosure and disqualifying levels, (3) a daily value, and (4) a possible footnote or disclosure statement to enhance consumer understanding of cholesterol raising lipids. FDA issued an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPR) requesting comments on the unresolved issues. FDA will also be conducting consumer research to determine consumer understanding of various TFA labeling possibilities. Comments to the ANPR, results of consumer research and current science will be used by FDA to resolve these issues and to determine future rulemaking for TFA labeling.

  17. Correlates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Sexually Transmitted Infection (HIV/STI) Testing and Disclosure among HIV-Negative Collegiate Men Who Have Sex with Men

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wilkerson, J. Michael; Fuchs, Erika L.; Brady, Sonya S.; Jones-Webb, Rhonda; Rosser, B. R. Simon

    2014-01-01

    Objective: To determine the extent to which personal, behavioral, and environmental factors are associated with human immunodeficiency virus/sexually transmitted infection (HIV/STI) testing and disclosure. Participants: Nine hundred thirty HIV-negative collegiate men who have sex with men (MSM) who completed an online survey about alcohol use and…

  18. Disclosure and help seeking behavior of women exposed to physical spousal violence in Dhaka slums.

    PubMed

    Parvin, Kausar; Sultana, Naznin; Naved, Ruchira Tabassum

    2016-05-10

    Despite high prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) and its adverse social and health consequences, the rate of help seeking for IPV is generally low. Although the level of IPV is much higher in urban slums of Bangladesh, the level and nature of help seeking of the victims are unknown. This paper aims to address this gap in the literature. Using a cross-sectional survey conducted between August 2011-February 2012, we explored disclosure of violence, help seeking behavior, and their correlates among randomly selected currently married women aged 15-29 in Dhaka slums (n = 2604). About 60 % of the currently married women reported past year spousal physical violence, but only 21 % disclosed and 19 % sought any help. High acceptance of violence was the main reason for not seeking help. Help was most commonly sought from informal sources (89 %). Any education, frequent and severe physical abuse, and presence of children increased the likelihood of disclosure and help seeking. Most survivors from slum who disclosed also sought help. Despite widespread physical abuse, many survivors never sought help. Wide acceptance of violence hampering help seeking needs to be challenged. Increasing disclosure would also enhance help seeking. Awareness rising regarding rights of women to live a violence free life is essential. Although many services are available in the urban area, information about these services needs to be available to women. Promoting education is important in increasing both disclosure and service uptake.

  19. Parental Monitoring Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men: Associations With Sexual Activity and HIV-Related Sexual Risk Behaviors.

    PubMed

    Thoma, Brian C

    2017-09-01

    Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) are at disproportionate risk for HIV infection. Parental monitoring is protective against adolescent sexual risk behavior among heterosexual adolescents, yet it is unclear whether these findings generalize to YMSM. YMSM experience unique family dynamics during adolescence, including coming out to parents and parental rejection of sexual orientation. The present study examined how theoretically derived parental monitoring constructs were associated with sexual activity and sexual risk behaviors among YMSM. YMSM aged 14-18 years completed a cross-sectional online survey (n = 646). Factor analysis was completed to determine factor structure of monitoring measure. Sexual behaviors were predicted from monitoring constructs and covariates within regression models. Parental knowledge and adolescent disclosure, parental solicitation, parental control, and adolescent secret-keeping emerged as four distinct monitoring constructs among YMSM. Higher knowledge and disclosure (b = -.32, p = .022), higher control (b = -.28, p = .006), lower solicitation (b = .31, p = .008), and lower secret-keeping (b = .25, p = .015) were associated with lower odds of sexual activity with males in the past 6 months. Higher knowledge and disclosure (b = -.12, p = .016), higher control (b = -.08, p = .039), and lower secret-keeping (b = .11, p = .005) were associated with having fewer recent sexual partners. Monitoring constructs were unassociated with condomless anal intercourse instances among sexually active YMSM. YMSM disclosure is closely tied with parental knowledge, and parents should foster relationships and home environments where YMSM are comfortable disclosing information freely. Effective parental monitoring could limit YMSM's opportunities for sexual activity, but monitoring is not sufficient to protect against HIV-related sexual risk behaviors among sexually active YMSM. Copyright © 2017 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  20. The effects of private self-consciousness and perspective taking on satisfaction in close relationships.

    PubMed

    Franzoi, S L; Davis, M H; Young, R D

    1985-06-01

    We extended the scope of recent studies in which self-awareness and perspective taking have been used as predictors of social competence or adjustment: We analyzed their influence on the satisfaction experienced in monogamous, heterosexual relationships. Members of 131 couples answered questions concerning themselves and their relationships. We predicted that individual differences in private self-consciousness would be positively related to relationship satisfaction because of the greater self-disclosure resulting from that heightened self-attention. Second, we predicted that individual differences in perspective taking would foster relationship satisfaction, independent of any influence of self-disclosure. Both expectations were confirmed. Scores on the private self-consciousness scale were predictive of reported self-disclosure, and self-disclosure was predictive of satisfaction in the relationship. Furthermore, once the influence of self-disclosure was removed, no effect of self-consciousness on satisfaction remained. In contrast, after disclosure was controlled, perspective-taking scores were significantly related to satisfaction and were in fact unrelated to disclosure at all. These findings indicate that two personality characteristics having to do with habitual attention to behavioral tendencies, to emotions, and to motivations significantly enhance the quality of close heterosexual relationships in different ways. Results are discussed in terms of current theory in the related fields.

  1. 12 CFR Appendix M1 to Part 226 - Repayment Disclosures

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... a fixed period of time, as set forth by the card issuer. (2) “Deferred interest or similar plan... calculating the minimum payment repayment estimate, card issuers must use the minimum payment formula(s) that... purchases, such as a “club plan purchase.” Also, assume that based on a consumer's balances in these...

  2. 12 CFR Appendix M1 to Part 226 - Repayment Disclosures

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... of time, as set forth by the card issuer. (2) “Deferred interest or similar plan” means a plan where... payment repayment estimate, card issuers must use the minimum payment formula(s) that apply to a..., such as a “club plan purchase.” Also, assume that based on a consumer's balances in these features and...

  3. 12 CFR Appendix M1 to Part 226 - Repayment Disclosures

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... of time, as set forth by the card issuer. (2) “Deferred interest or similar plan” means a plan where... payment repayment estimate, card issuers must use the minimum payment formula(s) that apply to a..., such as a “club plan purchase.” Also, assume that based on a consumer's balances in these features and...

  4. 12 CFR Appendix M1 to Part 226 - Repayment Disclosures

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... a fixed period of time, as set forth by the card issuer. (2) “Deferred interest or similar plan... calculating the minimum payment repayment estimate, card issuers must use the minimum payment formula(s) that... purchases, such as a “club plan purchase.” Also, assume that based on a consumer's balances in these...

  5. 24 CFR 3286.603 - At or before sale.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... consumer disclosure statement required in § 3286.7(b); and (ii) Verify that the wind, thermal, and roof... lessee plans to install the home for occupancy; and (iii) If the cost of inspection of the home's... designed and constructed for specific wind, thermal, and roof load zones; and (2) If the home is sited in a...

  6. 24 CFR 3286.603 - At or before sale.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... consumer disclosure statement required in § 3286.7(b); and (ii) Verify that the wind, thermal, and roof... lessee plans to install the home for occupancy; and (iii) If the cost of inspection of the home's... designed and constructed for specific wind, thermal, and roof load zones; and (2) If the home is sited in a...

  7. 24 CFR 3286.603 - At or before sale.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... consumer disclosure statement required in § 3286.7(b); and (ii) Verify that the wind, thermal, and roof... lessee plans to install the home for occupancy; and (iii) If the cost of inspection of the home's... designed and constructed for specific wind, thermal, and roof load zones; and (2) If the home is sited in a...

  8. 24 CFR 3286.603 - At or before sale.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... consumer disclosure statement required in § 3286.7(b); and (ii) Verify that the wind, thermal, and roof... lessee plans to install the home for occupancy; and (iii) If the cost of inspection of the home's... designed and constructed for specific wind, thermal, and roof load zones; and (2) If the home is sited in a...

  9. 24 CFR 3286.603 - At or before sale.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... consumer disclosure statement required in § 3286.7(b); and (ii) Verify that the wind, thermal, and roof... lessee plans to install the home for occupancy; and (iii) If the cost of inspection of the home's... designed and constructed for specific wind, thermal, and roof load zones; and (2) If the home is sited in a...

  10. 12 CFR 226.9 - Subsequent disclosure requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... the form of a table and provided on the front of any page of the periodic statement, above the notice... a table and provided on the front of any page of the periodic statement; or (B) If a notice required... each consumer entitled to receive a periodic statement under § 226.5(b)(2) for any one billing cycle...

  11. 12 CFR 226.9 - Subsequent disclosure requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... the form of a table and provided on the front of any page of the periodic statement, above the notice... a table and provided on the front of any page of the periodic statement; or (B) If a notice required... each consumer entitled to receive a periodic statement under § 226.5(b)(2) for any one billing cycle...

  12. 12 CFR 226.9 - Subsequent disclosure requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... consumer entitled to receive a periodic statement under § 226.5(b)(2) for any one billing cycle. (2... deliver, on or with each periodic statement, a statement substantially similar to Model Form G-4 or Model... disclose on the front of the page containing the checks the following terms in the form of a table with the...

  13. 12 CFR 226.9 - Subsequent disclosure requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... the form of a table and provided on the front of any page of the periodic statement, above the notice... a table and provided on the front of any page of the periodic statement; or (B) If a notice required... consumer entitled to receive a periodic statement under § 226.5(b)(2) for any one billing cycle. (2...

  14. 17 CFR 160.10 - Limits on disclosure of nonpublic personal information to nonaffiliated third parties.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... section, regardless of whether you and the consumer have established a customer relationship. (2) Unless... customer opens an on-line account with you and agrees to receive the notices required in paragraph (a)(1) of this section electronically, and you allow the customer to opt out by any reasonable means within...

  15. 17 CFR 248.10 - Limits on disclosure of nonpublic personal information to nonaffiliated third parties.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... you and the consumer have established a customer relationship. (2) Unless you comply with this section... customer opens an on-line account with you and agrees to receive the notices required in paragraph (a)(1) of this section electronically, and you allow the customer to opt out by any reasonable means within...

  16. 12 CFR 226.26 - Use of annual percentage rate in oral disclosures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... for a sample transaction shall be stated, and other cost information for the consumer's specific... the cost of open-end credit, only the annual percentage rate or rates shall be stated, except that the... shall be stated, and other cost information may be given. (b) Closed-end credit. In an oral response to...

  17. 12 CFR 205.16 - Disclosures at automated teller machines.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... which a consumer initiates an electronic fund transfer or a balance inquiry and that does not hold the account to or from which the transfer is made, or about which an inquiry is made. (b) General. An... transfer or a balance inquiry shall: (1) Provide notice that a fee will be imposed for providing electronic...

  18. 75 FR 3731 - Notice of Public Information Collection(s) Being Submitted for Review and Approval to the Office...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-01-22

    ..., 332, 336, and 337. Total Annual Burden: 32,925 hours. Total Annual Cost: $1,625,000. Privacy Act... MHz band, and more are expected to commence operation soon. Interference from wireless microphones... Commission provides for these early clearing and consumer disclosure measures to commence as early as...

  19. 14 CFR 250.11 - Public disclosure of deliberate overbooking and boarding procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... agent employed by such air carrier or foreign air carrier to sell tickets to passengers, a sign located..., although other consumer protections may be available. Check with your airline or your travel agent. (b... shall be printed in a type face contrasting with that of the rest of the notice. (c) It shall be the...

  20. Speaking With and Without Words-An Analysis of Foster Children's Expressions and Behaviors That Are Suggestive of Prior Sexual Abuse.

    PubMed

    Wubs, Dorijn; Batstra, Laura; Grietens, Hans W E

    2018-01-01

    This exploratory study reports on foster children's informal self-disclosures of previously unknown histories of sexual abuse. Data were collected from 40 children's files, and an inductive thematic analysis of verbal and behavioral expressions was conducted. Findings suggest that foster children's self-disclosures can be fragmented, spontaneous, narrative, or triggered and often occur during everyday activities in the foster family. The children disclose their past by referring to the perpetrator or the severity of the abuse or by acting out, mostly by reenacting sexual abuse experiences. In addition, some children use childish vocabulary focusing on genitals or sexual acts they were involved in or want to be involved in. Last, some foster children seem to be linguistically challenged to disclose that a female person abused them or that they were forced to reciprocate sexually. This study adds to the understanding of the complex process of child sexual abuse disclosure in the context of foster care.

  1. Receiving HIV Serostatus Disclosure from Partners Before Sex: Results from an Online Survey of Chinese Men Who Have Sex with Men.

    PubMed

    Tang, Weiming; Liu, Chuncheng; Cao, Bolin; Pan, Stephen W; Zhang, Ye; Ong, Jason; Fu, Hongyun; Ma, Baoli; Fu, Rong; Yang, Bin; Ma, Wei; Wei, Chongyi; Tucker, Joseph D

    2018-02-22

    HIV serostatus disclosure before sex can facilitate serosorting, condom use and potentially decrease the risk of HIV acquisition. However, few studies have evaluated HIV serostatus disclosure from partners before sex. We examined the rate and correlates of receiving HIV serostatus disclosure from regular and casual male partners before sex among an online sample of men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. An online cross-sectional study was conducted among MSM in eight Chinese cities in July 2016. Participants completed questions covering sociodemographic information, sexual behaviors, HIV testing (including HIV self-testing) history, self-reported HIV status, and post-test violence. In addition, participants were asked whether they received HIV serostatus disclosure from their most recent partners before sex. Overall, 2105 men completed the survey. Among them, 85.9% were never married, and 35.4% had high school or less education. A minority (20.6%, 346/1678; 17.8%, 287/1608) of men received HIV serostatus disclosure from their most recent regular and casual male partners, respectively. Multivariate analysis indicated that participants who ever self-tested for HIV were more likely to have received HIV status disclosure from regular [adjusted OR (aOR) = 1.92, 95% CI 1.50-2.44] and casual (aOR = 2.34, 95% CI 1.80-3.04) male partners compared to never self-tested participants. Compared to participants who had not received HIV status disclosure from regular partners, participants who received disclosure from regular male partners had higher likelihood in experiencing post-test violence (aOR = 5.18, 95% CI 1.53-17.58). Similar results were also found for receiving HIV serostatus disclosure from casual partners. This study showed that HIV serostatus disclosure from partners was uncommon among Chinese MSM. Interventions and further implementation research to facilitate safe disclosure are urgently needed for MSM.

  2. The Impact of Financial Disclosure on Attendee Assessment of Objectivity in Continuing Medical Education Programs in Psychiatry: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.

    PubMed

    Jibson, Michael D; Cobourn, Lisa A; Seibert, Jennifer K

    2016-04-01

    The purpose of financial conflict of interest disclosures by speakers at continuing medical education (CME) programs is to assist attendees in their assessment of the objectivity of the information presented. This empirical study was undertaken to determine what level of disclosure is optimal to achieve this goal. Attendees at five CME programs were randomly assigned to receive either a standard financial disclosure, an intermediate level that included whether speakers received more or less than 5% of their income from each company they disclosed, or a high level of disclosure that included the percent of their income derived from each company. A total of 169 attendees (85.4% response rate) completed a questionnaire regarding the objectivity of the CME presentation they attended. Attendees receiving the highest level of disclosure came significantly closer to the ratings of speaker bias made by peer reviewers than did attendees receiving medium or low levels of disclosure (p = 0.03; effect size 0.31). Among the minority of attendees who received the highest level of disclosure but whose assessment of bias differed from that of peer reviewers, however, there was a tendency to underestimate bias (5.9 vs 31.4%; p < 0.0001). The major limitation of this study was an overall low level of bias in the presentations, making it difficult to generalize these findings to less objective programs. The study did not address whether the process of disclosure had an impact on speakers' behavior. This study provides mixed support for higher levels of financial disclosure than are currently required for CME programs.

  3. Celebrity disclosures and information seeking: the case of Angelina Jolie.

    PubMed

    Juthe, Robin H; Zaharchuk, Amber; Wang, Catharine

    2015-07-01

    On 14 May 2013, actress Angelina Jolie disclosed that she had a BRCA1 mutation and underwent a prophylactic bilateral mastectomy. This study documents the impact of her disclosure on information-seeking behavior, specifically that regarding online genetics and risk reduction resources available from the National Cancer Institute. Using Adobe Analytics, daily page views for 11 resources were tracked from 23 April 2013 through 25 June 2013. Usage data were also obtained for four resources over a 2-year period (2012-2013). Source of referral that viewers used to locate a specific resource was also examined. There was a dramatic and immediate increase in traffic to the National Cancer Institute's online resources. The Preventive Mastectomy fact sheet received 69,225 page views on May 14, representing a 795-fold increase as compared with the previous Tuesday. A fivefold increase in page views was observed for the PDQ Genetics of Breast and Ovarian Cancer summary in the same time frame. A substantial increase, from 0 to 49%, was seen in referrals from news outlets to four resources from 7 May to 14 May. Celebrity disclosures can dramatically influence online information-seeking behaviors. Efforts to capitalize on these disclosures to ensure easy access to accurate information are warranted.

  4. Celebrity disclosures and information seeking: The case of Angelina Jolie

    PubMed Central

    Juthe, Robin H.; Zaharchuk, Amber; Wang, Catharine

    2014-01-01

    Purpose On May 14, 2013, actress Angelina Jolie disclosed that she had a BRCA1 mutation and underwent a prophylactic bilateral mastectomy. This study documents the impact of her disclosure on information-seeking behavior, specifically regarding online genetics and risk reduction resources available from the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Methods Using Adobe Analytics, daily page views for 11 resources were tracked from April 23, 2013 through June 25, 2013. Usage data were also obtained for four resources over a 2-year period (2012–2013). Source of referral by which viewers located a specific resource was also examined. Results There was a dramatic and immediate increase in traffic to NCI’s online resources. The Preventive Mastectomy fact sheet received 69,225 page views on May 14, representing a 795-fold increase compared with the previous Tuesday. A fivefold increase in page views was observed for the PDQ® Genetics of Breast and Ovarian Cancer summary in the same timeframe. A substantial increase from 0% to 49% was seen in referrals from news outlets to four resources from May 7 to May 14. Conclusion Celebrity disclosures can dramatically influence online information-seeking behaviors. Efforts to capitalize on these disclosures to ensure easy access to accurate information are warranted. PMID:25341112

  5. HIV Status Disclosure Among Postpartum Women in Zambia with Varied Intimate Partner Violence Experiences.

    PubMed

    Hampanda, Karen M; Rael, Christine Tagliaferri

    2018-05-01

    HIV-positive pregnant and postpartum women's status disclosure to male sexual partners is associated with improved HIV and maternal and child health outcomes. Yet, status disclosure remains a challenge for many women living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly those who are fearful of violence. The objective of the present study is to advance the current understanding of the relationship between intimate partner violence against women and their HIV status disclosure behaviors. We specifically evaluate how the severity, frequency, and type of violence against postpartum HIV-positive women affect status disclosure within married/cohabiting couples. A cross-sectional survey was administered by trained local research assistants to 320 HIV-positive postpartum women attending a large public health center for pediatric immunizations in Lusaka, Zambia. Survey data captured women's self-reports of various forms of intimate partner violence and whether they disclosed their HIV status to the current male partner. Multiple logistic regression models determined the odds of status disclosure by the severity, frequency, and type of violence women experienced. Our findings indicate a negative dose-response relationship between the severity and frequency of intimate partner violence and status disclosure to male partners. Physical violence has a more pronounced affect on status disclosure than sexual or emotional violence. Safe options for women living with HIV who experience intimate partner violence, particularly severe and frequent physical violence, are urgently needed. This includes HIV counselors' ability to evaluate the pros and cons of status disclosure among women and support some women's decisions not to disclose.

  6. 34 CFR 99.36 - What conditions apply to disclosure of information in health and safety emergencies?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... have legitimate educational interests in the behavior of the student; or (3) Disclosing appropriate... schools who have been determined to have legitimate educational interests in the behavior of the student...

  7. 34 CFR 99.36 - What conditions apply to disclosure of information in health and safety emergencies?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... have legitimate educational interests in the behavior of the student; or (3) Disclosing appropriate... schools who have been determined to have legitimate educational interests in the behavior of the student...

  8. Promoting young children's interpersonal safety knowledge, intentions, confidence, and protective behavior skills: Outcomes of a randomized controlled trial.

    PubMed

    White, Codi; Shanley, Dianne C; Zimmer-Gembeck, Melanie J; Walsh, Kerryann; Hawkins, Russell; Lines, Katrina; Webb, Haley

    2018-06-11

    Promoting young children's interpersonal safety knowledge, intentions confidence and skills is the goal of many child maltreatment prevention programs; however, evaluation of their effectiveness has been limited. In this study, a randomized controlled trial was conducted examining the effectiveness of the Australian protective behaviors program, Learn to be safe with Emmy and friends™ compared to a waitlist condition. In total, 611 Australian children in Grade 1 (5-7 years; 50% male) participated, with assessments at Pre-intervention, Post-intervention and a 6-month follow-up. This study also included a novel assessment of interpersonal safety skills through the Observed Protective Behaviors Test (OPBT). Analyses showed participating in Learn to be safe with Emmy and friends™ was effective post-program in improving interpersonal safety knowledge (child and parent-rated) and parent-rated interpersonal safety skills. These benefits were retained at the 6-month follow-up, with participating children also reporting increased disclosure confidence. However, Learn to be safe with Emmy and friends™ participation did not significantly impact children's disclosure intentions, safety identification skills, or interpersonal safety skills as measured by the OPBT. Future research may seek to evaluate the effect of further parent and teacher integration into training methods and increased use of behavioral rehearsal and modelling to more effectively target specific disclosure intentions and skills. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  9. How Affiliation Disclosure and Control Over User-Generated Comments Affects Consumer Health Knowledge and Behavior: A Randomized Controlled Experiment of Pharmaceutical Direct-to-Consumer Advertising on Social Media.

    PubMed

    DeAndrea, David Christopher; Vendemia, Megan Ashley

    2016-07-19

    More people are seeking health information online than ever before and pharmaceutical companies are increasingly marketing their drugs through social media. The aim was to examine two major concerns related to online direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising: (1) how disclosing an affiliation with a pharmaceutical company affects how people respond to drug information produced by both health organizations and online commenters, and (2) how knowledge that health organizations control the display of user-generated comments affects consumer health knowledge and behavior. We conducted a 2×2×2 between-subjects experiment (N=674). All participants viewed an infographic posted to Facebook by a health organization about a prescription allergy drug. Across conditions, the infographic varied in the degree to which the health organization and commenters appeared to be affiliated with a drug manufacturer, and the display of user-generated comments appeared to be controlled. Affiliation disclosure statements on a health organization's Facebook post increased perceptions of an organization-drug manufacturer connection, which reduced trust in the organization (point estimate -0.45, 95% CI -0.69 to -0.24) and other users who posted comments about the drug (point estimate -0.44, 95% CI -0.68 to -0.22). Furthermore, increased perceptions of an organization-manufacturer connection reduced the likelihood that people would recommend the drug to important others (point estimate -0.35, 95% CI -0.59 to -0.15), and share the drug post with others on Facebook (point estimate -0.37, 95% CI -0.64 to -0.16). An affiliation cue next to the commenters' names increased perceptions that the commenters were affiliated with the drug manufacturer, which reduced trust in the comments (point estimate -0.81, 95% CI -1.04 to -0.59), the organization that made the post (point estimate -0.68, 95% CI -0.90 to -0.49), the likelihood of participants recommending the drug (point estimate -0.61, 95% CI -0.82 to -0.43), and sharing the post with others on Facebook (point estimate -0.63, 95% CI -0.87 to -0.43). Cues indicating that a health organization removed user-generated comments from a post increased perceptions that the drug manufacturer influenced the display of the comments, which negatively affected trust in the comments (point estimate -0.35, 95% CI -0.53 to -0.20), the organization (point estimate -0.31, 95% CI -0.47 to -0.17), the likelihood of recommending the drug (point estimate -0.26, 95% CI -0.41 to -0.14), and the likelihood of sharing the post with others on Facebook (point estimate -0.28, 95% CI -0.45 to -0.15). (All estimates are unstandardized indirect effects and 95% bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals.) Concern over pharmaceutical companies hiding their affiliations and strategically controlling user-generated comments is well founded; these practices can greatly affect not only how viewers evaluate drug information online, but also how likely they are to propagate the information throughout their online and offline social networks.

  10. Genetic Test Reporting and Counseling for Melanoma Risk in Minors May Improve Sun Protection Without Inducing Distress.

    PubMed

    Stump, Tammy K; Aspinwall, Lisa G; Kohlmann, Wendy; Champine, Marjan; Hauglid, Jamie; Wu, Yelena P; Scott, Emily; Cassidy, Pamela; Leachman, Sancy A

    2018-01-19

    Genetic testing of minors is advised only for conditions in which benefits of early intervention outweigh potential psychological harms. This study investigated whether genetic counseling and test reporting for the CDKN2A/p16 mutation, which confers highly elevated melanoma risk, improved sun protection without inducing distress. Eighteen minors (M age  = 12.4, SD = 1.9) from melanoma-prone families completed measures of protective behavior and distress at baseline, 1 week (distress only), 1 month, and 1 year following test disclosure. Participants and their mothers were individually interviewed on the psychological and behavioral impact of genetic testing 1 month and 1 year post-disclosure. Carriers (n = 9) and noncarriers (n = 9) reported significantly fewer sunburns and a greater proportion reported sun protection adherence between baseline and 1 year post-disclosure; results did not vary by mutation status. Anxiety symptoms remained low post-disclosure, while depressive symptoms and cancer worry decreased. Child and parent interviews corroborated these findings. Mothers indicated that genetic testing was beneficial (100%) because it promoted risk awareness (90.9%) and sun protection (81.8%) without making their children scared (89.9%); several noted their child's greater independent practice of sun protection (45.4%). In this small initial study, minors undergoing CDKN2A/p16 genetic testing reported behavioral improvements and consistently low distress, suggesting such testing may be safely implemented early in life, allowing greater opportunity for risk-reducing lifestyle changes.

  11. Social reactions to disclosure of sexual victimization and adjustment among survivors of sexual assault.

    PubMed

    Orchowski, Lindsay M; Untied, Amy S; Gidycz, Christine A

    2013-07-01

    How a support provider responds to disclosure of sexual victimization has important implications for the process of recovery. The present study examines the associations between various positive and negative social reactions to sexual assault disclosure and psychological distress, coping behavior, social support, and self-esteem in a sample of college women (N = 374). Social reactions to assault disclosure that attempted to control the survivor's decisions were associated with increased symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety and lower perceptions of reassurance of worth from others. Blaming social reactions were associated with less self-esteem and engagement in coping via problem solving. Social reactions that provided emotional support to the survivor were associated with increased coping by seeking emotional support. Contrary to expectations, social reactions that treated the survivor differently were associated with higher self-esteem. Implications are discussed.

  12. The Impact of Incident Disclosure Behaviors on Medical Malpractice Claims.

    PubMed

    Giraldo, Priscila; Sato, Luke; Castells, Xavier

    2017-06-30

    To provide preliminary estimates of incident disclosure behaviors on medical malpractice claims. We conducted a descriptive analysis of data on medical malpractice claims obtained from the Controlled Risk Insurance Company and Risk Management Foundation of Harvard Medical Institutions (Cambridge, Massachusetts) between 2012 and 2013 (n = 434). The characteristics of disclosure and apology after medical errors were analyzed. Of 434 medical malpractice claims, 4.6% (n = 20) medical errors had been disclosed to the patient at the time of the error, and 5.9% (n = 26) had been followed by disclosure and apology. The highest number of disclosed injuries occurred in 2011 (23.9%; n = 11) and 2012 (34.8%; n = 16). There was no incremental increase during the financial years studied (2012-2013). The mean age of informed patients was 52.96 years, 58.7 % of the patients were female, and 52.2% were inpatients. Of the disclosed errors, 26.1% led to an adverse reaction, and 17.4% were fatal. The cause of disclosed medical error was improper surgical performance in 17.4% (95% confidence interval, 6.4-28.4). Disclosed medical errors were classified as medium severity in 67.4%. No apology statement was issued in 54.5% of medical errors classified as high severity. At the health-care centers studied, when a claim followed a medical error, providers infrequently disclosed medical errors or apologized to the patient or relatives. Most of the medical errors followed by disclosure and apology were classified as being of high and medium severity. No changes were detected in the volume of lawsuits over time.

  13. Invitation to Consumer Behavior Analysis

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Foxall, Gordon R.

    2010-01-01

    This article presents an introduction to consumer behavior analysis by describing the Behavioral Perspective Model of consumer choice and showing how research has, first, confirmed this framework and, second, opened up behavior analysis and behavioral economics to the study of consumer behavior in natural settings. It concludes with a discussion…

  14. Privacy and medical information on the Internet.

    PubMed

    Nelson, Steven B

    2006-02-01

    Health-care consumers are beginning to realize the presence and value of health-care information available on the Internet, but they need to be aware of risks that may be involved. In addition to delivering information, some Web sites collect information. Though not all of the information might be classified as protected health information, consumers need to realize what is collected and how it might be used. Consumers should know a Web site\\'s privacy policy before divulging any personal information. Health-care providers have a responsibility to know what information they are collecting and why. Web servers may collect large amounts of visitor information by default, and they should be modified to limit data collection to only what is necessary. Providers need to be cognizant of the many regulations concerning collection and disclosure of information obtained from consumers. Providers should also provide an easily understood privacy policy for users.

  15. 12 CFR 332.10 - Limits on disclosure of non-public personal information to nonaffiliated third parties.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... consumer have established a customer relationship. (2) Unless you comply with this section, you may not... means. A customer opens an on-line account with you and agrees to receive the notices required in paragraph (a)(1) of this section electronically, and you allow the customer to opt out by any reasonable...

  16. 12 CFR 216.10 - Limits on disclosure of non-public personal information to nonaffiliated third parties.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... consumer have established a customer relationship. (2) Unless you comply with this section, you may not... means. A customer opens an on-line account with you and agrees to receive the notices required in paragraph (a)(1) of this section electronically, and you allow the customer to opt out by any reasonable...

  17. 16 CFR 313.10 - Limits on disclosure of non-public personal information to nonaffiliated third parties.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... consumer have established a customer relationship (2) Unless you comply with this section, you may not... means. A customer opens an on-line account with you and agrees to receive the notices required in paragraph (a)(1) of this section electronically, and you allow the customer to opt out by any reasonable...

  18. 77 FR 76356 - Privacy of Consumer Financial Information Under Title V of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-28

    ... Under Title V of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act CFR Correction In Title 17 of the Code of Federal...). (2) Title. (3) Key frame (Why?, What?, How?). (4) Disclosure table (``Reasons we can share your... financial institution provides the model form and that institution is clearly identified in the title on...

  19. 12 CFR 1070.36 - Procedure in the event of an adverse ruling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Procedure in the event of an adverse ruling. 1070.36 Section 1070.36 Banks and Banking BUREAU OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION DISCLOSURE OF RECORDS... Procedure in the event of an adverse ruling. If a stay or, or other relief from, the effect of a demand made...

  20. Communicating Tobacco Product Information to the Public.

    PubMed

    Berman, Micah L; Byron, M Justin; Hemmerich, Natalie; Lindblom, Eric N; Lazard, Allison J; Peters, Ellen; Brewer, Noel T

    2017-01-01

    The 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (TCA) requires tobacco companies to disclose information about the harmful chemicals in their products to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The law requires the FDA, in turn, to communicate this information to the public "in a format that is understandable and not misleading to a lay person." But how should the FDA comply with this requirement? What does it mean for information about complex chemicals to be "understandable and not misleading to a lay person"? These questions are not easy ones to answer. Disclosures about the amount of harmful chemicals (constituents) in different tobacco products may help to inform consumers, but may also conversely prompt consumers to reach incorrect or unsupported conclusions about products' relative health risks. This paper first analyzes the FDA's legal obligation to publish tobacco constituent information so that it is "understandable and not misleading to a layperson." Second, it discusses how that legal analysis has guided scientific research examining how members of the public interpret messages regarding tobacco constituents. Lastly, this paper concludes with policy recommendations for the FDA as it considers how to comply with the law's constituent disclosure requirement while still furthering its overall objective of promoting public health.

  1. Do nutrition labels improve dietary outcomes?

    PubMed

    Variyam, Jayachandran N

    2008-06-01

    The disclosure of nutritional characteristics of most packaged foods became mandatory in the United States with the implementation of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) in 1994. Under the NLEA regulations, a 'Nutrition Facts' panel displays information on nutrients such as calories, total and saturated fats, cholesterol, and sodium in a standardized format. By providing nutrition information in a credible, distinctive, and easy-to-read format, the new label was expected to help consumers choose healthier, more nutritious diets. This paper examines whether the disclosure of nutrition information through the mandatory labels impacted consumer diets. Assessing the dietary effects of labeling is problematic due to the confounding of the label effect with unobserved label user characteristics. This self-selection problem is addressed by exploiting the fact that the NLEA exempts away-from-home foods from mandatory labeling. Difference-in-differences models that account for zero away-from-home intakes suggest that the labels increase fiber and iron intakes of label users compared with label nonusers. In comparison, a model that does not account for self-selection implies significant label effects for all but two of the 13 nutrients that are listed on the label.

  2. Group Interactions Among the Elderly and Group Therapy Interventions.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lakin, M.; And Others

    Methods developed for investigating group processes and contents among four Senior Citizens' discussion groups are described. The process dimensions are boundary behaviors, subgrouping, normative behaviors, organizing, establishing personal significance, group and leader interchanges, self disclosures, conflict, support, and emotional atmosphere.…

  3. Associations between self-referral and health behavior responses to genetic risk information.

    PubMed

    Christensen, Kurt D; Roberts, J Scott; Zikmund-Fisher, Brian J; Kardia, Sharon Lr; McBride, Colleen M; Linnenbringer, Erin; Green, Robert C

    2015-01-01

    Studies examining whether genetic risk information about common, complex diseases can motivate individuals to improve health behaviors and advance planning have shown mixed results. Examining the influence of different study recruitment strategies may help reconcile inconsistencies. Secondary analyses were conducted on data from the REVEAL study, a series of randomized clinical trials examining the impact of genetic susceptibility testing for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We tested whether self-referred participants (SRPs) were more likely than actively recruited participants (ARPs) to report health behavior and advance planning changes after AD risk and APOE genotype disclosure. Of 795 participants with known recruitment status, 546 (69%) were self-referred and 249 (31%) had been actively recruited. SRPs were younger, less likely to identify as African American, had higher household incomes, and were more attentive to AD than ARPs (all P < 0.01). They also dropped out of the study before genetic risk disclosure less frequently (26% versus 41%, P < 0.001). Cohorts did not differ in their likelihood of reporting a change to at least one health behavior 6 weeks and 12 months after genetic risk disclosure, nor in intentions to change at least one behavior in the future. However, interaction effects were observed where ε4-positive SRPs were more likely than ε4-negative SRPs to report changes specifically to mental activities (38% vs 19%, p < 0.001) and diets (21% vs 12%, p = 0.016) six weeks post-disclosure, whereas differences between ε4-positive and ε4-negative ARPs were not evident for mental activities (15% vs 21%, p = 0.413) or diets (8% versus 16%, P = 0.190). Similarly, ε4-positive participants were more likely than ε4-negative participants to report intentions to change long-term care insurance among SRPs (20% vs 5%, p < 0.001), but not ARPs (5% versus 9%, P = 0.365). Individuals who proactively seek AD genetic risk assessment are more likely to undergo testing and use results to inform behavior changes than those who respond to genetic testing offers. These results demonstrate how the behavioral impact of genetic risk information may vary according to the models by which services are provided, and suggest that how participants are recruited into translational genomics research can influence findings. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00089882 and NCT00462917.

  4. Understanding sickle cell carrier status identified through newborn screening: a qualitative study

    PubMed Central

    Miller, Fiona A; Paynter, Martha; Hayeems, Robin Z; Little, Julian; Carroll, June C; Wilson, Brenda J; Allanson, Judith; Bytautas, Jessica P; Chakraborty, Pranesh

    2010-01-01

    The expansion of newborn screening (NBS) is increasing the generation of incidental results, notably carrier results. Although carrier status is generally understood to be clinically benign, concerns persist that parents may misunderstand its meaning, with deleterious effects on children and their families. Expansion of the NBS panel in Ontario, Canada in 2006 to include sickle cell disorders drew attention to the policy challenge of incidental carrier results. We conducted a study of consumer and provider attitudes to inform policy on disclosure. In this paper, we report the results of (i) qualitative interviews with health-care providers, advocates and parents of carrier infants and (ii) focus groups with new parents and individuals active with the sickle cell community. Lay and provider participants generally believed that carrier results were clinically insignificant. However, some uncertainty persisted among lay consumers in the form of conjecture or doubt. In addition, consumers and advocates who were most informed about the disease articulated insistent yet dissonant claims of clinical significance. Meanwhile, providers referenced research knowledge to offer an equivocal assessment of the possibility and significance of clinically symptomatic carrier status. We conclude that many interpretations of carrier status are in circulation, failing to fit neatly into the categories of ‘clinically significant' or ‘benign.' This creates challenges for communicating clearly with parents – challenges exacerbated by inconsistent messages from screening programs regarding the significance of sickle cell carrier status. Disclosure policy related to incidentally generated infant carrier results needs to account for these complex realities. PMID:19809482

  5. Audit of manufactured products: use of allergen advisory labels and identification of labeling ambiguities.

    PubMed

    Pieretti, Mariah M; Chung, Danna; Pacenza, Robert; Slotkin, Todd; Sicherer, Scott H

    2009-08-01

    The Food Allergy Labeling and Consumer Protection Act became effective January 1, 2006, and mandates disclosure of the 8 major allergens in plain English and as a source of ingredients in the ingredient statement. It does not regulate advisory labels. We sought to determine the frequency and language used in voluntary advisory labels among commercially available products and to identify labeling ambiguities affecting consumers with allergy. Trained surveyors performed a supermarket survey of 20,241 unique manufactured food products (from an original assessment of 49,604 products) for use of advisory labels. A second detailed survey of 744 unique products evaluated additional labeling practices. Overall, 17% of 20,241 products surveyed contain advisory labels. Chocolate candy, cookies, and baking mixes were the 3 categories of 24 with the greatest frequency (> or = 40%). Categorically, advisory warnings included "may contain" (38%), "shared equipment" (33%), and "within plant" (29%). The subsurvey disclosed 25 different types of advisory terminology. Nonspecific terms, such as "natural flavors" and "spices," were found on 65% of products and were not linked to a specific ingredient for 83% of them. Additional ambiguities included unclear sources of soy (lecithin vs protein), nondisclosure of sources of gelatin and lecithin, and simultaneous disclosure of "contains" and "may contain" for the same allergen, among others. Numerous products have advisory labeling and ambiguities that present challenges to consumers with food allergy. Additional allergen labeling regulation could improve safety and quality of life for individuals with food allergy.

  6. Health Insurance and Disclosure of Same-Sex Sexual Behaviors Among Gay and Bisexual Men in Same-Sex Relationships

    PubMed Central

    Mitchell, Jason W.

    2015-01-01

    Abstract Purpose: Gay and bisexual men (GBM) have poorer health outcomes than the general population. Improved health outcomes will require that GBM have access to healthcare and that healthcare providers are aware of their sexual behaviors. This study sought to examine factors associated with having health insurance and disclosure of same-sex sexual behaviors to primary care providers (PCPs) among GBM in primary same-sex relationships. Methods: We conducted an online survey of a national sample of 722 men in same-sex couples living in the United States. Logistic regression and multinomial regression models were conducted to assess whether characteristic differences existed between men who did and did not have health insurance, and between men who did and did not report that their PCP knew about their same-sex sexual activity. Results: Our national sample of same-sex partnered men identified themselves predominantly as gay and white, and most reported having an income and health insurance. Having health insurance and disclosing sexual behavior to PCPs was associated with increasing age, higher education, and higher income levels. Insurance was less prevalent among nonwhite participants and those living in the south and midwest United States. Disclosure of sexual behavior was more common in urban respondents and in the western United States. In 25% of couples, one partner was insured, while the other was not. Conclusions: Having health insurance and disclosing one's sexual behavior to PCPs was suboptimal overall and occurred in patterns likely to exacerbate health disparities among those GBM already more heavily burdened with poorer health outcomes. These factors need to be considered by PCPs and health policymakers to improve the health of GBM. Patient- and provider-targeted interventions could also improve the health outcomes of GBM. PMID:26790018

  7. [Risky sexual transmission behavior and its influencing factors among HIV-positive MSM population in Shanghai and Chengdu in China].

    PubMed

    He, Huan; Zhang, Hongbo; Ding, Fan; Lin, Xiaojie; Zhou, Yi; Xiao, Jian; Chen, Fang; Huang, Wen; Dong, Yanyan; Yang, Qiaohong

    2015-03-01

    To investigate the sexual transmission behaviors among HIV-positive MSM population engaging in unprotected sexual behaviors, as well as the relationship with health conditions and partner notification. A total of 308 HIV-positive MSM participants engaged in unprotected sexual behaviors were recruited by "snowballing" sampling in Shanghai and Chengdu. The questionnaire covered such items as the time of HIV infection diagnosis, CD4⁺ T cells count, viral load, antiviral therapy, anxiety and depressive symptoms, sexual partner types and sexual behaviors in the past six months, disclosure to fixed sexual partners and casual sexual partners among others. Of the 308 participants surveyed, the report rate of those having at least one-time sexual transmission behaviors during the past 6 months was 70.1% (216/308). Participants who had primary sexual partners and casual sexual partners following their HIV infection diagnosis accounted for 89.0% (274/308) and 68.2% (210/308) respectively. Of the aforementioned participants, 59.1% (162/274) and 94.3% (198/210) respectively had not disclosed their HIV infection to primary and casual sexual partners. Of thoes who did not disclose their HIV infection to primary sexual partners, 91.9% (147/162) reported sexual transmission behaviors. Of thoes who did not disclose their HIV infection to casual sexual partners, 89.9% (178/198) continue sexual transmission. As found in a multi-factor analysis, the infection risk exposure of those with heterosexual sexual orientation and engagement in sexual transmission behaviors was six times higher than those with homosexual orientation (aOR = 5.896, 95% CI: 1.808-19.232). For those who did not, or partially disclose their HIV infection to male casual sexual partners or commercial sexual partners, the risk exposure of further transmission was 29 times and 19 times higher than those disclose it to their sexual partners (no disclosure: aOR = 28.957, 95% CI: 7.511-65.004; partial disclosure: aOR = 18.956, 95% CI: 6.995-57.417). The highest risk came from those who continue their sexual transmission behavior within six months of their HIV infection diagnosis; the lowest risk came from those continue such behavior more than one year and within two years of their diagnosis (aOR = 0.048, 95% CI: 0.033-0.788); such risk rose to some extent for those continue such behavior over two years of their diagnosis. Compared to those without antiviral therapy, participants with the therapy pose less risk in sexual transmission behaviors. More than two-thirds of HIV-positive MSM population who engage in unprotected sexual behaviors reported sexual transmission behaviors. In this regard, increasing antiviral therapy and promoting sexual partner disclosure constituted an effective strategy to minimize further transmission among HIV-positive MSM population. Intervention of sexual transmission behaviors should be addressed to those diagnosed of HIV infection within six months.

  8. Development and Pilot Trial of an Intervention to Reduce Disclosure Recipients Negative Social Reactions and Victims Psychological Distress and Problem Drinking

    ClinicalTrials.gov

    2018-04-06

    Social Skills; Self-Criticism; Post-traumatic Stress Disorder; Depression; Alcohol Abuse; Drinking, College; Alcohol Drinking; Alcohol; Harmful Use; Social Stigma; Social Norms; Social Responsibility; Social Behavior; Empathy; Coping Skills; Coping Behavior

  9. Health Risk Behaviors of African American Adolescents with Mild Mental Retardation: Prevalence Depends on Measurement Method.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Pack, Robert P.; Browne, Dorothy; Wallander, Jan L.

    1998-01-01

    Health risk behaviors (substance use, violence, suicide, and car safety) of 194 African American urban adolescents with mild mental retardation were measured using either a confidential individual interview or an anonymous group survey. The survey methodology resulted in disclosure of more risk behaviors than the interview methodology. Elevated…

  10. Group Management Method of RFID Passwords for Privacy Protection

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kobayashi, Yuichi; Kuwana, Toshiyuki; Taniguchi, Yoji; Komoda, Norihisa

    When RFID tag is used in the whole item lifecycle including a consumer scene or a recycle scene, we have to protect consumer privacy in the state that RFID tag is stuck on an item. We use the low cost RFID tag that has the access control function using a password, and we propose a method which manages RFID tags by passwords identical to each group of RFID tags. This proposal improves safety of RFID system because the proposal method is able to reduce the traceability for a RFID tag, and hold down the influence for disclosure of RFID passwords in the both scenes.

  11. The Effects of Avatars' Age on Older Adults' Self-Disclosure and Trust.

    PubMed

    Lee, Yu-Hao; Xiao, Min; Wells, Robert H

    2018-03-01

    Older adults are increasingly interacting with other people online via virtual avatars, yet little is known about how avatars affect older adults' behavior. This study examines how interacting avatars' age affects older adult's self-disclosure and trust in a relation-building context. Previous studies have found that users can take on behaviors consistent with characteristics of the avatars. In social interactions, people also assess their avatar in relation to other avatars for similarity or differences. We conducted a 2 (self-avatar: old vs. young) × 2 (other's avatar: old vs. young) experiment with older-adult participants aged 60+ (n = 95). The findings show that using younger avatars did not increase self-disclosure. However, the older-adult participants disclosed more information when their avatar's age matched their partner avatar's age (i.e., old to old, young to young). They also trust their partners more when the interacting avatars shared similar age. This study provides theoretical insights into the role of avatars in online relationship-building and extends our understanding of the avatar effects on older adults.

  12. Incorporating Transformative Consumer Research into the Consumer Behavior Course Experience

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Petkus, Ed, Jr.

    2010-01-01

    In contrast to understanding consumer behavior for the benefit of business organizations, transformative consumer research (TCR) seeks to understand consumer behavior for the benefit of consumers themselves. Following Mari's (2008) call for the incorporation of TCR in doctoral programs in marketing, this article outlines the relevance of TCR to…

  13. 76 FR 14014 - Public Roundtables: Protecting Consumers in the Sale and Leasing of Motor Vehicles

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-15

    ... concerning the disclosure and pre-sale availability of warranty terms; \\4\\ and \\4\\ See, e.g., In re Bob Rice... are these practices in the industry as a whole or in any subset of the industry? (4) Do motor vehicle dealers engage in ``yo-yo financing?'' \\16\\ If so, please describe in detail how such a transaction occurs...

  14. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Faulk, Richard O.

    Measures from Sarbanes-Oxley to climate change legislation will pervasively transform the manner in which American businesses relate to shareholders and consumers. Capping a month of extraordinary changes, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners adopted a rule that mandates broad disclosures by insurance companies regarding the impact of climate change on their financial stability - thereby enlisting the insurance industry as a ''partner'' in the enforcement of global and national climate change policies. (author)

  15. 16 CFR Appendix C to Part 698 - Model Forms for Affiliate Marketing Opt-Out Notices

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Notices C Appendix C to Part 698 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION THE FAIR CREDIT REPORTING ACT MODEL FORMS AND DISCLOSURES Pt. 698, App. C Appendix C to Part 698—Model Forms for Affiliate... of opt-outs by joint consumers to comply with § 680.23(a)(2) of part 680. C-1 Model Form for Initial...

  16. 16 CFR Appendix C to Part 698 - Model Forms for Affiliate Marketing Opt-Out Notices

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Notices C Appendix C to Part 698 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION THE FAIR CREDIT REPORTING ACT MODEL FORMS AND DISCLOSURES Pt. 698, App. C Appendix C to Part 698—Model Forms for Affiliate... of opt-outs by joint consumers to comply with § 680.23(a)(2) of part 680. C-1 Model Form for Initial...

  17. 16 CFR Appendix C to Part 698 - Model Forms for Affiliate Marketing Opt-Out Notices

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Notices C Appendix C to Part 698 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION THE FAIR CREDIT REPORTING ACT MODEL FORMS AND DISCLOSURES Pt. 698, App. C Appendix C to Part 698—Model Forms for Affiliate... of opt-outs by joint consumers to comply with § 680.23(a)(2) of part 680. C-1 Model Form for Initial...

  18. 12 CFR Appendix H to Part 1022 - Appendix H-Model Forms for Risk-Based Pricing and Credit Score Disclosure Exception Notices

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... addresses that may change over time. ii. The addition of graphics or icons, such as the person's corporate... change the forms by rearranging the format or by making technical modifications to the language of the... required to conduct consumer testing when rearranging the format of the model forms. a. Acceptable changes...

  19. 12 CFR Appendix H to Part 222 - Appendix H-Model Forms for Risk-Based Pricing and Credit Score Disclosure Exception Notices

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... addresses that may change over time. ii. The addition of graphics or icons, such as the person's corporate... rate. All forms contained in this appendix are models; their use is optional. 3. A person may change... required to conduct consumer testing when rearranging the format of the model forms. a. Acceptable changes...

  20. Acceptability of human papillomavirus vaccination and sexual experience prior to disclosure to health care providers among men who have sex with men in Vancouver, Canada: implications for targeted vaccination programs.

    PubMed

    Rank, Claudia; Gilbert, Mark; Ogilvie, Gina; Jayaraman, Gayatri C; Marchand, Rick; Trussler, Terry; Hogg, Robert S; Gustafson, Reka; Wong, Tom

    2012-08-24

    Men who have sex with men (MSM) may benefit from human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine due to increased risk for HPV infection and related disease. We assessed HPV vaccine acceptability and sexual experience prior to disclosure to Health Care Providers (HCP) to understand implications of targeted vaccination strategies for MSM. From July 2008 to February 2009, 1169 MSM aged ≥19 years were recruited at community venues in Vancouver. We assessed key variables from a self-administered questionnaire and independent predictors of HPV vaccine acceptability using multivariate logistic regression. Of 1041 respondents, 697 (67.0%) were willing to receive HPV vaccine and 71.3% had heard of HPV. Significant multivariate predictors of higher vaccine acceptability were (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]): previous diagnosis of genital warts (1.7 [1.1, 2.6]), disclosure of sexual behavior to HCP (1.6 [1.1, 2.3]), annual income at least $20,000 (1.5 [1.1, 2.1]), previous hepatitis A or B vaccination (1.4 [1.0, 2.0]), and no recent recreational drug use (1.4 [1.0, 2.0]). Most MSM (78.7%) had disclosed sexual behavior to HCP and median time from first sexual contact with males to disclosure was 6.0 years (IQR 2-14 years); for men ≤26 years these were 72.0% and 3.0 years (IQR 1-8 years) respectively. Willingness to receive HPV vaccine was substantial among MSM in Vancouver; however, acceptability varied by demographics, risk, and health history. HPV vaccine programs delivered by HCP would offer limited benefit given the duration of time from sexual debut to disclosure to HCP. Crown Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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