double patterning dpt: Topics by Science.gov

Sample records for double patterning dpt

Interactions of double patterning technology with wafer processing, OPC and design flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lucas, Kevin; Cork, Chris; Miloslavsky, Alex; Luk-Pat, Gerry; Barnes, Levi; Hapli, John; Lewellen, John; Rollins, Greg; Wiaux, Vincent; Verhaegen, Staf

2008-03-01

Double patterning technology (DPT) is one of the main options for printing logic devices with half-pitch less than 45nm; and flash and DRAM memory devices with half-pitch less than 40nm. DPT methods decompose the original design intent into two individual masking layers which are each patterned using single exposures and existing 193nm lithography tools. The results of the individual patterning layers combine to re-create the design intent pattern on the wafer. In this paper we study interactions of DPT with lithography, masks synthesis and physical design flows. Double exposure and etch patterning steps create complexity for both process and design flows. DPT decomposition is a critical software step which will be performed in physical design and also in mask synthesis. Decomposition includes cutting (splitting) of original design intent polygons into multiple polygons where required; and coloring of the resulting polygons. We evaluate the ability to meet key physical design goals such as: reduce circuit area; minimize rework; ensure DPT compliance; guarantee patterning robustness on individual layer targets; ensure symmetric wafer results; and create uniform wafer density for the individual patterning layers.
A novel double patterning approach for 30nm dense holes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hsu, Dennis Shu-Hao; Wang, Walter; Hsieh, Wei-Hsien; Huang, Chun-Yen; Wu, Wen-Bin; Shih, Chiang-Lin; Shih, Steven

2011-04-01

Double Patterning Technology (DPT) was commonly accepted as the major workhorse beyond water immersion lithography for sub-38nm half-pitch line patterning before the EUV production. For dense hole patterning, classical DPT employs self-aligned spacer deposition and uses the intersection of horizontal and vertical lines to define the desired hole patterns. However, the increase in manufacturing cost and process complexity is tremendous. Several innovative approaches have been proposed and experimented to address the manufacturing and technical challenges. A novel process of double patterned pillars combined image reverse will be proposed for the realization of low cost dense holes in 30nm node DRAM. The nature of pillar formation lithography provides much better optical contrast compared to the counterpart hole patterning with similar CD requirements. By the utilization of a reliable freezing process, double patterned pillars can be readily implemented. A novel image reverse process at the last stage defines the hole patterns with high fidelity. In this paper, several freezing processes for the construction of the double patterned pillars were tested and compared, and 30nm double patterning pillars were demonstrated successfully. A variety of different image reverse processes will be investigated and discussed for their pros and cons. An economic approach with the optimized lithography performance will be proposed for the application of 30nm DRAM node.
Diffraction-based overlay for spacer patterning and double patterning technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Byoung Hoon; Park, JeongSu; Lee, Jongsu; Park, Sarohan; Lim, ChangMoon; Yim, Dong-Gyu; Park, Sungki; Ryu, Chan-Ho; Morgan, Stephen; van de Schaar, Maurits; Fuchs, Andreas; Bhattacharyya, Kaustuve

2011-03-01

Overlay performance will be increasingly important for Spacer Patterning Technology (SPT) and Double Patterning Technology (DPT) as various Resolution Enhancement Techniques are employed to extend the resolution limits of lithography. Continuous shrinkage of devices makes overlay accuracy one of the most critical issues while overlay performance is completely dependent on exposure tool. Image Based Overlay (IBO) has been used as the mainstream metrology for overlay by the main memory IC companies, but IBO is not suitable for some critical layers due to the poor Tool Induced Shift (TIS) values. Hence new overlay metrology is required to improve the overlay measurement accuracy. Diffraction Based Overlay (DBO) is regarded to be an alternative metrology to IBO for more accurate measurements and reduction of reading errors. Good overlay performances of DBO have been reported in many articles. However applying DBO for SPT and DPT layers poses extra challenges for target design. New vernier designs are considered for different DPT and SPT schemes to meet overlay target in DBO system. In this paper, we optimize the design of the DBO target and the performance of DBO to meet the overlay specification of sub-3x nm devices which are using SPT and DPT processes. We show that the appropriate vernier design yields excellent overlay performance in residual and TIS. The paper also demonstrated the effects of vernier structure on overlay accuracy from SEM analysis.
Design technology co-optimization for 14/10nm metal1 double patterning layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duan, Yingli; Su, Xiaojing; Chen, Ying; Su, Yajuan; Shao, Feng; Zhang, Recco; Lei, Junjiang; Wei, Yayi

2016-03-01

Design and technology co-optimization (DTCO) can satisfy the needs of the design, generate robust design rule, and avoid unfriendly patterns at the early stage of design to ensure a high level of manufacturability of the product by the technical capability of the present process. The DTCO methodology in this paper includes design rule translation, layout analysis, model validation, hotspots classification and design rule optimization mainly. The correlation of the DTCO and double patterning (DPT) can optimize the related design rule and generate friendlier layout which meets the requirement of the 14/10nm technology node. The experiment demonstrates the methodology of DPT-compliant DTCO which is applied to a metal1 layer from the 14/10nm node. The DTCO workflow proposed in our job is an efficient solution for optimizing the design rules for 14/10 nm tech node Metal1 layer. And the paper also discussed and did the verification about how to tune the design rule of the U-shape and L-shape structures in a DPT-aware metal layer.
Simultaneous overlay and CD measurement for double patterning: scatterometry and RCWA approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Jie; Liu, Zhuan; Rabello, Silvio; Dasari, Prasad; Kritsun, Oleg; Volkman, Catherine; Park, Jungchul; Singh, Lovejeet

2009-03-01

As optical lithography advances to 32 nm technology node and beyond, double patterning technology (DPT) has emerged as an attractive solution to circumvent the fundamental optical limitations. DPT poses unique demands on critical dimension (CD) uniformity and overlay control, making the tolerance decrease much faster than the rate at which critical dimension shrinks. This, in turn, makes metrology even more challenging. In the past, multi-pad diffractionbased overlay (DBO) using empirical approach has been shown to be an effective approach to measure overlay error associated with double patterning [1]. In this method, registration errors for double patterning were extracted from specially designed diffraction targets (three or four pads for each direction); CD variation is assumed negligible within each group of adjacent pads and not addressed in the measurement. In another paper, encouraging results were reported with a first attempt at simultaneously extracting overlay and CD parameters using scatterometry [2]. In this work, we apply scatterometry with a rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) approach to characterize two double-patterning processes: litho-etch-litho-etch (LELE) and litho-freeze-litho-etch (LFLE). The advantage of performing rigorous modeling is to reduce the number of pads within each measurement target, thus reducing space requirement and improving throughput, and simultaneously extract CD and overlay information. This method measures overlay errors and CDs by fitting the optical signals with spectra calculated from a model of the targets. Good correlation is obtained between the results from this method and that of several reference techniques, including empirical multi-pad DBO, CD-SEM, and IBO. We also perform total measurement uncertainty (TMU) analysis to evaluate the overall performance. We demonstrate that scatterometry provides a promising solution to meet the challenging overlay metrology requirement in DPT.
Diffraction-based overlay metrology for double patterning technologies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dasari, Prasad; Korlahalli, Rahul; Li, Jie; Smith, Nigel; Kritsun, Oleg; Volkman, Cathy

2009-03-01

The extension of optical lithography to 32nm and beyond is made possible by Double Patterning Techniques (DPT) at critical levels of the process flow. The ease of DPT implementation is hindered by increased significance of critical dimension uniformity and overlay errors. Diffraction-based overlay (DBO) has shown to be an effective metrology solution for accurate determination of the overlay errors associated with double patterning [1, 2] processes. In this paper we will report its use in litho-freeze-litho-etch (LFLE) and spacer double patterning technology (SDPT), which are pitch splitting solutions that reduce the significance of overlay errors. Since the control of overlay between various mask/level combinations is critical for fabrication, precise and accurate assessment of errors by advanced metrology techniques such as spectroscopic diffraction based overlay (DBO) and traditional image-based overlay (IBO) using advanced target designs will be reported. A comparison between DBO, IBO and CD-SEM measurements will be reported. . A discussion of TMU requirements for 32nm technology and TMU performance data of LFLE and SDPT targets by different overlay approaches will be presented.
Overlay metrology for double patterning processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leray, Philippe; Cheng, Shaunee; Laidler, David; Kandel, Daniel; Adel, Mike; Dinu, Berta; Polli, Marco; Vasconi, Mauro; Salski, Bartlomiej

2009-03-01

The double patterning (DPT) process is foreseen by the industry to be the main solution for the 32 nm technology node and even beyond. Meanwhile process compatibility has to be maintained and the performance of overlay metrology has to improve. To achieve this for Image Based Overlay (IBO), usually the optics of overlay tools are improved. It was also demonstrated that these requirements are achievable with a Diffraction Based Overlay (DBO) technique named SCOLTM [1]. In addition, we believe that overlay measurements with respect to a reference grid are required to achieve the required overlay control [2]. This induces at least a three-fold increase in the number of measurements (2 for double patterned layers to the reference grid and 1 between the double patterned layers). The requirements of process compatibility, enhanced performance and large number of measurements make the choice of overlay metrology for DPT very challenging. In this work we use different flavors of the standard overlay metrology technique (IBO) as well as the new technique (SCOL) to address these three requirements. The compatibility of the corresponding overlay targets with double patterning processes (Litho-Etch-Litho-Etch (LELE); Litho-Freeze-Litho-Etch (LFLE), Spacer defined) is tested. The process impact on different target types is discussed (CD bias LELE, Contrast for LFLE). We compare the standard imaging overlay metrology with non-standard imaging techniques dedicated to double patterning processes (multilayer imaging targets allowing one overlay target instead of three, very small imaging targets). In addition to standard designs already discussed [1], we investigate SCOL target designs specific to double patterning processes. The feedback to the scanner is determined using the different techniques. The final overlay results obtained are compared accordingly. We conclude with the pros and cons of each technique and suggest the optimal metrology strategy for overlay control in double patterning processes.
Cost effective solution using inverse lithography OPC for DRAM random contact layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jun, Jinhyuck; Hwang, Jaehee; Choi, Jaeseung; Oh, Seyoung; Park, Chanha; Yang, Hyunjo; Dam, Thuc; Do, Munhoe; Lee, Dong Chan; Xiao, Guangming; Choi, Jung-Hoe; Lucas, Kevin

2017-04-01

Many different advanced devices and design layers currently employ double patterning technology (DPT) as a means to overcome lithographic and OPC limitations at low k1 values. Certainly device layers with k1 value below 0.25 require DPT or other pitch splitting methodologies. DPT has also been used to improve patterning of certain device layers with k1 values slightly above 0.25, due to the difficulty of achieving sufficient pattern fidelity with only a single exposure. Unfortunately, this broad adoption of DPT also came with a significant increase in patterning process cost. In this paper, we discuss the development of a single patterning technology process using an integrated Inverse Lithography Technology (ILT) flow for mask synthesis. A single pattering technology flow will reduce the manufacturing cost for a k1 > 0.25 full chip random contact layer in a memory device by replacing the more expensive DPT process with ILT flow, while also maintaining good lithographic production quality and manufacturable OPC/RET production metrics. This new integrated flow consists of applying ILT to the difficult core region and traditional rule-based assist features (RBAFs) with OPC to the peripheral region of a DRAM contact layer. Comparisons of wafer results between the ILT process and the non-ILT process showed the lithographic benefits of ILT and its ability to enable a robust single patterning process for this low-k1 device layer. Advanced modeling with a negative tone develop (NTD) process achieved the accuracy levels needed for ILT to control feature shapes through dose and focus. Details of these afore mentioned results will be described in the paper.
Patterning techniques for next generation IC's

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Balasinski, A.

2007-12-01

Reduction of linear critical dimensions (CDs) beyond 45 nm would require significant increase of the complexity of pattern definition process. In this work, we discuss the key successor methodology to the current optical lithography, the Double Patterning Technique (DPT). We compare the complexity of CAD solutions, fab equipment, and wafer processing with its competitors, such as the nanoimprint (NIL) and the extreme UV (EUV) techniques. We also look ahead to the market availability for the product families enabled using the novel patterning solutions. DPT is often recognized as the most viable next generation lithography as it utilizes the existing equipment and processes and is considered a stop-gap solution before the advanced NIL or EUV equipment is developed. Using design for manufacturability (DfM) rules, DPT can drive the k1 factor down to 0.13. However, it faces a variety of challenges, from new mask overlay strategies, to layout pattern split, novel OPC, increased CD tolerances, new etch techniques, as well as long processing time, all of which compromise its return on investment (RoI). In contrast, it can be claimed e.g., that the RoI is the highest for the NIL but this technology bears significant risk. For all novel patterning techniques, the key questions remain: when and how should they be introduced, what is their long-term potential, when should they be replaced, and by what successor technology. We summarize the unpublished results of several panel discussions on DPT at the recent SPIE/BACUS conferences.
Stitching-aware in-design DPT auto fixing for sub-20nm logic devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, Soo-Han; Sai Krishna, K. V. V. S.; Pemberton-Smith, David

2017-03-01

As the technology continues to shrink below 20nm, Double Patterning Technology (DPT) becomes one of the mandatory solutions for routing metal layers. From the view point of Place and Route (P&R), the major concerns are how to prevent DPT odd-cycles automatically without sacrificing chip area. Even though the leading-edge P&R tools have advanced algorithms to prevent DPT odd-cycles, it is very hard to prevent the localized DPT odd-cycles, especially in Engineering Change Order (ECO) routing. In the last several years, we developed In-design DPT Auto Fixing method in order to reduce localized DPT odd-cycles significantly during ECO and could achieve remarkable design Turn-Around Times (TATs). But subsequently, as the design complexity continued increasing and chip size continued decreasing, we needed a new In-design DPT Auto Fixing approach to improve the auto. fixing rate. In this paper, we present the Stitching-Aware In-design DPT Auto Fixing method for better fixing rates and smaller chip design. The previous In-design DPT Auto Fixing method detected all DPT odd-cycles and tried to remove oddcycles by increasing the adjacent space. As the metal congestions increase in the newer technology nodes, the older Auto Fixing method has limitations to increase the adjacent space between routing metals. Consequently, the auto fixing rate of older method gets worse with the introduction of the smaller design rules. With DPT stitching enablement at In-design DRC checking procedure, the new Stitching-Aware DPT Auto Fixing method detects the most critical odd-cycles and revolve the odd-cycles automatically. The accuracy of new flow ensures better usage of space in the congested areas, and helps design more smaller chips. By applying the Stitching-Aware DPT Auto Fixing method to sub-20nm logic devices, we can confirm that the auto fixing rate is improved by 2X compared with auto fixing without stitching. Additionally, by developing the better heuristic algorithm and flow for DPT stitching, we can get DPT compliant layout with the acceptable design TATs.
In-die mask registration measurement on 28nm-node and beyond

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Shen Hung; Cheng, Yung Feng; Chen, Ming Jui

2013-09-01

As semiconductor go to smaller node, the critical dimension (CD) of process become more and more small. For lithography, RET (Resolution Enhancement Technology) applications can be used for wafer printing of smaller CD/pitch on 28nm node and beyond. SMO (Source Mask Optimization), DPT (Double Patterning Technology) and SADP (Self-Align Double Patterning) can provide lower k1 value for lithography. In another way, image placement error and overlay control also become more and more important for smaller chip size (advanced node). Mask registration (image placement error) and mask overlay are important factors to affect wafer overlay control/performance especially for DPT or SADP. In traditional method, the designed registration marks (cross type, square type) with larger CD were put into scribe-line of mask frame for registration and overlay measurement. However, these patterns are far way from real patterns. It does not show the registration of real pattern directly and is not a convincing method. In this study, the in-die (in-chip) registration measurement is introduced. We extract the dummy patterns that are close to main pattern from post-OPC (Optical Proximity Correction) gds by our desired rule and choose the patterns that distribute over whole mask uniformly. The convergence test shows 100 points measurement has a reliable result.
Evaluating diffraction based overlay metrology for double patterning technologies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saravanan, Chandra Saru; Liu, Yongdong; Dasari, Prasad; Kritsun, Oleg; Volkman, Catherine; Acheta, Alden; La Fontaine, Bruno

2008-03-01

Demanding sub-45 nm node lithographic methodologies such as double patterning (DPT) pose significant challenges for overlay metrology. In this paper, we investigate scatterometry methods as an alternative approach to meet these stringent new metrology requirements. We used a spectroscopic diffraction-based overlay (DBO) measurement technique in which registration errors are extracted from specially designed diffraction targets for double patterning. The results of overlay measurements are compared to traditional bar-in-bar targets. A comparison between DBO measurements and CD-SEM measurements is done to show the correlation between the two approaches. We discuss the total measurement uncertainty (TMU) requirements for sub-45 nm nodes and compare TMU from the different overlay approaches.
Distinct CD4+CD8+ Double-Positive T Cells in the Blood and Liver of Patients during Chronic Hepatitis B and C

PubMed Central

Nascimbeni, Michelina; Pol, Stanislas; Saunier, Bertrand

2011-01-01

CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, the main effectors of adaptive cellular immune responses, differentiate from immature, non-functional CD4+CD8+ double-positive T (DPT) cells in the thymus. Increased proportions of circulating DPT lymphocytes have been observed during acute viral infections; in chronic viral diseases, the role and repartition of extra-thymic DPT cells remain largely uncharacterized. We performed a phenotypic analysis of DPT cells in blood and liver from patients chronically infected by hepatitis C (HCV) or B (HBV) viruses. The highest percentages of DPT cells, predominantly CD4highCD8low, were observed in patients infected by HCV, while HBV-infected patients mostly displayed CD4lowCD8high and CD4highCD8high DPT cells. All proportions of DPT cells were higher in liver than in blood with, for each subpopulation referred to above, a correlation between their frequencies in these two compartments. In HCV patients, intra-hepatic DPT cells displayed more heterogeneous activation, differentiation and memory phenotypes than in the blood; most of them expressed CD1a, a marker of T cell development in the thymus. Ex vivo, the inoculation of liver slices with HCV produced in cell culture was accompanied by a disappearance of CD8high cells, suggesting a direct effect of the virus on the phenotype of DPT cells in the liver. Our results suggest that, in half of the patients, chronic HCV infection promotes the production of DPT cells, perhaps by their re-induction in the thymus and selection in the liver. PMID:21647449
Negative influence of pKa on activation energy barrier: A case study for double proton transfer reaction in inorganic acid dimers.

PubMed

Parida, Rakesh; Giri, Santanab

2018-06-15

Strength of acid can be determined by means of pK a value. Attempts have been made to find a relationship between pK a and activation energy barrier for a double proton transfer (DPT) reaction in inorganic acid dimers. Negative influence of pK a is observed on activation energy (E a ) which is contrary to the general convention of pK a . Four different levels of theories with two different basis sets have been used to calculate the activation energy barrier of the DPT reaction in inorganic acid dimers. A model based on first and second order polynomial has been created to find the relationship between activation energy for DPT reaction. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamic P-Technique for Modeling Patterns of Data: Applications to Pediatric Psychology Research

PubMed Central

Aylward, Brandon S.; Rausch, Joseph R.

2011-01-01

Objective Dynamic p-technique (DPT) is a potentially useful statistical method for examining relationships among dynamic constructs in a single individual or small group of individuals over time. The purpose of this article is to offer a nontechnical introduction to DPT. Method An overview of DPT analysis, with an emphasis on potential applications to pediatric psychology research, is provided. To illustrate how DPT might be applied, an example using simulated data is presented for daily pain and negative mood ratings. Results The simulated example demonstrates the application of DPT to a relevant pediatric psychology research area. In addition, the potential application of DPT to the longitudinal study of adherence is presented. Conclusion Although it has not been utilized frequently within pediatric psychology, DPT could be particularly well-suited for research in this field because of its ability to powerfully model repeated observations from very small samples. PMID:21486938
Dynamic p-technique for modeling patterns of data: applications to pediatric psychology research.

PubMed

Nelson, Timothy D; Aylward, Brandon S; Rausch, Joseph R

2011-10-01

Dynamic p-technique (DPT) is a potentially useful statistical method for examining relationships among dynamic constructs in a single individual or small group of individuals over time. The purpose of this article is to offer a nontechnical introduction to DPT. An overview of DPT analysis, with an emphasis on potential applications to pediatric psychology research, is provided. To illustrate how DPT might be applied, an example using simulated data is presented for daily pain and negative mood ratings. The simulated example demonstrates the application of DPT to a relevant pediatric psychology research area. In addition, the potential application of DPT to the longitudinal study of adherence is presented. Although it has not been utilized frequently within pediatric psychology, DPT could be particularly well-suited for research in this field because of its ability to powerfully model repeated observations from very small samples.
Parallel processing for pitch splitting decomposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barnes, Levi; Li, Yong; Wadkins, David; Biederman, Steve; Miloslavsky, Alex; Cork, Chris

2009-10-01

Decomposition of an input pattern in preparation for a double patterning process is an inherently global problem in which the influence of a local decomposition decision can be felt across an entire pattern. In spite of this, a large portion of the work can be massively distributed. Here, we discuss the advantages of geometric distribution for polygon operations with limited range of influence. Further, we have found that even the naturally global "coloring" step can, in large part, be handled in a geometrically local manner. In some practical cases, up to 70% of the work can be distributed geometrically. We also describe the methods for partitioning the problem into local pieces and present scaling data up to 100 CPUs. These techniques reduce DPT decomposition runtime by orders of magnitude.
Solvent effect on the intermolecular proton transfer of the Watson and Crick guanine-cytosine and adenine-thymine base pairs: a polarizable continuum model study.

PubMed

Romero, Eduardo E; Hernandez, Florencio E

2018-01-03

Herein we present our results on the study of the double proton transfer (DPT) mechanism in the adenine-thymine (AT) and guanine-cytosine (GC) base pairs, both in gas phase and in solution. The latter was modeled using the polarizable continuum method (PCM) in different solvents. According to our DFT calculations, the DPT may occur for both complexes in a stepwise mechanism in condensate phase. In gas phase only the GC base pair exhibits a concerted DPT mechanism. Using the Wigner's tunneling corrections to the transition state theory we demonstrate that such corrections are important for the prediction of the rate constants of both systems in gas and in condensate phase. We also show that (i) as the polarity of the medium decreases the equilibrium constant of the DPT reaction increases in both complexes, and (ii) that the equilibrium constant in the GC complex is four orders of magnitude larger than in AT. This observation suggests that the spontaneous mutations in DNA base pairs are more probable in GC than in AT.
Non-immediate reactions to beta-lactams: diagnostic value of skin testing and drug provocation test.

PubMed

Padial, A; Antunez, C; Blanca-Lopez, N; Fernandez, T D; Cornejo-Garcia, J A; Mayorga, C; Torres, M J; Blanca, M

2008-05-01

beta-Lactam (BL) antibiotics can induce non-immediate skin reactions, frequently manifested as exanthema or urticaria. The time between drug intake and the reaction appearance is generally 24-48 h. Because the mechanisms involved are not completely understood, diagnostic tests for these reactions have still to be fully validated. To evaluate the role of skin and drug provocation tests (DPTs) in the diagnosis of patients with non-immediate reactions to BL. We evaluated a group of 22 patients who developed maculopapular exanthema or urticarial exanthema after BL intake. Diagnosis was confirmed by DPT with BL. Intradermal/patch testing was performed with benzylpenicilloyl, minor determinant mixture, amoxicillin (AX), ampicillin (AMP) and the culprit drug in patients and in 22 negative controls. Immunohistochemical studies were done in the affected skin at the acute phase of the reaction and after a delayed positive skin test/DPT. IFN-gamma and IL-4 were quantified in peripheral mononuclear cells, obtained during the positive response to DPT and after resolution of the symptoms. From the total number of cases, 12 patients developed urticarial exanthema and 10 maculopapular exanthema after DPT. Only two of the 22 patients (9%) had a positive delayed intradermal skin test: one to AX/AMP and the other to cloxacillin. Biopsies showed a mononuclear CD4, CD8 infiltrate and activated and memory cells. The cytokine expression showed a Th1 pattern in patients, in contrast with the Th0 pattern in controls. In patients with non-immediate reactions to BLs (maculopapular exathema or urticarial exanthema), the sensitivity of skin testing is low and DPT may be required to establish the diagnosis. The reproducibility of the reactions and the cytokine pattern expressed during the acute episode support a T cell-induced non-immediate response.
Immunization practices in low birth weight infants from rural Haryana, India: Findings from secondary data analysis.

PubMed

Upadhyay, Ravi Prakash; Chowdhury, Ranadip; Mazumder, Sarmila; Taneja, Sunita; Sinha, Bireshwar; Martines, Jose; Bahl, Rajiv; Bhandari, Nita; Bhan, Maharaj Kishan

2017-12-01

Low birth weight (LBW) infants constitute a vulnerable subset of infants with impaired immunity in early life. In India, there is scarcity of studies that focus on immunization practices in such infants. This analysis aimed to examine immunization practices in LBW infants with the intention to identify areas requiring intervention. Data on immunization status of LBW infants enrolled in an individually randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial of neonatal vitamin A supplementation were analysed. Study outcomes were full immunization by one year of age and delayed vaccination with DPT1 and DPT3. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with the outcome(s). Out of 10 644 LBW infants enrolled in trial, immunization data were available for 10 517 (98.8%). Less than one-third (29.7%) were fully immunized by one year of age. Lowest wealth quintile (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32-0.47), Muslim religion (AOR 0.41, 95% CI 0.35-0.48) and age of mother <20 years (AOR 0.62, 95% CI 0.52-0.73) were associated with decreased odds of full immunization. Proportion of infants with delayed vaccination for DPT1 and DPT3 were 52% and 81% respectively. Lowest wealth quintiles (AOR 1.51, 95% CI 1.25-1.82), Muslim religion (AOR 1.41, 95% CI 1.21-1.65), mother aged <20 years (AOR 1.31, 95% CI 1.11-1.53) and birth weight <2000 g (AOR 1.20, 95% CI 1.03-1.40) were associated with higher odds of delayed vaccination for DPT-1. Maternal education (≥12 years of schooling) was associated with high odds of full immunization (AOR 2.39, 95% CI 1.97-2.91) and low odds of delayed vaccination for both DPT-1 (AOR 0.59, 95% CI 0.49-0.73) and DPT-3 (AOR 0.57, 95% CI 0.43-0.76). In this population, LBW infants are at a risk of delayed and incomplete immunization and therefore need attention. The risks are even higher in identified subgroups that should specifically be targeted.

Ferroelectric molecular field-switch based on double proton transfer process: Static and dynamical simulations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rode, Michał F.; Sobolewski, Andrzej L.; Jankowska, Joanna

2016-04-07

In this work, we present a reversible ferroelectric molecular switch controlled by an external electric field. The studied (2Z)-1-(6-((Z)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylvinyl)pyridin-3-yl)-2-(pyridin-2(1H) -ylidene)ethanone (DSA) molecule is polarized by two uniaxial intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Two protons can be transferred along hydrogen bonds upon an electric field applied along the main molecular axis. The process results in reversion of the dipole moment of the system. Static ab initio and on-the-fly dynamical simulations of the DSA molecule placed in an external electric field give insight into the mechanism of the double proton transfer (DPT) in the system and allow for estimation of the time scale ofmore » this process. The results indicate that with increasing strength of the electric field, the step-wise mechanism of DPT changes into the downhill barrierless process in which the synchronous and asynchronous DPTs compete with each other.« less
Combined arthroscopically assisted coraco- and acromioclavicular stabilization of acute high-grade acromioclavicular joint separations.

PubMed

Hann, Carmen; Kraus, Natascha; Minkus, Marvin; Maziak, Nina; Scheibel, Markus

2018-01-01

Due to high rate of persisting dynamic posterior translation (DPT) following isolated coracoclavicular double-button technique for reconstruction of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint reported in the literature, an additional acromioclavicular cerclage was added to the procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological results of patients with high-grade AC-joint instability treated with a double TightRope technique with an additional percutaneous acromioclavicular cerclage. Fifty-nine patients (6 f/53 m; median age 38.3 (range 21.5-63.4 years) who sustained an acute high-grade AC-joint dislocation (Rockwood type V) were treated using the above-mentioned technique. At the final follow-up, the constant score (CS), the subjective shoulder value (SSV), the Taft score (TF) and the acromioclavicular joint instability score (ACJI) as well as bilateral anteroposterior stress views with 10 kg of axial load and bilateral modified Alexander views were obtained. At a median follow-up of 26.4 (range 20.3-61.0) months, 34 patients scored a median of 90 (33-100) points in the CS, 90 (25-100) % in the SSV, 11 (4-12) points in the TF and 87 (43-100) points in the ACJI. The coracoclavicular (CC) distance was 12.1 (6.5-19.8) mm and the CC difference 2.0 (0.0-11.0) mm. Two patients (5.8%) showed a complete DPT of the AC joint, and fourteen patients (41.1%) displayed a partial DPT. The overall revision rate was 11.7%. Two patients presented implant irritation, one patient a recurrent instability, and one patient suffered from a local infection. The arthroscopically assisted and image-intensifier-controlled double TightRope technique with an additional percutaneous acromioclavicular cerclage leads to good and excellent clinical results after a follow-up of 2 years. The incidence of persisting dynamic horizontal translation is lower compared to isolated coracoclavicular stabilization. Thus, we recommend using the double TightRope implant with an additional acromioclavicular cerclage. IV.
Plant insects and mites uptake double-stranded RNA upon its exogenous application on tomato leaves.

PubMed

Gogoi, Anupam; Sarmah, Nomi; Kaldis, Athanasios; Perdikis, Dionysios; Voloudakis, Andreas

2017-12-01

Exogenously applied double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules onto tomato leaves, moved rapidly from local to systemic leaves and were uptaken by agricultural pests namely aphids, whiteflies and mites. Four small interfering RNAs, deriving from the applied dsRNA, were molecularly detected in plants, aphids and mites but not in whiteflies. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) acts as the elicitor molecule of the RNA silencing (RNA interference, RNAi), the endogenous and evolutionary conserved surveillance system present in all eukaryotes. DsRNAs and their subsequent degradation products, namely the small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), act in a sequence-specific manner to control gene expression. Exogenous application of dsRNAs onto plants elicits resistance against plant viruses. In the present work, exogenously applied dsRNA molecules, derived from Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) HC-Pro region, onto tomato plants were detected in aphids (Myzus persicae), whiteflies (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and mites (Tetranychus urticae) that were fed on treated as well as systemic tomato leaves. Furthermore, four siRNAs, deriving from the dsRNA applied, were detected in tomato and the agricultural pests fed on treated tomato plants. More specifically, dsRNA was detected in agricultural pests at 3 and 10 dpt (days post treatment) in dsRNA-treated leaves and at 14 dpt in systemic leaves. In addition, using stem-loop RT-PCR, siRNAs were detected in agricultural pests at 3 and 10 dpt in aphids and mites. Surprisingly, in whiteflies carrying the applied dsRNA, siRNAs were not molecularly detected. Our results showed that, upon exogenous application of dsRNAs molecules, these moved rapidly within tomato and were uptaken by agricultural pests fed on treated tomato. As a result, this non-transgenic method has the potential to control important crop pests via RNA silencing of vital genes of the respective pests.
Third and fourth degree perineal tears--the risk of recurrence in subsequent pregnancy.

PubMed

Yogev, Yariv; Hiersch, Liran; Maresky, Lance; Wasserberg, Nir; Wiznitzer, Arnon; Melamed, Nir

2014-01-01

To assess the risk of recurrence of third- and fourth-degree perineal tears (34DPT) and to determine whether previous 34DPT is an independent risk factor for 34DPT in subsequent deliveries. The study group included all women who had a vaginal delivery complicated by 34DPT (2000-2012, N = 356) and subsequently delivered again in the same medical center (N = 204). The rate of recurrence of 34DPT was compared with a control group of women who had a previous vaginal delivery not complicated by 34DPT (N = 58 581) and had a subsequent delivery in the same time period (N = 23 045). Women in the past-34DPT group had a higher rate of CS (18.6% versus 10.1%, p < 0.001), fetal head in occiput-posterior position (POP; 2.5% versus 0.7%, p = 0.004) and mediolateral episiotomy (25.5% versus 19.4%, p = 0.03). Women in the past-34DPT group had a higher rate of 34DPT in the subsequent delivery (2.0% versus 0.3%, p < 0.001). The rate of recurrence of 34DPT was considerably higher among women with past fourth-degree tear versus women with past third-degree tear (22.2% versus 1.0%, p < 0.001). 34DPT in previous pregnancy is independently associated with increased risk of 34DPT in subsequent delivery (OR = 4.6, 95%-CI 1.3-15.3). Women who experienced 34DPT in their previous pregnancy have an increased risk for recurrence of 34DPT in subsequent pregnancy, especially in cases of past fourth-degree tears.
A multiscale microstructural approach to ductile-phase toughened tungsten for plasma-facing materials

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nguyen, Ba Nghiep; Henager, Jr., Charles H.; Overman, Nicole R.

Increasing fracture toughness and modifying the ductile-brittle transition temperature of a tungsten-alloy relative to pure tungsten has been shown to be feasible by ductile-phase toughening (DPT) of tungsten for future plasma-facing materials for fusion energy. In DPT, a ductile phase is included in a brittle tungsten matrix to increase the overall work of fracture for the material. This research models the deformation behavior of DPT tungsten materials, such as tungsten-copper composites, using a multiscale modeling approach that involves a microstructural dual-phase (copper-tungsten) region of interest where the constituent phases are finely discretized and are described by a continuum damage mechanicsmore » model. Large deformation, damage, and fracture are allowed to occur and are modeled in a region that is connected to adjacent homogenized elastic regions to form a macroscopic structure, such as a test specimen. The present paper illustrates this multiscale modeling approach to analyze unnotched and single-edge notched (SENB) tungsten-copper composite specimens subjected to three-point bending. The predicted load-displacement responses and crack propagation patterns are compared to the corresponding experimental results to validate the model. Furthermore, such models may help design future DPT composite configurations for fusion materials, including volume fractions of ductile phase and microstructural optimization.« less
A multiscale microstructural approach to ductile-phase toughened tungsten for plasma-facing materials

DOE PAGES

Nguyen, Ba Nghiep; Henager, Jr., Charles H.; Overman, Nicole R.; ...

2018-05-23

Increasing fracture toughness and modifying the ductile-brittle transition temperature of a tungsten-alloy relative to pure tungsten has been shown to be feasible by ductile-phase toughening (DPT) of tungsten for future plasma-facing materials for fusion energy. In DPT, a ductile phase is included in a brittle tungsten matrix to increase the overall work of fracture for the material. This research models the deformation behavior of DPT tungsten materials, such as tungsten-copper composites, using a multiscale modeling approach that involves a microstructural dual-phase (copper-tungsten) region of interest where the constituent phases are finely discretized and are described by a continuum damage mechanicsmore » model. Large deformation, damage, and fracture are allowed to occur and are modeled in a region that is connected to adjacent homogenized elastic regions to form a macroscopic structure, such as a test specimen. The present paper illustrates this multiscale modeling approach to analyze unnotched and single-edge notched (SENB) tungsten-copper composite specimens subjected to three-point bending. The predicted load-displacement responses and crack propagation patterns are compared to the corresponding experimental results to validate the model. Furthermore, such models may help design future DPT composite configurations for fusion materials, including volume fractions of ductile phase and microstructural optimization.« less
Administration and management skills needed by physical therapist graduates in 2010: a national survey.

PubMed

Schafer, D Sue; Lopopolo, Rosalie B; Luedtke-Hoffmann, Kathleen A

2007-03-01

Administration and management (A and M) skills are essential to physical therapist practice. This study identified which A and M skills will be most critical for future Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) graduates to possess upon entry into clinical practice. Using a 7-point scale, 435 randomly selected American Physical Therapy Association members (physical therapists) rated 121 A and M skills based on expectation of the level of independence required by a new DPT graduate. No differences among respondents based on role, work setting, or experience were found, so the data were combined for factor analyses, producing 16 A and M skill groups. The most independence was expected in skills related to self-management, compliance with rules, ethical behavior, and insurance coding. Skills requiring the most assistance were marketing and strategic planning, financial analysis and budgeting, and environmental assessment. This study has identified the level of independence for the A and M skills needed by new DPT graduates, provided empirical evidence suggesting which A and M skills should be included in DPT curricula, and suggested a pattern of A and M skill acquisition that applies first to the new therapist and the patient, then to the organization, and finally to the health care environment.
Assessment of primary health care in a rural health centre in Enugu South east Nigeria.

PubMed

M Chinawa, Josephat; T Chinawa, Awoere

2015-01-01

Primary health care (PHC) is a vital in any community. Any health centre with a well implemented PHC program can stand the test of time in curbing under five mortality and morbidity. This study was therefore aimed at assessing the activities in a health centre located in a rural area in Enugu state and to determine the pattern and presentation of various diseases in the health centre. This is retrospective study undertaken in a primary health care centre in Abakpa Nike in Enugu east LGA of Enugu State of Nigeria from December 2011 to December 31(st) 2013. Data retrieved were collected with the aid of a structured study proforma and analyzed using SPSS Version 18. Total number of children that attended immunization program in the health centre over 20 months period was 25,438 (12,348 males and 13090 females), however only 17745 children (7998 males and 9747 females) were actually registered in the hospital records. None of the children was immunized for DPT2 and OPV(0) and HBV(1) in the course of this study. The dropout rate using DPT1, 2 and 3 (DPT1-DPT2/DPT3) was very high (494%). The mean immunization coverage rate was 8.3%. Family planning activities, integrated management of childhood illnesses program were also carried out in the health centre but at very low level. The major fulcrum of events in the health centre which include immunization coverage, IMCI, and management of common illnesses were simply non operational. However the health centre had a well knitted referral system.
Auditory Temporal Processing Deficits in Chronic Stroke: A Comparison of Brain Damage Lateralization Effect.

PubMed

Jafari, Zahra; Esmaili, Mahdiye; Delbari, Ahmad; Mehrpour, Masoud; Mohajerani, Majid H

2016-06-01

There have been a few reports about the effects of chronic stroke on auditory temporal processing abilities and no reports regarding the effects of brain damage lateralization on these abilities. Our study was performed on 2 groups of chronic stroke patients to compare the effects of hemispheric lateralization of brain damage and of age on auditory temporal processing. Seventy persons with normal hearing, including 25 normal controls, 25 stroke patients with damage to the right brain, and 20 stroke patients with damage to the left brain, without aphasia and with an age range of 31-71 years were studied. A gap-in-noise (GIN) test and a duration pattern test (DPT) were conducted for each participant. Significant differences were found between the 3 groups for GIN threshold, overall GIN percent score, and DPT percent score in both ears (P ≤ .001). For all stroke patients, performance in both GIN and DPT was poorer in the ear contralateral to the damaged hemisphere, which was significant in DPT and in 2 measures of GIN (P ≤ .046). Advanced age had a negative relationship with temporal processing abilities for all 3 groups. In cases of confirmed left- or right-side stroke involving auditory cerebrum damage, poorer auditory temporal processing is associated with the ear contralateral to the damaged cerebral hemisphere. Replication of our results and the use of GIN and DPT tests for the early diagnosis of auditory processing deficits and for monitoring the effects of aural rehabilitation interventions are recommended. Copyright © 2016 National Stroke Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Comparison of vegetable shortening and cocoa butter as vehicles for cortisol manipulation in Salmo trutta.

PubMed

Birnie-Gauvin, K; Peiman, K S; Larsen, M H; Aarestrup, K; Gilmour, K M; Cooke, S J

2018-01-01

This study demonstrates that vegetable shortening and cocoa butter are two effective vehicles for intraperitoneal cortisol implants in juvenile teleosts, specifically brown trout Salmo trutta, residing in north temperate freshwater environments. Each vehicle showed a different pattern of cortisol elevation. Vegetable shortening was found to be a more suitable vehicle for long-term cortisol elevation [elevated at 3, 6 and 9 days post treatment (dpt)], while cocoa butter may be better suited for short-term cortisol elevation (only elevated at 3 dpt). Additionally, plasma cortisol levels were higher with cortisol-vegetable shortening than with cortisol-cocoa butter implants. Plasma glucose levels were elevated 6 and 9 dpt for fishes injected with cortisol-vegetable shortening, but did not change relative to controls and shams in cortisol-cocoa butter fishes. In conclusion, vegetable shortening and cocoa butter are both viable techniques for cortisol manipulation in fishes in temperate climates, providing researchers with different options depending on study objectives. © 2017 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.
Oral ketamine/midazolam is superior to intramuscular meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine for pediatric cardiac catheterization.

PubMed

Auden, S M; Sobczyk, W L; Solinger, R E; Goldsmith, L J

2000-02-01

An IM combination of meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine (DPT) has been given as sedation for pediatric procedures for more than 40 years. We compared this IM combination to oral (PO) ketamine/midazolam in children having cardiac catheterization. A total of 51 children, ages 9 mo to 10 yr, were enrolled and randomized in this double-blinded study. All children received an IM injection at time zero and PO fluid 15 minutes later. We observed acceptance of medication, onset of sedation and sleep, and sedative efficacy. The cardiorespiratory changes were evaluated. Sedation was supplemented with IV propofol as required. Recovery time, parental satisfaction, and patient amnesia were assessed. Ketamine/midazolam given PO was better tolerated (P < 0.0005), had more rapid onset (P < 0.001), and provided superior sedation (P < 0.005). Respiratory rate decreased after IM DPT only. Heart rate and shortening fraction were stable. Oxygen saturation and mean blood pressure decreased minimally in both groups. Supplemental propofol was more frequently required (P < or = 0.02) and in larger doses (P < 0.05) after IM DPT. Parental satisfaction ratings were higher (P < 0.005) and amnesia was more reliably obtained (P = 0.007) with PO ketamine/midazolam. Two patients needed airway support after the PO medication, as did two other patients when PO ketamine/midazolam was supplemented with IV propofol. Although PO ketamine/midazolam provided superior sedation and amnesia compared to IM DPT, this regimen may require the supervision of an anesthesiologist for safe use. Oral medication can be superior to IM injections for sedating children with congenital heart disease; however, the safety of all medications remains an issue.
Comparison of Refractive Error Changes in Retinopathy of Prematurity Patients Treated with Diode and Red Lasers.

PubMed

Roohipoor, Ramak; Karkhaneh, Reza; Riazi Esfahani, Mohammad; Alipour, Fateme; Haghighat, Mahtab; Ebrahimiadib, Nazanin; Zarei, Mohammad; Mehrdad, Ramin

2016-01-01

To compare refractive error changes in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) patients treated with diode and red lasers. A randomized double-masked clinical trial was performed, and infants with threshold or prethreshold type 1 ROP were assigned to red or diode laser groups. Gestational age, birth weight, pretreatment cycloplegic refraction, time of treatment, disease stage, zone and disease severity were recorded. Patients received either red or diode laser treatment and were regularly followed up for retina assessment and refraction. The information at month 12 of corrected age was considered for comparison. One hundred and fifty eyes of 75 infants were enrolled in the study. Seventy-four eyes received diode and 76 red laser therapy. The mean gestational age and birth weight of the infants were 28.6 ± 3.2 weeks and 1,441 ± 491 g, respectively. The mean baseline refractive error was +2.3 ± 1.7 dpt. Posttreatment refraction showed a significant myopic shift (mean 2.6 ± 2.0 dpt) with significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.001). There was a greater myopic shift among children with zone I and diode laser treatment (mean 6.00 dpt) and a lesser shift among children with zone II and red laser treatment (mean 1.12 dpt). The linear regression model, using the generalized estimating equation method, showed that the type of laser used has a significant effect on myopic shift even after adjustment for other variables. Myopic shift in laser-treated ROP patients is related to the type of laser used and the involved zone. Red laser seems to cause less myopic shift than diode laser, and those with zone I involvement have a greater myopic shift than those with ROP in zone II. © 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel.
Assessment of primary health care in a rural health centre in Enugu South east Nigeria

PubMed Central

M Chinawa, Josephat; T Chinawa, Awoere

2015-01-01

Objective: Primary health care (PHC) is a vital in any community. Any health centre with a well implemented PHC program can stand the test of time in curbing under five mortality and morbidity. This study was therefore aimed at assessing the activities in a health centre located in a rural area in Enugu state and to determine the pattern and presentation of various diseases in the health centre. Methods: This is retrospective study undertaken in a primary health care centre in Abakpa Nike in Enugu east LGA of Enugu State of Nigeria from December 2011 to December 31st 2013. Data retrieved were collected with the aid of a structured study proforma and analyzed using SPSS Version 18. Results: Total number of children that attended immunization program in the health centre over 20 months period was 25,438 (12,348 males and 13090 females), however only 17745 children (7998 males and 9747 females) were actually registered in the hospital records. None of the children was immunized for DPT2 and OPV0 and HBV1 in the course of this study. The dropout rate using DPT1, 2 and 3 (DPT1-DPT2/DPT3) was very high (494%). The mean immunization coverage rate was 8.3%. Family planning activities, integrated management of childhood illnesses program were also carried out in the health centre but at very low level. Conclusions: The major fulcrum of events in the health centre which include immunization coverage, IMCI, and management of common illnesses were simply non operational. However the health centre had a well knitted referral system. PMID:25878615
[Predictability of residual astigmatism after implantation of posterior chamber toric lenses].

PubMed

Mies, D; Klink, T; Eisenbarth, W; Meyer, L M

2018-01-01

The objective of the study was to examine the predictability of residual astigmatism after cataract surgery and implantation of the posterior chamber aspheric toric lens TECNIS® ZCT, Abott Medical Optic (Ettlingen, Deutschland). The retrospective study included a total of 88 patient eyes undergoing a cataract operation with a toric lens implantation between March 2014 and October 2015. The inclusion criteria were a regular astigmatism of at least 0.75 dpt. Posterior chamber toric lenses (model Tecnis ZCT) were exclusively implanted. Post-surgery check-ups were performed after 1 day, 1 month and 2 months. Main study outcome was best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), spherical and astigmatic aberration and the difference between expected and actual residual astigmatism after cataract surgery. The median reduction of corneal astigmatism was from -2.50 dpt (±1.06 dpt) to -0.75 dpt (±0.51 dpt) (p ≤ 0.05). The median BCVA increased from 0.37 logMAR (±0.25 logMAR) before surgery to 0.09 logMAR (±0.10 logMAR) after surgery. The spherical equivalent was reduced from +3.50 dpt (±1.11 dpt) (presurgery) to -0.56 dpt (±0.51 dpt) (postsurgery) in hyperopic patients and from -2.44 dpt (±3.03 dpt) to -0.69 dpt (±0.81 dpt) in myopic patients. By using the power vector analysis no significant deviation from the expected target values was observed; however, the median discrepancy between the expected and actual residual astigmatism was -0.50 dpt despite a surgical orientation of the intraocular lens (IOL) within 5° of the desired axis. The IOL showed a median rotation of 3.00° (±4.46°). Implantation of the aspheric toric intraocular lens Tecnis ZCT is a predictable, effective and reproducible tool in cataract surgery to account for regular corneal astigmatis; however, despite an optimal surgical orientation of the toric IOL, a small and rarely a large discrepancy might occur between expected and actual residual astigmatism.
Optimizing methyl-eugenol aromatherapy to maximize posttreatment effects to enhance mating competitiveness of male Bactrocera carambolae (Diptera: Tephritidae).

PubMed

Haq, Ihsan ul; Vreysen, Marc J B; Cacéres, Carlos; Shelly, Todd E; Hendrichs, Jorge

2015-10-01

Methyl-eugenol (ME) (1,2-dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)benzene), a natural phytochemical, did enhance male Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae) mating competitiveness 3 d after ingestion. Enhanced male mating competitiveness can significantly increase the effectiveness of the sterile insect technique (SIT). ME application to mass reared sterile flies by feeding is infeasible. ME application by aromatherapy however, would be a very practical way of ME application in fly emergence and release facilities. This approach was shown to enhance mating competitiveness of B. carambolae 3 d posttreatment (DPT). Despite this added benefit, every additional day of delaying release will reduce sterile fly quality and will add cost to SIT application. The present study was planned to assess the effects of ME-aromatherapy on male B. carambolae mating competitiveness 1DPT and 2DPT. ME aromatherapy 1DPT or 2DPT did enhance mating competitiveness of B. carambolae males whereas ME feeding 1DPT and 2DPT did not. Male mating competitiveness was enhanced by the ME aromatherapy irrespective if they received 1DPT, 2DPT or 3DPT. ME aromatherapy, being a viable approach for its application, did enhance mating competitiveness of male B. carambolae 1 d posttreatment as ME feeding did 3 d after ingestion. ©2014 The Authors Journal compliation © Insititute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science.
Demand- and supply-side determinants of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus nonvaccination and dropout in rural India.

PubMed

Ghosh, Arpita; Laxminarayan, Ramanan

2017-02-15

Although 93% of 12- to 23-month-old children in India receive at least one vaccine, typically Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, only 75% complete the recommended three doses of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT, also referred to as DTP) vaccine. Determinants can be different for nonvaccination and dropout but have not been examined in earlier studies. We use the three-dose DPT series as a proxy for the full sequence of recommended childhood vaccines and examine the determinants of DPT nonvaccination and dropout between doses 1 and 3. We analyzed data on 75,728 6- to 23-month-old children in villages across India to study demand- and supply-side factors determining nonvaccination with DPT and dropout between DPT doses 1 and 3, using a multilevel approach. Data come from the District Level Household and Facility Survey 3 (2007-08). Individual- and household-level factors were associated with both DPT nonvaccination and dropout between doses 1 and 3. Children whose mothers had no schooling were 2.3 times more likely not to receive any DPT vaccination and 1.5 times more likely to drop out between DPT doses 1 and 3, compared with children whose mothers had 10 or more years of schooling. Although supply-side factors related to availability of public health facilities and immunization-related health workers in villages were not correlated with dropout between DPT doses 1 and 3, children in districts where 46% or more villages had a healthcare subcentre were 1.5 times more likely to receive at least one dose of DPT vaccine compared with children in districts where 30% or fewer villages had subcentres. Nonvaccination with DPT in India is influenced by village- and district-level contextual factors over and above individuals' background characteristics. Dropout between DPT doses 1 and 3 is associated more strongly with demand-side factors than with village- and district-level supply-side factors. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
Transgenic tomatoes express an antigenic polypeptide containing epitopes of the diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus exotoxins, encoded by a synthetic gene.

PubMed

Soria-Guerra, Ruth Elena; Rosales-Mendoza, Sergio; Márquez-Mercado, Crisóforo; López-Revilla, Rubén; Castillo-Collazo, Rosalba; Alpuche-Solís, Angel Gabriel

2007-07-01

A current priority of vaccinology is the development of multicomponent vaccines that protect against several pathogens. The diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine prevents the symptoms of three serious and often fatal diseases due to the exotoxins produced by Corynebacterium diphteriae, Bordetella pertussis and Clostridium tetani. We are attempting to develop an edible DPT multicomponent vaccine in plants, based on the fusion of protective exotoxin epitopes encoded by synthetic genes. By means of Agrobacterium mediated transformation we generated transgenic tomatoes with a plant-optimised synthetic gene encoding a novel polypeptide containing two adjuvant and six DPT immunoprotective exotoxin epitopes joined by peptide linkers. In transformed tomato plants, integration of the synthetic DPT (sDPT) gene detected by PCR was confirmed by Southern blot, and specific transcripts of the expected molecular size were detected by RT-PCR. Expression of the putative polypeptide encoded by the sDPT gene was detected by immunoassay with specific antibodies to the diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus exotoxins. The sDPT gene is therefore integrated, transcribed and translated as the expected recombinant sDPT multiepitope polypeptide in transgenic tomatoes that constitute a potential edible vaccine.
Deoxypodophyllotoxin: a promising therapeutic agent from herbal medicine.

PubMed

Khaled, Meyada; Jiang, Zhen-Zhou; Zhang, Lu-Yong

2013-08-26

Recently, biologically active compounds isolated from plants used in herbal medicine have been the center of interest. Deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT), structurally closely related to the lignan podophyllotoxin, is a potent antitumor and anti-inflammatory agent. However, DPT has not been used clinically yet. Also, DPT from natural sources seems to be unavailable. Hence, it is important to establish alternative resources for the production of such lignan; especially that it is used as a precursor for the semi-synthesis of the cytostatic drugs etoposide phosphate and teniposide. The update paper provides an overview of DPT as an effective anticancer natural compound and a leader for cytotoxic drugs synthesis and development in order to highlight the gaps in our knowledge and explore future research needs. The present review covers the literature available from 1877 to 2012. The information was collected via electronic search using Chinese papers and the major scientific databases including PubMed, Sciencedirect, Web of Science and Google Scholar using the keywords. All abstracts and full-text articles reporting database on the history and current status of DPT were gathered and analyzed. Plants containing DPT have played an important role in traditional medicine. In light of the in vitro pharmacological investigations, DPT is a high valuable medicinal agent that has anti-tumor, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties. Further, DPT is an important precursor for the cytotoxic aryltetralin lignan, podophyllotoxin, which is used to obtain semisynthetic derivatives like etoposide and teniposide used in cancer therapy. However, most studies have focused on the in vitro data. Therefore, DPT has not been used clinically yet. DPT has emerged as a potent chemical agent from herbal medicine. Therefore, in vivo studies are needed to carry out clinical trials in humans and enable the development of new anti-cancer agents. In addition, DPT from commercial sources seems to be unavailable due to its rarity from natural sources and cumbersome extraction procedures. Hence, it is important to establish alternative, cost-effective and renewable resources, such plant cell cultures and (semi-) synthesis strategies for the production of DPT. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Natural History of Benign Nonimmediate Allergy to Beta-Lactams in Children: A Prospective Study in Retreated Patients After a Positive and a Negative Provocation Test.

PubMed

Tonson la Tour, Aude; Michelet, Marine; Eigenmann, Philippe A; Caubet, Jean-Christoph

2017-11-23

The drug provocation test (DPT) is considered as the gold standard to diagnose drug allergy and is particularly important in the diagnosis of nonimmediate beta-lactam (BL) allergy in children. The natural history of BL allergy remains unknown. Our main aim was to evaluate the natural history of nonimmediate BL hypersensitivity and the long-term tolerance acquisition, and our secondary objective was to determine the negative predictive value (NPV) of the DPT following a 2-day protocol. Children developing a benign rash while treated by BL were prospectively recruited at the Emergency Department of the Geneva University Hospital from 2006 to 2011 and challenged with the incriminated BL (initial diagnostic drug provocation test [idDPT]) following a 2-day protocol. In case of a positive idDPT, the patients underwent a follow-up drug provocation test (fuDPT) 3 years later. In case of a negative idDPT, we sent a questionnaire to assess tolerance of a subsequent treatment with the incriminated BL. Among the 18 children with a positive idDPT, 16 children (89%) had a negative fuDPT and 2 children developed a benign exanthema. Among those 16 children, 11 tolerated a subsequent treatment with the incriminated BL without any reaction, suggesting natural antibiotic tolerance acquisition. From another point of view, we found that the NPV of the DPT following a 2-day protocol was excellent at 96.7%. Our data strongly suggest that a fuDPT is safe and useful to assess tolerance acquisition in children with a confirmed benign nonimmediate BL allergy. In addition, our results support the use of a short DPT protocol (2 days), which led to a high NPV of 96.7% in our population, with a favorable benefit-risk balance. Copyright © 2017 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
A CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotide as an efficient adjuvant counterbalancing the Th1/Th2 immune response in diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine.

PubMed

Sugai, Toshiyuki; Mori, Masaaki; Nakazawa, Masatoshi; Ichino, Motohide; Naruto, Takuya; Kobayashi, Naoki; Kobayashi, Yoshinori; Minami, Mutsuhiko; Yokota, Shumpei

2005-11-16

Adjuvants in vaccines are immune stimulants that play an important role in the induction of effective and appropriate immune responses to vaccine component(s). Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DPT) vaccine contains not only aluminum hydrate (alum) to enhance the immune response to the vaccine ingredients, but also, both for that purpose and as a principal ingredient, pertussis toxin (PT). However, both adjuvants strongly promote T helper (Th) 2 type immune responses. Th1 and Th2 type immune responses are counterbalanced in vivo, and a Th2-prone immune response is not effective against intracellular infections but promotes IgE production, which is related to allergic disease. In this study, we used the CpG motif contained in oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN), which has an adjuvant effect and also induces the Th1 response, as an adjuvant to this vaccine, and we investigated its adjuvanticity and its potential to modulate immune responses to DPT vaccine. Administration of DPT vaccine with CpG-ODN (DPT-alum/ODN) to mice significantly reduced the total IgE levels and increased the anti-PT specific IgG2a titer in serum, in comparison with ordinary DPT vaccine (DPT-alum). Moreover, we investigated the antibody response to orally administrated ovalbumin (OVA) after vaccine administration. In the DPT-alum/ODN-administered group, the OVA specific IgE production in serum greatly decreased in comparison with that in the DPT-alum-administered group. These data indicate that CpG-ODN was not useful only as an efficient vaccine adjuvant but also shifted the immune responses substantially toward Th1 and modulated the Th1/Th2 immune response in DPT vaccine. These data suggested new applications of CpG-ODN as adjuvants in DPT vaccine.

ONRASIA Scientific Information Bulletin

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-12-01

with volcanic eruptions. backbone hierarchical KREONET, that currently "* Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy independent research and educational...Zone, East Indonesia: Dpt., Southampton University, Southampton Adrian Richardson, Dpt. of Geology, Royal S09 5NH, U.K. ***Dpt. of Geological Sciences
Long-term follow-up of astigmatic keratotomy for corneal astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty.

PubMed

Böhringer, Daniel; Dineva, Nina; Maier, Philip; Birnbaum, Florian; Kirschkamp, Thomas; Reinhard, Thomas; Eberwein, Philipp

2016-11-01

To report the long-term stability of paired arcuate corneal keratotomies (AKs) in patients with high regular postpenetrating keratoplasty astigmatism. Retrospective chart review of best-corrected visual acuity, refraction and keratometric values of 41 eyes with AK between 2003 and 2012. Magnitude of median target induced astigmatism vector was 9.2 dioptres (Dpt). We reached a median magnitude of surgically induced astigmatism vector of 9.81 Dpt and a median magnitude of difference vector of 5.5 Dpt. In keratometry, we achieved a net median astigmatism reduction by 3.3 Dpt. The average correction index was 1.14, showing a slight overcorrection. Irregularity of keratometric astigmatism increased by 0.6 Dpt, and spherical equivalent changed by 1.75 Dpt. Monocular best spectacle corrected visual acuity increased from preoperatively 20/63 (0.5 logMAR) to 20/40 (0.3 logMAR) postoperatively. Median gain on the ETDRS chart was two lines. Long-term follow-up showed a median keratometric astigmatic increase by 0.3 Dpt per year. Arcuate corneal keratotomies is a safe and effective method to reduce high regular corneal astigmatism following penetrating keratoplasty but has limited predictability. The long-term follow-up shows an increase of keratometric astigmatism by 0.3 Dpt/year, equalizing the surgical effect after 10 years. © 2016 Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Deoxypodophyllotoxin suppresses tumor vasculature in HUVECs by promoting cytoskeleton remodeling through LKB1-AMPK dependent Rho A activatio.

PubMed

Wang, Yurong; Wang, Bin; Guerram, Mounia; Sun, Li; Shi, Wei; Tian, Chongchong; Zhu, Xiong; Jiang, Zhenzhou; Zhang, Luyong

2015-10-06

Angiogenesis plays a critical role in the growth and metastasis of tumors, which makes it an attractive target for anti-tumor drug development. Deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT), a natural product isolated from Anthriscus sylvestris, inhibits cell proliferation and migration in various cancer cell types. Our previous studies indicate that DPT possesses both anti-angiogenic and vascular-disrupting activities. Although the RhoA/ RhoA kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway is implicated in DPT-stimulated cytoskeleton remodeling and tumor vasculature suppressing, the detailed mechanisms by which DPT mediates these effects are poorly understood. In the current study, we found that DPT promotes cytoskeleton remodeling in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) via stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and that this effect is abolished by either treatment with a selective AMPK inhibitor or knockdown. Moreover, the cellular levels of LKB1, a kinase upstream of AMPK, were enhanced following DPT exposure. DPT-induced activation of AMPK in tumor vasculature effect was also verified by transgenic zebrafish (VEGFR2:GFP), Matrigel plug assay, and xenograft model in nude mice. The present findings may lay the groundwork for a novel therapeutic approach in treating cancer.
Hallucinogen-like effects of N,N-dipropyltryptamine (DPT): possible mediation by serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors in rodents

PubMed Central

Fantegrossi, William E.; Reissig, Chad J.; Katz, Elyse B.; Yarosh, Haley L.; Rice, Kenner C.; Winter, Jerrold C.

2008-01-01

N,N-dipropyltryptamine (DPT) is a synthetic tryptamine hallucinogen which has been used psychotherapeutically in humans, but has been studied preclinically only rarely. In the present studies, DPT was tested in a drug-elicited head twitch assay in mice, and in rats trained to discriminate lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyl-4-phosphoryloxytryptamine (psilocybin), or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). A separate group of rats was also trained to recognize DPT itself as a discriminative stimulus, and in all cases, the behavioral effects of DPT were challenged with the selective serotonin (5-HT)2A antagonist M100907, the 5-HT1A selective antagonist WAY-100635, or their combination. In the head twitch assay, DPT elicited dose-dependent effects, producing a biphasic dose-effect curve. WAY-100635 produced a parallel rightward shift in the dose-effect curve for head twitches, indicative of surmountable antagonism, but the antagonist effects of M100907 were functionally insurmountable. DPT produced partial to full substitution when tested in rats trained to discriminate LSD, psilocybin or MDMA, and served as a discriminative stimulus. In all cases, the antagonist effects of M100907 were more profound than were those of WAY-100635. DPT is thus active in two rodent models relevant to 5-HT2 agonist activity. The effectiveness with which M100907 antagonizes the behavioral actions of this compound strongly suggests that the 5-HT2A receptor is an important site of action for DPT, but the modulatory actions of WAY-100635 also imply a 5-HT1A-mediated component to the actions of this compound. PMID:17905422
Physical Therapist Students' Perceptions from Performing Strength and Conditioning Training: Academic, Professional, and Clinical Benefits.

PubMed

Meiners, Kelly M; Wisdom, Christina M

2017-01-01

The purpose of this qualitative study was to assess the perceptions of Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students in performing collegiate athletes' strength and conditioning training. Four DPT students with the Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (CSCS) credential voluntarily provided collegiate athletes strength and conditioning training. Students were interviewed to obtain their perceptions of how the experience impacted performance in DPT school and perceptions of anticipated future benefits. Seven themes emerged from interviews: improved communication skills, movement analysis experience, improved time management/organization, increased understanding of exercises, attention to psychosocial aspects, interprofessional experience, and improved performance in coursework. DPT students with the CSCS credential perceived benefits from performing strength and conditioning training outside the standard DPT curriculum.
Modulation of the allergen-induced human IgE response in Hu-SCID mice: inhibitory effect of human recombinant IFN-gamma and allergen-derived lipopeptide.

PubMed

Duez, C; Gras-Masse, H; Hammad, H; Akoum, H; Didierlaurent, A; André, C; Tonnel, A B; Pestel, J

2001-01-01

We have previously established a model to study the in vivo human IgE response using humanized SCID mice. Allergic SCID mice were obtained following intraperitoneal injection with mononuclear cells from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpt)-sensitive patients, and sensitization by Dpt allergen intraperitoneal injection (immunization) or Dpt aerosol (inhalation). Human serum IgE was measured in allergic SCID mice after administration of human recombinant IFN-gamma or the lipopeptide LP 52-71 (derived from peptide p52-71 from Der p 1, Dpt major allergen, coupled to a lipophilic moiety), during the immunization or the inhalation phase. IFN-gamma inhibited human IgE production when given at the time of immunization, but not during inhalation. This effect was long-lasting as Dpt aerosol, given one month after immunization and IFN-gamma administration, failed to increase IgE levels. Unlike Dpt or p52-71, LP 52-71 failed to induce human IgE production at day 14 and 21 after its injection, but did inhibit the development of the IgE response after a secondary Dpt-challenge. Moreover, LP 52-71 administration 14 days after Dpt inhalation decreased IgE levels, in contrast to peptide 52-71, which increased IgE levels. Thus, taken together these results indicate that the development of the human IgE response in allergic SCID mice can be modulated by modified allergen and a Th1 cytokine.
DPT as an Adjunct in Brief Psychotherapy With Cancer Patients.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Richards, William A.; And Others

1979-01-01

Cancer patients suffering from psychological distress underwent conventional verbal interaction and a single intensive drug-assisted therapy session employing dipropyltriptamine (DPT), a short-acting psychedelic drug. Analysis indicates quality of life was enhanced. Relative merits of DPT in comparison with LSD and needs to pursue controlled…
[Laboratory diagnosis of auto-immune hemolytic anemia: characteristics of the manual direct test of Polybrene].

PubMed

Braga, G W; Bordin, J O; Moreira Júnior, G; Kuroda, A

1998-01-01

The direct manual Polybrene test (DPT) and the direct antiglobulin tests (DAT) were employed to detect antibody sensitizing red blood cell (RCB) in patients with clinical and laboratorial findings of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). To compare the sensitivity and specificity of DPT and DAT in the diagnosis of AIHA. Eighteen consecutive patients with diagnosis of AIHA were evaluated. The control group consisted of 20 normal volunteers blood donors and 20 patients with sickle cell anemia. All patients and controls were submitted to DPT and DAT. All DAT positive samples were further tested using monospecific reagents (anti-IgG heavy chain and anti-C3d). Positive samples for either DPT or DAT were evaluated by eluate technique using. The dichloromethane (DCM). The DAT was positive in 14 patients and negative in 4 subjects, while the DPT was positive in 17 patients and negative in 1 individual who had a positive DAT owing to complement (C3d). All positive eluates performed with DCM showed RBC autoantibodies with presumed "anti-Rh" specificity. The sensitivity rate of the DPT (94%) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the sensitivity rate of DAT (78%) to determine whether IgG was bound in vivo, but no difference was found regarding the specificity of the two tests. 1) The DPT is more sensitive than the DAT in detecting IgG autoantibody on the RBCs of patients with AIHA; 2) because of its simplicity and rapidity, the DPT is a useful additional screening test for the investigation of Coombs-negative AIHA.
Exploring the common molecular basis for the universal DNA mutation bias: Revival of Loewdin mutation model

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fu, Liang-Yu; Center for Bioinformatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070; Wang, Guang-Zhong

2011-06-10

Highlights: {yields} There exists a universal G:C {yields} A:T mutation bias in three domains of life. {yields} This universal mutation bias has not been sufficiently explained. {yields} A DNA mutation model proposed by Loewdin 40 years ago offers a common explanation. -- Abstract: Recently, numerous genome analyses revealed the existence of a universal G:C {yields} A:T mutation bias in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. To explore the molecular basis for this mutation bias, we examined the three well-known DNA mutation models, i.e., oxidative damage model, UV-radiation damage model and CpG hypermutation model. It was revealed that these models cannot providemore » a sufficient explanation to the universal mutation bias. Therefore, we resorted to a DNA mutation model proposed by Loewdin 40 years ago, which was based on inter-base double proton transfers (DPT). Since DPT is a fundamental and spontaneous chemical process and occurs much more frequently within GC pairs than AT pairs, Loewdin model offers a common explanation for the observed universal mutation bias and thus has broad biological implications.« less
A new approach for diagnosing type 1 diabetes in autoantibody-positive individuals based on prediction and natural history.

PubMed

Sosenko, Jay M; Skyler, Jay S; DiMeglio, Linda A; Beam, Craig A; Krischer, Jeffrey P; Greenbaum, Carla J; Boulware, David; Rafkin, Lisa E; Matheson, Della; Herold, Kevan C; Mahon, Jeffrey; Palmer, Jerry P

2015-02-01

We assessed whether type 1 diabetes (T1D) can be diagnosed earlier using a new approach based on prediction and natural history in autoantibody-positive individuals. Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1) and TrialNet Natural History Study (TNNHS) participants were studied. A metabolic index, the T1D Diagnostic Index60 (Index60), was developed from 2-h oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) using the log fasting C-peptide, 60-min C-peptide, and 60-min glucose. OGTTs with Index60 ≥2.00 and 2-h glucose <200 mg/dL (Ind60+Only) were compared with Index60 <2.00 and 2-h glucose ≥200 mg/dL (2hglu+Only) OGTTs as criteria for T1D. Individuals were assessed for C-peptide loss from the first Ind60+Only OGTT to diagnosis. Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves were significantly higher for Index60 than for the 2-h glucose (P < 0.001 for both DPT-1 and the TNNHS). As a diagnostic criterion, sensitivity was higher for Ind60+Only than for 2hglu+Only (0.44 vs. 0.15 in DPT-1; 0.26 vs. 0.17 in the TNNHS) OGTTs. Specificity was somewhat higher for 2hglu+Only OGTTs in DPT-1 (0.97 vs. 0.91) but equivalent in the TNNHS (0.98 for both). Positive and negative predictive values were higher for Ind60+Only OGTTs in both studies. Postchallenge C-peptide levels declined significantly at each OGTT time point from the first Ind60+Only OGTT to the time of standard diagnosis (range -22 to -34% in DPT-1 and -14 to -27% in the TNNHS). C-peptide and glucose patterns differed markedly between Ind60+Only and 2hglu+Only OGTTs. An approach based on prediction and natural history appears to have utility for diagnosing T1D. © 2015 by the American Diabetes Association. Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered.
Antitumor effect of Deoxypodophyllotoxin on human breast cancer xenograft transplanted in BALB/c nude mice model.

PubMed

Khaled, Meyada; Belaaloui, Ghania; Jiang, Zhen-Zhou; Zhu, Xiong; Zhang, Lu-Yong

2016-10-01

Recently, biologically active compounds isolated from plants used in herbal medicine have been the center of interest. Deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT), structurally closely related to the lignan podophyllotoxin, was found to be a potent antitumor and antiproliferative agent, in several tumor cells, in vitro. However, DPT has not been used clinically yet because of the lack of in vivo studies. This study is the first report demonstrating the antitumor effect of DPT on MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer xenografts in nude mice. DPT, significantly, inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 xenograft in BALB/c nude mice. The T/C value (the value of the relative tumor volume of treatment group compared to the control group) of groups treated with 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg of intravenous DPT-HP-β-CD was 42.87%, 34.04% and 9.63%, respectively, suggesting the positive antitumor activity of DPT. In addition, the antitumor effect of DPT-HP-β-CD (20 mg/kg) in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 xenograft was more effective than etoposide (VP-16) (20 mg/kg) and docetaxel (20 mg/kg). These findings suggest that this drug is a promising chemotherapy candidate against human breast carcinoma. Copyright © 2016 Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Electrostatic interactions between polyglutamic acid and polylysine yields stable polyion complex micelles for deoxypodophyllotoxin delivery

PubMed Central

Tang, Lidan; Sun, Runing; Shi, Di; Webster, Thomas J; Tu, Jiasheng; Sun, Chunmeng

2017-01-01

To achieve enhanced physical stability of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(d,l-lactide) polymeric micelles (PEG-PDLLA PMs), a mixture of methoxy PEG-PDLLA-polyglutamate (mPEG-PDLLA-PLG) and mPEG-PDLLA-poly(l-lysine) (mPEG-PDLLA-PLL) copolymers was applied to self-assembled stable micelles with polyion-stabilized cores. Prior to micelle preparation, the synthetic copolymers were characterized by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared spectroscopy (IR), and their molecular weights were calculated by 1H-NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Dialysis was used to prepare PMs with deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that DPT polyion complex micelles (DPT-PCMs) were spherical, with uniform distribution and particle sizes of 36.3±0.8 nm. In addition, compared with nonpeptide-modified DPT-PMs, the stability of DPT-PCMs was significantly improved under various temperatures. In the meantime, the pH sensitivity induced by charged peptides allowed them to have a stronger antitumor effect and a pH-triggered release profile. As a result, the dynamic characteristic of DPT-PCM was retained, and high biocompatibility of DPT-PCM was observed in an in vivo study. These results indicated that the interaction of anionic and cationic charged polyionic segments could be an effective strategy to control drug release and to improve the stability of polymer-based nanocarriers. PMID:29133981
Electrostatic interactions between polyglutamic acid and polylysine yields stable polyion complex micelles for deoxypodophyllotoxin delivery.

PubMed

Wang, Yutong; Huang, Liping; Shen, Yan; Tang, Lidan; Sun, Runing; Shi, Di; Webster, Thomas J; Tu, Jiasheng; Sun, Chunmeng

2017-01-01

To achieve enhanced physical stability of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(d,l-lactide) polymeric micelles (PEG-PDLLA PMs), a mixture of methoxy PEG-PDLLA-polyglutamate (mPEG-PDLLA-PLG) and mPEG-PDLLA-poly(l-lysine) (mPEG-PDLLA-PLL) copolymers was applied to self-assembled stable micelles with polyion-stabilized cores. Prior to micelle preparation, the synthetic copolymers were characterized by 1 H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared spectroscopy (IR), and their molecular weights were calculated by 1 H-NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Dialysis was used to prepare PMs with deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that DPT polyion complex micelles (DPT-PCMs) were spherical, with uniform distribution and particle sizes of 36.3±0.8 nm. In addition, compared with nonpeptide-modified DPT-PMs, the stability of DPT-PCMs was significantly improved under various temperatures. In the meantime, the pH sensitivity induced by charged peptides allowed them to have a stronger antitumor effect and a pH-triggered release profile. As a result, the dynamic characteristic of DPT-PCM was retained, and high biocompatibility of DPT-PCM was observed in an in vivo study. These results indicated that the interaction of anionic and cationic charged polyionic segments could be an effective strategy to control drug release and to improve the stability of polymer-based nanocarriers.
Pro and Contra: Provocation Tests in Drug Hypersensitivity

PubMed Central

Soyer, Ozge; Sahiner, Umit Murat; Sekerel, Bulent Enis

2017-01-01

Drug provocation test (DPT) is the controlled administration of a drug to diagnose immune- or non-immune-mediated drug hypersensitivity and the last step for accurate recognition of drug hypersensitivity reactions when the previous diagnostic evaluations are negative or unavailable. A DPT is performed only if other conventional tests fail to yield conclusive results. In each clinical presentation, “to provoke or not to provoke” a patient should be decided after careful assessment of the risk–benefit ratio. Well-defined benefits of DPT include confirmative exclusion of diagnoses of drug hypersensitivity and provision of safe alternatives. However, disadvantages such as safety, difficulty in interpretations of results, lack of objective biomarkers, risks of resensitization, efficiency in daily practice, and lack of standardized protocols, are poorly debated. This review summarizes the current published research concerning DPT, with particular emphasis on the advantages and disadvantages of DPT in an evidence-based manner. PMID:28677662
The physico-chemical "anatomy" of the tautomerization through the DPT of the biologically important pairs of hypoxanthine with DNA bases: QM and QTAIM perspectives.

PubMed

Brovarets', Ol'ha O; Zhurakivsky, Roman O; Hovorun, Dmytro M

2013-10-01

The biologically important tautomerization of the Hyp·Cyt, Hyp·Thy and Hyp·Hyp base pairs to the Hyp·Cyt, Hyp·Thy and Hyp·Hyp base pairs, respectively, by the double proton transfer (DPT) was comprehensively studied in vacuo and in the continuum with a low dielectric constant (ε = 4) corresponding to hydrophobic interfaces of protein-nucleic acid interactions by combining theoretical investigations at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of QM theory with QTAIM topological analysis. Based on the sweeps of the energetic, electron-topological, geometric and polar parameters, which describe the course of the tautomerization along the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC), it was proved that the tautomerization through the DPT is concerted and asynchronous process for the Hyp·Cyt and Hyp·Thy base pairs, while concerted and synchronous for the Hyp·Hyp homodimer. The continuum with ε = 4 does not affect qualitatively the course of the tautomerization reaction for all studied complexes. The nine key points along the IRC of the Hyp·Cyt↔Hyp·Cyt and Hyp·Thy↔Hyp·Thy tautomerizations and the six key points of the Hyp·Hyp↔Hyp·Hyp tautomerization have been identified and fully characterized. These key points could be considered as electron-topological "fingerprints" of concerted asynchronous (for Hyp·Cyt and Hyp·Thy) or synchronous (for Hyp·Hyp) tautomerization process via the DPT. It was found, that in the Hyp·Cyt, Hyp·Thy, Hyp·Hyp and Hyp·Hyp base pairs all H-bonds are significantly cooperative and mutually reinforce each other, while the C2H…O2 H-bond in the Hyp·Cyt base pair and the O6H…O4 H-bond in the Hyp·Thy base pair behave anti-cooperatively, i.e., they become weakened, while two others become strengthened.
How does the long G·G* Watson-Crick DNA base mispair comprising keto and enol tautomers of the guanine tautomerise? The results of a QM/QTAIM investigation.

PubMed

Brovarets', Ol'ha O; Hovorun, Dmytro M

2014-08-14

The double proton transfer (DPT) in the long G·G* Watson-Crick base mispair (|C6N1(G*)N1C6(G)| = 36.4°; C1 symmetry), involving keto and enol tautomers of the guanine (G) nucleobase, along two intermolecular neighboring O6H···O6 (8.39) and N1···HN1 (6.14 kcal mol(-1)) H-bonds that were established to be slightly anti-cooperative, leads to its transformation into the G*·G base mispair through a single transition state (|C6N1N1C6| = 37.1°; C1), namely to the interconversion into itself. It was shown that the G·G* ↔ G*·G tautomerisation via the DPT is assisted by the third specific contact, that sequentially switches along the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) in an original way: (G)N2H···N2(G*) H-bond (-25.13 to -10.37) → N2···N2 van der Waals contact (-10.37 to -9.23) → (G)N2···HN2(G*) H-bond (-9.23 to 0.79) → (G*)N2···HN2(G) H-bond (0.79 to 7.35 Bohr). The DPT tautomerisation was found to proceed through the asynchronous concerted mechanism by employing the QM/QTAIM approach and the methodology of the scans of the geometric, electron-topological, energetic, polar and NBO properties along the IRC. Nine key points, that can be considered as part of the tautomerisation repertoire, have been established and analyzed in detail. Furthermore, it was shown that the G·G* or G*·G base mispair is a thermodynamically and dynamically stable structure with a lifetime of 8.22 × 10(-10) s and all 6 low-frequency intermolecular vibrations are able to develop during this time span. Lastly, our results highlight the importance of the G·G* ↔ G*·G DPT tautomerisation, which can have implications for biological and chemical sensing applications.
Can tautomerization of the A·T Watson-Crick base pair via double proton transfer provoke point mutations during DNA replication? A comprehensive QM and QTAIM analysis.

PubMed

Brovarets, Ol'ha O; Hovorun, Dmytro M

2014-01-01

Trying to answer the question posed in the title, we have carried out a detailed theoretical investigation of the biologically important mechanism of the tautomerization of the A·T Watson-Crick DNA base pair, information that is hard to establish experimentally. By combining theoretical investigations at the MP2 and density functional theory levels of QM theory with quantum theory of atoms in molecules analysis, the tautomerization of the A·T Watson-Crick base pair by the double proton transfer (DPT) was comprehensively studied in vacuo and in the continuum with a low dielectric constant (ϵ = 4) corresponding to a hydrophobic interfaces of protein-nucleic acid interactions. Based on the sweeps of the electron-topological, geometric, and energetic parameters, which describe the course of the tautomerization along its intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC), it was proved that the A·T → A(∗)·T(∗) tautomerization through the DPT is a concerted (i.e. the pathway without an intermediate) and asynchronous (i.e. protons move with a time gap) process. The limiting stage of this phenomenon is the final PT along the N6H⋯O4 hydrogen bond (H-bond). The continuum with ϵ = 4 does not affect qualitatively the course of the tautomerization reaction: similar to that observed in vacuo, it proceeds via a concerted asynchronous process with the same structure of the transition state (TS). For the first time, the nine key points along the IRC of the A·T base pair tautomerization, which could be considered as electron-topological "fingerprints" of a concerted asynchronous process of the tautomerization via the DPT, have been identified and fully characterized. These nine key points have been used to define the reactant, TS, and product regions of the DPT in the A·T base pair. Considering the energy dependence of each of the three H-bonds, which stabilize the Watson-Crick and Löwdin's base pairs, along the IRC of the tautomerization, it was found that all these H-bonds in the А·Т base pair are cooperative, reinforcing each other, whereas the C2H⋯O2 H-bond in the А(∗)·Т(∗) base pair behaves anticooperatively, in other words it gets weakened while two others get strengthened. From a quantum-mechanical point of view, the A(∗)·T(∗) Löwdin's base pair appeared to be dynamically unstable because the electronic energy of the back-reaction barrier of the A·T → A(∗)·T(∗) tautomerization does not exceed zero-point vibrational energy associated with the mode for which vibrational frequency becomes imaginary in the TS of tautomerization. Additionally, it was demonstrated using the conductor-like polarizable continuum model that the effects of biomolecular environment (ϵ = 4) cannot ensure dynamic stabilization of the A(∗)·T(∗) Löwdin's base pair. These findings, together with data available from the literature, indicate that the tautomerization of the A·T Watson-Crick base pair to the A(∗)·T(∗) Löwdin's base pair through the DPT cannot be a source of spontaneous point errors that occur during DNA replication.
The HEXACO and 5DPT models of personality: a comparison and their relationships with psychopathy, egoism, pretentiousness, immorality, and Machiavellianism.

PubMed

de Vries, Reinout E; van Kampen, Dirk

2010-04-01

This study describes and tests two models of personality: the HEXACO model of personality, which is derived from the lexical tradition and which is rooted in "normal" psychology, and the 5DPT model of personality, which is derived from a theoretical approach and which is rooted in clinical psychology. The HEXACO and 5DPT models are compared in the prediction of antisocial and self-benefiting personality traits in a large-scale community sample study. Relative weight analyses show that HEXACO Honesty-Humility explains most of the variance in SRPIII Psychopathy, Egoism, and IPIP Pretentiousness, Immorality, and Machiavellianism. Additionally, Honesty-Humility is able to increment the amount of variance explained by the 5DPT scales in these antisocial and self-benefiting personality scales. Consequences for the 5DPT and for the choice of a dimensional axis-II personality model in the run-up of the DSM-V are discussed.
Inventory of File gfs.t06z.smartguam12.tm00.grib2

Science.gov Websites

Temperature [K] 002 surface DPT 12 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 003 surface SPFH 12 hour fcst Specific Best (4 layer) Lifted Index [K] 020 surface TMP 11 hour fcst Temperature [K] 021 surface TMP 10 hour fcst Temperature [K] 022 surface DPT 11 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 023 surface DPT 10 hour
Inventory of File nam.t00z.smartak06.tm00.grib2

Science.gov Websites

Temperature [K] 002 surface DPT 6 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 003 surface SPFH 6 hour fcst Specific Haines Index [Numeric] 029 surface TMP 5 hour fcst Temperature [K] 030 surface TMP 4 hour fcst Temperature [K] 031 surface DPT 5 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 032 surface DPT 4 hour fcst Dew Point

Inventory of File nam.t00z.smartconus12.tm00.grib2

Science.gov Websites

Temperature [K] 002 surface DPT 12 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 003 surface SPFH 12 hour fcst Specific hour fcst Haines Index [Numeric] 030 surface TMP 11 hour fcst Temperature [K] 031 surface TMP 10 hour fcst Temperature [K] 032 surface DPT 11 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 033 surface DPT 10 hour
Asbestos-related diffuse pleural thickening.

PubMed

Fujimoto, Nobukazu; Kato, Katsuya; Usami, Ikuji; Sakai, Fumikazu; Tokuyama, Takeshi; Hayashi, Seiji; Miyamoto, Kenji; Kishimoto, Takumi

2014-01-01

The clinical features of asbestos-related diffuse pleural thickening (DPT) remain unclear. To clarify the association between radiological findings of DPT and respiratory function. Medical data from patients with asbestos-related DPT were collected, including their history of occupational or neighborhood asbestos exposure, initial symptoms, modified Medical Research Council dyspnea grade, smoking history, radiological findings, and respiratory function test results. There were 106 DPT patients between 2005 and 2010 [i.e. 103 men (97.2%) and 3 women (2.8%)]. The median age at diagnosis was 69 years (range 46-88). Patient occupations related to asbestos exposure included: asbestos product manufacturing (n = 17); the shipbuilding industry (n = 14); the construction industry (n = 13); heat insulation work (n = 12); plumbing, asbestos spraying, and electrical work (n = 7 each), and transportation and demolition work (n = 4 each). The median duration of asbestos exposure was 25 years (range 2-54), and the median latency period before the onset of DPT was 46 years (range 25-66). Involvement of the costophrenic angle (CPA) was also negatively correlated with the percent vital capacity (%VC; r = -0.448, p < 0.01). Pleural thickness and the craniocaudal and horizontal extension of pleural thickening, as determined by chest computed tomography (CT), were also negatively correlated with %VC (r = -0.226, p < 0.05; r = -0.409, p < 0.01, and r = -0.408, p < 0.01, respectively). DPT develops after a long latency period following occupational asbestos exposure and causes marked respiratory dysfunction. The extension of DPT should be evaluated by chest CT, and chest X-ray would be important for the evaluation of the involvement of the CPA.
Methodology for Wide Band-Gap Device Dynamic Characterization

DOE PAGES

Zhang, Zheyu; Guo, Ben; Wang, Fei Fred; ...

2017-01-19

Here, the double pulse test (DPT) is a widely accepted method to evaluate the dynamic behavior of power devices. Considering the high switching-speed capability of wide band-gap devices, the test results are very sensitive to the alignment of voltage and current (V-I) measurements. Also, because of the shoot-through current induced by Cdv/dt (i.e., cross-talk), the switching losses of the nonoperating switch device in a phase-leg must be considered in addition to the operating device. This paper summarizes the key issues of the DPT, including components and layout design, measurement considerations, grounding effects, and data processing. Additionally, a practical method ismore » proposed for phase-leg switching loss evaluation by calculating the difference between the input energy supplied by a dc capacitor and the output energy stored in a load inductor. Based on a phase-leg power module built with 1200-V/50-A SiC MOSFETs, the test results show that this method can accurately evaluate the switching loss of both the upper and lower switches by detecting only one switching current and voltage, and it is immune to V-I timing misalignment errors.« less
Inventory of File nam.t00z.smartpr12.tm00.grib2

Science.gov Websites

Temperature [K] 002 surface DPT 12 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 003 surface SPFH 12 hour fcst Specific 11 hour fcst Temperature [K] 032 surface TMP 10 hour fcst Temperature [K] 033 surface DPT 11 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 034 surface DPT 10 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 035 surface TMAX
Inventory of File nam.t00z.smartak03.tm00.grib2

Science.gov Websites

Temperature [K] 002 surface DPT 3 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 003 surface SPFH 3 hour fcst Specific fcst Haines Index [Numeric] 026 surface TMP 2 hour fcst Temperature [K] 027 surface TMP 1 hour fcst Temperature [K] 028 surface DPT 2 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 029 surface DPT 1 hour fcst Dew Point
Inventory of File nam.t00z.smartak12.tm00.grib2

Science.gov Websites

Temperature [K] 002 surface DPT 12 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 003 surface SPFH 12 hour fcst Specific 11 hour fcst Temperature [K] 032 surface TMP 10 hour fcst Temperature [K] 033 surface DPT 11 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 034 surface DPT 10 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 035 surface TMAX
Inventory of File nam.t00z.smarthi12.tm00.grib2

Science.gov Websites

Temperature [K] 002 surface DPT 12 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 003 surface SPFH 12 hour fcst Specific 11 hour fcst Temperature [K] 032 surface TMP 10 hour fcst Temperature [K] 033 surface DPT 11 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 034 surface DPT 10 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 035 surface TMAX
Inventory of File nam.t00z.smartconus03.tm00.grib2

Science.gov Websites

Temperature [K] 002 surface DPT 3 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 003 surface SPFH 3 hour fcst Specific Temperature [K] 026 surface TMP 1 hour fcst Temperature [K] 027 surface DPT 2 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 028 surface DPT 1 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 029 surface TMAX 0-3 hour acc Maximum
Inventory of File gfs.t06z.smartguam18.tm00.grib2

Science.gov Websites

Temperature [K] 002 surface DPT 18 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 003 surface SPFH 18 hour fcst Specific TMP 17 hour fcst Temperature [K] 022 surface TMP 16 hour fcst Temperature [K] 023 surface DPT 17 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 024 surface DPT 16 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 025 surface TMAX
Opioid Hypersensitivity: Predictors of Allergy and Role of Drug Provocation Testing.

PubMed

Li, Philip H; Ue, Kok Loong; Wagner, Annette; Rutkowski, Ryszard; Rutkowski, Krzysztof

True IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to opioids is rare and many reactions are due to direct mast cell degranulation. Opioid drug provocation testing (DPT) is the gold standard for diagnosis but is underutilized. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics and predictors of opioid hypersensitivity, as well as outcomes of opioid DPT. Patients referred for opioid DPT over the past 9 years were studied. Patient characteristics, indications for opioid use, symptoms of index reaction, and outcomes of DPT were analyzed. Association analysis was performed to study variables associated with a diagnosis of opioid hypersensitivity. Of the total of 98 patients referred with suspected opioid hypersensitivity, 15 (15%) were diagnosed with opioid allergy. Angioedema (odds ratio [OR]: 5.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.49-21.47; P = .011) and hypotension (OR: 5.00; 95% CI: 1.15-21.70; P = .032) were significantly more frequent in opioid allergic patients than those with a negative DPT. Patients who received opioids during anesthesia were significantly more likely to be opioid allergic (OR: 6.74; 95% CI: 2.05-22.13; P = .001). In contrast, a negative association was identified with patients who received opioids for analgesia (OR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.08-0.86; P = .008). Only 15% of our cohort were diagnosed with opioid allergy, emphasizing the importance of DPT in preventing erroneous overdiagnosis. Patients with a history of angioedema or hypotension as their index reaction were significantly more likely to be opioid allergic. DPT are safe when performed by experienced clinicians after risk stratification and using individualized protocols. Copyright © 2017 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Perspectives of academic faculty and clinical instructors on entry-level DPT preparation for pediatric physical therapist practice.

PubMed

Kenyon, Lisa K; Dole, Robin L; Kelly, Stephanie P

2013-12-01

To prepare students for pediatric practice, the professional (entry-level) curriculum must reflect the essential knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA) required for pediatric physical therapist practice. The aim of this study was to develop consensus concerning the pediatric-specific KSA that should be expected of doctor of physical therapy (DPT) students at various points in the curriculum: prior to a pediatric clinical education experience, after a pediatric clinical education experience, and at the end of a DPT program. The study was conducted using the Delphi method. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to recruit pediatric academic faculty and pediatric clinical instructors. Three Web-based survey rounds were used to achieve consensus, defined as agreement among ≥70% of informants. The first round identified pediatric-specific KSA that were essential for DPT students to demonstrate at the identified points in the curriculum. In the second round, informants indicated their level of agreement with each item identified in the first round. Items that achieved consensus were included in the third round, in which informants rated the level of proficiency that DPT students should demonstrate related to pediatric-specific KSA. Consensus revealed the informants' perspectives concerning pediatric-specific KSA that a DPT student should be able to demonstrate at the identified curricular points. Consensus was reached on items in the curricular categories of basic science and foundations for practice; common pediatric diagnoses/pathologies, examination, interventions/plan of care/documentation; and general skills and abilities. Limitations included the small sample size and the potential for informants to feel uncomfortable prioritizing KSA. This study is an initial step toward identifying pediatric-specific KSA that should be demonstrated by DPT students.
TV report on DTP galvanizes US pediatricians.

PubMed

González, E R

1982-07-02

An NBC television documentary on the risks of the diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine, aired in April 1982, alarmed parents and elicited criticism from physicians that the program was biased. This article discussed the controversial broadcast, the incidence and risks of whooping cough (pertussis), and the contraindications to receiving the pertussis component of the DPT vaccine. Conflicting reports on the numbers of American and British children damaged by the shots, and physicians' attitudes for and against DPT immunization, are examined.
Sensitivity of Rainfall Extremes Under Warming Climate in Urban India

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ali, H.; Mishra, V.

2017-12-01

Extreme rainfall events in urban India halted transportation, damaged infrastructure, and affected human lives. Rainfall extremes are projected to increase under the future climate. We evaluated the relationship (scaling) between rainfall extremes at different temporal resolutions (daily, 3-hourly, and 30 minutes), daily dewpoint temperature (DPT) and daily air temperature at 850 hPa (T850) for 23 urban areas in India. Daily rainfall extremes obtained from Global Surface Summary of Day Data (GSOD) showed positive regression slopes for most of the cities with median of 14%/K for the period of 1979-2013 for DPT and T850, which is higher than Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) rate ( 7%). Moreover, sub-daily rainfall extremes are more sensitive to both DPT and T850. For instance, 3-hourly rainfall extremes obtained from Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM 3B42 V7) showed regression slopes more than 16%/K aginst DPT and T850 for the period of 1998-2015. Half-hourly rainfall extremes from the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals (IMERGE) of Global precipitation mission (GPM) also showed higher sensitivity against changes in DPT and T850. The super scaling of rainfall extremes against changes in DPT and T850 can be attributed to convective nature of precipitation in India. Our results show that urban India may witness non-stationary rainfall extremes, which, in turn will affect stromwater designs and frequency and magniture of urban flooding.
Expression and integrity of dermatopontin in chronic cutaneous wounds: a crucial factor in impaired wound healing.

PubMed

Krishnaswamy, Venkat Raghavan; Manikandan, Mayakannan; Munirajan, Arasambattu Kannan; Vijayaraghavan, Doraiswamy; Korrapati, Purna Sai

2014-12-01

Chronic cutaneous wound (CCW) is a major health care burden wherein the healing process is slow or rather static resulting in anatomical and functional restriction of the damaged tissue. Dysregulated expression and degradation of matrix proteins, growth factors and cytokines contribute to the disrupted and uncoordinated healing process of CCW. Therefore, therapeutic approaches for effective management of CCW should be focused towards identifying and manipulating the molecular defects, such as reduced bioavailability of the pro-healing molecules and elevated activity of proteases. This study essentially deals with assessing the expression and integrity of an extracellular matrix protein, Dermatopontin (DPT), in CCW using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and immunological techniques. The results indicate that, despite DPT's high mRNA expression, the protein levels are markedly reduced in both CCW tissue and its exudate. To elucidate the cause for this contradiction in mRNA and protein levels, the stability of DPT is analyzed in the presence of wound exudates and various proteases that are naturally elevated in CCW. DPT was observed to be degraded at higher rates when incubated with certain recombinant proteases or chronic wound exudate. In conclusion, the susceptibility of DPT protein to specific proteases present at high levels in the wound milieu resulted in the degradation of DPT, thus leading to impaired healing response in CCW.
Comparative analysis of biological activities of Der p I-derived peptides on Fc epsilon receptor-bearing cells from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus-sensitive patients.

PubMed Central

Jeannin, P; Pestel, J; Bossus, M; Lassalle, P; Tartar, A; Tonnel, A B

1993-01-01

The ability of four uncoupled synthetic peptides (p52-71, p117-133, p176-187, p188-199) derived from Der p I, a major allergen from the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpt) to stimulate Fc epsilon R+ cells from Dpt-sensitive patients was comparatively analysed. Each free peptide may specifically stimulate basophils (Fc epsilon RI+ cells) and platelets (Fc epsilon RII+ cells) from patients with significant levels of anti-Der p I IgE antibodies; p52-71 and p117-133 appear the best cell stimulation inducers. Both concentration-dependent biological activities of Der p I-peptide on Fc epsilon R+ cells are enhanced by coupling peptide to a carrier (as human serum albumin). Interestingly each Der p I-sensitive patient tested presents an individual pattern of response to peptide. Thus, from our results it appears that different Der p I sequences could be involved in the immune response to Der p I. PMID:7682161
Comparative analysis of biological activities of Der p I-derived peptides on Fc epsilon receptor-bearing cells from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus-sensitive patients.

PubMed

Jeannin, P; Pestel, J; Bossus, M; Lassalle, P; Tartar, A; Tonnel, A B

1993-04-01

The ability of four uncoupled synthetic peptides (p52-71, p117-133, p176-187, p188-199) derived from Der p I, a major allergen from the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpt) to stimulate Fc epsilon R+ cells from Dpt-sensitive patients was comparatively analysed. Each free peptide may specifically stimulate basophils (Fc epsilon RI+ cells) and platelets (Fc epsilon RII+ cells) from patients with significant levels of anti-Der p I IgE antibodies; p52-71 and p117-133 appear the best cell stimulation inducers. Both concentration-dependent biological activities of Der p I-peptide on Fc epsilon R+ cells are enhanced by coupling peptide to a carrier (as human serum albumin). Interestingly each Der p I-sensitive patient tested presents an individual pattern of response to peptide. Thus, from our results it appears that different Der p I sequences could be involved in the immune response to Der p I.
Empowering the Physiotherapy Profession in Ethiopia through Leadership Development within the Doctoring Process

PubMed Central

Footer, Cheryl Burditt; Tsegaye, Hailu Seifu; Yitnagashaw, Tesfaye Asnake; Mekonnen, Wintana; Shiferaw, Tizita Destaw; Abera, Endashaw; Davis, Alice

2017-01-01

Ethiopia recently introduced the Doctor of Physiotherapy (DPT) degree at Addis Ababa University as a mechanism to increase the work force capacity of primary care providers in the health sector. The DPT program was supported by an international academic partnership and was designed to empower physiotherapists as leaders to move the profession forward. The curriculum was framed by core pedagogical principles and strategies and was phased into two programs. First, the 4-year Advanced Standing DPT program focused on developing registered Ethiopian physiotherapists with Bachelor of Science degrees as academic faculty. Second, these new faculty would then sustain a 6-year Generic DPT program that would matriculate students upon graduation from high school. The curriculum represented depth and breadth of foundation and clinical sciences, evidence-based practice, clinical reasoning skills, and interprofessional education opportunities. A leadership thread provided opportunities to develop skills necessary to effectively navigate and manage the challenges faced by the profession. The main outcomes included (1) an 8-year international partnership, (2) the academic performance of students, and (3) and leadership capabilities as demonstrated through activities and assignments. While the program has been criticized as an unnecessary extravagance for Ethiopia, the advantages of the DPT degree were revealed in a direct comparison to other academic physiotherapy programs in Ethiopia. In the end, because the DPT is new to the country, it will take time to fully understand the true impact within the Ethiopian health system. PMID:28377916
Empowering the Physiotherapy Profession in Ethiopia through Leadership Development within the Doctoring Process.

PubMed

Footer, Cheryl Burditt; Tsegaye, Hailu Seifu; Yitnagashaw, Tesfaye Asnake; Mekonnen, Wintana; Shiferaw, Tizita Destaw; Abera, Endashaw; Davis, Alice

2017-01-01

Ethiopia recently introduced the Doctor of Physiotherapy (DPT) degree at Addis Ababa University as a mechanism to increase the work force capacity of primary care providers in the health sector. The DPT program was supported by an international academic partnership and was designed to empower physiotherapists as leaders to move the profession forward. The curriculum was framed by core pedagogical principles and strategies and was phased into two programs. First, the 4-year Advanced Standing DPT program focused on developing registered Ethiopian physiotherapists with Bachelor of Science degrees as academic faculty. Second, these new faculty would then sustain a 6-year Generic DPT program that would matriculate students upon graduation from high school. The curriculum represented depth and breadth of foundation and clinical sciences, evidence-based practice, clinical reasoning skills, and interprofessional education opportunities. A leadership thread provided opportunities to develop skills necessary to effectively navigate and manage the challenges faced by the profession. The main outcomes included (1) an 8-year international partnership, (2) the academic performance of students, and (3) and leadership capabilities as demonstrated through activities and assignments. While the program has been criticized as an unnecessary extravagance for Ethiopia, the advantages of the DPT degree were revealed in a direct comparison to other academic physiotherapy programs in Ethiopia. In the end, because the DPT is new to the country, it will take time to fully understand the true impact within the Ethiopian health system.
Oral immunogenicity of tomato-derived sDPT polypeptide containing Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Bordetella pertussis and Clostridium tetani exotoxin epitopes.

PubMed

Soria-Guerra, Ruth E; Rosales-Mendoza, Sergio; Moreno-Fierros, Leticia; López-Revilla, Rubén; Alpuche-Solís, Angel G

2011-03-01

DPT vaccine, designed to immunize against diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus, has been shown to be effective in humans. Nevertheless, dissatisfaction with the whole-cell preparations is due to the reactogenicity, which has to lead to the development of new safer formulations. Previously, we described the expression in tomato of a plant-optimized synthetic gene encoding the recombinant polypeptide sDPT, containing mainly immunoprotective epitopes of the diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus exotoxins and two adjuvants. In this study, we examined whether the ingestion of tomato-derived sDPT protein induces specific antibodies in mice after three weekly doses scheme. A positive group immunized with DPT toxoids was included. Specific antibody levels were assessed in serum, gut and lung. Sera tested for IgG antibody response to pertussis, tetanus and diphtheria toxin showed responses to the foreign antigens; interestingly, the response to diphtheria epitope was similar to those observed in the positive group. We found higher IgG1 than IgG2a responses in serum. A modest IgG response was observed in the tracheopulmonary fluid. High response of IgA against tetanus toxin was evident in gut, which was statistically comparable to that obtained in the positive group. The levels of response in these groups were higher than those in mice that received wild-type tomato. These findings support the concept of using transgenic tomatoes expressing sDPT polypeptide as model for edible vaccine against diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus.
The combinatorial PP1-binding consensus Motif (R/K)x( (0,1))V/IxFxx(R/K)x(R/K) is a new apoptotic signature.

PubMed

Godet, Angélique N; Guergnon, Julien; Maire, Virginie; Croset, Amélie; Garcia, Alphonse

2010-04-01

Previous studies established that PP1 is a target for Bcl-2 proteins and an important regulator of apoptosis. The two distinct functional PP1 consensus docking motifs, R/Kx((0,1))V/IxF and FxxR/KxR/K, involved in PP1 binding and cell death were previously characterized in the BH1 and BH3 domains of some Bcl-2 proteins. In this study, we demonstrate that DPT-AIF(1), a peptide containing the AIF(562-571) sequence located in a c-terminal domain of AIF, is a new PP1 interacting and cell penetrating molecule. We also showed that DPT-AIF(1) provoked apoptosis in several human cell lines. Furthermore, DPT-APAF(1) a bi-partite cell penetrating peptide containing APAF-1(122-131), a non penetrating sequence from APAF-1 protein, linked to our previously described DPT-sh1 peptide shuttle, is also a PP1-interacting death molecule. Both AIF(562-571) and APAF-1(122-131) sequences contain a common R/Kx((0,1))V/IxFxxR/KxR/K motif, shared by several proteins involved in control of cell survival pathways. This motif combines the two distinct PP1c consensus docking motifs initially identified in some Bcl-2 proteins. Interestingly DPT-AIF(2) and DPT-APAF(2) that carry a F to A mutation within this combinatorial motif, no longer exhibited any PP1c binding or apoptotic effects. Moreover the F to A mutation in DPT-AIF(2) also suppressed cell penetration. These results indicate that the combinatorial PP1c docking motif R/Kx((0,1))V/IxFxxR/KxR/K, deduced from AIF(562-571) and APAF-1(122-131) sequences, is a new PP1c-dependent Apoptotic Signature. This motif is also a new tool for drug design that could be used to characterize potential anti-tumour molecules.

Crude childhood vaccination coverage in West Africa: Trends and predictors of completeness.

PubMed

Kazungu, Jacob S; Adetifa, Ifedayo M O

2017-02-15

Background : Africa has the lowest childhood vaccination coverage worldwide. If the full benefits of childhood vaccination programmes are to be enjoyed in sub-Saharan Africa, all countries need to improve on vaccine delivery to achieve and sustain high coverage. In this paper, we review trends in vaccination coverage, dropouts between vaccine doses and explored the country-specific predictors of complete vaccination in West Africa. Methods : We utilized datasets from the Demographic and Health Surveys Program, available for Benin, Burkina Faso, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo, to obtain coverage for Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, polio, measles, and diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) vaccines in children aged 12 - 23 months. We also calculated the DPT1-to-DPT3 and DPT1-to-measles dropouts, and proportions of the fully immunised child (FIC). Factors predictive of FIC were explored using Chi-squared tests and multivariable logistic regression. Results : Overall, there was a trend of increasing vaccination coverage. The proportion of FIC varied significantly by country (range 24.1-81.4%, mean 49%). DPT1-to-DPT3 dropout was high (range 5.1% -33.9%, mean 16.3%). Similarly, DPT1-measles dropout exceeded 10% in all but four countries. Although no single risk factor was consistently associated with FIC across these countries, maternal education, delivery in a health facility, possessing a vaccine card and a recent post delivery visit to a health facility were the key predictors of complete vaccination. Conclusions : The low numbers of fully immunised children and high dropout between vaccine doses highlights weaknesses and the need to strengthen the healthcare and routine immunization delivery systems in this region. Country-specific correlates of complete vaccination should be explored further to identify interventions required to increase vaccination coverage. Despite the promise of an increasing trend in vaccination coverage in West African countries, more effort is required to attain and maintain global vaccination coverage targets.
Why the tautomerization of the G·C Watson-Crick base pair via the DPT does not cause point mutations during DNA replication? QM and QTAIM comprehensive analysis.

PubMed

Brovarets', Ol'ha O; Hovorun, Dmytro M

2014-01-01

The ground-state tautomerization of the G·C Watson-Crick base pair by the double proton transfer (DPT) was comprehensively studied in vacuo and in the continuum with a low dielectric constant (ϵ = 4), corresponding to a hydrophobic interface of protein-nucleic acid interactions, using DFT and MP2 levels of quantum-mechanical (QM) theory and quantum theory "Atoms in molecules" (QTAIM). Based on the sweeps of the electron-topological, geometric, polar, and energetic parameters, which describe the course of the G·C ↔ G*·C* tautomerization (mutagenic tautomers of the G and C bases are marked with an asterisk) through the DPT along the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC), it was proved that it is, strictly speaking, a concerted asynchronous process both at the DFT and MP2 levels of theory, in which protons move with a small time gap in vacuum, while this time delay noticeably increases in the continuum with ϵ = 4. It was demonstrated using the conductor-like polarizable continuum model (CPCM) that the continuum with ϵ = 4 does not qualitatively affect the course of the tautomerization reaction. The DPT in the G·C Watson-Crick base pair occurs without any intermediates both in vacuum and in the continuum with ϵ = 4 at the DFT/MP2 levels of theory. The nine key points along the IRC of the G·C base pair tautomerization, which could be considered as electron-topological "fingerprints" of a concerted asynchronous process of the tautomerization via the DPT, have been identified and fully characterized. These key points have been used to define the reactant, transition state, and product regions of the DPT reaction in the G·C base pair. Analysis of the energetic characteristics of the H-bonds allows us to arrive at a definite conclusion that the middle N1H⋯N3/N3H⋯N1 and the lower N2H⋯O2/N2H⋯O2 parallel H-bonds in the G·C/G*·C* base pairs, respectively, are anticooperative, that is, the strengthening of the middle H-bond is accompanied by the weakening of the lower H-bond. At that point, the upper N4H⋯O6 and O6H⋯N4 H-bonds in the G·C and G*·C* base pairs, respectively, remain constant at the changes of the middle and the lower H-bonds at the beginning and at the ending of the G·C ↔ G*·C* tautomerization. Aiming to answer the question posed in the title of the article, we established that the G*·C* Löwdin's base pair satisfies all the requirements necessary to cause point mutations in DNA except its lifetime, which is much less than the period of time required for the replication machinery to forcibly dissociate a base pair into the monomers (several ns) during DNA replication. So, from the physicochemical point of view, the G*·C* Löwdin's base pair cannot be considered as a source of point mutations arising during DNA replication.
Analysis of profitability in the diagnosis of allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics.

PubMed

Ferré-Ybarz, L; Salinas Argente, R; Gómez Galán, C; Duocastella Selvas, P; Nevot Falcó, S

2015-01-01

Drug allergy is the third most common reason for allergy consultations. There is a tendency to call any adverse drug reaction (ADR) allergic, even without confirmatory allergy study. (1) Evaluate time of resolution allergy to beta-lactam's study in a sample of 100 patients. (2) Analyse cost-effectiveness of current diagnostic study (skin tests, specific IgE and drug provocation test (DPT)). (3) Describe type and frequency of ADRs in adult/paediatric patients. (4) Compare cost of complete study with DPT. (5) Assess the need to restructure current study methodology according to results obtained. The study is part of a strategic plan of the allergy department (2005-2010). Patients with suspected allergy to beta-lactams were included. Procedures performed: medical history, specific IgE, skin tests and DPT. Cost/patient analysis. Cost of protocol analysis for current diagnostic/direct DPT. 100 patients were studied, 52 females/48 males; 43 children/57 adults. 89 cutaneous, 4 anaphylaxis, 3 vasovagal reactions, 6 non-specific symptoms and 4 not recalled. Allergy was confirmed in six patients (only one child). Complete-study cost: 149.3 Euros/patient. DPT-study cost: 97.19 Euros/patient (34.9% less). Resolution time 9-13 months, absenteeism 28.04%. In the series studied, diagnosis of allergy to beta-lactams was confirmed in 6% of patients (2.3% of paediatric patients). After analysing results and cost of the study we believe that we should propose a specific diagnostic algorithm in those paediatric patients without suspected IgE-mediated ADR, and for those patients direct DPT should be conducted. This will reduce cost/patient (-34.9%), time of resolution and absenteeism. Copyright © 2014 SEICAP. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.
Mitomycin C retardation of corneal fibroblast migration via sustained dephosphorylation of paxillin at tyrosine 118.

PubMed

Chen, Tsan-Chi; Lai, Chien-Hsueh; Chang, Jie-Ling; Chang, Shu-Wen

2012-03-21

To investigate how mitomycin C (MMC) modulates corneal fibroblast migration and its molecular mechanisms in the wound healing process. After treatment with 0 and 0.2 mg · mL(-1) MMC for 5 minutes, effect of MMC on cell migration of human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs) was examined with a cell migration assay. Both focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin (PXN) expressions in HCFs were analyzed by semiquantitative real-time PCR, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Using gene silencing or gene overexpression with lentiviral-based pseudovirion infection, the phosphorylation level of FAK, PXN, and mutated PXNs at tyrosine sites 31 (Y31F-EGFP) and 118 (Y118F-EGFP) were verified in HCFs. MMC retarded HCF migration at 1 and 2 days posttreatment (dpt). MMC reduced levels of FAK transcript and FAK protein, but increased both transcript and protein expression of PXN at 1 and 2 dpt. Furthermore, MMC upregulated FAK-pY397, which subsequently enhanced PXN-pY31 in a dose-dependent manner at 1 dpt. Concurrently, MMC downregulated PXN-pY118 at 1 dpt. However, MMC treatment resulted in dephosphorylation of FAK-pY397, PXN-pY31, and PXN-pY118 at 2 dpt. The FAK/PXN complex in MMC-treated HCFs was detected at focal adhesion sites more than at the leading edge at 1 and 2 dpt, contributing to retardation of HCF migration. Y118F-EGFP-expressing HCFs exhibited lower mobility than that of PXN-EGFP- or Y31F-EGFP-expressing HCFs. The sustained PXN-pY118 dephosphorylation resulted in steadfastness of an incompletely active FAK/PXN complex at focal adhesion sites and played a pivotal role in MMC-retarded HCF migration.
ILT optimization of EUV masks for sub-7nm lithography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hooker, Kevin; Kuechler, Bernd; Kazarian, Aram; Xiao, Guangming; Lucas, Kevin

2017-06-01

The 5nm and 7nm technology nodes will continue recent scaling trends and will deliver significantly smaller minimum features, standard cell areas and SRAM cell areas vs. the 10nm node. There are tremendous economic pressures to shrink each subsequent technology, though in a cost-effective and performance enhancing manner. IC manufacturers are eagerly awaiting EUV so that they can more aggressively shrink their technology than they could by using complicated MPT. The current 0.33NA EUV tools and processes also have their patterning limitations. EUV scanner lenses, scanner sources, masks and resists are all relatively immature compared to the current lithography manufacturing baseline of 193i. For example, lens aberrations are currently several times larger (as a function of wavelength) in EUV scanners than for 193i scanners. Robustly patterning 16nm L/S fully random logic metal patterns and 40nm pitch random logic rectangular contacts with 0.33NA EUV are tough challenges that will benefit from advanced OPC/RET. For example, if an IC manufacturer can push single exposure device layer resolution 10% tighter using improved ILT to avoid using DPT, there will be a significant cost and process complexity benefit to doing so. ILT is well known to have considerable benefits in finding flexible 193i mask pattern solutions to improve process window, improve 2D CD control, improve resolution in low K1 lithography regime and help to delay the introduction of DPT. However, ILT has not previously been applied to EUV lithography. In this paper, we report on new developments which extend ILT method to EUV lithography and we characterize the benefits seen vs. traditional EUV OPC/RET methods.
Completeness and timeliness of vaccination and determinants for low and late uptake among young children in eastern China

PubMed Central

Hu, Yu; Chen, Yaping; Guo, Jing; Tang, Xuewen; Shen, Lingzhi

2014-01-01

Background: We studied completeness and timeliness of vaccination and determinants for low and delayed uptake in children born between 2008 and 2009 in Zhejiang province in eastern China. Methods: We used data from a cross-sectional cluster survey conducted in 2011, which included 1146 children born from 1 Jan 2008 to 31 Dec 2009. Various vaccination history, social-demographic factors, attitude and satisfaction toward immunization from caregivers were collected by a standard questionnaire. We restricted to the third dose of HepB, PV, and DPT (HepB3, PV3, and DPT3) as outcome variables for completeness of vaccination and restricted to the first dose of HepB, PV, DPT, and MCV(HepB1, PV1, DPT1, and MCV1) as outcome variables for timeliness of vaccination. The χ2 test and logistic regression analysis were applied to identify the determinants of completeness and timeliness of vaccination. Survival analysis by the Kaplan–Meier method was performed to present the timeliness vaccination. Results: Coverage for HepB1, HepB3, PV1, PV3, DPT1, DPT3, and MCV1 was 93.22%, 90.15%, 96.42%, 91.63%, 95.80%, 90.16%, and 92.70%, respectively. Timely vaccination occurred in 501/1146(43.72%) children for HepB1, 520/1146(45.38%) for PV1, 511/1146(44.59%) for DPT1, and 679/1146(59.25%) for MCV1. Completeness of specific vaccines was associated with mother’ age, immigration status, birth place of child, maternal education level, maternal occupation status, socio-economic development level of surveyed areas, satisfaction toward immunization service and distance of the house to immunization clinic. Timeliness of vaccination for specific vaccines was associated with mother’ age, maternal education level, immigration status, siblings, birth place, and distance of the house to immunization clinic. Conclusion: Despite reasonably high vaccination coverage, we observed substantial vaccination delays. We found specific factors associated with low and/or delayed vaccine uptake. These findings can help to improve strategies such as Reaching Every District (RED), out-reach vaccination services and health education to reach children who remain inadequately protected. PMID:24584000
Evaluation of central auditory processing in children with Specific Language Impairment.

PubMed

Włodarczyk, Elżbieta; Szkiełkowska, Agata; Piłka, Adam; Skarżyński, Henryk

2015-01-01

Specific Language Impairment (SLI) affects about 7-15 % of children of school age and according to the currently accepted diagnostic criteria, it is presumed that these children do not suffer from hearing impairment. The goal of this work was to assess anomalies of central auditory processes in a group of children diagnosed with specific language impairment. Material consisted of 200 children aged 7-10 years (100 children in the study group and 100 hundred in the control group). Selected psychoacoustic tests (Frequency Pattern Test - FPT, Duration Pattern Test - DPT, Dichotic Digit Test - DDT, Time Compressed Sentence Test - CST, Gap Detection Test - GDT) were performed in all children. Results were subject to statistical analysis. It was observed that mean results obtained in individual age groups in the study group are significantly lower than in the control group. Based on the conducted studies we may conclude that children with SLI suffer from disorders of some higher auditory functions, which substantiates the diagnosis of hearing disorders according to the AHSA (American Hearing and Speech Association) guidelines. Use of sound-based, not verbal tests, eliminates the probability that observed problems with perception involve only perception of speech, therefore do not signify central hearing disorders, but problems with understanding of speech. Lack of literature data on the significance of FPT, DPT, DDT, CST and GDT tests in children with specific language impairment precludes comparison of acquired results and makes them unique.
A land untouched by dentistry - singapore brings dental care to afghanistan.

PubMed

Tan, Peng Hui; Chew, Bertrand; Wee, Wee Chee; Tan, Bernard

2011-01-01

In 2007, the Singapore Armed Forces deployed a Dental Project Team (DPT) to the capital city of the Bamiyan Province in Afghanistan. The team set up the province's first modern dental facility. Besides providing primary dental care to the 60,000 population there, the Singaporeans also trained and prepared a team of Afghan dentist and dental assistants. The Afghan dental team took over the dental clinic and continued to provide care when it was time for the DPT to depart for home. Braving challenging security and austere living conditions, the DPT completed its mission successfully. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
[Comparative analysis of the semiotics of disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis and exogenous allergic alveolitis in accordance with the data of computed tomography].

PubMed

Amansakhedov, R B; Limarova, I V; Perfiliev, A V; Abdullaev, R Yu; Sigaev, A T; Ergeshov, A E

2016-01-01

to improve the differential diagnosis of disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis (DPT) and exogenous allergic alveolitis (EAA) via comparative investigation of their computed tomography (CT) semiotics and identification of the most informative diagnostic criteria. 70 patients, including 40 patients with DPT in a phase of infiltration and 30 patients with acute EAA, were studied using a Somatom Emotion 16 multi-slice spiral CT scanner (Siemens). All the patients underwent spiral scanning from the upper chest aperture to the costodiaphragmatic recesses with a high CT algorithm at 0.8-mm slice thickness and a 1.5-mm step. Analysis of the spread of dissemination foci established that pathological changes were peribronchovascularly located in both nosological entities and characterized by a preponderance of septal and intrabronchial locations in DPT and by a centrilobular distribution in EAA. Centrilobular foci were more commonly poorly defined in EAA and mixed foci were observed in DPT. In the latter, peribronchovascular, centrilobular foci were revealed at a distance from the visceral pleura (the boundary of the deep and superficial lymphatic network, respectively) in 38% and more than half of the cases (62%) with the involvement of the visceral and parietal pleura; in EAA, the centrilobular foci were more often combined with the involvement of the visceral pleura in more than 92% of cases. The tree-in-bud sign was significantly more common in DPT. The latter was mostly characterized by apicocaudal regression of dissemination. In EAA, the foci were more frequently located asymmetrically. Monomorphic foci with destruction, as well as their polymorphism were seen in DPT; those without destruction were predominantly observed in EAA. CT ground glass and mosaic perfusion syndromes were significantly more often in EAA. In DPT, the visceral and parietal pleuras were involved in the process in 62% of cases and changes were also more common in the extrapleural fat. In addition to the peribronchovascular location of foci, the characteristic CT signs for DPT are a preponderance of intrabronchial and septal locations of foci, their apicocaudal regression, the presence of the CT tree-in-bud sign, and thickened extrapleural fat. EAA showed a prevalence of asymmetrical foci with centrilobular location with the involvement of the visceral pleura into the process, with the presence of CT ground glass and mosaic perfusion syndromes, as well as the bronchial lumen visualized in the peripheral segments of the lung.
What Is Diversity Pedagogy?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sheets, Rosa Hernandez

2009-01-01

Diversity Pedagogy Theory (DPT) is a set of principles that point out the natural and inseparable connection between culture and cognition. In other words, to be effective as a teacher, he/she must understand and acknowledge the critical role culture plays in the teaching-learning process. DPT maintains that culturally inclusive teachers (a)…
Characterising alluvial aquifers in a remote ephemeral catchment (Flinders River, Queensland) using a direct push tracer approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taylor, Andrew R.; Smith, Stanley D.; Lamontagne, Sébastien; Suckow, Axel

2018-01-01

The availability of reliable water supplies is a key factor limiting development in northern Australia. However, characterising groundwater resources in this remote part of Australia is challenging due to a lack of existing infrastructure and data. Here, direct push technology (DPT) was used to characterise shallow alluvial aquifers at two locations in the semiarid Flinders River catchment. DPT was used to evaluate the saturated thickness of the aquifer and estimate recharge rates by sampling for environmental tracers in groundwater (major ions, 2H, 18O, 3H and 14C). The alluvium at Fifteen Mile Reserve and Glendalough Station consisted of a mixture of permeable coarse sandy and gravely sediments and less permeable clays and silts. The alluvium was relatively thin (i.e. < 20 m) and, at the time of the investigation, was only partially saturated. Tritium (3H) concentrations in groundwater was ∼1 Tritium Unit (TU), corresponding to a mean residence time for groundwater of about 12 years. The lack of an evaporation signal for the 2H and 18O of groundwater suggests rapid localised recharge from overbank flood events as the primary recharge mechanism. Using the chloride mass balance technique (CMB) and lumped parameter models to interpret patterns in 3H in the aquifer, the mean annual recharge rate varied between 21 and 240 mm/yr. Whilst this recharge rate is relatively high for a semiarid climate, the alluvium is thin and heterogeneous hosting numerous alluvial aquifers with varied connectivity and limited storage capacity. Combining DPT and environmental tracers is a cost-effective strategy to characterise shallow groundwater resources in unconsolidated sedimentary aquifers in remote data sparse areas.
Validation of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Risk Score in the TrialNet Natural History Study.

PubMed

Sosenko, Jay M; Skyler, Jay S; Mahon, Jeffrey; Krischer, Jeffrey P; Beam, Craig A; Boulware, David C; Greenbaum, Carla J; Rafkin, Lisa E; Cowie, Catherine; Cuthbertson, David; Palmer, Jerry P

2011-08-01

We assessed the accuracy of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Risk Score (DPTRS), developed from the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1), in the TrialNet Natural History Study (TNNHS). Prediction accuracy of the DPTRS was assessed with receiver-operating characteristic curve areas. The type 1 diabetes cumulative incidence within the DPTRS intervals was compared between the TNNHS and DPT-1 cohorts. Receiver-operating characteristic curve areas for the DPTRS were substantial in the TNNHS (P < 0.001 at both 2 and 3 years). The type 1 diabetes cumulative incidence did not differ significantly between the TNNHS and DPT-1 cohorts within DPTRS intervals. In the TNNHS, 2-year and 3-year risks were low for DPTRS intervals <6.50 (<0.10 and <0.20, respectively). Thresholds ≥7.50 were indicative of high risk in both cohorts (2-year risks: 0.49 in the TNNHS and 0.51 in DPT-1). The DPTRS is an accurate and robust predictor of type 1 diabetes in autoantibody-positive populations.
Validation of the Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1 Risk Score in the TrialNet Natural History Study

PubMed Central

Sosenko, Jay M.; Skyler, Jay S.; Mahon, Jeffrey; Krischer, Jeffrey P.; Beam, Craig A.; Boulware, David C.; Greenbaum, Carla J.; Rafkin, Lisa E.; Cowie, Catherine; Cuthbertson, David; Palmer, Jerry P.

2011-01-01

OBJECTIVE We assessed the accuracy of the Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1 Risk Score (DPTRS), developed from the Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1 (DPT-1), in the TrialNet Natural History Study (TNNHS). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Prediction accuracy of the DPTRS was assessed with receiver-operating characteristic curve areas. The type 1 diabetes cumulative incidence within the DPTRS intervals was compared between the TNNHS and DPT-1 cohorts. RESULTS Receiver-operating characteristic curve areas for the DPTRS were substantial in the TNNHS (P < 0.001 at both 2 and 3 years). The type 1 diabetes cumulative incidence did not differ significantly between the TNNHS and DPT-1 cohorts within DPTRS intervals. In the TNNHS, 2-year and 3-year risks were low for DPTRS intervals <6.50 (<0.10 and <0.20, respectively). Thresholds ≥7.50 were indicative of high risk in both cohorts (2-year risks: 0.49 in the TNNHS and 0.51 in DPT-1). CONCLUSIONS The DPTRS is an accurate and robust predictor of type 1 diabetes in autoantibody-positive populations. PMID:21680724
Human dendritic cells in the severe combined immunodeficiency mouse model: their potentiating role in the allergic reaction.

PubMed

Hammad, H; Duez, C; Fahy, O; Tsicopoulos, A; André, C; Wallaert, B; Lebecque, S; Tonnel, A B; Pestel, J

2000-04-01

Dendritic cells (DCs) are present in the lungs and airways of healthy and allergic subjects where they are exposed to inhaled antigens. After the uptake of antigens, DCs migrate to lymphoid organs where T cells initiate and control the immune response. The migratory properties of DCs are an essential component of their function but remain unclear in the situation of allergic diseases. To better understand the role of DCs in response to allergens, we first investigated their presence in an original experimental model of allergic asthma: the humanized severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse reconstituted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients sensitive to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpt). Human DCs were detected in lungs of mice developing an inflammatory pulmonary infiltrate and appeared to be mainly located in the alveolar spaces. In a second step, human DCs were generated in vitro from monocytes and injected into naive SCID mice exposed or not exposed to Dpt aerosols. Their migratory behavior was explored, as well as their potential role in modulating the IgE production after exposure to Dpt. After exposure to Dpt, the number of DCs present in airways decreased, while it increased into the spleen and thymus of the mice. The IgE production increased in the presence of DCs as compared with mice not injected with DCs. These results suggest that DCs may play a role in the pulmonary allergic reaction developed in response to Dpt in SCID mice.
Allergen-specific IgG antibodies purified from mite-allergic patients sera block the IgE recognition of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antigens: an in vitro study.

PubMed

Siman, Isabella Lima; de Aquino, Lais Martins; Ynoue, Leandro Hideki; Miranda, Juliana Silva; Pajuaba, Ana Claudia Arantes Marquez; Cunha-Júnior, Jair Pereira; Silva, Deise Aparecida Oliveira; Taketomi, Ernesto Akio

2013-01-01

One of the purposes of specific immunotherapy (SIT) is to modulate humoral immune response against allergens with significant increases in allergen-specific IgG levels, commonly associated with blocking activity. The present study investigated in vitro blocking activity of allergen-specific IgG antibodies on IgE reactivity to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpt) in sera from atopic patients. Dpt-specific IgG antibodies were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by protein-G affinity chromatography. Purity was checked by SDS-PAGE and immunoreactivity by slot-blot and immunoblot assays. The blocking activity was evaluated by inhibition ELISA. The electrophoretic profile of the ammonium sulfate precipitated fraction showed strongly stained bands in ligand fraction after chromatography, compatible with molecular weight of human whole IgG molecule. The purity degree was confirmed by detecting strong immunoreactivity to IgG, negligible to IgA, and no reactivity to IgE and IgM. Dpt-specific IgG fraction was capable of significantly reducing levels of IgE anti-Dpt, resulting in 35%-51% inhibition of IgE reactivity to Dpt in atopic patients sera. This study showed that allergen-specific IgG antibodies purified from mite-allergic patients sera block the IgE recognition of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antigens. This approach reinforces that intermittent measurement of serum allergen-specific IgG antibodies will be an important objective laboratorial parameter that will help specialists to follow their patients under SIT.
Flow cytometric estimation on cytotoxic activity of leaf extracts from seashore plants in subtropical Japan: isolation, quantification and cytotoxic action of (-)-deoxypodophyllotoxin.

PubMed

Masuda, Toshiya; Oyama, Yasuo; Yonemori, Shigetomo; Takeda, Yoshio; Yamazaki, Yuko; Mizuguchi, Shinichi; Nakata, Mami; Tanaka, Tomochika; Chikahisa, Lumi; Inaba, Yuzuru; Okada, Yoshihiko

2002-06-01

The cytotoxic activity of methanol extracts of leaves collected from 39 seashore plants in Iriomote Island, subtropical Japan was examined on human leukaemia cells (K562 cells) using a flow cytometer with two fluorescent probes, ethidium bromide and annexin V-FITC. Five extracts (10 microg/mL) from Hernandia nymphaeaefolia, Cerbera manghas, Pongamia pinnata, Morus australis var. glabra and Thespesia populnea greatly inhibited the growth of K562 cells. When the concentration was decreased to 1 microg/mL, only one extract from H. nymphaeaefolia still inhibited the cell growth. A cytotoxic compound was isolated from the leaves by bioassay-guided fractionation and was identified as (-)-deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT). The fresh leaves of H. nymphaeaefolia contained a remarkably high amount of DPT (0.21 +/- 0.07% of fresh leaf weight), being clarified by a quantitative HPLC analysis. DPT at 70-80 pM started to inhibit the growth of K562 cells in an all-or-none fashion and at 100 pM or more it produced complete inhibition in all cases. Therefore, the slope of the dose-response curve was very steep. DPT at 100 pM or more decreased the cell viability to 50%-60% and increased the number of cells undergoing apoptosis (annexin V-positive cells). The results indicate that DPT contributes to the cytotoxic action of the extract from the leaves of H. nymphaeaefolia on K562 cells. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delving into cornerstones of hypersensitivity to antineoplastic and biological agents: value of diagnostic tools prior to desensitization.

PubMed

Alvarez-Cuesta, E; Madrigal-Burgaleta, R; Angel-Pereira, D; Ureña-Tavera, A; Zamora-Verduga, M; Lopez-Gonzalez, P; Berges-Gimeno, M P

2015-07-01

Evidence regarding drug provocation test (DPT) with antineoplastic and biological agents is scarce. Our aim was to assess the usefulness of including DPT as a paramount gold standard diagnostic tool (prior to desensitization). Prospective, observational, longitudinal study with patients who, during a 3-year period, were referred to the Desensitization Program at Ramon y Cajal University Hospital. Patients underwent a structured diagnostic protocol by means of anamnesis, skin tests (ST), risk assessment, and DPT. Oxaliplatin-specific IgE was determined in oxaliplatin-reactive patients (who underwent DPT regardless of oxaliplatin-specific IgE results). Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were used to identify predictors of the final diagnosis among several variables. A total of 186 patients were assessed. A total of 104 (56%) patients underwent DPT. Sixty-four percent of all DPTs were negative (i.e., hypersensitivity was excluded). Sensitivity for oxaliplatin-specific IgE (0.35 UI/l cutoff point) was 34%, specificity 90.3%, negative predictive value 45.9%, positive predictive value 85%, negative likelihood ratio 0.7, and positive likelihood ratio 3.5. These are the first reported data based on more than 100 DPTs with antineoplastic and biological agents (paclitaxel, oxaliplatin, rituximab, infliximab, irinotecan, and other drugs). Implementation of DPT in diagnostic protocols helps exclude hypersensitivity (in 36% of all referred patients), and avoids unnecessary desensitizations in nonhypersensitive patients (30-56% of patients, depending on culprit-drug). Drug provocation test is vital to validate diagnostic tools; consequently, quality data are shown on oxaliplatin-specific IgE and oxaliplatin-ST in the largest series of oxaliplatin-reactive patients reported to date (74 oxaliplatin-reactive patients). Identifying phenotypes and predictors of a diagnosis of hypersensitivity may be helpful for tailored plans. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Maternal education is associated with vaccination status of infants less than 6 months in Eastern Uganda: a cohort study.

PubMed

Nankabirwa, Victoria; Tylleskär, Thorkild; Tumwine, James K; Sommerfelt, Halvor

2010-12-15

Despite provision of free childhood vaccinations, less than half of all Ugandan infants are fully vaccinated. This study compares women with some secondary schooling to those with only primary schooling with regard to their infants' vaccination status. A community-based prospective cohort study conducted between January 2006 and May 2008 in which 696 pregnant women were followed up to 24 weeks post partum. Information was collected on the mothers' education and vaccination status of the infants. At 24 weeks, the following vaccinations had been received: bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG): 92%; polio-1: 91%; Diphteria-Pertussis-Tetanus-Hepatitis B-Haemophilus Influenza b (DPT-HB-Hib) 3 and polio-3: 63%. About 51% of the infants were fully vaccinated (i.e., had received all the scheduled vaccinations: BCG, polio 0, polio 1, DPT-HB-Hib1, polio 2, DPT-HB-Hib 2, polio 3 and DPT-HB-Hib 3). Only 46% of the infants whose mothers' had 5-7 years of primary education had been fully vaccinated compared to 65% of the infants whose mothers' had some secondary education. Infants whose mothers had some secondary education were less likely to miss the DPT-HB-Hib-2 vaccine (RR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3, 0.8), Polio-2 (RR: 0.4, 95%CI: 0.3, 0.7), polio-3 (RR: 0.5, 95%CI: 0.4, 0.7) and DPT-HB-Hib-3 (RR: 0.5, 95%CI: 0.4, 0.7). Other factors showing some association with a reduced risk of missed vaccinations were delivery at a health facility (RR = 0.8; 95%CI: 0.7, 1.0) and use of a mosquito net (RR: 0.8; 95%CI: 0.7, 1.0). Infants whose mothers had a secondary education were at least 50% less likely to miss scheduled vaccinations compared to those whose mothers only had primary education. Strategies for childhood vaccinations should specifically target women with low formal education.
Vaccination coverage survey in Dhaka District.

PubMed

Khan, M N A; Rahman, M L; Awal Miah, A; Islam, M S; Musa, S A J M; Tofail, F

2005-08-01

A survey was conducted in Dhaka District to measure the level of routine immunization coverage of children (12-23 months), to assess the tetanus toxoid (TT) immunization coverage among mothers of children (12-23 month), to evaluate EPI program continuity (dropout rates) and quality (percent of Invalid doses, vaccination card availability etc.) For this purpose, a thirty cluster cross-sectional survey was conducted in October 2002 to assess the immunization coverage in Dhaka. In this survey 30 clusters were randomly selected from a list of villages in 63 Unions of Dhaka following probability proportion to size (PPS) sampling procedure. A total of 210 children was studied using pre-tested structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was employed using software SPSS package for data analysis. The study showed that the routine immunization coverage in Dhaka among children by 12 months of age by card + history was 97% for BCG, 97% for Diphtheria, Pertussis Tetanus (DPT 1) and Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV 1), 75% for DPT3 and OPV3 and 67% for measles. Sixty six percent of all children surveyed had received valid doses of all vaccines by 12 months (fully immunized child). Programme access as measured by crude DPT1 coverage was better in Keranigonj (97%). Vaccination cards retention rate for children was 84%. Invalid DPT (1,2 or 3) doses were given to 25% of vaccinated children; 18% of measles doses were invalid. Surprisingly, major cause for invalid doses were not due to early immunizations or due to card lost but for giving tick in the card, instead of writing a valid date. DPT1 and DPT3 and DPT1- Measles drop out rates were 5% and 13% respectively. Major reason parents gave for never vaccinating their children (zero dose children) was (43%), major reasons for incomplete vaccination was lack of knowledge regarding subsequent doses (46%). TT surveys were also conducted for mothers of the children surveyed for vaccination coverage (mothers between 15-49 year old). Valid TT 1-5 coverage by card+ history was 97%, 55%, 44%, 24% and 11%, respectively. Card retention rate for TT was 67%. The findings of this study revealed that access to child and TT immunizations were good. But high dropouts and invalid doses reduced these percentages of fully immunized child to 66%. Programmatic strategy must be undertaken to reduce the existing high dropout rate in both child and TT immunizations.
Learning Styles of Physical Therapy and Physical Therapy Assistant Students in Accredited Physical Therapy Programs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lowdermilk, Margaret; Lampley, Jim; Tweed, Stephanie

2017-01-01

The purpose of this study was to determine the learning styles of Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students and associate degree Physical Therapist Assistant (PTA) students and identify any association between their learning styles and examine the association between gender and age by learning style. Participants included 337 DPT and PTA students…

What do parents learn by reading a DPT vaccine information form?

PubMed Central

Gold, Ronald; Bjornson, Gordean L

1994-01-01

Objective: Information forms are commonly used to inform parents about childhood vaccination. This study assessed the knowledge of mothers about pertussis and pertussis vaccine before and after reading a form about diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (dpt) vaccine. Design: A test was administered to mothers before and after the first vaccination of their infant. By random allocation, one-half of the mothers received the form (study group) in addition to the routine counselling by a public health nurse given to the others (control group). Setting: Public health immunization clinics in suburban Vancouver, British Columbia. Subjects: One hundred and fifty-one mothers who were scheduled to bring their infant for the first dpt immunization were recruited, of whom 145 (96%) completed the study. Interventions: A test consisting of 20 true/false questions was administered by telephone two weeks before and two weeks after the first dpt vaccination. Additional data about sources of vaccine information, maternal education, number of children and maternal age were obtained. Outcome Measures: Mean scores and mean change in scores on test. Results: The mean changes in scores between tests 1 and 2 in study and control groups were +22.2% and +6.9%, respectively, on the disease-related questions (P<0.001) and +14.6% and +10.7%, respectively, on the vaccine-related questions (P=0.16). The forms were considered to be very useful by the mothers and clearly enabled them to score higher on a test of their knowledge of pertussis and pertussis vaccine. Conclusions: Reading a dpt vaccine form enabled mothers to improve their knowledge of pertussis and pertussis vaccine. PMID:22451768
Minding the immunization gap: family characteristics associated with completion rates in rural Ethiopia.

PubMed

Sullivan, Mary-Christine; Tegegn, Ayalew; Tessema, Fasil; Galea, Sandro; Hadley, Craig

2010-02-01

To examine risk factors for lack of immunization, we tested the impact of maternal, paternal, and household variables on child immunization status in children >or =1 year in a rural area of Ethiopia. Data collected by face-to-face interview on maternal, paternal, household and child variables from cross-sectional random sample community-based study on health and well-being in rural Ethiopia was used to test hypotheses on immunization status of children (n = 924). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used for two immunization outcomes: record of at least one vaccination, and record of DPT3, indicating completion of the DPT series. Complete data were available for 924 children > or =1 year of which 79% had at least one vaccination. Of those, 64% had DPT3/Polio3; below recommended coverage level. Children were more likely to be vaccinated if the mother reported antenatal care (ANC), and less likely to be vaccinated if the mother had a history of stillbirth, and no opinion of health center. Children were more likely to have DPT3 if: mother had > or =1 year of education, mother reported ANC, or older paternal age. Children were less likely to have DPT3 in households with food insecurity and no maternal opinion of health center. The study had three findings with implications for immunization programming: (1) Mothers completing the recommended ANC visits is strongly associated with receiving at least one vaccination and with completing a vaccination series; (2) Maternal education is associated with a completed vaccination series; (3) Paternal characteristics may affect vaccination series completion.
Vaccination Timeliness in Children Under India's Universal Immunization Program.

PubMed

Shrivastwa, Nijika; Gillespie, Brenda W; Lepkowski, James M; Boulton, Matthew L

2016-09-01

India has the highest number of deaths among children younger than 5 years of age globally; the majority are from vaccine preventable diseases. Untimely vaccination unnecessarily prolongs susceptibility to disease and contributes to the burden of childhood morbidity and mortality, yet there is scarce literature on vaccination delays. The aim of this study is to characterize the timeliness of childhood vaccinations administered under India's routine immunization program using a novel application of an existing statistical methodology. This study utilized the district level household and facility survey data, 2008 from India using vaccination data from children with and without immunization cards. Turnbull estimator of the cumulative distribution function was used to estimate the probability of vaccination at each age. Timeliness of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), all 3 doses of diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus vaccine (DPT) and measles-containing vaccine (MCV) were considered for this analysis. Vaccination data on 268,553 children who were 0-60 months of age were analyzed; timely administration of BCG, DPT3 and MCV occurred in 31%, 19% and 34% of children, respectively. The estimated vaccination probability plateaued for DPT and BCG around the age of 24 months, whereas MCV uptake increased another 5% after 24 months of age. The 5-year coverage of BCG, DPT3 and MCV in Indian children was 87%, 63% and 76%, respectively. Lack of timely administration of key childhood vaccines, especially DPT3 and MCV, remains a major challenge in India and likely contributes to the significant burden of vaccine preventable disease-related morbidity and mortality in children.
Age-appropriate vaccination against measles and DPT-3 in India – closing the gaps

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background In 2010, India accounted for 65,500 (47%) of the 139,300 measles-related deaths that occurred globally. Data on the quality of age-appropriate measles vaccination in rural India is sparse. We explored the following issues: (i) What proportion of Indian children were appropriately vaccinated against measles at 9 months of age, and DPT-3 at 4 months? (ii) Which health facilities administered measles vaccine to children prior to 9 months of age and DPT-3 prior to 14 weeks? Methods We analyzed data from the 2008 Indian District Level Health Survey (DLHS-3) to determine the extent of age-appropriate measles and DPT-3 vaccinations. Among 192,969 households in the dataset, vaccination cards with detailed records were available for 18,670 children aged between 12 and 23 months. Results Among this cohort, 72.4% (13,511 infants) had received the first dose of measles vaccine. Only 30% of vaccinated infants received the measles vaccine at the recommended age of 9 months. Similarly, only 31% of infants in the cohort received DPT-3 vaccine at the recommended age of 14 weeks. About 82% of all prematurely vaccinated children were vaccinated at health sub-centres, ICDS and Pulse Polio centres. Conclusions Age-inappropriate vaccination impacts adversely on the effectiveness of India’s measles immunisation program due to sub-optimal seroconversion, if premature, and increased vulnerability to vaccine preventable diseases, if delayed. Capacity building approaches to improve age-appropriate vaccination are discussed. PMID:23594400
A longitudinal study of GAD65 and ICA512 autoantibodies during the progression to type 1 diabetes in Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1) participants.

PubMed

Sosenko, Jay M; Skyler, Jay S; Palmer, Jerry P; Krischer, Jeffrey P; Cuthbertson, David; Yu, Liping; Schatz, Desmond A; Orban, Tihamer; Eisenbarth, George

2011-11-01

We examined changes in GAD65 and ICA-512 autoantibodies (GADA and IA-2A) during progression to type 1 diabetes (T1D). Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1) participants were assessed for changes in positivity and titers of GADA and IA-2A during the progression to T1D. Among 99 progressors to T1D with GADA and IA-2A measurements at baseline and diagnosis (mean interval = 3.3 ± 1.5 years), GADA positivity changed little and GADA titers decreased (P < 0.01). In contrast, both IA-2A positivity and titers increased substantially (P < 0.001). Even among those positive at baseline, IA-2A titers increased from baseline to diagnosis (n = 57; P < 0.001), whereas GADA titers decreased (n = 80; P < 0.01). The same patterns of change were also evident among those positive for both autoantibodies (n = 48) at baseline. IA-2A titers increase during the years before the diagnosis of T1D, even among those positive for IA-2A. In contrast, GADA titers tend to decline during those years.
Diffusion pseudotime robustly reconstructs lineage branching.

PubMed

Haghverdi, Laleh; Büttner, Maren; Wolf, F Alexander; Buettner, Florian; Theis, Fabian J

2016-10-01

The temporal order of differentiating cells is intrinsically encoded in their single-cell expression profiles. We describe an efficient way to robustly estimate this order according to diffusion pseudotime (DPT), which measures transitions between cells using diffusion-like random walks. Our DPT software implementations make it possible to reconstruct the developmental progression of cells and identify transient or metastable states, branching decisions and differentiation endpoints.
The new analysis method of PWQ in the DRAM pattern

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Daehan; Chang, Jinman; Kim, Taeheon; Lee, Kyusun; Kim, Yonghyeon; Kang, Jinyoung; Hong, Aeran; Choi, Bumjin; Lee, Joosung; Kim, Hyoung Jun; Lee, Kweonjae; Hong, Hyoungsun; Jin, Gyoyoung

2016-03-01

In a sub 2Xnm node process, the feedback of pattern weak points is more and more significant. Therefore, it is very important to extract the systemic defect in Double Patterning Technology(DPT), however, it is impossible to predict exact systemic defect at the recent photo simulation tool.[1] Therefore, the method of Process Window Qualification (PWQ) is very serious and essential these days. Conventional PWQ methods are die to die image comparison by using an e-beam or bright field machine. Results are evaluated by the person, who reviews the images, in some cases. However, conventional die to die comparison method has critical problem. If reference die and comparison die have same problem, such as both of dies have pattern problems, the issue patterns are not detected by current defect detecting approach. Aside from the inspection accuracy, reviewing the wafer requires much effort and time to justify the genuine issue patterns. Therefore, our company adopts die to data based matching PWQ method that is using NGR machine. The main features of the NGR are as follows. First, die to data based matching, second High speed, finally massive data were used for evaluation of pattern inspection.[2] Even though our die to data based matching PWQ method measures the mass data, our margin decision process is based on image shape. Therefore, it has some significant problems. First, because of the long analysis time, the developing period of new device is increased. Moreover, because of the limitation of resources, it may not examine the full chip area. Consequently, the result of PWQ weak points cannot represent the all the possible defects. Finally, since the PWQ margin is not decided by the mathematical value, to make the solid definition of killing defect is impossible. To overcome these problems, we introduce a statistical values base process window qualification method that increases the accuracy of process margin and reduces the review time. Therefore, it is possible to see the genuine margin of the critical pattern issue which we cannot see on our conventional PWQ inspection; hence we can enhance the accuracy of PWQ margin.
Diabetic subjects diagnosed through the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1) are often asymptomatic with normal A1C at diabetes onset.

PubMed

Triolo, Taylor M; Chase, H Peter; Barker, Jennifer M

2009-05-01

Upon diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, patients are usually symptomatic, and many have ketoacidosis. Screening for islet autoantibodies (IAs) has been shown to decrease A1C level and rate of hospitalization at diabetes onset. Metabolic tests and the presence of symptoms were described at diabetes onset during the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1). The DPT-1 screened relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes for islet cell autoantiobodies (ICAs). Those with positive ICAs had intravenous and oral glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs and OGTTs) and were randomized into one of two prevention trials. Throughout the DPT-1 parenteral and oral insulin study, 246 people were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Of the 246 subjects diagnosed with diabetes, 218 had data regarding the presence of symptoms, and 138 (63.3%) reported no symptoms suggestive of diabetes. Eight subjects (3.67%) presented with ketosis. Subjects presented with a mean +/- SD A1C of 6.41 +/- 1.15%. At diagnosis, 90 subjects (50.8%) had A1C in the normal range (<6.2%). OGTT data at the time of diagnosis indicate that 35.4% had a glucose result of <100 mg/dl at 0 min. The majority of subjects diagnosed with type 1 diabetes through the DPT-1 were asymptomatic at onset and had normal fasting glucose and A1C levels. This suggests that intermittent screening (IA followed by OGTT) may allow diagnosis of diabetes before severe metabolic decompensation. Screening with A1C will miss identifying many of the subjects with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes in this cohort.
Prospective assessment of diagnostic tests for pediatric penicillin allergy, from clinical history to challenge tests✰,✰✰,✰✰✰.

PubMed

Ibáñez, María Dolores; Del Río, Pablo Rodríguez; Lasa, Eva Maria; Joral, Alejandro; Ruiz-Hornillos, Javier; Muñoz, Candelaria; Traseira, Carmen Gómez; Escudero, Carmelo; Olaguibel Rivera, Jose María; Garriga-Baraut, Teresa; González-de-Olano, David; Rosado, Ana; Sanchez-García, Silvia; Bustamante, Socorro Pérez; Vilchez, Maria Antonia Padial; Montaño, Patricia Prieto; Morillo, Rocío Candón; Iglesia, Eva Macías; Vila, Angélica Feliú; Valbuena, Teresa; Lopez-Patiño, Ana; Martorell, Antonio; Sastre, Joaquín; Audícana, María Teresa

2018-05-24

Diagnostic guidelines for penicillin allergy in children recommend cumbersome protocols based partially on data from adults, which may be suboptimal for pediatric use. To assess the accuracy of tools for diagnosis of penicillin allergy in children. A prospective multicenter study was conducted in children with reported adverse events related to penicillin, excluding severe reactions. All patients underwent a uniform diagnostic protocol consisting of clinical history, skin tests, serum specific IgE, and, regardless of these results, drug provocation tests (DPT). 732 children (mean 5.5 years; 51.2% males) completed the allergy work-up, including DPT. Amoxicillin triggered 96.9% of all reactions. None of the patients with an immediate index reaction (IR) developed a reaction on DPT. Penicillin allergy was confirmed in 35 subjects (4.8%): 6(17%) immediate and 29(83%) non-immediate reactions in the DPT. No severe reactions were recorded. The allergist diagnosis based upon the clinical history was not associated with the final outcome at DPT. In 30 of 33(91%) allergic patients, all skin tests and sIgE were negative. A logistic regression model identified the following to be associated with PNC allergy (p<0.05): a family history of drug allergy (OR=3.03; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.33-6.89), an IR lasting >3 days vs ≤24 hours (OR=8.96; 95% CI: 2.01-39.86), and IR while receiving corticosteroids (OR=2.68; 95% CI: 1.30-5.54). Conventional predictors of allergy to penicillin performed weakly. The authors propose straightforward penicillin provocation testing in controlled, experienced centers for the diagnosis of non-severe penicillin allergy in children. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Inventory of File nam.t00z.smartconus06.tm00.grib2

Science.gov Websites

Temperature [K] 002 surface DPT 6 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 003 surface SPFH 6 hour fcst Specific Index [K] 027 surface HINDEX 6 hour fcst Haines Index [Numeric] 028 surface TMP 5 hour fcst Temperature [K] 029 surface TMP 4 hour fcst Temperature [K] 030 surface DPT 5 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K
Comparison of analgesic effect of direct breastfeeding, oral 25% dextrose solution and placebo during 1st DPT vaccination in healthy term infants: a randomized, placebo controlled trial.

PubMed

Goswami, Gaurav; Upadhyay, Amit; Gupta, Navratan Kumar; Chaudhry, Rajesh; Chawla, Deepak; Sreenivas, V

2013-07-01

To compare analgesic effect of direct breast feeding, 25% dextrose solution and placebo as we give 1st intramuscular whole cell DPT injection to 6week - 3month old infants. Randomized, placebo controlled trial. Immunization clinic of Department of Pediatrics, LLRM Medical College. Infants coming for their 1st DPT vaccination were randomized in to three groups of 40 each. The primary outcome variable was the duration of cry after vaccination. Secondary outcome variables were Modified Facial Coding Score (MFCS) and latency of onset of cry. 120 babies were equally enrolled in breast feed group, 25% dextrose fed group and distilled water fed group. Median (interquartile range) of duration of cry was significantly lower in breast fed (33.5 (17-54) seconds) and 25% dextrose fed babies (47.5 (31-67.5) seconds) as compared to babies given distilled water (80.5 (33.5-119.5) seconds) (P<0.001). MFCS at 1 min and 3 min was significantly lower in direct breast fed and dextrose fed babies. Direct breastfeeding and 25% dextrose act as analgesic in young infants undergoing DPT vaccination in young infants less than 3 month of age.
Inventory of File gfs.t06z.smartguam03.tm00.grib2

Science.gov Websites

Temperature [K] 002 surface DPT 3 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 003 surface SPFH 3 hour fcst Specific surface 4LFTX 3 hour fcst Best (4 layer) Lifted Index [K] 019 surface TMP 2 hour fcst Temperature [K] 020 surface TMP 1 hour fcst Temperature [K] 021 surface DPT 2 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] 022 surface
An electronic pressure profile display system for aeronautic test facilities

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Woike, Mark R.

1990-01-01

The NASA Lewis Research Center has installed an Electronic Pressure Profile Display system. This system provides for the real-time display of pressure readings on high resolution graphics monitors. The Electronic Pressure Profile Display system will replace manometer banks currently used in aeronautic test facilities. The Electronic Pressure Profile Display system consists of an industrial type Digital Pressure Transmitter (DPT) unit which interfaces with a host computer. The host computer collects the pressure data from the DPT unit, converts it into engineering units, and displays the readings on a high resolution graphics monitor in bar graph format. Software was developed to accomplish the above tasks and also draw facility diagrams as background information on the displays. Data transfer between host computer and DPT unit is done with serial communications. Up to 64 channels are displayed with one second update time. This paper describes the system configuration, its features, and its advantages over existing systems.
Assessment of deep dynamic mechanical sensitivity in individuals with tension-type headache: The dynamic pressure algometry.

PubMed

Palacios-Ceña, M; Wang, K; Castaldo, M; Guerrero-Peral, Á; Caminero, A B; Fernández-de-Las-Peñas, C; Arendt-Nielsen, L

2017-09-01

To explore the validity of dynamic pressure algometry for evaluating deep dynamic mechanical sensitivity by assessing its association with headache features and widespread pressure sensitivity in tension-type headache (TTH). One hundred and eighty-eight subjects with TTH (70% women) participated. Deep dynamic sensitivity was assessed with a dynamic pressure algometry set (Aalborg University, Denmark © ) consisting of 11 different rollers including fixed levels from 500 g to 5300 g. Each roller was moved at a speed of 0.5 cm/s over a 60-mm horizontal line covering the temporalis muscle. Dynamic pain threshold (DPT-level of the first painful roller) was determined and pain intensity during DPT was rated on a numerical pain rate scale (NPRS, 0-10). Headache clinical features were collected on a headache diary. As gold standard, static pressure pain thresholds (PPT) were assessed over temporalis, C5/C6 joint, second metacarpal, and tibialis anterior muscle. Side-to-side consistency between DPT (r = 0.843, p < 0.001) and pain evoked (r = 0.712; p < 0.001) by dynamic algometer was observed. DPT was moderately associated with widespread PPTs (0.526 > r > 0.656, all p < 0.001). Furthermore, pain during DPT was negatively associated with widespread PPTs (-0.370 < r < -0.162, all p < 0.05). Dynamic pressure algometry was a valid tool for assessing deep dynamic mechanical sensitivity in TTH. DPT was associated with widespread pressure sensitivity independently of the frequency of headaches supporting that deep dynamic pressure sensitivity within the trigeminal area is consistent with widespread pressure sensitivity. Assessing deep static and dynamic somatic tissue pain sensitivity may provide new opportunities for differentiated diagnostics and possibly a new tool for assessing treatment effects. The current study found that dynamic pressure algometry in the temporalis muscle was associated with widespread pressure pain sensitivity in individuals with tension-type headache. The association was independent of the frequency of headaches. Assessing deep static and dynamic somatic tissue pain sensitivity may provide new opportunities for differentiated diagnostics and possibly a tool for assessing treatment effects. © 2017 European Pain Federation - EFIC®.
Quantification of dynamic posterior translation in modified bilateral Alexander views and correlation with clinical and radiological parameters in patients with acute acromioclavicular joint instability.

PubMed

Minkus, Marvin; Hann, Carmen; Scheibel, Markus; Kraus, Natascha

2017-06-01

Classification of AC-joint instability is based on radiologic evaluation of anteroposterior (a.p.) stress views of both shoulders, neglecting the horizontal component of instability. Recent studies have proposed an association of dynamic posterior translation (DPT) and inferior clinical results. The purpose of this study was to quantify DPT in modified Alexander views and correlate it with other radiological and clinical data. Thirty-two patients (4 f, 28 m, mean age 34.1) with acute AC-joint dislocation (16 = RW III, 16 = RW V) underwent radiological examination including bilateral a.p. stress views with measurement of the coracoclavicular distance (CCD) and bilateral modified Alexander views with different approaches to quantify DPT (overlapping area OA AC , overlapping length OL AC ). In addition, the Constant Score, Subjective Shoulder Value, Taft Score (TF), and the Acromioclavicular Joint Instability Score (ACJI) were obtained. In Rockwood (RW) type III injuries, a mean CCD of 15.8 (9.8-22.8) mm, OA AC of 50.9 (0-216.6) mm 2 , and OL AC of 6.5 (-4.7-17.9) mm were found. RW V patients showed a CCD of 23.1 (13.7-32.0) mm; OA AC 7.0 (0-92.3) mm 2 ; and OL AC -4.8 (-19.6-9.8) mm. Particularly in RW III the CCD, OA AC and OL AC revealed significant correlation with the ACJI (r = -0.64/r = 0.72/r = 0.68, p < 0.05) and TF (r = -0.56/r = 0.68/r = 0.51, p < 0.05). The proposed quantification tools for DPT were found to have a moderate-to-strong correlation with the score results, especially with AC-joint specific scores. RW type V injuries had a moderate correlation with clinical parameters (OA AC with ACJI: r = 0.44, p > 0.05 and OL AC with TF: r = -0.45, p > 0.05). Measuring the OL AC is a convenient way for quantifying DPT in modified Alexander views. It showed significant correlation with clinical scores, indicating the relevance of DPT in patients with AC-joint injury.
Injuries from Participation in Sports, Exercise, and Recreational Activities Among Active Duty Service Members - Analysis of the April 2008 Status of Forces Survey of Active Duty Members

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-13

included physical training (PT), combatives, Frisbee/ultimate Frisbee, rugby , dodge ball, wrestling, aerobics/cross fit, bowling, hiking/walking, and...Frisbee, rugby , dodge ball, wrestling, and bowling. Injury Prevention Report No. 12-HF-0DPT-08 42 Percent Percent Percent...responses included combatives, Frisbee, rugby , dodge ball, wrestling, and bowling. Injury Prevention Report No. 12-HF-0DPT-08 44
[Astigmatism after keratoplasty: influence of orthotopic transplantation].

PubMed

Feuerstacke, J; Hellwinkel, O; Naydis, I; Linke, S; Klemm, M

2014-09-01

Patients undergoing corneal transplantation often suffer from postoperative reduced vision due to high astigmatism. This retrospective study analyzed the influence of heterotopic or orthotopic transplantation on astigmatism and visual outcome. In this study 373 eyes of 334 patients were analyzed. Group 1 (OT) contained 186 eyes, which underwent orthotopic transplantation (side of recipient and donor corresponded), whereas group 2 (HT) included 187 heterotopic keratoplasties (donor cornea placed in the recipient's contralateral side). After 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months the median of keratometric astigmatism, objective astigmatism, topographic astigmatism and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were assessed and compared between groups. The long-term results showed no statistically significant differences regarding keratometric and objective astigmatism, whereas topographic astigmatism differed significantly (p = 0.04) after 3 months. We observed a lower astigmatism of 5.7 dpt (range 3.08-7.78 dpt) in group OT than in the group HT with 7.1 dpt (range 3.9-10.7 dpt). No differences were found at the other time points. The BCVA showed a significantly better effect after 1 month (p = 0.01) in the OT group of 0.2 (0.1-0.3) than in HT group of 0.1 (0.05/0.25). In the postoperative course no additional significant dissimilarities were documented. Heterotopic and orthotopic keratoplasty show no significant long-term differences in astigmatism and visual outcom.
Digital Parent Training for Children with Disruptive Behaviors: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

PubMed

Baumel, Amit; Pawar, Aditya; Kane, John M; Correll, Christoph U

2016-10-01

Digital-based parent training (DPT) programs for parents of children with disruptive behaviors have been developed and tested in randomized trials. The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess the efficacy of these programs versus a control condition. We conducted a systematic review and random effects meta-analysis of peer-reviewed randomized studies comparing DPT targeting children with disruptive behaviors versus a control group (wait list or no treatment). Altogether, seven studies (n = 718) were meta-analyzed. Compared to the control groups, DPT resulted in significantly greater improvement in child behavior (effect size [ES] = 0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.21-0.66, studies = 7), parent behavior (ES = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.25-0.57, studies = 6), and parental confidence (ES = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.12-0.59, studies = 4). The improvement in child behavior was moderated by age group and severity of clinical presentation, which overlapped 100%. While DPT was superior to control conditions in studies of young children (mean age <7 years) with a clinical range of disruptive behaviors (ES = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.40-0.82, studies = 4), results were nonsignificant in studies of older children (mean age >11 years) with a nonclinical range of symptoms (ES = 0.21, 95% CI = -0.01 to 0.42, studies = 3). Analyses yielded similar results of higher ESs favoring studies of young children with clinical range disruptive behaviors for parent behavior and parental confidence, but the differences were not significant. Results further suggested that in studies of younger children, interactive programs (e.g., computerized programs) were more effective in improving child behavior compared to noninteractive programs (e.g., watching video clips) (p < 0.05). Although additional studies are needed, DPT holds promise as a potentially scalable evidence-based treatment of children with disruptive behaviors that can save human resources.
[Comparative study of unidirectional transducers for invasive blood pressure monitoring].

PubMed

Matzek, F; Boenick, U; Frucht, U; Schroeder, P M

1989-03-01

This paper reports on the results of a study in which the offset drift, sensitivity error and drift, as well as the linearity error of six DPT's were investigated under normal ambient conditions and varying conditions of temperature, light, operating time and variation of supply voltage. In addition, the dynamic response, and the influence of storage at extreme temperatures, and resterilisation, was examined. The electrical and mechanical safety/reliability of DPT's was also investigated. The results obtained are compared.
[Individual psychological features in patients with computer game addiction suffering and predisposed persons].

PubMed

Kardashian, R A

2018-01-01

To study personality characteristics in adolescents with computer game addiction. The study included students of grades 7 to 10 at the age of 12-17 years (14.6±2.4 years), their parents and school teachers. The results of a study showed the following combination in patients: 'genophilic' type of DPT with schizoid personality accentuation and 'projection' type of psychological protection, and 'dignitophilic' type of DPT with labile personality accentuation and 'denial' type of PP.

Cross-validation of the Student Perceptions of Team-Based Learning Scale in the United States.

PubMed

Lein, Donald H; Lowman, John D; Eidson, Christopher A; Yuen, Hon K

2017-01-01

The purpose of this study was to cross-validate the factor structure of the previously developed Student Perceptions of Team-Based Learning (TBL) Scale among students in an entry-level doctor of physical therapy (DPT) program in the United States. Toward the end of the semester in 2 patient/client management courses taught using TBL, 115 DPT students completed the Student Perceptions of TBL Scale, with a response rate of 87%. Principal component analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to replicate and confirm the underlying factor structure of the scale. Based on the PCA for the validation sample, the original 2-factor structure (preference for TBL and preference for teamwork) of the Student Perceptions of TBL Scale was replicated. The overall goodness-of-fit indices from the CFA suggested that the original 2-factor structure for the 15 items of the scale demonstrated a good model fit (comparative fit index, 0.95; non-normed fit index/Tucker-Lewis index, 0.93; root mean square error of approximation, 0.06; and standardized root mean square residual, 0.07). The 2 factors demonstrated high internal consistency (alpha= 0.83 and 0.88, respectively). DPT students taught using TBL viewed the factor of preference for teamwork more favorably than preference for TBL. Our findings provide evidence supporting the replicability of the internal structure of the Student Perceptions of TBL Scale when assessing perceptions of TBL among DPT students in patient/client management courses.
A PKA survival pathway inhibited by DPT-PKI, a new specific cell permeable PKA inhibitor, is induced by T. annulata in parasitized B-lymphocytes.

PubMed

Guergnon, Julien; Dessauge, Frederic; Traincard, François; Cayla, Xavier; Rebollo, Angelita; Bost, Pierre Etienne; Langsley, Gordon; Garcia, Alphonse

2006-08-01

T. annulata, an intracellular pathogenic parasite of the Aplicomplexa protozoan family infects bovine B-lymphocytes and macrophages. Parasitized cells that become transformed survive and proliferate independently of exogenous growth factors. In the present study, we used the isogenic non parasitized BL3 and parasitized TBL3 B cell lines, as a model to evaluate the contribution of two-major PI3-K- and PKA-dependent anti-apoptotic pathways in the survival of T. annulata parasitized B lymphocytes. We found that T. annulata increases PKA activity, induces over-expression of the catalytic subunit and down-regulates the pro-survival phosphorylation state of Akt/PKB. Consistent with a role of PKA activation in survival, two pharmacological inhibitors H89 and KT5720 ablate PKA-dependent survival of parasitized cells. To specifically inhibit PKA pro-survival pathways we linked the DPTsh1 peptide shuttle sequence to PKI(5-24) and we generated DPT-PKI, a cell permeable PKI. DPT-PKI specifically inhibited PKA activity in bovine cell extracts and, as expected, also inhibited the PKA-dependent survival of T. annulata parasitized TBL3 cells. Thus, parasite-dependent constitutive activation of PKA in TBL3 cells generates an anti-apoptotic pathway that can protect T. annulata-infected B cells from apoptosis. These results also indicate that DPT-PKI could be a powerful tool to inhibit PKA pathways in other cell types.
198 AAAAI Survey on Immunotherapy Practice Patterns Concerning Dosing, Dose-Adjustment after Missed Doses and Duration of Immunotherapy

PubMed Central

Linnemann, Désirée Larenas; Gupta, Payel; Mithani, Sima; Ponda, Punita

2012-01-01

Background Several practical issues dealing with the exact application of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) among European and US allergists are not well known. Guidelines on AIT give recommendations and suggestions for only some of them. We present this unique survey with worldwide response. Methods The AAAAI immunotherapy committee conducted a web-based practice patterns survey (program: Survey Monkey) among all members in&outside US on dosing, dose-adjustment after missed doses and duration of AIT. Results 1201 Returned questionnaires (almost 25% response rate). 21% were non-US-Canada members. Maintenance doses in USCan are (mean/median): Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) combined with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpt): 2155/1000AU; Df solo 2484/1000AU. Dpt when combined with Df 1937/1000AU; Dpt solo: 2183/1000AU.Cat 3224/2000BAU. Grass 11,410/4000BAU. 57-65% of the dosing falls within the recommended Practice Parameters recommended ranges. Non-USCan allergists expressed maintenance doses in many different units making analysis impossible. Dose-adjustment after missed doses is based on ‘time elapsed since the last applied dose’ by 77% of USCan and 58% of non-USCan allergists and on ‘time since missed scheduled dose’ by the rest. Doses are adjusted when a patient comes in more than 14 d/5 wk after the last administration at build-up/maintenance by both USCan and non-USCan colleagues. The mostly followed dose-adjustment schedules after 1, 2, 3 missed doses are: Build-up: repeat last dose, reduce by one dose, reduce by 2 doses; maintenance: reduce by one dose, reduce by 2 doses, reduce by 3 doses. 26% uses a different approach reducing doses by a certain percentage or volume. AIT is restarted after a gap in build-up of >30 days and of >12 weeks during maintenance in both groups (median). Outside USCan AIT is prescribed for 3 years (Median). However, 75% of USCan allergists prescribes AIT for 5 years. Main reasons why to continue AIT beyond 5 years: ‘symptoms came back after stopping’ or “patient afraid to relapse.” Conclusions These results show regional differences on some points (especially AIT duration) and they suggest in which direction to plan further research in 2 areas to establish universal dose-adjustment plans for missed applications and define the usefulness (or lack of) of long-term AIT. Moreover, there is still room for improvement in the way AIT is dosed.
Central auditory processing and migraine: a controlled study.

PubMed

Agessi, Larissa Mendonça; Villa, Thaís Rodrigues; Dias, Karin Ziliotto; Carvalho, Deusvenir de Souza; Pereira, Liliane Desgualdo

2014-11-08

This study aimed to verify and compare central auditory processing (CAP) performance in migraine with and without aura patients and healthy controls. Forty-one volunteers of both genders, aged between 18 and 40 years, diagnosed with migraine with and without aura by the criteria of "The International Classification of Headache Disorders" (ICDH-3 beta) and a control group of the same age range and with no headache history, were included. Gaps-in-noise (GIN), Duration Pattern test (DPT) and Dichotic Digits Test (DDT) tests were used to assess central auditory processing performance. The volunteers were divided into 3 groups: Migraine with aura (11), migraine without aura (15), and control group (15), matched by age and schooling. Subjects with aura and without aura performed significantly worse in GIN test for right ear (p = .006), for left ear (p = .005) and for DPT test (p < .001) when compared with controls without headache, however no significant differences were found in the DDT test for the right ear (p = .362) and for the left ear (p = .190). Subjects with migraine performed worsened in auditory gap detection, in the discrimination of short and long duration. They also presented impairment in the physiological mechanism of temporal processing, especially in temporal resolution and temporal ordering when compared with controls. Migraine could be related to an impaired central auditory processing. Research Ethics Committee (CEP 0480.10) - UNIFESP.
Ductile-Phase-Toughened Tungsten for Plasma-Facing Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cunningham, Kevin Hawkins

A variety of processing approaches were employed to fabricate ductile-phase-toughened (DPT) tungsten (W) composites. Mechanical testing and analytical modeling were used to guide composite development. This work provides a basis for further development of W composites to be used in structural divertor components of future fusion reactors. W wire was tested in tension, showing significant ductility and strength. Coatings of copper (Cu) or tungsten carbide (WC) were applied to the W wire via electrodeposition and carburization, respectively. Composites were fabricated using spark plasma sintering (SPS) to consolidate W powders together with each type of coated W wire. DPT behavior, e.g. crack arrest and crack bridging, was not observed in three-point bend testing of the sintered composites. A laminate was fabricated by hot pressing W and Cu foils together with W wires, and subsequently tested in tension. This laminate was bonded via hot pressing to thick W plate as a reinforcing layer, and the composite was tested in three-point bending. Crack arrest was observed along with some fiber pullout, but significant transverse cracking in the W plate confounded further fracture toughness analysis. The fracture toughness of thin W plate was measured in three-point bending. W plates were brazed with Cu foils to form a laminate. Crack arrest and crack bridging were observed in three-point bend tests of the laminate, and fracture resistance curves were successfully calculated for this DPT composite. An analytical model of crack bridging was developed using the basis described by Chao in previous work by the group. The model uses the specimen geometry, matrix properties, and the stress-displacement function of a ductile reinforcement ("bridging law") to calculate the fracture resistance curve (R-curve) and load-displacement curve (P-D curve) for any test specimen geometry. The code was also implemented to estimate the bridging law of an arbitrary composite using R-curve data. Finally, a parametric study was performed to quantitatively determine the necessary mechanical properties of useful toughening reinforcements for a DPT W composite. The analytical model has a broad applicability for any DPT material.
Coverage and timing of children's vaccination: an evaluation of the expanded programme on immunisation in The Gambia.

PubMed

Scott, Susana; Odutola, Aderonke; Mackenzie, Grant; Fulford, Tony; Afolabi, Muhammed O; Lowe Jallow, Yamundow; Jasseh, Momodou; Jeffries, David; Dondeh, Bai Lamin; Howie, Stephen R C; D'Alessandro, Umberto

2014-01-01

To evaluate the coverage and timeliness of the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) in The Gambia. Vaccination data were obtained between January 2005 and December 2012 from the Farafenni Health and Demographic Surveillance System (FHDSS), the Basse Health and Demographic Surveillance System (BHDSS), the Kiang West Demographic surveillance system (KWDSS), a cluster survey in the more urban Western Health Region (WR) and a cross sectional study in four clinics in the semi-urban Greater Banjul area of WR. Kaplan-Meier survival function was used to estimate the proportion vaccinated by age and to assess timeliness to vaccination. BCG vaccine uptake was over 95% in all regions. Coverage of DPT1 ranged from 93.2% in BHDSS to 99.8% in the WR. Coverage decreased with increasing number of DPT doses; DPT3 coverage ranged from 81.7% in BHDSS to 99.0% in WR. Measles vaccination coverage ranged from 83.3% in BHDSS to 97.0% in WR. DPT4 booster coverage was low and ranged from 43.9% in the WR to 82.8% in KWDSS. Across all regions, delaying on previous vaccinations increased the likelihood of being delayed for the subsequent vaccination. The Gambia health system achieves high vaccine coverage in the first year of life. However, there continues to be a delay to vaccination which may impact on the introduction of new vaccines. Examples of effectively functioning EPI programmes such as The Gambia one may well be important models for other low income countries struggling to achieve high routine vaccination coverage.
Cognitive bias modification as an add-on treatment in clinical depression: Results from a placebo-controlled, single-blinded randomized control trial.

PubMed

Vrijsen, Janna N; Fischer, Verena S; Müller, Bernhard W; Scherbaum, Norbert; Becker, Eni S; Rinck, Mike; Tendolkar, Indira

2018-06-06

Only 60% of depressed patients respond sufficiently to treatment, so there is a dire need for novel approaches to improve treatment effects. Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) may be an effective and easily implemented computerized add-on to treatment-as-usual. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a positivity-attention training and a positivity-approach training compared to control trainings. In a blinded randomized-controlled design, 139 depressed inpatients received either the CBM Attention Dot-Probe Training (DPT) or the CBM Approach-Avoidance Training (AAT), next to treatment as usual. N = 121 finished all four training sessions. Both trainings had an active and a control condition. In both active conditions, patients were trained to preferentially process generally positive pictures over neutral pictures. Depressive symptom severity was assessed before and after CBM, and positivity bias was measured at the start and end of each session. Clinician-rated depressive symptom severity decreased more in patients who received the active condition of the DPT or the AAT compared to patients in the control conditions. Significant change in positivity bias was found for the DPT (not the AAT), but did not mediate the effect of the training on depressive symptoms. The results suggest that both types of CBM (i.e., DPT and AAT) may provide a fitting add-on treatment option for clinical depression. The working mechanisms and optimal dose of CBM trainings, plus their possible combination, should be examined in more detail. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Eyeglasses for Children - a Survey of Daily Practice.

PubMed

Hagander, C E; Traber, G; Landau, K; Jaggi, G P

2016-04-01

Glasses for children are recommended and prescribed by different groups of professionals. We set out to compare the prescription practices of ophthalmologists, orthoptists and optometrists/opticians in Switzerland. Online questionnaire on the prescription and recommendation of glasses in fictitious cases of children of different ages, refractive values and symptoms. The questionnaire was sent out to members of the Swiss Ophthalmological Society, Swiss Orthoptics and Schweizerischer Berufsverband für Augenoptik und Optometrie. 307 questionnaires were analysed. Optometrists/opticians recommended glasses with a significantly smaller cycloplegic refraction value (p < 0.005) than did orthoptists and ophthalmologists. In the example of a 14-year-old asymptomatic child, ophthalmologists recommended glasses at + 2.64 [Dpt], orthoptists at + 2.44 [Dpt] and optometrists/opticians at + 1.32 [Dpt]. Optometrists/opticians tended to recommend slightly higher correction values in glasses than did ophthalmologists and orthoptists. In Switzerland, optometrists/opticians recommend glasses with significantly smaller cycloplegic refraction values than do orthoptists and ophthalmologists, regardless of age or symptoms described in these fictitious cases. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.
DPT tautomerization of the long A∙A Watson-Crick base pair formed by the amino and imino tautomers of adenine: combined QM and QTAIM investigation.

PubMed

Brovarets', Ol'ha O; Zhurakivsky, Roman O; Hovorun, Dmytro M

2013-10-01

Combining quantum-mechanical (QM) calculations with quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and using the methodology of sweeps of the energetic, electron-topological, geometric and polar parameters, which describe the course of the tautomerization along the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC), we showed for the first time that the biologically important A∙A base pair (Cs symmetry) formed by the amino and imino tautomers of adenine (A) tautomerizes via asynchronous concerted double proton transfer (DPT) through a transition state (TS), which is the A(+)∙A(-) zwitterion with the separated charge, with Cs symmetry. The nine key points, which can be considered as electron-topological "fingerprints" of the asynchronous concerted A∙A ↔A ∙A tautomerization process via the DPT, were detected and completely investigated along the IRC of the A∙A*↔A*∙A tautomerization. Based on the sweeps of the H-bond energies, it was found that intermolecular antiparallel N6Н⋯N6 (7.01 kcal mol(-1)) and N1H⋯N1 (6.88 kcal mol(-1)) H-bonds are significantly cooperative and mutually reinforce each other. It was shown for the first time that the A∙A ↔A ∙A tautomerization is assisted by the third C2H⋯HC2 dihydrogen bond (DHB), which, in contrast to the two others N6H⋯N6 and N1H⋯N1 H-bonds, exists within the IRC range from -2.92 to 2.92 Å. The DHB cooperatively strengthens, reaching its maximum energy 0.42 kcal mol(-1) at IRC = -0.52 Å and minimum energy 0.25 kcal mol(-1) at IRC = -2.92 Å, and is accompanied by strengthening of the two other aforementioned classical H-bonds. We established that the C2H⋯HC2 DHB completely satisfies the electron-topological criteria for H-bonding, in particular Bader's and all eight "two-molecule" Koch and Popelier's criteria. The positive value of the Grunenberg's compliance constant (5.203 Å/mdyn) at the TSA∙A ↔A ∙A proves that the C2H⋯HC2 DHB is a stabilizing interaction. NBO analysis predicts transfer of charge from σ(C2-H) bonding orbital to σ (H-C2) anti-bonding orbital; at this point, the stabilization energy E((2)) is equal to 0.19 kcal mol(-1) at the TSA∙A ↔A ∙A.
Effect and cost-effectiveness of educating mothers about childhood DPT vaccination on immunisation uptake, knowledge, and perceptions in Uttar Pradesh, India: A randomised controlled trial

PubMed Central

Fabbri, Camilla; Singh, Kultar

2018-01-01

Background To assess the effect of health information on immunisation uptake in rural India, we conducted an individually randomised controlled trial of health information messages targeting the mothers of unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated children through home visits in rural Uttar Pradesh, India. Methods and findings The study tested a brief intervention that provided mothers face-to-face with information on the benefits of the tetanus vaccine. Participants were 722 mothers of children aged 0–36 months who had not received 3 doses of diphtheria–pertussis–tetanus (DPT) vaccine (DPT3). Mothers were randomly assigned in a ratio of 1:1:1 to 1 of 3 study arms: mothers in the first treatment group received information framed as a gain (e.g., the child is less likely to get tetanus and more likely to be healthy if vaccinated), mothers in the second treatment group received information framed in terms of a loss (e.g., the child is more likely to get tetanus and suffer ill health if not vaccinated), and the third arm acted as a control group, with no information given to the mother. Surveys were conducted at baseline (September 2015) and after the intervention (April 2016). The primary outcome was the proportion of children who had received DPT3 measured after 7 months of follow-up. The analysis was by intention to treat. A total of 16 (2.2%) participants were lost to follow-up. The coverage of DPT3 was 28% in the control group and 43% in the pooled information groups, giving a risk difference of 15 percentage points (95% CI: 7% to 22%, p < 0.001) and a relative risk of 1.52 (95% CI: 1.2 to 1.9, p < 0.001). The information intervention increased the rate of measles vaccination by 22 percentage points (risk difference: 22%, 95% CI: 14% to 30%, p < 0.001; relative risk: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.29 to 1.80) and the rate of full immunisation by 14 percentage points (risk difference: 14%, 95% CI: 8% to 21%, p < 0.001; relative risk: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.29 to 2.29). It had a large positive effect on knowledge of the causes, symptoms, and prevention of tetanus but no effect on perceptions of vaccine efficacy. There was no difference in the proportion of children with DPT3 between the group that received information framed as a loss and the group that received information framed as a gain (risk difference: 4%, 95% CI: −5% to 13%; p = 0.352; relative risk: 1.11, 95% CI: 0.90 to 1.36). The cost per disability-adjusted life year averted of providing information was US$186, making the intervention highly cost-effective with respect to the WHO-recommended threshold of once the gross domestic product per capita (US$793 in the case of Uttar Pradesh). Key study limitations include the modest sample size for this trial, limiting power to detect small differences in the framing of information, and the potential for contamination among households. Conclusions Providing mothers of unvaccinated/incompletely vaccinated children with information on tetanus and the benefits of DPT vaccination substantially increased immunisation coverage and was highly cost-effective. The framing of the health information message did not appear to matter. Trial registration The trial is registered with ISRCTN, number ISRCTN84560580. PMID:29509769
Doctor of physical therapy students' attitudes towards people with disabilities: a descriptive study.

PubMed

Yorke, Amy M; Ruediger, Thomas; Voltenburg, Nicole

2017-01-01

Purpose To describe attitudes of doctoral physical therapy (DPT) students towards people with disability and examine predictive ability of demographic variables on those attitudes. Methods Two established surveys, Attitudes Towards Disabled Persons-Form O (ATDP-O) and Disability Attitudes in Health Care (DAHC) were completed by first (Y1) and third year (Y3) students in a DPT programme. Demographics and information about students' contact experience with people with disabilities were collected through a brief questionnaire. Multiple linear regression models were constructed from predictor variables. Results Scores on the ATDP-O and the DAHC were not significantly different between the Y1 and Y3 DPT students. There was a modest correlation (r = 0.342, p < 0.001) between the ATDP-O and the DAHC. Being female and having work contact with people with disabilities both explained about 9% of the variance in the DAHC; while having a close family member explains about 4% of the variance in the ATDP-O. Conclusion Attitudes of DPT students over the course of their education did not change. The DAHC is a more recently developed tool and should continue to be investigated for its usefulness in healthcare professional students. Faculty should consider measuring attitudes and developing specific educational strategies to improve attitudes with the goal to improve patient care. Implications for Rehabilitation Attitudes towards people with disability can impact their health care. Physical therapy students, in general, express positive attitudes towards people with disabilities and no differences in attitudes were determined in a group of Year 1 and Year 3 doctoral physical therapy students. Opportunities exist to intentionally thread educational strategies throughout a professional curriculum to facilitate further development of positive attitudes in doctoral physical therapy students.
Prevalence of house dust mites and dermatophagoides group 1 antigens collected from bedding, skin and hair coat of dogs in south-west England.

PubMed

Jackson, Anna P; Foster, Aiden P; Hart, Barbara J; Helps, Chris R; Shaw, Susan E

2005-02-01

The house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) and D. pteronyssinus (Dpt) are commonly implicated as allergens causing canine atopic dermatitis in the UK. However, there are few studies that characterize the exposure of UK pet dogs to these mites. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of the mite species on the skin, hair coat and bedding of a population of pet dogs. Dust samples (n = 68) were collected from both dogs and their beds using a standardized vacuuming technique and stored at -20 degrees C. Mites were identified using accepted morphological criteria. House dust mite allergen concentrations were assayed using standardized ELISA for Dpt and Df group 1 allergens (Der p 1 and Der f 1). Mites were identified in 15/68 samples (22%) and Dpt was the most common. Df mites were not present. Der p 1 allergens were detected in 60% of samples, and Der f 1 in 6% of samples. There were no significant differences between the number of Der p 1 positive samples from dogs and the number of those from their bedding, or between the average Der p 1 concentrations from dogs and the number of those from their bedding. Contrary to studies elsewhere in Europe and the USA, these findings support studies of human asthma patients in the UK, where exposure to Df is rare, but to Dpt is common. As the prevalence of positive intradermal and serological reactions to Df in atopic dogs is high, further investigations are warranted to clarify true Df hypersensitivity or potential immunological cross-reactivity between mite allergens.
Methamidophos alters sperm function and DNA at different stages of spermatogenesis in mice.

PubMed

Urióstegui-Acosta, Mayrut; Hernández-Ochoa, Isabel; Sánchez-Gutiérrez, Manuel; Piña-Guzmán, Belem; Rafael-Vázquez, Leticia; Solís-Heredia, M J; Martínez-Aguilar, Gerardo; Quintanilla-Vega, Betzabet

2014-09-15

Methamidophos (MET) is a highly toxic organophosphate (OP) pesticide that is widely used in developing countries. MET has male reproductive effects, including decreased fertility. We evaluated MET effects on sperm quality, fertilization and DNA integrity, exploring the sensitivity of different stages of spermatogenesis. Adult male mice received MET (3.75 or 5mg/kg-bw/ip/day/4 days) and were euthanized 1, 28 or 45 days post-treatment (dpt) to evaluate MET's effects on epididymal maturation, meiosis or mitosis, respectively. Spermatozoa were obtained from the cauda epididymis-vas deferens and were evaluated for sperm quality, acrosome reaction (AR; Coomassie staining), mitochondrial membrane potential (by JC-1), DNA damage (comet assay), oxidative damage (malondialdehyde (MDA) production), in vitro fertilization and protein phosphorylation (immunodetection), and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. At 1-dpt, MET inhibited AChE (43-57%) and increased abnormal cells (6%). While at 28- and 45-dpt, sperm motility and viability were significantly reduced with an increasing MET dose, and abnormal morphology increased at 5mg/kg/day/4 days. MDA and mitochondrial activity were not affected at any dose or time. DNA damage (OTM and %DNA) was observed at 5mg/kg/day/4 days in a time-dependent manner, whereas both parameters were altered in cells from mice exposed to 3.75 mg/kg/day/4 days only at 28-dpt. Depending on the time of collection, initial-, spontaneous- and induced-AR were altered at 5mg/kg/day/4 days, and the fertilization capacity also decreased. Sperm phosphorylation (at serine and tyrosine residues) was observed at all time points. Data suggest that meiosis and mitosis are the more sensitive stages of spermatogenesis for MET reproductive toxicity compared to epididymal maturation. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Selective immediate responders to amoxicillin and clavulanic acid tolerate penicillin derivative administration after confirming the diagnosis.

PubMed

Blanca-Lopez, N; Perez-Alzate, D; Ruano, F; Garcimartin, M; de la Torre, V; Mayorga, C; Somoza, M L; Perkins, J; Blanca, M; Canto, M G; Torres, M J

2015-08-01

An increasing number of patients show immediate selective hypersensitivity reactions to clavulanic acid (CLV) and amoxicillin (AX), probably due to their increased prescription. The maintenance of this response should be established. To assess that the immediate hypersensitivity selective response to AX or to CLV is maintained after repeated administration of penicillin G (PG)/penicillin V (PV) and AX. Patients with proven immediate hypersensitivity to AX (Group A) or CLV (Group B) were included. Diagnosis was performed using skin tests with major and minor determinants of PG (PPL/MDM), AX and CLV and by drug provocation test (DPT) if required. Selectivity was established by confirming tolerance to PG/PV (Group A) and to PG/PV and AX (Group B). The maintenance of the selective response was verified by repeating DPT, 15 days after the initial investigation, with the same procedure. Of 51 patients, 78% belonged to Group A and 22% to Group B. Most had anaphylaxis. In Group A, 72% were skin test positive; 28% required DPT. In Group B, 63% were skin test positive; 37% required DPT. Only two AX-selective cases developed positive responses after re-provocation with PG/PV. No cases selective for CLV developed a positive response to PG, PV or AX. The selective response to AX appears consistent, and a response to penicillin determinants only develops in a minority of cases. For the case of CLV, the selective response appears not to be modified by exposure to penicillin determinants, meaning that patients with CLV allergy can take penicillin derivatives safely. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
An acute interprofessional simulation experience for occupational and physical therapy students: Key findings from a survey study.

PubMed

Thomas, Erin M; Rybski, Melinda F; Apke, Tonya L; Kegelmeyer, Deb A; Kloos, Anne D

2017-05-01

Due to the fast pace and high complexity of managing patients in intensive and acute care units (ICUs), healthcare students often feel challenged and unprepared to practice in this environment. Simulations and standardised patients provide "hands-on" learning experiences that are realistic and help students to gain competence and confidence. This study examined the impact of an intensive case simulation laboratory using a patient simulator and standardised patients on students' perceptions of their confidence and preparedness to work in acute care settings. Second-year Masters of Occupational Therapy (MOT; n = 127) and Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT; n = 105) students participated in a three-hour intensive care simulation laboratory comprised of four stations that were designed to simulate common ICU patient care scenarios. Data analysed were student pre- and post-simulation surveys and written comments, and clinical instructors' (CIs; n = 51) ratings on DPT students' preparedness and confidence within the first two weeks of their acute care internships obtained after the laboratory. There was a significant increase for DPT (p < 0.0001) and MOT (p < 0.10) students in median ratings of how prepared they felt to practice in acute care settings following the ICU simulation compared to before the laboratory. CIs rated the DPT students as either prepared or very prepared for and moderately confident or very confident in the acute care setting. The use of simulation training using standardised patients and patient simulators was beneficial in increasing student confidence and preparing OT and PT students to practice in the acute care setting. Health professional educators should consider using an interprofessional simulation experience to improve their students' confidence and preparedness to provide appropriate care in the acute setting.
Application of segmented dental panoramic tomography among children: positive effect of continuing education in radiation protection

PubMed Central

Waltimo-Sirén, Janna; Laatikainen, Tuula; Haukka, Jari; Ekholm, Marja

2016-01-01

Objectives: Dental panoramic tomography is the most frequent examination among 7–12-year olds, according to the Radiation Safety and Nuclear Authority of Finland. At those ages, dental panoramic tomographs (DPTs) are mostly obtained for orthodontic reasons. Children's dose reduction by trimming the field size to the area of interest is important because of their high radiosensitivity. Yet, the majority of DPTs in this age group are still taken by using an adult programme and never by using a segmented programme. The purpose of the present study was to raise the awareness of dental staff with respect to children's radiation safety, to increase the application of segmented and child DPT programmes by further educating the whole dental team and to evaluate the outcome of the educational intervention. Methods: A five-step intervention programme, focusing on DPT field limitation possibilities, was carried out in community-based dental care as a part of mandatory continuing education in radiation protection. Application of segmented and child DPT programmes was thereafter prospectively followed up during a 1-year period and compared with our similar data from 2010 using a logistic regression analysis. Results: Application of the child programme increased by 9% and the segmented programme by 2%, reaching statistical significance (odds ratios 1.68; 95% confidence interval 1.23–2.30; p-value < 0.001). The number of repeated exposures remained at an acceptable level. The segmented DPTs were most frequently taken from the maxillary lateral incisor–canine area. Conclusions: The educational intervention resulted in improvement of radiological practice in respect to radiation safety of children during dental panoramic tomography. Segmented and child DPT programmes can be applied successfully in dental practice for children. PMID:27142159
Application of segmented dental panoramic tomography among children: positive effect of continuing education in radiation protection.

PubMed

Pakbaznejad Esmaeili, Elmira; Waltimo-Sirén, Janna; Laatikainen, Tuula; Haukka, Jari; Ekholm, Marja

2016-05-23

Dental panoramic tomography is the most frequent examination among 7-12-year olds, according to the Radiation Safety and Nuclear Authority of Finland. At those ages, dental panoramic tomographs (DPTs) are mostly obtained for orthodontic reasons. Children's dose reduction by trimming the field size to the area of interest is important because of their high radiosensitivity. Yet, the majority of DPTs in this age group are still taken by using an adult programme and never by using a segmented programme. The purpose of the present study was to raise the awareness of dental staff with respect to children's radiation safety, to increase the application of segmented and child DPT programmes by further educating the whole dental team and to evaluate the outcome of the educational intervention. A five-step intervention programme, focusing on DPT field limitation possibilities, was carried out in community-based dental care as a part of mandatory continuing education in radiation protection. Application of segmented and child DPT programmes was thereafter prospectively followed up during a 1-year period and compared with our similar data from 2010 using a logistic regression analysis. Application of the child programme increased by 9% and the segmented programme by 2%, reaching statistical significance (odds ratios 1.68; 95% confidence interval 1.23-2.30; p-value < 0.001). The number of repeated exposures remained at an acceptable level. The segmented DPTs were most frequently taken from the maxillary lateral incisor-canine area. The educational intervention resulted in improvement of radiological practice in respect to radiation safety of children during dental panoramic tomography. Segmented and child DPT programmes can be applied successfully in dental practice for children.
A Comparison of the Baseline Metabolic Profiles between Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 and TrialNet Natural History Study Participants

PubMed Central

Sosenko, Jay M.; Mahon, Jeffrey; Rafkin, Lisa; Lachin, John M.; Krause-Steinrauf, Heidi; Krischer, Jeffrey P.; Cuthbertson, David; Palmer, Jerry P.; Thompson, Clinton; Greenbaum, Carla J.; Skyler, Jay S.

2010-01-01

Objective We assessed whether differing autoantibody screening criteria for type 1 diabetes (T1D) prevention trials result in different baseline metabolic profiles of those who screen positive. Methods Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1) participants were screened for islet cell autoantibodies (ICA), whereas TrialNet Natural History Study (TNNHS) participants were screened for biochemical autoantibodies. In both studies, those determined to be autoantibody positive underwent baseline oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in which glucose and C-peptide were measured. Results The percentage of those with an OGTT in the diabetic range was higher among the DPT-1 participants (10.0% of 956 vs. 6.4% of 645, p<0.01). In a logistic regression analysis with adjustments for age and gender, the difference persisted (p<0.01). Among those in the non-diabetic range (n=860 for DPT-1 and n=604 for the TNNHS), glucose levels were similar at all time points, except for higher fasting glucose levels in the TNNHS participants (p<0.001). There was a higher percentage of impaired fasting glucose in the TNNHS participants (10.9% vs. 6.7%, p<0.01); however, with adjustments for age and gender, there was no longer a significant difference. There was no significant difference in the percentages with IGT. C-peptide levels were much lower in the DPT-1 cohort at all OGTT time points (p<0.001 for all). Discussion Differing criteria for autoantibody screening can result in marked differences in the baseline metabolic profiles of prospective participants of T1D prevention trials. PMID:20522170
The application of the diabetes prevention trial-type 1 risk score for identifying a preclinical state of type 1 diabetes.

PubMed

Sosenko, Jay M; Skyler, Jay S; Mahon, Jeffrey; Krischer, Jeffrey P; Beam, Craig A; Boulware, David C; Greenbaum, Carla J; Rafkin, Lisa E; Cowie, Catherine; Cuthbertson, David; Palmer, Jerry P

2012-07-01

We assessed the utility of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Risk Score (DPTRS) for identifying individuals who are highly likely to progress to type 1 diabetes (T1D) within 2 years. The DPTRS was previously developed from Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1) data and was subsequently validated in the TrialNet Natural History Study (TNNHS). DPTRS components included C-peptide and glucose indexes from oral glucose tolerance testing, along with age and BMI. The cumulative incidence of T1D was determined after DPTRS thresholds were first exceeded and after the first occurrences of glucose abnormalities. The 2-year risks after the 9.00 DPTRS threshold was exceeded were 0.88 and 0.77 in DPT-1 (n = 90) and the TNNHS (n = 69), respectively. In DPT-1, the 2-year risks were much lower after dysglycemia first occurred (0.37; n = 306) and after a 2-h glucose value between 190 and 199 mg/dL was first reached (0.64; n = 59). Among those who developed T1D in DPT-1, the 9.00 threshold was exceeded 0.81 ± 0.53 years prior to the conventional diagnosis. Postchallenge C-peptide levels were substantially higher (P = 0.001 for 30 min; P < 0.001 for other time points) when the 9.00 threshold was first exceeded compared with the levels at diagnosis. A DPTRS threshold of 9.00 identifies individuals who are very highly likely to progress to the conventional diagnosis of T1D within 2 years and, thus, are essentially in a preclinical diabetic state. The 9.00 threshold is exceeded well before diagnosis, when stimulated C-peptide levels are substantially higher.
A comparison of the baseline metabolic profiles between Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 and TrialNet Natural History Study participants.

PubMed

Sosenko, Jay M; Mahon, Jeffrey; Rafkin, Lisa; Lachin, John M; Krause-Steinrauf, Heidi; Krischer, Jeffrey P; Cuthbertson, David; Palmer, Jerry P; Thompson, Clinton; Greenbaum, Carla J; Skyler, Jay S

2011-03-01

We assessed whether differing autoantibody screening criteria for type 1 diabetes (T1D) prevention trials result in different baseline metabolic profiles of those who screen positive. Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1) participants were screened for islet cell autoantibodies, whereas TrialNet Natural History Study (TNNHS) participants were screened for biochemical autoantibodies. In both studies, those determined to be autoantibody positive underwent baseline oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in which glucose and C-peptide were measured. The percentage of those with an OGTT in the diabetic range was higher among the DPT-1 participants (10.0% of 956 vs. 6.4% of 645, p < 0.01). In a logistic regression analysis with adjustments for age and gender, the difference persisted (p < 0.01). Among those in the non-diabetic range (n = 860 for DPT-1 and n = 604 for the TNNHS), glucose levels were similar at all time points, except for higher fasting glucose levels in the TNNHS participants (p < 0.001). There was a higher percentage of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in the TNNHS participants (10.9 vs. 6.7%, p < 0.01); however, with adjustments for age and gender, there was no longer a significant difference. There was no significant difference in the percentages with impaired glucose tolerance. C-peptide levels were much lower in the DPT-1 cohort at all OGTT time points (p < 0.001 for all). Differing criteria for autoantibody screening can result in marked differences in the baseline metabolic profiles of prospective participants of T1D prevention trials. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Comparison of StrengthsQuest Signature Themes in Student Pharmacists and Other Health Care Profession Students.

PubMed

Bloom, Timothy J

2018-02-01

Objective. To determine whether there is a distinctive pattern of StrengthsQuest Signature Themes or leadership domains for Doctor of Pharmacy students compared to students in other health care professional programs. Methods. Students in Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD), Master of Physician Assistant (PA), Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT), and Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) programs at Campbell University completed the online Clifton StrengthsQuest assessment and received their Signature Themes. The frequency of individual themes and the leadership domains into which they are sorted by Gallup was analyzed for each program. Results were compared between programs and with national frequencies among undergraduate students. Results. The most common themes in the total population were Learner, Relator, Responsibility, Harmony, and Achiever. Learner and Relator were among the five most frequent themes for all four individual programs while Responsibility and Harmony were among the top five for three programs. The most frequently reported themes in PharmD and PA students (39% and 38% of all themes, respectively) are grouped by Gallup into the executing domain, and into the relationship-building domain for DO and DPT students (35% and 33% of all themes, respectively). The least frequent themes in PharmD, DO and PA students were those grouped into the influencing domain, reported by 10% or fewer students. Conclusion. Numerous similarities were found in theme frequencies among students in four different health care professions, suggesting there is not a distinctive Doctor of Pharmacy Signature Theme profile.
Central auditory processing and migraine: a controlled study

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Background This study aimed to verify and compare central auditory processing (CAP) performance in migraine with and without aura patients and healthy controls. Methods Forty-one volunteers of both genders, aged between 18 and 40 years, diagnosed with migraine with and without aura by the criteria of “The International Classification of Headache Disorders” (ICDH-3 beta) and a control group of the same age range and with no headache history, were included. Gaps-in-noise (GIN), Duration Pattern test (DPT) and Dichotic Digits Test (DDT) tests were used to assess central auditory processing performance. Results The volunteers were divided into 3 groups: Migraine with aura (11), migraine without aura (15), and control group (15), matched by age and schooling. Subjects with aura and without aura performed significantly worse in GIN test for right ear (p = .006), for left ear (p = .005) and for DPT test (p < .001) when compared with controls without headache, however no significant differences were found in the DDT test for the right ear (p = .362) and for the left ear (p = .190). Conclusions Subjects with migraine performed worsened in auditory gap detection, in the discrimination of short and long duration. They also presented impairment in the physiological mechanism of temporal processing, especially in temporal resolution and temporal ordering when compared with controls. Migraine could be related to an impaired central auditory processing. Clinical trial registration Research Ethics Committee (CEP 0480.10) – UNIFESP PMID:25380661
Overlay improvement by exposure map based mask registration optimization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shi, Irene; Guo, Eric; Chen, Ming; Lu, Max; Li, Gordon; Li, Rivan; Tian, Eric

2015-03-01

Along with the increased miniaturization of semiconductor electronic devices, the design rules of advanced semiconductor devices shrink dramatically. [1] One of the main challenges of lithography step is the layer-to-layer overlay control. Furthermore, DPT (Double Patterning Technology) has been adapted for the advanced technology node like 28nm and 14nm, corresponding overlay budget becomes even tighter. [2][3] After the in-die mask registration (pattern placement) measurement is introduced, with the model analysis of a KLA SOV (sources of variation) tool, it's observed that registration difference between masks is a significant error source of wafer layer-to-layer overlay at 28nm process. [4][5] Mask registration optimization would highly improve wafer overlay performance accordingly. It was reported that a laser based registration control (RegC) process could be applied after the pattern generation or after pellicle mounting and allowed fine tuning of the mask registration. [6] In this paper we propose a novel method of mask registration correction, which can be applied before mask writing based on mask exposure map, considering the factors of mask chip layout, writing sequence, and pattern density distribution. Our experiment data show if pattern density on the mask keeps at a low level, in-die mask registration residue error in 3sigma could be always under 5nm whatever blank type and related writer POSCOR (position correction) file was applied; it proves random error induced by material or equipment would occupy relatively fixed error budget as an error source of mask registration. On the real production, comparing the mask registration difference through critical production layers, it could be revealed that registration residue error of line space layers with higher pattern density is always much larger than the one of contact hole layers with lower pattern density. Additionally, the mask registration difference between layers with similar pattern density could also achieve under 5nm performance. We assume mask registration excluding random error is mostly induced by charge accumulation during mask writing, which may be calculated from surrounding exposed pattern density. Multi-loading test mask registration result shows that with x direction writing sequence, mask registration behavior in x direction is mainly related to sequence direction, but mask registration in y direction would be highly impacted by pattern density distribution map. It proves part of mask registration error is due to charge issue from nearby environment. If exposure sequence is chip by chip for normal multi chip layout case, mask registration of both x and y direction would be impacted analogously, which has also been proved by real data. Therefore, we try to set up a simple model to predict the mask registration error based on mask exposure map, and correct it with the given POSCOR (position correction) file for advanced mask writing if needed.
Meeting the Challenge of Instructor Shortages: A Blended Teaching and Learning Model for a Neuroscience Course in a Doctor of Physical Therapy Program.

PubMed

Ge, Weiqing

2018-01-01

Physical therapy workforce shortages are expected to increase for all 50 states through 2030. There is a recognized nationwide unprecedented shortage of well-prepared physical therapy instructors. One practical solution can be to share instructors among Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) programs using a blended teaching and learning model. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of a blended teaching and learning model for a neuroscience course in a DPT program. Faculty members from two DPT programs collaborated to develop, implement, and evaluate a blended teaching and learning model. The Blackboard Learning Management System (LMS) was available at both institutions and chosen as the learning platform. The design of this research study was retrospective nonexperimental observational. The overall feedback from the students was positive. Most students (91.6%) strongly agreed or agreed that the content of the course was appropriate for learning neuroscience. The students taking this blended course performed slightly better than the students taking the traditional course, though there was no significant difference (p=0.06). The results support the use of a blended teaching and learning model to meet faculty shortage challenges. Future research with a larger sample size is necessary.
Routine Vaccination Coverage in Northern Nigeria: Results from 40 District-Level Cluster Surveys, 2014-2015

PubMed Central

Ogbuanu, Ikechukwu U.; Adegoke, Oluwasegun J.; Scobie, Heather M.; Uba, Belinda V.; Wannemuehler, Kathleen A.; Ruiz, Alicia; Elmousaad, Hashim; Ohuabunwo, Chima J.; Mustafa, Mahmud; Nguku, Patrick; Waziri, Ndadilnasiya Endie; Vertefeuille, John F.

2016-01-01

Background Despite recent success towards controlling poliovirus transmission, Nigeria has struggled to achieve uniformly high routine vaccination coverage. A lack of reliable vaccination coverage data at the operational level makes it challenging to target program improvement. To reliably estimate vaccination coverage, we conducted district-level vaccine coverage surveys using a pre-existing infrastructure of polio technical staff in northern Nigeria. Methods Household-level cluster surveys were conducted in 40 polio high risk districts of Nigeria during 2014–2015. Global positioning system technology and intensive supervision by a pool of qualified technical staff were used to ensure high survey quality. Vaccination status of children aged 12–23 months was documented based on vaccination card or caretaker’s recall. District-level coverage estimates were calculated using survey methods. Results Data from 7,815 children across 40 districts were analyzed. District-level coverage with the third dose of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine (DPT3) ranged widely from 1–63%, with all districts having DPT3 coverage below the target of 80%. Median coverage across all districts for each of eight vaccine doses (1 Bacille Calmette-Guérin dose, 3 DPT doses, 3 oral poliovirus vaccine doses, and 1 measles vaccine dose) was <50%. DPT3 coverage by survey was substantially lower (range: 28%–139%) than the 2013 administrative coverage reported among children aged <12 months. Common reported reasons for non-vaccination included lack of knowledge about vaccines and vaccination services (50%) and factors related to access to routine immunization services (15%). Conclusions Survey results highlighted vaccine coverage gaps that were systematically underestimated by administrative reporting across 40 polio high risk districts in northern Nigeria. Given the limitations of administrative coverage data, our approach to conducting quality district-level coverage surveys and providing data to assess and remediate issues contributing to poor vaccination coverage could serve as an example in countries with sub-optimal vaccination coverage, similar to Nigeria. PMID:27936077
Routine Vaccination Coverage in Northern Nigeria: Results from 40 District-Level Cluster Surveys, 2014-2015.

PubMed

Gunnala, Rajni; Ogbuanu, Ikechukwu U; Adegoke, Oluwasegun J; Scobie, Heather M; Uba, Belinda V; Wannemuehler, Kathleen A; Ruiz, Alicia; Elmousaad, Hashim; Ohuabunwo, Chima J; Mustafa, Mahmud; Nguku, Patrick; Waziri, Ndadilnasiya Endie; Vertefeuille, John F

2016-01-01

Despite recent success towards controlling poliovirus transmission, Nigeria has struggled to achieve uniformly high routine vaccination coverage. A lack of reliable vaccination coverage data at the operational level makes it challenging to target program improvement. To reliably estimate vaccination coverage, we conducted district-level vaccine coverage surveys using a pre-existing infrastructure of polio technical staff in northern Nigeria. Household-level cluster surveys were conducted in 40 polio high risk districts of Nigeria during 2014-2015. Global positioning system technology and intensive supervision by a pool of qualified technical staff were used to ensure high survey quality. Vaccination status of children aged 12-23 months was documented based on vaccination card or caretaker's recall. District-level coverage estimates were calculated using survey methods. Data from 7,815 children across 40 districts were analyzed. District-level coverage with the third dose of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine (DPT3) ranged widely from 1-63%, with all districts having DPT3 coverage below the target of 80%. Median coverage across all districts for each of eight vaccine doses (1 Bacille Calmette-Guérin dose, 3 DPT doses, 3 oral poliovirus vaccine doses, and 1 measles vaccine dose) was <50%. DPT3 coverage by survey was substantially lower (range: 28%-139%) than the 2013 administrative coverage reported among children aged <12 months. Common reported reasons for non-vaccination included lack of knowledge about vaccines and vaccination services (50%) and factors related to access to routine immunization services (15%). Survey results highlighted vaccine coverage gaps that were systematically underestimated by administrative reporting across 40 polio high risk districts in northern Nigeria. Given the limitations of administrative coverage data, our approach to conducting quality district-level coverage surveys and providing data to assess and remediate issues contributing to poor vaccination coverage could serve as an example in countries with sub-optimal vaccination coverage, similar to Nigeria.
Dynamic phase transitions of the Blume-Emery-Griffiths model under an oscillating external magnetic field by the path probability method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ertaş, Mehmet; Keskin, Mustafa

2015-03-01

By using the path probability method (PPM) with point distribution, we study the dynamic phase transitions (DPTs) in the Blume-Emery-Griffiths (BEG) model under an oscillating external magnetic field. The phases in the model are obtained by solving the dynamic equations for the average order parameters and a disordered phase, ordered phase and four mixed phases are found. We also investigate the thermal behavior of the dynamic order parameters to analyze the nature dynamic transitions as well as to obtain the DPT temperatures. The dynamic phase diagrams are presented in three different planes in which exhibit the dynamic tricritical point, double critical end point, critical end point, quadrupole point, triple point as well as the reentrant behavior, strongly depending on the values of the system parameters. We compare and discuss the dynamic phase diagrams with dynamic phase diagrams that were obtained within the Glauber-type stochastic dynamics based on the mean-field theory.
Know Your Enemy - Implementation of Bioremediation within a Suspected DNAPL Source Zone Following High-Resolution Site Characterization at Contractors Road Heavy Equipment Area, Kennedy Space Center, Florida

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chrest, Anne; Daprato, Rebecca; Burcham, Michael; Johnson, Jill

2018-01-01

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Kennedy Space Center (KSC), has adopted high-resolution site characterization (HRSC) sampling techniques during baseline sampling prior to implementation of remedies to confirm and refine the conceptual site model (CSM). HRSC sampling was performed at Contractors Road Heavy Equipment Area (CRHE) prior to bioremediation implementation to verify the extent of the trichloroethene (TCE) dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source area (defined as the area with TCE concentrations above 1% solubility) and its daughter product dissolved plume that had been identified during previous HRSC events. The results of HRSC pre-bioremediation implementation sampling suggested that the TCE source area was larger than originally identified during initial site characterization activities, leading to a design refinement to improve electron donor distribution and increase the likelihood of achieving remedial objectives. Approach/Activities: HRSC was conducted from 2009 through 2014 to delineate the vertical and horizontal extent of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) in the groundwater. Approximately 2,340 samples were collected from 363 locations using direct push technology (DPT) groundwater sampling techniques. Samples were collected from up to 14 depth intervals at each location using a 4-foot sampling screen. This HRSC approach identified a narrow (approx. 5 to 30 feet wide), approximately 3,000 square foot TCE DNAPL source area (maximum detected TCE concentration of 160,000 micrograms per liter [micro-g/L] at DPT sampling location DPT0225). Prior to implementation of a bioremediation interim measure, HRSC baseline sampling was conducted using DPT groundwater sampling techniques. Concentrations of TCE were an order of magnitude lower than previous reported (12,000 micro-g/L maximum at DPT sampling location DPT0225) at locations sampled adjacent to previous sampling locations. To further evaluate the variability in concentrations observed additional sampling was conducted in 2016. The results identified higher concentrations than originally detected within the previously defined source area and the presence of source zone concentrations upgradient of the previously defined source area (maximum concentration observed 570,000 micro-g/L). The HRSC baseline sampling data allowed for a revision of the bioremediation design prior to implementation. Bioremediation was implemented within the eastern portion of the source area in November and December 2016 and quarterly performance monitoring was completed in March and June 2017. Reductions in CVOC concentrations from baseline were observed at all performance monitoring wells in the treatment area, and by June 2017, an approximate 95% CVOC mass reduction was observed based on monitoring well sampling results. Results/Lessons Learned: The results of this project suggest that, due to the complexity of DNAPL source zones, HRSC during pre-implementation baseline sampling in the TCE source zone was an essential strategy for verifying the treatment area and depth prior to remedy implementation. If the upgradient source zone mass was not identified prior to bioremediation implementation, the mass would have served as a long-term source for the dissolved plume.
Assessing reflective thinking and approaches to learning.

PubMed

Dunn, Louise; Musolino, Gina M

2011-01-01

Facilitation of reflective practice is critical for the ongoing demands of health care practitioners. Reflective thinking concepts, grounded in the work of Dewey and Schön, emphasize critical reflection to promote transformation in beliefs and learning necessary for reflective practice. The Reflective Thinking Questionnaire (QRT) and Revised Study Process Questionnaire (RSPQ-2F) assess skill aspects of professional reasoning, with promise for measuring changes over time. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and responsiveness and the model validity of reflective thinking and approaches to learning measures for U.S. health professions students enrolled in entry-level occupational (MOT) and physical therapy (DPT) programs. This measurement study addressed reliability and responsiveness of two measures, the QRT and RSPQ-2F, for graduate health professionals. A convenience sample of 125 MOT and DPT students participated in the two-measure, test-retest investigation, with electronic data collection. Outcomes support the stability of the four-scale QRT (ICC 0.63 to 0.82) and the two-scale RSPQ-2F (ICC 0.91 and 0.87). Descriptive data supporting responsiveness are presented. With noted limitations, the results support the use of the QRT and RSPQ-2F measures to assess changes in reflective thinking and approaches to learning. Measurement of these learning outcomes furthers our understanding and knowledge about instructional strategies, development of professional reasoning, and fostering of self-directed learning within MOT and DPT programs.
Critical Thinking and Disposition Toward Critical Thinking Among Physical Therapy Students.

PubMed

Domenech, Manuel A; Watkins, Phillip

2015-01-01

Students who enter a physical therapist (PT) entry-level program with weak critical thinking skills may not be prepared to benefit from the educational training program or successfully engage in the future as a competent healthcare provider. Therefore, assessing PT students' entry-level critical thinking skills and/or disposition toward critical thinking may be beneficial to identifying students with poor, fair, or good critical thinking ability as one of the criteria used in the admissions process into a professional program. First-year students (n=71) from the Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) program at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center completed the California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST), the California Critical Thinking Dispositions Inventory (CCTDI), and demographic survey during orientation to the DPT program. Three students were lost from the CCTST (n=68), and none lost from the CCTDI (n=71). Analysis indicated that the majority of students had a positive disposition toward critical thinking, yet the overall CCTST suggested that these students were somewhat below the national average. Also, individuals taking math and science prerequisites at the community-college level tended to have lower overall CCTST scores. The entering DPT class demonstrated moderate or middle range scores in critical thinking and disposition toward critical thinking. This result does not indicate, but might suggest, the potential for learning challenges. Assessing critical thinking skills as part of the admissions process may prove advantageous.
DPT Student Perceptions of the Physical Therapist Assistant's Role: Effect of Collaborative Case-Based Learning Compared to Traditional Content Delivery and Clinical Experience.

PubMed

Colgrove, Yvonne M; VanHoose, Lisa D

2017-01-01

Doctor of physical therapy (DPT) student learning about role delineation of physical therapist assistants (PTAs) is essential to ethical and legal practice. Survey assessment of three DPT student cohorts compared collaborative interprofessional case-based learning with PTA students to traditional curriculum delivery strategies. Control cohorts were assessed one time. The intervention group was assessed pre-intervention, immediately post-intervention, and after completing a full-time clinical experience. The case-based learning covered 46% of survey content, allowing for the assessment of content-specific material and potential learning through collaboration. Following the educational intervention, the intervention group improved significantly in areas inside and outside the case-based study content, outscoring both control groups on 25-34% of the survey items. Following the clinical experience, the intervention group declined answer accuracy for patient evaluation and treatment implementation, suggesting unlearning. Improvement in the administrative section was observed after the clinical experience. Perceptions of the tasks within the PTA role were diminished while tasks outside the scope of practice appeared clarified following the clinical experience. While case-based collaborative intraprofessional learning proves effective in student learning about the PTA role, changes following the clinical experience raise questions about the influence of the clinical environment on learning and the practical application of recently learned knowledge.
Financing physical therapy doctoral education: methods used by entry-level students and the financial impact after graduation.

PubMed

Thompson, Kris; Coon, Jill; Handford, Leandrea

2011-01-01

With the move to the doctor of physical therapy (DPT) degree and increasing tuition costs, there is concern about financing entry-level education. The purposes of this study were to identify how students finance their DPT education and to describe the financial impact after graduation. A written survey was used to collect data on financing DPT education, student debt, and the financial impact on graduates. There were 92 subjects who had graduated from one program. Frequencies as well as nonparametric statistics using cross-tabulations and chi-squared statistics were calculated. The response rate was 55%. Of the respondents, 86% had student loans, 66% worked during school, 57% received some family assistance, and 21% had some scholarship support. The amount of monthly loan repayment was not statistically related to the ability to save for a house, the ability to obtain a loan for a house or car, or the decision to have children. Saving for the future (p = 0.016) and lifestyle choices (p = 0.035) were related to the amount of monthly loan repayment. Major sources of funding were student loans, employment income, and/or family assistance. Respondent's ability to save for the future and lifestyle choices were negatively impacted when loan debt increased. Physical therapist education programs should consider offering debt planning and counseling.
The Development, Validation, and Utility of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Risk Score (DPTRS)

PubMed Central

Sosenko, Jay M.; Skyler, Jay S.; Palmer, Jerry P.

2016-01-01

Summary This report details the development, validation, and utility of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1) Risk Score (DPTRS) for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Proportional hazards regression was used to develop the DPTRS model which includes the glucose and C-peptide sums from oral glucose tolerance tests at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes, the log fasting C-peptide, age, and the log BMI. The DPTRS was externally validated in the TrialNet Natural History Study cohort (TNNHS). In a study of the application of the DPTRS, the findings showed that it could be used to identify normoglycemic individuals who were at a similar risk for T1D as those with dysglycemia. The DPTRS could also be used to identify lower risk dysglycemic individuals. Risk estimates of individuals deemed to be at higher risk according to DPTRS values did not differ significantly between the DPT-1 and the TNNHS, whereas the risk estimates for those with dysglycemia were significantly higher in DPT-1. Individuals with very high DPTRS values were found to be at such marked risk for T1D that they could reasonably be considered to be in a pre-diabetic state. The findings indicate that the DPTRS has utility in T1D prevention trials and for identifying pre-diabetic individuals. PMID:26077017
The development, validation, and utility of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Risk Score (DPTRS).

PubMed

Sosenko, Jay M; Skyler, Jay S; Palmer, Jerry P

2015-08-01

This report details the development, validation, and utility of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1) Risk Score (DPTRS) for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Proportional hazards regression was used to develop the DPTRS model which includes the glucose and C-peptide sums from oral glucose tolerance tests at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min, the log fasting C-peptide, age, and the log BMI. The DPTRS was externally validated in the TrialNet Natural History Study cohort (TNNHS). In a study of the application of the DPTRS, the findings showed that it could be used to identify normoglycemic individuals who were at a similar risk for T1D as those with dysglycemia. The DPTRS could also be used to identify lower risk dysglycemic individuals. Risk estimates of individuals deemed to be at higher risk according to DPTRS values did not differ significantly between the DPT-1 and the TNNHS; whereas, the risk estimates for those with dysglycemia were significantly higher in DPT-1. Individuals with very high DPTRS values were found to be at such marked risk for T1D that they could reasonably be considered to be in a pre-diabetic state. The findings indicate that the DPTRS has utility in T1D prevention trials and for identifying pre-diabetic individuals.
Evaluation of team-based learning in a doctor of physical therapy curriculum in the United States.

PubMed

Lein, Donald H; Lowman, John D; Eidson, Christopher A; Yuen, Hon K

2017-01-01

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate students' academic outcomes after implementation of the team-based learning (TBL) approach in patient/client management courses in an entry-level doctor of physical therapy (DPT) curriculum. The research design of this study involved comparing written and practical exam scores from DPT student cohorts taught with the traditional instructional methods (lecture-based) to those of students from subsequent cohorts taught using the TBL approach in two patient/client management courses: basic skills and cardiopulmonary. For this comparison, the exams used, the number of contact hours and labs, and the instructors who taught these courses remained the same during the transition between these two instructional methods (traditional vs. TBL). The average of all individual course exam scores was used for data analysis. In both courses, there were no meaningful differences in the mean exam scores among students across years of cohorts receiving the same instructional method, which allowed clustering students from different years of cohorts in each course receiving the same instructional method into one group. For both courses, the mean exam score was significantly higher in the TBL group than in the traditional instruction group: basic skills course (P<0.001) and cardiopulmonary course (P<0.001). Student cohorts taught using the TBL approach academically outperformed those who received the traditional instructional method in both entry-level DPT patient/client management courses.
Naltrexone

MedlinePlus

... Dependence When used as a treatment for alcohol dependency, naltrexone blocks the euphoric effects and feelings of ... dispense and prescribe medications for opioid and alcohol dependency. SAMHSA’s Division of Pharmacologic Therapies (DPT) provides opioid ...
Exercise

MedlinePlus

... Disease T Cells d What Causes MS? Disproved Theories Viruses Clusters d Who Gets MS? Pediatric MS ... PC, and Jill McElligott, PT, DPT, offers an introduction to the potential benefits of aquatic physical therapy ...
Dual Processing Model for Medical Decision-Making: An Extension to Diagnostic Testing

PubMed Central

Tsalatsanis, Athanasios; Hozo, Iztok; Kumar, Ambuj; Djulbegovic, Benjamin

2015-01-01

Dual Processing Theories (DPT) assume that human cognition is governed by two distinct types of processes typically referred to as type 1 (intuitive) and type 2 (deliberative). Based on DPT we have derived a Dual Processing Model (DPM) to describe and explain therapeutic medical decision-making. The DPM model indicates that doctors decide to treat when treatment benefits outweigh its harms, which occurs when the probability of the disease is greater than the so called “threshold probability” at which treatment benefits are equal to treatment harms. Here we extend our work to include a wider class of decision problems that involve diagnostic testing. We illustrate applicability of the proposed model in a typical clinical scenario considering the management of a patient with prostate cancer. To that end, we calculate and compare two types of decision-thresholds: one that adheres to expected utility theory (EUT) and the second according to DPM. Our results showed that the decisions to administer a diagnostic test could be better explained using the DPM threshold. This is because such decisions depend on objective evidence of test/treatment benefits and harms as well as type 1 cognition of benefits and harms, which are not considered under EUT. Given that type 1 processes are unique to each decision-maker, this means that the DPM threshold will vary among different individuals. We also showed that when type 1 processes exclusively dominate decisions, ordering a diagnostic test does not affect a decision; the decision is based on the assessment of benefits and harms of treatment. These findings could explain variations in the treatment and diagnostic patterns documented in today’s clinical practice. PMID:26244571
Dual Processing Model for Medical Decision-Making: An Extension to Diagnostic Testing.

PubMed

Tsalatsanis, Athanasios; Hozo, Iztok; Kumar, Ambuj; Djulbegovic, Benjamin

2015-01-01

Dual Processing Theories (DPT) assume that human cognition is governed by two distinct types of processes typically referred to as type 1 (intuitive) and type 2 (deliberative). Based on DPT we have derived a Dual Processing Model (DPM) to describe and explain therapeutic medical decision-making. The DPM model indicates that doctors decide to treat when treatment benefits outweigh its harms, which occurs when the probability of the disease is greater than the so called "threshold probability" at which treatment benefits are equal to treatment harms. Here we extend our work to include a wider class of decision problems that involve diagnostic testing. We illustrate applicability of the proposed model in a typical clinical scenario considering the management of a patient with prostate cancer. To that end, we calculate and compare two types of decision-thresholds: one that adheres to expected utility theory (EUT) and the second according to DPM. Our results showed that the decisions to administer a diagnostic test could be better explained using the DPM threshold. This is because such decisions depend on objective evidence of test/treatment benefits and harms as well as type 1 cognition of benefits and harms, which are not considered under EUT. Given that type 1 processes are unique to each decision-maker, this means that the DPM threshold will vary among different individuals. We also showed that when type 1 processes exclusively dominate decisions, ordering a diagnostic test does not affect a decision; the decision is based on the assessment of benefits and harms of treatment. These findings could explain variations in the treatment and diagnostic patterns documented in today's clinical practice.
Research productivity of doctor of physical therapy faculty promoted in the southeastern United States

PubMed Central

Littman, Marissa A.; Sonne, James W.; Smith, Gerald V.

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT Background: Little information exists on the research productivity of successfully promoted tenure-track Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) faculty. Objective: To determine the research productivity that typically results in successful promotion. Design: We collected publicly available curriculum vitae (CVs) from faculty currently in accredited DPT programs and who had been successfully promoted from an institution in the southeastern USA from 2000 through 2016. Total publication count, journal impact factor, funding, citations, and other metrics were analysed from 45 subjects of 22 of the 64 CAPTE-accredited DPT programs in the southeast. Results: None of the studied metrics were normally distributed with time to promotion as determined by a Shapiro-Wilk test. These faculty exhibited a median publication count of 4, range 0 to 43; median of average citation count of 12.4, range 0 to 87.25; median of average journal impact factor of 2.866, range 0 to 6.280; median external funding received of $9910, range $0.00 to $19 543 198; and median author h-index of 3, range 0 to 17. The median number of years before promotion was 6, ranging from 3 to 13 years. Linear regression analysis indicates a poor fit with no significant correlation between years before promotion and any of the studied metrics. No correlation between journal impact factor and number of citations was observed (m = −0.22, p = 0.728, R2 = 0.0003). Prior to promotion 31% (14 of 45) did not receive external funding and 24% (11 of 45) had a 0 h-index. The Carnegie Classification of the institution did not significantly correlate with research productivity metrics in this dataset (p = 0.213). Conclusion: While faculty unsuccessful in promotion were not identifiable using this method, this research can be used by faculty and committees to evaluate research productivity against regional data and promote competitive standards with peer institutions. Abbreviations: CAPTE: Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapist Education; DPT: Doctor of Physical Therapy PMID:28835200

Methamidophos alters sperm function and DNA at different stages of spermatogenesis in mice

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Urióstegui-Acosta, Mayrut; Hernández-Ochoa, Isabel; Sánchez-Gutiérrez, Manuel

Methamidophos (MET) is a highly toxic organophosphate (OP) pesticide that is widely used in developing countries. MET has male reproductive effects, including decreased fertility. We evaluated MET effects on sperm quality, fertilization and DNA integrity, exploring the sensitivity of different stages of spermatogenesis. Adult male mice received MET (3.75 or 5 mg/kg-bw/ip/day/4 days) and were euthanized 1, 28 or 45 days post-treatment (dpt) to evaluate MET's effects on epididymal maturation, meiosis or mitosis, respectively. Spermatozoa were obtained from the cauda epididymis–vas deferens and were evaluated for sperm quality, acrosome reaction (AR; Coomassie staining), mitochondrial membrane potential (by JC-1), DNA damagemore » (comet assay), oxidative damage (malondialdehyde (MDA) production), in vitro fertilization and protein phosphorylation (immunodetection), and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. At 1-dpt, MET inhibited AChE (43–57%) and increased abnormal cells (6%). While at 28- and 45-dpt, sperm motility and viability were significantly reduced with an increasing MET dose, and abnormal morphology increased at 5 mg/kg/day/4 days. MDA and mitochondrial activity were not affected at any dose or time. DNA damage (OTM and %DNA) was observed at 5 mg/kg/day/4 days in a time-dependent manner, whereas both parameters were altered in cells from mice exposed to 3.75 mg/kg/day/4 days only at 28-dpt. Depending on the time of collection, initial-, spontaneous- and induced-AR were altered at 5 mg/kg/day/4 days, and the fertilization capacity also decreased. Sperm phosphorylation (at serine and tyrosine residues) was observed at all time points. Data suggest that meiosis and mitosis are the more sensitive stages of spermatogenesis for MET reproductive toxicity compared to epididymal maturation. - Highlights: • Methamidophos alters sperm cell function at different stages of spermatogenesis. • Testicular stages of spermatogenesis are more sensitive to methamidophos toxicity. • Methamidophos causes sperm DNA damage at mitosis, meiosis and epididymal maturation. • Sperm cell damage by methamidophos exposure may be related to protein phosphorylation.« less
Research productivity of doctor of physical therapy faculty promoted in the southeastern United States.

PubMed

Littman, Marissa A; Sonne, James W; Smith, Gerald V

2017-01-01

Little information exists on the research productivity of successfully promoted tenure-track Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) faculty. To determine the research productivity that typically results in successful promotion. We collected publicly available curriculum vitae (CVs) from faculty currently in accredited DPT programs and who had been successfully promoted from an institution in the southeastern USA from 2000 through 2016. Total publication count, journal impact factor, funding, citations, and other metrics were analysed from 45 subjects of 22 of the 64 CAPTE-accredited DPT programs in the southeast. None of the studied metrics were normally distributed with time to promotion as determined by a Shapiro-Wilk test. These faculty exhibited a median publication count of 4, range 0 to 43; median of average citation count of 12.4, range 0 to 87.25; median of average journal impact factor of 2.866, range 0 to 6.280; median external funding received of $9910, range $0.00 to $19 543 198; and median author h-index of 3, range 0 to 17. The median number of years before promotion was 6, ranging from 3 to 13 years. Linear regression analysis indicates a poor fit with no significant correlation between years before promotion and any of the studied metrics. No correlation between journal impact factor and number of citations was observed (m = -0.22, p = 0.728, R 2 = 0.0003). Prior to promotion 31% (14 of 45) did not receive external funding and 24% (11 of 45) had a 0 h-index. The Carnegie Classification of the institution did not significantly correlate with research productivity metrics in this dataset (p = 0.213). While faculty unsuccessful in promotion were not identifiable using this method, this research can be used by faculty and committees to evaluate research productivity against regional data and promote competitive standards with peer institutions. CAPTE: Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapist Education; DPT: Doctor of Physical Therapy.
The Roadmaker's algorithm for the discrete pulse transform.

PubMed

Laurie, Dirk P

2011-02-01

The discrete pulse transform (DPT) is a decomposition of an observed signal into a sum of pulses, i.e., signals that are constant on a connected set and zero elsewhere. Originally developed for 1-D signal processing, the DPT has recently been generalized to more dimensions. Applications in image processing are currently being investigated. The time required to compute the DPT as originally defined via the successive application of LULU operators (members of a class of minimax filters studied by Rohwer) has been a severe drawback to its applicability. This paper introduces a fast method for obtaining such a decomposition, called the Roadmaker's algorithm because it involves filling pits and razing bumps. It acts selectively only on those features actually present in the signal, flattening them in order of increasing size by subtracing an appropriate positive or negative pulse, which is then appended to the decomposition. The implementation described here covers 1-D signal as well as two and 3-D image processing in a single framework. This is achieved by considering the signal or image as a function defined on a graph, with the geometry specified by the edges of the graph. Whenever a feature is flattened, nodes in the graph are merged, until eventually only one node remains. At that stage, a new set of edges for the same nodes as the graph, forming a tree structure, defines the obtained decomposition. The Roadmaker's algorithm is shown to be equivalent to the DPT in the sense of obtaining the same decomposition. However, its simpler operators are not in general equivalent to the LULU operators in situations where those operators are not applied successively. A by-product of the Roadmaker's algorithm is that it yields a proof of the so-called Highlight Conjecture, stated as an open problem in 2006. We pay particular attention to algorithmic details and complexity, including a demonstration that in the 1-D case, and also in the case of a complete graph, the Roadmaker's algorithm has optimal complexity: it runs in time O(m), where m is the number of arcs in the graph.
Allergen-induced migration of human cells in allergic severe combined immunodeficiency mice.

PubMed

Duez, C; Akoum, H; Marquillies, P; Cesbron, J Y; Tonnel, A B; Pestel, J

1998-02-01

Recently, we have shown that severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, intraperitoneally reconstituted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpt)-sensitive patients, produced human IgE and developed a pulmonary inflammatory-type reaction after exposure to allergen aerosol. In order to understand the potential mechanisms involved in the human cell migration in SCID mice, we analysed their phenotypic profile in the lungs, spleen and thymus, 2 months after Dpt inhalation. The human cell recruitment in these organs was found to be allergen-dependent as CD45+ human cells were only detected in hu-SCID mice after Dpt exposure. The composition of the pulmonary human T-cell infiltrate, preferentially memory (CD45RO), activated (human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR) and CD4+ cells, was similar to that described in asthmatic patients. However, CD20+ B cells were predominately recruited in the spleen and thymus and may be IgE-producing cells in the spleen. In the lungs, the percentage of human leucocytes expressing the alpha-chain of the lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) (CD11a) was higher than those of CD49d+ or CD54+ cells, in contrast to the spleen and thymus, suggesting a potential role of LFA-1 in the human cell migration towards SCID mice lung. In conclusion, this model could be useful in the study of factors implicated in the cellular migration towards the lymphoid organs during an allergic reaction.
Degradation of Triphenyltin by a Fluorescent Pseudomonad

PubMed Central

Inoue, Hiroyuki; Takimura, Osamu; Fuse, Hiroyuki; Murakami, Katsuji; Kamimura, Kazuo; Yamaoka, Yukiho

2000-01-01

Triphenyltin (TPT)-degrading bacteria were screened by a simple technique using a post-column high-performance liquid chromatography using 3,3′,4′,7-tetrahydroxyflavone as a post-column reagent for determination of TPT and its metabolite, diphenyltin (DPT). An isolated strain, strain CNR15, was identified as Pseudomonas chlororaphis on the basis of its morphological and biochemical features. The incubation of strain CNR15 in a medium containing glycerol, succinate, and 130 μM TPT resulted in the rapid degradation of TPT and the accumulation of approximately 40 μM DPT as the only metabolite after 48 h. The culture supernatants of strain CNR15, grown with or without TPT, exhibited a TPT degradation activity, whereas the resting cells were not capable of degrading TPT. TPT was stoichiometrically degraded to DPT by the solid-phase extract of the culture supernatant, and benzene was detected as another degradation product. We found that the TPT degradation was catalyzed by low-molecular-mass substances (approximately 1,000 Da) in the extract, termed the TPT-degrading factor. The other fluorescent pseudomonads, P. chlororaphis ATCC 9446, Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 13525, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15692, also showed TPT degradation activity similar to strain CNR15 in the solid-phase extracts of their culture supernatants. These results suggest that the extracellular low-molecular-mass substance that is universally produced by the fluorescent pseudomonad could function as a potent catalyst to cometabolite TPT in the environment. PMID:10919812
An alternative didactic, functional and topographic systematization of the spinal muscles.

PubMed

de Araújo Baptista, Vivianne Izabelle; Mayer, William Paganini; Eustáquio da Silva, Ricardo; de Vasconcellos Fontes, Ricardo Bragança; da Silva Baptista, Josemberg

2017-09-01

Back muscles are commonly described in a topographically-oriented manner without necessarily following morphological criteria. In this manner, non-standard terms may be employed which convey incorrect morphological concepts and demanding more time from both faculty and students to transmit knowledge. We propose a classification system for spinal muscles incorporating morphological concepts with the goal of facilitating knowledge transfer and suggest the term "spinal muscles". Those muscles were systematically divided and classified in seven strata from anterior to posterior: vertebro-appendicular (VA), transversarium (Tr), deep post-transversarium (DPT), middle post-transversarium (MPT), superficial post-transversarium (SPT), deep spino-appendicular (DSA) and superficial spino-appendicular (SSA). Besides topography and function, this system incorporates innervation and embryological origins of each muscle. The extrinsic (VA, DSA, SSA) or intrinsic (Tr, DPT, MPT, SPT) nature of these muscles in relation to the spine and also the topographic relationship to the transverse process is represented in this system. Specific areas of functional, nervous and developmental transition exist on Tr and DPT strata due to being adjacent to extrinsic strata. We believe this system represents a more modern and concise teaching strategy for back muscles which may be employed partially or fully within any program. We envision its full version may be particularly useful in postgraduate medical training for specialties dealing with the spinal column such as neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery and physical medicine and rehabilitation. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Evaluation of subsurface exploration, sampling, and water-quality-analysis methods at an abandoned wood-preserving plant site at Jackson, Tennessee

USGS Publications Warehouse

Parks, W.S.; Carmichael, J.K.; Mirecki, J.E.

1993-01-01

Direct Push Technology (DPT) and a modified-auger method of sampling were used at an abandoned wood-preserving plant site at Jackson, Tennessee, to collect lithologic data and ground-water samples in an area known to be affected by a subsurface creosote plume. The groundwater samples were analyzed using (1) gas chromatography with photo-ionization detection (GS/PID), (2) high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), (3) colonmetric phenol analysis, and (4) toxicity bioassay. DPT piezocone and cone-penetrometer-type tools provided lithologic data and ground-water samples at two onsite stations to a depth of refusal of about 35 feet below land surface. With the assistance of an auger rig, this depth was extended to about 65 feet by pushing the tools in advance of the augers. Following the DPT work, a modified-auger method was tested by the USGS. This method left doubt as to the integrity of the samples collected once zones of contamination were penetrated. GC/PID and HPLC methods of water-quality analysis provided the most data concerning contaminants in the ground-water and proved to be the most effective in creosote plume detection. Analyses from these methods showed that the highest concentrations of contaminants were detected at depths less than about 35 feet below land surface. Phenol analyses provided data supplemental to the HPLC analyses. Bioassay data indicated that toxicity associated with the plume extended to depths of about 55 feet below land surface.
Enzyme-potentiated desensitization in children with asthma and mite allergy: a double-blind study.

PubMed

Cantani, A; Ragno, V; Monteleone, M A; Lucenti, P; Businco, L

1996-01-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of enzyme-potentiated desensitization (EPD) in children with asthma. Twenty asthmatic children (14 males and 6 females; median age: 8.5 years) were included in the study. They had positive skin tests to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpt), no history of other allergy and had suffered from asthma for at least two years. The children were examined before starting the trial, at the first EPD dose, after 8 weeks, at the second EPD dose and 3 months after the second EPD dose. Blood samples for PRIST and RAST were drawn before the first and at the second EPD dose, and at the last follow-up. Conjunctival provocation tests (CPT) and skin test endpoint determinations were performed with dilutions of a freeze-dried Dpt extract (10-100,000 SQ-U/ml) at the start of the trial and at the last follow-up. Parents kept a diary record of the days with asthma and daily drug usage. The children were randomized to receive either two intradermal placebo injections or the active material with an 8-week interval (November 1991 and January 1992). Ten children received EPD and 10 children placebo. The intradermal injection of EPD (0.05 ml) contained 0.01 ml of beta-glucuronidase (40 Fishman units) and 0.04 ml of a mixture of inhalant allergens (1 Noon unit). The placebo injection consisted of buffer solution only. The EPD-treated children had significantly fewer days with asthma (p = 0.00000). In addition, the EPD-treated children used significantly less medication for the management of asthma attacks (p = 0.00000). At the start of the trial, three out of 10 children in the EPD group and two out of 10 in the placebo group reacted only to the highest dose of allergen used in the CPT (100,000 SQ/ml) (NS). At the last follow-up, the threshold dose in the CPT was 100,000 SQ/ml or more in nine out of 10 children in the EPD group and in four out of 10 children of the placebo group (p = 0.0349). At the last follow-up, one child in the EPD group had a negative CPT with all doses tested. Global clinical evaluation by the investigators showed that eight out of 10 EPD-treated children improved, in comparison with three out of 10 children in the placebo group (p = 0.0349). Assessment by the parents was six out of 10 and four out of 10 improved, respectively (NS). Specific IgE to Dpt, total IgE and skin prick test endpoints before and after EPD showed no significant changes. One child in the placebo group experienced mild urticaria several hours following the second injection. No other local or systemic side effects were reported. The results of the present study provide further data on the effectiveness and safety of EPD in patients with asthma.
Different catalytic effects of a single water molecule: the gas-phase reaction of formic acid with hydroxyl radical in water vapor.

PubMed

Anglada, Josep M; Gonzalez, Javier

2009-12-07

The effect of a single water molecule on the reaction mechanism of the gas-phase reaction between formic acid and the hydroxyl radical was investigated with high-level quantum mechanical calculations using DFT-B3LYP, MP2 and CCSD(T) theoretical approaches in concert with the 6-311+G(2df,2p) and aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets. The reaction between HCOOH and HO has a very complex mechanism involving a proton-coupled electron transfer process (pcet), two hydrogen-atom transfer reactions (hat) and a double proton transfer process (dpt). The hydroxyl radical predominantly abstracts the acidic hydrogen of formic acid through a pcet mechanism. A single water molecule affects each one of these reaction mechanisms in different ways, depending on the way the water interacts. Very interesting is also the fact that our calculations predict that the participation of a single water molecule results in the abstraction of the formyl hydrogen of formic acid through a hydrogen atom transfer process (hat).
[Conservative and surgical treatment of convergence excess].

PubMed

Ehrt, O

2016-07-01

Convergence excess is a common finding especially in pediatric strabismus. A detailed diagnostic approach has to start after full correction of any hyperopia measured in cycloplegia. It includes measurements of manifest and latent deviation at near and distance fixation, near deviation after relaxation of accommodation with addition of +3 dpt, assessment of binocular function with and without +3 dpt as well as the accommodation range. This diagnostic approach is important for the classification into three types of convergence excess, which require different therapeutic approaches: 1) hypo-accommodative convergence excess is treated with permanent bifocal glasses, 2) norm-accommodative patients should be treated with bifocals which can be weaned over years, especially in patients with good stereopsis and 3) non-accommodative convergence excess and patients with large distance deviations need a surgical approach. The most effective operations include those which reduce the muscle torque, e. g. bimedial Faden operations or Y‑splitting of the medial rectus muscles.
Surfactant induced stabilization of nano liquid crystalline (dodecane-phytantriol) droplet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abbas, S.; Saha, Debasish; Kumar, Sugam; Aswal, V. K.; Kohlbrecher, J.

2018-04-01

The study of formation and stabilization of dodecane-phytantriol (DPT) microemulsions using ionic and nonionic surfactants are investigated. Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) techniques have been employed to study the resulting structures of the micro emulsion droplets. We show the formation of stable microemulsion droplets with absence of lyotropic liquid crystalline phase on addition of nonionic surfactant C12E10. The oil to surfactant ratio plays the crucial role in formation of stable droplet and its size. The dense presence of C12E10 molecules between microemulsion droplets protect them from coalescence while less number of C12E10 between the surface of droplets easily triggers the coalescence process. The interaction with both anionic (SDS) as well as cationic (DTAB) surfactants with DPT phase leads to formation of microemulsion droplets with lyotropic liquid crystalline phase.
Evaluation of modified portable digital camera for screening of diabetic retinopathy.

PubMed

Chalam, Kakarla V; Brar, Vikram S; Keshavamurthy, Ravi

2009-01-01

To describe a portable wide-field noncontact digital camera for posterior segment photography. The digital camera has a compound lens consisting of two optical elements (a 90-dpt and a 20-dpt lens) attached to a 7.2-megapixel camera. White-light-emitting diodes are used to illuminate the fundus and reduce source reflection. The camera settings are set to candlelight mode, the optic zoom standardized to x2.4 and the focus is manually set to 3.0 m. The new technique provides quality wide-angle digital images of the retina (60 degrees ) in patients with dilated pupils, at a fraction of the cost of established digital fundus photography. The modified digital camera is a useful alternative technique to acquire fundus images and provides a tool for screening posterior segment conditions, including diabetic retinopathy in a variety of clinical settings.
Fostering the development of effective person-centered healthcare communication skills: an interprofessional shared learning model.

PubMed

Cavanaugh, James T; Konrad, Shelley Cohen

2012-01-01

To describe the implementation of an interprofessional shared learning model designed to promote the development of person-centered healthcare communication skills. Master of social work (MSW) and doctor of physical therapy (DPT) degree students. The model used evidence-based principles of effective healthcare communication and shared learning methods; it was aligned with student learning outcomes contained in MSW and DPT curricula. Students engaged in 3 learning sessions over 2 days. Sessions involved interactive reflective learning, simulated role-modeling with peer assessment, and context-specific practice of communication skills. The perspective of patients/clients was included in each learning activity. Activities were evaluated through narrative feedback. Students valued opportunities to learn directly from each other and from healthcare consumers. Important insights and directions for future interprofessional learning experiences were gleaned from model implementation. The interprofessional shared learning model shows promise as an effective method for developing person-centered communication skills.
Singly and Doubly Excited States of the D-Dimensional Helium Atom(Supported by DOD-ONR N00014-94-1-0998)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carzoli, J.; Dunn, M.; Watson, D. K.

1998-05-01

Large order dimensional perturbation theory (DPT) has been used to study the ground and a number of excited states of two-electron atoms for the case L=0. Here we present the first application of recent work generalizing DPT to higher angular momentum.(M. Dunn, D.K. Watson, Ann. Phys. 251 (1996) 266)^,(M. Dunn, D.K. Watson, The Large Dimension Limit of Higher Angular Momentum States. Phys. Rev. A. (accepted for publication)) In this work we begin the investigation of P^o states, presenting results for the energies of some of the lowest lying states and discuss the analytic structure of these energies as functions of 1/D. We also obtain energies of corresponding D^o states with almost no additional effort by making use of interdimensional degeneracies with the P^o states.
Dew point temperature affects ascospore release of allergenic genus Leptosphaeria

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sadyś, Magdalena; Kaczmarek, Joanna; Grinn-Gofron, Agnieszka; Rodinkova, Victoria; Prikhodko, Alex; Bilous, Elena; Strzelczak, Agnieszka; Herbert, Robert J.; Jedryczka, Malgorzata

2018-06-01

The genus Leptosphaeria contains numerous fungi that cause the symptoms of asthma and also parasitize wild and crop plants. In search of a robust and universal forecast model, the ascospore concentration in air was measured and weather data recorded from 1 March to 31 October between 2006 and 2012. The experiment was conducted in three European countries of the temperate climate, i.e., Ukraine, Poland, and the UK. Out of over 150 forecast models produced using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and multivariate regression trees (MRTs), we selected the best model for each site, as well as for joint two-site combinations. The performance of all computed models was tested against records from 1 year which had not been used for model construction. The statistical analysis of the fungal spore data was supported by a comprehensive study of both climate and land cover within a 30-km radius from the air sampler location. High-performance forecasting models were obtained for individual sites, showing that the local micro-climate plays a decisive role in biology of the fungi. Based on the previous epidemiological studies, we hypothesized that dew point temperature (DPT) would be a critical factor in the models. The impact of DPT was confirmed only by one of the final best neural models, but the MRT analyses, similarly to the Spearman's rank test, indicated the importance of DPT in all but one of the studied cases and in half of them ranked it as a fundamental factor. This work applies artificial neural modeling to predict the Leptosphaeria airborne spore concentration in urban areas for the first time.
Dew point temperature affects ascospore release of allergenic genus Leptosphaeria

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sadyś, Magdalena; Kaczmarek, Joanna; Grinn-Gofron, Agnieszka; Rodinkova, Victoria; Prikhodko, Alex; Bilous, Elena; Strzelczak, Agnieszka; Herbert, Robert J.; Jedryczka, Malgorzata

2018-01-01

The genus Leptosphaeria contains numerous fungi that cause the symptoms of asthma and also parasitize wild and crop plants. In search of a robust and universal forecast model, the ascospore concentration in air was measured and weather data recorded from 1 March to 31 October between 2006 and 2012. The experiment was conducted in three European countries of the temperate climate, i.e., Ukraine, Poland, and the UK. Out of over 150 forecast models produced using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and multivariate regression trees (MRTs), we selected the best model for each site, as well as for joint two-site combinations. The performance of all computed models was tested against records from 1 year which had not been used for model construction. The statistical analysis of the fungal spore data was supported by a comprehensive study of both climate and land cover within a 30-km radius from the air sampler location. High-performance forecasting models were obtained for individual sites, showing that the local micro-climate plays a decisive role in biology of the fungi. Based on the previous epidemiological studies, we hypothesized that dew point temperature (DPT) would be a critical factor in the models. The impact of DPT was confirmed only by one of the final best neural models, but the MRT analyses, similarly to the Spearman's rank test, indicated the importance of DPT in all but one of the studied cases and in half of them ranked it as a fundamental factor. This work applies artificial neural modeling to predict the Leptosphaeria airborne spore concentration in urban areas for the first time.
Benefits of PEGylation in the early post-transplant period of intraportal islet transplantation as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging of labeled islets.

PubMed

Jin, Sang-Man; Oh, Seung-Hoon; Oh, Bae Jun; Suh, Sunghwan; Bae, Ji Cheol; Lee, Jung Hee; Lee, Myung-Shik; Lee, Moon-Kyu; Kim, Kwang-Won; Kim, Jae Hyeon

2014-01-01

While a few studies have demonstrated the benefit of PEGylation in islet transplantation, most have employed renal subcapsular models and none have performed direct comparisons of islet mass in intraportal islet transplantation using islet magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, our aim was to demonstrate the benefit of PEGylation in the early post-transplant period of intraportal islet transplantation with a novel algorithm for islet MRI. Islets were PEGylated after ferucarbotran labeling in a rat syngeneic intraportal islet transplantation model followed by comparisons of post-transplant glycemic levels in recipient rats infused with PEGylated (n = 12) and non-PEGylated (n = 13) islets. The total area of hypointense spots and the number of hypointense spots larger than 1.758 mm(2) of PEGylated and non-PEGylated islets were quantitatively compared. The total area of hypointense spots (P < 0.05) and the number of hypointense spots larger than 1.758 mm(2) (P < 0.05) were higher in the PEGylated islet group 7 and 14 days post translation (DPT). These results translated into better post-transplant outcomes in the PEGylated islet group 28 DPT. In validation experiments, MRI parameters obtained 1, 7, and 14 DPT predicted normoglycemia 4 wk post-transplantation. We directly demonstrated the benefit of islet PEGylation in protection against nonspecific islet destruction in the early post-transplant period of intraportal islet transplantation using a novel algorithm for islet MRI. This novel algorithm could serve as a useful tool to demonstrate such benefit in future clinical trials of islet transplantation using PEGylated islets.
Dew point temperature affects ascospore release of allergenic genus Leptosphaeria.

PubMed

Sadyś, Magdalena; Kaczmarek, Joanna; Grinn-Gofron, Agnieszka; Rodinkova, Victoria; Prikhodko, Alex; Bilous, Elena; Strzelczak, Agnieszka; Herbert, Robert J; Jedryczka, Malgorzata

2018-06-01

The genus Leptosphaeria contains numerous fungi that cause the symptoms of asthma and also parasitize wild and crop plants. In search of a robust and universal forecast model, the ascospore concentration in air was measured and weather data recorded from 1 March to 31 October between 2006 and 2012. The experiment was conducted in three European countries of the temperate climate, i.e., Ukraine, Poland, and the UK. Out of over 150 forecast models produced using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and multivariate regression trees (MRTs), we selected the best model for each site, as well as for joint two-site combinations. The performance of all computed models was tested against records from 1 year which had not been used for model construction. The statistical analysis of the fungal spore data was supported by a comprehensive study of both climate and land cover within a 30-km radius from the air sampler location. High-performance forecasting models were obtained for individual sites, showing that the local micro-climate plays a decisive role in biology of the fungi. Based on the previous epidemiological studies, we hypothesized that dew point temperature (DPT) would be a critical factor in the models. The impact of DPT was confirmed only by one of the final best neural models, but the MRT analyses, similarly to the Spearman's rank test, indicated the importance of DPT in all but one of the studied cases and in half of them ranked it as a fundamental factor. This work applies artificial neural modeling to predict the Leptosphaeria airborne spore concentration in urban areas for the first time.
Use of an audience response system during peer teaching among physical therapy students in human gross anatomy: perceptions of peer teachers and students.

PubMed

Wait, Kevin R; Cloud, Beth A; Forster, Lindsey A; Jones, Tiffany M; Nokleby, Jessica J; Wolfe, Cortney R; Youdas, James W

2009-01-01

An audience response system (ARS) has become popular among educators in medicine and the health professions because of the system's ability to engage listeners during a lecture presentation. No one has described the usefulness of ARS technology during planned nonlecture peer teaching sessions in gross anatomy instruction for health professionals. The unique feature of each peer teaching session was a nongraded 12-15 item ARS quiz assembled by six second-year doctor of physical therapy (DPT) students and purposely placed at the beginning of the review session for those first-year DPT students in attendance. This study used a ten-item questionnaire and a five-point Likert scale in addition to three open ended questions to survey perceptions of both first-year and second-year DPT students about the usefulness of ARS technology implemented during weekly interactive peer teaching sessions during a semester course in Anatomy for Physical Therapists. First-year students overwhelmingly acknowledged the ARS system permitted each student to self-assess his/her preparedness for a quiz or examination and compare his/her performance with that of classmates. Peer teachers recognized an ARS quiz provided them an opportunity to: (1) estimate first-year students' level of understanding of anatomical concepts; and (2) effectively prepare first-year students for their weekly quizzes and future examinations. On the basis of the mutual benefits derived by both students/tutees and teachers/tutors, physical therapist educators may wish to consider using ARS technology to enhance teaching methods for a class in gross human anatomy.
Development of a prediction model for residual disease in newly diagnosed advanced ovarian cancer.

PubMed

Janco, Jo Marie Tran; Glaser, Gretchen; Kim, Bohyun; McGree, Michaela E; Weaver, Amy L; Cliby, William A; Dowdy, Sean C; Bakkum-Gamez, Jamie N

2015-07-01

To construct a tool, using computed tomography (CT) imaging and preoperative clinical variables, to estimate successful primary cytoreduction for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Women who underwent primary cytoreductive surgery for stage IIIC/IV EOC at Mayo Clinic between 1/2/2003 and 12/30/2011 and had preoperative CT images of the abdomen and pelvis within 90days prior to their surgery available for review were included. CT images were reviewed for large-volume ascites, diffuse peritoneal thickening (DPT), omental cake, lymphadenopathy (LP), and spleen or liver involvement. Preoperative factors included age, body mass index (BMI), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, albumin, CA-125, and thrombocytosis. Two prediction models were developed to estimate the probability of (i) complete and (ii) suboptimal cytoreduction (residual disease (RD) >1cm) using multivariable logistic analysis with backward and stepwise variable selection methods. Internal validation was assessed using bootstrap resampling to derive an optimism-corrected estimate of the c-index. 279 patients met inclusion criteria: 143 had complete cytoreduction, 26 had suboptimal cytoreduction (RD>1cm), and 110 had measurable RD ≤1cm. On multivariable analysis, age, absence of ascites, omental cake, and DPT on CT imaging independently predicted complete cytoreduction (c-index=0.748). Conversely, predictors of suboptimal cytoreduction were ECOG PS, DPT, and LP on preoperative CT imaging (c-index=0.685). The generated models serve as preoperative evaluation tools that may improve counseling and selection for primary surgery, but need to be externally validated. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Immunization practices in low birth weight infants from rural Haryana, India: Findings from secondary data analysis

PubMed Central

Upadhyay, Ravi Prakash; Chowdhury, Ranadip; Mazumder, Sarmila; Taneja, Sunita; Sinha, Bireshwar; Martines, Jose; Bahl, Rajiv; Bhandari, Nita; Bhan, Maharaj Kishan

2017-01-01

Background Low birth weight (LBW) infants constitute a vulnerable subset of infants with impaired immunity in early life. In India, there is scarcity of studies that focus on immunization practices in such infants. This analysis aimed to examine immunization practices in LBW infants with the intention to identify areas requiring intervention. Methods Data on immunization status of LBW infants enrolled in an individually randomized, double–masked, placebo–controlled trial of neonatal vitamin A supplementation were analysed. Study outcomes were full immunization by one year of age and delayed vaccination with DPT1 and DPT3. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with the outcome(s). Findings Out of 10 644 LBW infants enrolled in trial, immunization data were available for 10 517 (98.8%). Less than one–third (29.7%) were fully immunized by one year of age. Lowest wealth quintile (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32–0.47), Muslim religion (AOR 0.41, 95% CI 0.35–0.48) and age of mother <20 years (AOR 0.62, 95% CI 0.52–0.73) were associated with decreased odds of full immunization. Proportion of infants with delayed vaccination for DPT1 and DPT3 were 52% and 81% respectively. Lowest wealth quintiles (AOR 1.51, 95% CI 1.25–1.82), Muslim religion (AOR 1.41, 95% CI 1.21–1.65), mother aged <20 years (AOR 1.31, 95% CI 1.11–1.53) and birth weight <2000 g (AOR 1.20, 95% CI 1.03–1.40) were associated with higher odds of delayed vaccination for DPT–1. Maternal education (≥12 years of schooling) was associated with high odds of full immunization (AOR 2.39, 95% CI 1.97–2.91) and low odds of delayed vaccination for both DPT–1 (AOR 0.59, 95% CI 0.49–0.73) and DPT–3 (AOR 0.57, 95% CI 0.43–0.76) Conclusion In this population, LBW infants are at a risk of delayed and incomplete immunization and therefore need attention. The risks are even higher in identified subgroups that should specifically be targeted PMID:29423177
Fluctuations in a model ferromagnetic film driven by a slowly oscillating field with a constant bias

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Buendía, Gloria M.; Rikvold, Per Arne

2017-10-01

We present a numerical and theoretical study that supports and explains recent experimental results on anomalous magnetization fluctuations of a uniaxial ferromagnetic film in its low-temperature phase, which is forced by an oscillating field above the critical period of the associated dynamic phase transition (DPT) [P. Riego, P. Vavassori, and A. Berger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 117202 (2017), 10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.117202]. For this purpose, we perform kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of a two-dimensional Ising model with nearest-neighbor ferromagnetic interactions in the presence of a sinusoidally oscillating field, to which is added a constant bias field. We study a large range of system sizes and supercritical periods and analyze the data using a droplet-theoretical description of magnetization switching. We find that the period-averaged magnetization, which plays the role of the order parameter for the DPT, presents large fluctuations that give rise to well-defined peaks in its scaled variance and its susceptibility with respect to the bias field. The peaks are symmetric with respect to zero bias and located at values of the bias field that increase toward the field amplitude as an inverse logarithm of the field oscillation period. Our results indicate that this effect is independent of the system size for large systems, ruling out critical behavior associated with a phase transition. Rather, it is a stochastic-resonance phenomenon that has no counterpart in the corresponding thermodynamic phase transition, providing a reminder that the equivalence of the DPT to an equilibrium phase transition is limited to the critical region near the critical period and zero bias.
Intercellular communication within the rat anterior pituitary: XIV electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study on the relationship between the agranular cells and GnRH neurons in the dorsal pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland.

PubMed

Shirasawa, Nobuyuki; Sakuma, Eisuke; Wada, Ikuo; Naito, Akira; Horiuchi, Osamu; Mabuchi, Yoshio; Kanai, Miharu; Herbert, Damon C; Soji, Tsuyoshi

2007-11-01

Although numerous investigators in 1970s to 1980s have reported the distribution of LH-RH nerve fibers in the median eminence, a few LH-RH fibers have been shown to be present in the pars tuberalis. The significance of the finding remains to be elucidated, and there are few studies on the distribution of LH-RH neurons in the pars tuberalis, especially in the dorsal pars tuberalis (DPT). Adult male Wistar-Imamichi rats were separated into two groups: one for electron microscopy and the other for immunohistochemistry to observe LH-RH and neurofilaments. Pituitary glands attached to the brain were fixed by perfusion, and the sections were prepared parallel to the sagittal plane. The typical glandular structure of the pars tuberalis was evident beneath the bottom floor of the third ventricle, and the thick glandular structure was present in the foremost region. Closer to the anterior lobe, the glandular structure changed to be a thin layer, and it was again observed at the posterior portion. Then the pituitary stalk was surrounded with the dorsal, lateral, and ventral pars tuberalis. LH-RH and neurofilaments fibers were noted in the bottom floor, and some of them vertically descended to the gland. Adjacent to the glandular folliculostellate cells in the pars tuberalis, Herring bodies with numerous dense granules invading into the gland were present between the pituitary stalk and DPT. It was postulated that the "message" carried by LH-RH might have been transmitted to the cells in the DPT to aid in the modulation of LH release. Copyright 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Psychostimulants and Hallucinogens in S(+)-3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and R(−)-MDMA Trained Mice

PubMed Central

Murnane, K. S.; Murai, N.; Howell, L. L.

2009-01-01

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a substituted phenethylamine more commonly known as the drug of abuse “ecstasy.” The acute and persistent neurochemical effects of MDMA in the mice are distinct from those in other species. MDMA shares biological effects with both amphetamine-type stimulants and mescaline-type hallucinogens, which may be attributable to distinct effects of its two enantiomers, both of which are active in vivo. In this regard, among the substituted phenethylamines, R(−)-enantiomers tend to have hallucinogen-like effects, whereas S(+)-enantiomers tend to have stimulant-like effects. In the present study, mice were trained to discriminate S(+)- or R(−)-MDMA from vehicle. Drug substitution tests were then undertaken with the structurally similar phenethylamine dopamine/norepinephrine releaser S(+)-amphetamine, the structurally dissimilar tropane nonselective monoamine reuptake inhibitor cocaine, the structurally similar phenethylamine 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A agonist 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7), and the structurally dissimilar mixed action tryptamine 5-HT2A agonist/monoamine reuptake inhibitor N,N-dipropyltryptamine (DPT). S(+)-amphetamine fully substituted in the S(+)-MDMA-treated animals but did not substitute for the R(−)-MDMA cue. 2C-T-7 fully substituted in the R(−)-MDMA-trained animals but did not substitute for the S(+)-MDMA cue. Cocaine and DPT substituted for both training drugs, but whereas cocaine was more potent in S(+)-MDMA-trained mice, DPT was more potent in R(−)-MDMA-trained mice. These data suggest that qualitative differences in the discriminative stimulus effects of each stereoisomer of MDMA exist in mice and further our understanding of the complex nature of the interoceptive effects of MDMA. PMID:19684254
Tolerance and Cross-Tolerance to Head Twitch Behavior Elicited by Phenethylamine- and Tryptamine-Derived Hallucinogens in Mice

PubMed Central

Smith, Douglas A.; Bailey, Jessica M.; Williams, Diarria

2014-01-01

The serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT2A) receptor is a potential therapeutic target to a host of neuropsychiatric conditions, but agonist actions at this site are linked to abuse-related hallucinogenic effects that may limit therapeutic efficacy of chronic drug administration. Tolerance to some effects of hallucinogens has been observed in humans and laboratory animals, but the understanding of tolerance and cross-tolerance between distinct structural classes of hallucinogens is limited. Here, we used the drug-elicited head twitch response (HTR) in mice to assess the development of tolerance and cross-tolerance with two phenethylamine-derived [DOI (2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine) and 2C-T-7 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylthiophenethylamine)] and two tryptamine-derived [DPT (N,N-dipropyltryptamine) and DIPT (N,N-diisopropyltryptamine)] drugs with agonist affinity for 5-HT2A receptors. Tolerance developed to HTR elicited by daily DOI or 2C-T-7, but not to HTR elicited by DPT or DIPT. DOI-elicited tolerance was not surmountable with dose, and a similar insurmountable cross-tolerance was evident when DOI-tolerant mice were tested with various doses of 2C-T-7 or DPT. These studies suggest that the use of phenethylamine-derived hallucinogens as therapeutic agents may be limited not only by their abuse potential, but also by the rapid development of tolerance that would likely be maintained even if a patient were switched to a different 5-HT2A agonist medication from a distinct structural class. However, these experiments also imply that tryptamine-derived hallucinogens might have a reduced potential for tolerance development, compared with phenethylamine-derived 5-HT2A agonists, and might therefore be more suitable for chronic administration in a therapeutic context. PMID:25271256
Frequency of Complications During Preparation of Corneal Lamellae Used in Posterior Lamellar Keratoplasty Using the Pneumodissection Technique (Big Bubble).

PubMed

Studeny, Pavel; Netukova, Magdalena; Hlozanek, Martin; Bednar, Jan; Jirsova, Katerina; Krizova, Deli

2018-04-26

To determine the frequency of formation of various types of bubbles and the potential impact of donor and lamella parameters on this frequency, and to identify possible risk factors of unsuccessful "big-bubble" creation in preparation of pre-Descemet endothelial keratoplasty and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty with peripheral stromal support. Donor age and sex, death to preservation time (DPT), storage time, presence of corneal scars (mainly a condition after cataract surgery), and endothelial cell density of 256 donor corneas were assessed before Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty with peripheral stromal support or pre-Descemet endothelial keratoplasty lamella preparation using the big-bubble technique. Mean donor age was 62.3 ± 8.5 years (28.3% women and 71.7% men). Mean endothelial cell density of the donor graft was 2866 ± 255 cells/mm. Mean DPT was 10.12 ± 4.88 hours, and mean storage time of the transplant before surgery was 6.5 ± 4.8 days. Corneal scars were present in 17 donor grafts (6.6%) after cataract surgery. Eleven corneas were devalued because of Descemet membrane rupture during preparation (4.3%). In 182 corneas, standard bubble type I was created (71.7%); in 27 corneas, bubble type II was created; eventually, both types of bubbles formed simultaneously (10.5%); in 47 corneas, no bubble was created (18.4%). We identified higher endothelial cell density, shorter DPT, and the presence of corneal scars after cataract surgery as risk factors threatening successful bubble formation. The only risk factor for creating type II bubbles was higher donor age in our study.
District-level variations in childhood immunizations in India: The role of socio-economic factors and health infrastructure.

PubMed

Rammohan, Anu; Awofeso, Niyi

2015-11-01

Routine childhood immunizations against measles and DPT are part of the World Health Organization's (WHO) Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) set up in 1974, with the aim of reducing childhood morbidity and mortality. Despite this, immunization rates are sub-optimal in developing countries such as India, with wide heterogeneity observed across districts and socio-economic characteristics. The aim of this paper is to examine district-level variations in the propensity to vaccinate a child in India for measles and DPT3, and analyse the extent to which these immunizations are given age-inappropriately, either prematurely or delayed. The present study uses data from the Indian District Level Household Survey (DLHS-3) collected in 2008, and the final sample contains detailed information on 42157 children aged between 12 and 60 months, across 549 Indian districts for whom we have complete information on immunization history. Our empirical study analyses: (i) the district-level average immunization rates for measles and DPT3, and (ii) the extent to which these immunizations have been given age-appropriately. A key contribution of this paper is that we link the household-level data at the district level to data on availability and proximity to health infrastructure and district-level socio-economic factors. Our results show that after controlling for an array of socio-economic characteristics, across all our models, the district's income per capita is a strong predictor of better immunization outcomes for children. Mother's education level at the district-level has a statistically significant and positive influence on immunization outcomes across all our models. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Opportunities for Regenerative Rehabilitation and Advanced Technologies in Physical Therapy: Perspective From Academia.

PubMed

Norland, Ryan; Muchnick, Matthew; Harmon, Zachary; Chin, Tiffany; Kakar, Rumit Singh

2016-04-01

As rehabilitation specialists, physical therapists must continue to stay current with advances in technologies to provide appropriate rehabilitation protocols, improve patient outcomes, and be the preferred clinician of choice. To accomplish this vision, the physical therapy profession must begin to develop a culture of lifelong learning at the early stages of education and clinical training in order to embrace cutting-edge advancements such as stem cell therapies, tissue engineering, and robotics, to name a few. The purposes of this article are: (1) to provide a current perspective on faculty and graduate student awareness of regenerative rehabilitation concepts and (2) to advocate for increased integration of these emerging technologies within the doctor of physical therapy (DPT) curriculum. An online survey was designed to gauge awareness of principles in regenerative rehabilitation and to determine whether the topic was included and assessed in doctoral curricula. The survey yielded 1,006 responses from 82 DPT programs nationwide and indicated a disconnect in familiarity with the term "regenerative rehabilitation" and awareness of the inclusion of this material in the curriculum. To resolve this disconnect, the framework of the curriculum can be used to integrate new material via guest lecturers, interdisciplinary partnerships, and research opportunities. Successfully mentoring a generation of clinicians and rehabilitation scientists who incorporate new medical knowledge and technology into their own clinical and research practice depends greatly on sharing the responsibility among graduate students, professors, the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA), and DPT programs. Creating an interdisciplinary culture and integrating regenerative medicine and rehabilitation concepts into the curriculum will cultivate individuals who will be advocates for interprofessional behaviors and will ensure that the profession meets the goals stated in APTA Vision 2020. © 2016 American Physical Therapy Association.
Methyl-parathion decreases sperm function and fertilization capacity after targeting spermatocytes and maturing spermatozoa

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pina-Guzman, Belem; Sanchez-Gutierrez, M.; Marchetti, Francesco

Paternal germline exposure to organophosphorous pesticides (OP) has been associated with reproductive failures and adverse effects in the offspring. Methyl parathion (Me-Pa), a worldwide-used OP, has reproductive adverse effects and is genotoxic to sperm. Oxidative damage has been involved in the genotoxic and reproductive effects of OP. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Me-Pa on spermatozoa function and ability to fertilize. Male mice were exposed to Me-Pa (20 mg/kg bw, i.p.) and spermatozoa from epididymis-vas deferens were collected at 7 or 28 days post-treatment (dpt) to assess the effects on maturing spermatozoa and spermatocytes, respectively.more » DNA damage was evaluated by nick translation (NT-positive cells) and SCSA (percentDFI); lipoperoxidation (LPO) by malondialdehyde production; sperm function by spontaneous- and induced-acrosome reactions (AR); mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) by using the JC-1 flurochrome; and, fertilization ability by an in vitro assay and in vivo mating. Results showed alterations in DNA integrity (percentDFI and NT-positive cells) at 7 and 28 dpt, in addition to decreased sperm quality and a decrease in induced-AR; reduced MMP and LPO was observed only at 7 dpt. We found negative correlations between LPO and all sperm alterations. Altered sperm functional parameters were associated with reduced fertilization rates at both times, evaluated either in vitro or in vivo. These results show that Me-Pa exposure of maturing spermatozoa and spermatocytes affects many sperm functional parameters that result in a decreased fertilizing capacity. Oxidative stress seems to be a likely mechanism ofthe detrimental effects of Me-Pa in male germ cells.« less
[Toric add-on intraocular lenses for correction of high astigmatism after pseudophakic keratoplasty].

PubMed

Hassenstein, A; Niemeck, F; Giannakakis, K; Klemm, M

2017-06-01

Perforating keratoplasty shows good morphological results with a clear cornea; however, a limiting factor is often the resulting astigmatism, which cannot be corrected with either glasses or contact lenses (CL) in up to 20% of the patients. We retrospectively investigated 15 patients after pseudophakic perforating keratoplasty, who received implantation of toric add-on intraocular lenses (IOL) to correct astigmatism. The mean preoperative astigmatism of 6.5 diopter (dpt) could be reduced to a mean postoperative value of 1.0 dpt. The mean visual acuity could be improved from a preoperative value of sc <0.05 (cc 0.6) to a postoperative value of sc 0.4 (cc 0.63). There were no complications except for one case of a lens extension tear. Based on our good experiences we now provide toric add-on IOL to all patients with pseudophakic perforating keratoplasty when this cannot be corrected or only insufficiently corrected by conservative methods.
Impact of nuclear cataract density on postoperative refractive outcome: IOL Master versus ultrasound.

PubMed

Ueda, Tetsuo; Taketani, Futoshi; Ota, Takeo; Hara, Yoshiaki

2007-01-01

To evaluate the effect of cataract density on the postoperative refractive outcome. For 59 nuclear cataract eyes, the axial length was preoperatively measured by the IOL Master (Zeiss, Germany) and ultrasound (US; UD-6000, Tomey, Japan) and the cataract density by EAS-1000 (Nidek, Japan). The prediction error was used as evaluation of the accuracy of ocular biometry. There were significant differences between IOL Master and US in the mean error (0.24 +/- 0.63 vs. 0.69 +/- 0.64 dpt, p < 0.001) and the mean absolute error (0.57 +/- 0.36 vs. 0.79 +/- 0.53 dpt, p < 0.001). The cataract density was significantly correlated with the prediction error with IOL Master (r = 0.24, p = 0.03) and US (r = 0.29, p = 0.01). Measurements with the IOL Master are slightly affected by the cataract density due to the refractive index change, but its accuracy is less affected than US. (c) 2007 S. Karger AG, Basel.
NEUTRON CHARACTERIZATION OF ENSA-DPT TYPE SPENT FUEL CASK AT TRILLO NUCLEAR POWER PLANT.

PubMed

Méndez-Villafañe, Roberto; Campo-Blanco, Xandra; Embid, Miguel; Yéboles, César A; Morales, Ramón; Novo, Manuel; Sanz, Javier

2018-04-23

The Neutron Standards Laboratory of CIEMAT has conducted the characterization of the independent spent fuel storage installation at the Trillo Nuclear Power Plant. At this facility, the spent fuel assemblies are stored in ENSA-DPT type dual purpose casks. Neutron characterization was performed by dosimetry measurements with a neutron survey meter (LB6411) inside the facility, around an individual cask and between stored casks, and outside the facility. Spectra measurements were also performed with a Bonner sphere system in order to determine the integral quantities and validate the use of the neutron monitor at the different positions. Inside the facility, measured neutron spectra and neutron ambient dose equivalent rate are consistent with the casks spatial distribution and neutron emission rates, and measurements with both instruments are consistent with each other. Outside the facility, measured neutron ambient dose equivalent rates are well below the 0.5 μSv/h limit established by the nuclear regulatory authority.
Dielectric and structural properties of diffuse ferroelectric phase transition in Pb1.85K1.15Li0.15Nb5O15 ceramic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choukri, E.; Gagou, Y.; Mezzane, D.; Abkhar, Z.; El Moznine, R.; Luk'yanchuk, I.; Saint-Grégoire, P.; Kavokin, A. V.

2011-02-01

We studied the structural and dielectric properties of new Tetragonal Tungsten Bronze (TTB) ceramics Pb1.85K1.15Li0.15Nb5O15 that was synthesized by solid-state reaction. We pay a special attention to the diffuse phase transition (DPT) that occurs close to 425 °C. Using dielectric measurements in a frequency range of 10 Hz-1 MHz and in the temperature range 30-560 °C, we have shown that the real permittivity close to DPT is well described by Santos-Eiras phenomenological model. Space-charge polarization, relaxation phenomena and free charges conductivity have been analyzed using dielectric spectroscopy impedance and modulus characterization. Cole-Cole plots show a non-Debye (polydispersive) type relaxation. In paraelectric phase the Arrhenius activation energy was determined as Eτ = 0.72 eV. We demonstrated that frequency dependence of ac conductivity at different temperatures obeys the Jonscher's universal law: σac = σdc + A(ω)n.
A methodology for double patterning compliant split and design

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wiaux, Vincent; Verhaegen, Staf; Iwamoto, Fumio; Maenhoudt, Mireille; Matsuda, Takashi; Postnikov, Sergei; Vandenberghe, Geert

2008-11-01

Double Patterning allows to further extend the use of water immersion lithography at its maximum numerical aperture NA=1.35. Splitting of design layers to recombine through Double Patterning (DP) enables an effective resolution enhancement. Single polygons may need to be split up (cut) depending on the pattern density and its 2D content. The split polygons recombine at the so-called 'stitching points'. These stitching points may affect the yield due to the sensitivity to process variations. We describe a methodology to ensure a robust double patterning by identifying proper split- and design- guidelines. Using simulations and experimental data, we discuss in particular metal1 first interconnect layers of random LOGIC and DRAM applications at 45nm half-pitch (hp) and 32nm hp where DP may become the only timely patterning solution.
Double exposure using 193nm negative tone photoresist

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Ryoung-han; Wallow, Tom; Kye, Jongwook; Levinson, Harry J.; White, Dave

2007-03-01

Double exposure is one of the promising methods for extending lithographic patterning into the low k I regime. In this paper, we demonstrate double patterning of k 1-effective=0.25 with improved process window using a negative resist. Negative resist (TOK N- series) in combination with a bright field mask is proven to provide a large process window in generating 1:3 = trench:line resist features. By incorporating two etch transfer steps into the hard mask material, frequency doubled patterns could be obtained.
78 FR 7787 - Loan Repayment Program for Repayment of Health Professions Educational Loans

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-04

...: Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Speech-Language Pathology, and Audiology: M.S. and D.P.T. (q... site determined by the Secretary. Loan repayment sites are characterized by physical, cultural, and..., internal medicine, pediatrics, geriatric medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, podiatric medicine, nursing...
Cratering and penetration experiments in Teflon targets at velocities from 1 to 7 km/s

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hoerz, Friedrich; Bernhard, Ronald P.; Cintala, Mark J.; See, Thomas H.

1995-01-01

Approximately 20 sq m of protective thermal blankets, largely composed of Teflon, were retrieved from the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) after the spacecraft had spent approximately 5.7 years in space. Examination of these blankets revealed that they contained thousands of hypervelocity impact features ranging from micron-sized craters to penetration holes several millimeters in diameter. We conducted impact experiments in an effort to reproduce such features and to -- hopefully -- understand the relationships between projectile size and the resulting crater or penetration-hole diameter over a wide range of impact velocity. Such relationships are needed to derive the size- and mass-frequency distribution and flux of natural and man-made particles in low-Earth orbit. Powder propellant and light-gas guns were used to launch soda-lime glass spheres of 3.175 mm (1/8 inch) nominal diameter (Dp) into pure Teflon FEP targets at velocities ranging from 1 to 7 km/s. Target thickness (T) was varied over more than three orders of magnitude from infinite halfspace targets (Dp/T less than 0.1) to very thin films (Dp/T greater than 100). Cratering and penetration of massive Teflon targets is dominated by brittle failure and the development of extensive spall zones at the target's front and, if penetrated, the target's rear side. Mass removal by spallation at the back side of Teflon targets may be so severe that the absolute penetration-hole diameter (Dh) can become larger than that of a standard crater (Dc) at relative target thicknesses of Dp/T = 0.6-0.9. The crater diameter is infinite halfspace Teflon targets increases -- at otherwise constant impact conditions -- with encounter velocity by a factor of V0.44. In contrast, the penetration-hole size is very thin foils (Dp/T greater than 50) is essentially unaffected by impact velocity. Penetrations at target thicknesses intermediate to these extremes will scale with variable exponents of V. Our experimental matrix is sufficiently systematic and complete, up to 7 km/s, to make reasonable recommendations for the velocity-scaling of Teflon craters and penetrations. We specifically suggest that cratering behavior and associated equations dominate all impacts in which the shock-pulse duration of the projectile (tp) is shorter than that of the target (tt). We also demonstrate that each penetration hole from space-retrieved surfaces may be assigned a unique projectile size, provided an impact velocity is known or assumed. This calibration seems superior to the traditional ballistic-limit approach.
Cratering and penetration experiments in Teflon targets at velocities from 1 to 7 km/s

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hoerz, Friedrich; Bernhard, Ronald P.; Cintala, Mark J.; See, Thomas H.

1995-02-01

Approximately 20 sq m of protective thermal blankets, largely composed of Teflon, were retrieved from the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) after the spacecraft had spent approximately 5.7 years in space. Examination of these blankets revealed that they contained thousands of hypervelocity impact features ranging from micron-sized craters to penetration holes several millimeters in diameter. We conducted impact experiments in an effort to reproduce such features and to -- hopefully -- understand the relationships between projectile size and the resulting crater or penetration-hole diameter over a wide range of impact velocity. Such relationships are needed to derive the size- and mass-frequency distribution and flux of natural and man-made particles in low-Earth orbit. Powder propellant and light-gas guns were used to launch soda-lime glass spheres of 3.175 mm (1/8 inch) nominal diameter (Dp) into pure Teflon FEP targets at velocities ranging from 1 to 7 km/s. Target thickness (T) was varied over more than three orders of magnitude from infinite halfspace targets (Dp/T less than 0.1) to very thin films (Dp/T greater than 100). Cratering and penetration of massive Teflon targets is dominated by brittle failure and the development of extensive spall zones at the target's front and, if penetrated, the target's rear side. Mass removal by spallation at the back side of Teflon targets may be so severe that the absolute penetration-hole diameter (Dh) can become larger than that of a standard crater (Dc) at relative target thicknesses of Dp/T = 0.6-0.9. The crater diameter is infinite halfspace Teflon targets increases -- at otherwise constant impact conditions -- with encounter velocity by a factor of V0.44. In contrast, the penetration-hole size is very thin foils (Dp/T greater than 50) is essentially unaffected by impact velocity. Penetrations at target thicknesses intermediate to these extremes will scale with variable exponents of V. Our experimental matrix is sufficiently systematic and complete, up to 7 km/s, to make reasonable recommendations for the velocity-scaling of Teflon craters and penetrations. We specifically suggest that cratering behavior and associated equations dominate all impacts in which the shock-pulse duration of the projectile (tp) is shorter than that of the target (tt). We also demonstrate that each penetration hole from space-retrieved surfaces may be assigned a unique projectile size, provided an impact velocity is known or assumed. This calibration seems superior to the traditional ballistic-limit approach.
Time-resolved double-slit interference pattern measurement with entangled photons

PubMed Central

Kolenderski, Piotr; Scarcella, Carmelo; Johnsen, Kelsey D.; Hamel, Deny R.; Holloway, Catherine; Shalm, Lynden K.; Tisa, Simone; Tosi, Alberto; Resch, Kevin J.; Jennewein, Thomas

2014-01-01

The double-slit experiment strikingly demonstrates the wave-particle duality of quantum objects. In this famous experiment, particles pass one-by-one through a pair of slits and are detected on a distant screen. A distinct wave-like pattern emerges after many discrete particle impacts as if each particle is passing through both slits and interfering with itself. Here we present a temporally- and spatially-resolved measurement of the double-slit interference pattern using single photons. We send single photons through a birefringent double-slit apparatus and use a linear array of single-photon detectors to observe the developing interference pattern. The analysis of the buildup allows us to compare quantum mechanics and the corpuscular model, which aims to explain the mystery of single-particle interference. Finally, we send one photon from an entangled pair through our double-slit setup and show the dependence of the resulting interference pattern on the twin photon's measured state. Our results provide new insight into the dynamics of the buildup process in the double-slit experiment, and can be used as a valuable resource in quantum information applications. PMID:24770360
Intuition, Reason, and Metacognition

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thompson, Valerie A.; Prowse Turner, Jamie A.; Pennycook, Gordon

2011-01-01

Dual Process Theories (DPT) of reasoning posit that judgments are mediated by both fast, automatic processes and more deliberate, analytic ones. A critical, but unanswered question concerns the issue of monitoring and control: When do reasoners rely on the first, intuitive output and when do they engage more effortful thinking? We hypothesised…

Geometric pre-patterning based tuning of the period doubling onset strain during thin film wrinkling

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Saha, Sourabh K.

Wrinkling of supported thin films is an easy-to-implement and low-cost fabrication technique for generation of stretch-tunable periodic micro and nano-scale structures. However, the tunability of such structures is often limited by the emergence of an undesirable period doubled mode at high strains. Predictively tuning the onset strain for period doubling via existing techniques requires one to have extensive knowledge about the nonlinear pattern formation behavior. Herein, a geometric pre-patterning based technique is introduced to delay the onset of period doubling that can be implemented to predictively tune the onset strain even with limited system knowledge. The technique comprises pre-patterning themore » film/base bilayer with a sinusoidal pattern that has the same period as the natural wrinkle period of the system. The effectiveness of this technique has been verified via physical and computational experiments on the polydimethylsiloxane/glass bilayer system. It is observed that the period doubling onset strain can be increased from the typical value of 20% for flat films to greater than 30% with a modest pre-pattern aspect ratio (2∙amplitude/period) of 0.15. In addition, finite element simulations reveal that (i) the onset strain can be increased up to a limit by increasing the amplitude of the pre-patterns and (ii) the delaying effect can be captured entirely by the pre-pattern geometry. As a result, one can implement this technique even with limited system knowledge, such as material properties or film thickness, by simply replicating pre-existing wrinkled patterns to generate prepatterned bilayers. Thus, geometric pre-patterning is a practical scheme to suppress period doubling that can increase the operating range of stretch-tunable wrinkle-based devices by at least 50%.« less
Infants' Emotion Expressions to Acute Pain: Developmental Change and Stability of Individual Differences.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Izard, Carroll E.; And Others

1987-01-01

A longitudinal study addressed the question of stability of individual expressive behaviors and replicated the basic findings of a cross-sectional study. Subjects were 25 infants for whom videotape records were available of four diptheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) inocculations scheduled at roughly 2, 4, 6, and 18 months. (Author/RH)
Assessment of the timing of daily peak streamflow during melt season in a snow dominated watershed

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Previous studies have shown that gauge-observed daily streamflow peak times (DPT) during spring snowmelt can exhibit distinct temporal shifts through the season. These shifts have been attributed to three processes that affect the timing of snowmelt arrival: 1) melt flux translation through the snow...
Competencies for 2020: Revalidation of the Curricular Competencies of the Emory University Doctor of Physical Therapy Program

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bridges, Patricia H.; Carter, Vincent M.; Phillips, Tami; Chong, Hyun; Conwell, Ryan; Hensley, Brittany; Kimbrell, Alyson; Sigle, Mallory

2013-01-01

Background: Transformation in the healthcare environment prompted Emory University's Doctor of Physical Therapy Program (DPT) to revalidate its competency-based education program. The goal was to revalidate the essentialness of its curricular competencies: Provision of Patient Care, Interpersonal Relationships, Teaching and Learning, Research,…
Testing Theories of Recognition Memory by Predicting Performance Across Paradigms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, David G.; Duncan, Matthew J. J.

2004-01-01

Signal-detection theory (SDT) accounts of recognition judgments depend on the assumption that recognition decisions result from a single familiarity-based process. However, fits of a hybrid SDT model, called dual-process theory (DPT), have provided evidence for the existence of a second, recollection-based process. In 2 experiments, the authors…
THE SCHOOL HEALTH AND SAFETY PROGRAM.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

1963

INVOLVING INDIVIDUALS AS WELL AS ORGANIZATIONS, THE PROGRAM AIMED AT THE OPTIMUM HEALTH OF ALL CHILDREN, AND IMPROVEMENT OF HEALTH AND SAFETY STANDARDS WITHIN THE COMMUNITY. EACH OF THE CHILDREN WAS URGED TO HAVE A SUCCESSFUL VACCINATION FOR SMALL POX, THE DPT SERIES AND BOOSTER, THE POLIO SERIES, AND CORRECTIONS OF ALL DENTAL DEFECTS AND…
Effect of dead layer and strain on diffuse phase transition of PLZT relaxor thin films.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tong, S.; Narayanan, M.; Ma, B.

2011-02-01

Bulk relaxor ferroelectrics exhibit excellent permittivity compared to their thin film counterpart, although both show diffuse phase transition (DPT) behavior unlike normal ferroelectrics. To better understand the effect of dead layer and strain on the observed anomaly in the dielectric properties, we have developed relaxor PLZT (lead lanthanum zirconate titanate) thin films with different thicknesses and measured their dielectric properties as a function of temperature and frequency. The effect of dead layer on thin film permittivity has been found to be independent of temperature and frequency, and is governed by the Schottky barrier between the platinum electrode and PLZT. Themore » total strain (thermal and intrinsic) in the film majorly determines the broadening, dielectric peak and temperature shift in the relaxor ferroelectric. The Curie-Weiss type law for relaxors has been further modified to incorporate these two effects to accurately predict the DPT behavior of thin film and bulk relaxor ferroelectrics. The dielectric behavior of thin film is predicted by using the bulk dielectric data from literature in the proposed equation, which agree well with the measured dielectric behavior.« less
Deoxypodophyllotoxin isolated from Juniperus communis induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells.

PubMed

Benzina, Sami; Harquail, Jason; Jean, Stephanie; Beauregard, Annie-Pier; Colquhoun, Caitlyn D; Carroll, Madison; Bos, Allyson; Gray, Christopher A; Robichaud, Gilles A

2015-01-01

The study of anticancer properties from natural products has regained popularity as natural molecules provide a high diversity of chemical structures with specific biological and medicinal activity. Based on a documented library of the most common medicinal plants used by the indigenous people of North America, we screened and isolated compounds with anti-breast cancer properties from Juniperus communis (common Juniper). Using bioassay-guided fractionation of a crude plant extract, we identified the diterpene isocupressic acid and the aryltetralin lignan deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT) as potent inducers of caspase-dependent programmed cell death (apoptosis) in malignant MB231 breast cancer cells. Further elucidation revealed that DPT, in contrast to isocupressic acid, also concomitantly inhibited cell survival pathways mediated by the MAPK/ERK and NFκB signaling pathways within hours of treatment. Our findings emphasize the potential and importance of natural product screening for new chemical entities with novel anticancer activities. Natural products research complemented with the wealth of information available through the ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological knowledge of the indigenous peoples of North America can provide new candidate entities with desirable bioactivities to develop new cancer therapies.
Geochemical Evidence for Calcification from the Drake Passage Time-series

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Munro, D. R.; Lovenduski, N. S.; Takahashi, T.; Stephens, B. B.; Newberger, T.; Dierssen, H. M.; Randolph, K. L.; Freeman, N. M.; Bushinsky, S. M.; Key, R. M.; Sarmiento, J. L.; Sweeney, C.

2016-12-01

Satellite imagery suggests high particulate inorganic carbon within a circumpolar region north of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF), but in situ evidence for calcification in this region is sparse. Given the geochemical relationship between calcification and total alkalinity (TA), seasonal changes in surface concentrations of potential alkalinity (PA), which accounts for changes in TA due to variability in salinity and nitrate, can be used as a means to evaluate satellite-based calcification algorithms. Here, we use surface carbonate system measurements collected from 2002 to 2016 for the Drake Passage Time-series (DPT) to quantify rates of calcification across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. We also use vertical PA profiles collected during two cruises across the Drake Passage in March 2006 and September 2009 to estimate the calcium carbonate to organic carbon export ratio. We find geochemical evidence for calcification both north and south of the APF with the highest rates observed north of the APF. Calcification estimates from the DPT are compared to satellite-based estimates and estimates based on hydrographic data from other regions around the Southern Ocean.
DUCTILE-PHASE TOUGHENED TUNGSTEN FOR PLASMA-FACING MATERIALS IN FUSION REACTORS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Henager, Charles H.; Setyawan, Wahyu; Roosendaal, Timothy J.

2017-05-01

Tungsten (W) and W-alloys are the leading candidates for plasma-facing components in nuclear fusion reactor designs because of their high melting point, strength retention at high temperatures, high thermal conductivity, and low sputtering yield. However, tungsten is brittle and does not exhibit the required fracture toughness for licensing in nuclear applications. A promising approach to increasing fracture toughness of W-alloys is by ductile-phase toughening (DPT). In this method, a ductile phase is included in a brittle matrix to prevent on inhibit crack propagation by crack blunting, crack bridging, crack deflection, and crack branching. Model examples of DPT tungsten are exploredmore » in this study, including W-Cu and W-Ni-Fe powder product composites. Three-point and four-point notched and/or pre-cracked bend samples were tested at several strain rates and temperatures to help understand deformation, cracking, and toughening in these materials. Data from these tests are used for developing and calibrating crack-bridging models. Finite element damage mechanics models are introduced as a modeling method that appears to capture the complexity of crack growth in these materials.« less
Crystal Field Effects and Siderophile Element Partitioning: Implications for Mars HSE Geochemistry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, John H.; Malavergne, V.; Neal, C. R.

2007-01-01

Analyses of martian (SNC) meteorites indicate that Pt abundances do not vary much compared to other highly siderophile elements (HSE). Therefore, Jones et al. [1] inferred that D(Pt) during basalt petrogenesis was of order unity. This inference was at odds with previously published experiments that gave a D(sub ol/liq) for Pt of approx. 0.01 [2]. Because olivine is likely to be an important constituent of any reasonable martian mantle, the implication of these findings is that minor minerals must have D(Pt) much greater than 1, which seemed improbable. However, not only did the SNC evidence point to a D(sub ol/liq) approx. equal to 1, but so did plots of D(sub ol/liq) vs. ionic radius (Onuma diagram). The ionic radius of Pt(2+) suggested that D(sub ol/liq) for Pt was of order unity, in agreement with the inferences from SNC meteorites. New experiments have failed to detect measurable Pt in olivine, even at high oxygen fugacities [3]. Therefore, some other parameter, other than ionic charge and radius, must hold sway during olivine liquid partitioning of Pt.
Tolerance and cross-tolerance to head twitch behavior elicited by phenethylamine- and tryptamine-derived hallucinogens in mice.

PubMed

Smith, Douglas A; Bailey, Jessica M; Williams, Diarria; Fantegrossi, William E

2014-12-01

The serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT2A) receptor is a potential therapeutic target to a host of neuropsychiatric conditions, but agonist actions at this site are linked to abuse-related hallucinogenic effects that may limit therapeutic efficacy of chronic drug administration. Tolerance to some effects of hallucinogens has been observed in humans and laboratory animals, but the understanding of tolerance and cross-tolerance between distinct structural classes of hallucinogens is limited. Here, we used the drug-elicited head twitch response (HTR) in mice to assess the development of tolerance and cross-tolerance with two phenethylamine-derived [DOI (2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine) and 2C-T-7 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylthiophenethylamine)] and two tryptamine-derived [DPT (N,N-dipropyltryptamine) and DIPT (N,N-diisopropyltryptamine)] drugs with agonist affinity for 5-HT2A receptors. Tolerance developed to HTR elicited by daily DOI or 2C-T-7, but not to HTR elicited by DPT or DIPT. DOI-elicited tolerance was not surmountable with dose, and a similar insurmountable cross-tolerance was evident when DOI-tolerant mice were tested with various doses of 2C-T-7 or DPT. These studies suggest that the use of phenethylamine-derived hallucinogens as therapeutic agents may be limited not only by their abuse potential, but also by the rapid development of tolerance that would likely be maintained even if a patient were switched to a different 5-HT2A agonist medication from a distinct structural class. However, these experiments also imply that tryptamine-derived hallucinogens might have a reduced potential for tolerance development, compared with phenethylamine-derived 5-HT2A agonists, and might therefore be more suitable for chronic administration in a therapeutic context. Copyright © 2014 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.
An assessment of routine primary care health information system data quality in Sofala Province, Mozambique

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background Primary health care is recognized as a main driver of equitable health service delivery. For it to function optimally, routine health information systems (HIS) are necessary to ensure adequate provision of health care and the development of appropriate health policies. Concerns about the quality of routine administrative data have undermined their use in resource-limited settings. This evaluation was designed to describe the availability, reliability, and validity of a sample of primary health care HIS data from nine health facilities across three districts in Sofala Province, Mozambique. HIS data were also compared with results from large community-based surveys. Methodology We used a methodology similar to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria data verification bottom-up audit to assess primary health care HIS data availability and reliability. The quality of HIS data was validated by comparing three key indicators (antenatal care, institutional birth, and third diptheria, pertussis, and tetanus [DPT] immunization) with population-level surveys over time. Results and discussion The data concordance from facility clinical registries to monthly facility reports on five key indicators--the number of first antenatal care visits, institutional births, third DPT immunization, HIV testing, and outpatient consults--was good (80%). When two sites were excluded from the analysis, the concordance was markedly better (92%). Of monthly facility reports for immunization and maternity services, 98% were available in paper form at district health departments and 98% of immunization and maternity services monthly facility reports matched the Ministry of Health electronic database. Population-level health survey and HIS data were strongly correlated (R = 0.73), for institutional birth, first antenatal care visit, and third DPT immunization. Conclusions Our results suggest that in this setting, HIS data are both reliable and consistent, supporting their use in primary health care program monitoring and evaluation. Simple, rapid tools can be used to evaluate routine data and facilitate the rapid identification of problem areas. PMID:21569533
Forkhead, a new cross regulator of metabolism and innate immunity downstream of TOR in Drosophila.

PubMed

Varma, Disha; Bülow, Margret H; Pesch, Yanina-Yasmin; Loch, Gerrit; Hoch, Michael

2014-10-01

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are conserved cationic peptides which act both as defense molecules of the host immune system and as regulators of the commensal microbiome. Expression of AMPs is induced in response to infection by the Toll and Imd pathway. Under non-infected conditions, the transcription factor dFOXO directly regulates a set of AMP expression at low levels when nutrients are limited. Here we have analyzed whether target of rapamycin (TOR), another major regulator of growth and metabolism, also modulates AMP responses in Drosophila. We found that downregulation of TOR by feeding the drug rapamycin or by overexpressing the negative TOR regulators TSC1/TSC2, resulted in a specific induction of the AMPs Diptericin (Dpt) and Metchnikowin (Mtk). In contrast, overexpression of Rheb, which positively regulates TOR led to a repression of the two AMPs. Genetic and pharmacological experiments indicate that Dpt and Mtk activation is controlled by the transcription factor Forkhead (FKH), the founding member of the FoxO family. Shuttling of FKH from the cytoplasm to the nucleus is induced in the fat body and in the posterior midgut in response to TOR downregulation. The FKH-dependent induction of Dpt and Mtk can be triggered in dFOXO null mutants and in immune-compromised Toll and IMD pathway mutants indicating that FKH acts in parallel to these regulators. Together, we have discovered that FKH is the second conserved member of the FoxO family cross-regulating metabolism and innate immunity. dFOXO and FKH, which are activated upon downregulation of insulin or TOR activities, respectively, act in parallel to induce different sets of AMPs, thereby modulating the immune status of metabolic tissues such as the fat body or the gut in response to the oscillating energy status of the organism. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Student Perceptions of Factors Influencing Success in Hybrid and Traditional DPT Programs: A Q-Sort Analysis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cherry, Lance; Blackinton, Mary

2017-01-01

There is a dearth of literature in physical therapy education regarding factors students believe to influence success, and little to no literature describing such beliefs related to hybrid education in the health professions or specific to physical therapy. The overarching purpose of this investigation was to determine students' perceptions of…
DPT/CT: A Realistic Answer for Preventive Special Education Services in Rural School Setting.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sapp, David N.

The consulting teacher program involving the use of special classes and resource rooms, which serves mildly to moderately handicapped students in Griggs, Steele, and Traill Counties in North Dakota, a rural school district, is described. Outlined is the service design model consisting of 11 steps: referral, observation, initial parent contact,…
78 FR 16685 - Indian Health Professions Preparatory, Indian Health Professions Pre-graduate, and Indian Health...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-18

.... Physical Therapy: M.S. and D.P.T. P. Podiatry: D.P.M. Q. Public Health Nutritionist: M.S. R. Respiratory Therapy: B.S. Degree. S. Social Work: Masters Level only (Direct Practice and Clinical concentrations). T... advanced degrees in Psychiatry, Geriatric, Women's Health, Pediatric Nursing, Midwifery, Nurse Anesthetist...
78 FR 78976 - Indian Health Professions Preparatory, Indian Health Professions Pre-graduate and Indian Health...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-27

.... Physician Assistant: PA-C. P. Physical Therapy: M.S. and D.P.T. Q. Podiatry: D.P.M. R. Public Health Nutritionist: M.S. S. Respiratory Therapy: B.S. Degree. T. Social Work: Masters Level only (Direct Practice and...: Associate and Bachelor Degrees and advanced degrees in Psychiatry, Geriatric, Women's Health, Pediatric...
LENS (lithography enhancement toward nano scale): a European project to support double exposure and double patterning technology development

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cantu, Pietro; Baldi, Livio; Piacentini, Paolo; Sytsma, Joost; Le Gratiet, Bertrand; Gaugiran, Stéphanie; Wong, Patrick; Miyashita, Hiroyuki; Atzei, Luisa R.; Buch, Xavier; Verkleij, Dick; Toublan, Olivier; Perez-Murano, Francesco; Mecerreyes, David

2010-04-01

In 2009 a new European initiative on Double Patterning and Double Exposure lithography process development was started in the framework of the ENIAC Joint Undertaking. The project, named LENS (Lithography Enhancement Towards Nano Scale), involves twelve companies from five different European Countries (Italy, Netherlands, France, Belgium Spain; includes: IC makers (Numonyx and STMicroelectronics), a group of equipment and materials companies (ASML, Lam Research srl, JSR, FEI), a mask maker (Dai Nippon Photomask Europe), an EDA company (Mentor Graphics) and four research and development institutes (CEA-Leti, IMEC, Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica, CIDETEC). The LENS project aims to develop and integrate the overall infrastructure required to reach patterning resolutions required by 32nm and 22nm technology nodes through the double patterning and pitch doubling technologies on existing conventional immersion exposure tools, with the purpose to allow the timely development of 32nm and 22nm technology nodes for memories and logic devices, providing a safe alternative to EUV, Higher Refraction Index Fluids Immersion Lithography and maskless lithography, which appear to be still far from maturity. The project will cover the whole lithography supply chain including design, masks, materials, exposure tools, process integration, metrology and its final objective is the demonstration of 22nm node patterning on available 1.35 NA immersion tools on high complexity mask set.
An Eye Tracking Investigation of Attentional Biases towards Affect in Young Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Burris, Jessica L.; Barry-Anwar, Ryan A.; Rivera, Susan M.

2017-01-01

This study examines attentional biases in the presence of angry, happy and neutral faces using a modified eye tracking version of the dot probe task (DPT). Participants were 111 young children between 9 and 48 months. Children passively viewed an affective attention bias task that consisted of a face pairing (neutral paired with either neutral,…

Dielectric Dispersion, Diffuse Phase Transition, and Electrical Properties of BCT-BZT Ceramics Sintered at a Low-Temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tian, Yongshang; Gong, Yansheng; Meng, Dawei; Li, Yuanjian; Kuang, Boya

2015-08-01

Lead-free ceramics 0.50Ba0.9Ca0.1TiO3-0.50BaTi1- x Zr x O3 (BCT-BZT) were prepared via sintering BCT and BZT nanoparticles, which were synthesized using a modified Pechini polymeric precursor method, at a low temperature of 1260°C. The relative densities of the ceramics prepared with different zirconium contents ( x) were all above 95.3%, reaching a maximum of 97% when x = 0.08. X-ray diffraction results confirmed the onset of phase transformation from orthorhombic to rhombohedral symmetry with increasing zirconium contents, and the polymorphic phase transition was observed at x = 0.10. The dielectric dispersion, diffuse phase transition (DPT), and relaxor-like ferroelectric characteristics as a function of zirconium content were thoroughly studied. Optimum physical properties, remnant polarization ( P r) = 16.4 μC/cm2, piezoelectric constant ( d 33) = ~240 pC/N, and electromechanical coupling factor ( k p) = 0.22, were obtained at x = 0.10. The findings of the current DPT behavior study of BCT-BZT ceramics are believed to be insightful to the development of ferroelectric materials.
Electronic structure and magnetic anisotropy of L1{sub 0}-FePt thin film studied by hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy and first-principles calculations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ueda, S.; Synchrotron X-ray Station at SPring-8, National Institute for Materials Science, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148; Mizuguchi, M.

2016-07-25

We have studied the electronic structure of the L1{sub 0} ordered FePt thin film by hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (HAXPES), cluster model, and first-principles calculations to investigate the relationship between the electronic structure and perpendicular magneto-crystalline anisotropy (MCA). The Fe 2p core-level HAXPES spectrum of the ordered film revealed the strong electron correlation in the Fe 3d states and the hybridization between the Fe 3d and Pt 5d states. By comparing the experimental valence band structure with the theoretical density of states, the strong electron correlation in the Fe 3d states modifies the valence band electronic structure of the L1{submore » 0} ordered FePt thin film through the Fe 3d-Pt 5d hybridization. These results strongly suggest that the strong electron correlation effect in the Fe 3d states and the Fe 3d-Pt 5d hybridization as well as the spin-orbit interaction in the Pt 5d states play important roles in the perpendicular MCA for L1{sub 0}-FePt.« less
Nonimmediate hypersensitivity reactions to iodinated contrast media.

PubMed

Gómez, Enrique; Ariza, Adriana; Blanca-López, Natalia; Torres, Maria J

2013-08-01

To provide a detailed analysis of the latest findings on the mechanisms underlying the nonimmediate reactions to iodinated contrast media and comment on the recent advances in diagnosis, focusing on the roles of the skin test, drug provocation test (DPT), and lymphocyte transformation test (LTT). Several studies have reported new findings supporting an important role for T-lymphocytes in the nonimmediate reactions to iodinated contrast media. The LTT has been used as an in-vitro tool for diagnosis, but with variable results. However, the inclusion of autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells as professional antigen-presenting cells has improved the sensitivity of this test. Regarding in-vivo diagnosis, although skin testing has been routine, it has now been shown that its sensitivity and negative predictive value are low. Recent studies have demonstrated that the DPT is a well tolerated and useful procedure that is necessary to confirm the diagnosis of nonimmediate hypersensitivity reactions to iodinated contrast media. Nonimmediate reactions to contrast media are usually T-cell mediated. Diagnosis is based on skin testing, although its sensitivity and negative predictive value are not optimal. Consequently, drug provocation testing is often needed to confirm the diagnosis and also to seek alternative contrast media that can be tolerated.
Targeting cancer by binding iron: Dissecting cellular signaling pathways

PubMed Central

Lui, Goldie Y.L.; Kovacevic, Zaklina; Richardson, Vera; Merlot, Angelica M.; Kalinowski, Danuta S.; Richardson, Des R.

2015-01-01

Newer and more potent therapies are urgently needed to effectively treat advanced cancers that have developed resistance and metastasized. One such strategy is to target cancer cell iron metabolism, which is altered compared to normal cells and may facilitate their rapid proliferation. This is supported by studies reporting the anti-neoplastic activities of the clinically available iron chelators, desferrioxamine and deferasirox. More recently, ligands of the di-2-pyridylketone thiosemicarbazone (DpT) class have demonstrated potent and selective anti-proliferative activity across multiple cancer-types in vivo, fueling studies aimed at dissecting their molecular mechanisms of action. In the past five years alone, significant advances have been made in understanding how chelators not only modulate cellular iron metabolism, but also multiple signaling pathways implicated in tumor progression and metastasis. Herein, we discuss recent research on the targeting of iron in cancer cells, with a focus on the novel and potent DpT ligands. Several key studies have revealed that iron chelation can target the AKT, ERK, JNK, p38, STAT3, TGF-β, Wnt and autophagic pathways to subsequently inhibit cellular proliferation, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. These developments emphasize that these novel therapies could be utilized clinically to effectively target cancer. PMID:26125440
Immunization coverage in India for areas served by the Integrated Child Development Services programme. The Integrated Child Development Services Consultants.

PubMed

Tandon, B N; Gandhi, N

1992-01-01

The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme was launched by the Indian government in October 1975 to provide a package of health, nutrition and informal educational services to mothers and children. In 1988 we studied the impact of ICDS on the immunization coverage of children aged 12-24 months and of mothers of infants in 19 rural, 8 tribal, and 9 urban ICDS projects that had been operational for more than 5 years. Complete coverage with BCG, diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) and poliomyelitis vaccines was recorded for 65%, 63%, and 64% of children, respectively, in the ICDS population. By comparison, the coverage in the non-ICDS group was only 22% for BCG, 28% for DPT, and 27% for poliomyelitis. Complete immunization with tetanus toxoid was recorded for 68% of the mothers in the ICDS group and for 40% in the non-ICDS group. Coverage was greater in the urban and lower in the tribal projects. Scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, backward communities, and minorities (groups that have a high priority for social services) had immunization coverages in ICDS projects that were similar to those of higher castes.
Transplantation of Adipose Derived Stromal Cells into the Developing Mouse Eye

PubMed Central

Yu, Song-Hee; Jang, Yu-Jin; Lee, Eun-Shil; Hwang, Dong-Youn; Jeon, Chang-Jin

2010-01-01

Adipose derived stromal cells (ADSCs) were transplanted into a developing mouse eye to investigate the influence of a developing host micro environment on integration and differentiation. Green fluorescent protein-expressing ADSCs were transplanted by intraocular injections. The age of the mouse was in the range of 1 to 10 days postnatal (PN). Survival dates ranged from 7 to 28 post transplantation (DPT), at which time immunohistochemistry was performed. The transplanted ADSCs displayed some morphological differentiations in the host eye. Some cells expressed microtubule associated protein 2 (marker for mature neuron), or glial fibrillary acid protein (marker for glial cell). In addition, some cells integrated into the ganglion cell layer. The integration and differentiation of the transplanted ADSCs in the 5 and 10 PN 7 DPT were better than in the host eye the other age ranges. This study was aimed at demonstrating how the age of host micro environment would influence the differentiation and integration of the transplanted ADSCs. However, it was found that the integration and differentiation into the developing retina were very limited when compared with other stem cells, such as murine brain progenitor cell. PMID:21245978
Line-frequency doubling of directed self-assembly patterns for single-digit bit pattern media lithography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patel, K. C.; Ruiz, R.; Lille, J.; Wan, L.; Dobiz, E.; Gao, H.; Robertson, N.; Albrecht, T. R.

2012-03-01

Directed self-assembly is emerging as a promising technology to define sub-20nm features. However, a straightforward path to scale block copolymer lithography to single-digit fabrication remains challenging given the diverse material properties found in the wide spectrum of self-assembling materials. A vast amount of block copolymer research for industrial applications has been dedicated to polystyrene-b-methyl methacrylate (PS-b-PMMA), a model system that displays multiple properties making it ideal for lithography, but that is limited by a weak interaction parameter that prevents it from scaling to single-digit lithography. Other block copolymer materials have shown scalability to much smaller dimensions, but at the expense of other material properties that could delay their insertion into industrial lithographic processes. We report on a line doubling process applied to block copolymer patterns to double the frequency of PS-b-PMMA line/space features, demonstrating the potential of this technique to reach single-digit lithography. We demonstrate a line-doubling process that starts with directed self-assembly of PS-b-PMMA to define line/space features. This pattern is transferred into an underlying sacrificial hard-mask layer followed by a growth of self-aligned spacers which subsequently serve as hard-masks for transferring the 2x frequency doubled pattern to the underlying substrate. We applied this process to two different block copolymer materials to demonstrate line-space patterns with a half pitch of 11nm and 7nm underscoring the potential to reach single-digit critical dimensions. A subsequent patterning step with perpendicular lines can be used to cut the fine line patterns into a 2-D array of islands suitable for bit patterned media. Several integration challenges such as line width control and line roughness are addressed.
Dental age estimation: periodontal ligament visibility (PLV)-pattern recognition of a conclusive mandibular maturity marker related to the lower left third molar at the 18-year threshold.

PubMed

Lucas, Victoria S; McDonald, Fraser; Andiappan, Manoharan; Roberts, Graham

2017-05-01

The purpose of this study was to explore the applicability of periodontal ligament visibility (PLV) at the 18-year threshold. This mandibular maturity marker is graded into four separate age related stages, PLV-A, PLV-B, PLV-C, and PLV-D. These are discernible on a dental panoramic tomograph (DPT). The sample comprised a total of 2000 DPTs evenly divided into half yearly age bands from 16.00 to 25.99 years with 50 females and 50 males in each age band. It was found that PLV-A and PLV-B had minimum values below the 18-year threshold. PLV-C and PLV-D in females had minimum values of 18.08 and 18.58 years, respectively. In males, the minimum values for PLV-C was 18.10 years and PLV-D was 18.67 years. It was concluded that the presence of PLV-C or PLV-D indicates that a subject is over 18 years with a very high level of probability.
Dexamethasone modifies mitomycin C-triggered interleukin-8 secretion in isolated human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts.

PubMed

Ho, Wei-Ting; Chen, Tsan-Chi; Chou, San-Fang; Chang, Shu-Wen

2014-07-01

Intraoperative mitomycin C (MMC) is widely used to prevent pterygium recurrence and glaucoma filtering bleb failure, but it has been shown to induce corneal inflammation and cell death. Postoperative dexamethasone (DEX) is advocated to reduce MMC-related inflammation and cell death in corneal fibroblasts. Nevertheless, its long-term regulation mechanism in Tenon's capsule remains to be explored. The purpose of this study was to investigate how DEX modifies MMC's effects in human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts (HTFs). HTFs isolated from the pterygium surgical patients (n = 6) were treated with MMC at 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/ml for 5 min and incubated in DEX at 10 μM for 0, 1, 2, and 3 days. Recombinant interleukin-8 (IL-8) was used to verify the effect of MMC-related IL-8 secretion. Cell proliferation of all the treated cells was analyzed by WST-1 assay. The amount of IL-8 secretion in HTFs was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunoblotting assay was used to analyze the expression of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL). Our results revealed that MMC significantly reduced the HTF cell proliferation rate. Additionally, MMC significantly upregulated IL-8 secretion in HTFs concentration-dependently. At 3 days post treatment (dpt), 5-min exposures to 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/ml MMC resulted in 1.4-fold (p = 0.012), 1.6-fold (p = 0.012), and 2.5-fold (p = 0.001) increases of IL-8 secretion. In contrast, DEX reversed the MMC-retarded cell proliferation rate (p = 0.036) and repressed MMC-related IL-8 secretion by 33.5% at 3 dpt (p = 0.003). Addition of recombinant IL-8 noticeably suppressed HTF cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. DEX stimulated upregulation of both PPARγ and Bcl-xL at 1 dpt in normal HTFs and at 2 dpt in MMC-treated HTFs. PPARγ silencing reduced expression of PPARγ and Bcl-xL, but enhanced IL-8 secretion (p < 0.001). On the other hand, Bcl-xL silencing enhanced IL-8 secretion (p < 0.001), but did not affect PPARγ expression. These revealed that IL-8 secretion in HTFs is modulated by PPARγ-dependent Bcl-xL signaling. We conclude that DEX reversed the MMC-inhibited HTF cell proliferation via diminishing the MMC-induced IL-8 secretion, which resulted from a late-phase upregulation of the PPARγ and Bcl-xL. These long-term effects suggest a beneficial postoperative DEX treatment following intraoperative MMC application. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Study on dynamic deformation synchronized measurement technology of double-layer liquid surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, Huiying; Dong, Huimin; Liu, Zhanwei

2017-11-01

Accurate measurement of the dynamic deformation of double-layer liquid surfaces plays an important role in many fields, such as fluid mechanics, biomechanics, petrochemical industry and aerospace engineering. It is difficult to measure dynamic deformation of double-layer liquid surfaces synchronously for traditional methods. In this paper, a novel and effective method for full-field static and dynamic deformation measurement of double-layer liquid surfaces has been developed, that is wavefront distortion of double-wavelength transmission light with geometric phase analysis (GPA) method. Double wavelength lattice patterns used here are produced by two techniques, one is by double wavelength laser, and the other is by liquid crystal display (LCD). The techniques combine the characteristics such as high transparency, low reflectivity and fluidity of liquid. Two color lattice patterns produced by laser and LCD were adjusted at a certain angle through the tested double-layer liquid surfaces simultaneously. On the basis of the refractive indexes difference of two transmitted lights, the double-layer liquid surfaces were decoupled with GPA method. Combined with the derived relationship between phase variation of transmission-lattice patterns and out-of plane heights of two surfaces, as well as considering the height curves of the liquid level, the double-layer liquid surfaces can be reconstructed successfully. Compared with the traditional measurement method, the developed method not only has the common advantages of the optical measurement methods, such as high-precision, full-field and non-contact, but also simple, low cost and easy to set up.
Dyadic Power Theory, Touch, and Counseling Psychology: A Response to Smith, Vogel, Madon, and Edwards (2011)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dunbar, Norah E.; Abra, Gordon

2012-01-01

Smith, Vogel, Madon, and Edwards' (2011) recent article tested dyadic power theory (DPT) by examining the use of touch as a compliance-gaining tactic in the conflicts of married couples. In this response, we raise a methodological issue about the touch behaviors examined by Smith et al. and also pose a theoretical critique that their test of DPT…
78 FR 25753 - National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; Notice of Closed Meetings

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-02

... from EDIC/GOKind Type I Diabetes Clinical Studies (DP3). Date: June 10, 2013. Time: 10:00 a.m. to 12:30... Panel; PAR-13-013-Research Using Biosamples from TrialNet/DPT-1 Type Diabetes Clinical Studies (DP3... Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Special Emphasis Panel; DDK-C Conflicts. Date: June...
The Relationship between the Physical Therapist Clinical Performance Instrument Scores and Doctor of Physical Therapy Student Learning Styles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Courtright, Joachim

2017-01-01

INTRODUCTION. The learning style of a student is an important factor in their ability to gain knowledge. This is especially important in challenging curriculums such as the Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) program. A common tool to assess one's learning style is The Kolb Learning Styles Inventory (LSI). A common tool used to measure the…
NASA's Decadal Planning Team Mars Mission Analysis Summary

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drake, Bret G.

2007-02-01

In June 1999 the NASA Administrator chartered an internal NASA task force, termed the Decadal Planning Team, to create new integrated vision and strategy for space exploration. The efforts of the Decadal Planning Team evolved into the Agency-wide team known as the NASA Exploration Team (NEXT). This team was also instructed to identify technology roadmaps to enable the science-driven exploration vision, established a cross-Enterprise, cross-Center systems engineering team with emphasis focused on revolutionary not evolutionary approaches. The strategy of the DPT and NEXT teams was to "Go Anywhere, Anytime" by conquering key exploration hurdles of space transportation, crew health and safety, human/robotic partnerships, affordable abundant power, and advanced space systems performance. Early emphasis was placed on revolutionary exploration concepts such as rail gun and electromagnetic launchers, propellant depots, retrograde trajectories, nano structures, and gas core nuclear rockets to name a few. Many of these revolutionary concepts turned out to be either not feasible for human exploration missions or well beyond expected technology readiness for near-term implementation. During the DPT and NEXT study cycles, several architectures were analyzed including missions to the Earth-Sun Libration Point (L2), the Earth-Moon Gateway and L1, the lunar surface, Mars (both short and long stays), one-year round trip Mars, and near-Earth asteroids. Common emphasis of these studies included utilization of the Earth-Moon Libration Point (L1) as a staging point for exploration activities, current (Shuttle) and near-term launch capabilities (EELV), advanced propulsion, and robust space power. Although there was much emphasis placed on utilization of existing launch capabilities, the team concluded that missions in near-Earth space are only marginally feasible and human missions to Mars were not feasible without a heavy lift launch capability. In addition, the team concluded that missions in Earth s neighborhood, such as to the Moon, can serve as stepping-stones toward further deep-space missions in terms of proving systems, technologies, and operational concepts. The material contained in this presentation was compiled to capture the work performed by the Mars Sub-Team of the DPT NEXT efforts in the late 1999-2001 timeframe.
Establishment of intraperitoneal germ cell transplantation for critically endangered Chinese sturgeon Acipenser sinensis.

PubMed

Ye, Huan; Li, Chuang-Ju; Yue, Hua-Mei; Du, Hao; Yang, Xiao-Ge; Yoshino, Tasuku; Hayashida, Takao; Takeuchi, Yutaka; Wei, Qi-Wei

2017-05-01

Recent progress in germ cell transplantation techniques in fish has paved the way for the conservation of endangered species. Here, we developed an intraperitoneal germ cell transplantation procedure using Chinese and Dabry's sturgeon as donor and recipient species, respectively. Histological analysis revealed that primordial germ cells migrated on the peritoneal wall at 16 days post-hatch (dph) in Dabry's sturgeon. The genital ridges of Dabry's sturgeon (recipient) first formed at 28 dph, suggesting that for successful colonization of donor germ cells in the recipient gonads, the transplantation should be performed earlier than this age. Sexual dimorphism of gonadal structure was first observed at 78 dph. Gonadal germ cell proliferation was not seen in either sex during this period. Immunohistochemistry using the anti-Vasa antibody found that donor testes from 2-year-old Dabry's sturgeon mainly consisted of single- or paired-type A spermatogonia, while donor ovaries from 11.5-year-old Chinese sturgeon had perinucleolus stage oocytes and clusters of oogonia. Donor cells isolated from Dabry's sturgeon testes or Chinese sturgeon ovary labeled with PKH26 fluorescent dye were transplanted into the peritoneal cavity of the 7- or 8-dph Dabry's sturgeon larvae. More than 90% and 70% of transplanted larvae survived after 2 days post-transplantation (dpt) and 51 dpt, respectively. At 51 dpt, PKH26-labeled cells exhibiting germ cell-specific nuclear morphology and diameter were observed in excised recipient gonads by fluorescent and confocal microscopy. The colonization rate of allogeneic testicular germ cell transplantation (Group 1) was 70%, while that of two batches of xenogeneic ovarian germ cell transplantation (Group 2 and Group 3) were 6.7% and 40%, respectively. The ratio of colonized germ cells to endogenous germ cells was 11.96%, 5.35% and 3.56% for Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3, respectively. Thus, we established a germ cell transplantation technique for the critically endangered Chinese sturgeon using the most closely related species as a recipient and demonstrated the successful preparation of transplantable female germ cells from aged adult Chinese sturgeon. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Supersymmetry production from a TeV scale black hole at CERN LHC

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chamblin, Andrew; Cooper, Fred; Nayak, Gouranga C.

2004-10-01

If the fundamental Planck scale is near a TeV, then we should expect to see TeV scale black holes at the CERN LHC. Similarly, if the scale of supersymmetry (SUSY) breaking is sufficiently low, then we might expect to see light supersymmetric particles in the next generation of colliders. If the mass of the supersymmetric particle is of order a TeV and is comparable to the temperature of a typical TeV scale black hole, then such sparticles will be copiously produced via Hawking radiation: The black hole will act as a resonance for sparticles, among other things. In this paper we compare various signatures for SUSY production at LHC, and we contrast the situation where the sparticles are produced directly via parton fusion processes with the situation where they are produced indirectly through black hole resonances. We found that black hole resonances provide a larger source for heavy mass SUSY (squark and gluino) production than the direct perturbative QCD-SUSY production via parton fusion processes depending on the values of the Planck mass and black hole mass. Hence black hole production at LHC may indirectly act as a dominant channel for SUSY production. We also found that the differential cross section dσ/dpt for SUSY production increases as a function of the pt (up to pt equal to about 1TeV or more) of the SUSY particles (squarks and gluinos), which is in sharp contrast with the pQCD predictions where the differential cross section dσ/dpt decreases as pt increases for high pt about 1TeV or higher. This is a feature for any particle emission from a TeV scale black hole as long as the temperature of the black hole is very high (˜TeV). Hence the measurement of increase of dσ/dpt with pt for pt up to about 1TeV or higher for final state particles might be a useful signature for black hole production at LHC.
Performance of HbA1c as an Early Diagnostic Indicator of Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Youth

PubMed Central

Vehik, Kendra; Cuthbertson, David; Boulware, David; Beam, Craig A.; Rodriguez, Henry; Legault, Laurent; Hyytinen, Mila; Rewers, Marian J.; Schatz, Desmond A.; Krischer, Jeffrey P.

2012-01-01

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate HbA1c as an alternative criterion for impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or type 1 diabetes (T1D) in high-risk subjects <21 years of age. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Subjects <21 years of age who participated in the prospective DPT-1, TEDDY, TRIGR, and Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Natural History (TrialNet) studies and had an HbA1c within 90 days of an OGTT with a 2-h plasma glucose (2-hPG) measure were included. An OGTT of 140–199 mg/dL defined IGT, and an OGTT with 2-hPG ≥200 mg/dL or fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL defined diabetes. HbA1c ≥5.7% defined IGT, and HbA1c ≥ 6.5% defined diabetes. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was used to assess diagnostic accuracy of HbA1c compared with OGTT. RESULTS There were 587 subjects from DPT-1, 884 from TrialNet, 91 from TEDDY, and 420 from TRIGR. As an indicator for IGT, HbA1c sensitivity was very low across the studies (8–42%), and specificity was variable (64–95%). With HbA1c ≥6.5% threshold used for T1D diagnosis, the sensitivity was very low and specificity was high (sensitivity and specificity: DPT-1 24 and 98%, TrialNet 28 and 99%, TEDDY 34 and 98%, and TRIGR 33 and 99%, respectively). The positive predictive value of HbA1c ≥6.5% for the development of T1D was variable (50–94%) across the four studies. CONCLUSIONS HbA1c ≥6.5% is a specific but not sensitive early indicator for T1D in high-risk subjects <21 years of age diagnosed by OGTT or asymptomatic hyperglycemia. Redefining the HbA1c threshold is recommended if used as an alternative criterion in diagnosing T1D. PMID:22699293
Performance of HbA1c as an early diagnostic indicator of type 1 diabetes in children and youth.

PubMed

Vehik, Kendra; Cuthbertson, David; Boulware, David; Beam, Craig A; Rodriguez, Henry; Legault, Laurent; Hyytinen, Mila; Rewers, Marian J; Schatz, Desmond A; Krischer, Jeffrey P

2012-09-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate HbA(1c) as an alternative criterion for impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or type 1 diabetes (T1D) in high-risk subjects <21 years of age. Subjects <21 years of age who participated in the prospective DPT-1, TEDDY, TRIGR, and Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Natural History (TrialNet) studies and had an HbA(1c) within 90 days of an OGTT with a 2-h plasma glucose (2-hPG) measure were included. An OGTT of 140-199 mg/dL defined IGT, and an OGTT with 2-hPG ≥200 mg/dL or fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL defined diabetes. HbA(1c) ≥5.7% defined IGT, and HbA(1c) ≥ 6.5% defined diabetes. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was used to assess diagnostic accuracy of HbA(1c) compared with OGTT. There were 587 subjects from DPT-1, 884 from TrialNet, 91 from TEDDY, and 420 from TRIGR. As an indicator for IGT, HbA(1c) sensitivity was very low across the studies (8-42%), and specificity was variable (64-95%). With HbA(1c) ≥6.5% threshold used for T1D diagnosis, the sensitivity was very low and specificity was high (sensitivity and specificity: DPT-1 24 and 98%, TrialNet 28 and 99%, TEDDY 34 and 98%, and TRIGR 33 and 99%, respectively). The positive predictive value of HbA(1c) ≥6.5% for the development of T1D was variable (50-94%) across the four studies. HbA(1c) ≥6.5% is a specific but not sensitive early indicator for T1D in high-risk subjects <21 years of age diagnosed by OGTT or asymptomatic hyperglycemia. Redefining the HbA(1c) threshold is recommended if used as an alternative criterion in diagnosing T1D.
NASA's Decadal Planning Team Mars Mission Analysis Summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Drake, Bret G. (Editor)

2007-01-01

In June 1999 the NASA Administrator chartered an internal NASA task force, termed the Decadal Planning Team, to create new integrated vision and strategy for space exploration. The efforts of the Decadal Planning Team evolved into the Agency-wide team known as the NASA Exploration Team (NEXT). This team was also instructed to identify technology roadmaps to enable the science-driven exploration vision, established a cross-Enterprise, cross-Center systems engineering team with emphasis focused on revolutionary not evolutionary approaches. The strategy of the DPT and NEXT teams was to "Go Anywhere, Anytime" by conquering key exploration hurdles of space transportation, crew health and safety, human/robotic partnerships, affordable abundant power, and advanced space systems performance. Early emphasis was placed on revolutionary exploration concepts such as rail gun and electromagnetic launchers, propellant depots, retrograde trajectories, nano structures, and gas core nuclear rockets to name a few. Many of these revolutionary concepts turned out to be either not feasible for human exploration missions or well beyond expected technology readiness for near-term implementation. During the DPT and NEXT study cycles, several architectures were analyzed including missions to the Earth-Sun Libration Point (L2), the Earth-Moon Gateway and L1, the lunar surface, Mars (both short and long stays), one-year round trip Mars, and near-Earth asteroids. Common emphasis of these studies included utilization of the Earth-Moon Libration Point (L1) as a staging point for exploration activities, current (Shuttle) and near-term launch capabilities (EELV), advanced propulsion, and robust space power. Although there was much emphasis placed on utilization of existing launch capabilities, the team concluded that missions in near-Earth space are only marginally feasible and human missions to Mars were not feasible without a heavy lift launch capability. In addition, the team concluded that missions in Earth s neighborhood, such as to the Moon, can serve as stepping-stones toward further deep-space missions in terms of proving systems, technologies, and operational concepts. The material contained in this presentation was compiled to capture the work performed by the Mars Sub-Team of the DPT NEXT efforts in the late 1999-2001 timeframe.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for Z-DNA.

PubMed

Thomas, M J; Strobl, J S

1988-10-01

Dot blot and transblot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (e.l.i.s.a.) are described which provide sensitive non-radioactive methods for screening Z-DNA-specific antisera and for detecting Z-DNA in polydeoxyribonucleotides and supercoiled plasmids. In the alkaline phosphatase dot blot e.l.i.s.a., Z-DNA, Br-poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), or B-DNA, poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT), Br-poly(dI-dC).poly(dI-dC), or salmon sperm DNA were spotted onto nitrocellulose discs and baked. The e.l.i.s.a. was conducted in 48-well culture dishes at 37 degrees C using a rabbit polyclonal antiserum developed against Br-poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated second antibody, and p-nitrophenol as the substrate. Under conditions where antibody concentrations were not limiting, alkaline phosphatase activity was linear for 2 h. Dot blot e.l.i.s.a. conditions are described which allow quantification of Z-DNA [Br-poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC)] within the range 5-250 ng. Dot blot and transblot horseradish peroxidase e.l.i.s.a. are described that detect Z-DNA within supercoiled plasmid DNAs immobilized on diazophenylthioether (DPT) paper. In the transblot e.l.i.s.a., plasmid pUC8 derivatives containing 16, 24, or 32 residues of Z-DNA were electrophoresed in agarose gels and electrophoretically transferred to DPT paper. Z-DNA-antibody complexes were detected by the horseradish peroxidase-catalysed conversion of 4-chloro-1-naphthol to a coloured product that was covalently bound to the DPT paper. Z-DNA antibody reactivity was specific for supercoiled Z-DNA containing plasmids after removal of the antibodies cross-reactive with B-DNA by absorption onto native DNA-cellulose. The transblot e.l.i.s.a. was sensitive enough to detect 16 base pairs of alternating G-C residues in 100 ng of pUC8 DNA.

The Space Review

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thronson, Harley; Lester, Dan; Hatfield, Skip

2011-01-01

Human space flight in the US and other space-faring countries is faced with a twin challenge that is likely to persist for many years: flat or declining budgets along with an expectation of continuing, significant achievements. A partial solution may involve increased participation by multiple commercial competitors with the promise - albeit yet to be fully demonstrated - of much-reduced costs. That said, most commercial goals are concentrated on low-Earth orbit (LEO) for the time being, leaving human trips beyond Earth orbit (BED) as governmental initiatives. The past decade, beginning with the 1999/2000 Decadal Planning Team (DPT)/NASA Exploration Team (NExT) human space flight studies for the White House Office of Management and Budget (http://history.nasa.gov/DPT/DPT.htm), can arguably be described as a Golden Age of engineering design, strategic planning, technology capability prioritization, and development programs on the International Space Station (ISS). However, cynics have criticized the same period as little more than PowerPoint presentations, and unfocused technology investments with only limited progress toward a goal of human space flight beyond the immediate vicinity of the Earth. We disagree with the cynics. Experience with the ISS on increasingly sophisticated capabilities have prepared international partners to deploy a major "stepping stone" for human space flight: a habitation system in free space beyond low-Earth orbit. Such an achievement would be a major milestone in human space flight and, very likely, an essential demonstration site for subsequent, very ambitious exploration missions such as to Mars. Developing critical capabilities for human voyages beyond LEO, such as Earth-Moon libration points, offers, as just one example, easy return to Earth within days (see, e.g., Farquhar 1971 (Aeronautics & Astronautics, July, p. 59ff), Thronson, Lester, and Talay 2011 (http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1756/1), and Lester 2012 (http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1650/1). Use of Earth-Moon libration points as sites for early demonstrations of capabilities necessary for human missions to Mars, for example, contrasts sharply with using missions to near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) for that purpose.
The Influence of Wheelchair Propulsion Hand Pattern on Upper Extremity Muscle Power and Stress

PubMed Central

Slowik, Jonathan S.; Requejo, Philip S.; Mulroy, Sara J.; Neptune, Richard R.

2016-01-01

The hand pattern (i.e., full-cycle hand path) used during manual wheelchair propulsion is frequently classified as one of four distinct hand pattern types: arc, single loop, double loop and semicircular. Current clinical guidelines recommend the use of the semicircular pattern, which is based on advantageous levels of broad biomechanical metrics implicitly related to the demand placed on the upper extremity (e.g., lower cadence). However, an understanding of the influence of hand pattern on specific measures of upper extremity muscle demand (e.g., muscle power and stress) is needed to help make such recommendations, but these quantities are difficult and impractical to measure experimentally. The purpose of this study was to use musculoskeletal modeling and forward dynamics simulations to investigate the influence of the hand pattern used on specific measures of upper extremity muscle demand. The simulation results suggest that the double loop and semicircular patterns produce the most favorable levels of overall muscle stress and total muscle power. The double loop pattern had the lowest full-cycle and recovery-phase upper extremity demand but required high levels of muscle power during the relatively short contact phase. The semicircular pattern had the second-lowest full-cycle levels of overall muscle stress and total muscle power, and demand was more evenly distributed between the contact and recovery phases. These results suggest that in order to decrease upper extremity demand, manual wheelchair users should use either the double loop or semicircular pattern when propelling their wheelchairs at a self-selected speed on level ground. PMID:27062591
Layout decomposition of self-aligned double patterning for 2D random logic patterning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ban, Yongchan; Miloslavsky, Alex; Lucas, Kevin; Choi, Soo-Han; Park, Chul-Hong; Pan, David Z.

2011-04-01

Self-aligned double pattering (SADP) has been adapted as a promising solution for sub-30nm technology nodes due to its lower overlay problem and better process tolerance. SADP is in production use for 1D dense patterns with good pitch control such as NAND Flash memory applications, but it is still challenging to apply SADP to 2D random logic patterns. The favored type of SADP for complex logic interconnects is a two mask approach using a core mask and a trim mask. In this paper, we first describe layout decomposition methods of spacer-type double patterning lithography, then report a type of SADP compliant layouts, and finally report SADP applications on Samsung 22nm SRAM layout. For SADP decomposition, we propose several SADP-aware layout coloring algorithms and a method of generating lithography-friendly core mask patterns. Experimental results on 22nm node designs show that our proposed layout decomposition for SADP effectively decomposes any given layouts.
High density circuit technology, part 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wade, T. E.

1982-01-01

A multilevel metal interconnection system for very large scale integration (VLSI) systems utilizing polyimides as the interlayer dielectric material is described. A complete characterization of polyimide materials is given as well as experimental methods accomplished using a double level metal test pattern. A low temperature, double exposure polyimide patterning procedure is also presented.
Diapycnal Transport and Pattern Formation in Double-Diffusive Convection

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

of knowledge. The effects of turbulent-dominated and purely double-diffusive regimes are compared to dual turbulent/double-diffusive systems and...is presented to remedy this dearth of knowledge. The effects of turbulent-dominated and purely double-diffusive regimes are compared to dual...8 2. Double-Diffusion: The Constant Flux Ratio Model ..........................9 3. The Combined Effects of
RECENT PROGRESS IN THE FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DUCTILE-PHASE-TOUGHENED TUNGSTEN LAMINATES FOR PLASMA-FACING MATERIALS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cunningham, Kevin; Odette, G Robert; Fields, Kirk A.

2015-09-23

A promising approach to increasing the fracture toughness of W-alloys is ductile-phase toughening (DPT). A ductile phase reinforcement in a brittle matrix increases toughness primarily by crack bridging. A W-Cu laminate was fabricated and the properties of the constituent metals were characterized along with those for the composite. Development of a design model for large-scale crack bridging continued.
Demonstration and Validation of GTS Long-Term Monitoring Optimization Software at Military and Government Sites

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-02-01

Defense DoE Department of Energy DPT Direct push technology EPA Environmental Protection Agency ERPIMS Enviromental Restoration Program...and 3) assessing whether new wells should be added and where (i.e., network adequacy). • Predict allows import and comparison of new sampling...data against previously estimated trends and maps. Two options include trend flagging and plume flagging to identify potentially anomalous new values
Inventory of File naefs_geavg.t12z.ndgd_conusf06.grib2

Science.gov Websites

Number of Records: 8 Number Level/Layer Parameter Forecast Valid Description 001 surface PRES 6 hour fcst Pressure [Pa] ens-mean 002 2 m above ground TMP 6 hour fcst Temperature [K] ens-mean 003 2 m above ground RH 6 hour fcst Relative Humidity [%] ens-mean 004 2 m above ground DPT 6 hour fcst Dew Point
Inventory of File naefs_geavg.t12z.ndgd_alaskaf06.grib

Science.gov Websites

Number of Records: 8 Number Level/Layer Parameter Forecast Valid Description 001 surface PRES 6 hour fcst Pressure [Pa] ens-mean 002 2 m above ground TMP 6 hour fcst Temperature [K] ens-mean 003 2 m above ground RH 6 hour fcst Relative Humidity [%] ens-mean 004 2 m above ground DPT 6 hour fcst Dew Point
Controversial Issues in Healthcare Policy: A Survey of Doctor of Physical Therapy Students in a Public University.

PubMed

Snyder, Drew D; Bennett, Teale K; Oller, Jeremy C; Ge, Weiqing

2017-01-01

The recently passed legislation and proposed policy changes governing the healthcare system have been met with extensive debate and controversy. The primary objective of the study was to determine the attitudes of Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students towards some of these controversial issues. The secondary objective was to determine the demographic factors, including number of years in a physical therapy program, that contribute to their attitude formation. The research design was a cross-sectional non-experimental survey. Purposive sampling was used to recruit subjects in a public university. Subjects took the survey including nine Likert scale questions/statements on controversial issues inspired from legislative efforts and news media sources and one open-ended question. Of the 111 recruited, 106 students agreed to participate as subjects and completed the survey. Only 18.9% agreed or strongly agreed that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is a positive solution for the healthcare system in America. Political affiliation, class level, and developmental environment were associated with a few questions/statements. DPT students in the sample had very diverse attitudes towards controversial issues in healthcare policy. Some of these attitudes revealed very different paradigms from the results found among medical students and the general public.
Adverse effects of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine in 6- to 7-year-old children.

PubMed

Wei, Sung-Hsi; Chao, Yen-Nan; Huang, Song-En; Lee, Tsuey-Feng; Chang, Luan-Yin

2011-02-01

Although the safety profile of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccines in adolescents and adults has been documented, few data have reported about their adverse events in children. Healthy 6- to 7-year-old children who were immunized with Tdap vaccine were evaluated for adverse events on Days 1, 2, 4, and 7 postimmunization. Information of sex, body mass index (BMI), and previous diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) immunization history was obtained and evaluated for the association with the adverse events. A total of 243 6- to 7-year-old children were immunized with Tdap. Among the 243 children immunized, remarkable adverse events included redness more than or equal to 10 mm in 47 (19%) children, induration more than or equal to 10 mm in 57 (23%), tenderness in 130 (53%), and fever in 12 (5%). Redness and induration resolved in 7 days and fever resolved on Day 4. The adverse events were not associated with gender, BMI above the mean value, or the type of fourth DPT immunization. Adverse events after Tdap vaccination were mild and dissolved within 7 days in 6- to 7-year-old children. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier B.V.
The need for innovative strategies to improve immunisation services in rural Zimbabwe.

PubMed

Chadambuka, Addmore; Chimusoro, Anderson; Apollo, Tsitsilina; Tshimanga, Mufuta; Namusisi, Olivia; Luman, Elizabeth T

2012-01-01

Gokwe South, a rural district in Midlands Province, Zimbabwe, reported the lowest rate of immunisation coverage in the country in 2005: 55 per cent of children vaccinated with three doses of diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus vaccine (DPT3) and 35 per cent dropout between the first and third dose of DPT. In January 2007, the authors assessed local barriers to immunisation and proposed strategies to improve immunisation rates in the district, in the face of nationwide economic and political challenges. A situational analysis was performed to assess barriers to immunisation using focus-group discussions with health workers, key informant interviews with health management and community leaders, and desk reviews of records. Responses were categorised and solutions proposed. Health workers and key informants reported that immunisation service delivery was hampered by insufficient availability of gas for cold-chain equipment, limited transport and fuel to conduct basic activities, and inadequate staff and supervision. Improving coverage will require prioritising gas for vaccine cold-chain equipment, identifying reliable transportation or alternative transportation solutions, and increased staff, training and supervision. Local assessment is critical to pinpointing site-specific barriers, and innovative strategies are needed to overcome existing contextual challenges. © 2012 The Author(s). Disasters © Overseas Development Institute, 2012.
A Programmable DNA Double-Write Material: Synergy of Photolithography and Self-Assembly Nanofabrication.

PubMed

Song, Youngjun; Takahashi, Tsukasa; Kim, Sejung; Heaney, Yvonne C; Warner, John; Chen, Shaochen; Heller, Michael J

2017-01-11

We demonstrate a DNA double-write process that uses UV to pattern a uniquely designed DNA write material, which produces two distinct binding identities for hybridizing two different complementary DNA sequences. The process requires no modification to the DNA by chemical reagents and allows programmed DNA self-assembly and further UV patterning in the UV exposed and nonexposed areas. Multilayered DNA patterning with hybridization of fluorescently labeled complementary DNA sequences, biotin probe/fluorescent streptavidin complexes, and DNA patterns with 500 nm line widths were all demonstrated.
Process variation challenges and resolution in the negative-tone develop double patterning for 20nm and below technology node

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mehta, Sohan S.; Ganta, Lakshmi K.; Chauhan, Vikrant; Wu, Yixu; Singh, Sunil; Ann, Chia; Subramany, Lokesh; Higgins, Craig; Erenturk, Burcin; Srivastava, Ravi; Singh, Paramjit; Koh, Hui Peng; Cho, David

2015-03-01

Immersion based 20nm technology node and below becoming very challenging to chip designers, process and integration due to multiple patterning to integrate one design layer . Negative tone development (NTD) processes have been well accepted by industry experts for enabling technologies 20 nm and below. 193i double patterning is the technology solution for pitch down to 80 nm. This imposes tight control in critical dimension(CD) variation in double patterning where design patterns are decomposed in two different masks such as in litho-etch-litho etch (LELE). CD bimodality has been widely studied in LELE double patterning. A portion of CD tolerance budget is significantly consumed by variations in CD in double patterning. The objective of this work is to study the process variation challenges and resolution in the Negative Tone Develop Process for 20 nm and Below Technology Node. This paper describes the effect of dose slope on CD variation in negative tone develop LELE process. This effect becomes even more challenging with standalone NTD developer process due to q-time driven CD variation. We studied impact of different stacks with combination of binary and attenuated phase shift mask and estimated dose slope contribution individually from stack and mask type. Mask 3D simulation was carried out to understand theoretical aspect. In order to meet the minimum insulator requirement for the worst case on wafer the overlay and critical dimension uniformity (CDU) budget margins have slimmed. Besides the litho process and tool control using enhanced metrology feedback, the variation control has other dependencies too. Color balancing between the two masks in LELE is helpful in countering effects such as iso-dense bias, and pattern shifting. Dummy insertion and the improved decomposition techniques [2] using multiple lower priority constraints can help to a great extent. Innovative color aware routing techniques [3] can also help with achieving more uniform density and color balanced layouts.
The lithographer's dilemma: shrinking without breaking the bank

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Levinson, Harry J.

2013-10-01

It can no longer be assumed that the lithographic scaling which has previously driven Moore's Law will lead in the future to reduced cost per transistor. Until recently, higher prices for lithography tools were offset by improvements in scanner productivity. The necessity of using double patterning to extend scaling beyond the single exposure resolution limit of optical lithography has resulted in a sharp increase in the cost of patterning a critical construction layer that has not been offset by improvements in exposure tool productivity. Double patterning has also substantially increased the cost of mask sets. EUV lithography represents a single patterning option, but the combination of very high exposure tools prices, moderate throughput, high maintenance costs, and expensive mask blanks makes this a solution more expensive than optical double patterning but less expensive than triple patterning. Directed self-assembly (DSA) could potentially improve wafer costs, but this technology currently is immature. There are also design layout and process integration issues associated with DSA that need to be solved in order to obtain full benefit from tighter pitches. There are many approaches for improving the cost effectiveness of lithography. Innovative double patterning schemes lead to smaller die. EUV lithography productivity can be improved with higher power light sources and improved reliability. There are many technical and business challenges for extending EUV lithography to higher numerical apertures. Efficient contact hole and cut mask solutions are needed, as well as very tight overlay control, regardless of lithographic solution.
Evaluation of Double-Disk Potentiation and Disk Potentiation Tests Using Dipicolinic Acid for Detection of Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp.

PubMed Central

Yong, Dongeun; Lee, Yangsoon; Jeong, Seok Hoon; Lee, Kyungwon

2012-01-01

Accurate detection of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-producing Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. became very important with the increasing prevalence of carbapenem-nonsusceptible clinical isolates. The performance of phenotypic MBL detection methods may depend on the types of MBL and the characteristics of the isolates. A high false-positive rate is a problem with EDTA-based MBL detection methods. We evaluated the performance of double-disk potentiation tests (DDPTs) and disk potentiation tests (DPTs) with dipicolinic acid (DPA) using 44 isolates of Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. producing IMP-1-like, VIM-2-like, and SIM-1 type MBLs. Also, we characterized P. aeruginosa isolates with positive imipenem (IPM)-DPA DDPT, but negative meropenem (MEM)-DPA DDPT, and determined possibility of improving a DDPT by using MacConkey agar. Among five different DDPT methods, the IPM-DPA 250-μg method showed the highest sensitivity (97.7%) and specificity (100%). Among four DPT tests, the highest sensitivity (100%) was shown by the IPM-EDTA 1,900-μg disk method, but the specificity was very low (11.4%). Five of six P. aeruginosa isolates with false-negative DDPTs with MEM-DPA 250-μg disks carried blaIMP-6, and the high level resistance to MEM (MIC ≥ 512 μg/ml) was reduced by the presence of phenylalanine arginine β-naphtylamide. Improvement of DDPTs was observed when MacConkey agar was used instead of Mueller-Hinton agar. In conclusion, DPA is a better MBL inhibitor than EDTA for detection of Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. with IMP-1-like, VIM-2-like, and SIM-1-type MBLs. In DPA DDPTs, IPM disks perform better than MEM disks when the isolates are highly resistant to MEM due to the overexpression of efflux pumps. PMID:22837321
Inventory of File naefs_geavg.t12z.ndgd_conusf18.grib2

Science.gov Websites

fcst Pressure [Pa] ens-mean 002 2 m above ground TMP 18 hour fcst Temperature [K] ens-mean 003 2 m above ground RH 18 hour fcst Relative Humidity [%] ens-mean 004 2 m above ground DPT 18 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] ens-mean 005 10 m above ground UGRD 18 hour fcst U-Component of Wind [m/s] ens
Inventory of File naefs_geavg.t12z.ndgd_conusf30.grib2

Science.gov Websites

fcst Pressure [Pa] ens-mean 002 2 m above ground TMP 30 hour fcst Temperature [K] ens-mean 003 2 m above ground RH 30 hour fcst Relative Humidity [%] ens-mean 004 2 m above ground DPT 30 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] ens-mean 005 10 m above ground UGRD 30 hour fcst U-Component of Wind [m/s] ens
Inventory of File naefs_geavg.t12z.ndgd_alaskaf24.grib

Science.gov Websites

fcst Pressure [Pa] ens-mean 002 2 m above ground TMP 24 hour fcst Temperature [K] ens-mean 003 2 m above ground RH 24 hour fcst Relative Humidity [%] ens-mean 004 2 m above ground DPT 24 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] ens-mean 005 10 m above ground UGRD 24 hour fcst U-Component of Wind [m/s] ens
Inventory of File naefs_geavg.t12z.ndgd_alaskaf36.grib

Science.gov Websites

fcst Pressure [Pa] ens-mean 002 2 m above ground TMP 36 hour fcst Temperature [K] ens-mean 003 2 m above ground RH 36 hour fcst Relative Humidity [%] ens-mean 004 2 m above ground DPT 36 hour fcst Dew Point Temperature [K] ens-mean 005 10 m above ground UGRD 36 hour fcst U-Component of Wind [m/s] ens

Domain-Level Assessment of the Weather Running Estimate-Nowcast (WREN) Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-11-01

Added by Decreased Grid Spacing 14 4.4 Performance Comparison of 2 WRE–N Configurations 18 4.5 Performance Comparison: Dumais WRE–N with FDDA vs. the...FDDA for 2 -m-AGL TMP (K) ..................................................... 15 Fig. 11 Bias and RMSE errors for the 3 grids for Dumais and Passner...WRE–N with FDDA for 2 -m-AGL DPT (K) ...................................................... 16 Fig. 12 Bias and RMSE errors for the 3 grids for Dumais
[The effective evaluation on the supplementary immunization activities among the migrant pre-school children in Chaoyang District of Beijing].

PubMed

Luo, Feng-ji; Liu, Fang; Zhang, Jing

2009-06-01

To evaluate the effect of Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIAs) among the migrant preschool children in Chaoyang district of Beijing since 2005 to 2007, and to provide reference for formulating the strategies for Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI). The descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the data of SIAs among the migrant preschool children in Chaoyang district since 2005 to 2007. The SIAs data demonstrated an increasing number of the floating preschool children in Chaoyang district from 2005 to 2007, and the increase rate of year-on-year in 2006 to 2007 was 12.67% and 4.60% respectively. The registration rates of immunization card and identification among the floating preschool children increased by years from 2005 to 2007. The zero-dose rates of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV), Measles Vaccine (MV), Diphtheria-Pertus-sis-Tetaus vaccine (DPT), Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (MPV) and Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine (JEV) showed a decrease trends since 2005 to 2007. The age special incidence rate and proportion of vaccine-preventable diseases for the people who were 1- 4-years-old decreased. It is an effective management pattern that the government plays a dominated role in Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIAs).
Physiological responses to single versus double stepping pattern of ascending the stairs.

PubMed

Aziz, Abdul Rashid; Teh, Kong Chuan

2005-07-01

The aim of this study was to compare the physiological responses and energy cost between two ascending patterns, the single-step (SS) and the double-step (DS), in climbing a public staircase. In the SS pattern, a person climbs one step at a time whilst in the double-step (DS) pattern, the individual traverses two steps in a single stride. Advocates of each stepping pattern claimed that their type of ascent is physically more taxing and expends more calories. Thirty subjects (10 males and 20 females) climbed a typical 11-storey flat (each step height of 0.15 m, a total of 180 steps and a vertical displacement of 27.0 m). The subjects climbed using either the SS pattern at a tempo of 100 steps x min(-1) or the DS pattern at 50 steps x min(-1). The prescribed stepping frequencies ensured that an equal amount of total work was performed between the SS and DS patterns. The climbing patterns were performed in random order. Physiological measures during the last 30 s of the climbs were used in the comparative analysis. The results showed that ventilation, oxygen uptake and heart rate values were significantly higher (all p < 0.01) in the SS as compared to the DS pattern. However, the caloric expenditure during the SS pattern was calculated to be only marginally higher than the DS pattern. In conclusion, ascending with the SS pattern led to significantly higher physiological responses compared to the DS pattern. The higher calorie expended with the SS compared to the DS pattern was deemed to be of little practical significance.
Parameter estimation by decoherence in the double-slit experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matsumura, Akira; Ikeda, Taishi; Kukita, Shingo

2018-06-01

We discuss a parameter estimation problem using quantum decoherence in the double-slit interferometer. We consider a particle coupled to a massive scalar field after the particle passing through the double slit and solve the dynamics non-perturbatively for the coupling by the WKB approximation. This allows us to analyze the estimation problem which cannot be treated by master equation used in the research of quantum probe. In this model, the scalar field reduces the interference fringes of the particle and the fringe pattern depends on the field mass and coupling. To evaluate the contrast and the estimation precision obtained from the pattern, we introduce the interferometric visibility and the Fisher information matrix of the field mass and coupling. For the fringe pattern observed on the distant screen, we derive a simple relation between the visibility and the Fisher matrix. Also, focusing on the estimation precision of the mass, we find that the Fisher information characterizes the wave-particle duality in the double-slit interferometer.
Was there a disparity in age appropriate infant immunization uptake in the theatre of war in the North of Sri Lanka at the height of the hostilities?: a cross-sectional study in resettled areas in the Kilinochchi district

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background It was long speculated that there could be under-immunized pockets in the war affected Northern part of Sri Lanka relative to other areas. With the cessation of hostilities following the military suppression of the rebellion, opportunities have arisen to appraise the immunization status of children in areas of re-settlement in former war ravaged districts. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study to describe the coverage and age appropriateness of infant vaccinations in a former conflict district during the phase of re-settlement. The target population comprised all children of re-settled families in the age group of 12 – 23 months in the district. We selected a study sample of 300 children from among the target population using the WHO’s 30 cluster EPI survey method. Trained surveyors collected data using a structured checklist. The infant vaccination status was ascertained by reviewing vaccination records in the Child Health Development Record or any other alternative documentary evidence. Results The survey revealed that the proportion of fully vaccinated children in the district was 91%. For individual vaccines, it ranged from 92% (measles) to 100% (BCG, DPT/OPV1). However, the age appropriateness of vaccination was less than 50% for all antigens except for BCG (94%). The maximum number of days of delay of vaccinations ranged from 21 days for BCG to 253 days for measles. Age appropriate vaccination rates significantly differed for DPT/OPV1-3 and measles during the conflict and post-conflict stages while it did not for the BCG. Age appropriate vaccination rates were significantly higher for DPT/OPV1-3 during the conflict while for the measles it was higher in the post conflict stage. Conclusions Though the vaccination coverage for infant vaccines in the war affected Kilinochchi district was similar to other districts in the country, it masked a disparity in terms of low age-appropriateness of infant immunizations given in field settings. This finding underscores the need for investigation of underlying reasons and introduction of remedial measures in the stage of restoring Primary Health Care services in the ex-conflict zone. PMID:23113899
Technology-Assisted Parent Training Programs for Children and Adolescents With Disruptive Behaviors: A Systematic Review.

PubMed

Baumel, Amit; Pawar, Aditya; Mathur, Nandita; Kane, John M; Correll, Christoph U

To systematically review digitally assisted parent training programs (DPTs) targeting the treatment of children and adolescents with disruptive behaviors. A search was conducted using PubMed, PsycINFO, and EMBASE databases for peer-reviewed studies published between January 1, 2000, and March 1, 2016. Reference lists of included and review articles were searched manually for additional references. Broad search terms in varying combinations for parent, training, technologies, and disruptive behavior problems were used. We included English-language articles reporting on the effectiveness of DPTs targeting child or adolescent disruptive behaviors (eg, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder). DPTs designed to use digital media or software programs not to be primarily used within a therapy setting (eg, group, face-to-face) were included. Study design, recruitment and sample characteristics, theoretical background, digital program features, user's engagement, and measures of child behavior were extracted. Fourteen intervention studies (n = 2,427, 58% male, 1,500 in DPT conditions, 12 randomized trials) examining 10 programs met inclusion criteria. Interventions included self-directed noninteractive (eg, podcasts; 3 studies) and interactive (eg, online software; 4 studies) DPTs, remotely administered DPTs combined with professional phone-based coaching (2 studies), and a smartphone enhancement of standard treatment. Interventions were delivered over a mean ± SD period of 8.7 ± 4.2 weeks, most (11/14; 78.6%) were remotely administered, and all recruitment procedures included an outreach for parents outside of mental health-care settings. For programs with > 5 sessions, the mean ± SD completion rate of available sessions was 68.6% ± 13.1%. In comparison to no treatment control, self-directed programs yielded significant improvements in child behavior for children (age < 9 years, Cohen d = 0.47-0.80, 4 studies) and adolescents (d = 0.17, 0.20, 2 studies). Overall, reduced professional support combined with DPT was not inferior to full-contact conditions and showed small improvement in comparison to usual care (d = 0.34). Preliminary indicators also suggested that technology enhancements may increase engagement and outcomes of standard treatment. The current review indicates the efficacy of DPT across a range of therapy formats applied in real-world settings demonstrating the potential for increased accessibility of evidence-based treatment for youth with disruptive behaviors. Additional studies are needed to extend these findings and to determine moderating effects of different designs. © Copyright 2017 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.
Performance and determinants of routine immunization coverage within the context of intensive polio eradication activities in Uttar Pradesh, India: Social Mobilization Network (SM Net) and Core Group Polio Project (CGPP)

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Studies that have looked at the effect of polio eradication efforts in India on routine immunization programs have provided mixed findings. One polio eradication project, funded by US Agency for International Development (USAID) and carried out by the CORE Group Polio Project (CGPP) in the state of Uttar Pradesh of India, has included the strengthening of routine immunization systems as a core part of its polio eradication strategy. This paper explores the performance of routine immunization services in the CGPP intervention areas concurrent with intensive polio eradication activities. The paper also explores determinants of routine immunization performance such as caretaker characteristics and CGPP activities to strengthen routine immunization services. Methods We conduct secondary data analysis of the latest project household immunization survey in 2011 and compare these findings to reports of past surveys in the CGPP program area and at the Uttar Pradesh state level (as measured by children’s receipt of DPT vaccinations). This is done to judge if there is any evidence that routine immunization services are being disrupted. We also model characteristics of survey respondents and respondents’ exposure to CGPP, communication activities against their children’s receipt of key vaccinations in order to identify determinants of routine immunization coverage. Results Routine immunization coverage has increased between the first survey (2005 for state level estimates, 2008 for the CGPP program) and the latest (2011 for both state level and CGPP areas), as measured by children’s receipt of DPT vaccination. This increase occurred concurrent with polio eradication efforts intensive enough to result in interruption of transmission. In addition, a mothers’ exposure to specific communication materials, her religion and education were associated with whether or not her children receive one or more doses of DPT. Conclusions A limitation of the analysis is the absence of a controlled comparison. It is possible routine immunization coverage would have increased even more in the absence of polio eradication efforts. At the same time, however, there is no evidence that routine immunization services were disrupted by polio eradication efforts. Targeted health communications are helpful in improving routine immunization performance. Strategies to address other determinants of routine immunization, such as religion and education, are also needed to maximize coverage. PMID:23680228
Double Burden of Malnutrition in Rural West Java: Household-Level Analysis for Father-Child and Mother-Child Pairs and the Association with Dietary Intake.

PubMed

Sekiyama, Makiko; Jiang, Hong Wei; Gunawan, Budhi; Dewanti, Linda; Honda, Ryo; Shimizu-Furusawa, Hana; Abdoellah, Oekan S; Watanabe, Chiho

2015-10-02

Indonesia is facing household-level double burden malnutrition. This study aimed at examining (1) household-level double burden for the mother-child and father-child pairs; (2) risk of adiposity of double burden households; and (3) associated dietary factors. Subjects were 5th and 6th grade elementary school children (n = 242), their mothers (n = 242), and their fathers (n = 225) in five communities (1 = urban, 4 = rural) in the Bandung District. Questionnaires on socioeconomic factors, blood hemoglobin measurements, and anthropometric measurements were administered. For adults, body fat percentage (BF%) was estimated by bioelectrical impedance (BF%-BI) and by converting skinfold thickness (ST) data using Durnin and Womersley's (1974) formula (BF%-ST). Food frequency questionnaires were also completed. Double burden was defined as coexistence of maternal or paternal overweight (Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 23) and child stunting (height-for-age z-score <-2) within households. Maternal-child double burden occurred in 30.6% of total households, whereas paternal-child double burden was only in 8.4%. Mothers from double burden households showed high adiposity; 87.3% with BF%-BI and 66.2% with BF%-ST had BF% >35%, and 60.6% had waists >80 cm. The major dietary patterns identified were "Modern" and "High-animal products". After controlling for confounding factors, children in the highest quartile of the "High-animal products" dietary pattern had a lower risk of maternal-child double burden (Adjusted OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.21-1.04) than those in the lowest quartile. Given that the "High-animal products" dietary pattern was associated with the decreased risk of maternal-child double burden through a strong negative correlation with child stunting, improving child stunting through adequate intake of animal products is critical to solve the problem of maternal-child double burden in Indonesia.
Double Burden of Malnutrition in Rural West Java: Household-Level Analysis for Father-Child and Mother-Child Pairs and the Association with Dietary Intake

PubMed Central

Sekiyama, Makiko; Jiang, Hong Wei; Gunawan, Budhi; Dewanti, Linda; Honda, Ryo; Shimizu-Furusawa, Hana; Abdoellah, Oekan S.; Watanabe, Chiho

2015-01-01

Indonesia is facing household-level double burden malnutrition. This study aimed at examining (1) household-level double burden for the mother-child and father-child pairs; (2) risk of adiposity of double burden households; and (3) associated dietary factors. Subjects were 5th and 6th grade elementary school children (n = 242), their mothers (n = 242), and their fathers (n = 225) in five communities (1 = urban, 4 = rural) in the Bandung District. Questionnaires on socioeconomic factors, blood hemoglobin measurements, and anthropometric measurements were administered. For adults, body fat percentage (BF%) was estimated by bioelectrical impedance (BF%-BI) and by converting skinfold thickness (ST) data using Durnin and Womersley’s (1974) formula (BF%-ST). Food frequency questionnaires were also completed. Double burden was defined as coexistence of maternal or paternal overweight (Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 23) and child stunting (height-for-age z-score <−2) within households. Maternal-child double burden occurred in 30.6% of total households, whereas paternal-child double burden was only in 8.4%. Mothers from double burden households showed high adiposity; 87.3% with BF%-BI and 66.2% with BF%-ST had BF% >35%, and 60.6% had waists >80 cm. The major dietary patterns identified were “Modern” and “High-animal products”. After controlling for confounding factors, children in the highest quartile of the “High-animal products” dietary pattern had a lower risk of maternal-child double burden (Adjusted OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.21–1.04) than those in the lowest quartile. Given that the “High-animal products” dietary pattern was associated with the decreased risk of maternal-child double burden through a strong negative correlation with child stunting, improving child stunting through adequate intake of animal products is critical to solve the problem of maternal-child double burden in Indonesia. PMID:26445058
The development and utility of a novel scale that quantifies the glycemic progression toward type 1 diabetes over 6 months.

PubMed

Sosenko, Jay M; Skyler, Jay S; Beam, Craig A; Boulware, David; Mahon, Jeffrey L; Krischer, Jeffrey P; Greenbaum, Carla J; Rafkin, Lisa E; Matheson, Della; Herold, Kevan C; Palmer, Jerry P

2015-05-01

We developed a scale to serve as a potential end point for 6-month glycemic progression (PS6M) toward type 1 diabetes (T1D) in autoantibody-positive relatives of individuals with T1D. The PS6M was developed from Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1) data and tested in the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention Study (PTP). It is the difference between 6-month glucose sum values (30-120 min oral glucose tolerance test values) and values predicted for nonprogressors. The PS6M predicted T1D in the PTP (P < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating chacteristic curve was greater (P < 0.001) for the PS6M than for the baseline-to-6-month difference. PS6M values were higher in those with two or more autoantibodies, 30-0 min C-peptide values <2.00 ng/mL, or DPT-1 Risk Scores >7.00 (P < 0.001 for all). The PS6M is an indicator of short-term glycemic progression to T1D that could be a useful tool for assessing preventive treatments and biomarkers. © 2015 by the American Diabetes Association. Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered.
Measuring the cost-effectiveness of a national health communication program in rural Bangladesh.

PubMed

Hutchinson, Paul; Lance, Peter; Guilkey, David K; Shahjahan, Mohammad; Haque, Shahida

2006-01-01

In this article we examine the cost-effectiveness of the Smiling Sun multichannel media campaign, which was undertaken in Bangladesh from 2001 to 2003 and involved a nationally broadcast television serial drama supported by radio, television, newspaper, and billboard advertisements and local promotion activities. The goal was to encourage the use of a package of family health services at NGO (nongovernmental organization) Service Delivery Program (NSDP) providers. This analysis relates the costs of the Smiling Sun campaign at the national and local level to measures of change in the use of health services, namely, antenatal care and childhood immunizations. Effectiveness is measured using data from cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2001 and 2003 in NSDP catchment areas in rural Bangladesh. The statistical approach, bivariate probit estimation, controls for nonrandom exposure to the program's media messages, advertisements, and signs. Using national-level data, we find that the Smiling Sun campaign was both effective and cost-effective, inducing higher levels of service utilization for only $0.05 per additional antenatal care (ANC) user and only $0.30 and $0.36 for each additional child vaccinated for measles and DPT3, respectively. With respect to local promotion activities, the cost per attributable behavior change was considerably higher--nearly $8 per new ANC user, $37 per new DPT3 vaccination, and $32 per new measles vaccination.
Demonstration of the Kibble-Zurek mechanism in a non-equilibrium phase transition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patil, Yogesh S.; Cheung, Hil F. H.; Date, Aditya G.; Vengalattore, Mukund

2017-04-01

We describe the experimental realization of a driven-dissipative phase transition (DPT) in a mechanical parametric amplifier and demonstrate key signatures of a critical point in the system, where the susceptibilities and relaxation time scales diverge and coincide with the spontaneous breaking of symmetry and the emergence of macroscopic order. While these observations are reminiscent of equilibrium phase transitions, it is presently an open question whether such DPTs are amenable to the conventional Landau-Ginsburg-Wilson paradigm that relies on concepts of scale invariance and universality - Indeed, recent theoretical work has predicted that DPTs can exhibit phenomenology that departs from these conventional paradigms. By quenching the system past the critical point, we measure the dynamics of the emergent ordered phase and its departure from adiabaticity, and find that our measurements are in excellent agreement with the Kibble-Zurek hypothesis. In addition to validating the KZ mechanism in a DPT for the first time, we also uniquely show that the measured critical exponents accurately reflect the interplay between the intrinsic coherent dynamics and the environmental correlations, with a clear departure from mean field exponents in the case of non-Markovian system-bath interactions. We also discuss how the techniques of reservoir engineering and the imposition of artificial environmental correlations can result in the stabilization of novel many-body quantum phases and exotic non-equilibrium states of matter.
Self-control predicts attentional bias assessed by online shopping-related Stroop in high online shopping addiction tendency college students.

PubMed

Jiang, Zhaocai; Zhao, Xiuxin; Li, Cancan

2017-05-01

The aim of this study was to examine the relationships of personality types (i.e., self-control, BAS/BIS) and online shopping addiction (OSA) behavior and to investigate whether high-OSA tendency individuals display attentional biases toward online shopping-related (OS-related) stimuli as well as the links between attentional bias and personality types. The study included 98 college students divided into three groups (i.e., high-, medium- and low-OSA) according to their OSA behavior. The personality types (i.e., self-control, BAS/BIS) and OSA behavior were investigated by questionnaires. The attentional bias was evaluated by the OS-related Stroop and dot-probe task (DPT) paradigms. OSA was positively predicted by time spent on online shopping per day and average consumption for online shopping monthly, and negatively by self-control. High-OSA individuals displayed significant attentional biases toward OS-related stimuli in the Stroop, but not DPT paradigm. Moreover, the attentional bias toward OSA-related stimuli in high-OSA individuals was negatively correlated with self-control. These findings demonstrated the critical role of self-control in OSA behavior and attentional bias to OS-related stimuli in high-OSA individuals, indicating that more importance should be attached to self-control for the clinical intervention of online shopping addiction in future studies. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Diabetes Patient Tracker, a personal digital assistant-based diabetes management system for primary care practices in Oklahoma.

PubMed

Nagykaldi, Zsolt; Mold, James W

2003-01-01

It has been demonstrated that electronic patient registries combined with a clinical decision support system have a significant positive impact on the documentation and delivery of services provided by health care professionals. While implementation of available commercial systems has not always been proven effective in a number of primary care practices, development and implementation of such a system in a practice-based research network might enhance successful implementation. Physicians in our practice-based research network (Oklahoma Physicians Resource/Research Network) initiated a project that aimed at designing, testing, and implementing a personal digital assistant-based diabetes management system. We utilized the "best practice" approach to determine the principles on which the application must operate. System development and beta testing were also accomplished based on the direct feedback of user clinicians. Practice Enhancement Assistants (PEAs) were available in the practices for assistance with implementation. Implementation of the Diabetes Patient Tracker (DPT) resulted in a significant improvement (p<0.05) in nine of 10 diabetic quality of care measures compared with pre-intervention levels in 20 primary care practices. Regular PEA visits similarly increased the number of foot exams and retinal exams performed in the last year (p=0.03 and 0.02, respectively). DPT is a low-cost, feasible, easily implementable, and very effective paper-less tool that significantly improves patient care and documentation in primary care practices.
Variability-aware double-patterning layout optimization for analog circuits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Yongfu; Perez, Valerio; Tripathi, Vikas; Lee, Zhao Chuan; Tseng, I.-Lun; Ong, Jonathan Yoong Seang

2018-03-01

The semiconductor industry has adopted multi-patterning techniques to manage the delay in the extreme ultraviolet lithography technology. During the design process of double-patterning lithography layout masks, two polygons are assigned to different masks if their spacing is less than the minimum printable spacing. With these additional design constraints, it is very difficult to find experienced layout-design engineers who have a good understanding of the circuit to manually optimize the mask layers in order to minimize color-induced circuit variations. In this work, we investigate the impact of double-patterning lithography on analog circuits and provide quantitative analysis for our designers to select the optimal mask to minimize the circuit's mismatch. To overcome the problem and improve the turn-around time, we proposed our smart "anchoring" placement technique to optimize mask decomposition for analog circuits. We have developed a software prototype that is capable of providing anchoring markers in the layout, allowing industry standard tools to perform automated color decomposition process.
ILT for double exposure lithography with conventional and novel materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Poonawala, Amyn; Borodovsky, Yan; Milanfar, Peyman

2007-03-01

Multiple paths exists to provide lithography solutions pursuant to Moore's Law for next 3-5 generations of technology, yet each of those paths inevitably leads to solutions eventually requiring patterning at k I < 0.30 and below. In this article, we explore double exposure single development lithography for k I >= 0.25 (using conventional resist) and k1 < 0.25 (using new out-of-sight out-of-mind materials). For the case of k I >= 0.25, we propose a novel double exposure inverse lithography technique (ILT) to split the pattern. Our algorithm is based on our earlier proposed single exposure ILT framework, and works by decomposing the aerial image (instead of the target pattern) into two parts. It also resolves the phase conflicts automatically as part of the decomposition, and the combined aerial image obtained using the estimated masks has a superior contrast. For the case of k I < 0.25, we focus on analyzing the use of various dual patterning techniques enabled by the use of hypothetic materials with properties that allow for the violation of the linear superposition of intensities from the two exposures. We investigate the possible use of two materials: contrast enhancement layer (CEL) and two-photon absorption resists. We propose a mathematical model for CEL, define its characteristic properties, and derive fundamental bounds on the improvement in image log-slope. Simulation results demonstrate that double exposure single development lithography using CEL enables printing 80nm gratings using dry lithography. We also combine ILT, CEL, and DEL to synthesize 2-D patterns with k I = 0.185. Finally, we discuss the viability of two-photon absorption resists for double exposure lithography.
Effects of Different Cutting Patterns and Experimental Conditions on the Performance of a Conical Drag Tool

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Copur, Hanifi; Bilgin, Nuh; Balci, Cemal; Tumac, Deniz; Avunduk, Emre

2017-06-01

This study aims at determining the effects of single-, double-, and triple-spiral cutting patterns; the effects of tool cutting speeds on the experimental scale; and the effects of the method of yield estimation on cutting performance by performing a set of full-scale linear cutting tests with a conical cutting tool. The average and maximum normal, cutting and side forces; specific energy; yield; and coarseness index are measured and compared in each cutting pattern at a 25-mm line spacing, at varying depths of cut per revolution, and using two cutting speeds on five different rock samples. The results indicate that the optimum specific energy decreases by approximately 25% with an increasing number of spirals from the single- to the double-spiral cutting pattern for the hard rocks, whereas generally little effect was observed for the soft- and medium-strength rocks. The double-spiral cutting pattern appeared to be more effective than the single- or triple-spiral cutting pattern and had an advantage of lower side forces. The tool cutting speed had no apparent effect on the cutting performance. The estimation of the specific energy by the yield based on the theoretical swept area was not significantly different from that estimated by the yield based on the muck weighing, especially for the double- and triple-spiral cutting patterns and with the optimum ratio of line spacing to depth of cut per revolution. This study also demonstrated that the cutterhead and mechanical miner designs, semi-theoretical deterministic computer simulations and empirical performance predictions and optimization models should be based on realistic experimental simulations. Studies should be continued to obtain more reliable results by creating a larger database of laboratory tests and field performance records for mechanical miners using drag tools.
65-nm full-chip implementation using double dipole lithography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hsu, Stephen D.; Chen, J. Fung; Cororan, Noel; Knose, William T.; Van Den Broeke, Douglas J.; Laidig, Thomas L.; Wampler, Kurt E.; Shi, Xuelong; Hsu, Michael; Eurlings, Mark; Finders, Jo; Chiou, Tsann-Bim; Socha, Robert J.; Conley, Will; Hsieh, Yen W.; Tuan, Steve; Hsieh, Frank

2003-06-01

Double Dipole Lithography (DDL) has been demonstrated to be capable of patterning complex 2D patterns. Due to inherently high aerial imaging contrast, especially for dense features, we have found that it has a very good potential to meet manufacturing requirements for the 65nm node using ArF binary chrome masks. For patterning in the k1<0.35 regime without resorting to hard phase-shift masks (PSMs), DDL is one unique Resolution Enhancement Technique (RET) which can achieve an acceptable process window. To utilize DDL for printing actual IC devices, the original design data must be decomposed into "vertical (V)" and "horizontal (H)" masks for the respective X- and Y-dipole exposures. An improved two-pass, model-based, DDL mask data processing methodology has been established. It is capable of simultaneously converting complex logic and memory mask patterns into DDL compatible mask layout. To maximize the overlapped process window area, we have previously shown that the pattern-shielding algorithm must be intelligently applied together with both Scattering Bars (SBs) and model-based OPC (MOPC). Due to double exposures, stray light must be well-controlled to ensure uniform printing across the entire chip. One solution to minimize stray light is to apply large patches of solid chrome in open areas to reduce the background transmission during exposure. Unfortunately, this is not feasible for a typical clear-field poly gate masks to be patterned by a positive resist process. In this work, we report a production-worthy DDL mask pattern decomposition scheme for full-chip application. A new generation of DDL technology reticle set has been developed to verify the printing performance. Shielding is a critical part of the DDL. An innovative shielding scheme has been developed to protect the critical features and minimize the impact of stray light during double exposure.
Medical Image Authentication Using DPT Watermarking: A Preliminary Attempt

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wong, M. L. Dennis; Goh, Antionette W.-T.; Chua, Hong Siang

Secure authentication of digital medical image content provides great value to the e-Health community and medical insurance industries. Fragile Watermarking has been proposed to provide the mechanism to authenticate digital medical image securely. Transform Domain based Watermarking are typically slower than spatial domain watermarking owing to the overhead in calculation of coefficients. In this paper, we propose a new Discrete Pascal Transform based watermarking technique. Preliminary experiment result shows authentication capability. Possible improvements on the proposed scheme are also presented before conclusions.
The ’Irreversibility’ of Israel’s Annexation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Critical Evaluation.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-10-01

to the West Bank - 22 - and Gaza Strip warrant the conclusion that political initiatives based on the presumption that Israeli withdrawal is feasible...with the possible and important exception of East Jerusalem, the second, psycho-cultural threshold, has not yet been crossed. An ingrained presumption ...HQ USAF/IN Washington, D.C. 20330 AFSAC/ INOC Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-5788 Commandant USAF Academy Colorado Springs, CO 80914 AFIS/DPT Fort Belvoir, VA

Recreational Boat Harbor, Cedar River, Michigan. Revisions to General Design Memorandum Number 1 and Environmental Impact Statement. Supplement Number 1.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-08-01

MANITOWOCS 0 2uEG V!CINILOALIT MAAPDSN 1 SCALLE OF WILES LIGHT; BAN0SEA I PAN OCLANDLIIITY MAP DwREPT O#~ A.85D INDEX TO DRAWINGS OfDPT ONOR2 STA...W, - STANOR[I CORPS Of ENGINEERS BRASS CA B T IN CIEBNE ROUTlE M 35 FAST UIP EAST END OF BRIDGE OVER CEDAR RIVER STAMIPED SIA 52.54 E9G6 FlERAI1ON
NIH Common Fund - Disruptive Proteomics Technologies - Challenges and Opportunities | Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research

Cancer.gov

This Request for Information (RFI) is directed toward determining how best to accelerate research in disruptive proteomics technologies. The Disruptive Proteomics Technologies (DPT) Working Group of the NIH Common Fund wishes to identify gaps and opportunities in current technologies and methodologies related to proteome-wide measurements. For the purposes of this RFI, “disruptive” is defined as very rapid, very significant gains, similar to the "disruptive" technology development that occurred in DNA sequencing technology.
Double-Slit Interference Pattern for a Macroscopic Quantum System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Naeij, Hamid Reza; Shafiee, Afshin

2016-12-01

In this study, we solve analytically the Schrödinger equation for a macroscopic quantum oscillator as a central system coupled to two environmental micro-oscillating particles. Then, the double-slit interference patterns are investigated in two limiting cases, considering the limits of uncertainty in the position probability distribution. Moreover, we analyze the interference patterns based on a recent proposal called stochastic electrodynamics with spin. Our results show that when the quantum character of the macro-system is decreased, the diffraction pattern becomes more similar to a classical one. We also show that, depending on the size of the slits, the predictions of quantum approach could be apparently different with those of the aforementioned stochastic description.
Evaluation of simulation alternatives for the brute-force ray-tracing approach used in backlight design

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Desnijder, Karel; Hanselaer, Peter; Meuret, Youri

2016-04-01

A key requirement to obtain a uniform luminance for a side-lit LED backlight is the optimised spatial pattern of structures on the light guide that extract the light. The generation of such a scatter pattern is usually performed by applying an iterative approach. In each iteration, the luminance distribution of the backlight with a particular scatter pattern is analysed. This is typically performed with a brute-force ray-tracing algorithm, although this approach results in a time-consuming optimisation process. In this study, the Adding-Doubling method is explored as an alternative way for evaluating the luminance of a backlight. Due to the similarities between light propagating in a backlight with extraction structures and light scattering in a cloud of light scatterers, the Adding-Doubling method which is used to model the latter could also be used to model the light distribution in a backlight. The backlight problem is translated to a form upon which the Adding-Doubling method is directly applicable. The calculated luminance for a simple uniform extraction pattern with the Adding-Doubling method matches the luminance generated by a commercial raytracer very well. Although successful, no clear computational advantage over ray tracers is realised. However, the dynamics of light propagation in a light guide as used the Adding-Doubling method, also allow to enhance the efficiency of brute-force ray-tracing algorithms. The performance of this enhanced ray-tracing approach for the simulation of backlights is also evaluated against a typical brute-force ray-tracing approach.
Characteristics of Hyperautofluorescent Choroidal Vessels Using Fundus Camera Type Short-Wavelength Autofluorescence.

PubMed

Shinojima, Ari; Mori, Ryusaburo; Nakashizuka, Hiroyuki; Shimada, Hiroyuki

2016-01-01

To clarify differences between eyes showing hyperautofluorescent choroidal vessels in both nasal and temporal, or only the nasal, portions of the fundus using fundus autofluorescence. Nineteen eyes with hyperautofluorescent vessels in both nasal and temporal portions (group 1) and 17 only the nasal portion (group 2) of the fundus were studied. Choroidal and retinal thicknesses (foveal, and nasal and temporal 3,000 µm from the fovea), axial length, and refraction were compared between the two groups. In group 1, the average foveal, nasal, and temporal choroidal thicknesses (mean ± SD) were 69.0 ± 30.9, 57.1 ± 18.7, and 88.3 ± 30.4 μm, retinal thicknesses 170.1 ± 48.5, 221.9 ± 46.5, and 209.5 ± 37.9 μm, axial length 28.2 ± 2.2 mm, and refraction -9.9 ± 5.9 dpt. In group 2, the respective values were 174.8 ± 43.0, 80.5 ± 20.9, and 173.5 ± 46.1 μm, 213.4 ± 29.8, 278.3 ± 20.2, and 252.8 ± 19.6 μm, 24.2 ± 1.4 mm, and -1.8 ± 3.8 dpt. There were significant between-group differences for all items (p < 0.05). Fundus autofluorescence tends to be associated with the detection of hyperautofluorescent choroidal vessels in eyes with strong myopia or greater axial length. © 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel.
Alleviation of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor-Dependent Long-Term Depression via Regulation of the Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Pathway in the Amygdala of a Valproic Acid-Induced Animal Model of Autism.

PubMed

Wu, Han-Fang; Chen, Po See; Chen, Yi-Ju; Lee, Chi-Wei; Chen, I-Tuan; Lin, Hui-Ching

2017-09-01

The amygdala plays crucial roles in socio-emotional behavior and cognition, both of which are abnormal in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Valproic acid (VPA)-exposed rat offspring have demonstrated ASD phenotypes and amygdala excitatory/inhibitory imbalance. However, the role of glutamatergic synapses in this imbalance remains unclear. In this study, we used a VPA-induced ASD-like model to assess glutamatergic synapse-dependent long-term depression (LTD) and depotentiation (DPT) in the amygdala. We first confirmed that the VPA-exposed offspring exhibited sociability deficits, anxiety, depression-like behavior, and abnormal nociception thresholds. Then, electrophysiological examination showed a significantly decreased paired-pulse ratio in the amygdala. In addition, both NMDA-dependent LTD and DPT were absent from the amygdala. Furthermore, we found that the levels of glycogen synthase kinase3β (GSK-3β) phosphorylation and β-catenin were significantly higher in the amygdala of the experimental animals than in the controls. Local infusion of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin into the amygdala reversed the increased phosphorylation level and impaired social behavior. Taken together, the results suggested that NMDA receptor-related synaptic plasticity is dysfunctional in VPA-exposed offspring. In addition, GSK-3β in the amygdala is critical for synaptic plasticity at the glutamatergic synapses and is related to social behavior. Its role in the underlying mechanism of ASD merits further investigation.
Standardization and validation of a new atomic absorption spectroscopy technique for determination and quantitation of aluminium adjuvant in immunobiologicals.

PubMed

Mishra, Arti; Bhalla, Sumir Rai; Rawat, Sameera; Bansal, Vivek; Sehgal, Rakesh; Kumar, Sunil

2007-10-01

In the present study, Aluminium quantification in immunobiologicals has been described using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) technique. The assay was found to be linear in 25-125 microg/ml Aluminium range. The procedure was found to be accurate for different vaccines with recoveries of external additions ranging between 93.26 and 103.41%. The mean Limit of Variation (L.V.) for both intra- and inter-assay precision was calculated to be 1.62 and 2.22%, respectively. Further the procedure was found to be robust in relation to digestion temperature, alteration in acid (HNO(3) and H(2)SO(4)) ratio used for sample digestion and storage of digested vaccine samples up to a period of 15 days. After validation, AAS method was compared for its equivalency with routinely used complexometric titration method. On simultaneously applying on seven different groups of both bacterial and viral vaccines, viz., DPT, DT, TT, Hepatitis-A and B, Antirabies vaccine (cell culture) and tetravalent DPT-Hib, a high degree of positive correlation (+0.85-0.998) among AAS and titration methods was observed. Further AAS method was found to have an edge over complexometric titration method that a group of vaccines, viz., ARV (cell culture, adsorbed) and Hepatitis-A, in which Aluminium estimation is not feasible by pharmacopoeial approved complexometric titration method (possibly due to some interference in the sample matrix), this newly described and validated AAS assay procedure delivered accurate and reproducible results.
Students mentoring students in a service-learning clinical supervision experience: an educational case report.

PubMed

Lattanzi, Jill Black; Campbell, Sandra L; Dole, Robin L; Palombaro, Kerstin M

2011-10-01

Service-learning projects present the opportunity to combine academic skill practice and peer mentorship with meaningful community service. Implicit learning outcomes include an enhanced understanding of social responsibility and professional development-concepts difficult to teach in the classroom. The purpose of this educational case report is to describe the development, application, and outcomes of a service-learning project designed to facilitate peer mentorship and the development of social responsibility. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROCESS: Widener University mandated that all programs offer student community service opportunities on Martin Luther King Day. In response, the physical therapy program developed a plan to clean and screen assistive and mobility devices and provide blood pressure screening at designated community sites. APPLICATION OF THE PROCESS: All faculty and all members of the first-year and third-year Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) classes participated. The students and a faculty member traveled to designated community sites in teams. First-year students were able to practice newly acquired skills under the supervision and peer mentorship of third-year students. Outcomes of the service-learning project were assessed through a tally of services rendered, measurement of curricular goal achievement, a survey of the community partners' satisfaction with the event, and consideration of both first-year and third-year DPT student reflection papers. The service-learning project was effective in meeting a community need, enhancing community partner relationships, fostering student understandings of social responsibility, and creating a valuable peer mentorship experience.
Pattern Switchable Antenna System Using Inkjet-Printed Directional Bow-Tie for Bi-Direction Sensing Applications

PubMed Central

Eom, Seung-Hyun; Seo, Yunsik; Lim, Sungjoon

2015-01-01

In this paper, we propose a paper-based pattern switchable antenna system using inkjet-printing technology for bi-direction sensor applications. The proposed antenna system is composed of two directional bow-tie antennas and a switching network. The switching network consists of a single-pole-double-throw (SPDT) switch and a balun element. A double-sided parallel-strip line (DSPSL) is employed to convert the unbalanced microstrip mode to the balanced strip mode. Two directional bow-tie antennas have different radiation patterns because of the different orientation of the reflectors and antennas. It is demonstrated from electromagnetic (EM) simulation and measurement that the radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are successfully switched by the SPDT switch. PMID:26690443
Pattern Switchable Antenna System Using Inkjet-Printed Directional Bow-Tie for Bi-Direction Sensing Applications.

PubMed

Eom, Seung-Hyun; Seo, Yunsik; Lim, Sungjoon

2015-12-10

In this paper, we propose a paper-based pattern switchable antenna system using inkjet-printing technology for bi-direction sensor applications. The proposed antenna system is composed of two directional bow-tie antennas and a switching network. The switching network consists of a single-pole-double-throw (SPDT) switch and a balun element. A double-sided parallel-strip line (DSPSL) is employed to convert the unbalanced microstrip mode to the balanced strip mode. Two directional bow-tie antennas have different radiation patterns because of the different orientation of the reflectors and antennas. It is demonstrated from electromagnetic (EM) simulation and measurement that the radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are successfully switched by the SPDT switch.
Characterization of geostationary particle signatures based on the 'injection boundary' model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mauk, B. H.; Meng, C.-I.

1983-01-01

A simplified analytical procedure is used to characterize the details of geostationary particle signatures, in order to lend support to the 'injection boundary' concept. The signatures are generated by the time-of-flight effects evolving from an initial sharply defined, double spiraled boundary configuration. Complex and highly variable dispersion patterns often observed by geostationary satellites are successfully reproduced through the exclusive use of the most fundamental convection configuration characteristics. Many of the details of the patterns have not been previously presented. It is concluded that most of the dynamical dispersion features can be mapped to the double spiral boundary without further ad hoc assumptions, and that predicted and observed dispersion patterns exhibit symmetries distinct from those associated with the quasi-stationary particle convection patterns.
Width of anterior chamber angle determined by OCT, and correlation to refraction and age in a German working population: the MIPH Eye&Health Study.

PubMed

Vossmerbaeumer, Urs; Schuster, Alexander K; Fischer, Joachim E

2013-12-01

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the anterior segment allows quantitative analysis of the geometry of the chamber angle. We performed bilateral spectral-domain OCT measurements in healthy, emmetropic, hyperopic, and myopic subjects to establish correlations between the width of the angle, the refraction, and intraocular pressure of the test persons. Out of 4,617 eyes (2,309 subjects), those with refractive errors of < -4 or > +3 diopters were identified by objective refraction measurement (KR-8800 Kerato-Refractometer, Topcon Inc., Japan) and examined using the anterior segment mode of a spectral-domain 3D OCT-2000 (Topcon Inc., Japan). Non-contact tonometry was performed (CT-80, Topcon Inc., Japan). One hundred and eight eyes of 54 emmetropic subjects (± 0.5 dpt) served as reference group. Previous ocular surgery was exclusion criterion in all groups. Width of the chamber angle was determined using semi-automated software tools and statistical analysis of the data (Pearson correlation, ANOVA with post-hoc test and Bonferroni correction, regression analysis) was performed using SPSS software (SPSS 19.0, Chicago, IL, USA). Six hundred and sixty-eight eyes of 398 persons (292 male, 96 female) were included in the study. Mean hyperopic refraction was +4.24 (+3 to +7.75) dpt, mean myopic refraction was -5.86 (-4 to -11.75) dpt. Valid chamber angle OCT measurements could be obtained from 50 (69.4 %) hyperopic and 400 (71.4 %) myopic eyes meeting the inclusion criteria. The mean width of the chamber angle was determined as 31.8° (range: 13.5 to 45.6, SD 7.49) in the hyperopic group, 40.8° (range: 19.3 to 66.0, SD 8.1) in the myopic group, and 36.3° (range: 21.1 to 51.8, SD 6.8) in the emmetropic reference group. Correlation was highly significant (p > 0.001) between refractive error and the aperture of the chamber angle as measured from OCT. The association of the intraocular pressure and the refraction was also highly significant (p > 0.001) for the three groups. The spectral-domain OCT yielded measurements that could be used for digital analysis of the chamber angle geometry. Our results highlight the correlation between refraction and aperture of the angle in hyperopia and myopia as determined by the 3D OCT-2000: hyperopia is associated with a narrower chamber angle, myopia with a wider aperture of the angle.
Influence of season, age and management on scrotal thermal profile in Murrah bulls using scrotal infrared digital thermography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahirwar, Maneesh Kumar; Kataktalware, Mukund Amritrao; Ramesha, Kerekoppa Puttaiah; Pushpadass, Heartwin Amaladhas; Jeyakumar, Sakthivel; Revanasiddu, Deginal; Kour, Reen Jagish; Nath, Sapna; Nagaleekar, Anand Kumar; Nazar, Sayyad

2017-12-01

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of non-genetic factors on scrotal thermographic profile viz., proximal pole temperature (PPT °C), mid pole temperature (MPT °C), distal pole temperature (DPT °C) and ocular temperature (OcT) of Murrah ( Bubalus bubalis) breeding bulls. A total of 109 buffalo bulls, maintained at three semen stations (SS), were monitored for scrotal surface and ocular temperatures using infrared thermography twice daily during rainy, winter and summer seasons using an FLIR i5 infrared camera and temperatures were measured. Thermograms were analysed by FLIR QuickReport v.1.2 SP2 software. Statistical analysis revealed that semen station, season, temperature humidity index (THI), housing system and timing of observations had significant ( P < 0.05) effect on scrotal surface temperature (SST) and OcT. In SS-I, the PPT and MPT were significantly ( P < 0.05) higher as compared to SS-II and SS-III. THI had significant ( P < 0.05) effect on SST and OcT, whereas PPT (°C), MPT (°C), DPT (°C) and OcT (°C) values during high THI (>80.88; <0.05) period were higher as compared to medium THI period (70.06-80.88) and during low THI period (<70.06). Temperature gradient (TG) of the testes was significantly ( P < 0.05) higher during low THI period (4.50 ± 0.06 °C) as compared to medium THI (2.38 ± 0.03 °C) and high THI (1.61 ± 0.05 °C). Season of the year had a significant effect ( P < 0.05) on the SST and OcT. During the rainy season, PPT (34.50 ± 0.09 °C), MPT (33.44 ± 0.12 °C) and DPT (32.11 ± 0.15 °C) were significantly ( P < 0.05) higher as compared to winter and summer seasons. Age of the bulls had non-significant effect on SST and OcT but had a marked influence on thermal profile of scrotum. It could be concluded semen station, season, temperature humidity index, housing system and timing of observations had a significant influence on scrotal surface temperature. The monitoring of scrotal surface temperature by infrared thermography was found to be useful in evaluating the effects of thermal stress on physiology and health of buffalo bulls.
Influence of season, age and management on scrotal thermal profile in Murrah bulls using scrotal infrared digital thermography.

PubMed

Ahirwar, Maneesh Kumar; Kataktalware, Mukund Amritrao; Ramesha, Kerekoppa Puttaiah; Pushpadass, Heartwin Amaladhas; Jeyakumar, Sakthivel; Revanasiddu, Deginal; Kour, Reen Jagish; Nath, Sapna; Nagaleekar, Anand Kumar; Nazar, Sayyad

2017-12-01

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of non-genetic factors on scrotal thermographic profile viz., proximal pole temperature (PPT °C), mid pole temperature (MPT °C), distal pole temperature (DPT °C) and ocular temperature (OcT) of Murrah (Bubalus bubalis) breeding bulls. A total of 109 buffalo bulls, maintained at three semen stations (SS), were monitored for scrotal surface and ocular temperatures using infrared thermography twice daily during rainy, winter and summer seasons using an FLIR i5 infrared camera and temperatures were measured. Thermograms were analysed by FLIR QuickReport v.1.2 SP2 software. Statistical analysis revealed that semen station, season, temperature humidity index (THI), housing system and timing of observations had significant (P < 0.05) effect on scrotal surface temperature (SST) and OcT. In SS-I, the PPT and MPT were significantly (P < 0.05) higher as compared to SS-II and SS-III. THI had significant (P < 0.05) effect on SST and OcT, whereas PPT (°C), MPT (°C), DPT (°C) and OcT (°C) values during high THI (>80.88; <0.05) period were higher as compared to medium THI period (70.06-80.88) and during low THI period (<70.06). Temperature gradient (TG) of the testes was significantly (P < 0.05) higher during low THI period (4.50 ± 0.06 °C) as compared to medium THI (2.38 ± 0.03 °C) and high THI (1.61 ± 0.05 °C). Season of the year had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the SST and OcT. During the rainy season, PPT (34.50 ± 0.09 °C), MPT (33.44 ± 0.12 °C) and DPT (32.11 ± 0.15 °C) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher as compared to winter and summer seasons. Age of the bulls had non-significant effect on SST and OcT but had a marked influence on thermal profile of scrotum. It could be concluded semen station, season, temperature humidity index, housing system and timing of observations had a significant influence on scrotal surface temperature. The monitoring of scrotal surface temperature by infrared thermography was found to be useful in evaluating the effects of thermal stress on physiology and health of buffalo bulls.
Double-pulse digital speckle pattern interferometry for vibration analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Dazhi; Xue, Jingfeng; Chen, Lu; Wen, Juying; Wang, Jingjing

2014-12-01

The double-pulse Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry (DSPI) in the laboratory is established. Two good performances have been achieved at the same time, which is uniform distribution of laser beam energy by space filter and recording two successive pictures by a CCD camera successfully. Then two-dimensional discrete orthogonal wavelet transform method is used for the process of filtering method. By using the DSPI, speckle pattern of a vibrated object is obtained with interval of (2~800)μs, and 3D plot of the transient vibration is achieved. Moreover, good agreements of the mode shapes and displacement are obtained by comparing with Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) .
100-nm gate lithography for double-gate transistors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krasnoperova, Azalia A.; Zhang, Ying; Babich, Inna V.; Treichler, John; Yoon, Jung H.; Guarini, Kathryn; Solomon, Paul M.

2001-09-01

The double gate field effect transistor (FET) is an exploratory device that promises certain performance advantages compared to traditional CMOS FETs. It can be scaled down further than the traditional devices because of the greater electrostatic control by the gates on the channel (about twice as short a channel length for the same gate oxide thickness), has steeper sub-threshold slope and about double the current for the same width. This paper presents lithographic results for double gate FET's developed at IBM's T. J. Watson Research Center. The device is built on bonded wafers with top and bottom gates self-aligned to each other. The channel is sandwiched between the top and bottom polysilicon gates and the gate length is defined using DUV lithography. An alternating phase shift mask was used to pattern gates with critical dimensions of 75 nm, 100 nm and 125 nm in photoresist. 50 nm gates in photoresist have also been patterned by 20% over-exposure of nominal 100 nm lines. No trim mask was needed because of a specific way the device was laid out. UV110 photoresist from Shipley on AR-3 antireflective layer were used. Process windows, developed and etched patterns are presented.
Planting pattern and weed control method influence on yield production of corn (Zea mays L.)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Purba, E.; Nasution, D. P.

2018-02-01

Field experiment was carried out to evaluate the influence of planting patterns and weed control methods on the growth and yield of corn. The effect of the planting pattern and weed control method was studied in a split plot design. The main plots were that of planting pattern single row (25cm x 60cm), double row (25cm x 25cm x 60cm) and triangle row ( 25cm x 25cm x 25cm). Subplot was that of weed control method consisted five methods namely weed free throughout the growing season, hand weeding, sprayed with glyphosate, sprayed with paraquat, and no weeding.. Result showed that both planting pattern and weed control method did not affect the growth of corn. However, planting pattern and weed control method significantly affected yield production. Yield resulted from double row and triangle planting pattern was 14% and 41% higher, consecutively, than that of single row pattern. The triangle planting pattern combined with any weed control method produced the highest yield production of corn.
SOI layout decomposition for double patterning lithography on high-performance computer platforms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Verstov, Vladimir; Zinchenko, Lyudmila; Makarchuk, Vladimir

2014-12-01

In the paper silicon on insulator layout decomposition algorithms for the double patterning lithography on high performance computing platforms are discussed. Our approach is based on the use of a contradiction graph and a modified concurrent breadth-first search algorithm. We evaluate our technique on 45 nm Nangate Open Cell Library including non-Manhattan geometry. Experimental results show that our soft computing algorithms decompose layout successfully and a minimal distance between polygons in layout is increased.
Field-Scale Treatability Study for Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of Explosives in Groundwater: BioBarrier Installation and Hot Spot Treatment Using DPT Injection

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-24

carbon is consumed, O2 is depleted until the system becomes anaerobic ►After O2 is consumed, anaerobic fermentation begins and H2 is released into...Degradation and TNT Biodegradation Pathway 10 Carbon source water Lactic acid propionic and pyruvic acids acetic acid fermentation methane TNT...A total of 32,791 lbs of SRS was mixed with potable water to provide 20,000 gallons of solution for injection ► 197 lbs of yeast extract was added
2013 JOSPT Award recipients highlight the need to leverage patient expectations and prevent second anterior cruciate ligament injuries.

PubMed

Simoneau, Guy G

2014-03-01

During the American Physical Therapy Association's Combined Sections Meeting in Las Vegas, Nevada in February 2014, JOSPT recognized the authors of the most outstanding research and clinical practice manuscripts published in JOSPT during the 2013 calendar year. The 2013 JOSPT Excellence in Research Award was presented to Mark D. Bishop, Joel E. Bialosky, Paul Mintken, PT, DPT, and Joshua A. Cleland, PT, PhD for their paper titled “Patient Expectations of Benefit From Interventions for Neck Pain and Resulting Influence on Outcomes.”

Symposium on Signal and Image Processing English-Language Abstracts (12th) Held in Juan-Les-Pins, France on 12-16 June 1989

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-01

Neril1" (’)INFOCOM Dpt., via Eudossiana 18, 1-00184 Roma, Italy (2) CONTRAVES Italiana SpA. via Affile 102, 1-00139 Roma, Italy SUMMARY The paper...central processor. This makes the perception of the system less accurate and induces a loss in performance. Previous studies have considered the case...current practice. An inner code, often decoded using a weighted input, is concatenated with an outer code decoded without such a weighting . If
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mazurkiewicz, Kamil; Haranczyk, Maciej; Gutowski, Maciej S.

The electron affinity and the propensity to electron-induced proton transfer (PT) of hydrogen-bonded complexes between the Watson–Crick adenine–thymine pair (AT) and simple organic acid (HX), attached to adenine in the Hoogsteen-type configuration, were studied at the B3LYP/6-31+G** level. Although the carboxyl group is deprotonated at physiological pH, its neutral form, COOH, resembles the peptide bond or the amide fragment in the side chain of asparagine (Asn) or glutamine (Gln). Thus, these complexes mimic the interaction between the DNA environment (e.g., proteins) and nucleobase pairs incorporated in the biopolymer. Electron attachment is thermodynamically feasible and adiabatic electron affinities range from 0.41more » to 1.28 eV, while the vertical detachment energies of the resulting anions span the range of 0.39 –2.88 eV. Low-energy activation barriers separate the anionic minima: aHX(AT) from the more stable single-PT anionic geometry, aHX(AT)-SPT, and aHX(AT)-SPT from the double-PT anionic geometry, aHX(AT)-DPT. Interaction between the adenine of the Watson–Crick AT base pair with an acidic proton donor probably counterbalances the larger EA of isolated thymine, as SOMO is almost evenly delocalized over both types of nucleic bases in the aHX(AT) anions. Moreover, as a result of PT the excess electron localizes entirely on adenine. Thus, in DNA interacting with its physiological environment, damage induced by low-energy electrons could begin, contrary to the current view, with the formation of purine anions, which are not formed in isolated DNA because of the greater stability of anionic pyrimidines.« less
Nanofabrication of 10-nm T-shaped gates using a double patterning process with electron beam lithography and dry etch

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shao, Jinhai; Deng, Jianan; Lu, W.; Chen, Yifang

2017-07-01

A process to fabricate T-shaped gates with the footprint scaling down to 10 nm using a double patterning procedure is reported. One of the keys in this process is to separate the definition of the footprint from that for the gate-head so that the proximity effect originated from electron forward scattering in the resist is significantly minimized, enabling us to achieve as narrow as 10-nm foot width. Furthermore, in contrast to the reported technique for 10-nm T-shaped profile in resist, this process utilizes a metallic film with a nanoslit as an etch mask to form a well-defined 10-nm-wide foot in a SiNx layer by reactive ion etch. Such a double patterning process has demonstrated enhanced reliability. The detailed process is comprehensively described, and its advantages and limitations are discussed. Nanofabrication of InP-based high-electron-mobility transistors using the developed process for 10- to 20-nm T-shaped gates is currently under the way.
Rosalind Franklin's X-ray photo of DNA as an undergraduate optical diffraction experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thompson, J.; Braun, G.; Tierney, D.; Wessels, L.; Schmitzer, H.; Rossa, B.; Wagner, H. P.; Dultz, W.

2018-02-01

Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction patterns of DNA molecules rendered the important clue that DNA has the structure of a double helix. The most famous X-ray photograph, Photo 51, is still printed in most Biology textbooks. We suggest two optical experiments for undergraduates that make this historic achievement comprehensible for students by using macromodels of DNA and visible light to recreate a diffraction pattern similar to Photo 51. In these macromodels, we replace the double helix both mathematically and experimentally with its two-dimensional (flat) projection and explain why this is permissible. Basic optical concepts are used to infer certain well-known characteristics of DNA from the diffraction pattern.
PMJ 2007 panel discussion overview: double exposure and double patterning for 32-nm half-pitch design node

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nagaoka, Yoshinori; Watanabe, Hidehiro

2007-10-01

As part of the technical program in Photomask Japan 2007, we held a panel discussion to discuss challenges and solutions for the double exposure and double patterning lithography technique for 32nm half-pitch design node. 4 panelists, Rik Jonckheere of IMEC, Belgium), Tsann-Binn Chiou of ASML Taiwan Ltd., Taiwan), Judy Huckabay of Cadence Design Systems Inc. (USA) and Yoshimitsu Okuda of Toppan Printing Co., Ltd., Japan) were invited to represent each key technical area. We also took a survey from the PMJ attendees prior to the panel discussion, to vote which key technical area they think the challenge exists for the 32nm half-pitch DE/DP lithography. The result of the survey was also presented during the panel discussion. One would intuitively think that by using a DE/DP technique you're relaxing the design rule by 2x, thus for 32nm node it's essentially the 65nm process- you're just repeating it 2 times. Well, not exactly, as identified by the panelists and the participants in the discussion. We recognized the difficulties in the LSI fabrication process steps, the lithography tool overlay, photomask CD and registration, and the issue of data splitting conflict. These difficulties are big challenge for both LSI and photomask manufactures; however, we have confirmed some solutions are already examined by the theoretical and experimental works of the people in research. Despite these difficulties, we are convinced that the immersion lithography with double exposure and double patterning techniques is one of the most promising candidates of the lithography for 32nm half pitch design node.
Differential potentiometric titration: development of a methodology for determining the point of zero charge of metal (hydr)oxides by one titration curve.

PubMed

Bourikas, Kyriakos; Kordulis, Christos; Lycourghiotis, Alexis

2005-06-01

A new methodology is presented, called differential potentiometric titration (DPT), which allows the determination of the point of zero charge (pzc) of metal (hydr)oxides using only one potentiometric curve. By performing extensive simulations of potentiometric titrations for various model (hydr)oxides, we found that an inflection point in a H+(cons,surf) versus pH potentiometric curve (H+(cons,surf): hydrogen ions consumed on the surface of the (hydr)oxide) and a peak in the corresponding differential curve, dH+(cons,surf)/dpH versus pH, appear at a pH equal to the pzc assumed for a model (hydr)oxide. This distinguishable peak appears at the same position irrespective of the surface ionization and the interfacial model adopted as well as the assumed ionic strength. It was found that the aforementioned peak also appears in the high-resolution differential potentiometric curves experimentally determined for four oxides (SiO2, TiO2, gamma-Al2O3, and MgO) that are widely used in various environmental and other technological applications. The application of DPT to the above-mentioned oxides provided practically the same pzc values as the corresponding ones achieved by using four different techniques as well as the corresponding isoelectric point (iep) values determined by microelectrophoresis. Differences between the pzc and iep values determined using various techniques in the case of MgO were attributed to the increasing dissolution of this oxide as pH decreases and the adsorption of cations (Mg2+, Na+) on the MgO/electrolytic solution interface.
Thermal reactivity of some nitro- and nitroso-compounds derived from 1,3,5,7-tetraazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane at contamination by ammonium nitrate.

PubMed

Zeman, Svatopluk; Shu, Yuanjie; Friedl, Zdenek; Vágenknecht, Jirí

2005-05-20

Thermal reactivity of 3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (DPT), 3,7-dinitroso-1,3,5,7-tetraazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (DNPT), 1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazinane (TMTA or R-salt), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (hexogen or RDX), 1,5-diacetyl-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (DADN), alpha-modification of the 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (octogen or HMX) and of their mixtures with 2wt.% of ammonium nitrate (AN) has been examined by means of non-isothermal differential thermal analysis. The resulting data were analyzed according to the Kissinger method. The reactivity was expressed as the E(a)R(-1) slopes of the Kissinger relationship. A relatively high reactivity has been found with mixtures of DPT and DNPT with AN. Electronic charges q(N) at nitrogen atoms in molecules of the compounds studied were calculated by means of ab initio DFT B3LYP/6-31G** method. The relationships were confirmed between the slopes E(a)R(-1) and the q(N) values for the nitrogen atoms primarily undergoing reaction. On the basis of these relationships it is stated that the destabilizing effect of AN is due to acidolytic attack of nitric acid (resulting from dissociation of ammonium nitrate) at the nitrogen atoms with the most negative q(N) values in the molecules of the compounds studied.
The Role of Childhood Infections and Immunizations on Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Report from the Children's Oncology Group

PubMed Central

Sankaran, Hari; Danysh, Heather E.; Scheurer, Michael E.; Okcu, M. Fatih; Skapek, Stephen X.; Hawkins, Douglas S.; Spector, Logan G.; Erhardt, Erik B.; Grufferman, Seymour; Lupo, Philip J.

2016-01-01

Background Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare, highly malignant tumor arising from primitive mesenchymal cells that differentiate into skeletal muscle. Relatively little is known about RMS susceptibility. Based on growing evidence regarding the role of early immunologic challenges on RMS development, we evaluated the role of infections and immunizations on this clinically significant pediatric malignancy Procedure RMS cases (n=322) were enrolled from the third trial coordinated by the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group. Population-based controls (n=322) were pair matched to cases on race, sex, and age. The following immunizations were assessed: diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT), measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), and oral polio vaccine (OPV). We also evaluated if immunizations were complete vs. incomplete. We examined selected infections including chickenpox, mumps, pneumonia, scarlet fever, rubella, rubeola, pertussis, mononucleosis, and lung infections. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each exposure, adjusted for maternal education and total annual income Results Incomplete immunization schedules (OR=5.30, 95% CI: 2.47-11.33) and incomplete DPT immunization (OR=1.56, 95% CI: 1.06-2.29) were positively associated with childhood RMS. However, infections did not appear to be associated with childhood RMS. Conclusions This is the largest study of RMS to date demonstrating a possible protective effect of immunizations against development of childhood RMS. Further studies are needed to validate our findings. Our findings add to the growing body of literature suggesting a protective role of routine vaccinations in childhood cancer and specifically in childhood RMS. PMID:27198935
Environmental fate and non-target impact of glyphosate-based herbicide (Roundup) in a subtropical wetland.

PubMed

Tsui, M T K; Chu, L M

2008-03-01

Mai Po Nature Reserve (Hong Kong) is an internationally important wetland for waterbirds. Roundup, a formulation based on glyphosate, has been used to control the widespread weeds within the reserve for many years but the fate and non-target impact of the herbicide is unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, we applied Roundup by hand-held sprayer to an estuarine and a freshwater pond in the dry season of year 2002. The surface water and sediment were sampled routinely for glyphosate concentrations following one month of application. In situ bioassays using local edible fish species were performed along with the herbicide application. Up to 52% of glyphosate in the surface water was transported to the unapplied regions by wind-driven current in the estuarine pond at 1 DPT (day post treatment). For both ponds, glyphosate concentrations in the water decreased rapidly after 1-3 DPT, but then decreased gradually over time. Both physical adsorption to the bottom sediments and microbial degradation are thought to contribute to these decreases. Interestingly, the persistence of glyphosate in the freshwater pond was longer than in the estuarine system, which is likely due to the considerably higher concentrations of chelating metals (i.e. Cu and Fe) present in the sediment (4.5 and 11-fold higher, respectively) which potentially reduced the bioavailability of glyphosate to the microbial decomposers. Lastly, fishes used in the in situ bioassays (both in applied and unapplied areas) showed similar survival rates, indicating that the use of Roundup at the provided application rate posed no serious hazard.
Cognitive debiasing 1: origins of bias and theory of debiasing.

PubMed

Croskerry, Pat; Singhal, Geeta; Mamede, Sílvia

2013-10-01

Numerous studies have shown that diagnostic failure depends upon a variety of factors. Psychological factors are fundamental in influencing the cognitive performance of the decision maker. In this first of two papers, we discuss the basics of reasoning and the Dual Process Theory (DPT) of decision making. The general properties of the DPT model, as it applies to diagnostic reasoning, are reviewed. A variety of cognitive and affective biases are known to compromise the decision-making process. They mostly appear to originate in the fast intuitive processes of Type 1 that dominate (or drive) decision making. Type 1 processes work well most of the time but they may open the door for biases. Removing or at least mitigating these biases would appear to be an important goal. We will also review the origins of biases. The consensus is that there are two major sources: innate, hard-wired biases that developed in our evolutionary past, and acquired biases established in the course of development and within our working environments. Both are associated with abbreviated decision making in the form of heuristics. Other work suggests that ambient and contextual factors may create high risk situations that dispose decision makers to particular biases. Fatigue, sleep deprivation and cognitive overload appear to be important determinants. The theoretical basis of several approaches towards debiasing is then discussed. All share a common feature that involves a deliberate decoupling from Type 1 intuitive processing and moving to Type 2 analytical processing so that eventually unexamined intuitive judgments can be submitted to verification. This decoupling step appears to be the critical feature of cognitive and affective debiasing.
Nomogram for suboptimal cytoreduction at primary surgery for advanced stage ovarian cancer.

PubMed

Gerestein, Cornelis G; Eijkemans, Marinus J; Bakker, Jeanette; Elgersma, Otto E; van der Burg, Maria E L; Kooi, Geertruida S; Burger, Curt W

2011-11-01

Maximal cytoreduction to minimal residual tumor is the most important determinant of prognosis in patients with advanced stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Preoperative prediction of suboptimal cytoreduction, defined as residual tumor >1 cm, could guide treatment decisions and improve counseling. The objective of this study was to identify predictive computed tomographic (CT) scan and clinical parameters for suboptimal cytoreduction at primary cytoreductive surgery for advanced stage EOC and to generate a nomogram with the identified parameters, which would be easy to use in daily clinical practice. Between October 2005 and December 2008, all patients with primary surgery for suspected advanced stage EOC at six participating teaching hospitals in the South Western part of the Netherlands entered the study protocol. To investigate independent predictors of suboptimal cytoreduction, a Cox proportional hazard model with backward stepwise elimination was utilized. One hundred and fifteen patients with FIGO stage III/IV EOC entered the study protocol. Optimal cytoreduction was achieved in 52 (45%) patients. A suboptimal cytoreduction was predicted by preoperative blood platelet count (p=0.1990; odds ratio (OR)=1.002), diffuse peritoneal thickening (DPT) (p=0.0074; OR=3.021), and presence of ascites on at least two thirds of CT scan slices (p=0.0385; OR=2.294) with a for-optimism corrected c-statistic of 0.67. Suboptimal cytoreduction was predicted by preoperative platelet count, DPT and presence of ascites. The generated nomogram can, after external validation, be used to estimate surgical outcome and to identify those patients, who might benefit from alternative treatment approaches.
The Role of Childhood Infections and Immunizations on Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group.

PubMed

Sankaran, Hari; Danysh, Heather E; Scheurer, Michael E; Okcu, M Fatih; Skapek, Stephen X; Hawkins, Douglas S; Spector, Logan G; Erhardt, Erik B; Grufferman, Seymour; Lupo, Philip J

2016-09-01

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare, highly malignant tumor arising from primitive mesenchymal cells that differentiate into skeletal muscle. Relatively little is known about RMS susceptibility. Based on growing evidence regarding the role of early immunologic challenges on RMS development, we evaluated the role of infections and immunizations on this clinically significant pediatric malignancy. RMS cases (n = 322) were enrolled from the third trial coordinated by the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group. Population-based controls (n = 322) were pair matched to cases on race, sex, and age. The following immunizations were assessed: diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT); measles, mumps, and rubella; and oral polio vaccine. We also evaluated if immunizations were complete versus incomplete. We examined selected infections including chickenpox, mumps, pneumonia, scarlet fever, rubella, rubeola, pertussis, mononucleosis, and lung infections. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each exposure, adjusted for maternal education and total annual income. Incomplete immunization schedules (OR = 5.30, 95% CI: 2.47-11.33) and incomplete DPT immunization (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.06-2.29) were positively associated with childhood RMS. However, infections did not appear to be associated with childhood RMS. This is the largest study of RMS to date demonstrating a possible protective effect of immunizations against the development of childhood RMS. Further studies are needed to validate our findings. Our findings add to the growing body of literature, suggesting a protective role of routine vaccinations in childhood cancer and specifically in childhood RMS. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
NOTE: Calculating diffraction patterns

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rioux, Frank

2003-05-01

Following Marcella's approach to the double-slit experiment (Marcella T V 2002 Eur. J. Phys. 23 615-21), diffraction patterns for two-dimensional masks are calculated by Fourier transform of the Mask geometry into momentum space.
How many tautomerization pathways connect Watson-Crick-like G*·T DNA base mispair and wobble mismatches?

PubMed

Brovarets', Ol'ha O; Hovorun, Dmytro M

2015-01-01

In this study, we have theoretically demonstrated the intrinsic ability of the wobble G·T(w)/G*·T*(w)/G·T(w1)/G·T(w2) and Watson-Crick-like G*·T(WC) DNA base mispairs to interconvert into each other via the DPT tautomerization. We have established that among all these transitions, only one single G·T(w) ↔ G*·T(WC) pathway is eligible from a biological perspective. It involves short-lived intermediate - the G·T*(WC) base mispair - and is governed by the planar, highly stable, and zwitterionic [Formula: see text] transition state stabilized by the participation of the unique pattern of the five intermolecular O6(+)H⋯O4(-), O6(+)H⋯N3(-), N1(+)H⋯N3(-), N1(+)H⋯O2(-), and N2(+)H⋯O2(-) H-bonds. This non-dissociative G·T(w) ↔ G*·T(WC) tautomerization occurs without opening of the pair: Bases within mispair remain connected by 14 different patterns of the specific intermolecular interactions that successively change each other along the IRC. Novel kinetically controlled mechanism of the thermodynamically non-equilibrium spontaneous point GT/TG incorporation errors has been suggested. The mutagenic effect of the analogues of the nucleotide bases, in particular 5-bromouracil, can be attributed to the decreasing of the barrier of the acquisition by the wobble pair containing these compounds of the enzymatically competent Watson-Crick's geometry via the intrapair mutagenic tautomerization directly in the essentially hydrophobic recognition pocket of the replication DNA-polymerase machinery. Proposed approaches are able to explain experimental data, namely growth of the rate of the spontaneous point incorporation errors during DNA biosynthesis with increasing temperature.
Can Multiple Cropping Help to Avoid the Impacts of Heat Extremes? The Case of Winter Wheat/Soybean Double Cropping in the United States

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seifert, C.; Lobell, D. B.

2014-12-01

In adapting U.S. agriculture to the climate of the 21st century, multiple cropping presents a unique opportunity to help offset projected negative trends in agricultural production while moving critical crop yield formation periods outside of the hottest months of the year. Critical constraints on this practice include moisture availability, and, more importantly, growing season length. We review evidence that this last constraint has decreased in the previous quarter century, allowing for more winter wheat/soybean double cropping in previously phenologically constrained areas. We also carry this pattern forward to 2100, showing a 126% to 211% increase in the area phenologically suitable for double cropping under the RCP45 and RCP85 scenarios respectively. These results suggest that climate change will relieve phenological constraints on wheat-soy double cropping systems over much of the United States, changing production patterns and crop rotations as areas become suitable for the practice.
Kitt Peak speckle camera

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Breckinridge, J. B.; Mcalister, H. A.; Robinson, W. G.

1979-01-01

The speckle camera in regular use at Kitt Peak National Observatory since 1974 is described in detail. The design of the atmospheric dispersion compensation prisms, the use of film as a recording medium, the accuracy of double star measurements, and the next generation speckle camera are discussed. Photographs of double star speckle patterns with separations from 1.4 sec of arc to 4.7 sec of arc are shown to illustrate the quality of image formation with this camera, the effects of seeing on the patterns, and to illustrate the isoplanatic patch of the atmosphere.
Multi-layered nanocomposite dielectrics for high density organic memory devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kang, Moonyeong; Chung, Kyungwha; Baeg, Kang-Jun; Kim, Dong Ha; Kim, Choongik

2015-01-01

We fabricated organic memory devices with metal-pentacene-insulator-silicon structure which contain double dielectric layers comprising 3D pattern of Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) and block copolymer (PS-b-P2VP). The role of Au NPs is to charge/discharge carriers upon applied voltage, while block copolymer helps to form highly ordered Au NP patterns in the dielectric layer. Double-layered nanocomposite dielectrics enhanced the charge trap density (i.e., trapped charge per unit area) by Au NPs, resulting in increase of the memory window (ΔVth).
Rain Reevaporation, Boundary Layer Convection Interactions, and Pacific Rainfall Patterns in an AGCM

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bacmeister, Julio T.; Suarez, Max J.; Robertson, Franklin R.

2004-01-01

Sensitivity experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) show that parameterized rain re-evaporation has a large impact on simulated precipitation patterns in the tropical Pacific, especially on the configuration of the model s intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Weak re-evaporation leads t o the formation of a "double ITCZ" during the northern warm season. The double ITCZ is accompanied by strong coupling between precipitation and high-frequency vertical motion in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Strong reevaporation leads to a better overall agreement of simulated precipitation with observations. The model s double ITCZ bias is reduced. At the same time, correlation between high-frequency vertical motion in the PBL and precipitation is reduced. Experiments with modified physics suggest that evaporative cooling by rain near the PBL top weakens the coupling between precipitation and vertical motion. This may reduce the model s tendency to form double ITCZs. The strength of high-frequency vertical motions in the PBL was also reduced directly through the introduction of a diffusive cumulus momentum transport (DCMT) parameterization. The DCMT had a visible impact on simulated precipitation in the tropics, but did not reduce the model s double bias in all cases.
Occurrence and Nature of Double Alleles in Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Patterns of More than 8,000 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Isolates in The Netherlands

PubMed Central

Kamst, Miranda; van Hunen, Rianne; de Zwaan, Carolina Catherina; Mulder, Arnout; Supply, Philip; Anthony, Richard; van der Hoek, Wim; van Soolingen, Dick

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT Since 2004, variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates has been applied on a structural basis in The Netherlands to study the epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB). Although this technique is faster and technically less demanding than the previously used restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing, reproducibility remains a concern. In the period from 2004 to 2015, 8,532 isolates were subjected to VNTR typing in The Netherlands, with 186 (2.2%) of these exhibiting double alleles at one locus. Double alleles were most common in loci 4052 and 2163b. The variables significantly associated with double alleles were urban living (odds ratio [OR], 1.503; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.084 to 2.084; P = 0.014) and pulmonary TB (OR, 1.703; 95% CI, 1.216 to 2.386; P = 0.002). Single-colony cultures of double-allele strains were produced and revealed single-allele profiles; a maximum of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was observed between the single- and double-allele isolates from the same patient when whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was applied. This indicates the presence of two bacterial populations with slightly different VNTR profiles in the parental population, related to genetic drift. This observation is confirmed by the fact that secondary cases from TB source cases with double-allele isolates sometimes display only one of the two alleles present in the source case. Double alleles occur at a frequency of 2.2% in VNTR patterns in The Netherlands. They are caused by biological variation rather than by technical aberrations and can be transmitted either as single- or double-allele variants. PMID:29142049
Study on the effectiveness and impact of pentavalent vaccination program in India and other south Asian countries.

PubMed

Sreedhar, Sreelakshmi; Antony, Anil; Poulose, Neethu

2014-01-01

Penta-valent-vaccine is a combination vaccine administered in a 3-dose schedule, offers protection against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DPT), hepatitis B, and Haemophilus influenza type B (Hib). The vaccine is widely recommended by WHO and GAVI as a substitute for prevailing vaccination practices against the above mentioned diseases and viruses. The vaccine has met with both positive and negative responses, which leads to uncertainties about the vaccine's safety. The pros and cons of the vaccine are to be evaluated carefully before the same is added to routine immunization schedule.

Prevalence and Predictors of Anxiety in Doctor of Physical Therapy Students.

PubMed

Macauley, Kelly; Plummer, Laura

2017-01-01

Anxiety is a condition with multiple physical manifestations and sequelae, including negatively impacting learning. The prevalence of anxiety and the factors that predict it in health professions students are unknown. The current study assessed the prevalence of anxiety in DPT students and examined the predictors of anxiety. The findings showed high student anxiety levels that were analogous to military recruits. Female gender and low GPA were predictors of anxiety in the sample. Further research is necessary to determine other factors that contribute to anxiety so that interventions to reduce anxiety in health professions students can be initiated.
Automatic alternative phase-shift mask CAD layout tool for gate shrinkage of embedded DRAM in logic below 0.18 μm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ohnuma, Hidetoshi; Kawahira, Hiroichi

1998-09-01

An automatic alternative phase shift mask (PSM) pattern layout tool has been newly developed. This tool is dedicated for embedded DRAM in logic device to shrink gate line width with improving line width controllability in lithography process with a design rule below 0.18 micrometers by the KrF excimer laser exposure. The tool can crete Levenson type PSM used being coupled with a binary mask adopting a double exposure method for positive photo resist. By using graphs, this tool automatically creates alternative PSM patterns. Moreover, it does not give any phase conflicts. By adopting it to actual embedded DRAM in logic cells, we have provided 0.16 micrometers gate resist patterns at both random logic and DRAM areas. The patterns were fabricated using two masks with the double exposure method. Gate line width has been well controlled under a practical exposure-focus window.
Traceable Mueller polarimetry and scatterometry for shape reconstruction of grating structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hansen, Poul-Erik; Madsen, Morten H.; Lehtolahti, Joonas; Nielsen, Lars

2017-11-01

Dimensional measurements of multi-patterned transmission gratings with a mixture of long and small periods are great challenges for optical metrology today. It is a further challenge when the aspect ratio of the structures is high, that is, when the height of structures is larger than the pitch. Here we consider a double patterned transmission grating with pitches of 500 nm and 20 000 nm. For measuring the geometrical properties of double patterned transmission grating we use a combined spectroscopic Mueller polarimetry and scatterometry setup. For modelling the experimentally obtained data we rigorously compute the scattering signal by solving Maxwell's equations using the RCWA method on a supercell structure. We also present a new method for analyzing the Mueller polarimetry parameters that performs the analysis in the measured variables. This new inversion method for finding the best fit between measured and calculated values are tested on silicon gratings with periods from 300 to 600 nm. The method is shown to give results within the expanded uncertainty of reference AFM measurements. The application of the new inversion method and the supercell structure to the double patterned transmission grating gives best estimates of dimensional quantities that are in fair agreement with those derived from local AFM measurements
Is Long-Term Structural Priming Affected by Patterns of Experience with Individual Verbs?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kaschak, Michael P.; Borreggine, Kristin L.

2008-01-01

Several recent papers have reported long-term structural priming effects in experiments where previous patterns of experience with the double object and prepositional object constructions are shown to affect later patterns of language production for those constructions. The experiments reported in this paper address the extent to which these…
STT Doubles with Large Delta M - Part VII: Andromeda, Pisces, Auriga

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Knapp, Wilfried; Nanson, John

2017-01-01

The results of visual double star observing sessions suggested a pattern for STT doubles with large DM of being harder to resolve than would be expected based on the WDS catalog data. It was felt this might be a problem with expectations on one hand, and on the other might be an indication of a need for new precise measurements, so we decided to take a closer look at a selected sample of STT doubles and do some research. Similar to the other objects covered so far several of the components show parameters quite different from the current WDS data.
Arabidopsis thaliana gonidialess A/Zuotin related factors (GlsA/ZRF) are essential for maintenance of meristem integrity.

PubMed

Guzmán-López, José Alfredo; Abraham-Juárez, María Jazmín; Lozano-Sotomayor, Paulina; de Folter, Stefan; Simpson, June

2016-05-01

Observation of a differential expression pattern, including strong expression in meristematic tissue of an Agave tequilana GlsA/ZRF ortholog suggested an important role for this gene during bulbil formation and developmental changes in this species. In order to better understand this role, the two GlsA/ZFR orthologs present in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana were functionally characterized by analyzing expression patterns, double mutant phenotypes, promoter-GUS fusions and expression of hormone related or meristem marker genes. Patterns of expression for A. thaliana show that GlsA/ZFR genes are strongly expressed in SAMs and RAMs in mature plants and developing embryos and double mutants showed multiple changes in morphology related to both SAM and RAM tissues. Typical double mutants showed stunted growth of aerial and root tissue, formation of multiple ectopic meristems and effects on cotyledons, leaves and flowers. The KNOX genes STM and BP were overexpressed in double mutants whereas CLV3, WUSCHEL and AS1 were repressed and lack of AtGlsA expression was also associated with changes in localization of auxin and cytokinin. These results suggest that GlsA/ZFR is an essential component of the machinery that maintains the integrity of SAM and RAM tissue and underline the potential to identify new genes or gene functions based on observations in non-model plants.
Effects of polio eradication activities on routine immunization: lessons from the 2013 outbreak response in Somali region of Ethiopia.

PubMed

Tafesse, Belete; Tekle, Ephrem; Wondwossen, Liya; Bogale, Mengistu; Fiona, Braka; Nsubuga, Peter; Tomas, Karengera; Kassahun, Aron; Kathleen, Gallagher; Teka, Aschalew

2017-01-01

Ethiopia experienced several WPV importations with a total of 10 WPV1 cases confirmed during the 2013 outbreak alone before it is closed in 2015. We evaluated supplemental immunization activities (SIAs), including lessons learned for their effect on the routine immunization program during the 2013 polio outbreak in Somali regional state. We used descriptive study to review documents and analyse routine health information system reports from the polio outbreak affected Somali regional state. All data and technical reports of the 15 rounds of polio SIAs from June 2013 through June 2015 and routine immunization coverages for DPT-Hib-HepB 3 and measles were observed. More than 93% of the SIAs were having administrative coverage above 95%. The trend of routine immunization for the two antigens, over the five years (2011 through 2015) did not show a consistent pattern against the number of SIAs. Documentations showed qualitative positive impacts of the SIAs strengthening the routine immunization during all courses of the campaigns. The quantitative impact of polio SIAs on routine immunization remained not so impressive in this study. Clear planning, data consistencies and completeness issues need to be cleared for the impact assessment in quantitative terms, in polio legacy planning as well as for the introduction of injectable polio vaccine through the routine immunization.
Generation of Crystal-Structure Transverse Patterns via a Self-Frequency-Doubling Laser

PubMed Central

Yu, Haohai; Zhang, Huaijin; Wang, Yicheng; Wang, Zhengping; Wang, Jiyang; Petrov, V.

2013-01-01

Two-dimensional (2D) visible crystal-structure patterns analogous to the quantum harmonic oscillator (QHO) have been experimentally observed in the near- and far-fields of a self-frequency-doubling (SFD) microchip laser. Different with the fundamental modes, the localization of the SFD light is changed with the propagation. Calculation based on Hermite-Gaussian (HG) functions and second harmonic generation theory reproduces well the patterns both in the near- and far-field which correspond to the intensity distribution in coordinate and momentum spaces, respectively. Considering the analogy of wave functions of the transverse HG mode and 2D harmonic oscillator, we propose that the simple monolithic SFD lasers can be used for developing of new materials and devices and testing 2D quantum mechanical theories. PMID:23336067
Generation of crystal-structure transverse patterns via a self-frequency-doubling laser.

PubMed

Yu, Haohai; Zhang, Huaijin; Wang, Yicheng; Wang, Zhengping; Wang, Jiyang; Petrov, V

2013-01-01

Two-dimensional (2D) visible crystal-structure patterns analogous to the quantum harmonic oscillator (QHO) have been experimentally observed in the near- and far-fields of a self-frequency-doubling (SFD) microchip laser. Different with the fundamental modes, the localization of the SFD light is changed with the propagation. Calculation based on Hermite-Gaussian (HG) functions and second harmonic generation theory reproduces well the patterns both in the near- and far-field which correspond to the intensity distribution in coordinate and momentum spaces, respectively. Considering the analogy of wave functions of the transverse HG mode and 2D harmonic oscillator, we propose that the simple monolithic SFD lasers can be used for developing of new materials and devices and testing 2D quantum mechanical theories.
Evaluating Computational Models in Cognitive Neuropsychology: The Case from the Consonant/Vowel Distinction

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Knobel, Mark; Caramazza, Alfonso

2007-01-01

Caramazza et al. [Caramazza, A., Chialant, D., Capasso, R., & Miceli, G. (2000). Separable processing of consonants and vowels. "Nature," 403(6768), 428-430.] report two patients who exhibit a double dissociation between consonants and vowels in speech production. The patterning of this double dissociation cannot be explained by appealing to…
X-ray topographic studies and measurement of lattice parameter differences within synthetic diamonds grown by the reconstitution technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wierzchowski, W.; Moore, M.; Makepeace, A. P. W.; Yacoot, A.

1991-10-01

A 4 x 4 x 1.5 cu mm cuboctahedral diamond and two 0.7 mm thick slabs cut from a truncated octahedral diamond grown by the reconstitution technique were studied in different double-crystal arrangements with both conventional and synchrotron X-ray sources. The back-reflection double crystal topographs of large polished 001-plane-oriented faces intersecting different growth sectors, together with cathodoluminescence patterns, allowed identification of these sectors. A double-crystal arrangement, employing the -3 2 5 quartz reflection matching the symmetrical 004 diamond reflection in CuK(alpha 1) radiation, was used for measurement of lattice parameter differences with an accuracy of one and a half parts per million. The simultaneous investigation by means of Lang projection and section topography provided complementary information about the crystallographic defects and internal structures of growth sectors. Observation of the cuboctahedral diamond with a filter of peak transmittance at 430 nm revealed a 'Maltese cross' growth feature in the central (001) growth sector, which also affected the birefringence pattern. However, this feature only very slightly affected the double-crystal topographs.
Altered precipitation patterns and simulated nitrogen deposition effects on phenology of common plant species in a Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The interactive effects of five seasonal precipitation distribution patterns and two levels of N deposition (ambient and doubled) on phenological traits of six dominant plant species were studied in an alpine meadow of the Tibetan Plateau for two consecutive years. Seasonal precipitation patterns i...
Impact of Refugees on Local Health Systems: A Difference-in-Differences Analysis in Cameroon.

PubMed

Tatah, Lambed; Delbiso, Tefera Darge; Rodriguez-Llanes, Jose Manuel; Gil Cuesta, Julita; Guha-Sapir, Debarati

2016-01-01

Hosting refugees may represent a drain on local resources, particularly since external aid is frequently insufficient. Between 2004 and 2011, over 100,000 refugees settled in the eastern border of Cameroon. With little known on how refugee influx affects health services of the hosting community, we investigated the impact of refugees on mother and child health (MCH) services in the host community in Cameroon. We used Cameroon's 2004 and 2011 Demographic and Health Surveys to evaluate changes in MCH indicators in the refugee hosting community. Our outcome variables were antenatal care (ANC) coverage, caesarean delivery rate, place of delivery and child vaccination coverage; whereas the exposure variable was residence in the refugee hosting community. We used a difference-in-differences analysis to compare indicators of the refugee hosting community to a control group selected through propensity score matching from the rest of the country. A total of 10,656 women were included in our 2004 analysis and 7.6% (n = 826) of them resided in the refugee hosting community. For 2011, 15,426 women were included and 5.8% (n = 902) of them resided in the hosting community. Between 2004 and 2011, both the proportion of women delivering outside health facilities and children not completing DPT3 vaccination in the refugee hosting community decreased by 9.0% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 3.9-14.1%) and 9.6% (95% CI: 7.9-11.3%) respectively. However, ANC attendance and caesarean delivery did not show any significant change. Our findings demonstrate that none of the evaluated MCH service indicators deteriorated (in fact, two of them improved: delivery in health facilities and completing DPT3 vaccine) with the presence of refugees. This suggests evidence disproving the common belief that refugees always have a negative impact on their hosting community.
Reproducibility of straylight measurement by C-Quant for assessment of retinal straylight using the compensation comparison method.

PubMed

Guber, Ivo; Bachmann, Lucas M; Guber, Josef; Bochmann, Frank; Lange, Alex P; Thiel, Michael A

2011-09-01

Straylight gives the appearance of a veil of light thrown over a person's retinal image when there is a strong light source present. We examined the reproducibility of the measurements by C-Quant, and assessed its correlation to characteristics of the eye and subjects' age. Five repeated straylight measurements were taken using the dominant eye of 45 healthy subjects (age 21-59) with a BCVA of 20/20: 14 emmetropic, 16 myopic, eight hyperopic and seven with astigmatism. We assessed the extent of reproducibility of straylight measures using the intraclass correlation coefficient. The mean straylight value of all measurements was 1.01 (SD 0.23, median 0.97, interquartile range 0.85-1.1). Per 10 years of age, straylight increased in average by 0.10 (95%CI 0.04 to 0.16, p < 0.01]. We found no independent association of refraction (range -5.25 dpt to +2 dpt) on straylight values (0.001; 95%CI -0.022 to 0.024, p = 0.92). Compared to emmetropic subjects, myopia reduced straylight (-.011; -0.024 to 0.02, p = 0.11), whereas higher straylight values (0.09; -0.01 to 0.20, p = 0.09) were observed in subjects with blue irises as compared to dark-colored irises when correcting for age. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of repeated measurements was 0.83 (95%CI 0.76 to 0.90). Our study showed that straylight measurements with the C-Quant had a high reproducibility, i.e. a lack of large intra-observer variability, making it appropriate to be applied in long-term follow-up studies assessing the long-term effect of surgical procedures on the quality of vision.
Management of postural sensory conflict and dynamic balance control in late-stage Parkinson's disease.

PubMed

Colnat-Coulbois, S; Gauchard, G C; Maillard, L; Barroche, G; Vespignani, H; Auque, J; Perrin, P P

2011-10-13

Parkinson's disease (PD) is known to affect postural control, especially in situations needing a change in balance strategy or when a concurrent task is simultaneously performed. However, few studies assessing postural control in patients with PD included homogeneous population in late stage of the disease. Thus, this study aimed to analyse postural control and strategies in a homogeneous population of patients with idiopathic advanced (late-stage) PD, and to determine the contribution of peripheral inputs in simple and more complex postural tasks, such as sensory conflicting and dynamic tasks. Twenty-four subjects with advanced PD (duration: median (M)=11.0 years, interquartile range (IQR)=4.3 years; Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS): M "on-dopa"=13.5, IQR=7.8; UPDRS: M "off-dopa"=48.5, IQR=16.8; Hoehn and Yahr stage IV in all patients) and 48 age-matched healthy controls underwent static (SPT) and dynamic posturographic (DPT) tests and a sensory organization test (SOT). In SPT, patients with PD showed reduced postural control precision with increased oscillations in both anterior-posterior and medial-lateral planes. In SOT, patients with PD displayed reduced postural performances especially in situations in which visual and vestibular cues became predominant to organize balance control, as was the ability to manage balance in situations for which visual or proprioceptive inputs are disrupted. In DPT, postural restabilization strategies were often inefficient to maintain equilibrium resulting in falls. Postural strategies were often precarious, postural regulation involving more hip joint than ankle joint in patients with advanced PD than in controls. Difficulties in managing complex postural situations, such as sensory conflicting and dynamic situations might reflect an inadequate sensory organization suggesting impairment in central information processing. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Stereospecific enzymatic transformation of alpha-ketoglutarate to (2S,3R)-3-methyl glutamate during acidic lipopeptide biosynthesis.

PubMed

Mahlert, Christoph; Kopp, Florian; Thirlway, Jenny; Micklefield, Jason; Marahiel, Mohamed A

2007-10-03

The acidic lipopeptides, including the calcium-dependent antibiotics (CDA), daptomycin, and A54145, are important macrocyclic peptide natural products produced by Streptomyces species. All three compounds contain a 3-methyl glutamate (3-MeGlu) as the penultimate C-terminal residue, which is important for bioactivity. Here, biochemical in vitro reconstitution of the 3-MeGlu biosynthetic pathway is presented, using exclusively enzymes from the CDA producer Streptomyces coelicolor. It is shown that the predicted 3-MeGlu methyltransferase GlmT and its homologues DptI from the daptomycin producer Streptomyces roseosporus and LptI from the A54145 producer Streptomyces fradiae do not methylate free glutamic acid, PCP-bound glutamate, or Glu-containing CDA in vitro. Instead, GlmT, DptI, and LptI are S-adenosyl methionine (SAM)-dependent alpha-ketoglutarate methyltransferases that catalyze the stereospecific methylation of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) leading to (3R)-3-methyl-2-oxoglutarate. Subsequent enzyme screening identified the branched chain amino acid transaminase IlvE (SCO5523) as an efficient catalyst for the transformation of (3R)-3-methyl-2-oxoglutarate into (2S,3R)-3-MeGlu. Comparison of reversed-phase HPLC retention time of dabsylated 3-MeGlu generated by the coupled enzymatic reaction with dabsylated synthetic standards confirmed complete stereocontrol during enzymatic catalysis. This stereospecific two-step conversion of alphaKG to (2S,3R)-3-MeGlu completes our understanding of the biosynthesis and incorporation of beta-methylated amino acids into the nonribosomal lipopeptides. Finally, understanding this pathway may provide new possibilities for the production of modified peptides in engineered microbes.
Developmental assessment, cultural context, gender, and schooling in Zambia.

PubMed

Serpell, Robert; Jere-Folotiya, Jacqueline

2008-04-01

Multiple perspectives on the assessment of children's development at the school-community interface in rural areas of Zambia are discussed in the light of several empirical studies conducted between 1974 and 2005. A longitudinal trace study of a cohort of 46 young people born into a rural, Chewa community in Katete District found that girls' scores in early childhood on a battery of ecoculturally grounded cognitive tests correlated less well than they did for boys with two educational outcomes: number of grades of schooling completed, and adult literacy scores. Conversely, ratings of the children on indigenous conceptions of intelligence by adults familiar with the children in the context of their home village lives predicted the same outcomes better for girls than for boys. A separate, linked experiment compared the performance of 76 Katete school children with that of 84 school children in the capital city of Lusaka on the US standardized Draw-a-Person Test (DPT) and the Panga Munthu Test (PMT), an expanded version of one of the tests developed for the Zambian trace study. Analysis of the correlations among scores on these two tests, age, and teacher ratings suggests that aptitudes evident in the home and school domains are less well integrated for rural girls than for urban boys, and that for a low-income, rural population, the PMT taps the domain of home cognition better than school cognition, while the converse is true of the DPT. Implications for educational assessment in Zambia are discussed, and supportive documentation is cited from two ongoing programs of test development. The authors conclude that if educational testing is to support the process of enhancing educational equity across gender, family socioeconomic status, and residential location, its focus should be broadened to include other dimensions of psychological development such as multilingual and personal-social competencies.
Evidence of the preferential use of disease prototypes over case exemplars among early year one medical students prior to and following diagnostic training.

PubMed

Papa, Frank J; Li, Feiming

2015-12-01

Two core dual processing theory (DPT) System I constructs (Exemplars and Prototypes) were used to: 1) formulate a training exercise designed to improve diagnostic performance in year one medical students, and 2) explore whether any observed performance improvements were associated with preferential use of exemplars or prototypes. With IRB approval, 117 year one medical students participated in an acute chest pain diagnostic training exercise. A pre- and post-training test containing the same 27 case vignettes was used to determine if the subjects' diagnostic performance improved via training in both exemplars and prototypes. Exemplar and Prototype theory was also used to generate a unique typicality estimate for each case vignette. Because these estimates produce different performance predictions, differences in the subjects' observed performance would make it possible to infer whether subjects were preferentially using Exemplars or Prototypes. Pre- vs. post-training comparison revealed a significant performance improvement; t=14.04, p<0.001, Cohen's d=1.32. Pre-training, paired t-testing demonstrated that performance against the most typical vignettes>mid typical vignettes: t=4.94, p<0.001; and mid typical>least typical: t=5.16, p<0.001. Post-training, paired t-testing again demonstrated that performance against the most typical vignettes>mid typical: t=2.94, p<0.01; and mid typical>least typical: t=6.64, p<0.001. These findings are more consistent with the performance predictions generated via Prototype theory than Exemplar theory. DPT is useful in designing and evaluating the utility of new approaches to diagnostic training, and, investigating the cognitive factors driving diagnostic capabilities among early medical students.
Tuning the presence of dynamical phase transitions in a generalized XY spin chain.

PubMed

Divakaran, Uma; Sharma, Shraddha; Dutta, Amit

2016-05-01

We study an integrable spin chain with three spin interactions and the staggered field (λ) while the latter is quenched either slowly [in a linear fashion in time (t) as t/τ, where t goes from a large negative value to a large positive value and τ is the inverse rate of quenching] or suddenly. In the process, the system crosses quantum critical points and gapless phases. We address the question whether there exist nonanalyticities [known as dynamical phase transitions (DPTs)] in the subsequent real-time evolution of the state (reached following the quench) governed by the final time-independent Hamiltonian. In the case of sufficiently slow quenching (when τ exceeds a critical value τ_{1}), we show that DPTs, of the form similar to those occurring for quenching across an isolated critical point, can occur even when the system is slowly driven across more than one critical point and gapless phases. More interestingly, in the anisotropic situation we show that DPTs can completely disappear for some values of the anisotropy term (γ) and τ, thereby establishing the existence of boundaries in the (γ-τ) plane between the DPT and no-DPT regions in both isotropic and anisotropic cases. Our study therefore leads to a unique situation when DPTs may not occur even when an integrable model is slowly ramped across a QCP. On the other hand, considering sudden quenches from an initial value λ_{i} to a final value λ_{f}, we show that the condition for the presence of DPTs is governed by relations involving λ_{i},λ_{f}, and γ, and the spin chain must be swept across λ=0 for DPTs to occur.
A Comparative Study of the ReCell® Device and Autologous Spit-thickness Meshed Skin Graft in the Treatment of Acute Burn Injuries.

PubMed

Holmes, J H; Molnar, J A; Carter, J E; Hwang, J; Cairns, B A; King, B T; Smith, D J; Cruse, C W; Foster, K N; Peck, M D; Sood, R; Feldman, M J; Jordan, M H; Mozingo, D W; Greenhalgh, D G; Palmieri, T L; Griswold, J A; Dissanaike, S; Hickerson, W L

2018-05-24

Early excision and autografting are standard care for deeper burns. However, donor sites are a source of significant morbidity. To address this, the ReCell® Autologous Cell Harvesting Device (ReCell) was designed for use at the point-of-care to prepare a non-cultured, autologous skin cell suspension (ASCS) capable of epidermal regeneration utilizing minimal donor skin. A prospective study was conducted to evaluate the clinical performance of ReCell versus meshed split-thickness skin grafts (STSG, Control) for the treatment of deep partial-thickness (DPT) burns. Effectiveness measures were assessed to 1 year for both ASCS and Control treatment sites and donor sites, including the incidence of healing, scarring, and pain. At 4 weeks, 98% of the ASCS-treated sites were healed compared to 100% of the Controls. Pain and assessments of scarring at the treatment sites were reported to be similar between groups. Significant differences were observed between ReCell and Control donor sites. The mean ReCell donor area was approximately 40 times smaller than that of the Control (194.1±158.5 cm2; p<0.0001), and after 1 week, significantly more ReCell donor sites were healed than Controls (p=0.04). Over the first 16 weeks, patients reported significantly less pain at the ReCell donor sites compared with Controls (p≤0.05 at each time point). Long-term, patients reported higher satisfaction with ReCell donor site outcomes compared with the Controls. This study provides evidence that the treatment of DPT burns with ASCS results in comparable healing, with significantly reduced donor site size and pain and improved appearance relative to STSG.

Effect of a contact lens on mouse retinal in vivo imaging: Effective focal length changes and monochromatic aberrations.

PubMed

Zhang, Pengfei; Mocci, Jacopo; Wahl, Daniel J; Meleppat, Ratheesh Kumar; Manna, Suman K; Quintavalla, Martino; Muradore, Riccardo; Sarunic, Marinko V; Bonora, Stefano; Pugh, Edward N; Zawadzki, Robert J

2018-03-28

For in vivo mouse retinal imaging, especially with Adaptive Optics instruments, application of a contact lens is desirable, as it allows maintenance of cornea hydration and helps to prevent cataract formation during lengthy imaging sessions. However, since the refractive elements of the eye (cornea and lens) serve as the objective for most in vivo retinal imaging systems, the use of a contact lens, even with 0 Dpt. refractive power, can alter the system's optical properties. In this investigation we examined the effective focal length change and the aberrations that arise from use of a contact lens. First, focal length changes were simulated with a Zemax mouse eye model. Then ocular aberrations with and without a 0 Dpt. contact lens were measured with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWS) in a customized AO-SLO system. Total RMS wavefront errors were measured for two groups of mice (14-month, and 2.5-month-old), decomposed into 66 Zernike aberration terms, and compared. These data revealed that vertical coma and spherical aberrations were increased with use of a contact lens in our system. Based on the ocular wavefront data we evaluated the effect of the contact lens on the imaging system performance as a function of the pupil size. Both RMS error and Strehl ratios were quantified for the two groups of mice, with and without contact lenses, and for different input beam sizes. These results provide information for determining optimum pupil size for retinal imaging without adaptive optics, and raise critical issues for design of mouse optical imaging systems that incorporate contact lenses. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin and abamectin, administered orally for seven consecutive days (100 µg/kg/day), against nematodes in naturally infected pigs.

PubMed

Lopes, Welber Daniel Zanetti; Teixeira, Weslen Fabricio Pires; Felippelli, Gustavo; Cruz, Breno Cayeiro; Buzulini, Carolina; Maciel, Willian Giquelin; Fávero, Flávia Carolina; Gomes, Lucas Vinicius Costa; Prando, Luciana; Bichuette, Murilo A; Dos Santos, Thais Rabelo; da Costa, Alvimar José

2014-12-01

The present study aimed to evaluate ivermectin and abamectin, both administered orally in naturally infected domestic swine, as well as analysing if the EPG (eggs per gram of faeces) values were equivalent with the ivermectin and abamectin efficacy obtained by parasitological necropsies. The animals were randomly selected based on the average of three consecutive EPG counts of Strongylida, Ascaris suum and Trichuris for experiment I, and of Strongylida and Trichuris for experiment II. After the random draw, eight animals were treated, orally, during seven consecutive days with 100 µg/kg/day ivermectin (Ivermectina® premix, Ouro Fino Agronegócios), eight other animals were treated, orally, during seven consecutive days with 100 µg/kg/day abamectin (Virbamax® premix - Virbac do Brasil Indústria e Comércio Ltda.), and eight pigs were kept as controls. EPG counts were performed for each individual animal at 14th day post-treatment (DPT). All animals (control and treatment) were necropsied at the 14th DPT. The results from both experiments demonstrate that both ivermectin and abamectin, administered orally for a continuous period of seven days, at a daily dosage of 100 µg/kg, were highly effective (>95%) against Hyostrongylus rubidus, Strongyloides ransomi, Ascaris suum and Metastrongylus salmi. Against Oesophagostomum dentatum, abamectin presented over 95% efficacy against both evaluated strains, while ivermectin reached other strain as resistant. Regarding T. suis, both ivermectin and abamectin were effective (efficacies >90%) against one of the tested strains, while the other one was classified as resistant. Furthermore, the EPG values were equivalent with the ivermectin and abamectin efficacy obtained by parasitological necropsies. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The impact of a novel franchise clinic network on access to medicines and vaccinations in Kenya: a cross-sectional study

PubMed Central

Adhvaryu, Achyuta

2012-01-01

Objectives To study the impact of a new franchise health clinic model (The HealthStore Foundation's CFWShops) on access to vaccinations and treatment for acute illnesses in a nationally representative sample of children in Kenya. Design The authors used multivariate linear and count regressions to examine associations between receipt of vaccinations or treatment and proximity to a franchise health clinic, adjusting for individual, household and clinic attributes as well as region fixed effects. Setting Demographic and Health Survey data from Kenya, 2008–2009. Participants 6079 Kenyan children younger than 5 years, of whom 2310 reported recent acute illness. Main outcome measures Outcomes for all children were number of polio doses received, number of DPT doses received, receipt of BCG vaccine, receipt of measles vaccine and number of total vaccinations received. Outcomes for acutely ill children were receipt of any medical treatment, treatment for fever, treatment for malaria and treatments specifically stocked by CFWShops. Results Children living within 30 km of a CFWShop received 0.129 (p=0.017) and 0.113 (p=0.025) more DPT and polio doses, respectively; and 0.285 more total vaccinations (p=0.023). Among acutely ill children, CFWShop proximity was associated with significant increases in the probabilities of receiving any medical treatment (0.142; p<0.001), treatment for fever (0.117; p=0.007) and treatments specifically stocked by CFWShops (0.064; p=0.015). Use of CFWShop services was not significantly different for lower-income vis-a-vis higher-income households. Conclusions The franchise health clinic model could substantially increase access to essential vaccinations and treatments in low-income countries. Moreover, the model's benefits may accrue to lesser- and higher-income households alike. PMID:22786948
The impact of a novel franchise clinic network on access to medicines and vaccinations in Kenya: a cross-sectional study.

PubMed

Berk, Justin; Adhvaryu, Achyuta

2012-01-01

To study the impact of a new franchise health clinic model (The HealthStore Foundation's CFWShops) on access to vaccinations and treatment for acute illnesses in a nationally representative sample of children in Kenya. The authors used multivariate linear and count regressions to examine associations between receipt of vaccinations or treatment and proximity to a franchise health clinic, adjusting for individual, household and clinic attributes as well as region fixed effects. Demographic and Health Survey data from Kenya, 2008-2009. 6079 Kenyan children younger than 5 years, of whom 2310 reported recent acute illness. Outcomes for all children were number of polio doses received, number of DPT doses received, receipt of BCG vaccine, receipt of measles vaccine and number of total vaccinations received. Outcomes for acutely ill children were receipt of any medical treatment, treatment for fever, treatment for malaria and treatments specifically stocked by CFWShops. Children living within 30 km of a CFWShop received 0.129 (p=0.017) and 0.113 (p=0.025) more DPT and polio doses, respectively; and 0.285 more total vaccinations (p=0.023). Among acutely ill children, CFWShop proximity was associated with significant increases in the probabilities of receiving any medical treatment (0.142; p<0.001), treatment for fever (0.117; p=0.007) and treatments specifically stocked by CFWShops (0.064; p=0.015). Use of CFWShop services was not significantly different for lower-income vis-a-vis higher-income households. The franchise health clinic model could substantially increase access to essential vaccinations and treatments in low-income countries. Moreover, the model's benefits may accrue to lesser- and higher-income households alike.
Cognitive debiasing 1: origins of bias and theory of debiasing

PubMed Central

Croskerry, Pat; Singhal, Geeta; Mamede, Sílvia

2013-01-01

Numerous studies have shown that diagnostic failure depends upon a variety of factors. Psychological factors are fundamental in influencing the cognitive performance of the decision maker. In this first of two papers, we discuss the basics of reasoning and the Dual Process Theory (DPT) of decision making. The general properties of the DPT model, as it applies to diagnostic reasoning, are reviewed. A variety of cognitive and affective biases are known to compromise the decision-making process. They mostly appear to originate in the fast intuitive processes of Type 1 that dominate (or drive) decision making. Type 1 processes work well most of the time but they may open the door for biases. Removing or at least mitigating these biases would appear to be an important goal. We will also review the origins of biases. The consensus is that there are two major sources: innate, hard-wired biases that developed in our evolutionary past, and acquired biases established in the course of development and within our working environments. Both are associated with abbreviated decision making in the form of heuristics. Other work suggests that ambient and contextual factors may create high risk situations that dispose decision makers to particular biases. Fatigue, sleep deprivation and cognitive overload appear to be important determinants. The theoretical basis of several approaches towards debiasing is then discussed. All share a common feature that involves a deliberate decoupling from Type 1 intuitive processing and moving to Type 2 analytical processing so that eventually unexamined intuitive judgments can be submitted to verification. This decoupling step appears to be the critical feature of cognitive and affective debiasing. PMID:23882089
Immunotherapy trials for type 1 diabetes: the contribution of George Eisenbarth.

PubMed

Skyler, Jay S; Pugliese, Alberto

2013-06-01

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells, and as such it should respond to immunotherapy. George Eisenbarth gave many significant contributions to this field. He has been involved at some level in most immunotherapy trials during the past three decades. He was among the pioneers who attempted immunotherapy approaches in patients with recent-onset T1D. In the early 1980s he began studying relatives of those with the disease, leading to the concept that T1D was a chronic autoimmune disease, in which islet autoimmune responses would silently destroy β-cells and cause progressive impairment of insulin secretion, years to months before a diagnosis was made. Consequently, he was one of the first to attempt immune intervention in people at high risk of T1D. Throughout his career he developed autoantibody assays and predictive models (which included metabolic testing and later genetics) to identify individuals at risk of T1D. He provided seminal intellectual contributions and critical tools for prevention trials. His focus on insulin as a critical autoantigen led to multiple prevention trials, including the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1), which studied both parenteral and oral insulin. In the DPT-1 Oral Insulin Trial, a cohort with higher levels of insulin autoantibodies was identified that appeared to have delayed disease progression. Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet is conducting a new trial to verify or refute this observation. Moreover, George identified and tested in the mouse small molecules that block or modulate presentation of a key insulin peptide and in turn prevent the activation of insulin-specific T-lymphocytes. Thus, we believe his greatest contribution is yet to come, as in the near future we should see this most recent work translate into clinical trials.
Long-term outcome of individuals treated with oral insulin: diabetes prevention trial-type 1 (DPT-1) oral insulin trial.

PubMed

Vehik, Kendra; Cuthbertson, David; Ruhlig, Holly; Schatz, Desmond A; Peakman, Mark; Krischer, Jeffrey P

2011-07-01

To evaluate the long-term intervention effects of oral insulin on the development of type 1 diabetes and to assess the rate of progression to type 1 diabetes before and after oral insulin treatment was stopped in the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1). The follow-up included subjects who participated in the early intervention of oral insulin (1994-2003) to prevent or delay type 1 diabetes. A telephone survey was conducted in 2009 to determine whether diabetes had been diagnosed and, if not, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and autoantibody levels were obtained on all subjects who agreed to participate. Of 372 subjects randomized, 97 developed type 1 diabetes before follow-up; 75% of the remaining 275 subjects were contacted. In the interim, 77 subjects had been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and 54 of the remainder have had an OGTT; 10 of these were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, subsequently. Among individuals meeting the original criteria for insulin autoantibodies (IAAs) (≥80 nU/mL), the overall benefit of oral insulin remained significant (P=0.05). However, the hazard rate in this group increased (from 6.4% [95% CI 4.5-9.1] to 10.0% [7.1-14.1]) after cessation of therapy, which approximated the rate of individuals treated with placebo (10.2% [7.1-14.6]). Overall, the oral insulin treatment effect in individuals with confirmed IAA≥80 nU/mL appeared to be maintained with additional follow-up; however, once therapy stopped, the rate of developing diabetes in the oral insulin group increased to a rate similar to that in the placebo group.
Effects of an integrated geriatric group balance class within an entry-level Doctorate of Physical Therapy program on students' perceptions of geriatrics and geriatric education in the United States.

PubMed

Reneker, Jennifer C; Weems, Kyra; Scaia, Vincent

2016-01-01

This study was aimed at determining the effect of an integrated group balance class for community-dwelling older adults within entry-level physical therapist coursework on student perceptions of geriatric physical therapy and geriatric physical therapy education. Twenty-nine Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students, 21-33 years old, in their second year of coursework in 2012, participated in an integrated clinical experience with exposure to geriatric patients at an outpatient facility at the Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Akron, Ohio, USA. Student perceptions were collected before and after participation in the 8-week balance class. The Wilcoxon sign-ranked test was used to identify differences in perceptions after participation in the group balance class. Cohen's d values were calculated to measure the size of the pre-participation to post-participation effect for each measure. At the conclusion of the group class, the DPT students demonstrated an increase in positive perceptions of geriatric physical therapy in 8 measures, with small effect sizes (d=0.15-0.30). Two perceptions of geriatric physical therapy demonstrated a significant positive increase (P<.05) with moderate effect sizes (d=0.47 and d=0.50). The students' perceptions of geriatric education in the curriculum demonstrated a large positive effect for quality (d=1.68) and enjoyment (d=1.96). Positive changes were found in most of the perceptions of geriatrics and geriatric education after participation, suggesting that integrated clinical experiences with geriatric patients are an effective way to positively influence perceptions of physical therapist practice with older adults.
Correlation Between Pediatrician Supply and Public Health in Japan as Evidenced by Vaccination Coverage in 2010: Secondary Data Analysis

PubMed Central

Sakai, Rie; Fink, Günther; Wang, Wei; Kawachi, Ichiro

2015-01-01

Background In industrialized countries, assessment of the causal effect of physician supply on population health has yielded mixed results. Since the scope of child vaccination is an indicator of preventive health service utilization, this study investigates the correlation between vaccination coverage and pediatrician supply as a reflection of overall pediatric health during a time of increasing pediatrician numbers in Japan. Methods Cross-sectional data were collected from publicly available sources for 2010. Dependent variables were vaccination coverage for measles and diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT) by region. The primary predictor of interest was number of pediatricians per 10 000-child population (pediatrician density) at the municipality level. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate associations of interest, conditional on a large range of demographic and infrastructure-related factors as covariates, including non-pediatric physician density, total population, per capita income, occupation, unemployment rate, prevalence of single motherhood, number of hospital beds per capita, length of roads, crime rate, accident rate, and metropolitan area code as urban/rural status. The percentage of the population who completed college-level education or higher in 2010 was included in the model as a proxy for education level. Results Pediatrician density was positively and significantly associated with vaccination coverage for both vaccine series. On average, each unit of pediatrician density increased odds by 1.012 for measles (95% confidence interval, 1.010–1.015) and 1.019 for DPT (95% confidence interval, 1.016–1.022). Conclusions Policies increasing pediatrician supply contribute to improved preventive healthcare services utilization, such as immunizations, and presumably improved child health status in Japan. PMID:25817986
Increased immunization coverage addresses the equity gap in Nepal

PubMed Central

Nelin, Viktoria; Raaijmakers, Hendrikus; Kim, Hyung Joon; Singh, Chahana; Målqvist, Mats

2017-01-01

Abstract Objective To compare immunization coverage and equity distribution of coverage between 2001 and 2014 in Nepal. Methods We used data from the Demographic and Health Surveys carried out in 2001, 2006 and 2011 together with data from the 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. We calculated the proportion, in mean percentage, of children who had received bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine, three doses of polio vaccine, three doses of diphtheria–pertussis–tetanus (DPT) vaccine and measles vaccine. To measure inequities between wealth quintiles, we calculated the slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) for all surveys. Findings From 2001 to 2014, the proportion of children who received all vaccines at the age of 12 months increased from 68.8% (95% confidence interval, CI: 67.5–70.1) to 82.4% (95% CI: 80.7–84.0). While coverage of BCG, DPT and measles immunization statistically increased during the study period, the proportion of children who received the third dose of polio vaccine decreased from 93.3% (95% CI: 92.7–93.9) to 88.1% (95% CI: 86.8–89.3). The poorest wealth quintile showed the greatest improvement in immunization coverage, from 58% to 77.9%, while the wealthiest quintile only improved from 84.8% to 86.0%. The SII for children who received all vaccines improved from 0.070 (95% CI: 0.061–0.078) to 0.026 (95% CI: 0.013–0.039) and RII improved from 1.13 to 1.03. Conclusion The improvement in immunization coverage between 2001 and 2014 in Nepal can mainly be attributed to the interventions targeting the disadvantaged populations. PMID:28479621
Skin phototoxicity of cosmetic formulations containing photounstable and photostable UV-filters and vitamin A palmitate.

PubMed

Gaspar, Lorena R; Tharmann, Julian; Maia Campos, Patricia M B G; Liebsch, Manfred

2013-02-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro skin phototoxicity of cosmetic formulations containing photounstable and photostable UV-filters and vitamin A palmitate, assessed by two in vitro techniques: 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Test and Human 3-D Skin Model In Vitro Phototoxicity Test. For this, four different formulations containing vitamin A palmitate and different UV-filters combinations, two of them considered photostable and two of them considered photounstable, were prepared. Solutions of each UV-filter and vitamin under study and solutions of four different combinations under study were also prepared. The phototoxicity was assessed in vitro by the 3T3 NRU phototoxicity test (3T3-NRU-PT) and subsequently in a phototoxicity test on reconstructed human skin model (H3D-PT). Avobenzone presented a pronounced phototoxicity and vitamin A presented a tendency to a weak phototoxic potential. A synergistic effect of vitamin A palmitate on the phototoxicity of combinations containing avobenzone was observed. H3D-PT results did not confirm the positive 3T3-NRU-PT results. However, despite the four formulations studied did not present any acute phototoxicity potential, the combination 2 containing octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), avobenzone (AVB) and 4-methylbenzilidene camphor (MBC) presented an indication of phototoxicity that should be better investigated in terms of the frequency of photoallergic or chronic phototoxicity in humans, once these tests are scientifically validated only to detect phototoxic potential with the aim of preventing phototoxic reactions in the general population, and positive results cannot predict the exact incidence of phototoxic reactions in humans. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Shoulder pain and jerk during recovery phase of manual wheelchair propulsion.

PubMed

Jayaraman, Chandrasekaran; Beck, Carolyn L; Sosnoff, Jacob J

2015-11-05

Repetitive loading of the upper limb due to wheelchair propulsion plays a leading role in the development of shoulder pain in manual wheelchair users (mWCUs). There has been minimal inquiry on understanding wheelchair propulsion kinematics from a human movement ergonomics perspective. This investigation employs an ergonomic metric, jerk, to characterize the recovery phase kinematics of two recommended manual wheelchair propulsion patterns: semi-circular and the double loop. Further it examines if jerk is related to shoulder pain in mWCUs. Data from 22 experienced adult mWCUs was analyzed for this study (semi-circular: n=12 (pain/without-pain:6/6); double-loop: n=10 (pain/without-pain:4/6)). Participants propelled their own wheelchair fitted with SMARTWheels on a roller dynamometer at 1.1 m/s for 3 min. Kinematic and kinetic data of the upper limbs were recorded. Three dimensional absolute jerk experienced at the shoulder, elbow and wrist joint during the recovery phase of wheelchair propulsion were computed. Two-way ANOVAs were conducted with the recovery pattern type and shoulder pain as between group factors. (1) Individuals using a semi-circular pattern experienced lower jerk at their arm joints than those using a double loop pattern (P<0.05, η(2)=0.32)wrist;(P=0.05, η(2)=0.19)elbow;(P<0.05, η(2)=0.34)shoulder and (2) individuals with shoulder pain had lower peak jerk magnitude during the recovery phase (P≤0.05, η(2)=0.36)wrist;(P≤0.05, η(2)=0.30)elbow;(P≤0.05, η(2)=0.31)shoulder. Jerk during wheelchair propulsion was able to distinguish between pattern types (semi-circular and double loop) and the presence of shoulder pain. Jerk provides novel insights into wheelchair propulsion kinematics and in the future it may be beneficial to incorporate jerk based metric into rehabilitation practice. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Shoulder pain and jerk during recovery phase of manual wheelchair propulsion

PubMed Central

Jayaraman, Chandrasekaran; Beck, Carolyn L; Sosnoff, Jacob J.

2015-01-01

Repetitive loading of the upper limb due to wheelchair propulsion plays a leading role in the development of shoulder pain in manual wheelchair users (mWCUs). There has been minimal inquiry on understanding wheelchair propulsion kinematics from a human movement ergonomics perspective. This investigation employs an ergonomic metric, jerk, to characterize the recovery phase kinematics of two recommended manual wheelchair propulsion patterns: semi-circular and the double loop. Further it examines if jerk is related to shoulder pain in mWCUs. Data from 22 experienced adult mWCUs was analyzed for this study (semi-circular: n=12 (pain/without-pain:6/6); double-loop: n=10 (pain/without-pain:4/6)). Participants propelled their own wheelchair fitted with SMARTWheels on a roller dynamometer at 1.1 m/s for 3 minutes. Kinematic and kinetic data of the upper limbs were recorded. Three dimensional absolute jerk experienced at the shoulder, elbow and wrist joint during the recovery phase of wheelchair propulsion were computed. Two-way ANOVAs were conducted with the recovery pattern type and shoulder pain as between group factors. Findings (1) Individuals using a semi-circular pattern experienced lower jerk at their arm joints than those using a double loop pattern (P<0.05, η2=0.32)wrist; (P=0.05, η2=0.19)elbow; (P<0.05, η2=0.34)shoulder and (2) individuals with shoulder pain had lower peak jerk magnitude during the recovery phase (P≤0.05, η2=0.36)wrist; (P≤0.05, η2=0.30)elbow; (P≤0.05, η2=0.31)shoulder. Conclusions Jerk during wheelchair propulsion was able to distinguish between pattern types (semi-circular and double loop) and the presence of shoulder pain. Jerk provides novel insights into wheelchair propulsion kinematics and in the future it may be beneficial to incorporate jerk based metric into rehabilitation practice. PMID:26472307
On the equivalence between Young's double-slit and crystal double-refraction interference experiments.

PubMed

Ossikovski, Razvigor; Arteaga, Oriol; Vizet, Jérémy; Garcia-Caurel, Enric

2017-08-01

We show, both analytically and experimentally, that under common experimental conditions the interference pattern produced in a classic Young's double-slit experiment is indistinguishable from that generated by means of a doubly refracting uniaxial crystal whose optic axis makes a skew angle with the light propagation direction. The equivalence between diffraction and crystal optics interference experiments, taken for granted by Arago and Fresnel in their pioneering research on the interference of polarized light beams, is thus rigorously proven.
Sleep patterns and match performance in elite Australian basketball athletes.

PubMed

Staunton, Craig; Gordon, Brett; Custovic, Edhem; Stanger, Jonathan; Kingsley, Michael

2017-08-01

To assess sleep patterns and associations between sleep and match performance in elite Australian female basketball players. Prospective cohort study. Seventeen elite female basketball players were monitored across two consecutive in-season competitions (30 weeks). Total sleep time and sleep efficiency were determined using triaxial accelerometers for Baseline, Pre-match, Match-day and Post-match timings. Match performance was determined using the basketball efficiency statistic (EFF). The effects of match schedule (Regular versus Double-Header; Home versus Away) and sleep on EFF were assessed. The Double-Header condition changed the pattern of sleep when compared with the Regular condition (F (3,48) =3.763, P=0.017), where total sleep time Post-match was 11% less for Double-Header (mean±SD; 7.2±1.4h) compared with Regular (8.0±1.3h; P=0.007). Total sleep time for Double-Header was greater Pre-match (8.2±1.7h) compared with Baseline (7.1±1.6h; P=0.022) and Match-day (7.3±1.5h; P=0.007). Small correlations existed between sleep metrics at Pre-match and EFF for pooled data (r=-0.39 to -0.22; P≥0.238). Relationships between total sleep time and EFF ranged from moderate negative to large positive correlations for individual players (r=-0.37 to 0.62) and reached significance for one player (r=0.60; P=0.025). Match schedule can affect the sleep patterns of elite female basketball players. A large degree of inter-individual variability existed in the relationship between sleep and match performance; nevertheless, sleep monitoring might assist in the optimisation of performance for some athletes. Copyright © 2017 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cell force mapping using a double-sided micropillar array based on the moiré fringe method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, F.; Anderson, S.; Zheng, X.; Roberts, E.; Qiu, Y.; Liao, R.; Zhang, X.

2014-07-01

The mapping of traction forces is crucial to understanding the means by which cells regulate their behavior and physiological function to adapt to and communicate with their local microenvironment. To this end, polymeric micropillar arrays have been used for measuring cell traction force. However, the small scale of the micropillar deflections induced by cell traction forces results in highly inefficient force analyses using conventional optical approaches; in many cases, cell forces may be below the limits of detection achieved using conventional microscopy. To address these limitations, the moiré phenomenon has been leveraged as a visualization tool for cell force mapping due to its inherent magnification effect and capacity for whole-field force measurements. This Letter reports an optomechanical cell force sensor, namely, a double-sided micropillar array (DMPA) made of poly(dimethylsiloxane), on which one side is employed to support cultured living cells while the opposing side serves as a reference pattern for generating moiré patterns. The distance between the two sides, which is a crucial parameter influencing moiré pattern contrast, is predetermined during fabrication using theoretical calculations based on the Talbot effect that aim to optimize contrast. Herein, double-sided micropillar arrays were validated by mapping mouse embryo fibroblast contraction forces and the resulting force maps compared to conventional microscopy image analyses as the reference standard. The DMPA-based approach precludes the requirement for aligning two independent periodic substrates, improves moiré contrast, and enables efficient moiré pattern generation. Furthermore, the double-sided structure readily allows for the integration of moiré-based cell force mapping into microfabricated cell culture environments or lab-on-a-chip devices.
Mogul-Patterned Elastomeric Substrate for Stretchable Electronics.

PubMed

Lee, Han-Byeol; Bae, Chan-Wool; Duy, Le Thai; Sohn, Il-Yung; Kim, Do-Il; Song, You-Joon; Kim, Youn-Jea; Lee, Nae-Eung

2016-04-01

A mogul-patterned stretchable substrate with multidirectional stretchability and minimal fracture of layers under high stretching is fabricated by double photolithography and soft lithography. Au layers and a reduced graphene oxide chemiresistor on a mogul-patterned poly(dimethylsiloxane) substrate are stable and durable under various stretching conditions. The newly designed mogul-patterned stretchable substrate shows great promise for stretchable electronics. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Cortical Double-Opponent Cells in Color Perception: Perceptual Scaling and Chromatic Visual Evoked Potentials.

PubMed

Nunez, Valerie; Shapley, Robert M; Gordon, James

2018-01-01

In the early visual cortex V1, there are currently only two known neural substrates for color perception: single-opponent and double-opponent cells. Our aim was to explore the relative contributions of these neurons to color perception. We measured the perceptual scaling of color saturation for equiluminant color checkerboard patterns (designed to stimulate double-opponent neurons preferentially) and uniformly colored squares (designed to stimulate only single-opponent neurons) at several cone contrasts. The spatially integrative responses of single-opponent neurons would produce the same response magnitude for checkerboards as for uniform squares of the same space-averaged cone contrast. However, perceived saturation of color checkerboards was higher than for the corresponding squares. The perceptual results therefore imply that double-opponent cells are involved in color perception of patterns. We also measured the chromatic visual evoked potential (cVEP) produced by the same stimuli; checkerboard cVEPs were much larger than those for corresponding squares, implying that double-opponent cells also contribute to the cVEP response. The total Fourier power of the cVEP grew sublinearly with cone contrast. However, the 6-Hz Fourier component's power grew linearly with contrast-like saturation perception. This may also indicate that cortical coding of color depends on response dynamics.
Cortical Double-Opponent Cells in Color Perception: Perceptual Scaling and Chromatic Visual Evoked Potentials

PubMed Central

Shapley, Robert M.; Gordon, James

2018-01-01

In the early visual cortex V1, there are currently only two known neural substrates for color perception: single-opponent and double-opponent cells. Our aim was to explore the relative contributions of these neurons to color perception. We measured the perceptual scaling of color saturation for equiluminant color checkerboard patterns (designed to stimulate double-opponent neurons preferentially) and uniformly colored squares (designed to stimulate only single-opponent neurons) at several cone contrasts. The spatially integrative responses of single-opponent neurons would produce the same response magnitude for checkerboards as for uniform squares of the same space-averaged cone contrast. However, perceived saturation of color checkerboards was higher than for the corresponding squares. The perceptual results therefore imply that double-opponent cells are involved in color perception of patterns. We also measured the chromatic visual evoked potential (cVEP) produced by the same stimuli; checkerboard cVEPs were much larger than those for corresponding squares, implying that double-opponent cells also contribute to the cVEP response. The total Fourier power of the cVEP grew sublinearly with cone contrast. However, the 6-Hz Fourier component’s power grew linearly with contrast-like saturation perception. This may also indicate that cortical coding of color depends on response dynamics. PMID:29375753
Folding control in cyclic peptides through N-methylation pattern selection: formation of antiparallel beta-sheet dimers, double reverse turns and supramolecular helices by 3alpha,gamma cyclic peptides.

PubMed

Amorín, Manuel; Castedo, Luis; Granja, Juan R

2008-01-01

Peptide foldamers constitute a growing class of nanomaterials with potential applications in a wide variety of chemical, medical and technological fields. Here we describe the preparation and structural characteristics of a new class of cyclic peptide foldamers (3alpha,gamma-CPs) that, depending on their backbone N-methylation patterns and the medium, can either remain as flat rings that dimerize through arrays of hydrogen bonds of antiparallel beta-sheet type, or can fold into twisted double reverse turns that, in the case of double gamma-turns, associate in nonpolar solvents to form helical supramolecular structures. A 3alpha,gamma-CP consists of a number of multiples of a repeat unit made up of four amino acid residues of alternating chirality: three corresponding to alpha-amino acids and one to a gamma-amino acid (a cis-3-aminocycloalkanecarboxylic acid).

Transient electroosmotic flow induced by DC or AC electric fields in a curved microtube.

PubMed

Luo, W-J

2004-10-15

This study investigates transient electroosmotic flow in a rectangular curved microtube in which the fluid is driven by the application of an external DC or AC electric field. The resultant flow-field evolutions within the microtube are simulated using the backwards-Euler time-stepping numerical method to clarify the relationship between the changes in the axial-flow velocity and the intensity of the applied electric field. When the electric field is initially applied or varies, the fluid within the double layer responds virtually immediately, and the axial velocity within the double layer tends to follow the varying intensity of the applied electric field. The greatest net charge density exists at the corners of the microtube as a result of the overlapping electrical double layers of the two walls. It results in local maximum or minimum axial velocities in the corners during increasing or decreasing applied electric field intensity in either the positive or negative direction. As the fluid within the double layer starts to move, the bulk fluid is gradually dragged into motion through the diffusion of momentum from the double layer. A finite time is required for the full momentum of the double layer to diffuse to the bulk fluid; hence, a certain phase shift between the applied electric field and the flow response is inevitable. The patterns of the axial velocity contours during the transient evolution are investigated in this study. It is found that these patterns are determined by the efficiency of momentum diffusion from the double layer to the central region of the microtube.
STT Doubles with Large Delta_M - Part VIII: Tau Per Ori Cam Mon Cnc Peg

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Knapp, Wilfried; Nanson, John

2017-04-01

The results of visual double star observing sessions suggested a pattern for STT doubles with large delta_M of being harder to resolve than would be expected based on the WDS catalog data. It was felt this might be a problem with expectations on one hand, and on the other might be an indication of a need for new precise measurements, so we decided to take a closer look at a selected sample of STT doubles and do some research. Again like for the other STT objects covered so far several of the components show parameters quite different from the current WDS data.
Quantifying Parkinson's disease progression by simulating gait patterns

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cárdenas, Luisa; Martínez, Fabio; Atehortúa, Angélica; Romero, Eduardo

2015-12-01

Modern rehabilitation protocols of most neurodegenerative diseases, in particular the Parkinson Disease, rely on a clinical analysis of gait patterns. Currently, such analysis is highly dependent on both the examiner expertise and the type of evaluation. Development of evaluation methods with objective measures is then crucial. Physical models arise as a powerful alternative to quantify movement patterns and to emulate the progression and performance of specific treatments. This work introduces a novel quantification of the Parkinson disease progression using a physical model that accurately represents the main gait biomarker, the body Center of Gravity (CoG). The model tracks the whole gait cycle by a coupled double inverted pendulum that emulates the leg swinging for the single support phase and by a damper-spring System (SDP) that recreates both legs in contact with the ground for the double phase. The patterns generated by the proposed model are compared with actual ones learned from 24 subjects in stages 2,3, and 4. The evaluation performed demonstrates a better performance of the proposed model when compared with a baseline model(SP) composed of a coupled double pendulum and a mass-spring system. The Frechet distance measured differences between model estimations and real trajectories, showing for stages 2, 3 and 4 distances of 0.137, 0.155, 0.38 for the baseline and 0.07, 0.09, 0.29 for the proposed method.
Preschoolers' Acquisition of Novel Verbs in the Double Object Dative

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Arunachalam, Sudha

2017-01-01

Children have difficulty comprehending novel verbs in the double object dative (e.g., "Fred blicked the dog a stick") as compared to the prepositional dative (e.g., "Fred blicked a stick to the dog"). We explored this pattern with 3 and 4 year olds (N = 60). In Experiment 1, we replicated the documented difficulty with the…
Wave-vector and polarization dependence of conical refraction.

PubMed

Turpin, A; Loiko, Yu V; Kalkandjiev, T K; Tomizawa, H; Mompart, J

2013-02-25

We experimentally address the wave-vector and polarization dependence of the internal conical refraction phenomenon by demonstrating that an input light beam of elliptical transverse profile refracts into two beams after passing along one of the optic axes of a biaxial crystal, i.e. it exhibits double refraction instead of refracting conically. Such double refraction is investigated by the independent rotation of a linear polarizer and a cylindrical lens. Expressions to describe the position and the intensity pattern of the refracted beams are presented and applied to predict the intensity pattern for an axicon beam propagating along the optic axis of a biaxial crystal.
Wrinkling instabilities in soft bilayered systems

PubMed Central

Budday, Silvia; Andres, Sebastian; Walter, Bastian

2017-01-01

Wrinkling phenomena control the surface morphology of many technical and biological systems. While primary wrinkling has been extensively studied, experimentally, analytically and computationally, higher-order instabilities remain insufficiently understood, especially in systems with stiffness contrasts well below 100. Here, we use the model system of an elastomeric bilayer to experimentally characterize primary and secondary wrinkling at moderate stiffness contrasts. We systematically vary the film thickness and substrate prestretch to explore which parameters modulate the emergence of secondary instabilities, including period-doubling, period-tripling and wrinkle-to-fold transitions. Our experiments suggest that period-doubling is the favourable secondary instability mode and that period-tripling can emerge under disturbed boundary conditions. High substrate prestretch can suppress period-doubling and primary wrinkles immediately transform into folds. We combine analytical models with computational simulations to predict the onset of primary wrinkling, the post-buckling behaviour, secondary bifurcations and the wrinkle-to-fold transition. Understanding the mechanisms of pattern selection and identifying the critical control parameters of wrinkling will allow us to fabricate smart surfaces with tunable properties and to control undesired surface patterns like in the asthmatic airway. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Patterning through instabilities in complex media: theory and applications.’ PMID:28373385
Polarization-induced interference within electromagnetically induced transparency for atoms of double-V linkage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Yuan; Liu, Chang; Chen, Ping-Xing; Liu, Liang

2018-02-01

People have been paying attention to the role of atoms' complex internal level structures in the research of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) for a long time, where the various degenerate Zeeman levels usually generate complex linkage patterns for the atomic transitions. It turns out, with special choices of the atomic states and the atomic transitions' linkage structure, clear signatures of quantum interference induced by the probe and coupling light's polarizations can emerge from a typical EIT phenomena. We propose to study a four-state system with double-V linkage pattern for the transitions and analyze the polarization-induced interference under the EIT condition. We show that such interference arises naturally under mild conditions on the optical field and atom manipulation techniques. Moreover, we construct a variation form of double-M linkage pattern where the polarization-induced interference enables polarization-dependent cross modulation between incident weak lights that can be effective even at the few-photon level. The theme is to gain more insight into the essential question: how can we build a nontrivial optical medium where incident lights experience polarization-dependent nonlinear optical interactions, valid for a wide range of incidence intensities down to the few-photon level?
Investigation about relationships between the symmetries of ferroelectric crystal Ca0.28Ba0.72Nb2O6 and second-harmonic patterns

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Tianxiang; Yu, Haohai; Zhang, Huaijin; Wang, Jiyang

2015-08-01

The broadband quasi-phase matching (QPM) process in a uniaxial ferroelectric crystal Ca0.28Ba0.72Nb2O6 (CBN-28) was demonstrated with the second-harmonic wavelength range from 450 nm to 650 nm, and the relationship between the symmetries of CBN-28 and the second-harmonic patterns was experimentally and theoretically investigated based on the random anti-parallel domains in the crystal and QPM conditions. The dependences of frequency-doubled patterns on the wavelength and anisotropy of the nonlinear crystal were also studied, and the frequency-doubled photons were found to be trapped on circles. By analyzing the light-matter interacting Hamiltonians, the trapping force for second-harmonic photons was found to be centripetal and tunable by the fundamental lasers, and the variation tendencies of the rotational velocity of second-harmonic generation photons could also be predicated. The results indicate that the CBN-28 ferroelectric crystal is a promising nonlinear optical material for the generation of broadband frequency-doubled waves, and the analysis on centripetal force based on the interaction Hamiltonians may provide a novel recognition for the investigation of QPM process to be further studied.
Self-aligned quadruple patterning using spacer on spacer integration optimization for N5

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thibaut, Sophie; Raley, Angélique; Mohanty, Nihar; Kal, Subhadeep; Liu, Eric; Ko, Akiteru; O'Meara, David; Tapily, Kandabara; Biolsi, Peter

2017-04-01

To meet scaling requirements, the semiconductor industry has extended 193nm immersion lithography beyond its minimum pitch limitation using multiple patterning schemes such as self-aligned double patterning, self-aligned quadruple patterning and litho-etch / litho etch iterations. Those techniques have been declined in numerous options in the last few years. Spacer on spacer pitch splitting integration has been proven to show multiple advantages compared to conventional pitch splitting approach. Reducing the number of pattern transfer steps associated with sacrificial layers resulted in significant decrease of cost and an overall simplification of the double pitch split technique. While demonstrating attractive aspects, SAQP spacer on spacer flow brings challenges of its own. Namely, material set selections and etch chemistry development for adequate selectivities, mandrel shape and spacer shape engineering to improve edge placement error (EPE). In this paper we follow up and extend upon our previous learning and proceed into more details on the robustness of the integration in regards to final pattern transfer and full wafer critical dimension uniformity. Furthermore, since the number of intermediate steps is reduced, one will expect improved uniformity and pitch walking control. This assertion will be verified through a thorough pitch walking analysis.
Design, Simulation and Fabrication of A MEMS-based Double-layer Spiral Planar Inductor with Patterned Permalloy as Magnetic Layers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Xiaomin; Cheng, Ping; Chen, Mingming; Ding, Guifu

2018-03-01

There have been significant efforts to boost the inductance value by adopting the sandwich structures using permalloy magnetic shielding layers. However, this structure will introduce high ac conductor losses and high eddy currents. In order to solve these problems, patterned permalloy can solve this problem effectively. According to the simulation results based on the application of finite element method in the frequency domain, the optimum permalloy pattern is which the blank of the permalloy are perpendicular to the coil inside. The double-layer planar inductor has a size of l5×1.5×0.1mm consisted of 13-turn spiral Cu coil for each layer and a 20μm-thick patterned permalloy magnetic shielding layer. The inductor shows a higher inductance than the traditional planar inductor. The patterned permalloy made the inductor more stable in high frequency than the none-patterned. And the inductor has an inductance of 1.3μH and quality factor of 2.8 at 1.5MHz, with an inductance per unit of 578nH/mm2, which is much higher than that in the reported literatures.
Dual-wavelength green laser with a 4.5 THz frequency difference based on self-frequency- doubling in Nd3+ -doped aperiodically poled lithium niobate.

PubMed

Maestre, H; Torregrosa, A J; Fernández-Pousa, C R; Rico, M L; Capmany, J

2008-05-01

We report a dual-wavelength continuous-wave laser at 542.4 and 546.8 nm based on an Nd(3+)-doped aperiodically poled lithium niobate crystal. Two fundamental infrared (IR) wavelengths at 1084.8 and 1093.6 nm are simultaneously oscillated and self-frequency-doubled to green. The aperiodic domain distribution patterned in the crystal allows for quasi-phase matched self-frequency-doubling of both IR fundamentals while avoiding their sum-frequency mixing.
Double-atomic layer of Tl on Si(111): Atomic arrangement and electronic properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mihalyuk, Alexey N.; Bondarenko, Leonid V.; Tupchaya, Alexandra Y.; Gruznev, Dimitry V.; Chou, Jyh-Pin; Hsing, Cheng-Rong; Wei, Ching-Ming; Zotov, Andrey V.; Saranin, Alexander A.

2018-02-01

Metastable double-atomic layer of Tl on Si(111) has recently been found to display interesting electric properties, namely superconductivity below 0.96 K and magnetic-field-induced transition into an insulating phase intermediated by a quantum metal state. In the present work, using a set of experimental techniques, including low-energy electron diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy, angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, in a combination with density-functional-theory calculations, we have characterized atomic and electronic properties of the Tl double layer on Si(111). The double Tl layer has been concluded to contain ∼ 2.4 monolayer of Tl. A top Tl layer has a '1 × 1' basic structure and displays 6 × 6 moiré pattern which originates from various residence sites of Tl atoms. Upon cooling below ∼ 140 K, the 6 × 6 moiré pattern changes to that having a 6√{ 3} × 6√{ 3} periodicity. However, the experimentally determined electron band dispersions show a 1 × 1 periodicity. The calculated band structure unfolded into the 1 × 1 surface Brillouin zone reproduces well the main features of the photoelectron spectra.
Single-row versus double-row rotator cuff repair: techniques and outcomes.

PubMed

Dines, Joshua S; Bedi, Asheesh; ElAttrache, Neal S; Dines, David M

2010-02-01

Double-row rotator cuff repair techniques incorporate a medial and lateral row of suture anchors in the repair configuration. Biomechanical studies of double-row repair have shown increased load to failure, improved contact areas and pressures, and decreased gap formation at the healing enthesis, findings that have provided impetus for clinical studies comparing single-row with double-row repair. Clinical studies, however, have not yet demonstrated a substantial improvement over single-row repair with regard to either the degree of structural healing or functional outcomes. Although double-row repair may provide an improved mechanical environment for the healing enthesis, several confounding variables have complicated attempts to establish a definitive relationship with improved rates of healing. Appropriately powered rigorous level I studies that directly compare single-row with double-row techniques in matched tear patterns are necessary to further address these questions. These studies are needed to justify the potentially increased implant costs and surgical times associated with double-row rotator cuff repair.
STT Doubles with Large DM - Part IV: Ophiuchus and Hercules

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Knapp, Wilfried; Nanson, John

2016-04-01

The results of visual double star observing sessions suggested a pattern for STT doubles with large DM of being harder to resolve than would be expected based on the WDS catalog data. It was felt this might be a problem with expectations on one hand, and on the other might be an indication of a need for new precise measurements, so we decided to take a closer look at a selected sample of STT doubles and do some research. We found that like in the other constellations covered so far (Gem, Leo, UMa, etc.) at least several of the selected objects in Ophiuchus and Hercules show parameters quite different from the current WDS data.
STT Doubles with Large DM - Part V: Aquila, Delphinus, Cygnus, Aquarius

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Knapp, Wilfried; Nanson, John

2016-07-01

The results of visual double star observing sessions suggested a pattern for STT doubles with large DM of being harder to resolve than would be expected based on the WDS catalog data. It was felt this might be a problem with expectations on one hand, and on the other might be an indication of a need for new precise measurements, so we decided to take a closer look at a selected sample of STT doubles and do some research. We found that, as in the other constellations covered so far (Gem, Leo, UMa etc.), at least several of the selected objects in Aql, Del, Cyg and Aqr show parameters quite different from the current WDS data
Young's double-slit interference with two-color biphotons.

PubMed

Zhang, De-Jian; Wu, Shuang; Li, Hong-Guo; Wang, Hai-Bo; Xiong, Jun; Wang, Kaige

2017-12-12

In classical optics, Young's double-slit experiment with colored coherent light gives rise to individual interference fringes for each light frequency, referring to single-photon interference. However, two-photon double-slit interference has been widely studied only for wavelength-degenerate biphoton, known as subwavelength quantum lithography. In this work, we report double-slit interference experiments with two-color biphoton. Different from the degenerate case, the experimental results depend on the measurement methods. From a two-axis coincidence measurement pattern we can extract complete interference information about two colors. The conceptual model provides an intuitional picture of the in-phase and out-of-phase photon correlations and a complete quantum understanding about the which-path information of two colored photons.
Calibration and Use of B Dot Probes for Electromagnetic Measuring

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-08-09

response. E. Time Domain Reflectometry Measurements Pulse impedance measurements for the 1.75-in. diameter double-gap probe design were first performed...Far Field (Radiation) Patterns of a B Dot Probe 1. Anechoic Chamber The facility utilized for the probe patterns was the NASA 120-ft chamber at
Redundant via insertion in self-aligned double patterning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, Youngsoo; Jung, Jinwook; Shin, Youngsoo

2017-03-01

Redundant via (RV) insertion is employed to enhance via manufacturability, and has been extensively studied. Self-aligned double patterning (SADP) process, brings a new challenge to RV insertion since newly created cut for each RV insertion has to be taken care of. Specifically, when a cut for RV, which we simply call RV-cut, is formed, cut conflict may occur with nearby line-end cuts, which results in a decrease in RV candidates. We introduce cut merging to reduce the number of cut conflicts; merged cuts are processed with stitch using litho-etch-litho-etch (LELE) multi-patterning method. In this paper, we propose a new RV insertion method with cut merging in SADP for the first time. In our experiments, a simple RV insertion yields 55.3% vias to receives RVs; our proposed method that considers cut merging increases that number to 69.6% on average of test circuits.
Mycobacterium avium restriction fragment length polymorphism-IS IS1245 and the simple double repetitive element polymerase chain reaction typing method to screen genetic diversity in Brazilian strains.

PubMed

Sequeira, Patrícia Carvalho de; Fonseca, Leila de Souza; Silva, Marlei Gomes da; Saad, Maria Helena Féres

2005-11-01

Simple double repetitive element polymerase chain reaction (MaDRE-PCR) and Pvu II-IS1245 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing methods were used to type 41 Mycobacterium avium isolates obtained from 14 AIDS inpatients and 10 environment and animals specimens identified among 53 mycobacteria isolated from 237 food, chicken, and pig. All environmental and animals strains showed orphan patterns by both methods. By MaDRE-PCR four patients, with multiple isolates, showed different patterns, suggesting polyclonal infection that was confirmed by RFLP in two of them. This first evaluation of MaDRE-PCR on Brazilian M. avium strains demonstrated that the method seems to be useful as simple and less expensive typing method for screening genetic diversity in M. avium strains on selected epidemiological studies, although with limitation on analysis identical patterns except for one band.
Self-aligned blocking integration demonstration for critical sub-30nm pitch Mx level patterning with EUV self-aligned double patterning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raley, Angélique; Lee, Joe; Smith, Jeffrey T.; Sun, Xinghua; Farrell, Richard A.; Shearer, Jeffrey; Xu, Yongan; Ko, Akiteru; Metz, Andrew W.; Biolsi, Peter; Devilliers, Anton; Arnold, John; Felix, Nelson

2018-04-01

We report a sub-30nm pitch self-aligned double patterning (SADP) integration scheme with EUV lithography coupled with self-aligned block technology (SAB) targeting the back end of line (BEOL) metal line patterning applications for logic nodes beyond 5nm. The integration demonstration is a validation of the scalability of a previously reported flow, which used 193nm immersion SADP targeting a 40nm pitch with the same material sets (Si3N4 mandrel, SiO2 spacer, Spin on carbon, spin on glass). The multi-color integration approach is successfully demonstrated and provides a valuable method to address overlay concerns and more generally edge placement error (EPE) as a whole for advanced process nodes. Unbiased LER/LWR analysis comparison between EUV SADP and 193nm immersion SADP shows that both integrations follow the same trend throughout the process steps. While EUV SADP shows increased LER after mandrel pull, metal hardmask open and dielectric etch compared to 193nm immersion SADP, the final process performance is matched in terms of LWR (1.08nm 3 sigma unbiased) and is only 6% higher than 193nm immersion SADP for average unbiased LER. Using EUV SADP enables almost doubling the line density while keeping most of the remaining processes and films unchanged, and provides a compelling alternative to other multipatterning integrations, which present their own sets of challenges.

Measurement potential of laser speckle velocimetry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Adrian, R. J.

1982-01-01

Laser speckle velocimetry, the measurement of fluid velocity by measuring the translation of speckle pattern or individual particles that are moving with the fluid, is described. The measurement is accomplished by illuminating the fluid with consecutive pulses of Laser Light and recording the images of the particles or the speckles on a double exposed photographic plate. The plate contains flow information throughout the image plane so that a single double exposure may provide data at hundreds or thousands of points in the illuminated region of the fluid. Conventional interrogation of the specklegram involves illuminating the plate to form Young's fringes, whose spacing is inversely proportional to the speckle separation. Subsequently the fringes are digitized and analyzed in a computer to determine their frequency and orientation, yielding the velocity magnitude and orientation. The Young's fringe technique is equivalent to performing a 2-D spatial correlation of the double exposed specklegram intensity pattern, and this observation suggests that correlation should be considered as an alternative processing method. The principle of the correlation technique is examined.
On the Origin of the Double-cell Meridional Circulation in the Solar Convection Zone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pipin, V. V.; Kosovichev, A. G.

2018-02-01

Recent advances in helioseismology, numerical simulations and mean-field theory of solar differential rotation have shown that the meridional circulation pattern may consist of two or more cells in each hemisphere of the convection zone. According to the mean-field theory the double-cell circulation pattern can result from the sign inversion of a nondiffusive part of the radial angular momentum transport (the so-called Λ-effect) in the lower part of the solar convection zone. Here, we show that this phenomenon can result from the radial inhomogeneity of the Coriolis number, which depends on the convective turnover time. We demonstrate that if this effect is taken into account then the solar-like differential rotation and the double-cell meridional circulation are both reproduced by the mean-field model. The model is consistent with the distribution of turbulent velocity correlations determined from observations by tracing motions of sunspots and large-scale magnetic fields, indicating that these tracers are rooted just below the shear layer.
Mode characteristics of nonplanar double-heterojunction and large-optical-cavity laser structures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Butler, J. K.; Botez, D.

1982-01-01

Mode behavior of nonplanar double-heterojunction (DH) and large-optical-cavity (LOC) lasers is investigated using the effective index method to model the lateral field distribution. The thickness variations of various layers for the devices discussed are correlated with the growth characteristics of liquid-phase epitaxy over topographical features (channels, mesas) etched into the substrate. The effective dielectric profiles of constricted double-heterojunction (CDH)-LOC lasers show a strong influence on transverse mode operation: the fundamental transverse mode (i.e., in the plane perpendicular to the junction) may be laterally index-guided, while the first (high)-order mode is laterally index-antiguided. The analytical model developed uses a smoothly varying hyperbolic cosine distribution to characterize lateral index variations. The waveguide model is applied to several lasers to illustrate conditions necessary to convert leaky modes to trapped ones via the active-region gain distribution. Theoretical radiation patterns are calculated using model parameters, and matched to an experimental far-field pattern.
Geometric prepatterning-based tuning of the period doubling onset strain during thin-film wrinkling

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Saha, Sourabh K.

Wrinkling of thin films is an easy-to-implement and low-cost technique to fabricate stretch-tunable periodic micro and nanoscale structures. However, the tunability of such structures is often limited by the emergence of an undesirable period-doubled mode at high strains. Predictively tuning the onset strain for period doubling via existing techniques requires one to have extensive knowledge about the nonlinear pattern formation behavior. Herein, a geometric prepatterning-based technique is introduced that can be implemented even with limited system knowledge to predictively delay period doubling. The technique comprises prepatterning the film/base bilayer with a sinusoidal pattern that has the same period as themore » natural period of the system. This technique has been verified via physical and computational experiments on the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/glass bilayer system. It is observed that the onset strain can be increased from the typical value of 20% for flat films to greater than 30% with a modest prepattern aspect ratio (2·amplitude/period) of 0.15. In addition, finite element simulations reveal that (i) the onset strain increases with increasing prepattern amplitude and (ii) the delaying effect can be captured entirely by the prepattern geometry. Therefore, one can implement this technique even with limited system knowledge, such as material properties or film thickness, by simply replicating pre-existing wrinkled patterns to generate prepatterned bilayers. Furthermore, geometric prepatterning is a practical scheme to increase the operating range of stretch-tunable wrinkle-based devices by at least 50%.« less
Geometric prepatterning-based tuning of the period doubling onset strain during thin-film wrinkling

DOE PAGES

Saha, Sourabh K.

2017-04-05

Wrinkling of thin films is an easy-to-implement and low-cost technique to fabricate stretch-tunable periodic micro and nanoscale structures. However, the tunability of such structures is often limited by the emergence of an undesirable period-doubled mode at high strains. Predictively tuning the onset strain for period doubling via existing techniques requires one to have extensive knowledge about the nonlinear pattern formation behavior. Herein, a geometric prepatterning-based technique is introduced that can be implemented even with limited system knowledge to predictively delay period doubling. The technique comprises prepatterning the film/base bilayer with a sinusoidal pattern that has the same period as themore » natural period of the system. This technique has been verified via physical and computational experiments on the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/glass bilayer system. It is observed that the onset strain can be increased from the typical value of 20% for flat films to greater than 30% with a modest prepattern aspect ratio (2·amplitude/period) of 0.15. In addition, finite element simulations reveal that (i) the onset strain increases with increasing prepattern amplitude and (ii) the delaying effect can be captured entirely by the prepattern geometry. Therefore, one can implement this technique even with limited system knowledge, such as material properties or film thickness, by simply replicating pre-existing wrinkled patterns to generate prepatterned bilayers. Furthermore, geometric prepatterning is a practical scheme to increase the operating range of stretch-tunable wrinkle-based devices by at least 50%.« less
Spontaneous switching among multiple spatio-temporal patterns in three-oscillator systems constructed with oscillatory cells of true slime mold

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takamatsu, Atsuko

2006-11-01

Three-oscillator systems with plasmodia of true slime mold, Physarum polycephalum, which is an oscillatory amoeba-like unicellular organism, were experimentally constructed and their spatio-temporal patterns were investigated. Three typical spatio-temporal patterns were found: rotation ( R), partial in-phase ( PI), and partial anti-phase with double frequency ( PA). In pattern R, phase differences between adjacent oscillators were almost 120 ∘. In pattern PI, two oscillators were in-phase and the third oscillator showed anti-phase against the two oscillators. In pattern PA, two oscillators showed anti-phase and the third oscillator showed frequency doubling oscillation with small amplitude. Actually each pattern is not perfectly stable but quasi-stable. Interestingly, the system shows spontaneous switching among the multiple quasi-stable patterns. Statistical analyses revealed a characteristic in the residence time of each pattern: the histograms seem to have Gamma-like distribution form but with a sharp peak and a tail on the side of long period. That suggests the attractor of this system has complex structure composed of at least three types of sub-attractors: a “Gamma attractor”-involved with several Poisson processes, a “deterministic attractor”-the residence time is deterministic, and a “stable attractor”-each pattern is stable. When the coupling strength was small, only the Gamma attractor was observed and switching behavior among patterns R, PI, and PA almost always via an asynchronous pattern named O. A conjecture is as follows: Internal/external noise exposes each pattern of R, PI, and PA coexisting around bifurcation points: That is observed as the Gamma attractor. As coupling strength increases, the deterministic attractor appears then followed by the stable attractor, always accompanied with the Gamma attractor. Switching behavior could be caused by regular existence of the Gamma attractor.
Regional expression patterns of taste receptors and gustducin in the mouse tongue.

PubMed

Kim, Mi-Ryung; Kusakabe, Yuko; Miura, Hirohito; Shindo, Yoichiro; Ninomiya, Yuzo; Hino, Akihiro

2003-12-12

In order to understand differences in taste sensitivities of taste bud cells between the anterior and posterior part of tongue, it is important to analyze the regional expression patterns of genes related to taste signal transduction on the tongue. Here we examined the expression pattern of a taste receptor family, the T1r family, and gustducin in circumvallate and fungiform papillae of the mouse tongue using double-labeled in situ hybridization. Each member of the T1r family was expressed in both circumvallate and fungiform papillae with some differences in their expression patterns. The most striking difference between fungiform and circumvallate papillae was observed in their co-expression patterns of T1r2, T1r3, and gustducin. T1r2-positive cells in fungiform papillae co-expressed T1r3 and gustducin, whereas T1r2 and T1r3 double-positive cells in circumvallate papillae merely expressed gustducin. These results suggested that in fungiform papillae, gustducin might play a role in the sweet taste signal transduction cascade mediated by a sweet receptor based on the T1r2 and T1r3 combination, in fungiform papillae.
Dermoscopy of Pigmented Actinic Keratosis of the Face: A Study of 232 Cases.

PubMed

Kelati, A; Baybay, H; Moscarella, E; Argenziano, G; Gallouj, S; Mernissi, F Z

2017-11-01

The diagnosis of pigmented actinic keratosis (PAK) is often challenging because of overlapping features with lentigo maligna. To investigate dermoscopic patterns of PAK according to their different evolutionary stages, and to correlate the pattern with clinical characteristics of the patients. Descriptive and analytical study of 232 PAK. Dermoscopic patterns were divided into two categories: the follicule surroundings' abnormalities (FSA) and follicular keratosis' abnormalities (FKA). FSA and FKA dermoscopic patterns were related to male gender, except for star-like appearance, double white clods and dermoscopic horn (p≤0.04). Rhomboidal, annular granular pattern, gray halo, white circle and double clods were dermoscopic pattern significantly related to xeroderma pigmentosum's type of skin. Based on the evolutionary stages of PAK, the jelly sign was significantly related to thin patches of PAK. Central crusts and scales were related to thick plaques and the star-like appearance to hypertrophic PAK. The presence of 2 or more dermoscopic signs in both FSA and FKA was noticed in 99.1% of lesions. The dermoscopic diagnosis of PAK vary according to the evolutionary stages of the disease, this will increase the diagnosis accuracy, with therapeutic implications. Copyright © 2017 AEDV. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.
Investigation about relationships between the symmetries of ferroelectric crystal Ca{sub 0.28}Ba{sub 0.72}Nb{sub 2}O{sub 6} and second-harmonic patterns

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xu, Tianxiang; Yu, Haohai, E-mail: haohaiyu@sdu.edu.cn; Zhang, Huaijin, E-mail: huaijinzhang@sdu.edu.cn

2015-08-07

The broadband quasi-phase matching (QPM) process in a uniaxial ferroelectric crystal Ca{sub 0.28}Ba{sub 0.72}Nb{sub 2}O{sub 6} (CBN-28) was demonstrated with the second-harmonic wavelength range from 450 nm to 650 nm, and the relationship between the symmetries of CBN-28 and the second-harmonic patterns was experimentally and theoretically investigated based on the random anti-parallel domains in the crystal and QPM conditions. The dependences of frequency-doubled patterns on the wavelength and anisotropy of the nonlinear crystal were also studied, and the frequency-doubled photons were found to be trapped on circles. By analyzing the light-matter interacting Hamiltonians, the trapping force for second-harmonic photons was found tomore » be centripetal and tunable by the fundamental lasers, and the variation tendencies of the rotational velocity of second-harmonic generation photons could also be predicated. The results indicate that the CBN-28 ferroelectric crystal is a promising nonlinear optical material for the generation of broadband frequency-doubled waves, and the analysis on centripetal force based on the interaction Hamiltonians may provide a novel recognition for the investigation of QPM process to be further studied.« less
Radiographic assessment of lower third molar eruption in different anteroposterior skeletal patterns and age-related groups.

PubMed

Jakovljevic, Aleksandar; Lazic, Emira; Soldatovic, Ivan; Nedeljkovic, Nenad; Andric, Miroslav

2015-07-01

To analyze radiographic predictors for lower third molar eruption among subjects with different anteroposterior skeletal relations and of different age groups. In total, 300 lower third molars were recorded on diagnostic digital orthopantomograms (DPTs) and lateral cephalograms (LCs). The radiographs were grouped according to sagittal intermaxillary angle (ANB), subject age, and level of lower third molar eruption. The DPT was used to analyze retromolar space, mesiodistal crown width, space/width ratio, third and second molar angulation (α, γ), third molar inclination (β), and gonion angle. The LC was used to determine ANB, angles of maxillar and mandibular prognathism (SNA, SNB), mandibular plane angle (SN/MP), and mandibular lengths. A logistic regression model was created using the statistically significant predictors. The logistic regression analysis revealed a statistically significant impact of β angle and distance between gonion and gnathion (Go-Gn) on the level of lower third molar eruption (P < .001 and P < .015, respectively). The retromolar space was significantly increased in the adult subgroup for all skeletal classes. The lower third molar impaction rate was significantly higher in the adult subgroup with the Class II (62.3%) compared with Class III subjects (31.7%; P < .013). The most favorable values of linear and angular predictors of mandibular third molar eruption were measured in Class III subjects. For valid estimation of mandibular third molar eruption, certain linear and angular measures (β angle, Go-Gn), as well as the size of the retromolar space, need to be considered.
Double dipole antenna SIS receivers at 100 and 400 GHz

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Skalare, A.; Vandestadt, H.; Degraauw, T.; Panhuyzen, R. A.; Dierichs, M. M. T. M.

1992-01-01

Antenna patterns were measured between 95 and 120 GHz for a double dipole antenna / ellipsoidal lens combination. The structure produces a non-astigmatic beam with low side lobe levels over that whole band. A heterodyne SIS receiver based on this concept gave a best noise temperature of 145 K DSB at 98 GHz. Measurements were also made with a 400 GHz heterodyne SIS receiver, using a double dipole antenna in conjunction with a hyperhemispherical lens. The best noise temperature was 220 K DSB at 402 GHz. On-chip stubs were used to tune out the SIS junction capacitance.
Retrocausation acting in the single-electron double-slit interference experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hokkyo, Noboru

The single electron double-slit interference experiment is given a time-symmetric interpretation and visualization in terms of the intermediate amplitude of transition between the particle source and the detection point. It is seen that the retarded (causal) amplitude of the electron wave expanding from the source shows an advanced (retrocausal) bifurcation and merging in passing through the double-slit and converges towards the detection point as if guided by the advanced (retrocausal) wave from the detected electron. An experiment is proposed to confirm the causation-retrocausation symmetry of the electron behavior by observing the insensitivity of the interference pattern to non-magnetic obstacles placed in the shadows of the retarded and advanced waves appearing on the rear and front sides of the double-slit.
Optimization of self-aligned double patterning (SADP)-compliant layout designs using pattern matching for sub-20nm metal routing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Lynn T.-N.; Schroeder, Uwe Paul; Madhavan, Sriram

2017-03-01

A pattern-based methodology for optimizing SADP-compliant layout designs is developed based on identifying cut mask patterns and replacing them with pre-characterized fixing solutions. A pattern-based library of difficult-tomanufacture cut patterns with pre-characterized fixing solutions is built. A pattern-based engine searches for matching patterns in the decomposed layouts. When a match is found, the engine opportunistically replaces the detected pattern with a pre-characterized fixing solution. The methodology was demonstrated on a 7nm routed metal2 block. A small library of 30 cut patterns increased the number of more manufacturable cuts by 38% and metal-via enclosure by 13% with a small parasitic capacitance impact of 0.3%.
Babinet's principle in double-refraction systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ropars, Guy; Le Floch, Albert

2014-06-01

Babinet's principle applied to systems with double refraction is shown to involve spatial interchanges between the ordinary and extraordinary patterns observed through two complementary screens. As in the case of metamaterials, the extraordinary beam does not follow the Snell-Descartes refraction law, the superposition principle has to be applied simultaneously at two points. Surprisingly, by contrast to the intuitive impression, in the presence of the screen with an opaque region, we observe that the emerging extraordinary photon pattern, which however has undergone a deviation, remains fixed when a natural birefringent crystal is rotated while the ordinary one rotates with the crystal. The twofold application of Babinet's principle implies intensity and polarization interchanges but also spatial and dynamic interchanges which should occur in birefringent metamaterials.
Characteristics of Double Exponentially Tapered Slot Antenna (DETSA) Conformed in the Longitudinal Direction Around a Cylindrical Structure

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ponchak, George E.; Jordan, Jennifer L.; Chevalier, Christine T.

2006-01-01

The characteristics of a double exponentially tapered slot antenna (DETSA) as a function of the radius that the DETSA is conformed to in the longitudinal direction is presented. It is shown through measurements and simulations that the radiation pattern of the conformed antenna rotates in the direction through which the antenna is curved, and that diffraction affects the radiation pattern if the radius of curvature is too small or the frequency too high. The gain of the antenna degrades by only 1 dB if the radius of curvature is large and more than 2 dB for smaller radii. The main effect due to curving the antenna is an increased cross-polarization in the E-plane.
Numerical analysis of the effect of side holes of a double J stent on flow rate and pattern.

PubMed

Kim, Kyung-Wuk; Choi, Young Ho; Lee, Seung Bae; Baba, Yasutaka; Kim, Hyoung-Ho; Suh, Sang-Ho

2015-01-01

A double J stent has been used widely these days for patients with a ureteral stenosis or with renal stones and lithotripsy. The stent has multiple side holes in the shaft, which supply detours for urine flow. Even though medical companies produce various forms of double J stents that have different numbers and positions of side holes in the stent, the function of side holes in fluid dynamics has not been studied well. Here, the flow rate and pattern around the side holes of a double J stent were evaluated in curved models of a stented ureter based on the human anatomy and straight models for comparison. The total flow rate was higher in the stent with a greater number of side holes. The inflow and outflow to the stent through the side holes in the curved ureter was more active than in the straight ureter, which means the flow through side holes exists even in the ureter without ureteral stenosis or occlusion and even in the straight ureter. When the diameter of the ureter changed, the in-stent flow rate in the ureter did not change and the extraluminal flow rate was higher in the ureter with a greater diameter.
Impact of SCBA size and fatigue from different firefighting work cycles on firefighter gait.

PubMed

Kesler, Richard M; Bradley, Faith F; Deetjen, Grace S; Angelini, Michael J; Petrucci, Matthew N; Rosengren, Karl S; Horn, Gavin P; Hsiao-Wecksler, Elizabeth T

2018-04-04

Risk of slips, trips and falls in firefighters maybe influenced by the firefighter's equipment and duration of firefighting. This study examined the impact of a four self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) three SCBA of increasing size and a prototype design and three work cycles one bout (1B), two bouts with a five-minute break (2B) and two bouts back-to-back (BB) on gait in 30 firefighters. Five gait parameters (double support time, single support time, stride length, step width and stride velocity) were examined pre- and post-firefighting activity. The two largest SCBA resulted in longer double support times relative to the smallest SCBA. Multiple bouts of firefighting activity resulted in increased single and double support time and decreased stride length, step width and stride velocity. These results suggest that with larger SCBA or longer durations of activity, firefighters may adopt more conservative gait patterns to minimise fall risk. Practitioner Summary: The effects of four self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and three work cycles on five gait parameters were examined pre- and post-firefighting activity. Both SCBA size and work cycle affected gait. The two largest SCBA resulted in longer double support times. Multiple bouts of activity resulted in more conservative gait patterns.
Phase-space perspective on the wavelength-dependent electron correlation of strong-field double ionization of Xe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shao, Yun; Yuan, Zongqiang; Ye, Difa; Fu, Libin; Liu, Ming-Ming; Sun, Xufei; Wu, Chengyin; Liu, Jie; Gong, Qihuang; Liu, Yunquan

2017-12-01

We measure the wavelength-dependent correlated-electron momentum (CEM) spectra of strong-field double ionization of Xe atoms, and observe a significant change from a roughly nonstructured (uncorrelated) pattern at 795 nm to an elongated distribution with V-shaped structure (correlated) at higher wavelengths of 1320 and 1810 nm, pointing to the transition of the ionization dynamics imprinted in the momentum distributions. These observations are well reproduced by a semiclassical model using Green-Sellin-Zachor potential to take into account the screening effect. We show that the momentum distribution of Xe2+ undergoes a bifurcation structure emerging from single-hump to double-hump structure as the laser wavelength increases, which is dramatically different from that of He2+, indicating the complex multi-electron effect. By back analyzing the double ionization trajectories in the phase space (the initial transverse momentum and the laser phase at the tunneling exit) of the first tunneled electrons, we provide deep insight into the physical origin for electron correlation dynamics. We find that a random distribution in phase-space is responsible for a less distinct structured CEM spectrum at shorter wavelength. While increasing the laser wavelength, a topology-invariant pattern in phase-space appears, leading to the clearly visible V-shaped structures.
Double-well chimeras in 2D lattice of chaotic bistable elements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shepelev, I. A.; Bukh, A. V.; Vadivasova, T. E.; Anishchenko, V. S.; Zakharova, A.

2018-01-01

We investigate spatio-temporal dynamics of a 2D ensemble of nonlocally coupled chaotic cubic maps in a bistability regime. In particular, we perform a detailed study on the transition ;coherence - incoherence; for varying coupling strength for a fixed interaction radius. For the 2D ensemble we show the appearance of amplitude and phase chimera states previously reported for 1D ensembles of nonlocally coupled chaotic systems. Moreover, we uncover a novel type of chimera state, double-well chimera, which occurs due to the interplay of the bistability of the local dynamics and the 2D ensemble structure. Additionally, we find double-well chimera behavior for steady states which we call double-well chimera death. A distinguishing feature of chimera patterns observed in the lattice is that they mainly combine clusters of different chimera types: phase, amplitude and double-well chimeras.
Laser-assisted patterning of double-sided adhesive tapes for optofluidic chip integration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zamora, Vanessa; Janeczka, Christian; Arndt-Staufenbiel, Norbert; Havlik, George; Queisser, Marco; Schröder, Henning

2018-02-01

Portable high-sensitivity biosensors exhibit a growing demand in healthcare, food industry and environmental monitoring sectors. Optical biosensors based on photonic integration platforms are attractive candidates due to their high sensitivity, compactness and multiplexing capabilities. However, they need a low-cost and reliable integration with the microfluidic system. Laser-micropatterned double-sided biocompatible adhesive tapes are promising bonding layers for hybrid integration of an optofluidic biochip. As a part of the EU-PHOCNOSIS project, double-sided adhesive tapes have been proposed to integrate the polymer microfluidic system with the optical integrated waveguide sensor chip. Here the adhesive tape should be patterned in a micrometer scale in order to create an interaction between the sample that flows through the polymer microchannel and the photonic sensing microstructure. Three laser-assisted structuring methods are investigated to transfer microchannel patterns to the adhesive tape. The test structure design consists of a single channel with 400 μm wide, 30 mm length and two circular receivers with 3 mm radius. The best structuring results are found by using the picosecond UV laser where smooth and straight channel cross-sections are obtained. Such patterned tapes are used to bond blank polymer substrates to blank silicon substrates. As a proof of concept, the hybrid integration is tested using colored DI-water. Structuring tests related to the reduction of channel widths are also considered in this work. The use of this technique enables a simple and rapid manufacturing of narrow channels (50-60 μm in width) in adhesive tapes, achieving a cheap and stable integration of the optofluidic biochip.

Water Use Patterns in a Small Oklahoma City During Drought and Implications for Leaking Underground Storage Tanks

EPA Science Inventory

The City of Ada Oklahoma obtains water from the Simpson-Arbuckle aquifer located 19 km south of town. During winter the typical water demand is approximately 15,000 m3 per day, while during the drought of 2011 demand more than doubled. In order to understand water use patterns,...
Patterns and Trends of Canadian Social Work Doctoral Dissertations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rothwell, David W.; Lach, Lucyana; Blumenthal, Anne; Akesson, Bree

2015-01-01

The first social work doctoral program in Canada began in 1952. Relatively recently, the number of programs has grown rapidly, doubling in the past 10 years to 14 programs. Despite the expansion there is no systematic understanding of the patterns and trends in doctoral research. In this study we review 248 publicly available dissertations from…
A double burden of overall or central adiposity and anemia or iron deficiency is prevalent but with little socioeconomic patterning among Moroccan and Tunisian urban women.

PubMed

Gartner, Agnès; El Ati, Jalila; Traissac, Pierre; Bour, Abdellatif; Berger, Jacques; Landais, Edwige; El Hsaïni, Houda; Ben Rayana, Chiheb; Delpeuch, Francis

2014-01-01

In North Africa, overnutrition has dramatically increased with the nutrition transition while micronutrient deficiencies persist, resulting in clustering of opposite types of malnutrition that can present a unique difficulty for public health interventions. We assessed the magnitude of the double burden of malnutrition among urban Moroccan and Tunisian women, as defined by the coexistence of overall or central adiposity and anemia or iron deficiency (ID), and explored the sociodemographic patterning of individual double burden. In cross-sectional surveys representative of the region around the capital city, we randomly selected 811 and 1689 nonpregnant women aged 20-49 y in Morocco and Tunisia, respectively. Four double burdens were analyzed: overweight (body mass index ≥25 kg/m(2)) or increased risk abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥80 cm) and anemia (blood hemoglobin <120 g/L) or ID (C-reactive protein-corrected serum ferritin <15 μg/L). Adjusted associations with 9 sociodemographic factors were estimated by logistic regression. The prevalence of overweight and ID was 67.0% and 45.2% in Morocco, respectively, and 69.5% and 27.0% in Tunisia, respectively, illustrating the population-level double burden. The coexistence of overall or central adiposity with ID was found in 29.8% and 30.1% of women in Morocco, respectively, and in 18.2% and 18.3% of women in Tunisia, respectively, quite evenly distributed across age, economic, or education groups. Generally, the rare, associated sociodemographic factors varied across the 4 subject-level double burdens and the 2 countries and differed from those usually associated with adiposity, anemia, or ID. Any double burden combining adiposity and anemia or ID should therefore be taken into consideration in all women. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01844349.
Measurement of rivaroxaban concentrations demonstrates lack of clinical utility of a PT, dPT and APTT test in estimating levels.

PubMed

Thom, I; Cameron, G; Robertson, D; Watson, H G

2018-05-02

Rivaroxaban concentrations were measured in 127 inpatient samples using an HPLC-MS/MS assay. We compared this measurement with a calibrated anti-Xa assay and performed PT, aPTT and dilute PT tests to assess the value of clot-based assays in clinical decision-making. The correlation between the anti-Xa assay and the HPLC-MS/MS at therapeutic concentrations was strong (R 2 = 0.98). The PT, RecombiPlasTin 2G, and aPTT, Actin FS, showed a linear dose-response but poor correlation (R 2 = 0.32 and 0.44, respectively) and at dilutions of 1 in 150 to 1 in 750 the dilute PT assay also showed poor correlation with rivaroxaban concentrations measured by specific assays. A normal PT or aPTT alone did not identify a likely safe rivaroxaban concentration to allow surgery or invasive procedures, but the combination of normal PT and aPTT identified a group of patients with rivaroxaban levels less than 90 ng/mL. Combined normal PT and aPTT had specificity and sensitivity of 0.97 (95% CI 0.92-0.99) and 0.37 (95% CI 0.1-0.74) for a rivaroxaban concentration < 32 ng/mL. The PT and aPTT show poor correlation with rivaroxaban levels measured by calibrated anti-Xa and HPLC-MS/MS assays. A normal combined PT and APTT identified low rivaroxaban levels with high specificity but lacked sensitivity. The dPT assay at several dilutions could not be used to quantify rivaroxaban in clinical samples. The utility of these PT, aPTT and dilute PT assays in a clinical setting is very limited, and results generated must be interpreted with caution. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Monocyte-derived dendritic cells exposed to Der p 1 allergen enhance the recruitment of Th2 cells: major involvement of the chemokines TARC/CCL17 and MDC/CCL22.

PubMed

Hammad, Hamida; Smits, Hermelijn H; Ratajczak, Céline; Nithiananthan, Asokananthan; Wierenga, Eddy A; Stewart, Geoffrey A; Jacquet, Alain; Tonnel, Andre-Bernard; Pestel, Joël

2003-01-01

Dendritic cells (DC) are potent antigen - presenting cells that can orientate the immune response towards a Th1 or a Th2 type. DC produce chemokines that are involved in the recruitment of either Th1 cells, such as IP10 (CXCL10), Th2 cells such as TARC (CCL17) and MDC (CCL22), or non-polarized T cells such as RANTES (CCL5) and MIP-lalpha (CCL3). We investigated whether monocyte-derived DC (MD-DC) generated from healthy donors or from patients sensitive to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpt) and exposed to the cysteine-protease Der p 1(allergen of Dpt), could upregulate the expression of chemokines involved in type 1 or type 2 T cell recruitment. MD-DC were pulsed with either Der p 1 or with LPS as the control and the chemokines produced were evaluated using ELISA and chemotaxis assays. Der p 1-pulsed DC from allergic patients showed increased TARC (CCL17) and MDC (CCL22) production without modifying IP-10 (CXCL10) release. Der p 1-pulsed DC from healthy donors showed only increased IP-10 (CXCL10) secretion. RANTES (CCL5) and MIP-lalpha (CCL3) production were similarly increased when DC were from healthy or allergic donors. The selective Th2 clone recruitment activity of supernatants from Der p 1-pulsed DC of allergic patients was inhibited by anti-TARC (CCL17) and anti-MDC (CCL22) neutralizing Abs. By using anti-IP10 (CXCL10) blocking Abs, supernatants of Der p 1-pulsed DC from healthy donors were shown to be involved in the recruitment of Th1 cells. These results suggest that in allergic patients exposed to house dust mites, DC may favour the exacerbation of the Th2 response via the increase in type 2 chemokine production. Copyright John Libbey Eurotext 2003.
Der p 1-pulsed myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells from house dust mite-sensitized allergic patients dysregulate the T cell response.

PubMed

Charbonnier, Anne-Sophie; Hammad, Hamida; Gosset, Philippe; Stewart, Geoffrey A; Alkan, Sefik; Tonnel, André-Bernard; Pestel, Joël

2003-01-01

Although reports suggest that dendritic cells (DC) are involved in the allergic reaction characterized by a T helper cell type 2 (Th2) profile, the role of myeloid (M-DC) and plasmacytoid DC (P-DC), controlling the balance Th1/Th2, remains unknown. Here, we showed that in Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpt)-sensitized allergic patients and in healthy donors, M-DC displayed a higher capacity to capture Der p 1, a major allergen of Dpt, than did P-DC. However, Der p 1-pulsed M-DC from healthy subjects overexpressed CD80 and secreted interleukin (IL)-10, whereas M-DC from allergic patients did not. In contrast, with Der p 1-pulsed P-DC from both groups, no increase in human leukocyte antigen-DR, CD80, and CD86 and no IL-10 secretion were detected. When cocultured with allogeneic naive CD4(+) T cells from healthy donors, Der p 1-pulsed M-DC from allergic patients favored a Th1 profile [interferon (IFN)-gamma(high)/IL-4(low)] and Der p 1-pulsed P-DC, a Th2 profile (IFN-gamma(low)/IL-4(high)). In healthy donors, no T cell polarization (IFN-gamma(low)/IL-4(low)) was induced by Der p 1-pulsed M-DC or P-DC, but in response to Der p 1-pulsed M-DC, T cells secreted IL-10. The neutralization of IL-10 produced by Der p 1-pulsed M-DC from healthy donors led to an inhibition of IL-10 production by T cells and a polarization toward a type 1. Thus, IL-10 produced by M-DC might be an essential mediator controlling the balance between tolerance and allergic status. In addition, P-DC could contribute to the steady state in healthy donors or to the development of a Th2 response in allergic donors.
Risk factors for delay in age-appropriate vaccinations among Gambian children.

PubMed

Odutola, Aderonke; Afolabi, Muhammed O; Ogundare, Ezra O; Lowe-Jallow, Yamu Ndow; Worwui, Archibald; Okebe, Joseph; Ota, Martin O

2015-08-28

Vaccination has been shown to reduce mortality and morbidity due to vaccine-preventable diseases. However, these diseases are still responsible for majority of childhood deaths worldwide especially in the developing countries. This may be due to low vaccine coverage or delay in receipt of age-appropriate vaccines. We studied the timeliness of routine vaccinations among children aged 12-59 months attending infant welfare clinics in semi-urban areas of The Gambia, a country with high vaccine coverage. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in four health centres in the Western Region of the Gambia. Vaccination dates were obtained from health cards and timeliness assessed based on the recommended age ranges for BCG (birth-8 weeks), Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (6 weeks-4 months; 10 weeks-5 months; 14 weeks-6 months) and measles vaccines (38 weeks-12 months). Risk factors for delay in age-appropriate vaccinations were determined using logistic regression. Analysis was limited to BCG, third dose of Diphtheria-Pertussis -Tetanus (DPT3) and measles vaccines. Vaccination records of 1154 children were studied. Overall, 63.3% (95 % CI 60.6-66.1%) of the children had a delay in the recommended time to receiving at least one of the studied vaccines. The proportion of children with delayed vaccinations increased from BCG [5.8% (95 % CI 4.5-7.0%)] to DPT3 [60.4% (95 % CI 57.9%-63.0%)] but was comparatively low for the measles vaccine [10.8% (95 % CI 9.1%-12.5%)]. Mothers of affected children gave reasons for the delay, and their profile correlated with type of occupation, place of birth and mode of transportation to the health facilities. Despite high vaccination coverage reported in The Gambia, a significant proportion of the children's vaccines were delayed for reasons related to health services as well as profile of mothers. These findings are likely to obtain in several countries and should be addressed by programme managers in order to improve and optimize the impact of the immunization coverage rates.
Evaluation of the Universal Immunization Program and Challenges in Coverage of Migrant Children in Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.

PubMed

Nath, Latika; Kaur, Prabhdeep; Tripathi, Saurabh

2015-01-01

Studies show that immunization among migrant children is poor. India has a dropout rate of 17.7% between Bacillus Calmette-Guιrin (BCG) and measles (District Level Household Survey (DLHS)-3). Haridwar district had the highest dropout rate of 27.4% from BCG to diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT) 3 (DLHS-3) in Uttarakhand. We evaluated the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) among migrants in Haridwar in two blocks. We developed input, process, and output indicators on infrastructure, human resources, and service delivery. A facility, session site and cross-sectional survey of 180 children were done and proportions for various indicators were estimated. We determined factors associated with not taking vaccination using multivariate analysis. We surveyed 11 cold chain centers, 25 subcenters, 14 sessions, and interviewed 180 mothers. Dropouts were supposed to be tracked using vaccination card counterfoils and tracking registers. The dropout rate from BCG to DPT3 was 30%. Lack of knowledge (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 6.6,95% confidence interval (CI) 2.6-16.7), mother not being decision maker (AOR 4.0,95%CI 1.7-9.2), lack of contact by Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA; AOR 3.0,95%CI 1.1-7.7), not being given four post-vaccination messages (AOR 7.7, 95% CI 2.9-20.2), and longer duration of stay in Haridwar (AOR 3.0 95% 1.9-7.6) were risk factors for nonimmunization. The reasons stated by mothers included lack of awareness of session site location (67%) and belief that child should only be vaccinated in their resident district (43%). There was low immunization coverage among migrants within adequate supervision, poor cold chain maintenance, and improper tracking of dropouts. Mobile immunization teams, prelisting of migrant children, and change in incentives of ASHAs for child tracking were needed. A monitoring plan for sessions and cold chain needed enforcement.
Dimethyltryptamine and other hallucinogenic tryptamines exhibit substrate behavior at the serotonin uptake transporter and the vesicle monoamine transporter.

PubMed

Cozzi, Nicholas V; Gopalakrishnan, Anupama; Anderson, Lyndsey L; Feih, Joel T; Shulgin, Alexander T; Daley, Paul F; Ruoho, Arnold E

2009-12-01

N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a potent plant hallucinogen that has also been found in human tissues. When ingested, DMT and related N,N-dialkyltryptamines produce an intense hallucinogenic state. Behavioral effects are mediated through various neurochemical mechanisms including activity at sigma-1 and serotonin receptors, modification of monoamine uptake and release, and competition for metabolic enzymes. To further clarify the pharmacology of hallucinogenic tryptamines, we synthesized DMT, N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine (MIPT), N,N-dipropyltryptamine (DPT), and N,N-diisopropyltryptamine. We then tested the abilities of these N,N-dialkyltryptamines to inhibit [(3)H]5-HT uptake via the plasma membrane serotonin transporter (SERT) in human platelets and via the vesicle monoamine transporter (VMAT2) in Sf9 cells expressing the rat VMAT2. The tryptamines were also tested as inhibitors of [(3)H]paroxetine binding to the SERT and [(3)H]dihydrotetrabenazine binding to VMAT2. Our results show that DMT, MIPT, DPT, and DIPT inhibit [(3)H]5-HT transport at the SERT with K ( I ) values of 4.00 +/- 0.70, 8.88 +/- 4.7, 0.594 +/- 0.12, and 2.32 +/- 0.46 microM, respectively. At VMAT2, the tryptamines inhibited [(3)H]5-HT transport with K ( I ) values of 93 +/- 6.8, 20 +/- 4.3, 19 +/- 2.3, and 19 +/- 3.1 muM, respectively. On the other hand, the tryptamines were very poor inhibitors of [(3)H]paroxetine binding to SERT and of [(3)H]dihydrotetrabenazine binding to VMAT2, resulting in high binding-to-uptake ratios. High binding-to-uptake ratios support the hypothesis that the tryptamines are transporter substrates, not uptake blockers, at both SERT and VMAT2, and also indicate that there are separate substrate and inhibitor binding sites within these transporters. The transporters may allow the accumulation of tryptamines within neurons to reach relatively high levels for sigma-1 receptor activation and to function as releasable transmitters.
Use of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Risk Score (DPTRS) for improving the accuracy of the risk classification of type 1 diabetes.

PubMed

Sosenko, Jay M; Skyler, Jay S; Mahon, Jeffrey; Krischer, Jeffrey P; Greenbaum, Carla J; Rafkin, Lisa E; Beam, Craig A; Boulware, David C; Matheson, Della; Cuthbertson, David; Herold, Kevan C; Eisenbarth, George; Palmer, Jerry P

2014-04-01

OBJECTIVE We studied the utility of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Risk Score (DPTRS) for improving the accuracy of type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk classification in TrialNet Natural History Study (TNNHS) participants. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The cumulative incidence of T1D was compared between normoglycemic individuals with DPTRS values >7.00 and dysglycemic individuals in the TNNHS (n = 991). It was also compared between individuals with DPTRS values <7.00 or >7.00 among those with dysglycemia and those with multiple autoantibodies in the TNNHS. DPTRS values >7.00 were compared with dysglycemia for characterizing risk in Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1) (n = 670) and TNNHS participants. The reliability of DPTRS values >7.00 was compared with dysglycemia in the TNNHS. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of T1D for normoglycemic TNNHS participants with DPTRS values >7.00 was comparable to those with dysglycemia. Among those with dysglycemia, the cumulative incidence was much higher (P < 0.001) for those with DPTRS values >7.00 than for those with values <7.00 (3-year risks: 0.16 for <7.00 and 0.46 for >7.00). Dysglycemic individuals in DPT-1 were at much higher risk for T1D than those with dysglycemia in the TNNHS (P < 0.001); there was no significant difference in risk between the studies among those with DPTRS values >7.00. The proportion in the TNNHS reverting from dysglycemia to normoglycemia at the next visit was higher than the proportion reverting from DPTRS values >7.00 to values <7.00 (36 vs. 23%). CONCLUSIONS DPTRS thresholds can improve T1D risk classification accuracy by identifying high-risk normoglycemic and low-risk dysglycemic individuals. The 7.00 DPTRS threshold characterizes risk more consistently between populations and has greater reliability than dysglycemia.
Health and nutritional status of children of adolescent mothers: experience from a diarrhoeal disease hospital in Bangladesh.

PubMed

Abdullah, Kawsari; Malek, Mohammad A; Faruque, Abu S G; Salam, Mohammed A; Ahmed, T

2007-03-01

The study aimed at assessing clinical and nutritional features and socioeconomic characteristics of the first birth-order children (1-48 months) of adolescent mothers. Five hundred and thirty-nine first birth-order children of both sexes, aged 1-48 month(s) were studied. All study children had adolescent mothers aged < or =19 years (when attending hospital), who attended (as a patient) the Dhaka hospital of ICDDR, B during 2000-2005. A similar group of children (n = 540) of mothers aged 25-29 years (when attending hospital) constituted the comparison group. Malnutrition indicated by underweight [OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.7-3.1, p < 0.001], stunting [OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.5-2.8, p < 0.001], wasting [OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3-2.7, p = 0.001], infancy (<12 months old) [OR 2.8, 95% CI 2.1-3.9, p < 0.001], duration of hospitalization (> or =48 h) [OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.2, p = 0.001], DPT immunization [OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3-2.5, p = 0.001] and maternal illiteracy (no formal schooling) [OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.0, p = 0.007] were significantly associated with children of adolescent mothers, after adjusting for co-variates in the logistic regression analysis. Similar results were also observed when different indices of malnutrition (stunting, underweight or wasting) were added separately to the different models. Children of adolescent mothers are likely to be more malnourished, have lesser opportunities for DPT immunization and have longer duration of hospitalization. Adolescent mothers were also more likely to be illiterate. Therefore, the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies will be required to reduce morbidity and improve the health and nutrition status of both children and their adolescent mothers.
Vaccine adverse events reported in post-marketing study of the Kitasato Institute from 1994 to 2004.

PubMed

Nakayama, Tetsuo; Onoda, Kazumasa

2007-01-05

General physicians, pediatricians and parents realize that serious adverse events occur with an extremely rare incidence, but have no information on the incidences of vaccine-associated adverse events. A proper understanding of vaccine adverse events would be helpful in promoting an immunization strategy. Causal association can rarely be determined in adverse events through laboratory examinations. We examined the cases reported in the post-marketing surveillance of the Kitasato Institute, categorizing them into two groups: allergic reactions and severe systemic illnesses. Anaphylactic patients with gelatin allergy after immunization with live measles, rubella and mumps monovalent vaccines have been reported since 1993, but the number of reported cases with anaphylaxis dramatically decreased after 1999 when gelatin was removed from all brands of DPT. The incidence of anaphylactic reaction was estimated to be 0.63 per million for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine, 0.95 for DPT and 0.68 for Influenza vaccine, but the causative component has not yet been specified. Among 67.2 million immunization practices, 6 cases with encephalitis or encephalopathy, 7 with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), 10 with Guillain-Barré syndrome and 12 with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) were reported. The wild-type measles virus genome was detected in a patient with encephalitis and in two of four bone marrow aspirates obtained from ITP after measles vaccination. Enterovirus infection was identified in two patients after mumps vaccination (one each with encephalitis and ADEM), one patient with encephalitis after immunization with JEV vaccine, and one with aseptic meningitis after immunization with influenza vaccine. The total estimated incidence of serious neurological illness after vaccination was 0.1-0.2 per million immunization practices. We found that enterovirus or wild-type measles virus infection was coincidentally associated with vaccination in several cases suspected of being vaccine adverse events.
Vaccination against poliomyelitis in economically underdeveloped countries

PubMed Central

Sabin, Albert B.

1980-01-01

Poliomyelitis lameness surveys in children of school age recently reported from Burma, Egypt, Ghana, and the Philippines have indicated an estimated, average annual endemic incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis similar to or higher than the overall average annual rate in the USA during the peak years in the prevaccine era. Contrary to oft-expressed dogma, high rates of paralytic poliomyelitis are occurring annually in regions with high infant mortality rates, continuing undernutrition, and absence of basic sanitary facilities. Recent data indicate that prolonged breast feeding does not impede the effectiveness of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). A high prevalence of nonpoliovirus enteric infections can modify, delay, and lower the frequency of seroconversion after OPV, but these effects are overcome by multiple doses. The problem of eliminating paralytic poliomyelitis from economically underdeveloped countries depends on administrative rather than immunological or epidemiological factors, although a specially concentrated effort is needed in countries where most of the cases occur during the first two years of life and where paralytic polioviruses are propagating throughout the year in a large proportion of the infant population. Under such circumstances, expanded routine infant immunization programmes, which include OPV but reach at best only 20-40% of the total infant population, who receive only one or a few doses of vaccines requiring multiple doses, cannot be expected to eliminate paralytic poliomyelitis as an important public health problem. Injections of multiple doses of quadruple vaccine (DPT + inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine) would not only greatly increase the cost of routine immunizations but would not achieve more or as much as feeding OPV at the time of the DPT injections. Mass administration of OPV each year on 2 days of the year 2 months apart, to all children under 2, 3, or 4 years of age (depending on the epidemiological situation), without reference to the number of OPV doses they may have had before, can be expected to yield optimum results in countries with small numbers of professional health personnel and many other year-round problems. PMID:6966544
‘Double cortex’ sign on FDG-PET/CT in diffuse band heterotopia

PubMed Central

Tripathi, Madhavi; Tripathi, Manjari; Kumar, Ganesh; Malhotra, Arun; Bal, Chandra Sekhar

2013-01-01

F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) Positron emission tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) has come to play an increasingly important role for the pre-surgical evaluation of drug resistant epilepsy and complements Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of grey matter heterotopias. This case illustrates the characteristic pattern of metabolic abnormality in diffuse band heterotopia (DBH) which is otherwise called double cortex syndrome. The presence of metabolic activity in the heterotopic inner cortical band and in the overlying true cortex gives rise to the ‘double cortex’ sign on FDG-PET, concurrent CT provides a good anato-metabolic coregistration. PMID:24379541
Some Dimensions of Intercultural Variation and Their Implication for Interpersonal Behavior

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-05-01

chauvinist belief system in Euro-American cultures which is contrasted with a unisex ideology. Another form of it is found in Hispanic cultures: Machismo ...Latino emphasis on machismo , and the double standard of morality for men and women are well known. Marianismo is a pattern of female submission, self...appears that there is more differentiation by sex in high masculine countries. The Latin emphasis on machismo and marianismo, and the double standard
Assessment of transmitral flow after mitral valve edge-to-edge repair using High-speed particle image velocimetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jeyhani, Morteza; Shahriari, Shahrokh; Labrosse, Michel; Kadem, Lyes

2013-11-01

Approximately 500,000 people in North America suffer from mitral valve regurgitation (MR). MR is a disorder of the heart in which the mitral valve (MV) leaflets do not close securely during systole. Edge-to-edge repair (EtER) technique can be used to surgically treat MR. This technique produces a double-orifice configuration for the MV. Under these un-physiological conditions, flow downstream of the MV forms a double jet structure that may disturb the intraventricular hemodynamics. Abnormal flow patterns following EtER are mainly characterized by high-shear stress and stagnation zones in the left ventricle (LV), which increase the potential of blood component damage. In this study, a custom-made prosthetic bicuspid MV was used to analyze the LV flow patterns after EtER by means of digital particle image velocimetry (PIV). Although the repair of a MV using EtER technique is an effective approach, this study confirms that EtER leads to changes in the LV flow field, including the generation of a double mitral jet flow and high shear stress regions.
Parallel object-oriented data mining system

DOEpatents

Kamath, Chandrika; Cantu-Paz, Erick

2004-01-06

A data mining system uncovers patterns, associations, anomalies and other statistically significant structures in data. Data files are read and displayed. Objects in the data files are identified. Relevant features for the objects are extracted. Patterns among the objects are recognized based upon the features. Data from the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty Centimeters (FIRST) sky survey was used to search for bent doubles. This test was conducted on data from the Very Large Array in New Mexico which seeks to locate a special type of quasar (radio-emitting stellar object) called bent doubles. The FIRST survey has generated more than 32,000 images of the sky to date. Each image is 7.1 megabytes, yielding more than 100 gigabytes of image data in the entire data set.
Astigmatism correction of a non-imaging double spectrometer fitted with a 2D array detector

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yaney, P.P.; Ernst, S.L.; Blackshire, J.

1992-12-01

A SPEX 1401 double spectrometer was adapted for a liquid nitrogen cooled CCD detector to permit both spectral and spatial analysis of ceramic specimens in a laser Raman microprobe system. The exit image of the spectrometer suffers from astigmatism due to off-axis spherical mirrors. A cylindrical lens was added before the CCD to correct for the astigmatism. The spectrometer and several lenses were modeled using an optical ray tracing program to characterize the astigmatism and to optimize the locations of the lens and the detector. The astigmatism and the spot pattern sizes determined by the model were in good agreementmore » with he observed performance of the modified spectrometer-detector system. Typical spot patterns fell within the 23 {mu}m square pixel size.« less
Formation of Twisted Elephant Trunks in the Rosette Nebula

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carlqvist, P.; Gahm, G. F.; Kristen, H.

New observations show that dark elephant trunks in the Rosette nebula are often built up by thin filaments. In several of the trunks the filaments seem to form a twisted pattern. This pattern is hard to reconcile with current theory. We propose a new model for the formation of twisted elephant trunks in which electromagnetic forces play an important role. The model considers the behaviour of a twisted magnetic filament in a molecular cloud, where a cluster of hot stars has been recently born. As a result of stellar winds, and radiation pressure, electromagnetic forces, and inertia forces part of the filament can develop into a double helix pointing towards the stars. The double helix represents the twisted elephant trunk. A simple analogy experiment visualizes and supports the trunk model.
Encoding plaintext by Fourier transform hologram in double random phase encoding using fingerprint keys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takeda, Masafumi; Nakano, Kazuya; Suzuki, Hiroyuki; Yamaguchi, Masahiro

2012-09-01

It has been shown that biometric information can be used as a cipher key for binary data encryption by applying double random phase encoding. In such methods, binary data are encoded in a bit pattern image, and the decrypted image becomes a plain image when the key is genuine; otherwise, decrypted images become random images. In some cases, images decrypted by imposters may not be fully random, such that the blurred bit pattern can be partially observed. In this paper, we propose a novel bit coding method based on a Fourier transform hologram, which makes images decrypted by imposters more random. Computer experiments confirm that the method increases the randomness of images decrypted by imposters while keeping the false rejection rate as low as in the conventional method.

Technological innovations for a sustainable business model in the semiconductor industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Levinson, Harry J.

2014-09-01

Increasing costs of wafer processing, particularly for lithographic processes, have made it increasingly difficult to achieve simultaneous reductions in cost-per-function and area per device. Multiple patterning techniques have made possible the fabrication of circuit layouts below the resolution limit of single optical exposures but have led to significant increases in the costs of patterning. Innovative techniques, such as self-aligned double patterning (SADP) have enabled good device performance when using less expensive patterning equipment. Other innovations have directly reduced the cost of manufacturing. A number of technical challenges must be overcome to enable a return to single-exposure patterning using short wavelength optical techniques, such as EUV patterning.
Double probing of human spermatozoa for persistent histones, surplus cytoplasm, apoptosis and DNA fragmentation.

PubMed

Sati, Leyla; Ovari, Laszlo; Bennett, David; Simon, Stephen D; Demir, Ramazan; Huszar, Gabor

2008-04-01

Individual spermatozoa were assessed with pairs of probes for persistent histones and cytoplasmic retention, persistent histones and DNA fragmentation, and persistent histones and apoptotic markers. The individual spermatozoa were treated sequentially with combinations of probes for these cytoplasmic and nuclear biochemical markers. Sperm fields were recorded with computer-assisted imaging, and staining patterns with the two probes in the same spermatozoa were examined and scored as light, intermediate or dark (mature to arrested-maturity spermatozoa). The effects of arrested sperm maturation were similar with respect to the cytoplasmic and nuclear characteristics of spermatozoa in 84% of cells, indicating that cytoplasmic and nuclear attributes of arrested sperm maturation are related. However, there were moderate (intermediate-dark or intermediate-light patterns, 14.5% of cells) or major (light-dark patterns, 1.6% of cells) discrepancies in the intensity of the double staining patterns. Thus, testing with single maturity markers may not be fully reliable. These findings are important with respect to: (i) arrested sperm maturation; (ii) potential efficacy of antioxidant and similar therapeutic strategies in subfertile men, as spermatozoa with infrastructure defects due to mismaturation or maturation arrest are unlikely to respond to interventions; and (iii) detection of adverse male environmental exposures.
Optimization design and dynamic analysis on the drive mechanisms of flapping-wing air vehicles based on flapping trajectories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Lingwang; Zhang, Xingwei; Luo, Pan; Huang, Panpan

2017-10-01

The optimization designs and dynamic analysis on the driving mechanism of flapping-wing air vehicles on base of flapping trajectory patterns is carried out in this study. Three different driving mechanisms which are spatial double crank-rocker, plane five-bar and gear-double slider, are systematically optimized and analysed by using the Mat lab and Adams software. After a series debugging on the parameter, the comparatively ideal flapping trajectories are obtained by the simulation of Adams. Present results indicate that different drive mechanisms output different flapping trajectories and have their unique characteristic. The spatial double crank-rocker mechanism can only output the arc flapping trajectory and it has the advantages of small volume, high flexibility and efficient space utilization. Both planar five-bar mechanism and gear-double slider mechanism can output the oval, figure of eight and double eight flapping trajectories. Nevertheless, the gear-double slider mechanism has the advantage of convenient parameter setting and better performance in output double eight flapping trajectory. This study can provide theoretical basis and helpful reference for the design of the drive mechanisms of flapping-wing air vehicles with different output flapping trajectories.
An Investigation of a Design for a Finite-Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Hardware Accelerator

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-12-01

D PTR), accumulators A and B ( ACCA & ACCB), and the third fixed incrementer (IN3). The stack file in the floating-point unit is untouched. The first...of data. REGISTERS: R1, R2, R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, R11, R12, R13, ACCA , ACCB, MBR. MAR, STAT POINTERS: APT, BPT, CPT, DPT, AIN, BIN, CIN, DIN, IN3 LINES...BBUS MARh-2 READ BACTL, 12 R2 =En(lj) R2=D MAR+2 READ BAACT; 13 MBR = En+I(1j) ACCA = En(0,j-1) + En(lj-1) BU=R2 BL=R2 CD C=R1 MBR=D FP++ a=CBUS b=BBUS
Low emittance lattice for the storage ring of the Turkish Light Source Facility TURKAY

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nergiz, Z.; Aksoy, A.

2015-06-01

The TAC (Turkish Accelerator Center) project aims to build an accelerator center in Turkey. The first stage of the project is to construct an Infra-Red Free Electron Laser (IR-FEL) facility. The second stage is to build a synchrotron radiation facility named TURKAY, which is a third generation synchrotron radiation light source that aims to achieve a high brilliance photon beam from a low emittance electron beam at 3 GeV. The electron beam parameters are highly dependent on the magnetic lattice of the storage ring. In this paper a low emittance storage ring for TURKAY is proposed and the beam dynamic properties of the magnetic lattice are investigated. Supported by Turkish Republic Ministry of Development (DPT2006K120470)
Double-slit interferometry with a Bose-Einstein condensate

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Collins, L.A.; Berman, G.P.; Bishop, A.R.

2005-03-01

A Bose-Einstein 'double-slit' interferometer has been recently realized experimentally by Y. Shin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 050405 (2004). We analyze the interferometric steps by solving numerically the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation in three-dimensional space. We focus on the adiabaticity time scales of the problem and on the creation of spurious collective excitations as a possible source of the strong degradation of the interference pattern observed experimentally. The role of quantum fluctuations is discussed.
Three-point functions in duality-invariant higher-derivative gravity

DOE PAGES

Naseer, Usman; Zwiebach, Barton

2016-03-21

Here, doubled α'-geometry is the simplest higher-derivative gravitational theory with exact global duality symmetry. We use the double metric formulation of this theory to compute on-shell three-point functions to all orders in α'. A simple pattern emerges when comparing with the analogous bosonic and heterotic three-point functions. As in these theories, the amplitudes factorize. The theory has no Gauss-Bonnet term, but contains a Riemann-cubed interaction to second order in α'.
Realization of a double-barrier resonant tunneling diode for cavity polaritons.

PubMed

Nguyen, H S; Vishnevsky, D; Sturm, C; Tanese, D; Solnyshkov, D; Galopin, E; Lemaître, A; Sagnes, I; Amo, A; Malpuech, G; Bloch, J

2013-06-07

We report on the realization of a double-barrier resonant tunneling diode for cavity polaritons, by lateral patterning of a one-dimensional cavity. Sharp transmission resonances are demonstrated when sending a polariton flow onto the device. We show that a nonresonant beam can be used as an optical gate and can control the device transmission. Finally, we evidence distortion of the transmission profile when going to the high-density regime, signature of polariton-polariton interactions.
STT Doubles with Large δM - Part VI: Cygnus Multiples

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Knapp, Wilfried; Nanson, John

2016-10-01

The results of visual double star observing sessions suggested a pattern for STT doubles with large delta_M of being harder to resolve than would be expected based on the WDS catalog data. It was felt this might be a problem with expectations on one hand, and on the other might be an indication of a need for new precise measurements, so we decided to take a closer look at a selected sample of STT doubles and do some research. Of these objects we found three rather complex multiples in Cygnus of special interest so we decided to write a separate report to have more room to include the non STT components as well. Again like for the other objects covered so far several of the components show parameters quite different from the current WDS data.
The treatment of idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents: rotation or in situ bending?

PubMed

Gennari, J M; Tallet, J M; Hornung, H; Bergoin, M

1997-12-01

Rotation alone is not fully efficient in order to correct all types of scoliotic curvatures. We report a series of 30 cases instrumented with the EUROS spine system and analyse reductions obtained with in situ rotation or bending alone or with combined maneuvres. The average age of surgery is 17 years for this series composed of 24 female and 6 male patients. The average follow-up is 2.3 years. The curve patterns are displayed with 6 major thoracic, 5 genuine double major, 4 double major thoracic predominant, 6 double major lumbar predominant and 9 double thoracic curves. Combination of both reduction techniques is advisable and is to be made according to the type of curvature and its reducibility in situ bending is made easier with this system without lockers and by reduced diameter of the rod.
Effects of double and triple bonds on the spatial representations of odorants in the rat olfactory bulb.

PubMed

Johnson, Brett A; Ong, Joan; Lee, Kaman; Ho, Sabrina L; Arguello, Spart; Leon, Michael

2007-02-01

Many naturally occurring volatile chemicals that are detected through the sense of smell contain unsaturated (double or triple) carbon-carbon bonds. These bonds can affect odors perceived by humans, yet in a prior study of unsaturated hydrocarbons we found only very minor effects of unsaturated bonds. In the present study, we tested the possibility that unsaturated bonds affect the recognition of oxygen-containing functional groups, because humans perceive odor differences between such molecules. We therefore compared spatial activity patterns across the entire glomerular layer of the rat olfactory bulb evoked by oxygen-containing odorants differing systematically in the presence, position, number, and stereochemistry of unsaturated bonds. We quantified activity patterns by mapping [(14)C]2-deoxyglucose uptake into anatomically standardized data matrices, which we compared statistically. We found that the presence and number of unsaturated bonds consistently affected activity patterns, with the largest effect related to the presence of a triple bond. Effects of bond saturation included a loss of activity in glomeruli strongly activated by the corresponding saturated odorants and/or the presence of activity in areas not stimulated by the corresponding saturated compounds. The position of double bonds also affected patterns of activity, but cis vs. trans configuration had no measurable impact in all five sets of stereoisomers that we studied. These results simultaneously indicate the importance of interactions between carbon-carbon bond types and functional groups in the neural coding of odorant chemical information and highlight the emerging concept that the rat olfactory system is more sensitive to certain types of chemical differences than others. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Born’s rule as signature of a superclassical current algebra

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fussy, S.; Mesa Pascasio, J.; Institute for Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Operng. 9, 1040 Vienna

2014-04-15

We present a new tool for calculating the interference patterns and particle trajectories of a double-, three- and N-slit system on the basis of an emergent sub-quantum theory developed by our group throughout the last years. The quantum itself is considered as an emergent system representing an off-equilibrium steady state oscillation maintained by a constant throughput of energy provided by a classical zero-point energy field. We introduce the concept of a “relational causality” which allows for evaluating structural interdependences of different systems levels, i.e. in our case of the relations between partial and total probability density currents, respectively. Combined with themore » application of 21st century classical physics like, e.g., modern nonequilibrium thermodynamics, we thus arrive at a “superclassical” theory. Within this framework, the proposed current algebra directly leads to a new formulation of the guiding equation which is equivalent to the original one of the de Broglie–Bohm theory. By proving the absence of third order interferences in three-path systems it is shown that Born’s rule is a natural consequence of our theory. Considering the series of one-, double-, or, generally, of N-slit systems, with the first appearance of an interference term in the double slit case, we can explain the violation of Sorkin’s first order sum rule, just as the validity of all higher order sum rules. Moreover, the Talbot patterns and Talbot distance for an arbitrary N-slit device can be reproduced exactly by our model without any quantum physics tool. -- Highlights: •Calculating the interference patterns and particle trajectories of a double-, three- and N-slit system. •Deriving a new formulation of the guiding equation equivalent to the de Broglie–Bohm one. •Proving the absence of third order interferences and thus explaining Born’s rule. •Explaining the violation of Sorkin’s order sum rules. •Classical simulation of Talbot patterns and exact reproduction of Talbot distance for N slits.« less
Double exposure technique for 45nm node and beyond

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hsu, Stephen; Park, Jungchul; Van Den Broeke, Douglas; Chen, J. Fung

2005-11-01

The technical challenges in using F2 lithography for the 45nm node, along with the insurmountable difficulties in EUV lithography, has driven the semiconductor chipmaker into the low k1 lithography era under the pressure of ever decreasing feature sizes. Extending lithography towards lower k1 puts heavy demand on the resolution enhancement technique (RET), exposure tool, and the need for litho friendly design. Hyper numerical aperture (NA) exposure tools, immersion, and double exposure techniques (DET's) are the promising methods to extend lithography manufacturing to the 45nm node at k1 factors below 0.3. Scattering bars (SB's) have become an integral part of the lithography process as chipmakers move to production at ever lower k1 factors. To achieve better critical dimension (CD) control, polarization is applied to enhance the image contrast in the preferential imaging orientation, which increases the risk of SB printability. The optimum SB width is approximately (0.20 ~ 0.25)*(λ/NA). When the SB width becomes less than the exposure wavelength on the 4X mask, Kirchhoff's scalar theory under predicts the SB intensity. The optical weighting factor of the SB increases (Figure 1b) and the SB's become more susceptible to printing. Meanwhile, under hyper NA conditions, the effectiveness of "subresolution" SB's is significantly diminished. A full-sized scattering bars (FSB) scheme becomes necessary. Double exposure methods, such as using ternary 6% attenuated PSM (attPSM) for DDL, are good imaging solutions that can reach and likely go beyond the 45nm node. Today DDL, using binary chrome masks, is capable of printing 65 nm device patterns. In this work, we investigate the use of DET with 6% attPSM masks to target 45nm node device. The SB scalability and printability issues can be taken cared of by using "mutual trimming", i.e., with the combined energy from the two exposures. In this study, we share our findings of using DET to pattern a 45nm node device design with polarization and immersion. We also explore other double patterning methods which in addition to having two exposures, incorporates double coat/developing/etch processing to break the 0.25 k1 barrier.
Double-layer interlaced nested multi-ring array metallic mesh for high-performance transparent electromagnetic interference shielding.

PubMed

Wang, Heyan; Lu, Zhengang; Liu, Yeshu; Tan, Jiubin; Ma, Limin; Lin, Shen

2017-04-15

We report a nested multi-ring array metallic mesh (NMA-MM) that shows a highly uniform diffraction pattern theoretically and experimentally. Then a high-performance transparent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding structure is constituted by the double-layer interlaced NMA-MMs separated by transparent quartz-glass substrate. Experimental results show that double-layer interlaced NMA-MM structure exhibits a shielding effectiveness (SE) of over 27 dB in the Ku-band, with a maximal SE of 37 dB at 12 GHz, normalized optical transmittance of 90%, and minimal image quality degradation due to the interlaced arrangement. It thus shows great potential for practical applications in transparent EMI shielding devices.
Generation of tunable double Fano resonances by plasmon hybridization in graphene–metal metamaterial

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, Zhendong; Qian, Lina; Zhan, Peng; Wang, Zhenlin

2018-07-01

We proposed the excitation of double Fano resonances by the destructive interference between the narrow electric symmetric/antisymmetric resonant modes formed by plasmon hybridization and a broad magnetic dipole resonance in a novel hybrid metamaterial composed of periodically patterned stacked graphene–ribbon pairs and gold split-ring resonators. The double Fano transparency windows in this hybrid metamaterial can be actively controlled by tuning the Fermi energy of graphene through the use of electric gating and its electronic mobility. Our designed dual Fano resonances exhibit a large group index associated with the resonance response in the transparency windows, suggesting promising applications in nanophotonics, such as a slow light device.
Composite flexible blanket insulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kourtides, Demetrius A. (Inventor); Lowe, David M. (Inventor)

1994-01-01

An improved composite flexible blanket insulation is presented comprising top silicon carbide having an interlock design, wherein the reflective shield is composed of single or double aluminized polyimide and wherein the polyimide film has a honeycomb pattern.
Bifurcation and Firing Patterns of the Pancreatic β-Cell

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jing; Liu, Shenquan; Liu, Xuanliang; Zeng, Yanjun

Using a model of individual isolated pancreatic β-cells, we investigated bifurcation diagrams of interspike intervals (ISIs) and largest Lyapunov exponents (LLE), which clearly demonstrated a wide range of transitions between different firing patterns. The numerical simulation results revealed the effect of different time constants and ion channels on the neuronal discharge rhythm. Furthermore, an individual cell exhibited tonic spiking, square-wave bursting, and tapered bursting. Additionally, several bifurcation phenomena can be observed in this paper, such as period-doubling, period-adding, inverse period-doubling and inverse period-adding scenarios. In addition, we researched the mechanisms underlying two kinds of bursting (tapered and square-wave bursting) by use of fast-slow dynamics analysis. Finally, we analyzed the codimension-two bifurcation of the fast subsystem and studied cusp bifurcation, generalized Hopf (or Bautin) bifurcation and Bogdanov-Takens bifurcation.
Double sided circuit board and a method for its manufacture

DOEpatents

Lindenmeyer, Carl W.

1989-01-01

Conductance between the sides of a large double sided printed circuit board is provided using a method which eliminates the need for chemical immersion or photographic exposure of the entire large board. A plurality of through-holes are drilled or punched in a substratum according to the desired pattern, conductive laminae are made to adhere to both sides of the substratum covering the holes and the laminae are pressed together and permanently joined within the holes, providing conductive paths.
A study of trends and techniques for space base electronics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Trotter, J. D.; Wade, T. E.; Gassaway, J. D.

1978-01-01

Furnaces and photolithography related equipment were applied to experiments on double layer metal. The double layer metal activity emphasized wet chemistry techniques. By incorporating the following techniques: (1) ultrasonic etching of the vias; (2) premetal clean using a modified buffered hydrogen fluoride; (3) phosphorus doped vapor; and (4) extended sintering, yields of 98 percent were obtained using the standard test pattern. The two dimensional modeling problems have stemmed from, alternately, instability and too much computation time to achieve convergence.
Mechanisms of heat and mass transfer across a double-diffusive interface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ko, B. H.; Smith, K. A.

1984-06-01

Flux measurements in an aqueous two-layer double-diffusive system using heat and NaCl confirmed the existence of a regime in which the ratio of the buoyancy fluxes (BFR) of salt and heat is independent of the stability ratio (R = beta(delta C)/alpha(delta T)). Linear analysis showed that the quiescent system can become unstable to small perturbations even when the lower layer is denser than the upper. If R is large, the most unstable mode presents as an oscillatory, antisymmetric pattern.

Double sided circuit board and a method for its manufacture

DOEpatents

Lindenmeyer, C.W.

1988-04-14

Conductance between the sides of a large double sided printed circuit board is provided using a method which eliminates the need for chemical immersion or photographic exposure of the entire large board. A plurality of through-holes are drilled or punched in a substratum according to the desired pattern, conductive laminae are made to adhere to both sides of the substratum covering the holes and the laminae are pressed together and permanently joined within the holes, providing conductive paths. 4 figs.
Double sided circuit board and a method for its manufacture

DOEpatents

Lindenmeyer, Carl W.

1989-07-04

Conductance between the sides of a large double sided printed circuit board is provided using a method which eliminates the need for chemical immersion or photographic exposure of the entire large board. A plurality of through-holes are drilled or punched in a substratum according to the desired pattern, conductive laminae are made to adhere to both sides of the substratum covering the holes and the laminae are pressed together and permanently joined within the holes, providing conductive paths.
A new way of measuring wiggling pattern in SADP for 3D NAND technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mi, Jian; Chen, Ziqi; Tu, Li Ming; Mao, Xiaoming; Liu, Gong Cai; Kawada, Hiroki

2018-03-01

A new metrology method of quantitatively measuring wiggling patterns in a Self-Aligned Double Patterning (SADP) process for 2D NAND technology has been developed with a CD-SEM metrology program on images from a Review-SEM system. The metrology program provided accurate modeling of various wiggling patterns. The Review-SEM system provided a-few-micrometer-wide Field of View (FOV), which exceeds precision-guaranteed FOV of a conventional CD-SEM. The result has been effectively verified by visual inspection on vertically compressed images compared with Wiggling Index from this new method. A best-known method (BKM) system has been developed with connected HW and SW to automatically measure wiggling patterns.
Use of two-dimensional transmission photoelastic models to study stresses in double-lap bolted joints

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hyer, M. W.; Liu, D. H.

1981-01-01

The stress distribution in two hole connectors in a double lap joint configuration was studied. The following steps are described: (1) fabrication of photoelastic models of double lap double hole joints designed to determine the stresses in the inner lap; (2) assessment of the effects of joint geometry on the stresses in the inner lap; and (3) quantification of differences in the stresses near the two holes. The two holes were on the centerline of the joint and the joints were loaded in tension, parallel to the centerline. Acrylic slip fit pins through the holes served as fasteners. Two dimensional transmission photoelastic models were fabricated by using transparent acrylic outer laps and a photoelastic model material for the inner laps. It is concluded that the photoelastic fringe patterns which are visible when the models are loaded are due almost entirely to stresses in the inner lap.
Double-walled structure of anodic TiO2 nanotubes in H3PO4/NH4F mixed electrolyte

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Siyu; Chen, Ying; Li, Chengyuan; Ouyang, Huijun; Qin, Shuai; Song, Ye

2018-04-01

Normally, the well-ordered anodic TiO2 nanotubes (ATNTs) are obtained in NH4F electrolyte, after annealing, the double-walled structure of nanotubes will appear. Here, after adding H3PO4 into NHF4 electrolyte, we got the double-walled structure of nanotubes by anodizing without annealing, which means the direct existence of anion-contaminated layer in ATNTs. Influence of H3PO4 content on anodizing voltage and morphology of ATNTs were compared in detail. The XRD pattern illustrated that the crystallinity decreases with increasing H3PO4 concentration, and the anion-contaminated layer thickens with the increase of H3PO4 concentration. Meanwhile, the existence of the anion-contaminated layer also proved the limitations of the filed-assisted dissolution theory, while the double-walled structure can be explained by oxygen bubble model and plastic flow model.
Load to Failure and Stiffness

PubMed Central

Esquivel, Amanda O.; Duncan, Douglas D.; Dobrasevic, Nikola; Marsh, Stephanie M.; Lemos, Stephen E.

2015-01-01

Background: Rotator cuff tendinopathy is a frequent cause of shoulder pain that can lead to decreased strength and range of motion. Failures after using the single-row technique of rotator cuff repair have led to the development of the double-row technique, which is said to allow for more anatomical restoration of the footprint. Purpose: To compare 5 different types of suture patterns while maintaining equality in number of anchors. The hypothesis was that the Mason-Allen–crossed cruciform transosseous-equivalent technique is superior to other suture configurations while maintaining equality in suture limbs and anchors. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 25 fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were randomized into 5 suture configuration groups: single-row repair with simple stitch technique; single-row repair with modified Mason-Allen technique; double-row Mason-Allen technique; double-row cross-bridge technique; and double-row suture bridge technique. Load and displacement were recorded at 100 Hz until failure. Stiffness and bone mineral density were also measured. Results: There was no significant difference in peak load at failure, stiffness, maximum displacement at failure, or mean bone mineral density among the 5 suture configuration groups (P < .05). Conclusion: According to study results, when choosing a repair technique, other factors such as number of sutures in the repair should be considered to judge the strength of the repair. Clinical Relevance: Previous in vitro studies have shown the double-row rotator cuff repair to be superior to the single-row repair; however, clinical research does not necessarily support this. This study found no difference when comparing 5 different repair methods, supporting research that suggests the number of sutures and not the pattern can affect biomechanical properties. PMID:26665053
Particle Swarm Optimization with Double Learning Patterns.

PubMed

Shen, Yuanxia; Wei, Linna; Zeng, Chuanhua; Chen, Jian

2016-01-01

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is an effective tool in solving optimization problems. However, PSO usually suffers from the premature convergence due to the quick losing of the swarm diversity. In this paper, we first analyze the motion behavior of the swarm based on the probability characteristic of learning parameters. Then a PSO with double learning patterns (PSO-DLP) is developed, which employs the master swarm and the slave swarm with different learning patterns to achieve a trade-off between the convergence speed and the swarm diversity. The particles in the master swarm and the slave swarm are encouraged to explore search for keeping the swarm diversity and to learn from the global best particle for refining a promising solution, respectively. When the evolutionary states of two swarms interact, an interaction mechanism is enabled. This mechanism can help the slave swarm in jumping out of the local optima and improve the convergence precision of the master swarm. The proposed PSO-DLP is evaluated on 20 benchmark functions, including rotated multimodal and complex shifted problems. The simulation results and statistical analysis show that PSO-DLP obtains a promising performance and outperforms eight PSO variants.
Laser-induced periodic surface structures on 6H-SiC single crystals using temporally delayed femtosecond laser double-pulse trains

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, Juan; Tao, Wenjun; Song, Hui; Gong, Min; Ma, Guohong; Dai, Ye; Zhao, Quanzhong; Qiu, Jianrong

2016-04-01

In this paper, a time-delay-adjustable double-pulse train with 800-nm wavelength, 200-fs pulse duration and a repetition rate of 1 kHz, produced by a collinear two-beam optical system like a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, was employed for irradiation of 6H-SiC crystal. The dependence of the induced structures on time delay of double-pulse train for parallel-polarization configuration was studied. The results show that as the time delay of collinear parallel-polarization dual-pulse train increased, the induced near-subwavelength ripples (NSWRs) turn from irregular rippled pattern to regularly periodic pattern and have their grooves much deepened. The characteristics timescale for this transition is about 6.24 ps. Besides, the areas of NSWR were found to decay exponentially for time delay from 0 to 1.24 ps and then slowly increase for time delay from 1.24 to 14.24 ps. Analysis shows that multiphoton ionization effect, grating-assisted surface plasmon coupling effect, and timely intervene of second pulse in a certain physical stage experienced by 6H-SiC excited upon first pulse irradiation may contribute to the transition of morphology details.
Saturn Apollo Program

NASA Image and Video Library

2004-04-15

H-1 Engine major components with callouts (chart 1): The H-1 engine was used in a cluster of eight on the the first stage of Saturn I (S-I stage) and Saturn IB (S-IB stage). The engines were arranged in a double pattern: four engines, located inboard, were fixed in a square pattern around the stage axis, while the remaining four engines were located outboard in a larger square pattern and each outer engine was gimbaled. Each H-1 engine had a thrust of 188,000 pounds for a combined thrust of over 1,500,000 pounds.
Saturn Apollo Program

NASA Image and Video Library

2004-04-15

H-1 engine major components with callouts (chart 1). The H-1 engine was used in a cluster of eight on the the first stage of Saturn I (S-I stage) and Saturn IB (S-IB stage). The engines were arranged in a double pattern: four engines, located inboard, were fixed in a square pattern around the stage axis, while the remaining four engines were located outboard in a larger square pattern and each outer engine was gimbaled. Each H-1 engine had a thrust of 188,000 pounds for a combined thrust of over 1,500,000 pounds.
Functional Neuroanatomical Evidence for the Double-Deficit Hypothesis of Developmental Dyslexia

PubMed Central

Norton, Elizabeth S.; Black, Jessica M.; Stanley, Leanne M.; Tanaka, Hiroko; Gabrieli, John D. E.; Sawyer, Carolyn; Hoeft, Fumiko

2015-01-01

The double-deficit hypothesis of dyslexia posits that both rapid naming and phonological impairments can cause reading difficulties, and that individuals who have both of these deficits show greater reading impairments compared to those with a single deficit. Despite extensive behavioral research, the brain basis of poor reading with a double-deficit has never been investigated. The goal of the study was to evaluate the double-deficit hypothesis using functional MRI. Activation patterns during a printed word rhyme judgment task in 90 children with a wide range of reading abilities showed dissociation between brain regions that were sensitive to phonological awareness (left inferior frontal and inferior parietal regions) and rapid naming (right cerebellar lobule VI). More specifically, the double-deficit group showed less activation in the fronto-parietal reading network compared to children with only a deficit in phonological awareness, who in turn showed less activation than the typically-reading group. On the other hand, the double-deficit group showed less cerebellar activation compared to children with only a rapid naming deficit, who in turn showed less activation than the typically-reading children. Functional connectivity analyses revealed that bilateral prefrontal regions were key for linking brain regions associated with phonological awareness and rapid naming, with the double-deficit group being the most aberrant in their connectivity. Our study provides the first functional neuroanatomical evidence for the double-deficit hypothesis of developmental dyslexia. PMID:24953957
Polarized Light Corridor Demonstrations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Davies, G. R.

1990-01-01

Eleven demonstrations of light polarization are presented. Each includes a brief description of the apparatus and the effect demonstrated. Illustrated are strain patterns, reflection, scattering, the Faraday Effect, interference, double refraction, the polarizing microscope, and optical activity. (CW)
Computer-Assisted Classification Patterns in Autoimmune Diagnostics: The AIDA Project

PubMed Central

Benammar Elgaaied, Amel; Cascio, Donato; Bruno, Salvatore; Ciaccio, Maria Cristina; Cipolla, Marco; Fauci, Alessandro; Morgante, Rossella; Taormina, Vincenzo; Gorgi, Yousr; Marrakchi Triki, Raja; Ben Ahmed, Melika; Louzir, Hechmi; Yalaoui, Sadok; Imene, Sfar; Issaoui, Yassine; Abidi, Ahmed; Ammar, Myriam; Bedhiafi, Walid; Ben Fraj, Oussama; Bouhaha, Rym; Hamdi, Khouloud; Soumaya, Koudhi; Neili, Bilel; Asma, Gati; Lucchese, Mariano; Catanzaro, Maria; Barbara, Vincenza; Brusca, Ignazio; Fregapane, Maria; Amato, Gaetano; Friscia, Giuseppe; Neila, Trai; Turkia, Souayeh; Youssra, Haouami; Rekik, Raja; Bouokez, Hayet; Vasile Simone, Maria; Fauci, Francesco; Raso, Giuseppe

2016-01-01

Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are significant biomarkers in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases in humans, done by mean of Indirect ImmunoFluorescence (IIF) method, and performed by analyzing patterns and fluorescence intensity. This paper introduces the AIDA Project (autoimmunity: diagnosis assisted by computer) developed in the framework of an Italy-Tunisia cross-border cooperation and its preliminary results. A database of interpreted IIF images is being collected through the exchange of images and double reporting and a Gold Standard database, containing around 1000 double reported images, has been settled. The Gold Standard database is used for optimization of a CAD (Computer Aided Detection) solution and for the assessment of its added value, in order to be applied along with an Immunologist as a second Reader in detection of autoantibodies. This CAD system is able to identify on IIF images the fluorescence intensity and the fluorescence pattern. Preliminary results show that CAD, used as second Reader, appeared to perform better than Junior Immunologists and hence may significantly improve their efficacy; compared with two Junior Immunologists, the CAD system showed higher Intensity Accuracy (85,5% versus 66,0% and 66,0%), higher Patterns Accuracy (79,3% versus 48,0% and 66,2%), and higher Mean Class Accuracy (79,4% versus 56,7% and 64.2%). PMID:27042658
Low-cost, smartphone based frequency doubling technology visual field testing using virtual reality (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alawa, Karam A.; Sayed, Mohamed; Arboleda, Alejandro; Durkee, Heather A.; Aguilar, Mariela C.; Lee, Richard K.

2017-02-01

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Due to its wide prevalence, effective screening tools are necessary. The purpose of this project is to design and evaluate a system that enables portable, cost effective, smartphone based visual field screening based on frequency doubling technology. The system is comprised of an Android smartphone to display frequency doubling stimuli and handle processing, a Bluetooth remote for user input, and a virtual reality headset to simulate the exam. The LG Nexus 5 smartphone and BoboVR Z3 virtual reality headset were used for their screen size and lens configuration, respectively. The system is capable of running the C-20, N-30, 24-2, and 30-2 testing patterns. Unlike the existing system, the smartphone FDT tests both eyes concurrently by showing the same background to both eyes but only displaying the stimulus to one eye at a time. Both the Humphrey Zeiss FDT and the smartphone FDT were tested on five subjects without a history of ocular disease with the C-20 testing pattern. The smartphone FDT successfully produced frequency doubling stimuli at the correct spatial and temporal frequency. Subjects could not tell which eye was being tested. All five subjects preferred the smartphone FDT to the Humphrey Zeiss FDT due to comfort and ease of use. The smartphone FDT is a low-cost, portable visual field screening device that can be used as a screening tool for glaucoma.
Measurement-induced decoherence and information in double-slit interference.

PubMed

Kincaid, Joshua; McLelland, Kyle; Zwolak, Michael

2016-07-01

The double slit experiment provides a classic example of both interference and the effect of observation in quantum physics. When particles are sent individually through a pair of slits, a wave-like interference pattern develops, but no such interference is found when one observes which "path" the particles take. We present a model of interference, dephasing, and measurement-induced decoherence in a one-dimensional version of the double-slit experiment. Using this model, we demonstrate how the loss of interference in the system is correlated with the information gain by the measuring apparatus/observer. In doing so, we give a modern account of measurement in this paradigmatic example of quantum physics that is accessible to students taking quantum mechanics at the graduate or senior undergraduate levels.
Formation of double ring patterns on Co{sub 2}MnSi Heusler alloy thin film by anodic oxidation under scanning probe microscope

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Toutam, Vijaykumar; Singh, Sandeep; Pandey, Himanshu

Double ring formation on Co{sub 2}MnSi (CMS) films is observed at electrical breakdown voltage during local anodic oxidation (LAO) using atomic force microscope (AFM). Corona effect and segregation of cobalt in the vicinity of the rings is studied using magnetic force microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Double ring formation is attributed to the interaction of ablated material with the induced magnetic field during LAO. Steepness of forward bias transport characteristics from the unperturbed region of the CMS film suggest a non equilibrium spin contribution. Such mesoscopic textures in magnetic films by AFM tip can be potentially used for memory storagemore » applications.« less
Electric and magnetic field modulated energy dispersion, conductivity and optical response in double quantum wire with spin-orbit interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karaaslan, Y.; Gisi, B.; Sakiroglu, S.; Kasapoglu, E.; Sari, H.; Sokmen, I.

2018-02-01

We study the influence of electric field on the electronic energy band structure, zero-temperature ballistic conductivity and optical properties of double quantum wire. System described by double-well anharmonic confinement potential is exposed to a perpendicular magnetic field and Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit interactions. Numerical results show up that the combined effects of internal and external agents cause the formation of crossing, anticrossing, camel-back/anomaly structures and the lateral, downward/upward shifts in the energy dispersion. The anomalies in the energy subbands give rise to the oscillation patterns in the ballistic conductance, and the energy shifts bring about the shift in the peak positions of optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes.
Future In-Space Operations (FISO): A Working Group and Community Engagement

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thronson, Harley; Lester, Dan

2013-01-01

Long-duration human capabilities beyond low Earth orbit (LEO), either in support of or as an alternative to lunar surface operations, have been assessed at least since the late 1960s. Over the next few months, we will present short histories of concepts for long-duration, free-space human habitation beyond LEO from the end of the Apollo program to the Decadal Planning Team (DPT)/NASA Exploration Team (NExT), which was active in 1999 2000 (see Forging a vision: NASA s Decadal Planning Team and the origins of the Vision for Space Exploration , The Space Review, December 19, 2005). Here we summarize the brief existence of the Future In-Space Operations (FISO) working group in 2005 2006 and its successor, a telecon-based colloquium series, which we co-moderate.
[Analysis of after-vacination side-effects occurred in Teresina].

PubMed

de Araújo, Telma Maria Evangelista; de Carvalho, Patrícia Maria Gomes; Vieira, Raimunda Damasceno Ferreira

2007-01-01

This study focuses the profile of the adverse events after-vaccine occurrences in Teresina in 2006. The data had been collected by means of the form application with 73 participants in 18 Basic Units of Health. The results show that the vaccines that had more produced events adverse had been tetravalente, BCG and DPT The events most frequent had been: fever, hiporresponsivo hipotonic episode, moderate irritability and local manifestations. Amongst the behaviors adopted for the health professionals, 80% had been approximately adjusted. The year minors had been accomitted by the events. All the events had evolved for the cure. It was concluded that the action of vaccination still continues requiring constant qualification of the professionals of the area. It is suggested to deepen the knowledge with relation to the handling, diagnosis, inquiry and treatment.
CO2 laser therapy of rhinophyma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Voigt, Peggy; Jovanovic, Sergije; Sedlmaier, Benedikt W.

2000-06-01

Laser treatment of skin changes has become common practice in recent years. High absorption of the CO2 laser wavelength in water is responsible for its low penetration dpt in biological tissue. Shortening the tissue exposure time minimizes thermic side effects of laser radiation such as carbonization and coagulation. This can be achieved with scanner systems that move the focused laser beam over a defined area by microprocessor-controlled rapidly rotating mirrors. This enables controlled and reliable removal of certain dermal lesions, particularly hypertrophic scars, scars after common acne, wrinkles and rhinophyma. Laser ablation of rhinophyma is a stress-minimizing procedure for the surgeon and the patient, since it is nearly bloodless and can be performed under local anaesthesia. Cosmetically favorable reepithelization of the lasered surfaces is achieved within a very short period of time.

Commensurability-driven structural defects in double emulsions produced with two-step microfluidic techniques.

PubMed

Schmit, Alexandre; Salkin, Louis; Courbin, Laurent; Panizza, Pascal

2014-07-14

The combination of two drop makers such as flow focusing geometries or ┬ junctions is commonly used in microfluidics to fabricate monodisperse double emulsions and novel fluid-based materials. Here we investigate the physics of the encapsulation of small droplets inside large drops that is at the core of such processes. The number of droplets per drop studied over time for large sequences of consecutive drops reveals that the dynamics of these systems are complex: we find a succession of well-defined elementary patterns and defects. We present a simple model based on a discrete approach that predicts the nature of these patterns and their non-trivial scheme of arrangement in a sequence as a function of the ratio of the two timescales of the problem, the production times of droplets and drops. Experiments validate our model as they concur very well with predictions.
Compact Double-P Slotted Inset-Fed Microstrip Patch Antenna on High Dielectric Substrate

PubMed Central

Ahsan, M. R.; Islam, M. T.; Habib Ullah, M.; Mahadi, W. N. L.; Latef, T. A.

2014-01-01

This paper presents a compact sized inset-fed rectangular microstrip patch antenna embedded with double-P slots. The proposed antenna has been designed and fabricated on ceramic-PTFE composite material substrate of high dielectric constant value. The measurement results from the fabricated prototype of the antenna show −10 dB reflection coefficient bandwidths of 200 MHz and 300 MHz with center resonant frequency of 1.5 GHz and 4 GHz, respectively. The fabricated antenna has attained gains of 3.52 dBi with 81% radiation efficiency and 5.72 dBi with 87% radiation efficiency for lower band and upper band, respectively. The measured E- and H-plane radiation patterns are also presented for better understanding. Good agreement between the simulation and measurement results and consistent radiation patterns make the proposed antenna suitable for GPS and C-band applications. PMID:25165750
Compact double-p slotted inset-fed microstrip patch antenna on high dielectric substrate.

PubMed

Ahsan, M R; Islam, M T; Habib Ullah, M; Mahadi, W N L; Latef, T A

2014-01-01

This paper presents a compact sized inset-fed rectangular microstrip patch antenna embedded with double-P slots. The proposed antenna has been designed and fabricated on ceramic-PTFE composite material substrate of high dielectric constant value. The measurement results from the fabricated prototype of the antenna show -10 dB reflection coefficient bandwidths of 200 MHz and 300 MHz with center resonant frequency of 1.5 GHz and 4 GHz, respectively. The fabricated antenna has attained gains of 3.52 dBi with 81% radiation efficiency and 5.72 dBi with 87% radiation efficiency for lower band and upper band, respectively. The measured E- and H-plane radiation patterns are also presented for better understanding. Good agreement between the simulation and measurement results and consistent radiation patterns make the proposed antenna suitable for GPS and C-band applications.
Micromachined mold-type double-gated metal field emitters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Yongjae; Kang, Seokho; Chun, Kukjin

1997-12-01

Electron field emitters with double gates were fabricated using micromachining technology and the effect of the electric potential of the focusing gate (or second gate) was experimentally evaluated. The molybdenum field emission tip was made by filling a cusplike mold formed when a conformal film was deposited on the hole-trench that had been patterned on stacked metals and dielectric layers. The hole-trench was patterned by electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching. Each field emitter has a 0960-1317/7/4/009/img1 diameter extraction gate (or first gate) and a 0960-1317/7/4/009/img2 diameter focusing gate (or second gate). To make a path for the emitted electrons, silicon bulk was etched anisotropically in KOH and EDP (ethylene-diamine pyrocatechol) solution successively. The I - V characteristics and anode current change due to the focusing gate potential were measured.
Computing the variations in the self-similar properties of the various gait intervals in Parkinson disease patients.

PubMed

Manjeri Keloth, Sana; Arjunan, Sridhar P; Kumar, Dinesh

2017-07-01

This study has investigated the stride, swing, stance and double support intervals of gait for Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with different levels of severity. Self-similar properties of the gait signal were analyzed to investigate the changes in the gait pattern of the healthy and PD patients. To understand the self-similar property, detrended fluctuation analysis was performed. The analysis shows that the PD patients have less defined gait when compared to healthy. The study also shows that among the stance and swing phase of stride interval, the self-similarity is less for swing interval when compared to the stance interval of gait and decreases with the severity of gait. Also, PD patients show decreased self-similar patterns in double support interval of gait. This suggest that there are less rhythmic gait intervals and a sense of urgency to remain in support phase of gait by the PD patients.
Applying AFM-based nanofabrication for measuring the thickness of nanopatterns: the role of head groups in the vertical self-assembly of omega-functionalized n-alkanethiols.

PubMed

Kelley, Algernon T; Ngunjiri, Johnpeter N; Serem, Wilson K; Lawrence, Steve O; Yu, Jing-Jiang; Crowe, William E; Garno, Jayne C

2010-03-02

Molecules of n-alkanethiols with methyl head groups typically form well-ordered monolayers during solution self-assembly for a wide range of experimental conditions. However, we have consistently observed that, for either carboxylic acid or thiol-terminated n-alkanethiols, under certain conditions nanografted patterns are generated with a thickness corresponding precisely to a double layer. To investigate the role of head groups for solution self-assembly, designed patterns of omega-functionalized n-alkanethiols were nanografted with systematic changes in concentration. Nanografting is an in situ approach for writing patterns of thiolated molecules on gold surfaces by scanning with an AFM tip under high force, accomplished in dilute solutions of desired ink molecules. As the tip is scanned across the surface of a self-assembled monolayer under force, the matrix molecules are displaced from the surface and are immediately replaced with fresh molecules from solution to generate nanopatterns. In this report, side-by-side comparison of nanografted patterns is achieved for different matrix molecules using AFM images. The chain length and head groups (i.e., carboxyl, hydroxyl, methyl, thiol) were varied for the nanopatterns and matrix monolayers. Interactions such as head-to-head dimerization affect the vertical self-assembly of omega-functionalized n-alkanethiol molecules within nanografted patterns. At certain threshold concentrations, double layers were observed to form when nanografting with head groups of carboxylic acid and dithiols, whereas single layers were generated exclusively for nanografted patterns with methyl and hydroxyl groups, regardless of changes in concentration.
Elastic modulus measurements of LDEF glasses and glass-ceramics using a speckle technique

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wiedlocher, D. E.; Kinser, D. L.

1992-01-01

Elastic moduli of five glass types and the glass-ceramic Zerodur, exposed to a near-earth orbit environment on the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), were compared to that of unexposed samples. A double exposure speckle photography technique utilizing 633 nm laser light was used in the production of the speckle pattern. Subsequent illumination of a double exposed negative using the same wavelength radiation produces Young's fringes from which the in-plane displacements are measured. Stresses imposed by compressive loading produced measurable strains in the glasses and glass-ceramic.
Anchoring in a novel bimanual coordination pattern.

PubMed

Maslovat, Dana; Lam, Melanie Y; Brunke, Kirstin M; Chua, Romeo; Franks, Ian M

2009-02-01

Anchoring in cyclical movements has been defined as regions of reduced spatial or temporal variability [Beek, P. J. (1989). Juggling dynamics. PhD thesis. Amsterdam: Free University Press] that are typically found at movement reversal points. For in-phase and anti-phase movements, synchronizing reversal points with a metronome pulse has resulted in decreased anchor point variability and increased pattern stability [Byblow, W. D., Carson, R. G., & Goodman, D. (1994). Expressions of asymmetries and anchoring in bimanual coordination. Human Movement Science, 13, 3-28; Fink, P. W., Foo, P., Jirsa, V. K., & Kelso, J. A. S. (2000). Local and global stabilization of coordination by sensory information. Experimental Brain Research, 134, 9-20]. The present experiment examined anchoring during acquisition, retention, and transfer of a 90 degrees phase-offset continuous bimanual coordination pattern (whereby the right limb lags the left limb by one quarter cycle), involving horizontal flexion about the elbow. Three metronome synchronization strategies were imposed: participants either synchronized maximal flexion of the right arm (i.e., single metronome), both flexion and extension of the right arm (i.e., double metronome within-limb), or flexion of each arm (i.e., double metronome between-limb) to an auditory metronome. In contrast to simpler in-phase and anti-phase movements, synchronization of additional reversal points to the metronome did not reduce reversal point variability or increase pattern stability. Furthermore, practicing under different metronome synchronization strategies did not appear to have a significant effect on the rate of acquisition of the pattern.
Processes and mechanisms of persistent extreme precipitation events in East China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhai, Panmao; Chen, Yang

2014-11-01

This study mainly presents recent progresses on persistent extreme precipitation events (PEPEs) in East China. A definition focusing both persistence and extremity of daily precipitation is firstly proposed. An identification method for quasi-stationary regional PEPEs is then designed. By utilizing the identified PEPEs in East China, typical circulation configurations from the lower to the upper troposphere are confirmed, followed by investigations of synoptic precursors for key components with lead time of 1-2 weeks. Two characteristic circulation patterns responsible for PEPEs in East China are identified: a double blocking high type and a single blocking high type. They may account for occurrence of nearly 80% PEPEs during last 60 years. For double blocking high type, about two weeks prior to PEPEs, two blockings developed and progressed towards the Ural Mountains and the Sea of Okhotsk, respectively. A northwestward progressive anomalous anticyclone conveying abundant moisture and eastward-extended South Asia High favoring divergence can be detected about one week in advance. A dominant summertime teleconnection over East Asia, East Asia/ Pacific (EAP) pattern, is deemed as another typical regime inducing PEPEs in the East China. Key elements of the EAP pattern initiated westward movement since one week prior to PEPEs. Eastward energy dispersion and poleward energy dispersion contributed to early development and subsequent maintenance of this teleconnection pattern, respectively. These typical circulation patterns and significant precursors may offer local forecasters some useful clues in identifying and predicting such high-impact precipitation events about 1-2 weeks in advance.
The impact of primary healthcare in reducing inequalities in child health outcomes, Bogotá – Colombia: an ecological analysis

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Colombia is one of the countries with the widest levels of socioeconomic and health inequalities. Bogotá, its capital, faces serious problems of poverty, social disparities and access to health services. A Primary Health Care (PHC) strategy was implemented in 2004 to improve health care and to address the social determinants of such inequalities. This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of the PHC strategy to reducing inequalities in child health outcomes in Bogotá. Methods An ecological analysis with localities as the unit of analysis was carried out. The variable used to capture the socioeconomic status and living standards was the Quality of Life Index (QLI). Concentration curves and concentration indices for four child health outcomes (infant mortality rate (IMR), under-5 mortality rate, prevalence of acute malnutrition in children under-5, and vaccination coverage for diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus) were calculated to measure socioeconomic inequality. Two periods were used to describe possible changes in the magnitude of the inequalities related with the PHC implementation (2003 year before - 2007 year after implementation). The contribution of the PHC intervention was computed by a decomposition analysis carried out on data from 2007. Results In both 2003 and 2007, concentration curves and indexes of IMR, under-5 mortality rate and acute malnutrition showed inequalities to the disadvantage of localities with lower QLI. Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) vaccinations were more prevalent among localities with higher QLI in 2003 but were higher in localities with lower QLI in 2007. The variation of the concentration index between 2003 and 2007 indicated reductions in inequality for all of the indicators in the period after the PHC implementation. In 2007, PHC was associated with a reduction in the effect of the inequality that affected disadvantaged localities in under-5 mortality (24%), IMR (19%) and acute malnutrition (7%). PHC also contributed approximately 20% to inequality in DPT coverage, favoring the poorer localities. Conclusion The PHC strategy developed in Bogotá appears to be contributing to reductions of the inequality associated with socioeconomic and living conditions in child health outcomes. PMID:23145972
Assessing clinical competency in the health sciences

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Panzarella, Karen Joanne

To test the success of integrated curricula in schools of health sciences, meaningful measurements of student performance are required to assess clinical competency. This research project analyzed a new performance assessment tool, the Integrated Standardized Patient Examination (ISPE), for assessing clinical competency: specifically, to assess Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students' clinical competence as the ability to integrate basic science knowledge with clinical communication skills. Thirty-four DPT students performed two ISPE cases, one of a patient who sustained a stroke and the other a patient with a herniated lumbar disc. Cases were portrayed by standardized patients (SPs) in a simulated clinical setting. Each case was scored by an expert evaluator in the exam room and then by one investigator and the students themselves via videotape. The SPs scored each student on an overall encounter rubric. Written feedback was obtained from all participants in the study. Acceptable reliability was demonstrated via inter-rater agreement as well as inter-rater correlations on items that used a dichotomous scale, whereas the items requiring the use of the 4-point rubric were somewhat less reliable. For the entire scale both cases had a significant correlation between the Expert-Investigator pair of raters, for the CVA case r = .547, p < .05 and for the HD case r = .700, p < .01. The SPs scored students higher than the other raters. Students' self-assessments were most closely aligned with the investigator. Effects were apparent due to case. Content validity was gathered in the process of developing cases and patient scenarios that were used in this study. Construct validity was obtained from the survey results analyzed from the experts and students. Future studies should examine the effect of rater training upon the reliability. Criterion or predictive validity could be further studied by comparing students' performances on the ISPE with other independent estimates of students' competence. The unique integration questions of the ISPE were judged to have good content validity from experts and students, suggestive that integration, a most crucial element of clinical competence, while done in the mind of the student, can be practiced, learned and assessed.
The impact of primary healthcare in reducing inequalities in child health outcomes, Bogotá-Colombia: an ecological analysis.

PubMed

Mosquera, Paola A; Hernández, Jinneth; Vega, Román; Martínez, Jorge; Labonte, Ronald; Sanders, David; San Sebastián, Miguel

2012-11-13

Colombia is one of the countries with the widest levels of socioeconomic and health inequalities. Bogotá, its capital, faces serious problems of poverty, social disparities and access to health services. A Primary Health Care (PHC) strategy was implemented in 2004 to improve health care and to address the social determinants of such inequalities. This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of the PHC strategy to reducing inequalities in child health outcomes in Bogotá. An ecological analysis with localities as the unit of analysis was carried out. The variable used to capture the socioeconomic status and living standards was the Quality of Life Index (QLI). Concentration curves and concentration indices for four child health outcomes (infant mortality rate (IMR), under-5 mortality rate, prevalence of acute malnutrition in children under-5, and vaccination coverage for diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus) were calculated to measure socioeconomic inequality. Two periods were used to describe possible changes in the magnitude of the inequalities related with the PHC implementation (2003 year before - 2007 year after implementation). The contribution of the PHC intervention was computed by a decomposition analysis carried out on data from 2007. In both 2003 and 2007, concentration curves and indexes of IMR, under-5 mortality rate and acute malnutrition showed inequalities to the disadvantage of localities with lower QLI. Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) vaccinations were more prevalent among localities with higher QLI in 2003 but were higher in localities with lower QLI in 2007. The variation of the concentration index between 2003 and 2007 indicated reductions in inequality for all of the indicators in the period after the PHC implementation. In 2007, PHC was associated with a reduction in the effect of the inequality that affected disadvantaged localities in under-5 mortality (24%), IMR (19%) and acute malnutrition (7%). PHC also contributed approximately 20% to inequality in DPT coverage, favoring the poorer localities. The PHC strategy developed in Bogotá appears to be contributing to reductions of the inequality associated with socioeconomic and living conditions in child health outcomes.
Dynamic states of a unidirectional ring of chen oscillators

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Carvalho, Ana; Pinto, Carla M.A.

2015-03-10

We study curious dynamical patterns appearing in a network of a unidirectional ring of Chen oscillators coupled to a ‘buffer’ cell. The network has Z{sub 3} exact symmetry group. We simulate the coupled cell systems associated to the two networks and obtain steady-states, rotating waves, quasiperiodic behavior, and chaos. The different patterns appear to arise through a sequence of Hopf, period-doubling and period-halving bifurcations. The network architecture appears to explain some patterns, whereas the properties of the chaotic oscillator may explain others. We use XPPAUT and MATLAB to compute numerically the relevant states.
Measurement-induced decoherence and information in double-slit interference

PubMed Central

Kincaid, Joshua; McLelland, Kyle; Zwolak, Michael

2016-01-01

The double slit experiment provides a classic example of both interference and the effect of observation in quantum physics. When particles are sent individually through a pair of slits, a wave-like interference pattern develops, but no such interference is found when one observes which “path” the particles take. We present a model of interference, dephasing, and measurement-induced decoherence in a one-dimensional version of the double-slit experiment. Using this model, we demonstrate how the loss of interference in the system is correlated with the information gain by the measuring apparatus/observer. In doing so, we give a modern account of measurement in this paradigmatic example of quantum physics that is accessible to students taking quantum mechanics at the graduate or senior undergraduate levels. PMID:27807373
Periodic and rational solutions of the reduced Maxwell-Bloch equations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wei, Jiao; Wang, Xin; Geng, Xianguo

2018-06-01

We investigate the reduced Maxwell-Bloch (RMB) equations which describe the propagation of short optical pulses in dielectric materials with resonant non-degenerate transitions. The general Nth-order periodic solutions are provided by means of the Darboux transformation. The Nth-order degenerate periodic and Nth-order rational solutions containing several free parameters with compact determinant representations are derived from two different limiting cases of the obtained general periodic solutions, respectively. Explicit expressions of these solutions from first to second order are presented. Typical nonlinear wave patterns for the four components of the RMB equations such as single-peak, double-peak-double-dip, double-peak and single-dip structures in the second-order rational solutions are shown. This kind of the rational solutions correspond to rogue waves in the reduced Maxwell-Bloch equations.
Templated Sub-100-nm-Thick Double-Gyroid Structure from Si-Containing Block Copolymer Thin Films.

PubMed

Aissou, Karim; Mumtaz, Muhammad; Portale, Giuseppe; Brochon, Cyril; Cloutet, Eric; Fleury, Guillaume; Hadziioannou, Georges

2017-05-01

The directed self-assembly of diblock copolymer chains (poly(1,1-dimethyl silacyclobutane)-block-polystyrene, PDMSB-b-PS) into a thin film double gyroid structure is described. A decrease of the kinetics of a typical double-wave pattern formation is reported within the 3D-nanostructure when the film thickness on mesas is lower than the gyroid unit cell. However, optimization of the solvent-vapor annealing process results in very large grains (over 10 µm²) with specific orientation (i.e., parallel to the air substrate) and direction (i.e., along the groove direction) of the characteristic (211) plane, demonstrated by templating sub-100-nm-thick PDMSB-b-PS films. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Gender differences in asymmetrical limb support patterns between subjects with and without recurrent low back pain.

PubMed

Sung, Paul S; Zipple, J Tim; Danial, Pamela

2017-04-01

New insight regarding limb-dominance effects on temporal-spatial gait parameters is needed to further investigate subjects with recurrent low back pain (LBP). Although an asymmetrical gait pattern was found to reflect natural functional differences, there is a lack of information regarding gender differences on dominant limb support patterns in subjects with LBP. The purpose of this study was to investigate temporal-spatial gait parameters based on limb dominance and gender between subjects with and without LBP. One hundred and ten right limb dominant older adults (51 subjects with LBP and 59 control subjects) participated in the study. A three-dimensional motion capture system was utilized to measure temporal-spatial gait parameters, including initial double, single, and terminal double limb support times and walking speed. The gender differences between subjects with and without LBP were analyzed based on dominance for those parameters. Overall, limb dominance demonstrated significant differences on single and terminal double limb support times as well as walking speed. Limb dominance also demonstrated interactions on group x gender for single limb support time and walking speed. The male subjects with LBP demonstrated significantly increased single limb support times on the non-dominant limb. The significant gender and group interactions based on limb dominance account for a possible pain avoidance, asymmetrical limb support pattern. The causal pathway in dominance dependency gait by unweighted ambulation might be considered as an intervention for correcting these gait deviations in subjects with LBP. The specific modification recovery profiles of the subjects with LBP could shed light on variability of current LBP experiences of the subjects and reasons for gait deviations. Clinicians need to consider the mechanism of dominant limb dependency, which requires postural control strategies in male subjects with recurrent LBP. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Expression analysis of genes encoding double B-box zinc finger proteins in maize.

PubMed

Li, Wenlan; Wang, Jingchao; Sun, Qi; Li, Wencai; Yu, Yanli; Zhao, Meng; Meng, Zhaodong

2017-11-01

The B-box proteins play key roles in plant development. The double B-box (DBB) family is one of the subfamily of the B-box family, with two B-box domains and without a CCT domain. In this study, 12 maize double B-box genes (ZmDBBs) were identified through a genome-wide survey. Phylogenetic analysis of DBB proteins from maize, rice, Sorghum bicolor, Arabidopsis, and poplar classified them into five major clades. Gene duplication analysis indicated that segmental duplications made a large contribution to the expansion of ZmDBBs. Furthermore, a large number of cis-acting regulatory elements related to plant development, response to light and phytohormone were identified in the promoter regions of the ZmDBB genes. The expression patterns of the ZmDBB genes in various tissues and different developmental stages demonstrated that ZmDBBs might play essential roles in plant development, and some ZmDBB genes might have unique function in specific developmental stages. In addition, several ZmDBB genes showed diurnal expression pattern. The expression levels of some ZmDBB genes changed significantly under light/dark treatment conditions and phytohormone treatments, implying that they might participate in light signaling pathway and hormone signaling. Our results will provide new information to better understand the complexity of the DBB gene family in maize.
Gecko-inspired bidirectional double-sided adhesives.

PubMed

Wang, Zhengzhi; Gu, Ping; Wu, Xiaoping

2014-05-14

A new concept of gecko-inspired double-sided adhesives (DSAs) is presented. The DSAs, constructed by dual-angled (i.e. angled base and angled tip) micro-pillars on both sides of the backplane substrate, are fabricated by combinations of angled etching, mould replication, tip modification, and curing bonding. Two types of DSA, symmetric and antisymmetric (i.e. pillars are patterned symmetrically or antisymmetrically relative to the backplane), are fabricated and studied in comparison with the single-sided adhesive (SSA) counterparts through both non-conformal and conformal tests. Results indicate that the DSAs show controllable and bidirectional adhesion. Combination of the two pillar-layers can either amplify (for the antisymmetric DSA, providing a remarkable and durable adhesion capacity of 25.8 ± 2.8 N cm⁻² and a high anisotropy ratio of ∼8) or counteract (for the symmetric DSA, generating almost isotropic adhesion) the adhesion capacity and anisotropic level of one SSA (capacity of 16.2 ± 1.7 N cm⁻² and anisotropy ratio of ∼6). We demonstrate that these two DSAs can be utilized as a facile fastener for two individual objects and a small-scale delivery setup, respectively, complementing the functionality of the commonly studied SSA. As such, the double-sided patterning is believed to be a new branch in the further development of biomimetic dry adhesives.
Interatomic interaction effects on second-order momentum correlations and Hong-Ou-Mandel interference of double-well-trapped ultracold fermionic atoms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brandt, Benedikt B.; Yannouleas, Constantine; Landman, Uzi

2018-05-01

Identification and understanding of the evolution of interference patterns in two-particle momentum correlations as a function of the strength of interatomic interactions are important in explorations of the nature of quantum states of trapped particles. Together with the analysis of two-particle spatial correlations, they offer the prospect of uncovering fundamental symmetries and structure of correlated many-body states, as well as opening vistas into potential control and utilization of correlated quantum states as quantum-information resources. With the use of the second-order density matrix constructed via exact diagonalization of the microscopic Hamiltonian, and an analytic Hubbard-type model, we explore here the systematic evolution of characteristic interference patterns in the two-body momentum and spatial correlation maps of two entangled ultracold fermionic atoms in a double well, for the entire attractive- and repulsive-interaction range. We uncover quantum-statistics-governed bunching and antibunching, as well as interaction-dependent interference patterns, in the ground and excited states, and interpret our results in light of the Hong-Ou-Mandel interference physics, widely exploited in photon indistinguishability testing and quantum-information science.

Particle Swarm Optimization with Double Learning Patterns

PubMed Central

Shen, Yuanxia; Wei, Linna; Zeng, Chuanhua; Chen, Jian

2016-01-01

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is an effective tool in solving optimization problems. However, PSO usually suffers from the premature convergence due to the quick losing of the swarm diversity. In this paper, we first analyze the motion behavior of the swarm based on the probability characteristic of learning parameters. Then a PSO with double learning patterns (PSO-DLP) is developed, which employs the master swarm and the slave swarm with different learning patterns to achieve a trade-off between the convergence speed and the swarm diversity. The particles in the master swarm and the slave swarm are encouraged to explore search for keeping the swarm diversity and to learn from the global best particle for refining a promising solution, respectively. When the evolutionary states of two swarms interact, an interaction mechanism is enabled. This mechanism can help the slave swarm in jumping out of the local optima and improve the convergence precision of the master swarm. The proposed PSO-DLP is evaluated on 20 benchmark functions, including rotated multimodal and complex shifted problems. The simulation results and statistical analysis show that PSO-DLP obtains a promising performance and outperforms eight PSO variants. PMID:26858747
Proposal for a new classification of variations in the iliac venous system based on internal iliac veins: a case series and a review of double and left inferior vena cava.

PubMed

Hayashi, Shogo; Naito, Munekazu; Hirai, Shuichi; Terayama, Hayato; Miyaki, Takayoshi; Itoh, Masahiro; Fukuzawa, Yoshitaka; Nakano, Takashi

2013-09-01

There are many reports on variations in the inferior vena cava (IVC), particularly double IVC (DIVC) and left IVC (LIVC). However, no systematic report has recorded iliac vein (IV) flow patterns in the DIVC and LIVC. In this study, we examined IV flow patterns in both DIVC and LIVC observed during gross anatomy courses conducted for medical students and in previously reported cases. During the gross anatomy courses, three cases of DIVC and one case of LIVC were found in 618 cadavers. The IV flow pattern from these four cases and all other previously reported cases can be classified into one of the following three types according to the vein into which the internal iliac vein drained: the ipsilateral external IV; confluence of the ipsilateral external IV and IVC; and the communicating vein, which connects the IVC and the contralateral IVC or its iliac branch. This classification, which is based on the internal IV course, is considered to be useful because IV variations have the potential to cause clinical problems during related retroperitoneal surgery, venous interventional radiology, and diagnostic procedures for pelvic cancer.
Adenosine increases anagen hair growth and thick hairs in Japanese women with female pattern hair loss: a pilot, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

PubMed

Oura, Hajimu; Iino, Masato; Nakazawa, Yosuke; Tajima, Masahiro; Ideta, Ritsuro; Nakaya, Yutaka; Arase, Seiji; Kishimoto, Jiro

2008-12-01

Adenosine upregulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-7 in cultured dermal papilla cells. It has been shown that, in Japanese men, adenosine improves androgenetic alopecia due to the thickening of thin hair due to hair follicle miniaturization. To investigate the efficacy and safety of adenosine treatment to improve hair loss in women, 30 Japanese women with female pattern hair loss were recruited for this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Volunteers used either 0.75% adenosine lotion or a placebo lotion topically twice daily for 12 months. Efficacy was evaluated by dermatologists and by investigators and in phototrichograms. As a result, adenosine was significantly superior to the placebo according to assessments by dermatologists and investigators and by self-assessments. Adenosine significantly increased the anagen hair growth rate and the thick hair rate. No side-effects were encountered during the trial. Adenosine improved hair loss in Japanese women by stimulating hair growth and by thickening hair shafts. Adenosine is useful for treating female pattern hair loss in women as well as androgenetic alopecia in men.
Commentary: Addressing Double Binds in Educating for an Ecologically Sustainable Future.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bowers, Chet A.

2001-01-01

Contrary to computer advocates' globalism = empowerment rhetoric, the dominant globalization pattern involves relentless commodification of knowledge, skills, and interdependent relationships. Few consider the ecological implications of commodifying (digitizing) leisure, education, health care, or communications. Posing community regeneration…
AEROSOL TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION IN SEQUENTIALLY BIFURCATING AIRWAYS

EPA Science Inventory

Deposition patterns and efficiencies of a dilute suspension of inhaled particles in three-dimensional double bifurcating airway models for both in-plane and 90 deg out-of-plane configurations have been numerically simulated assuming steady, laminar, constant-property air flow wit...
Travel patterns of older Americans with disabilities

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2004-07-01

There are currently about 35 million adults aged 65 and older in the U.S. and this number : is projected to double by 2030 (U.S. Census Bureau). Medical and health impairments : associated with this population raise concern about the impaired person...
Optical information authentication using compressed double-random-phase-encoded images and quick-response codes.

PubMed

Wang, Xiaogang; Chen, Wen; Chen, Xudong

2015-03-09

In this paper, we develop a new optical information authentication system based on compressed double-random-phase-encoded images and quick-response (QR) codes, where the parameters of optical lightwave are used as keys for optical decryption and the QR code is a key for verification. An input image attached with QR code is first optically encoded in a simplified double random phase encoding (DRPE) scheme without using interferometric setup. From the single encoded intensity pattern recorded by a CCD camera, a compressed double-random-phase-encoded image, i.e., the sparse phase distribution used for optical decryption, is generated by using an iterative phase retrieval technique with QR code. We compare this technique to the other two methods proposed in literature, i.e., Fresnel domain information authentication based on the classical DRPE with holographic technique and information authentication based on DRPE and phase retrieval algorithm. Simulation results show that QR codes are effective on improving the security and data sparsity of optical information encryption and authentication system.
Intermodel spread of the double-ITCZ bias in coupled GCMs tied to land surface temperature in AMIP GCMs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Wenyu; Xie, Shang-Ping

2017-08-01

Global climate models (GCMs) have long suffered from biases of excessive tropical precipitation in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). The severity of the double-Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bias, defined here as the interhemispheric difference in zonal mean tropical precipitation, varies strongly among models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) ensemble. Models with a more severe double-ITCZ bias feature warmer tropical sea surface temperature (SST) in the SH, coupled with weaker southeast trades. While previous studies focus on coupled ocean-atmosphere interactions, here we show that the intermodel spread in the severity of the double-ITCZ bias is closely related to land surface temperature biases, which can be further traced back to those in the Atmosphere Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) simulations. By perturbing land temperature in models, we demonstrate that cooler land can indeed lead to a more severe double-ITCZ bias by inducing the above coupled SST-trade wind pattern in the tropics. The response to land temperature can be consistently explained from both the dynamic and energetic perspectives. Although this intermodel spread from the land temperature variation does not account for the ensemble model mean double-ITCZ bias, identifying the land temperature effect provides insights into simulating a realistic ITCZ for the right reasons.
Stability of transgene integration and expression in subsequent generations of doubled haploid oilseed rape transformed with chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase genes in a double-gene construct.

PubMed

Melander, Margareta; Kamnert, Iréne; Happstadius, Ingrid; Liljeroth, Erland; Bryngelsson, Tomas

2006-09-01

A double-gene construct with one chitinase and one beta-1,3-glucanase gene from barley, both driven by enhanced 35S promoters, was transformed into oilseed rape. From six primary transformants expressing both transgenes 10 doubled haploid lines were produced and studied for five generations. The number of inserted copies for both the genes was determined by Southern blotting and real-time PCR with full agreement between the two methods. When copy numbers were analysed in different generations, discrepancies were found, indicating that at least part of the inserted sequences were lost in one of the alleles of some doubled haploids. Chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase expression was analysed by Western blotting in all five doubled haploid generations. Despite that both the genes were present on the same T-DNA and directed by the same promoter their expression pattern between generations was different. The beta-1,3-glucanase was expressed at high and stable levels in all generations, while the chitinase displayed lower expression that varied between generations. The transgenic plants did not show any major impact on fungal resistance when assayed in greenhouse, although purified beta-1,3-glucanase and chitinase caused retardment of fungal growth in vitro.
Nonlinear dynamics in cardiac conduction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kaplan, D. T.; Smith, J. M.; Saxberg, B. E.; Cohen, R. J.

1988-01-01

Electrical conduction in the heart shows many phenomena familiar from nonlinear dynamics. Among these phenomena are multiple basins of attraction, phase locking, and perhaps period-doubling bifurcations and chaos. We describe a simple cellular-automation model of electrical conduction which simulates normal conduction patterns in the heart as well as a wide range of disturbances of heart rhythm. In addition, we review the application of percolation theory to the analysis of the development of complex, self-sustaining conduction patterns.
Yellow Sea Mine Hunting Using the Navy’s CASS/GRAB Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-05-01

f15fe eeapoiaey5 ad o h otso 04 t.Y .a. L ion leo 210. 210 £igure 14. Februarv GDEM 4 hr a. Rock Botton at 37.5 N 123.0 E and a Source Depth= 25 .a...SinlLcsscnor 2zs47 * .... ... lt- . . .... ° 1 . ,, . ....... . . ........ lot ýto0 a. Figre2I FbruryGDM ~r G’ae•Botoma•.•..N 230Eand a Source Dpt 2-5 ft. a...1m • GDEM for a G ave4 B0to a 38 0.350Nt;J0 n So7 re Det,0 125ft a.RyTae0n3?Sga Ecs odm M30 aw -, .3 m- a n.03 3.b. 0.00~~~~ co?50.007 S• •r, • • •, • l
National legislation and spending on vaccines in Latin America and the Caribbean.

PubMed

McQuestion, Michael; Garcia, Ana Gabriela Felix; Janusz, Cara; Andrus, Jon Kim

2017-02-01

This study examined the dynamics of vaccine spending and vaccine legislation in the Americas Region over the period 1980-2013. Annual vaccine expenditures from thirty-one countries were extracted from the Pan American Health Organization Revolving Fund database. Information on vaccine laws and regulations was provided by the PAHO Family, Gender, and Life Course Unit. Both time series and event history models were estimated. The results show that passing an immunization law led a representative country to increase its vaccine spending, controlling for income, infant mortality, population size, and DPT3 vaccine coverage. Countries with higher vaccine coverage were also more likely to have passed laws. Conversely, higher income countries were less likely to have vaccine laws. Vaccine legislation will likely play a similarly important role in other regions as more countries move towards immunization program ownership.
Computation of direct and inverse mutations with the SEGM web server (Stochastic Evolution of Genetic Motifs): an application to splice sites of human genome introns.

PubMed

Benard, Emmanuel; Michel, Christian J

2009-08-01

We present here the SEGM web server (Stochastic Evolution of Genetic Motifs) in order to study the evolution of genetic motifs both in the direct evolutionary sense (past-present) and in the inverse evolutionary sense (present-past). The genetic motifs studied can be nucleotides, dinucleotides and trinucleotides. As an example of an application of SEGM and to understand its functionalities, we give an analysis of inverse mutations of splice sites of human genome introns. SEGM is freely accessible at http://lsiit-bioinfo.u-strasbg.fr:8080/webMathematica/SEGM/SEGM.html directly or by the web site http://dpt-info.u-strasbg.fr/~michel/. To our knowledge, this SEGM web server is to date the only computational biology software in this evolutionary approach.
Herpetofauna diversity at Gunung Raya, Pulau Langkawi, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ehwan, N.; Shukor, M. N.; Salmah, Y.; Grismer, L. L.; Norhayati, A.

2016-11-01

An inventory of herpetofauna was conducted on Gunung Raya, Pulau Langkawi, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia from February 2014 to January 2015 to evaluate species diversity in order to: 1) determine the diversity of herpetofauna, 2) determine conservation status of rare or new species, and 3) provide preliminary data that may be used for future conservation of the reptilian and amphibian community. Two methods of passive sampling techniques were used, namely drift-fenced pitfall traps (DPT) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe traps (PPT). Observed species richness is 33 species of herpetofauna, consisting of 10 species of amphibians and 23 species of reptiles. The diversity indices indicated moderate diversity for amphibians (H'= 1.7) and reptiles (H'= 2.4), supported by low dominance index for amphibians (D= 0.24) and reptiles (D= 0.13). Similarity indices suggested species compositions were dissimilar among habitats.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate metabolism in synaptic growth, strength, and precision: neural and behavioral phenotype-specific counterbalancing effects between dnc phosphodiesterase and rut adenylyl cyclase mutations.

PubMed

Ueda, Atsushi; Wu, Chun-Fang

2012-03-01

Two classic learning mutants in Drosophila, rutabaga (rut) and dunce (dnc), are defective in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) synthesis and degradation, respectively, exhibiting a variety of neuronal and behavioral defects. We ask how the opposing effects of these mutations on cAMP levels modify subsets of phenotypes, and whether any specific phenotypes could be ameliorated by biochemical counter balancing effects in dnc rut double mutants. Our study at larval neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) demonstrates that dnc mutations caused severe defects in nerve terminal morphology, characterized by unusually large synaptic boutons and aberrant innervation patterns. Interestingly, a counterbalancing effect led to rescue of the aberrant innervation patterns but the enlarged boutons in dnc rut double mutant remained as extreme as those in dnc. In contrast to dnc, rut mutations strongly affect synaptic transmission. Focal loose-patch recording data accumulated over 4 years suggest that synaptic currents in rut boutons were characterized by unusually large temporal dispersion and a seasonal variation in the amount of transmitter release, with diminished synaptic currents in summer months. Experiments with different rearing temperatures revealed that high temperature (29-30°C) decreased synaptic transmission in rut, but did not alter dnc and wild-type (WT). Importantly, the large temporal dispersion and abnormal temperature dependence of synaptic transmission, characteristic of rut, still persisted in dnc rut double mutants. To interpret these results in a proper perspective, we reviewed previously documented differential effects of dnc and rut mutations and their genetic interactions in double mutants on a variety of physiological and behavioral phenotypes. The cases of rescue in double mutants are associated with gradual developmental and maintenance processes whereas many behavioral and physiological manifestations on faster time scales could not be rescued. We discuss factors that could contribute to the effectiveness of counterbalancing interactions between dnc and rut mutations for phenotypic rescue.
Cyclic-AMP metabolism in synaptic growth, strength and precision: Neural and behavioral phenotype-specific counterbalancing effects between dnc PDE and rut AC mutations

PubMed Central

Ueda, Atsushi; Wu, Chun-Fang

2012-01-01

Two classic learning mutants in Drosophila, rutabaga (rut) and dunce (dnc), are defective in cAMP synthesis and degradation, respectively, exhibiting a variety of neuronal and behavioral defects. We ask how the opposing effects of these mutations on cAMP levels modify subsets of phenotypes, and whether any specific phenotypes could be ameliorated by biochemical counter balancing effects in dnc rut double mutants. Our study at larval neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) demonstrate that dnc mutations caused severe defects in nerve terminal morphology, characterized by unusually large synaptic boutons and aberrant innervation patterns. Interestingly, a counterbalancing effect led to rescue of the aberrant innervation patterns but the enlarged boutons in dnc rut double mutant remained as extreme as those in dnc. In contrast to dnc, rut mutations strongly affect synaptic transmission. Focal loose-patch recording data accumulated over 4 years suggest that synaptic currents in rut boutons were characterized by unusually large temporal dispersion and a seasonal variation in the amount of transmitter release, with diminished synaptic currents in summer months. Experiments with different rearing temperatures revealed that high temperature (29–30 °C) decreased synaptic transmission in rut, but did not alter dnc and WT. Importantly, the large temporal dispersion and abnormal temperature dependence of synaptic transmission, characteristic of rut, still persisted in dnc rut double mutants. To interpret these results in a proper perspective, we reviewed previously documented differential effects of dnc and rut mutations and their genetic interactions in double mutants on a variety of physiological and behavioral phenotypes. The cases of rescue in double mutants are associated with gradual developmental and maintenance processes whereas many behavioral and physiological manifestations on faster time scales could not be rescued. We discuss factors that could contribute to the effectiveness of counter balancing interactions between dnc and rut mutations for phenotypic rescue. PMID:22380612
Double-layered cell transfer technology for bone regeneration

PubMed Central

Akazawa, Keiko; Iwasaki, Kengo; Nagata, Mizuki; Yokoyama, Naoki; Ayame, Hirohito; Yamaki, Kazumasa; Tanaka, Yuichi; Honda, Izumi; Morioka, Chikako; Kimura, Tsuyoshi; Komaki, Motohiro; Kishida, Akio; Izumi, Yuichi; Morita, Ikuo

2016-01-01

For cell-based medicine, to mimic in vivo cellular localization, various tissue engineering approaches have been studied to obtain a desirable arrangement of cells on scaffold materials. We have developed a novel method of cell manipulation called “cell transfer technology”, enabling the transfer of cultured cells onto scaffold materials, and controlling cell topology. Here we show that using this technique, two different cell types can be transferred onto a scaffold surface as stable double layers or in patterned arrangements. Various combinations of adherent cells were transferred to a scaffold, amniotic membrane, in overlapping bilayers (double-layered cell transfer), and transferred cells showed stability upon deformations of the material including folding and trimming. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells from periodontal ligaments (PDLSC) and osteoblasts, using double-layered cell transfer significantly enhanced bone formation, when compared to single cell type transplantation. Our findings suggest that this double-layer cell transfer is useful to produce a cell transplantation material that can bear two cell layers. Moreover, the transplantation of an amniotic membrane with PDLSCs/osteoblasts by cell transfer technology has therapeutic potential for bone defects. We conclude that cell transfer technology provides a novel and unique cell transplantation method for bone regeneration. PMID:27624174
Thickness dependence of the levitation performance of double-layer high-temperature superconductor bulks above a magnetic rail

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, R. X.; Zheng, J.; Liao, X. L.; Che, T.; Gou, Y. F.; He, D. B.; Deng, Z. G.

2014-10-01

A double-layer high-temperature superconductor (HTSC) arrangement was proposed and proved to be able to bring improvements to both levitation force and guidance force compared with present single-layer HTSC arrangement. To fully exploit the applied magnetic field by a magnetic rail, the thickness dependence of a double-layer HTSC arrangement on the levitation performance was further investigated in the paper. In this study, the lower-layer bulk was polished step by step to different thicknesses, and the upper-layer bulk with constant thickness was directly superimposed on the lower-layer one. The levitation force and the force relaxation of the double-layer HTSC arrangement were measured above a Halbach magnetic rail. Experimental result shows that a bigger levitation force and a less levitation force decay could be achieved by optimizing the thickness of the lower-layer bulk HTSC. This thickness optimization method could be applied together with former reported double-layer HTSC arrangement method with aligned growth sector boundaries pattern. This series of study on the optimized combination method do bring a significant improvement on the levitation performance of present HTS maglev systems.
Enhancement of fluorescence quenching and exciplex formation in DNA major groove by double incorporation of modified fluorescent deoxyuridines.

PubMed

Tanaka, Makiko; Oguma, Kazuhiro; Saito, Yoshio; Saito, Isao

2012-06-15

5-(1-Naphthalenylethynyl)-2'-deoxyuridine ((N)U) and 5-[(4-cyano-1-naphthalenyl)ethynyl]-2'-deoxyuridine ((CN)U) were synthesized and incorporated into oligodeoxynucleotides. Fluorescence emissions of modified duplexes containing double (N)U were efficiently quenched depending upon the sequence pattern of the naphthalenes in DNA major groove, as compared to the duplex possessing single (N)U. When one of the naphthalene moieties has a cyano substituent, the exciplex emission from the chromophores in DNA major groove was observed at longer wavelength. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Conjunction of anti-parallel and component reconnection at the dayside MP: Cluster and Double Star coordinated observation on 6 April 2004

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, J.; Pu, Z. Y.; Fu, S. Y.; Wang, X. G.; Xiao, C. J.; Dunlop, M. W.; Wei, Y.; Bogdanova, Y. V.; Zong, Q. G.; Xie, L.

2011-05-01

Previous theoretical and simulation studies have suggested that the anti-parallel and component reconnection can occur simultaneously on the dayside magnetopause. Certain observations have also been reported to support global conjunct pattern of magnetic reconnection. Here, we show direct evidence for the conjunction of anti-parallel and component MR using coordinated observations of Double Star TC-1 and Cluster under the same IMF condition on 6 April, 2004. The global MR X-line configuration constructed is in good agreement with the “S-shape” model.

Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. Their policies may differ from this site.