5 CFR 337.102 - Evaluating qualifications for employees who are in a retained grade.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... retained grade and in the series of the position which he or she occupied at the time of the downgrading; or (2) At the grade and in the series of the position to which the employee is downgraded. (b... at the grade level and in the series of the position to which the employee was downgraded. [45 FR...

Occupational Trajectories and Immigrant Worker Health

PubMed Central

Crollard, Allison; de Castro, A. B.; Tsai, Jenny Hsin-Chun

2013-01-01

During their initial years in the receiving country, many immigrants experience occupational downgrading. Downgrading is a loss of occupational status between one’s last job in the home country and first job in the receiving country, often resulting in overeducation or overqualification. Although the extent and determinants of such occupational trajectories have been characterized, the connection to immigrant worker health has not been widely examined. However, an emerging body of knowledge indicates that negative health outcomes are associated with overeducation and overqualification in general worker populations, suggesting similar experiences by immigrant workers. This article provides an overview of the magnitude and conceptualization of occupational downgrading, overeducation, and overqualification and discusses implications for immigrant worker health. Occupational health professionals should spearhead research efforts on occupational downgrading, raise public awareness about the issue, and serve as advocates for immigrant workers’ rights. PMID:23092177

Expert Review of Cervical Cytology: Does it Affect Patient Care?

PubMed

Mark, Jaron; Morrell, Kayla; Eng, Kevin; Alfiero, Alexandra; Frederick, Peter J

2018-04-01

The aim of the study was to evaluate whether expert review of outside cervical cytology affects patient care. A retrospective study was conducted of 424 new patient referrals for cervical dysplasia between 2004 and 2016 at Roswell Park Cancer Institute. Records were analyzed for outside cervical cytology reports and compared with expert cervical cytology review. Differences between expert review and outside reports were documented. Charts with a difference were then assessed for additional evaluation and procedures performed. We specifically analyzed the data for cytology being upgraded or downgraded after expert review. Two hundred forty-six patient charts were eligible for this study. We identified 165 patients with congruent pathology reports. Of the 81 different reports, 41 led to significant pathologic differences. Twenty-four reports with different pathology were low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) upgraded to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Six were HSIL downgraded to LSIL, 4 LSIL downgraded to negative, 3 AGC upgraded to HSIL, 2 AGC upgraded to cancer, 1 each for HSIL downgraded to negative, and AGC downgraded to negative. Of the 24 patients whose cytology changed from low grade to high grade, 17 underwent an excisional procedure and 1 had a laser ablative procedure. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 or 3 was found in 11 specimens. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 was found in 4 of excisional specimens and no dysplasia found in 2. Expert review of cervical cytology significantly impacts patient management at a tertiary referral center, resulting in both upgrading and downgrading of community cytology reports.

22 CFR 9a.5 - Declassification and downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Declassification and downgrading. 9a.5 Section 9a.5 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE GENERAL SECURITY INFORMATION REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO... of such information or material. ...

14 CFR 1203.600 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM Declassification and Downgrading § 1203.600 Policy. Information shall be declassified or downgraded as soon as national security considerations permit. NASA reviews of classified information shall be coordinated with...

14 CFR 1203.600 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM Declassification and Downgrading § 1203.600 Policy. Information shall be declassified or downgraded as soon as national security considerations permit. NASA reviews of classified information shall be coordinated with...

5 CFR 1312.9 - Downgrading and declassification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... originated by an agency that no longer exists, or that was received by OMB in conjunction with a transfer of... conjunction with the transfer of files to non-current record storage and take action to downgrade or...

22 CFR 9a.5 - Declassification and downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Declassification and downgrading. 9a.5 Section 9a.5 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE GENERAL SECURITY INFORMATION REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO... of such information or material. ...

45 CFR 601.6 - Downgrading and declassification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... considerations permit. The National Science Foundation shall coordinate their review of classified information... 601.6 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION CLASSIFICATION AND DECLASSIFICATION OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION § 601.6 Downgrading and declassification...

45 CFR 601.6 - Downgrading and declassification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... considerations permit. The National Science Foundation shall coordinate their review of classified information... 601.6 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION CLASSIFICATION AND DECLASSIFICATION OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION § 601.6 Downgrading and declassification...

45 CFR 601.6 - Downgrading and declassification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... considerations permit. The National Science Foundation shall coordinate their review of classified information... 601.6 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION CLASSIFICATION AND DECLASSIFICATION OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION § 601.6 Downgrading and declassification...

45 CFR 601.6 - Downgrading and declassification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... considerations permit. The National Science Foundation shall coordinate their review of classified information... 601.6 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION CLASSIFICATION AND DECLASSIFICATION OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION § 601.6 Downgrading and declassification...

45 CFR 601.6 - Downgrading and declassification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... considerations permit. The National Science Foundation shall coordinate their review of classified information... 601.6 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION CLASSIFICATION AND DECLASSIFICATION OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION § 601.6 Downgrading and declassification...

22 CFR 9.9 - Declassification and downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

....9 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE GENERAL SECURITY INFORMATION REGULATIONS § 9.9 Declassification and downgrading. (a) Declassification processes. Declassification of classified information may occur: (1) After review of material in response to a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request...

14 CFR 1203.602 - Authorization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM Declassification and Downgrading § 1203.602 Authorization. Information shall be declassified or downgraded by the... writing by the Administrator or the Chairperson, NASA Information Security Program Committee. [48 FR 5891...

14 CFR 1203.602 - Authorization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM Declassification and Downgrading § 1203.602 Authorization. Information shall be declassified or downgraded by the... writing by the Administrator or the Chairperson, NASA Information Security Program Committee. [48 FR 5891...

32 CFR 2400.24 - Downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Downgrading. 2400.24 Section 2400.24 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY REGULATIONS TO IMPLEMENT E.O. 12356; OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM...

32 CFR 2400.24 - Downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Downgrading. 2400.24 Section 2400.24 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY REGULATIONS TO IMPLEMENT E.O. 12356; OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM...

32 CFR 2400.24 - Downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Downgrading. 2400.24 Section 2400.24 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY REGULATIONS TO IMPLEMENT E.O. 12356; OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM...

32 CFR 2400.24 - Downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Downgrading. 2400.24 Section 2400.24 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY REGULATIONS TO IMPLEMENT E.O. 12356; OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM...

32 CFR 2400.24 - Downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Downgrading. 2400.24 Section 2400.24 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY REGULATIONS TO IMPLEMENT E.O. 12356; OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM...

46 CFR 503.56 - General declassification and downgrading policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... INFORMATION Information Security Program § 503.56 General declassification and downgrading policy. (a) The... Order 13526, only over that information originally classified by the Commission under previous Executive... declassify information originally classified by other agencies. (b) The Commission does not now have original...

46 CFR 503.56 - General declassification and downgrading policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... INFORMATION Information Security Program § 503.56 General declassification and downgrading policy. (a) The... Order 12958, only over that information originally classified by the Commission under previous Executive... Commission Security Officer, and such others as the Chairman may designate. Commission personnel may not...

5 CFR 2500.7 - Declassification and downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... INFORMATION SECURITY REGULATION § 2500.7 Declassification and downgrading. (a) Declassification authority. No... information. (b) Mandatory review for declassification. (1) Requests for mandatory review of national security... Information Security Regulation. [44 FR 50039, Aug. 27, 1979; 45 FR 20453, Mar. 28, 1980; 45 FR 22873, Apr. 4...

5 CFR 2500.7 - Declassification and downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... INFORMATION SECURITY REGULATION § 2500.7 Declassification and downgrading. (a) Declassification authority. No... information. (b) Mandatory review for declassification. (1) Requests for mandatory review of national security... Information Security Regulation. [44 FR 50039, Aug. 27, 1979; 45 FR 20453, Mar. 28, 1980; 45 FR 22873, Apr. 4...

32 CFR 2400.18 - Declassification and downgrading authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Declassification and downgrading authority. 2400.18 Section 2400.18 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY REGULATIONS TO IMPLEMENT E.O. 12356; OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY...

32 CFR 2400.18 - Declassification and downgrading authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Declassification and downgrading authority. 2400.18 Section 2400.18 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY REGULATIONS TO IMPLEMENT E.O. 12356; OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY...

32 CFR 2400.18 - Declassification and downgrading authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Declassification and downgrading authority. 2400.18 Section 2400.18 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY REGULATIONS TO IMPLEMENT E.O. 12356; OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY...

32 CFR 2400.18 - Declassification and downgrading authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Declassification and downgrading authority. 2400.18 Section 2400.18 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY REGULATIONS TO IMPLEMENT E.O. 12356; OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY...

32 CFR 2400.18 - Declassification and downgrading authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Declassification and downgrading authority. 2400.18 Section 2400.18 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY REGULATIONS TO IMPLEMENT E.O. 12356; OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY...

12 CFR 403.5 - Declassification and downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Declassification and downgrading. 403.5 Section 403.5 Banks and Banking EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF THE UNITED STATES CLASSIFICATION, DECLASSIFICATION, AND... unlawfully classified, the Director may require the Export-Import Bank to declassify it. Any such decision by...

18 CFR 3a.21 - Authority to downgrade and declassify.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Authority to downgrade and declassify. 3a.21 Section 3a.21 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL RULES NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Declassification and...

18 CFR 3a.21 - Authority to downgrade and declassify.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Authority to downgrade and declassify. 3a.21 Section 3a.21 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL RULES NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Declassification and...

18 CFR 3a.21 - Authority to downgrade and declassify.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Authority to downgrade and declassify. 3a.21 Section 3a.21 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL RULES NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Declassification and...

18 CFR 3a.21 - Authority to downgrade and declassify.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Authority to downgrade and declassify. 3a.21 Section 3a.21 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL RULES NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Declassification and...

18 CFR 3a.22 - Declassification and downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... preserve the effectiveness and integrity of the classification system. The Chairman, Vice Chairman, and... second full calendar year following the year in which it was originated, downgraded to Confidential at... Confidential at the end of the second full calendar year following the year in which it was originated, and...

76 FR 9249 - Radio Broadcasting Services; Enfield, NH; Hartford, VT; Keeseville and Morrisonville, NY; White...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-17

... reallotment, class down-grade, or deletion of a vacant FM allotment. See SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION, supra. DATES: Effective March 30, 2011. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Andrew J. Rhodes, Media Bureau, (202... of considering rulemaking requests for the reallotment, class down-grade or deletion of a vacant FM...

Experimental research on the effectiveness and adaptability of speed reduction markings in downhill sections on urban roads: a driving simulation study.

PubMed

Ding, Han; Zhao, Xiaohua; Rong, Jian; Ma, Jianming

2015-02-01

The objective of this paper is to test the effectiveness and adaptability of speed reduction markings (SRMs) in downhill sections on urban roads with distinct roadway grades. Empirical data including vehicle speed and acceleration were collected in a driving simulator. Subjective questionnaires were conducted, and two indexes - the relative speed difference and standard deviation of acceleration - were developed to evaluate the effectiveness and adaptability of SRMs. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of driving simulator related to different road alignments and types of SRMs has been validated through a field test. Results of subjective questionnaires showed that the majority of subjects had no feelings of nervousness, but they were affected by SRMs while driving through downhill sections in all four scenarios (i.e., downhill sections with vertical grades of 3, 2, 1.5 and 1%). In terms of vehicle speed and acceleration, the results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the contrast analysis (S-N-K method) indicated that SRMs were significantly effective when roadway grades of downgrade sections were 1.5, 2 and 3%, while transverse speed reduction markings (TSRMs) had significantly worse adaptability (P<0.05). Therefore, this research recommends that TSRMs could be placed in downhill sections with roadway grades of 1.5 or 2%; longitudinal speed reduction markings (LSRMs) could be placed in downhill sections with a roadway grade of 3%. Whether SRMs are placed in downhill sections with a roadway grade of 1% would depend on other factors such as financial issues and crash records, which are not considered in this paper. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Studies on the Reduction of Intermodulation Generation in Communications Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-07-07

AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(ff dillfetmn from Controlling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) Unclassified ISO . DECLASSIFICATION DOWNGRAD-ING SCHEDULE...FIELD 40GAUSS 120 GAUSS ISO GAUSS 340 GAUSS 1MG OSCILLOGRAMS OF 񓰨’ STAINLESS STEEL ADAPTER (SAMPLE A WITH EXTERNAL 2kHz AC MAGNETIC FIELD I PEAK...34P1 (,I P,2 -90- 7.07 GC; 0 V - iSo . .. _ 3D -100- AL(N23> ,-J/ -OLD/ / / OF-110 . O/ 070> V(HNS)// 2 -120 A(3080) , -i0.22 AL( NP) . / AG (H SI

Recommendations and Justifications for Modifications To Downgrade Use Restrictions Established under the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order, Revision 1

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Birney, Cathleen; Krauss, Mark J

This document is part of an effort to reevaluate 37 FFACO and Administrative URs against the current Soils Risk-Based Corrective Action Evaluation Process. After reviewing 37 existing FFACO and Administrative URs, 11 URs addressed in this document have sufficient information to determine that these current URs may be downgraded to Administrative URs based on the RBCA criteria. This document presents recommendations on modifications to existing URs that will be consistent with the RBCA criteria.

Cytotechnologist performance for screening microfollicular atypia in indeterminate thyroid fine-needle aspirates.

PubMed

VandenBussche, Christopher J; Olson, Matthew T; Adams, Christina; Ali, Syed Z

2014-01-01

We previously identified a high level of accuracy among our cytotechnologists (CTs) for identifying nuclear atypia in thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens. Herewith, we present our CT performance at screening for microfollicular atypia. 8,814 thyroid FNA specimens were identified in our archives, all screened by 1 of 11 CTs and signed out by a cytopathologist. A subsample of cases was categorized either as atypia of uncertain significance (AUS) with microfollicular proliferation (AUS-F) or suspicious for a follicular neoplasm (SFN). The agreement rate was low between CTs and cytopathologists for SFN and AUS-F. Only 55.8% of SFN screening diagnoses were upheld; 27.9% were downgraded to AUS, 10.4% were downgraded to benign, and 5% were upgraded. Of AUS-F screening diagnoses, 35.5% were upheld, 33.7% were downgraded to benign, and 20.2% were upgraded to SFN. Among all cases, two-step discrepancies were uncommon. Most disagreements were one-category discrepancies between AUS-F and SFN. The evaluation of microfollicular atypia is challenging given that certain follicular lesions cannot be definitively diagnosed on cytology, a high level of subjectivity is involved in the interpretation of such lesions, and the presence of nuclear or Hurthle cell atypia may complicate the diagnosis. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.

5 CFR 1312.10 - Systematic review guidelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and Declassification of National Security Information § 1312.10 Systematic review guidelines. The EOP Security Officer...

Trophic downgrading of planet Earth.

PubMed

Estes, James A; Terborgh, John; Brashares, Justin S; Power, Mary E; Berger, Joel; Bond, William J; Carpenter, Stephen R; Essington, Timothy E; Holt, Robert D; Jackson, Jeremy B C; Marquis, Robert J; Oksanen, Lauri; Oksanen, Tarja; Paine, Robert T; Pikitch, Ellen K; Ripple, William J; Sandin, Stuart A; Scheffer, Marten; Schoener, Thomas W; Shurin, Jonathan B; Sinclair, Anthony R E; Soulé, Michael E; Virtanen, Risto; Wardle, David A

2011-07-15

Until recently, large apex consumers were ubiquitous across the globe and had been for millions of years. The loss of these animals may be humankind's most pervasive influence on nature. Although such losses are widely viewed as an ethical and aesthetic problem, recent research reveals extensive cascading effects of their disappearance in marine, terrestrial, and freshwater ecosystems worldwide. This empirical work supports long-standing theory about the role of top-down forcing in ecosystems but also highlights the unanticipated impacts of trophic cascades on processes as diverse as the dynamics of disease, wildfire, carbon sequestration, invasive species, and biogeochemical cycles. These findings emphasize the urgent need for interdisciplinary research to forecast the effects of trophic downgrading on process, function, and resilience in global ecosystems.

A third of systematic reviews changed or did not specify the primary outcome: a PROSPERO register study.

PubMed

Tricco, Andrea C; Cogo, Elise; Page, Matthew J; Polisena, Julie; Booth, Alison; Dwan, Kerry; MacDonald, Heather; Clifford, Tammy J; Stewart, Lesley A; Straus, Sharon E; Moher, David

2016-11-01

To examine outcome reporting bias of systematic reviews registered in PROSPERO. Retrospective cohort study. The primary outcomes from systematic review publications were compared with those reported in the corresponding PROSPERO records; discrepancies in the primary outcomes were assessed as upgrades, additions, omissions, or downgrades. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to determine the likelihood of having a change in primary outcome when the meta-analysis result was favorable and statistically significant. Ninety-six systematic reviews were published. A discrepancy in the primary outcome occurred in 32% of the included reviews and 39% of the reviews did not explicitly specify a primary outcome(s); 6% of the primary outcomes were omitted. There was no significant increased risk of adding/upgrading (RR, 2.14; 95% CI: 0.53, 8.63) or decreased risk of downgrading (RR, 0.76; 95% CI: 0.27, 2.17) an outcome when the meta-analysis result was favorable and statistically significant. As well, there was no significant increased risk of adding/upgrading (RR, 0.89; 95% CI: 0.31, 2.53) or decreased risk of downgrading (RR, 0.56; 95% CI: 0.29, 1.08) an outcome when the conclusion was positive. We recommend review authors carefully consider primary outcome selection, and journals are encouraged to focus acceptance on registered systematic reviews. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Downgrade of the Savannah River Sites FB-Line

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

SADOWSKI, ED; YOURCHAK, RANDY; PRETZELLO MARJI

2005-07-05

This paper will discuss the Safeguards & Security (S&S) activities that resulted in the downgrade of the Savannah River Site's FB-Line (FBL) from a Category I Material Balance Area (MBA) in a Material Access Area (MAA) to a Category IV MBA in a Property Protection Area (PPA). The Safeguards activities included measurement of final product items, transferal of nuclear material to other Savannah River Site (SRS) facilities, discard of excess nuclear material items, and final measurements of holdup material. The Security activities included relocation and destruction of classified documents and repositories, decertification of a classified computer, access control changes, updatesmore » to planning documents, deactivation and removal of security systems, Human Reliability Program (HRP) removals, and information security training for personnel that will remain in the FBL PPA.« less

41 CFR 105-62.201 - Declassification and downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Office, and the systematic review guidelines issued by the Administrator of General Services. (6) It is... Security Oversight Office, or in accordance with the procedures for mandatory review described in § 105-62...

41 CFR 105-62.201 - Declassification and downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Office, and the systematic review guidelines issued by the Administrator of General Services. (6) It is... Security Oversight Office, or in accordance with the procedures for mandatory review described in § 105-62...

5 CFR 1312.4 - Classified designations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... describe. (3) Confidential. This classification shall be applied only to information the unauthorized... 1312.4 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and...

5 CFR 1312.4 - Classified designations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... describe. (3) Confidential. This classification shall be applied only to information the unauthorized... 1312.4 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and...

5 CFR 1312.4 - Classified designations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... describe. (3) Confidential. This classification shall be applied only to information the unauthorized... 1312.4 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and...

Verification of OpenSSL version via hardware performance counters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bruska, James; Blasingame, Zander; Liu, Chen

2017-05-01

Many forms of malware and security breaches exist today. One type of breach downgrades a cryptographic program by employing a man-in-the-middle attack. In this work, we explore the utilization of hardware events in conjunction with machine learning algorithms to detect which version of OpenSSL is being run during the encryption process. This allows for the immediate detection of any unknown downgrade attacks in real time. Our experimental results indicated this detection method is both feasible and practical. When trained with normal TLS and SSL data, our classifier was able to detect which protocol was being used with 99.995% accuracy. After the scope of the hardware event recording was enlarged, the accuracy diminished greatly, but to 53.244%. Upon removal of TLS 1.1 from the data set, the accuracy returned to 99.905%.

On the required complexity of vehicle dynamic models for use in simulation-based highway design.

PubMed

Brown, Alexander; Brennan, Sean

2014-06-01

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive project whose goal is to identify roadway design practices that maximize the margin of safety between the friction supply and friction demand. This study is motivated by the concern for increased accident rates on curves with steep downgrades, geometries that contain features that interact in all three dimensions - planar curves, grade, and superelevation. This complexity makes the prediction of vehicle skidding quite difficult, particularly for simple simulation models that have historically been used for road geometry design guidance. To obtain estimates of friction margin, this study considers a range of vehicle models, including: a point-mass model used by the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) design policy, a steady-state "bicycle model" formulation that considers only per-axle forces, a transient formulation of the bicycle model commonly used in vehicle stability control systems, and finally, a full multi-body simulation (CarSim and TruckSim) regularly used in the automotive industry for high-fidelity vehicle behavior prediction. The presence of skidding--the friction demand exceeding supply--was calculated for each model considering a wide range of vehicles and road situations. The results indicate that the most complicated vehicle models are generally unnecessary for predicting skidding events. However, there are specific maneuvers, namely braking events within lane changes and curves, which consistently predict the worst-case friction margins across all models. This suggests that any vehicle model used for roadway safety analysis should include the effects of combined cornering and braking. The point-mass model typically used by highway design professionals may not be appropriate to predict vehicle behavior on high-speed curves during braking in low-friction situations. However, engineers can use the results of this study to help select the appropriate vehicle dynamic model complexity to use in the highway design process. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

32 CFR 2400.19 - Declassification by the Director of the Information Security Oversight Office.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... National Defense OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY REGULATIONS TO IMPLEMENT E.O. 12356; OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM Declassification and Downgrading § 2400.19...

32 CFR 2400.19 - Declassification by the Director of the Information Security Oversight Office.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... National Defense OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY REGULATIONS TO IMPLEMENT E.O. 12356; OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM Declassification and Downgrading § 2400.19...

32 CFR 2400.19 - Declassification by the Director of the Information Security Oversight Office.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... National Defense OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY REGULATIONS TO IMPLEMENT E.O. 12356; OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM Declassification and Downgrading § 2400.19...

32 CFR 2400.19 - Declassification by the Director of the Information Security Oversight Office.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... National Defense OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY REGULATIONS TO IMPLEMENT E.O. 12356; OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM Declassification and Downgrading § 2400.19...

32 CFR 2400.19 - Declassification by the Director of the Information Security Oversight Office.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... National Defense OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY REGULATIONS TO IMPLEMENT E.O. 12356; OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM Declassification and Downgrading § 2400.19...

49 CFR 8.23 - Classified information transferred to the Department of Transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... transferred to the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) will be declassified or downgraded by... with the Archivist in efforts to establish a Government-wide database of information that has been...

49 CFR 8.23 - Classified information transferred to the Department of Transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... transferred to the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) will be declassified or downgraded by... with the Archivist in efforts to establish a Government-wide database of information that has been...

49 CFR 8.23 - Classified information transferred to the Department of Transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... transferred to the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) will be declassified or downgraded by... with the Archivist in efforts to establish a Government-wide database of information that has been...

49 CFR 8.23 - Classified information transferred to the Department of Transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... transferred to the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) will be declassified or downgraded by... with the Archivist in efforts to establish a Government-wide database of information that has been...

5 CFR 1312.2 - Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., and Confidential original classification authority. (b) Heads of divisions or offices. The head of... Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and Declassification of National...

5 CFR 1312.2 - Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., and Confidential original classification authority. (b) Heads of divisions or offices. The head of... Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and Declassification of National...

5 CFR 1312.2 - Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., and Confidential original classification authority. (b) Heads of divisions or offices. The head of... Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and Declassification of National...

5 CFR 1312.11 - Challenges to classifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and Declassification of National Security Information § 1312.11 Challenges to classifications. OMB employees are... anonymous, in which case the question may be directed to the EOP Security Officer. ...

5 CFR 1312.8 - Standard identification and markings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and Declassification of National Security Information § 1312.8 Standard identification and markings... or event for declassification that corresponds to the lapse of the information's national security...

5 CFR 1312.3 - Classification requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Classification requirements. 1312.3 Section 1312.3 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and...

5 CFR 1312.7 - Derivative classification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Derivative classification. 1312.7 Section 1312.7 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and...

5 CFR 1312.3 - Classification requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Classification requirements. 1312.3 Section 1312.3 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and...

5 CFR 1312.7 - Derivative classification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Derivative classification. 1312.7 Section 1312.7 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and...

5 CFR 1312.7 - Derivative classification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Derivative classification. 1312.7 Section 1312.7 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and...

5 CFR 1312.3 - Classification requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Classification requirements. 1312.3 Section 1312.3 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and...

5 CFR 1312.3 - Classification requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Classification requirements. 1312.3 Section 1312.3 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and...

5 CFR 1312.7 - Derivative classification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Derivative classification. 1312.7 Section 1312.7 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and...

5 CFR 1312.11 - Challenges to classifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and Declassification of National Security Information § 1312.11 Challenges to classifications. OMB employees are... anonymous, in which case the question may be directed to the EOP Security Officer. ...

5 CFR 1312.8 - Standard identification and markings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and Declassification of National Security Information § 1312.8 Standard identification and markings... or event for declassification that corresponds to the lapse of the information's national security...

5 CFR 1312.3 - Classification requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Classification requirements. 1312.3 Section 1312.3 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and...

5 CFR 1312.2 - Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Responsibilities. 1312.2 Section 1312.2 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and Declassification of National...

Wayside Energy Storage Study : Volume 1. Summary.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1979-02-01

Volume I summarizes an in-depth application study which was conducted to determine the practicality and viability of using large wayside flywheels to recuperate braking energy from freight trains on long downgrades. The study examined the route struc...

5 CFR 1312.7 - Derivative classification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and Declassification of National Security Information § 1312.7 Derivative classification. A derivative classification... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Derivative classification. 1312.7 Section...

5 CFR 1312.8 - Standard identification and markings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification.... (a) Original classification. At the time classified material is produced, the classifier shall apply...: (1) Classification authority. The name/personal identifier, and position title of the original...

5 CFR 1312.8 - Standard identification and markings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification.... (a) Original classification. At the time classified material is produced, the classifier shall apply...: (1) Classification authority. The name/personal identifier, and position title of the original...

5 CFR 1312.8 - Standard identification and markings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification.... (a) Original classification. At the time classified material is produced, the classifier shall apply...: (1) Classification authority. The name/personal identifier, and position title of the original...

Military aircrew and noise-induced hearing loss: prevention and management.

PubMed

Rajguru, Renu

2013-12-01

Modern-day high performance aircraft are more powerful, more efficient, and, unfortunately, frequently produce high noise levels, resulting in noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in military aircrew. Military pilots are required to perform many flight duties correctly in the midst of many challenges that may affect mission completion as well as aircraft and aircrew safety. NIHL can interfere with successful mission completion. NIHL may also require aircrew to be downgraded from flying duties, with the incumbent re-training costs for downgraded personnel and training costs for new/replacement aircrew. As it is not possible to control the source of the noise without compromising the efficiency of the engine and aircraft, protecting the aircrew from hazards of excessive noise and treating NIHL are of extreme importance. In this article we discuss various personal hearing protection devices and their efficacy, and pharmacological agents for prevention and management of NIHL.

After flow control: The steps taken by Dade County to ensure continued operation of its solid waste management system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mauriello, P.J.; Ragbeer, D.

1997-12-01

In the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in the Carbone vs. Clarkstown case striking down waste flow control as unconstitutional, Dade County, Florida, one of the most severely impacted communities in the nation, has managed to stabilize its waste stream and balance its solid waste department finances; although the road taken to restabilization has been a difficult one. At its peak in 1995, Dade County experienced an annual loss of solid waste in excess of 1,000,000 tons, or over 40 percent of the waste stream normally handled by the County. This diversion of waste was accompanied by amore » net revenue loss of $30 million per year. The County lost its ability to plan for future capacity needs, or to assure sufficient future waste flows to meet its put-or-pay obligation to the County`s Resources Recovery plant operator. The County`s solid waste management system bonds were downgraded by Moody`s Investors Service and Standard and Poors. With the help of a special solid waste management team, appointed by the County Manager, the department was able to rightsize its waste disposal operations to fit its reduced waste flows, stabilize its waste stream, and develop strategies to solve its long-term funding shortfall.« less

Rumble strip gaps for high speed bicycles on downgrades.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-10-01

S : hou : lder rumble strips (SRS) : are : a proven : safety countermeasure that : reduc : e : motor : vehicle : lane departures : ; however : , : they : may be seen as an impediment to bicycle travel as they : decrease comfort for bicyclists : and c...

Microwave Processing of Polymeric Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-04-01

DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 4 . PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION... 4 2.1.1. Microwave Processing ................................................................. 4 2.1.1.1. Epoxy Resin Networks... 4 2.1.1.2. Epoxy Resin Composites

5 CFR 1312.1 - Purpose and authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and Declassification of National Security Information § 1312.1 Purpose and authority. This subpart sets forth the procedures for the classification and declassification of national security information in the possession of...

14 CFR 1203.603 - Systematic review for declassification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM Declassification and Downgrading § 1203.603 Systematic review for... review guidelines. The Chairperson, NASA Information Security Program Committee, shall develop, in... custodian and referred to the Chairperson, NASA Information Security Program Committee. This listing shall...

5 CFR 1312.36 - Appeal procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING... is declassified and otherwise releasable. If continued classification is required, the requestor... normally be made within 60 working days following receipt. If additional time is needed, the requestor will...

5 CFR 1312.36 - Appeal procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING... is declassified and otherwise releasable. If continued classification is required, the requestor... normally be made within 60 working days following receipt. If additional time is needed, the requestor will...

5 CFR 1312.6 - Duration of classification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Duration of classification. 1312.6 Section 1312.6 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and...

18 CFR 3a.91 - Data index system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

.... A data index system shall be established for Top Secret, Secret, and Confidential information in selected categories prescribed by the Interagency Classification Review Committee, in accordance with section VII of the National Security Council Directive Governing the Classification, Downgrading...

Upgrading and Downgrading of Prostate Cancer from Biopsy to Radical Prostatectomy: Incidence and Predictive Factors Using the Modified Gleason Grading System and Factoring in Tertiary Grades

PubMed Central

Epstein, Jonathan I.; Feng, Zhaoyong; Trock, Bruce J.; Pierorazio, Phillip M.

2015-01-01

Background Prior studies assessing the correlation of Gleason score (GS) at needle biopsy and corresponding radical prostatectomy (RP) predated the use of the modified Gleason scoring system and did not factor in tertiary grade patterns. Objective To assess the relation of biopsy and RP grade in the largest study to date. Design, setting, and participants A total of 7643 totally embedded RP and corresponding needle biopsies (2004–2010) were analyzed according to the updated Gleason system. Interventions All patients underwent prostate biopsy prior to RP. Measurements The relation of upgrading or downgrading to patient and cancer characteristics was compared using the chi-square test, Student t test, and multivariable logistic regression. Results and limitations A total of 36.3% of cases were upgraded from a needle biopsy GS 5–6 to a higher grade at RP (11.2% with GS 6 plus tertiary). Half of the cases had matching GS 3 + 4 = 7 at biopsy and RP with an approximately equal number of cases downgraded and upgraded at RP. With biopsy GS 4 + 3 = 7, RP GS was almost equally 3 + 4 = 7 and 4 + 3 = 7. Biopsy GS 8 led to an almost equal distribution between RP GS 4 + 3 = 7, 8, and 9–10. A total of 58% of the cases had matching GS 9–10 at biopsy and RP. In multivariable analysis, increasing age (p < 0.0001), increasing serum prostate-specific antigen level (p < 0.0001), decreasing RP weight (p < 0.0001), and increasing maximum percentage cancer/core (p < 0.0001) predicted the upgrade from biopsy GS 5–6 to higher at RP. Despite factoring in multiple variables including the number of positive cores and the maximum percentage of cancer per core, the concordance indexes were not sufficiently high to justify the use of nomograms for predicting upgrading and downgrading for the individual patient. Conclusions Almost 20% of RP cases have tertiary patterns. A needle biopsy can sample a tertiary higher Gleason pattern in the RP, which is then not recorded in the standard GS reporting, resulting in an apparent overgrading on the needle biopsy. PMID:22336380

Upgrading and downgrading of prostate cancer from biopsy to radical prostatectomy: incidence and predictive factors using the modified Gleason grading system and factoring in tertiary grades.

PubMed

Epstein, Jonathan I; Feng, Zhaoyong; Trock, Bruce J; Pierorazio, Phillip M

2012-05-01

Prior studies assessing the correlation of Gleason score (GS) at needle biopsy and corresponding radical prostatectomy (RP) predated the use of the modified Gleason scoring system and did not factor in tertiary grade patterns. To assess the relation of biopsy and RP grade in the largest study to date. A total of 7643 totally embedded RP and corresponding needle biopsies (2004-2010) were analyzed according to the updated Gleason system. All patients underwent prostate biopsy prior to RP. The relation of upgrading or downgrading to patient and cancer characteristics was compared using the chi-square test, Student t test, and multivariable logistic regression. A total of 36.3% of cases were upgraded from a needle biopsy GS 5-6 to a higher grade at RP (11.2% with GS 6 plus tertiary). Half of the cases had matching GS 3+4=7 at biopsy and RP with an approximately equal number of cases downgraded and upgraded at RP. With biopsy GS 4+3=7, RP GS was almost equally 3+4=7 and 4+3=7. Biopsy GS 8 led to an almost equal distribution between RP GS 4+3=7, 8, and 9-10. A total of 58% of the cases had matching GS 9-10 at biopsy and RP. In multivariable analysis, increasing age (p<0.0001), increasing serum prostate-specific antigen level (p<0.0001), decreasing RP weight (p<0.0001), and increasing maximum percentage cancer/core (p<0.0001) predicted the upgrade from biopsy GS 5-6 to higher at RP. Despite factoring in multiple variables including the number of positive cores and the maximum percentage of cancer per core, the concordance indexes were not sufficiently high to justify the use of nomograms for predicting upgrading and downgrading for the individual patient. Almost 20% of RP cases have tertiary patterns. A needle biopsy can sample a tertiary higher Gleason pattern in the RP, which is then not recorded in the standard GS reporting, resulting in an apparent overgrading on the needle biopsy. Copyright © 2012 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

5 CFR 1312.12 - Security Program Review Committee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and Declassification of National Security Information § 1312.12 Security Program Review Committee. The... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Security Program Review Committee. 1312...

5 CFR 1312.5 - Authority to classify.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and Declassification of National Security Information § 1312.5 Authority to classify. (a) The authority to originally classify information or material under this part shall be limited to those officials concerned with matters...

14 CFR 1203.601 - Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2011-01-01 2010-01-01 true Responsibilities. 1203.601 Section 1203.601 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM... authority may declassify or downgrade information that is subject to the final classification jurisdiction...

22 CFR 9.9 - Declassification and downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... occur: (1) After review of material in response to a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request, mandatory declassification review request, discovery request, subpoena, classification challenge, or other information access or declassification request; (2) After review as part of the Department's systematic...

Wayside Energy Storage Study : Volume 2. Detailed Description of Analysis.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1979-02-01

Volume II summarizes an in-depth application study which was conducted to determine the practicality and viability of using large wayside flywheels to recuperate braking energy from freight trains on long downgrades. The study examined the route stru...

14 CFR 1203.601 - Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Responsibilities. 1203.601 Section 1203.601 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM... authority may declassify or downgrade information that is subject to the final classification jurisdiction...

5 CFR 1312.31 - Security violations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... States Secret Service when an office/division fails to properly secure classified information. Upon... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Security violations. 1312.31 Section 1312..., DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Control and Accountability of...

5 CFR 1312.12 - Security Program Review Committee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and Declassification of National Security Information § 1312.12 Security Program Review Committee. The... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Security Program Review Committee. 1312...

Fibrin glue for pilonidal sinus disease.

PubMed

Lund, Jon; Tou, Samson; Doleman, Brett; Williams, John P

2017-01-13

Pilonidal sinus disease is a common condition that mainly affects young adults. This condition can cause significant pain and impairment of normal activities. No consensus currently exists on the optimum treatment for pilonidal sinus and current therapies have various advantages and disadvantages. Fibrin glue has emerged as a potential treatment as both monotherapy and an adjunct to surgery. To assess the effects of fibrin glue alone or in combination with surgery compared with surgery alone in the treatment of pilonidal sinus disease. In December 2016 we searched: the Cochrane Wounds Specialised Register; CENTRAL; MEDLINE; Embase and CINAHL Plus. We also searched clinical trials registries and conference proceedings for ongoing and unpublished studies and scanned reference lists to identify additional studies. There were no restrictions with respect to language, date of publication or study setting. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) only. We included studies involving participants of all ages and studies conducted in any setting. We considered studies involving people with both new and recurrent pilonidal sinus. We included studies which evaluated fibrin glue monotherapy or as an adjunct to surgery. Two study authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We used standard methods expected by Cochrane. We included four RCTs with 253 participants, all were at risk of bias. One unpublished study evaluated fibrin glue monotherapy compared with Bascom's procedure, two studies evaluated fibrin glue as an adjunct to Limberg flap and one study evaluated fibrin glue as an adjunct to Karydakis flap.For fibrin glue monotherapy compared with Bascom's procedure, there were no data available for the primary outcomes of time to healing and adverse events. There was low-quality evidence of less pain on day one after the procedure with fibrin glue monotherapy compared with Bascom's procedure (mean difference (MD) -2.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) -4.03 to -0.97) (evidence downgraded twice for risk of performance and detection bias). Fibrin glue may reduce the time taken to return to normal activities compared with Bascom's procedure (mean time 42 days with surgery and 7 days with glue, MD -34.80 days, 95% CI -66.82 days to -2.78 days) (very low-quality evidence, downgraded as above and for imprecision).Fibrin glue as an adjunct to the Limberg flap may reduce the healing time from 22 to 8 days compared with the Limberg flap alone (MD -13.95 days, 95% CI -16.76 days to -11.14 days) (very low-quality evidence, downgraded twice for risk of selection, performance and detection bias and imprecision). It is uncertain whether use of fibrin glue affects the incidence of postoperative seroma (an adverse event) (risk ratio (RR) 0.27, 95% CI 0.05 to 1.61; very low-quality evidence, downgraded twice for risk of selection, performance and detection bias and imprecision). There was low-quality evidence that fibrin glue, as an adjunct to Limberg flap, may reduce postoperative pain (median 2 versus 4; P < 0.001) and time to return to normal activities (median 8 days versus 17 days; P < 0.001). The addition of fibrin glue to the Limberg flap may reduce the length of hospital stay (MD -1.69 days, 95% CI -2.08 days to -1.29 days) (very low-quality evidence, downgraded twice for risk of selection, performance and detection bias and for unexplained heterogeneity).A single RCT evaluating fibrin glue as an adjunct to the Karydakis flap did not report data for the primary outcome of time to healing. It is uncertain whether fibrin glue with the Karydakis flap affects the incidence of postoperative seroma (adverse event) (RR 3.00, 95% CI 0.67 to 13.46) (very low-quality evidence, downgraded twice for risk of selection, performance and detection bias and for imprecision). Fibrin glue as an adjunct to Karydakis flap may reduce length of stay but this is highly uncertain (mean 2 days versus 3.7 days; P < 0.001, low-quality evidence downgraded twice for risk of selection, performance and detection bias). Current evidence is uncertain regarding any benefits associated with fibrin glue either as monotherapy or as an adjunct to surgery for people with pilonidal sinus disease. We identified only four RCTs and each was small and at risk of bias resulting in very low-quality evidence for the primary outcomes of time to healing and adverse events. Future studies should enrol many more participants, ensure adequate randomisation and blinding, whilst measuring clinically relevant outcomes.

28 CFR 17.27 - Declassification and downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Section 17.27 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE CLASSIFIED NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION AND... 32 CFR 2001, subpart E, and applicable internal Department of Justice direction provided by the... classification or create any substantive or procedural rights subject to judicial review. (d) Each component...

28 CFR 17.27 - Declassification and downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Section 17.27 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE CLASSIFIED NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION AND... 32 CFR 2001, subpart E, and applicable internal Department of Justice direction provided by the... classification or create any substantive or procedural rights subject to judicial review. (d) Each component...

28 CFR 17.27 - Declassification and downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Section 17.27 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE CLASSIFIED NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION AND... 32 CFR 2001, subpart E, and applicable internal Department of Justice direction provided by the... classification or create any substantive or procedural rights subject to judicial review. (d) Each component...

28 CFR 17.27 - Declassification and downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Section 17.27 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE CLASSIFIED NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION AND... 32 CFR 2001, subpart E, and applicable internal Department of Justice direction provided by the... classification or create any substantive or procedural rights subject to judicial review. (d) Each component...

28 CFR 17.27 - Declassification and downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Section 17.27 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE CLASSIFIED NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION AND... 32 CFR 2001, subpart E, and applicable internal Department of Justice direction provided by the... classification or create any substantive or procedural rights subject to judicial review. (d) Each component...

Jamming Signal Reduction in Spread Spectrum Systems.

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-04-26

the addition of an appropriate equalizer netowrk . The original signal and the estimate of the jamming signal are matched and added by a resistor...ADDRESS(SI different from Controllln~ OWce) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) Unclassified IS.. OECLASSIFICATION /DOWNGRAD IHO SCHEDULE $6. DISTRIB

Quantifying the extent of protected-area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement in Australia.

PubMed

Cook, Carly N; Valkan, Rebecca S; Mascia, Michael B; McGeoch, Melodie A

2017-10-01

The use of total area protected as the predominant indicator of progress in building protected area (PA) networks is receiving growing criticism. Documenting the full dynamics of PA networks, both in terms of the gains and losses in protection, provides a much more informative approach to tracking progress. To this end, documentation of PA downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) has increased. Studies of PADDD events generally fail to place these losses in the context of gains in protection; therefore, they omit important elements of PA network dynamics. To address this limitation, we used a spatially explicit approach to identify every parcel of land added to and excised from the Australian terrestrial PA network and PAs that had their level of protection changed over 17 years (1997-2014). By quantifying changes in the spatial configuration of the PA network with time-series data (spatial layers for nine separate time steps), ours is the first assessment of the dynamics (increases and decreases in area and level of protection) of a PA network and the first comprehensive assessment of PADDD in a developed country. We found that the Australian network was highly dynamic; there were 5233 changes in area or level of protection over 17 years. Against a background of enormous increases in area protected, we identified over 1500 PADDD events, which affected over one-third of the network, which were largely the result of widespread downgrading of protection. We believe our approach provides a mechanism for robust tracking of trends in the world's PAs through the use of data from the World Database on Protected Areas. However, this will require greater transparency and improved data standards in reporting changes to PAs. © 2017 Society for Conservation Biology.

The new Epstein gleason score classification significantly reduces upgrading in prostate cancer patients.

PubMed

De Nunzio, Cosimo; Pastore, Antonio Luigi; Lombardo, Riccardo; Simone, Giuseppe; Leonardo, Costantino; Mastroianni, Riccardo; Collura, Devis; Muto, Giovanni; Gallucci, Michele; Carbone, Antonio; Fuschi, Andrea; Dutto, Lorenzo; Witt, Joern Heinrich; De Dominicis, Carlo; Tubaro, Andrea

2018-06-01

To evaluate the differences between the old and the new Gleason score classification systems in upgrading and downgrading rates. Between 2012 and 2015, we identified 9703 patients treated with retropubic radical prostatectomy (RP) in four tertiary centers. Biopsy specimens as well as radical prostatectomy specimens were graded according to both 2005 Gleason and 2014 ISUP five-tier Gleason grading system (five-tier GG system). Upgrading and downgrading rates on radical prostatectomy were first recorded for both classifications and then compared. The accuracy of the biopsy for each histological classification was determined by using the kappa coefficient of agreement and by assessing sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value. The five-tier GG system presented a lower clinically significant upgrading rate (1895/9703: 19,5% vs 2332/9703:24.0%; p = .001) and a similar clinically significant downgrading rate (756/9703: 7,7% vs 779/9703: 8%; p = .267) when compared to the 2005 ISUP classification. When evaluating their accuracy, the new five-tier GG system presented a better specificity (91% vs 83%) and a better negative predictive value (78% vs 60%). The kappa-statistics measures of agreement between needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens were poor and good respectively for the five-tier GG system and for the 2005 Gleason score (k = 0.360 ± 0.007 vs k = 0.426 ± 0.007). The new Epstein classification significantly reduces upgrading events. The implementation of this new classification could better define prostate cancer aggressiveness with important clinical implications, particularly in prostate cancer management. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd, BASO ~ The Association for Cancer Surgery, and the European Society of Surgical Oncology. All rights reserved.

5 CFR 1312.4 - Classified designations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and Declassification of National Security Information § 1312.4 Classified designations. (a) Except as provided by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, (42 U.S.C. 2011) or the National Security Act of 1947, as amended...

5 CFR 1312.31 - Security violations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Security violations. 1312.31 Section 1312..., DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Control and Accountability of Classified Information § 1312.31 Security violations. (a) A security violation notice is issued by the United...

5 CFR 511.703 - Retroactive effective date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... CLASSIFICATION UNDER THE GENERAL SCHEDULE Effective Dates of Position Classification Actions or Decisions § 511... if the employee is wrongfully demoted. (b) Downgrading. (1) The effective date of a classification appellate certificate or agency appellate decision can be retroactive only if it corrects a classification...

Tropical Cyclone Report

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-01-01

CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY, BANGKOK LOS ANGELES PUBLIC LIBRARY CHUNG CHENG INSTITUTE, TAIWAN MASS INST OF TECH CITIES SERVICES OIL GAS CORP MCAS FUTENMA CIUDAD ...reached the mountainous oceanic sensible and latent heat sources . The terrain of Laos. system was downgraded to a typhoon at 190600Z, and then to a

The role of automobiles for the future of aluminum recycling.

PubMed

Modaresi, Roja; Müller, Daniel B

2012-08-21

To reach required product qualities with lowest costs, aluminum postconsumer scrap is currently recycled using strategies of downgrading and dilution, due to difficulties in refining. These strategies depend on a continuous and fast growth of the bottom reservoir of the aluminum downgrading cascade, which is formed by secondary castings, mainly used in automotive applications. A dynamic material flow model for the global vehicle system was developed to assess the likelihood, timing, and extent of a potential scrap surplus. The results demonstrate that a continuation of the above-mentioned strategies will lead to a nonrecyclable scrap surplus by around 2018 ± 5 if no additional measures are taken. The surplus could grow to reach a level of 0.4-2 kg/cap/yr in 2050, corresponding to a loss of energy saving potential of 43-240 TWh/yr electricity. Various intervention options for avoiding scrap surplus are discussed. Effective strategies need to include an immediate and rapid penetration of dramatically improved scrap sorting technologies for end-of-life vehicles and other aluminum applications.

In the Eye of the Betrothed: Perceptual Downgrading of Attractive Alternative Romantic Partners.

PubMed

Cole, Shana; Trope, Yaacov; Balcetis, Emily

2016-07-01

People in monogamous relationships can experience a conflict when they interact with an attractive individual. They may have a desire to romantically pursue the new person, while wanting to be faithful to their partner. How do people manage the threat that attractive alternatives present to their relationship goals? We suggest that one way people defend their relationships against attractive individuals is by perceiving the individual as less attractive. In two studies, using a novel visual matching paradigm, we found support for a perceptual downgrading effect. People in relationships perceived threatening attractive individuals as less attractive than did single participants. The effect was exacerbated among participants who were highly satisfied with their current relationships. The studies provide evidence for a perceptual bias that emerges to protect long-term goals. We discuss the findings within the context of a broader theory of motivated perception in the service of self-control. © 2016 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

Fiber glass exposure and human respiratory system cancer risk: lack of evidence persists since 2001 IARC re-evaluation.

PubMed

Marsh, Gary M; Buchanich, Jeanine M; Youk, Ada O

2011-06-01

To determine whether IARC's 2001 decision to downgrade the classification of insulation glass wool from Group 2B to Group 3 remains valid in light of epidemiological evidence reported after 2001. We performed a systematic review of epidemiological evidence regarding respiratory cancer risks in relation to man-made vitreous fiber (MMVF) exposure before and after the 2001 IARC re-evaluation with focus on glass wool exposure and respiratory system cancer. Since 2001, three new community-based, case-control studies, two detailed analyses of existing cohort studies and two reviews/meta-analyses were published. These studies revealed no consistent evidence of an increased respiratory system cancer risk in relation to glass wool exposure. From our evaluation of the epidemiological evidence published since 2001, we conclude that IARC's 2001 decision to downgrade insulation glass wool from Group 2B to Group 3 remains valid. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

14 CFR § 1203.201 - Information security objectives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Information security objectives. § 1203.201 Section § 1203.201 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION... technologies. (e) Provide a timely and effective means for downgrading or declassifying information when the...

Avoiding "Profscam": For Accounting Educators.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dillaway, Manson P.

In partial response to a recent best-seller decrying the so-called "ProfScam" scenario whereby professors downgrade undergraduate teaching in favor of often irrelevant research, the paper offers guidance to accounting faculty seeking to undertake meaningful publishable research. Recommendations are given for four stages in the research process:…

Quantitative Determination of Corrosion Inhibitor Levels in Jet Fuels by HPLC.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-01-06

CLASSIFICATION lb RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS Unclassified None - SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3 DISTRIBJTION/AVAILABILITY OF REPORT DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING...Inst. Pet., 51, 502 pp. 348 - 353 (October 1965). 3. Hillman, D.E., Paul, J.I. and Cobbold , D.G., "Determination of ripeline Corrosion Inhibitor (Hitec E

Feminism and Family.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Elshtain, Jean Bethke

1983-01-01

Radical feminism has done a disservice in its call to women to abandon their traditional family roles. Rather than deny women the meaning that traditional female roles provide, feminists should seek to break down societal values that downgrade these roles and to create a better social environment for family life. (Author/AOS)

22 CFR 301.3 - Action on requests for declassification review.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... declassification to the Peace Corps Classification Review Committee, which shall consist of the Associate Director... designees, together with his or her recommendation for action. (b) Every effort will be made to complete... downgraded as soon as national security considerations permit. If the Classification Review Committee...

5 CFR 1312.28 - Transmission of classified material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Control and... outer covers or envelopes. The inner cover will be sealed and marked with the classification, and the... Confidential material) will be attached to or placed within the inner envelope to be signed by the recipient...

5 CFR 1312.28 - Transmission of classified material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Control and... outer covers or envelopes. The inner cover will be sealed and marked with the classification, and the... Confidential material) will be attached to or placed within the inner envelope to be signed by the recipient...

5 CFR 1312.28 - Transmission of classified material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Control and... outer covers or envelopes. The inner cover will be sealed and marked with the classification, and the... Confidential material) will be attached to or placed within the inner envelope to be signed by the recipient...

5 CFR 1312.28 - Transmission of classified material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Control and... outer covers or envelopes. The inner cover will be sealed and marked with the classification, and the... Confidential material) will be attached to or placed within the inner envelope to be signed by the recipient...

Diagnostic performance of quantitative shear wave elastography in the evaluation of solid breast masses: determination of the most discriminatory parameter.

PubMed

Au, Frederick Wing-Fai; Ghai, Sandeep; Moshonov, Hadas; Kahn, Harriette; Brennan, Cressida; Dua, Hemi; Crystal, Pavel

2014-09-01

The purpose of this article is to assess the diagnostic performance of quantitative shear wave elastography in the evaluation of solid breast masses and to determine the most discriminatory parameter. B-mode ultrasound and shear wave elastography were performed before core biopsy of 123 masses in 112 women. The diagnostic performance of ultrasound and quantitative shear wave elastography parameters (mean elasticity, maximum elasticity, and elasticity ratio) were compared. The added effect of shear wave elastography on the performance of ultrasound was determined. The mean elasticity, maximum elasticity, and elasticity ratio were 24.8 kPa, 30.3 kPa, and 1.90, respectively, for 79 benign masses and 130.7 kPa, 154.9 kPa, and 11.52, respectively, for 44 malignant masses (p < 0.001). The optimal cutoff value for each parameter was determined to be 42.5 kPa, 46.7 kPa, and 3.56, respectively. The AUC of each shear wave elastography parameter was higher than that of ultrasound (p < 0.001); the AUC value for the elasticity ratio (0.943) was the highest. By adding shear wave elastography parameters to the evaluation of BI-RADS category 4a masses, about 90% of masses could be downgraded to BI-RADS category 3. The numbers of downgraded masses were 40 of 44 (91%) for mean elasticity, 39 of 44 (89%) for maximum elasticity, and 42 of 44 (95%) for elasticity ratio. The numbers of correctly downgraded masses were 39 of 40 (98%) for mean elasticity, 38 of 39 (97%) for maximum elasticity, and 41 of 42 (98%) for elasticity ratio. There was improvement in the diagnostic performance of ultrasound of mass assessment with shear wave elastography parameters added to BI-RADS category 4a masses compared with ultrasound alone. Combined ultrasound and elasticity ratio had the highest improvement, from 35.44% to 87.34% for specificity, from 45.74% to 80.77% for positive predictive value, and from 57.72% to 90.24% for accuracy (p < 0.0001). The AUC of combined ultrasound and elasticity ratio (0.914) was the highest compared with the other combined parameters. There was a statistically significant difference in the values of the quantitative shear wave elastography parameters of benign and malignant solid breast masses. By adding shear wave elastography parameters to BI-RADS category 4a masses, we found that about 90% of them could be correctly downgraded to BI-RADS category 3, thereby avoiding biopsy. Elasticity ratio (cutoff, 3.56) appeared to be the most discriminatory parameter.

12 CFR 403.5 - Declassification and downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... classification markings shall be lined through a statement placed on the cover or first page to indicate the... markings on each page shall be cancelled; otherwise, the statement on the cover or first page shall... taken earlier than originally scheduled, or the duration of classification is extended, the authority...

12 CFR 403.5 - Declassification and downgrading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... classification markings shall be lined through a statement placed on the cover or first page to indicate the... markings on each page shall be cancelled; otherwise, the statement on the cover or first page shall... taken earlier than originally scheduled, or the duration of classification is extended, the authority...

The Learning of Complex Speech Act Behaviour.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Olshtain, Elite; Cohen, Andrew

1990-01-01

Pre- and posttraining measurement of adult English-as-a-Second-Language learners' (N=18) apology speech act behavior found no clear-cut quantitative improvement after training, although there was an obvious qualitative approximation of native-like speech act behavior in terms of types of intensification and downgrading, choice of strategy, and…

Trends toward the Future in Physical Activity Programming

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Charles, John M.; Charles, P. Kelly

2016-01-01

In the wake of multiple activity program eliminations and frequent downgrading of activity programs nationwide, the question to be addressed is how we can draw upon our interdisciplinary, intergenerational, and intercultural understandings of human movement to construct physical activity programs for the future that might withstand the test of…

Wall Street Alchemy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cobb, Brian T.; Hanna, John P.

1998-01-01

In the process of restructuring its debt and taking on additional debt, Franklin Pierce College (New Hampshire) accepted the consequences of a downgrade in its investment-grade rating. This resulted in a successful bond sale, with bonds carrying an insured single-A rating. Events leading up to the restructuring and credit issues considered by the…

78 FR 53054 - Radio Broadcasting Services; Chillicothe, Dublin, Hillsboro, and Marion, Ohio

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-28

... FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 47 CFR Part 73 [FCC 13-105; MB Docket No. 02-266; RM-10557... Communications Commission. ACTION: Final rule; application for review. SUMMARY: This document denies an... Channel Communications for the reallotment, downgrade in class of channel, and change of community of...

Photochemistry of Cobalt Carbonyl Complexes having a Cobalt-Silicon Bond and its Importance in Activation of Catalysis.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-08-22

CLASS. (*I *Soi rapeoro 7_ UNCLASSIFIED / ...--J I.. ECk ASSI FICATION/ DOWNGRADING 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thnis Asport) Approved for public...Defense Technical Information Center Attn: Dr. S. Yamamoto, Marine Building 5, Cameron Station Sciences Division Alexandria, Virginia 22314 12 San Diego

The Importance of Employer-Sponsored Job-Related Training.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Medoff, James L.

Employer-sponsored, job-related training as a means of satisfying labor demands has potentially profound implications for the operation of the nation's economic system. The alternatives of bidding for desired workers and downgrading job requirements tend to increase inflation and lessen productivity. Since the end of the 1960's, the ability of…

Examining Two Types of Best Friendship Dissolution during Early Adolescence

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bowker, Julie C.

2011-01-01

This study examined young adolescents' experiences with best friendship dissolution. Participants were 77 sixth-grade students (M age = 11.63 years, SD = 0.36; 11.00-12.69 age range) who reported on past experiences with (1) "complete dissolutions" (when friendship ties are completely severed), and (2) "downgrade dissolutions"…

33 CFR 154.1016 - Facility classification by COTP.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Facility classification by COTP... Facilities § 154.1016 Facility classification by COTP. (a) The COTP may upgrade the classification of: (1) An...) The COTP may downgrade, the classification of: (1) An MTR facility specified in § 154.1015(c) to a...

Personal Oral Narratives in a Special School Curriculum: An Analysis of Key Documents

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grove, Nicola

2014-01-01

Oral narrative is a critical skill for school achievement, for personal relationships and for social participation. However, it is downgraded in current and proposed National Curriculum frameworks, which fail to recognise its significance in development. Schools have flexibility to address the issue, which is of particular importance to pupils…

Women in Military Aircrews: Possible Outlooks for the French Air Force

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-05-01

carefully implemented, because the current all-male environment is likely to be phychologically hostile. However, the system works very well in the... phychological barrier might be as much on the female side (for parochialistic reasons) as on the male side (who would perceive it as "downgrading" to join a

Evaluation of Barrier Cable Impact Pad Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-03-01

INFORMATION CENTER CAMERON STATION ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 22314 Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB...No. 0704-0188 _____________________________________________Exp. Date: Jun 30, 1986 la. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION lb. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS...Unclassified 2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF REPORT 2b. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Approved for public

Composition gradient optimization and electrical characterization of (Pb, Ca)TiO3 thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bao, Dinghua; Mizutani, Nobuyasu; Zhang, Liangying; Yao, Xi

2001-01-01

Compositionally graded (Pb, Ca)TiO3 thin films were prepared by a monoethanolamine-modified sol-gel technique on platinum-coated silicon substrates at the annealing temperature of 600 °C. The composition gradient of the films was greatly improved by a modified annealing method. The dielectric constants, for up-graded and down-graded films annealed at 600 °C for 60 min, were found to be 469 and 355, respectively. Both were larger than those reported for conventional (Pb, Ca)TiO3 thin films. The compositionally graded films had large polarization offsets in hysteresis loops when excited by an alternating electric field. The more smooth the composition gradient of the graded film, the larger the polarization offset. This was consistent with a theoretical model reported previously by Mantese and coworkers [Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 2047 (1997)]. The magnitude of polarization offset displayed a power-law dependence on the electric field, and the direction of the offset depended on the direction of the composition gradient with respect to the substrate. Both up-graded and down-graded films had good leakage current characteristics.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lenie, Koen; Mulier, Guido; Vandorpe, Marc

Safe decontamination is a regular requirement in the lifecycle of a nuclear plant and is integral to the careful maintenance of any nuclear installation for 4 key reasons: - To decrease the risk of radioactive contamination spreading; - To limit the radioactive doses contracted by maintenance personnel; - To limit the radioactive doses incurred during decommissioning; - To downgrade the class of radioactive waste The primary goal of decommissioning is to remove aged and/or contaminated and/or activated components of an installation, safely and securely, in as short a time as possible. There are several reasons why this may be necessary:more » - To eliminate the risk of radioactive contamination spreading; - To eliminate the risk of radiation; - To downgrade a site or a circuit to a point where it no longer is submitted to regular inspection; - To remove installations or parts that are no longer in service or have aged There are many different D and D techniques, tools and materials available today. What is important is knowing how best to use them. This paper describes the experiences and the future projects of Tecnubel in D and D projects in Belgium and abroad. (authors)« less

Disposal of Chemotherapeutic Agent -- Contaminated Waste

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-03-01

RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS 2a SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3 . DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF REPORT 2b. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Approved for Public...AIR .............. 22 INCINERATION SYSTEM 2 CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC WASTE THERMAL ...... 32 DESTRUCTION DISPOSAL SYSTEM 3 FRONT VIEW OF INCINERATION...The Environmental Protection Agency has published a manual (Reference 1) which provides guidelines on handling and 3 disposal of infectious waste from

Paradigm Shifts in the Study of Literature.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Margaret

The current literary tradition observes a canon of hierarchies, a ranking of great writers and genres, that tends to exclude or downgrade women and lower caste males. The response of feminist scholars to this state of affairs falls into two general categories: the first is to find great women authors to fit into the canon on its own terms; the…

Downgrading and Discounting the Qualifications of Migrant Professionals in England: The Case of Overseas-Trained Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Paul Washington

2008-01-01

Highly trained teachers from across the world come to England expecting to practice their profession. These expectations are dashed however, if their qualifications and work experience, gained in their home countries, are not recognised as legitimate by potential employers and accreditation bodies. This type of social situation is the focus of…

Aggressive Neighborhood Watch or Unconventional Threat? The Hungarian Extreme Right-Wing Self-Defense Movements

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-01

financial ills continued with a downgrading of its credit rating to junk status. The EU then suspended payment to Hungary. By the end of the year Hungary...opened political space and attracted even more extremist groups and ideologies. As a result, the emergence of one of their proxies, the Sixty-four

Emotion Talk in Preschool Same-Sex Friendship Groups: Fluidity over Time and Context.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kyratzis, Amy

2001-01-01

Examined "emotion talk" among 3- and 4-year-old peers in a children's center in different contexts over the academic year. Found that the boys' group evolved norms against expression of being scared with norms downgrading girl characteristics. Boys' and girls' groups showed contextual fluidity in expressing emotion and emotion talk that…

The Media Environment of the '90s: A Period of Danger for Newspaper Journalism?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McManus, John

The news media of the 1990s will probably not use videotext systems or three-dimensional holograms to replace the newspaper. Instead, simpler combinations of news media that mimic the characteristics of print may replace advertising in newspapers, causing them to downgrade journalism or increase subscription cost, thereby decreasing circulation…

The Future of Work: Insights, Views, Prospects. Basis-Info: Social Policy. IN Press.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bechtel, Michael

Young people must prepare themselves for lifelong learning and frequent job changes. Optimists predict a new world of work with many creative, interesting, satisfying jobs; pessimists believe society will finally run out of work and foresee unemployment and social downgrading for a majority of people. There are indications at present of both…

Its Cerenkov Radiation

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-01

Report 2b Declassification Downgrading Schedule Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 4 Performing Organization Report Number(s) 5...Monitoring Organization Report Number(s) 6a Name of Performing Organization 6b Office Symbol 7a Name of Monitoring Organization Naval Postraduate School (if... Prodcution Ratio. DS vs. MIT........................ 29 Figure 15. Cerenkov Weights at Detector ........... I.................... 30 Figure 16. Ratio at

Highway Accident Summary Report: Truck Loss Of Braking Control On Steep Downgrade And Collision With A Vehicle Near Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania On April 25, 1996

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-10-17

On April 25, 1996, a truck with a concrete mixer body, unable to stop, proceeded through an intersection and collided with and overrode a passenger car near Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania. The driver of the car was fatally injured, and the truckdrive...

Geographic Information Systems: A Primer

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-10-01

AVAILABILITY OF REPORT Approved for public release; distribution 2b DECLASSjFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE unlimited. 4 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT...utilizing sophisticated integrated databases (usually vector-based), avoid the indirect value coding scheme by recognizing names or direct magnitudes...intricate involvement required by the operator in order to establish a functional coding scheme . A simple raster system, in which cell values indicate

Confinement of Radioactive Materials at Defense Nuclear Facilities

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-10-01

The design of defense nuclear facilities includes systems whose reliable operation is vital to the protection of the public, workers, and the...final safety-class barrier to the release of hazardous materials with potentially serious public consequences. The Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety...the public at certain defense nuclear facilities . This change has resulted in downgrading of the functional safety classification of confinement

Recent Development in Flow Separation.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-05-01

ty nine non -Russian references and seventeen Russian ones, including the USSR experimental investigations. Therefore, only brief remarks on the...number of factors such as quasi -steady changes of the flow regime in multinozzle arrangements or annular jets, the a-onstic jet radiation and non ...NAME & ADDRESS(If different from Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) UNCLASSIFIED 1Sa. DECLASSIFICATION ’DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16

12 CFR Appendix A to Subpart A of... - Appendix A to Subpart A of Part 327

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... one year; • Minimum and maximum downgrade probability cutoff values, based on data from June 30, 2008... rate factor (Ai,T) is calculated by subtracting 0.4 from the four-year cumulative gross asset growth... weighted average of five component ratings excluding the “S” component. Delinquency and non-accrual data on...

The Streambank Erosion Control Evaluation and Demonstration Act of 1974, Section 32, Public Law 93-251. Appendix E. Missouri River Demonstration Projects. Volume 2.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-12-01

ADORIESS(if different ken Controlng Office) * Unclassif ied Ise. Ek*SSFICATION/ DOWNGRADING * 14. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of lite Report) Authorized for...Design 20,O00.00 TOTAL COST $285,000.00 4 *Designated by 1960 River Mileage 5 ** VRF - Windrow Refusal; CR - Composite Revetent; R - Windrow Revetaent, HP

Living Tomorrow... An Inquiry into the Preparation of Young People for Working Life in Europe. 3rd Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Deforge, Ives

Technological advances have created changes in working life. Automation displaces more workers than the service industry can absorb. The jobs that are left are often downgraded from the complexity they have formerly enjoyed. As society becomes more and more automated, unemployment becomes structural. How do we prepare young people for the jobs of…

Managing Chemical & Material Risks

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

Certification Program Acquisition, Technology and Logistics 9 DoD Hexavalent Chromium Risk Reduction Non- Chrome Primer II EXAVAJ ENT CHROM lrUMI...Royal Demolition eXplosive (RDX) • Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine  Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6+) Naphthalene …pending downgrade to watch list Beryllium...T1me (secondo) 700 Acquisition, Technology and Logistics 10 Hexavalent Chromium Risk Management Actions • DoD minimization policy signed April

Production of extreme-purity aluminum and silicon by fractional crystallization processing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dawless, R. K.; Troup, R. L.; Meier, D. L.; Rohatgi, A.

1988-06-01

Large scale fractional crystallization is used commercially at Alcoa to produce extreme purity aluminum (99.999+% Al). The primary market is sputtering targets used to make interconnects for integrated circuits. For some applications the impurities uranium and thorium are reduced to less than 1 ppbw to avoid "soft errors" associated with α particle emission. The crystallization process achieves segregation coefficients which are close to theoretical at normal yields, and this, coupled with the scale of the units, allows practical production of this material. The silicon purification process involves crystallization of Si from molten aluminum alloys containing about 30% silicon. The crystallites from this process are further treated to remove residual Al and an extreme purity ingot is obtained. This material is considered suitable for single crystal or ribbon type photovoltaic cells and for certain IC applications, including highly doped substrates used for epitaxial growth. In production of both extreme purity Al and Si, impurities are rejected to the remaining melt as the crystals form and some separation is achieved by draining this downgraded melt from the unit. Purification of this downgrade by crystallization has also been demonstrated for both systems and is important for achieving high recoveries.

Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted versus open radical prostatectomy for the treatment of localised prostate cancer.

PubMed

Ilic, Dragan; Evans, Sue M; Allan, Christie Ann; Jung, Jae Hung; Murphy, Declan; Frydenberg, Mark

2017-09-12

Prostate cancer is commonly diagnosed in men worldwide. Surgery, in the form of radical prostatectomy, is one of the main forms of treatment for men with localised prostate cancer. Prostatectomy has traditionally been performed as open surgery, typically via a retropubic approach. The advent of laparoscopic approaches, including robotic-assisted, provides a minimally invasive alternative to open radical prostatectomy (ORP). To assess the effects of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy or robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy compared to open radical prostatectomy in men with localised prostate cancer. We performed a comprehensive search using multiple databases (CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE) and abstract proceedings with no restrictions on the language of publication or publication status, up until 9 June 2017. We also searched bibliographies of included studies and conference proceedings. We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with a direct comparison of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) and robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) to ORP, including pseudo-RCTs. Two review authors independently classified studies and abstracted data. The primary outcomes were prostate cancer-specific survival, urinary quality of life and sexual quality of life. Secondary outcomes were biochemical recurrence-free survival, overall survival, overall surgical complications, serious postoperative surgical complications, postoperative pain, hospital stay and blood transfusions. We performed statistical analyses using a random-effects model and assessed the quality of the evidence according to GRADE. We included two unique studies with 446 randomised participants with clinically localised prostate cancer. The mean age, prostate volume, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) of the participants were 61.3 years, 49.78 mL, and 7.09 ng/mL, respectively. Primary outcomes We found no study that addressed the outcome of prostate cancer-specific survival. Based on data from one trial, RARP likely results in little to no difference in urinary quality of life (MD -1.30, 95% CI -4.65 to 2.05) and sexual quality of life (MD 3.90, 95% CI -1.84 to 9.64). We rated the quality of evidence as moderate for both quality of life outcomes, downgrading for study limitations. Secondary outcomes We found no study that addressed the outcomes of biochemical recurrence-free survival or overall survival.Based on one trial, RARP may result in little to no difference in overall surgical complications (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.04) or serious postoperative complications (RR 0.16, 95% CI 0.02 to 1.32). We rated the quality of evidence as low for both surgical complications, downgrading for study limitations and imprecision.Based on two studies, LRP or RARP may result in a small, possibly unimportant improvement in postoperative pain at one day (MD -1.05, 95% CI -1.42 to -0.68 ) and up to one week (MD -0.78, 95% CI -1.40 to -0.17). We rated the quality of evidence for both time-points as low, downgrading for study limitations and imprecision. Based on one study, RARP likely results in little to no difference in postoperative pain at 12 weeks (MD 0.01, 95% CI -0.32 to 0.34). We rated the quality of evidence as moderate, downgrading for study limitations.Based on one study, RARP likely reduces the length of hospital stay (MD -1.72, 95% CI -2.19 to -1.25). We rated the quality of evidence as moderate, downgrading for study limitations.Based on two study, LRP or RARP may reduce the frequency of blood transfusions (RR 0.24, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.46). Assuming a baseline risk for a blood transfusion to be 8.9%, LRP or RARP would result in 68 fewer blood transfusions per 1000 men (95% CI 78 fewer to 48 fewer). We rated the quality of evidence as low, downgrading for study limitations and indirectness.We were unable to perform any of the prespecified secondary analyses based on the available evidence. All available outcome data were short-term and we were unable to account for surgeon volume or experience. There is no high-quality evidence to inform the comparative effectiveness of LRP or RARP compared to ORP for oncological outcomes. Urinary and sexual quality of life-related outcomes appear similar.Overall and serious postoperative complication rates appear similar. The difference in postoperative pain may be minimal. Men undergoing LRP or RARP may have a shorter hospital stay and receive fewer blood transfusions. All available outcome data were short-term, and this study was unable to account for surgeon volume or experience.

Combating land degradation: the potential of soil reconversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tobias, Silvia; Conen, Franz; Duss, Adrian; Wenzel, Leonore; Buser, Christine; Alewell, Christine

2017-04-01

Land degradation is usually not seen as a major problem in industrialised countries, although continuous soil sealing for human settlements and infrastructure entails the loss of agricultural land, landscape fragmentation and the loss of natural habitats. In many European countries, land-take on greenfields is unbowed, while, at the same time, there is a considerable number of unused brownfields, like abandoned rail yards and industrial or military sites. In addition, many new by-pass roads have been constructed to take up the volume of traffic and unburden the towns and villages from traffic emissions, but the old roads are rarely downgraded or reconverted and risk being used as shortcuts. Today the sealed area exceeds the requirements of the current generation and contributes to degraded land with heavily disturbed soil-borne ecosystem services. Soil reconversion, i.e. replacing a sealed surface with soil to restore ecosystem services, could mitigate this unsustainable trend that restricts the options of future generations. This contribution discusses the potential and challenges of soil reconversion to reduce net soil loss. The expanses of brownfield area vary between countries, whereas the rate of new soil sealing is still high in most countries and soil reconversion should be considered more. Our research revealed that the current techniques enable successful restoration of agricultural soils and pioneer habitats on site. However, reconverting single small areas can hardly mitigate landscape fragmentation at a regional scale. The same principle prevails as for soil sealing, but in the inverse way: the benefit of soil reconversion may appear small for single cases, but in the sum soil reconversion might be effective. Today, many brownfield areas stay sealed because of economic and political reasons, or because the potential benefit from restoring ecosystem services at these brownfield sites is not known. We developed a mapping approach to assess the potential performance of ecosystem services on several industrial brownfield sites in Switzerland. This mapping method provides more tangible information about potential ecosystem service performance, which could support political decision making on the re-use of brownfields. We will present the examples of soil reconversion we investigated and identify the obstacles of soil reconversion. We will further discuss approaches to promote more soil reconversion by means of current or new policy instruments.

Social Climate Indicators for the U.S. Army

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-08-01

based on a secondary analysis of the 1978 Army Life study . Sample: Subjects from 8,1.40 personnel assigned to 60 different battalions. Summary...disillusionment: Its effect on Urion inthe nited States Navy. (AD-A127 311). Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School. Description: This study ... ON AUTHORIlY 3. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILiTY OF REPORT --. _Approved for public releas,’ 1b. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE distribution is

High Endoatmospheric Defense Interceptor (HEDI) Technology Testing Program Environmental Assessment

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-05-31

FICATION I DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE UNLIMITED 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER( S ) S . MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER( S ) 6a. NAME OF...Technology Testing Program Environmental Asessment (U’. 12. PERSONAL AUTHOR( S ) HEDI Environmental Assessment Team, Mr. Dru Barrineau, Chairman. 13a...was the application of assessment criteria to identify test activities deemed to present no S -1 potential for significant environmental consequences

An Experimental Test of a Model for Decision Strategy Selection

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-12-01

University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 1l. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE Organizational Effectiveness Research Programg... Controlling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS, (of this report) UNCLASSI FIED 15. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report... Equivalence Interval Decision Maker Cost Curve Strategy Cost Expected Net Utility Effect of the Value of the Perceived Strategy Da ision Strategies Decision on

Cannabis Reclassification: What Is the Message to the Next Generation of Cannabis Users?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McCrystal, Patrick; Winning, Kerry

2009-01-01

At the beginning of 2004 the UK government downgraded the legal status of cannabis from a Class B to a Class C drug. Following a review of this decision two years later, cannabis remained a Class C substance--which for some contrasted with the potential harmful social and health effects associated with its use, particularly for young people. These…

Alternative Missions for the Army

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-07-17

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 1.1I1 H I I BILITY OF REPORT 2b. DECLASSIFICATION /DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Approved for public release; H ict-ri hiit ...construction, health care, transportation, and law enforcement. - Because they are already located in over 5,000 communities throughout the nation, the...various railway surveys. effectively building the nations first railroad, and also developed the cour.irys water resources through building or improving

The use (and misuse) of archaeological salmon data to infer historical abundance in North America with a focus on New England

Treesearch

Stephen F. Jane; Keith H. Nislow; Andrew R. Whiteley

2014-01-01

Information about historical animal or plant abundance often either explicitly or implicitly informs current conservation practice. If it can be shown that an organism was not historically abundant in a region, its conservation importance may be downgraded. In contrast to abundant archaeological support for historic importance of salmon in the Pacific Northwest,...

U.S. Coast Guard Fleet Mix Planning: A Decision Support System Prototype

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-03-01

91-16785 Al ’ 1 1 1 Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ThIS PAGE REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE I L REPORTSECURITY CLASSIFICATION lb. RESTRICTIVE...MARKINGS Unclassified 2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. DISTRIBUTION/ AVAILABITY OF REPORT Approved for public release; distribution is inlimited...2b. DECIASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 6a. NAME OF

Telemetry Attributes Transfer Standard (TMATS) Handbook

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-01-01

information regarding the project’s security classification guide and/or downgrading information should be provided as a comment. (G\\ COM ) G\\SC:U; The...96TH TEST WING 412TH TEST WING ARNOLD ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT COMPLEX NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION This page intentionally...TMATS) Handbook, RCC Document 124-17, January 2017 v Figure 2-16. “Look and Feel” D-Group Engine Temperature Measurement Example XML

Integration of Detectors with Optical Waveguide Structures.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-05-15

OECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE ____ ___ ___ ___ __ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ None If. DISTRIBUTION STATEMNT (of Ole RepOr) Approved for public...The polysilicon gate of the depletion mode MOSFET is boron doped and it is covered by a thermally grown silicon dioxide layer on the top. of the... polysilicon electrode. The wafer then undergoes hydrogen annealing with 24 1/min. hydrogen at 10000C for 30 minutes. The boron impurities which are already

Cardio-Pulmonary Response to Shock.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-02-01

Maryland 21701 ( Contract No. DANID17-78-C-8026 Harvard Medical School 25 Shattuck St. D Boston, Massachusetts 02115 E L - C T E APR 16 1W84 Approved for...Controlling Offce) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of this repot) ISa. DECL ASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of AdU Repoft) Approved...Circulating Negative Inotropes 1. Depressed left ventricular function following pulmonary embolism 2. Thromboxane mediation of cardio-pulmonary effects

Terrestrial Biological Inventory Hartwell Drainage and Levee District Greene County, Illinois.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-01-01

Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of this rePOrt) ISa. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Ś. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of oile R po) Approved for release...trees are less than 25 cm dbh; cottonwood, pin oak. Understory - 65% cover. Hackberry, flowering dogwood, smooth sumac, poison ivy, trumpet creeper...30% cover; slippery elm, smooth sumac, hackberry, hawthorn, flowering dogwood. Groundcover - 40% cover; violet, white avens, heal-all, wheat

Emergency Warning Systems. Part 2. Warning Systems - Evaluation Guidelines.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-07-01

ELEMENT. PROJECT. TASK AREA A WORK UNIT NUMBERS PRC Voorhees Work Unit 2234G 1500 Planning Research Drive McLean, Virginia 22102 ___ 11. CONTROLLING ...different from Controlling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) Unclassified 15a. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION...systems that control these warning systems are discussed. Test results of several warning systems are included along with a discussion of sound

Pattern Recognition of Cardiovascular and Psychomotor Variability in Response to Pharmacological Agent.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-06-10

research. 7. A. Sleep research, chronobiology , and performance research have developed as three separate areas, but there is (and should be) growing...and Oxygen Uptake Response to performance of Xarate Kata, Journal ot Sports Medicine, Vol. 22, 1982. (6] D.A. Sideris, J.N. Nanas, S.Thomakos, and...DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER

Field Verification Program (Aquatic Disposal). The Assessment of Black Rock Harbor Dredged Material Impacts on Laboratory Population Responses.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-07-01

report describes work performed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Environmental Research Laboratory, Narragansett, R. I. (ERLN), as...of the use 2 such commercial prodluc!s TheP 0-series of reports includes Qubiicatiors Environmental Effects of Dredclng Proqramrs Dredg:ng Operations...public release; distribution 2b DECLASSIFICATION /DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE unlimited. 4 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) S MONITORING

Expert Computer Systems for Missile Maintenance.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-08-09

ADDRESS(II different from Controlling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of thl report) Unclassified 1Sa. DECL ASSI FICATION/ DOWNGRADING - SCHEDULE I...circuit, and with the diagnostic methods used by the technicians responsible for maintain- ing it, we decided that we should visit Owego. On October 20...This trip was useful in several respects: 1. Insight was gained into the methods used by the technicians to diagnose a faulty circuit. 2. We learned what

The USAF Academy Honor System.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-04-01

Dec 1986, p. H- 8 . 3. Hosmer, Clark, Colonel (Retired), USAF. Personal Interview, 29 September 1987. 4 . Maus, Steven A. Cadet Wing Honor Education...the basic procedures of the Honor System. A. Strongly Agree 8 % B. Agree 53% C. Neutral 21% D. Disagree 14% E. Strongly Disagree 4 % 28. It is possible...DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF REPORT STATEMENT "A" 2b. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Approved for public release; Distribution is unlimited. 4

A Case Study on the Need for and Availability of Patient Tracking Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

Information Carrier RFID Radio Frequency Infrared Device TacMedCS The Tactical Medical Coordination System TATRC Army’s Telemedicine and Advanced...mph near Buras-Triumph, Louisiana.4 At landfall, hurricane-force winds extended outward 120 miles from the center of the storm. Katrina maintained...hurricane force winds to Meridian, Mississippi more than 150 miles inland. Katrina was downgraded to a tropical depression near Clarksville

Financial Assessment for Senior Military Officers

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-03-30

CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE U.S. Army War College April 1990 Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013-5050 13. NUMBEROF PAGES 97 14. MONITORING...AGENCY NAME & AOORESS(If different from Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) Unclassified ISa. DECL ASSI FICATI ON/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE...Equity. Since it is usually difficult to obtain second mortgages on non -residential property the second way of calculating the ’net value increase

A Study of Non-Economic Motivational Practice for Non-Professional Key Civilian Employees of Naval Medical Facilities.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-04-01

AVAILABILITY OF REPORT I Approved for public release; !b. DECLASSIFICATION I DOWNGRADING SCHEDIJLE Distribution unlimited 4, PERFORMING ORGANIZATION...REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 6.. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION...1 *Maslows’ Hierarcy of Needs .. ............. 11 Herzherqs’ Motivator - Hygiene Theory .. .........14 Vrooms ’ Fxpectancy Theory

Atropine’s Effects upon the Heart and Its Systemic Output,

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-01-01

CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF REPORT 2b. DECLASSIFICATION /DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Unlimited 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT...NUMBER(S) S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) WRAIR ET-86-1 6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b OFFICE SYMBOL 7a NAME OF MONITORING...review of atropine’s effects upon sweat production abatement and the related consequences to exercise performance in humans, horses and dogs appears

Reassessing the conservation status of the giant panda using remote sensing.

PubMed

Xu, Weihua; Viña, Andrés; Kong, Lingqiao; Pimm, Stuart L; Zhang, Jingjing; Yang, Wu; Xiao, Yi; Zhang, Lu; Chen, Xiaodong; Liu, Jianguo; Ouyang, Zhiyun

2017-11-01

The conservation status of the iconic giant panda is a barometer of global conservation efforts. The IUCN Red List has downgraded the panda's extinction risk from "endangered" to "vulnerable". Newly obtained, detailed GIS and remotely sensed data applied consistently over the last four decades show that panda habitat covered less area and was more fragmented in 2013 than in 1988 when the species was listed as endangered.

Operational Commanders: It’s Time to Take Command...of the Media

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-02-03

media companies should only send experienced military reporters to cover U.S. forces. This policy may even raise the journalistic standards of...2. Security Classification Authority: 3. Declassification/Downgrading Schedule: 4. Distribution/Availability of Report : DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A...Ausiello, USN 10.Type of Report : FINAL 11. Date of Report : 03 February 2003 12.Page Count: 20 12A Paper Advisor (if any): 13.Supplementary Notation

A Comparative Study of Management System between the U.S. and Korea.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-09-01

PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93943 I. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT... Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) Unclassified 0 1Sa. DECLASSIFICATION’ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. OISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report...Now, however, research on leadership, management and organization provides a more stable hcdy of knowledge. Manajement practice can be hasel on

Meta-Analysis of Integrity Tests: A Critical Examination of Validity Generalization and Moderator Variables.

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-06-01

predicting both job performance and counterproductive behaviors on the job such as theft, disciplinary problems, and absenteeism . Validities were found to...DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 4 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 92-1 6a NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Universi+y of Iowa...be generalizable. The estimated mean operational predictive validity of integrity tests for supervisory ratings of job performance is .41. For the

A Study of the General Performance Appraisal System at Tripler Army Medical Center

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-08-01

DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. YONITORINJ3 RGANIZATN REPRT NUMBER(S) Approvec? ?or pub c r ease; 143-88...GROUP SUB-GROUP Hea are Performance Appraisal A+, BSTRACT (Continueon reverse if necessary and iglentify by block number) *hls study examined the...reliatonship between performance rating level and attitudes about the General Performance Appraisal System. A survey of the attitudes about the General

40 CFR 80.527 - Under what conditions may motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard be...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Under what conditions may motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard be downgraded to motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 500 ppm sulfur standard? 80.527 Section 80.527 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUE...

40 CFR 80.527 - Under what conditions may motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard be...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Under what conditions may motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard be downgraded to motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 500 ppm sulfur standard? 80.527 Section 80.527 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUE...

40 CFR 80.527 - Under what conditions may motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard be...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Under what conditions may motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard be downgraded to motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 500 ppm sulfur standard? 80.527 Section 80.527 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUE...

40 CFR 80.527 - Under what conditions may motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard be...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Under what conditions may motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard be downgraded to motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 500 ppm sulfur standard? 80.527 Section 80.527 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUE...

40 CFR 80.527 - Under what conditions may motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard be...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Under what conditions may motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard be downgraded to motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 500 ppm sulfur standard? 80.527 Section 80.527 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUE...

Implications of the Budgeting Process on State-of-the-Art (SOA) Extensions.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-12-01

CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3 DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY OF REPORT Approved for public release; Zb DECLASSiFICATION1DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Distribution is...PROGRAM PROJECT TASK WORK UNIT ELEMENT NO. NO NO ACCESSION NO 11. TITLE (Include Security Classification ) IMPLICATIONS OF THE BUDGETING PROCESS ON STATE...20 DISTRIBUTIONAVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 21 ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 0 UNCLASSIFIED,UNLIMI"ED 0 SAME AS RPT QJ DTIC USERS UNCLASSIFIED 22a

Annual Report on Awards (1982). Graduate and Postdoctoral Fellowships, Postdoctoral Research Associateships.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-07-01

report) UNCLASSIFIED ISa. DECLASSI FICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report) APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION...manpower is national. Knowledge, with the more effective development and utilization of especially basic knowledge, is part of the public domain, the... publication Career Achievements of NSF Graduate tional Research Council’s tradition is even longer: the Fellows: The Awardees of 1952-1972, the result of

Investigating the Utility of Coupling Cocomo with a System Dynamics Simulation of Software Development

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-09-01

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT by Richard W. Smith September, 1991 Thesis Advisor: Tarek K. Abdel-Hamid Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited...REPORT Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 2b DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 4 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) S...exhausted SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS P (it All other edttiois are obsotete U NCLASSIFIE) Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

ERDYM: Economic Recovery Dynamics Model. Volume 1. Modifications and Simulations.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-05-01

Pacific Northwest Laboratories AEAOKNTUSR P.O. Bx 999FEMA Work Unit 4342-D * Richland, Washington 99352 I. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12...dleu.,m, hft Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of thls report) Unclassified I 1a. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION...rationinq and wage and price controls . 2.6.1 Economic Role of Government Revenues * The representation of government financinq in ERDYM is straiqhtfoward. 9

A Systems Approach to Military Construction.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-11-01

Unclassi fled I150. OECL ASSI F1C ATI ON/ DOWNGRADING I SCHEDULE IS. DISYR1EUTION STATEMENT (ot this Repo"t) Approved for public release; distribution...30 Procurement Alternatives 30 Design Alternatives 33 Preconcept Control Data 34 AE Selection Procedure 36 Scheduling 40 Cost Estimating 44 4...data, scheduling , and cost estimating. The objectives of project coordination for a systems-oriented project do not differ from those of a

A Multiple Linear Regression Model for Predicting Zone A Retention by Military Occupational Specialty.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-09-01

OF REPORT Approved for public release; distribution 2b DECLASSIFICATION /DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE is unlimited. 4 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S...S MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 6a NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION (If applicable...ORGAIZATION (If applicable) 8c ADDRESS(Ciry, State, ard ZIPCode) 10 SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS PROGRAM PROJECT TASK WORK UNIT ELEMENT NO INO NO ACCESSION

12 CFR Appendix A to Subpart A of... - Method to Derive Pricing Multipliers and Uniform Amount

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... explanatory variables (regressors) in the model are six financial ratios and a weighted average of the “C,” “A,” “M,” “E” and “L” component ratings. The six financial ratios included in the model are: • Tier 1... downgraded to 3 or worse within 3 to 12 months from time T. The risk measures are financial ratios as defined...

12 CFR Appendix A to Subpart A of... - Method to Derive Pricing Multipliers and Uniform Amount

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... explanatory variables (regressors) in the model are six financial ratios and a weighted average of the “C,” “A,” “M,” “E” and “L” component ratings. The six financial ratios included in the model are: • Tier 1... downgraded to 3 or worse within 3 to 12 months from time T. The risk measures are financial ratios as defined...

12 CFR Appendix A to Subpart A of... - Method to Derive Pricing Multipliers and Uniform Amount

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... explanatory variables (regressors) in the model are six financial ratios and a weighted average of the “C,” “A,” “M,” “E” and “L” component ratings. The six financial ratios included in the model are: • Tier 1... downgraded to 3 or worse within 3 to 12 months from time T. The risk measures are financial ratios as defined...

Non-Discretionary Access Control for Decentralized Computing Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-05-01

Semaphores are inherently read-write objects to all users. Reed and Kanodia <Reed77> propose a scheme for process synchronization using...Capabilities 84 8.2.4.4 UNIX Style Naming 85 8.2.5 Garbage Collection 86 8.3 Synchronization Without Writing 87 9. Downgrading Information 89 9.1...intruder could not follow the rapid exchange of messages and would be unable to extract information. Farber and Larsen describe synchronization and

LOGAM (Logistic Analysis Model). Volume 3. Technical/Programmer Manual.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-08-01

ADDRESS(If different from Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) UNCLASS IF I ED IS. DECL ASSI FICATI ON/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16...It different from Report) S0. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES It. KEY WOROS (Continue an rvereoe side It necesary end identify by block numiber) Logistics... different even though the concepts developed have the same support levels. For example, lets assume one wants to model a typical 4 level maintenance concept

Practical Issues in Having a Usable Library of Software Specifications.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-03-01

Specifications* DEC 1 5 1981 Ralph M. Weischedel H Department of Computer & Information Sciences University of Delaware Newark, DE 19711 *Research sponsored by...AREA 6 WORK UNIT NUMBERS University of Delaware I Newark, DE 19711 61102F 2304/A2 11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE Air Force...Irom Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) UNCLASSIFIED ISa. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDu LE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of

Examining the Effect of Transverse Motion on Retinal Biometric Identifiers Relating to Shipboard Security Mechanisms

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-03-01

CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEZ-~-ft! -q 1 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE a REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION lb. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS . UNCLASSIFIED """ a. SECURITY...CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3 DISTRiBUTION(/AVAILABILITY OF REPORT Approved for public release; 2b. DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE distribution...is un 1 im i ted 4 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPOR•r NUMBER(S) j a.NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 16b

Summary of Dynamic Analyses of Selected NSS Buildings.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-07-01

AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS SRI International! Menlo Park, California 94025 FEMA Work Unit 1151D 12. REPORT DATE 13. NO. OF PAGES 11. CONTROLLING OFFICE...ADDRESS (if deff. I’Om Controlling Office) , 1-,7 77 15a. DECLASSIFICATION /DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this report) Approved for... control the final dynamic failure mechanism when there is adequate anchorage to assure full devel- * opment of the tensile membrane mode. The "/s" case

Microcomputer Polling Improvements for AFSATCOM.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-06-01

AGENCY NAME A AODRESS(il differ~,.ru C~ntrolling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) 2/’ .iUNCLASSI FIED 1/ 5a. DECLASSIFICATION DOWNGRADING...enhance (over) DD I1JAN 73 1473, UNCLASSIFIED - ~~~ SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Dots Enterd’I.. SECURITY CLASSIaICATION OF THIS PAGE(ahnm...Data Entered) 20. ABSTRACT (Continued) /7 hetting capabilities for the satellite-user community /V 4. UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE

Effect of drying temperature on warp and downgrade of 2 by 4's from small-diameter ponderosa pine

Treesearch

William T. Simpson

2004-01-01

Kiln drying at high temperature may reduce warp in dimension lumber sawn from small-diameter trees. In this study, we examined the effect on warp of high drying temperatures in conjunction with top loading immediately after drying and after storage in typical conditions that result in further moisture loss. Eight-foot-long 2- by 4-in. (2 by 4) boards sawn from open-...

A History of Army Aviation, 1950-1962. Phase 2: 1955-1962

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-11-01

belief that this probably would be the largest fixed wing aircraft capable of operation in forward areas and that it would be an economical and...opera- tions. CONARC on 18 September pointed out that the aero reconnais- sance concept differed from the SKY CAV concept in tactics and techniques...disclosed numerous inequities . Accordingly, CONARC recommended up- gradings or downgradings of aviator spaces in twenty of the TOE’s. 18 For a

Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-30

8217 ’ b o t5D&(( Irff irent from Controlling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) 1< ; ~ / 1-j~. Unclassified 1S. DECLASSI FI CATION/DOWNGRADING...level in industrial sludge without any prior chromatogaphic or wet chemical separation of this comolex matrix. D. F. Hunt, J. Shabanowitz, and A. B ...Analytical Cheristry, April 1979 12)D. F. Hunt , J. Shabanowitz, and A. B . Giordani, Collision Activated Decompositions or Megative Ions in a Triple Quadrupole

Phase Equilibria and Transition in Mixtures of a Homopolymer and a Block Copolymer. I. Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Study.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-03-08

tlh repow ) !Unclassified lie. DECLASSI FICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT ( of this Report) Distribution Unlimited, Approved for...a block copolymer can sometimes be transformed into a homogeneous, disordered structure. The tem- perature of the transition depends on the degree of ...probably that the morphology is gradually transformed from spherical to cylindrical and eventually to lamellar packing. There is, however, no evidence of

Distribution and Characterization of Antigens Found in Subcellular Fractions of African Trypanosomes.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-08-01

CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY OF REPORT 2b. DECLASSIFICATION / DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S...S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION University of...was passed through the column using a peristaltic pump adjusted to flow rate of 8.0 ml/h. To allow full binding of sugar residues to lectin the eluent

Integrating Distributed Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Databases: Prototypes. Volume 3.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-12-01

Integrating Distributed3 Institute of Teholg Homogeneous and -Knowledge-Based eeokn usDtb e: Integrated Information Pooye Systems Engineering Pooye (KBIISE...Transportation Systems Center, December 1987 Broadway, NIA 02142 13. NUMBER OF PAGES IT ~ *n~1~ ArFre 218 Pages 14. kW rSi dTfrn front N Gr~in Office) IS...SECURITY CLASS. (of thie report) Transportation Systems Center, Unclassified Broadway, MA 02142 I5a. DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION

General Purpose Electronic Test Equipment (GPETE) Acquisition Considerations for Automated Calibration.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-06-01

of this repat) U7NCLASSIFIED ISo. OECLASSI PICATION/i DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE IS, OIS? UUTION STATEMENT (fo Sie ftepoe) Approved for public release...26 1. GPETS Initial Outfitt ng (GINO) ..... 26 2. GPETE End Item Replacement (GEIR) * . . 27 D. GINO REQUIREMENTS DETERMINYATION .. . . . 28 E...interval of a sample of 305 GPETE items increased from 8.8 tc 13.6 months. The estimated annual savings resui- ng from this increase was 18.000

ISIS: A System for Fault-Tolerant Distributed Computing

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-04-01

SECURITY CLASSIMCMTIQN OP THIS PACIE S REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE /|^/f /^ ^^O mA \\ la REPORT SICUWTY CLASSIFICATION IS C...Mirrmteil hv me DHtense ^ilsanced ii.ttheiin n Pfnitcts Auftwv IüOD’ iiiuct \\RP\\ inier S .]7H. i ntin’ \\lt)A9<i;MS-( olj;. m<l bv ihe...DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 3 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF REPORT Approved for Public Release Distribution Unlimited i PERFORMING ORGANUATION REPORT NUMBER( S

Proceedings of the Expert Systems Workshop Held in Pacific Grove, California on 16-18 April 1986

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-04-18

13- NUMBER OF PAGES 197 N IS. SECURITY CLASS, (ol Mm raport) UNCLASSIFIED I5a. DECLASSIFI CATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION...are distributed and parallel. * - Features unimplemented at present; scheduled for phase 2. Table 1-1: Key design characteristics of ABE 2. a...data structuring techniques and a semi- deterministic scheduler . A program for the DF framework consists of a number of independent processing modules

Feasibility Report and Environmental Assessment Nogales Wash and Tributaries.Nogales, Arizona (Revision)

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-09-07

Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of the report) Unclassified IS.. DECLASSIIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of th,. Report... SCHEDULE 5-19 L. ECCNCV!, I EVALUATION 5-19 M. NATIONAL ECONCMIC DEELOPMEN 5-19 N. RECOMMENDED PLAN 5-2C VI. PLAN IMPLEIENTATION 6-1 A. DIVISION OF PLAN...the possibility of flash flooding while residents sleep . 2. Historical Flood Damages The twin cities of Nogales, Arizona and Nogales, Sonora have a

Mitigating adverse event reporting bias in spine surgery.

PubMed

Auerbach, Joshua D; McGowan, Kevin B; Halevi, Marci; Gerling, Michael C; Sharan, Alok D; Whang, Peter G; Maislin, Greg

2013-08-21

Recent articles in the lay press and literature have raised concerns about the ability to report honest adverse event data from industry-sponsored spine surgery studies. To address this, clinical trials may utilize an independent Clinical Events Committee (CEC) to review adverse events and readjudicate the severity and relatedness accordingly. We are aware of no prior study that has quantified either the degree to which investigator bias is present in adverse event reporting or the effect that an independent CEC has on mitigating this potential bias. The coflex Investigational Device Exemption study is a prospective randomized controlled trial comparing coflex (Paradigm Spine) stabilization with lumbar spinal fusion to treat spinal stenosis and spondylolisthesis. Investigators classified the severity of adverse events (mild, moderate, or severe) and their relationship to the surgery and device (unrelated, unlikely, possibly, probably, or definitely). An independent CEC, composed of three spine surgeons without affiliation to the study sponsor, reviewed and reclassified all adverse event reports submitted by the investigators. The CEC reclassified the level of severity, relation to the surgery, and/or relation to the device in 394 (37.3%) of 1055 reported adverse events. The proportion of adverse events that underwent reclassification was similar in the coflex and fusion groups (37.9% compared with 36.0%, p = 0.56). The CEC was 5.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6 to 10.7) times more likely to upgrade than downgrade the adverse event. The CEC was 7.3 (95% CI, 5.1 to 10.6) times more likely to upgrade than downgrade the relationship to the surgery and 11.6 (95% CI, 7.5 to 18.8) times more likely to upgrade than downgrade the relationship to the device. The status of the investigator's financial interest in the company had little effect on the reclassification of adverse events. Thirty-seven percent of adverse events were reclassified by the CEC; the large majority of the reclassifications were an upgrade in the level of severity or a designation of greater relatedness to the surgery or device. An independent CEC can identify and mitigate potential inherent investigator bias and facilitate an accurate assessment of the safety profile of an investigational device, and a CEC should be considered a requisite component of future clinical trials.

An Extension of the Split Window Technique for the Retrieval of Precipitable Water: Experimental Verification

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-09-23

DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE D~istribution Unlimited 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATiON REPORT NUMVBER(S) 5. MONITORiG ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) AFGL-TR-88-0237...Collocations were performed on launch sites of the cloud contamination, aerosol problems, collocation 1200 UT radiosondes on 25 Aug 1987. Statistics were...al (1987) and Thomason, 1987). In this imagery opaque clouds to this problem appear white, low clouds and fog appear bright red against a brown

Army Aviation in Operation Just Cause

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-04-15

DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRAD-ING iCHEDULE is unlimited. 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER( S ) 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATiON REPORT NUMBER( S ; 6a. VAME OF...AUTHOR( S ) 13a. TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 14. DATE OF REPORT (Year,"Month, Day) 15. PAGE COUNT Individual Study FROM TO__ 15 April 1992 157 16...were unable to take the children home until 1900 hours." S Again, Army aviation units displayed unusual flexibility and capability to respond on short

Opportunity Missed: Congressional Reorganization of the Army Air Service 1917-1920

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-05-01

Syf~ot~~afi*) Unclassified 15a. DECLASSI FICATION/ DOWNGRADING Th,~.SCHEDULE 0.16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report) C ) Approved for Public...Harvard Gibbs-Smith, Aviation An Historical Survey from its Origins-to the arid of World War II, 172-174; C . H. Hildreth and Bernard C . Nalty, 1001...engineers and aeronautical specialists under Colonel Raynal C . Bolling to study the situation in Europe and report on the types and numbers of

Improved and Cost Effective Machining Techniques for Tracked Combat Vehicle Parts

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-10-01

steel is shown in Figure 7-7 and consists of tempered marten- site. Three of the alloys which are used in the gas turbine engine are cast 17 - 4PH ...stainless steel, Inconel 718 and Inconel 713. The 17 - 4PH stainless steel was machined in the solution treated and aged condition. The microstructure as shown...SECURITY CLASS. (of thia report) ISa. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thie Report) 17 . DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of

Review and Evaluation of Army Aviation Depot NDI (Nondestructive Inspection) and Reliability Centered Maintenance

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-08-31

behavior/operational goals so tnat corrective action may be taken. Data produced by the IS activities form the basis for design/--1pport trade-offs while...rt7L:EC T Ef Approved for public release; distribution unlimited c R SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE SAN ANTONIO HOUSTON I SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS...DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABLITY OF REPORT Approved for public release; 2b. DECLASSIFICATION I DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE distribution unlimited 4 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Satellite and Missile Data Generation for AIS.

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-12-01

8217..lI SATELLITE AND MISSILE DATA SGENERATION FOR AIS Operating Systems, Inc. S Dr. Georgette M4. T. Silva Dr. Christine A. Montgomery APPROVED FOR PUBLIC...Same " UNCLASSIFIEDSame S .. DECLASSIFI CATION DOWNGRADING N/ASCH E D ULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report) Approved for public release...provislon.of adequate system control. 1-6 1.2.2 Current Capabilities of 031’ s Message Text Processing System. The OSI message text analysis system has the

Globalization’s Impact on the Chinese War Machine

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-03-19

friendship , peace, and good wishes from China to children all across the world.35 With Beijing as 11 host city, 2008 Olympic events will also take...China’s anti-satellite weapon and its decision to extend the battlefield into the realm of space and cyber -space. Perhaps most unsettling is China’s...Taiwan is our country and our country cannot be bullied , diminished, marginalized, or downgraded as a local entity. Taiwan does not belong to someone

An Expert System for the Design of Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-14

vital sources of information that helped to solve this problem were a survey questionnaire sent to a group of novice engineers and classroom interaction...DTIC RILE COPY 00 N FROM: AFIT/CI 31 Jan 90 SUBJ: Review of Thesis/Disseration for Public Release N S TO: PA Request you review the attached for...REPORT APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; 2b. DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED. 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER( S ) S

A Study of Data Compression and Efficient Memory Utilization in Multiprocessor and Distributed Systems.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-08-31

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY POSITION, UNLESS SO DESIGNATED BY OTHER AUTHORIZED DOCUMENTS. -I , ! unclassified SECURITY CLASSIICATION Of THIS PAGE ’Whm bate...ADORE.SE4I dFfemtar CIatblftaE Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of ftio #sNt) unclassified IS. DOCL ASSI FICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULENA INA IS. DISTRIBUTION...In this section, we describe the characteristics of the access sequence of a pipelined processor. A pipelined organization in the most general sense

Integrated Support for Manipulation and Display of 3D Objects for the Command and Control Workstation of the Future

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-06-01

Science Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE la. REPORT SECURITY CLASS’r!CATION )b RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS UNCLASSIFIED...2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF REPORT Approved for public release; Zb. DECLASSIFICATION I DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE...ZIP Code) 10 SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS PROGRAM PROJECT TASK WORK UNIT Monterey, CA. 93943 FLEMENT NO. NO. NO ACCESSION NO. 11. TITLE (Include Security

Proceedings on Expert Systems Workshop Held in Pacific Grove, California on 16-18 April 1986

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-04-01

list is empty, the scheduler process is guar- As a result, fewer evaluator cycles are wasted waiting for the schedulcr process to anteed to be waiting...SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) UNCLASSIFIED ISa. DECLASSI FICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report) APPROVED FOR PUBLIC...parallel. makes them easy to port to alternative new *--Features unimplemented at present; scheduled formachines,.hse2 phase 2. To cover a larger set

Preliminary Investigation of the Shock-Boundary Layer Interaction in a Simulated Fan Passage

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-03-01

unlimited 2b DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 4 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5 MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 6a NAME OF...Figure 4. Vortex Generator Jets Configuration [Ref. 2] 27 Figure 5 . Cascade Geometry 28 Figure 6. Schematic of Transonic Cascade Wind Tunnel 29 Figure 7... 65 Figure A9. Test Section Top Blade 66 Figure A1O. Test Section Middle Blade 67 Figure A 11. Test Section Lower Blade 68 Figure A12. Pressure Tap

A Review of Circadian Effects on Selected Human Information Processing Tasks.

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-04-03

uling, and Diurnal Rhythms in Man," Acta Psychologies, Vol. 27, pp. 436-442, 1967. 32. Shephard, R.p "Sleep, Biorhythms and Human Performance ." Sports ...DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF REPORT U=* assifted 2b. DECL0SSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE0’ Approved for ý .c release; distribution It ted. 4. PERFORMING ...ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MONITORING ORG0.. .,N REPORT NUMBER(S) NAMRL Monograph 37 6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOC. 7a. NAME

Carbon Monoxide Adsorption on a Platinum Electrode Studied by Polarization Modulated FT-IRRAS (Fourier Transform - IR Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy). I. CO Adsorbed in the Double Layer Potential Region and Its Oxidation in Acids.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-11-01

TR-B N888i4-82-C- 8583 UNCLASSIFIED F/G 7/4 N C 11101106 il iii 3 6 2 0 o 1 1.25 i 111 6 - (f11 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF...this report) Unclassified ISO . DECLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 4 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report) Approved for public release

Diagnostics of heavy mining equipment during the scheduled preventive maintenance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drygin, M. Yu; Kuryshkin, N. P.

2018-01-01

Intensification of production, economic globalization and dramatic downgrade of the workers’ professional skills lead to unacceptable technical state of heavy mining equipment. Equipment maintenance outage reaches 84 % of the total downtime, of which emergency maintenance takes up to 36 % of time, that excesses 429 hours per year fr one excavator. It is shown that yearly diagnostics using methods of non-destructive check allows to reduce emergency downtime by 47 %, and 55 % of revealed defects can be eliminated without breaking the technological cycle of the equipment.

Porcelain Enamel Material Testing Procedures to Determine the Damping Properties and the Results of Selected Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-09-01

AFWAL-TR-80-41 16 a N0946 6 6 PORCELAIN ENAMEL MATERIAL TESTING PROCEDURES TO DETERMINE THE DAMPINGi l PROPERTIES AND THE RESULTS OF ,= SELECTED...15..DECLASSI FtCATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE N.A(U~~~~ ~N A. 7~ ~&:’? 16 . DISThmBUTTUSTATEMENT (o1 this Report) Approved for public release...Damping Fixture 15 Number One 6 High Temperature Enamels Damping Fixture 16 Number Two 7 Schematic of the Enamels Testing Furnace Showing 18 the

Disaster Medicine: Using Modeling and Simulation to Determine Medical Requirements for Responding to Natural and Man-Made Disasters

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-09-20

that funding was useless (Kimery, May 13, 2008 ). As early as 2005, the year of Hurricane Katrina, federal emergency preparedness money began drying...Between 2006 and 2008 , five trauma centers did close, and another five downgraded their level of care. More than 12% of the nation’s hospitals...and critical care specialists (Kimery, May 20, 2008 , 2010; Wilper et al., 2008 ). Unprepared for the “Predictable Surprise” Dwindling funding and

An Information Processing Analysis of the Function of Conceptual Understanding in the Learning of Arithmetic Procedures

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-08-01

J. R. (1986). Knowledge compilation: The general learning mechanism. In R. S . Michalski, J. G. Carbonell, & T. M. Mitchell (Eds.), Machine learning...REPORTApproval for public release, 2b. DECLASSIFICATION I DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE d i s tri bution un limi ted 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER( S ) S ...MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER( S ) UPITT/LRDC/ONR/KUL-88-03 6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION I6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING

A Study of the Technical Feasibility of Developing a Standardized Energy Control System Specifically for Army Facilities.

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-08-01

J I i• ii I WM ~\\ppi~~’cd I~~i public ~ck~ c d is t r ihuf lun mliii I i ! ____ -~~~~~~~_ - —~~~~ r...The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication , or promotional purposes. Citat...of thu report) 15., DECLASS IFICATION/DOWNGRADING UNCLASSI FlED SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this R.port) Approved for public release

A Characterization of the Hot Infrared Background: The Infrared Cirrus, Zodiacal Dust Bands, and Solar System Dust Trails

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-04-01

AD-A239 132 PL -TR-91-2065 A CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HOT INFRARED BACKGROUND: THE INFRARED CIRRUS, ZODIACAL DUST BANDS, AND SOLAR SYSTEM DUST TRAILS F...addressee is no longer employed by your organization, please notify OL-AA PL /IMA, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731. This will assist us in maintaining a current...DECLASSIFICATION /DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Distribution unlimited 4 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) S MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) PL -TR-91-2065 6a

A Study of United States Air Force Medical Central Processing and Distribution Systems.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-06-01

5 M t2-8 13. IILL .i 2 5 I C. N SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE N,. LC, t,7EPORT DOCUMENTATION P AD-A 195 485 o Is. REPORT SECURITY...CLASSIFICATION lb. RlI𔃺KILIIV MAKKINib Unc lassif led 2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3 DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY OF REPORT Approved for public release...8217b, DECLASSIFICATION I DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Distribution unlimited 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER

Nerve Regeneration in Vitro: Comparative Effects of Direct and Induced Current and NGF. Appendix.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-11-26

CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILIT 0S3W UT16=0 TA11111 2b DECLASSIFICATIONi DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Ursrce .o. e ulc: 4 PE RFORMING...take place at the surface- water interface of NGF-responsive cells. It had been observed (29, 30) that, under particular circumstances, removal of...days at 39°C in an air-5% CO2 atmosphere in a water - jacketed incubator. In each experiment, a control group (untreated) and a group treated with 2.5s

Modelling of Ionospheric Irregularities and Total Electron Content.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-12-01

jApproved for public release; distribution unlimited DTIC SELECTEd MAY2 11 84 AIR FORCE GEOPHYSICS LABORATORY B C3 AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND .. UNITED...DOWNGRADING 16. OISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Rerport) Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited 1?. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (o1 .he obrfoct...Space Division, Project 2029, and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Task 2311G2. 19. KEY WORDS (CO1ir oU ngooe I ,-- . 1d -d0n~ Id-nWI A

East European Ergonomics.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-03-01

2b.ODECIASICATIoN DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE IT L 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(Sj S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 1A 1ACL F I /-𔄁 6a. NAME OF... PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION TH6 REPORT ’ST6RE- (I *ffcbl 1i6-. el 5 0 FF1 C fi. ADDRESS (G. Sts". -9...Industrial Design in Sofia, Bulgaria to study the effects of Aw hypokinesis (reduced motion) on performance . One goal is to determine the optimal motion

An Examination of the Potential for Conflict in the South Pacific Region.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-03-23

of atmospheric and water pollution resulting from the tests and extending beyond French Polynesia, the evidence is inconclusive as to whether the tests...COMPLETING FORM 1. REPORT NUMBER 2 : Z S1 0 ;CPIENT’S CATALOG NUMBER 4. ,7JTL d 4ubt ITn of the Potential for Cfic S . TyPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED".Ala...MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(Il different from Controlling Office) , S . SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) ISO. DECL ASSI FICATION DOWNGRADING

An Evolving Digital Telecommunications Industry and Its Impact on the Operational Environment of the Nationwide Emergency Telecommunication System (NETS).

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-03-01

005 4-, /nImII 1 liIm ulnli iiliiii I I UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF TNIS PAGE ("on Data Bnter6t0 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ...II different from ControllIng Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS (of thin report) Unclassified IS. OECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCMEDULE 1. DISTRIBUTION...EDITION OF I NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE UNCLASSIFIED N0102LF-0146601 1 UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Dote wrteed) ,IA UNCLASSIFIED

Proceedings of a Seminar on Initial Project Management Plans for Hydrologic Engineering and Economic Analysis Held at Otter Rock, Oregon on 22-24 September 1992

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-09-24

for the fifteen remaining study sites. The total number of structures to be surveyed was estimated at 800 to 1,000. When the contract was complete...Corps of Engineers real estate appraisers or contract appraisers, should be listed as a separate task. The approximate number of structures to be...DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Distribution of this document is unlimited. 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER (S) S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER (S

A Study to Determine the Best Model and the Optimal Feasible Method for Reducing No-Show Behavior at a Military Social Work Clinic.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-05-01

AVAILABILITY OF REPORT Approved for public release; 2b. DECLASSIFICATION I DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Distribution Unlimited 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S...S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 1-88 6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION U.S. Army...identify by block number) FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP Health Care; Appointment Absenteeism - ... 19, ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify

Cost and Schedule Control Management: What the Department of Defense Major Acquisition System Program Manager Needs to Know

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-03-01

public release; distribution is unlimited. 2b. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER( S ) S . MONITORING...ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER( S ) Sa. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School (If appikable...PERSONAL AUTHOR( S ) Coutteau, Charles G. 13a. TYPE OF REPORT 1 3b. TIME COVE RED 14. DATE OF REPORT (year, month, day) 1S. PAGE COUNT Master’s TheisI From

Proceedings of Workshop 15 of the COSPAR Meetings Held in Toulouse, France on 30 June-12 July 1986. Chapter 2. Reference Atmospheres and Thermospheric Mapping,

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-21

DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF REPORT Approved for public release; 2b. DECLASSIFICATION /’DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Distribution unlimited 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION ...REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) AFGL-TR-88-0016 6a, NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF...MONITORING ORGANIZATION Air Force Geophysics (If applicable) Laboratory I oc. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 7b ADDRESS (City, Stare, and ZIP Code

Compressibility of Colloids. 2. Compressibility Studies of Tri-Block Non-Ionic Polymers in Toluene and Water Solutions.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-01-20

different tra Contollin Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (.1 ths ,or ) Unclassified IS.. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDU LE IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of...scattering measurements. Those polymers DD , jAN 73 1473 EDITION OF I NOV SS IS OBSOLETE Unclassified .oS/N 0102- I-014-60! SECURITY CL ASSItICATION OF...THIS PAGE (When Dote FsA OE / , . . . SECURITY CLASSIFICATION of THIS PAGE (len Dat& Lntre󈧬 Continued (Block #20) .. that dissolved in toluene

Three-Dimensional Shock Wave and Turbulent Boundary Layer Interactions

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-09-01

h...... -. ’ C) Approvod for publif releaSS distribuUtiou uujim•t•d. LL.2 C-I .86 4Z2• 12.3 •-• UNCLASSIFIED ED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE...NAME " ADDRESS’s! different tromz Controlling Office) I5 SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) Unclassified ISa. OECLASSIICATION’DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE $6...several flowfield--?•, DD , jAI1 1473 EDITION OF I NOVOS S OBSOLETE UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE fWhen Date Entered

Atlantic Coast Hindcast, Shallow-Water, Significant Wave Information.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-01-01

Photo by Steve Lissau. Photo originally ap- peared in Oceans, a publication of the Oceanic Society. Vol. 12, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1979. Unclassified SECURITY ...NAME S ADDRESS(ldiff~eet finm Controling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) Unclassified 15a. DECL ASSI FICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE iS...LARGEST HS(METRES) FOR STATION 41 4.1 C32 lam PR" qf2 20 YEARS IAV AP OAC TANGLE (DEGREESJ= 0. - 29.9 SHRLINETANGLE : 7~ 0 DEGREES AZIMJTH PERCENT

Proceedings of the Topical Meeting on the Microphysics of Surfaces, Beams, and Adsorbates (2nd) Held in Sante Fe, New Mexico on 16-18 February 1987

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-10-31

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3 DISTRIBUTIONi AVAILABILITY OF REPORT 2b DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Approved for public release...of a compound similar to a Ziegler-Natta catalyst, 2 In previous publications 6 we discussed the mechanism and (2) laser-chemical-vapor deposition of...first crossed these publications . To shed more light onto this intriguing beams studies on the Si(Cl2 ,Ar’ ) system Coburn and Winters2 observed that

Studies of Genetic Variation in the AIDS Virus: Relevance to Disease Pathogenesis, Anti-Viral Therapy, and Vaccine Development

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-03-15

for public release; 2b. DECLASSIFICATION I DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE distribution unlimited 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER( S ) 5. MONITORING...ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER( S ) 6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION University of Alabama (If...AUTHOR( S ) George M. Shaw 13a. TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 114. DATE OF REPORT (Year, Month, Day) 15. PAGE COUNT Annual FROM 12 15/87ro12/14/84 1989

Knowledge of Connectors as Cohesion in Text: A Comparative Study of Native English and ESL (English as a Second Language) Speakers

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-08-18

for public release; distribution 2b. DECLASSIFICATION / DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE ufnl i mi ted. 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) S. MONITORING... ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION University of California (if...OF FUNDING/SPONSORING 8b OFFICE SYMBOL 9 PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER ORGANIZATION (If applicable) N00014-85-K0562 8c. ADDRESS (City

Guidance for Planning and Conduct of Field Exercises at the Maneuver Company Level. Improved Army Training and Evaluation Program (ARTEP) Methods for Unit Evaluation

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-09-01

SECURITY CLA,$S (of this report) Unclassified 15a. DECLASSI FICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIEBJTiON. STATEMENIT (of this Report) Approved for...evaluation plan sketch is essentially a preliminary schedule out- lining the order by day and time of day that the ARTEP missions previously selected (see...individual plans, which parallel the normal coordinating staff functions, are as follows: * The Schedule of Events - includes a list of major missions

Contraceptive discontinuation and switching among couples receiving integrated HIV and family planning services in Lusaka, Zambia.

PubMed

Haddad, Lisa; Wall, Kristin M; Vwalika, Bellington; Khu, Naw Htee; Brill, Ilene; Kilembe, William; Stephenson, Rob; Chomba, Elwyn; Vwalika, Cheswa; Tichacek, Amanda; Allen, Susan

2013-10-01

To describe predictors of contraceptive method discontinuation and switching behaviours among HIV-positive couples receiving couples' voluntary HIV counselling and testing services in Lusaka, Zambia. Couples were randomized in a factorial design to two-family planning educational intervention videos, received comprehensive family planning services and were assessed every 3 months for contraceptive initiation, discontinuation and switching. We modelled factors associated with contraceptive method upgrading and downgrading via multivariate Andersen-Gill models. Most women continued the initial method selected after randomization. The highest rates of discontinuation/switching were observed for injectable contraceptive and intrauterine device users. Time to discontinuing the more effective contraceptive methods or downgrading to oral contraceptives or condoms was associated with the women's younger age, desire for more children within the next year, heavy menstrual bleeding, bleeding between periods and cystitis/dysuria. Health concerns among women about contraceptive implants and male partners not wanting more children were associated with upgrading from oral contraceptives or condoms. HIV status of the woman or the couple was not predictive of switching or stopping. We found complicated patterns of contraceptive use. The predictors of contraception switching indicate that interventions targeted to younger couples that address common contraception-related misconceptions could improve effective family planning utilization. We recommend these findings be used to increase the uptake and continuation of contraception, especially long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods, and that fertility goal based, LARC-focused family planning be offered as an integral part of HIV prevention services.

Category change and risk perception: Hurricane Irene and coastal North Carolina.

PubMed

Pace, William; Montz, Burrell

2014-01-01

This research explores variations in risk perception with location and changes in the intensity of a hurricane (Hurricane Irene in 2011). Surveys were mailed to a random sample of 601 year-round residents of two counties in coastal North Carolina. Within each county, areas were chosen based on their risk with respect to wind or storm surge; an equal number of surveys were sent to each area. A 31 percent return rate was achieved. Dare County on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and Beaufort County on the Inner Banks were chosen as study areas because of the nature and extent of damage incurred from Hurricane Irene. Because Hurricane Irene was downgraded before it made landfall in North Carolina, it was anticipated that residents would perceive themselves to be at less risk to hurricane-related hazards with differences related to location on the Atlantic Ocean or on the Sound. Little difference was found between the Inner and Outer Banks locations such that all reported the change in intensity influenced their perceptions by reducing the sense of risk. This varied somewhat, but not significantly, by hazard area. The downgrading of Hurricane Irene created a false sense of security. Residents of the study area believed themselves to be at low risk and were unlikely to evacuate, despite warnings. The long duration of the event, however, led to significant damages, surprising many, and suggesting the need to emphasize impacts in messaging, no matter the storm intensity.

A History of the Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., 1927-1982.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-04-22

APR 83 NRL-MR-5064 UNCLASSIFIED F/G 14/2 NL BEhhhhhhEBEE mhhhhhEEmllI Illsommommommom IImllllllmlllI o /lommommommo - ..... *1 4 , 11111 .08 J&5 iii0...ADDRESS(II differet from Con rollll Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (at thi soperl) UNCLASSIFIED(Sa. DECL ASSI FICA TION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION...it. DO , o 1473 EDITION OF I NOV 1S IS OBSOLETE S/N 0102-014-6601 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Date &imed) U " 1 ’ " ’ L I L i ’ i

Thermal Desorption/Ultraviolet Photolysis Process Technology Research, Test, and Evaluation Performed at the Naval Construction Battalion Center, Gulfport, Mississippi, for the USAF Installation Restoration Program. Volume 2

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-12-01

protection needs to be changed, then protection will be upgraded, or downgraded, as appropriate. 5 . Cartridges for air-purifying respirators will be...the gloves, the legs taped to the boots, and the hood to the respirator (if appropriate). All openings shall be sealed. 5 . The protective coveralls...placed next to the trash container. Note: Suits are to be removed in an inside out fashion. m. Station 5 - Respirator Removal A rack will be available to

The money issue.

PubMed

Carpenter, Dave; Haugh, Richard

2003-06-01

Volume is rising at a healthy pact. Technology is improving patient care. Many organizations have, out of necessity, strengthened business fundamentals, controlled costs and refined their focus. Yet not-for-profit hospitals are squeezed by a cash crunch that has balance sheets under pressure and credit downgrades outpacing upgrades--the result of shrinking investment income, rising pension obligations, low government reimbursement and other threats to operational stability. N&HN looks at the challenges, including recent fallout from the most pressing issues, how some systems have responded, and the pros and cons of borrowing now.

Meta-Analysis of Integrity Tests: A Critical Examination of Validity Generalization and Moderator Variables

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-06-01

AVA LABLLTY OF PEPOR’ 2b DECLASSfFiCATION DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE UnI imiited 4 PERFORMING ORGANZAT ON REPORT NUMBER(S) 5 MON’TORzNG ORGA% ZA C% RPEOR...8217 " S 92- 1 6a NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b OFFPCE SYMBOL 7a NAME OF V0’O0R ’C OCGAz) ZA- %I University of Iowa (Ifappicable) Defense Personnel...data points. Results indicate that integrity test validities are positive and in many cases substantial for predicting both job performance and

Water Quality Research Program: Proceedings of the Corps Chemists Meeting (6th) Held in Vicksburg, Mississippi on 16-17 May 1989

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-09-01

of Water and Wastewater, Washington, DC. Bentz , A. P . 1977. "Oil Spill Identification System," US Coast Guard R& D Center, GC- D -52-77. Eisenberg D . M...contamination - site cleanup State of criteria, contamination assessment Florida 1987 US Coast Guard CG- D 52-77 Oil spill identification system Bentz ...Unclassified -a SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITV 3 D STR1BUTrON, AVA .ABLfTY OF REPORT 2b DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Approved for public

Medal of Honor Award Process Review: U.S. Army Noncommissioned Officer Nominee (Redacted)

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-04

award the nominee the Silver Star. We determined Secretary McHugh acted within his authority when he decided to award the SS. We found no evidence...why the Honorable John M. McHugh , Secretary of the Army, downgraded the nominee’s MOH award recommendation to the Silver Star (SS).1 In a memorandum...valorous actions as documented in the MOH award 1 The Honorable John M. McHugh left his position as Secretary of the Army on November 1, 2015. 2 We did

Results of a Research Study to Identify Historical Procurement Obligations and Expenditures on Major Army Materiel and Non-Materiel Systems,

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-05-01

release; distribution 2b. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE unlimited. 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT...coding scheme derives from the location of the Budget Line Items in Exhibit P-1 (Supporting Data for the President’s Budget), the BLIN’s reflect the same...MULTI-PURPOSE WHEELED VEH 305046 COMMERCIAL UTILITY CARGO VEHICLE 305017 SMALL UNIT SUPPORT VEHICLE(SYSV) 30504 TRUCK ST 6X6 ABT 305019 TRUCK, iOT ,8X8,ART

Non-battle injury among repatriated UK armed forces since cessation of combat operations: a prospective observational study.

PubMed

Toman, Emma; Beaven, A; Naumann, D N; Myatt, R W; Parker, P J; Kay, A R

2018-02-01

To describe the mechanisms, burden of injury, inpatient management and rehabilitation requirements of wounded military personnel at the UK Role 4 (R4) facility within the first 12 months following cessation of combat operations in Afghanistan. All aeromedical evacuations were recorded prospectively between October 2014 and October 2015. Demographic, logistical and clinical data were derived manually from referring medical unit and patient movement requests in addition to host nation and R4 medical records. Ninety-five patients were repatriated to R4 following traumatic injury: 98.9% (n=94) were male, and median age was 27 years (IQR 25-36 years). The most common mechanisms of injury (MOIs) were sports 26.3% (n=25), falls <2 m 11.6% (n=11) and road traffic collisions 9.8% (n=9). The most common anatomical regions of injury were isolated lower limb 24.1% (n=22), isolated hand 20.0% (n=19) and polytrauma 14.7% (n=14). Median Injury Severity Score was 4 (IQR 4-9), mean 8 (range 1-41). Eleven patients (11.6%) were discharged to rehabilitation units, of whom 7 (63.6%) required neurorehabilitation. Although service personnel sustain civilian-type injuries, the specific rehabilitation goals and shift in the acute rehabilitation requirements for military personnel must be considered in the absence of enduring combat operations. It is notable that permanent medical downgrading secondary to trauma still occurs outside of warfare. The colocation of civilian major trauma services and R4 has ensured a mutually beneficial partnership that contributes to institutional memory and improves the coordination of patient pathways. The importance of relevant resource allocation, training, support and logistical considerations remain, even during the current scale of military activity overseas. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

Why do we lose protected areas? Factors influencing protected area downgrading, downsizing and degazettement in the tropics and subtropics.

PubMed

Symes, William S; Rao, Madhu; Mascia, Michael B; Carrasco, L Roman

2016-02-01

Protected areas (PAs) are an essential tool for the conservation of biodiversity globally. Previous studies have focussed on the effectiveness of PAs and the design of optimal PA networks. However, not all PAs remain intact permanently; many PAs undergo downgrading, downsizing and/or degazettement (PADDD), a fact largely ignored until recently. The drivers of enacted PADDD events and the factors influencing its spatial occurrence are poorly understood, potentially undermining the efficacy of PAs and PA networks. Here we examine the spatial relationship between PADDD and economic, demographic and structural variables, using a 110-year data set of 342 enacted PADDD events across 44 countries in the tropics and subtropics. We find that the probability of an enacted PADDD event increases with the size of the PA and through a synergistic interaction between PA size and local population densities. Our results are robust to the under-reporting of enacted PADDD events that occur among smaller PAs and in regions with lower population density. We find an economic motive for PADDD events, given that the opportunity costs associated with larger PAs are higher, on average, than smaller PAs. Our findings suggest a need for conservation practitioners to better consider PA characteristics, as well as the social, economic and political context in which PAs are situated, to aid the creation of more efficient and sustainable PA networks. In particular, the dynamics of enacted PADDD events highlight the need to explicitly consider PA robustness as a core component of systematic conservation planning for PA networks. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Contraceptive discontinuation and switching among couples receiving integrated HIV and family planning services in Lusaka, Zambia

PubMed Central

Haddad, Lisa; Wall, Kristin M; Vwalika, Bellington; Htee Khu, Naw; Brill, Ilene; Kilembe, William; Stephenson, Rob; Chomba, Elwyn; Vwalika, Cheswa; Tichacek, Amanda; Allen, Susan

2014-01-01

Objective To describe predictors of contraceptive method discontinuation and switching behaviors among HIV positive couples receiving couples' voluntary HIV counseling and testing services in Lusaka, Zambia. Design Couples were randomized in a factorial design to two family planning educational intervention videos, received comprehensive family planning services, and were assessed every 3-months for contraceptive initiation, discontinuation and switching. Methods We modeled factors associated with contraceptive method upgrading and downgrading via multivariate Andersen-Gill models. Results Most women continued the initial method selected after randomization. The highest rates of discontinuation/switching were observed for injectable contraceptive and intrauterine device users. Time to discontinuing the more effective contraceptive methods or downgrading to oral contraceptives or condoms was associated with the women's younger age, desire for more children within the next year, heavy menstrual bleeding, bleeding between periods, and cystitis/dysuria. Health concerns among women about contraceptive implants and male partners not wanting more children were associated with upgrading from oral contraceptives or condoms. HIV status of the woman or the couple was not predictive of switching or stopping. Conclusions We found complicated patterns of contraceptive use. The predictors of contraception switching indicate that interventions targeted to younger couples that address common contraception-related misconceptions could improve effective family planning utilization. We recommend these findings be used to increase the uptake and continuation of contraception, especially long acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods, and that fertility-goal based, LARC-focused family planning be offered as an integral part of HIV prevention services. PMID:24088689

Downgrading, downsizing, degazettement, and reclassification of protected areas in Brazil.

PubMed

Bernard, E; Penna, L A O; Araújo, E

2014-08-01

Protected areas (PAs) are key elements for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services. Brazil has the largest PA system in the world, covering approximately 220 million ha. This system expanded rapidly in the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s. Recent events in Brazil, however, have led to an increase in PA downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD). Does this reflect a shift in the country's PA policy? We analyzed the occurrence, frequency, magnitude, type, spatial distribution, and causes of changes in PA boundaries and categories in Brazil. We identified 93 PADDD events from 1981 to 2012. Such events increased in frequency since 2008 and were ascribed primarily to generation and transmission of electricity in Amazonia. In Brazilian parks and reserves, 7.3 million ha were affected by PADDD events, and of these, 5.2 million ha were affected by downsizing or degazetting. Moreover, projects being considered by the Federal Congress may degazette 2.1 million ha of PA in Amazonia alone. Relaxing the protection status of existing PAs is proving to be politically easy in Brazil, and the recent increase in frequency and extension of PADDD reflects a change in governmental policy. By taking advantage of chronic deficiencies in financial and personnel resources and surveillance, disputes over land tenure, and the slowness of the Brazilian justice, government agencies have been implementing PADDD without consultation of civil society. If parks and reserves are to maintain their integrity, there will need to be investments in Brazilian PAs and a better understanding of the benefits PAs provide. © 2014 Society for Conservation Biology.

Development of furnished cages for laying hens.

PubMed

Appleby, M C; Walker, A W; Nicol, C J; Lindberg, A C; Freire, R; Hughes, B O; Elson, H A

2002-09-01

1. A 3-year trial was carried out of cages for laying hens, occupying a full laying house. The main cage designs used were 5000 cm2 in area, 50 cm high at the rear and furnished with nests and perches. F cages had a front rollaway nest at the side, lined with artificial turf. FD cages also had a dust bath containing sand over the nest. H cages had two nest hollows at the side, one in front of the other. They were compared with conventional cages 2500 cm2 in area and 38 cm high at the rear. 2. Cages were stocked with from 4 to 8 ISA Brown hens per cage, resulting in varied allowances of area, feeder and perch per bird. No birds were beak trimmed. In F and FD cages two further treatments were applied: nests and dust baths were sometimes fitted with gates to exclude birds from dust baths in the morning and from both at night; elevated food troughs, with a lip 33 cm above the cage floor, were compared with standard troughs. 3. Management of the house was generally highly successful, with temperature control achieved by ventilation. Egg production was above breeders' standards and not significantly affected by cage design. More eggs per bird were collected when there were fewer birds per cage but food consumption also then tended to be higher. 4. The number of downgraded eggs was variable, with some tendency for more in furnished cages. Eggs laid in dust baths were often downgraded. Those laid at the back of the cage were frequently dirty because of accumulation of droppings. H nests were unsuccessful, with less than 50% of eggs laid in the nest hollows. However, up to 93% of eggs were laid in front rollaways, and few of these were downgraded. 5. Feather and foot damage were generally less in furnished than in conventional cages, greater where there were more birds per cage. With an elevated food trough there was less feather damage but more overgrowth of claws. In year 2, mortality was greater in cages with more birds. 6. Pre-laying behaviour was mostly settled in front rollaway nests. Dust baths were used more for pecking and scratching than for dust bathing. Comfort behaviour was more frequent in furnished cages than conventional, although still not frequent. Locomotion was strongly affected by number of birds per cage or by space per bird, being reduced by crowding. Most birds perched at night except in one treatment providing only 10.7 cm perch per bird. 7. Behaviour was more unrestricted and varied, and physical condition was better, in furnished than in conventional cages. However, egg production will cost more in furnished cages, partly because more eggs are downgraded. Dust baths must be fitted with gates that the birds cannot open from outside, but gates for nest boxes were found unnecessary. If a low perch is fitted it must be far enough from the back of the cage for birds to walk there. 8. Where there was less space per bird (more birds per cage) than the requirements in the 1999 European Commission Directive on laying hens, there were: fewer eggs per hen, but still above the breeders' target; lower food consumption; more feather and foot damage, but less than in conventional cages; higher mortality in one trial out of three; less freedom of movement. However, the results were still very good even with 8 birds per cage, and support the principle that furnished cages provide an acceptable way of protecting the welfare of laying hens.

Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report. OV-1/AC-119 Hunter-Killer Team

DTIC Science & Technology

1972-10-10

between Phan Rang, Phu Cat , and Danang in order to provide best coverage of the Vietnamese conflict. -- On 16 February 1970, three AC -ll9Ks and 70...SOUTHEAST ASIA D D DDiv AY/XDOSQA I OV-1/ AC -119 " i IWB I HUNTER-KILLER TEAM 19’.1’ CONTINUING REPORT CLASSIFIED Ey 7AFIDOOC DOWNGRADE TjU SECRET...xamination of C urrent, 0 per’tions I~ I fF!lr T I TII TIIII I OV=1/ AC -119 HUNTER-KILLER TEAMI 1 10 OCTOBER 1972 HQ PACAF Directorate of Operations

A Review of AA Psych Corps Involvement in the Allocation of Soldiers to corps and Employment. Executive Summary

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-11-01

Compiled I Lecture Additional Iation/ _____ Testing L J week 2 week 3- 4 week 5 wee 6 week 8 -9 week 10 wee: Allocation Guide: Shows suitability -:r - n cl...the Document box only (Document) la. A R Number lb. Establishment Number 2. Document Date AR-006-388 PSRU RR 4 /90 NOVEMBER 1990 UNCLASSIFIED 3. Title 4 ...of 7 Number of EMI4IIJYM [itl Pages References Title 17 15 8 . Author(s) 9. Downgrading or Delimiting Instructions LTCOL R.C. FURRY I Oa. Corporate

Development of Methodology and Technology for Identifying and Quantifying Emission Products from Open Burning and Open Detonation Thermal Treatment Methods. BangBox Test Series. Volume 3. Quality Assurance and Quality Control

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-01

software. This document may not be cited for purposes of advertisement. I I I I I I I’ I , , I SECURITY CLASSIF!CATION 0a . T - S PAGE Form Aoprovea...8217, 3 DISTRIBUTION 1AVAILABSLITY OF REPORT N/A 2b DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Unlimited N/A 4 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER( S ) S ...MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER( S , 6a NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION Andrulis Research

Earth Science

NASA Image and Video Library

2004-09-15

Except for a small portion of the International Space Station (ISS) in the foreground, Hurricane Ivan, one of the strongest hurricanes on record, fills this image over the northern Gulf of Mexico. As the downgraded category 4 storm approached landfall on the Alabama coast Wednesday afternoon on September 15, 2004, sustained winds in the eye of the wall were reported at about 135 mph. The hurricane was photographed by astronaut Edward M. (Mike) Fincke from aboard the ISS at an altitude of approximately 230 miles. Crew Earth Observations record Earth surface changes over time, as well as more fleeting events such as storms, floods, fires, and volcanic eruptions.

Earth Science

NASA Image and Video Library

2004-09-15

This image hosts a look into the eye of Hurricane Ivan, one of the strongest hurricanes on record, as the storm approached landfall on the central Gulf coast Wednesday afternoon on September 15, 2004. The hurricane was photographed by astronaut Edward M. (Mike) Fincke from aboard the International Space Station (ISS) at an altitude of approximately 230 miles. At the time, sustained winds in the eye of the wall were reported at about 135 mph as the downgraded category 4 storm approached the Alabama coast. Crew Earth Observations record Earth surface changes over time, as well as more fleeting events such as storms, floods, fires, and volcanic eruptions.

Some Computed Effects of Dome Skin and Temperature Differential on Operation of the AN/SQS-26 Sonar Equipment

DTIC Science & Technology

1963-10-04

Tolerances of Transducer Elements and Preamplifiers on Beam Formation and SSI Performance in the AN/SQS-26 Sonar Equipment (U)", TRACOR Document Number 63...SQS-26 SONAR EQUIPMENT (U) Prepared for GROLP - 4 DOWNGRADED AT% YEAR INTERVALS: l LJ.I The Bureau of Ships DECLASSIFIED A ER 12 YEARS. r . Code 688E t...ON.PERATION OF THEP ,,, Ts 4a nAinS-26 SONAR pul i~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~%,i forre o teSFXPora aaeet Prepared for Bull by: DSS11TIAVAILAIIL CODES The Bureau of Ships

National Dam Safety Program Inspection Report. South Branch Root River. Lanesboro Dam, Fillmore County, Minnesota, Inventory Number 517.

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-07-01

CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3 DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY OF REPORT 2b DECLASSIFICATION /DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE ApproveI. foe ubl ic release; distributionunn mi e 4...TAYPOL ARM , STOP EQUAL .- maT9 PALLO-EkLTOMERA ’EDDY~ "IA WElp TO J NEMA CLOW NOCO 1000 1.0- ."L L- - AT. T D III SCCTSomm n2-2 24 P 21 -OOOW I-0 AIA a...material in the downstream channel and any other physical evidence, describe the foundation material. CI .4, r A ZAM ~ A .4,1 ic 3. Basis for

Sarcocystis spp. in llamas (Lama glama) in Southern Bolivia: a cross sectional study of the prevalence, risk factors and loss in income caused by carcass downgrades.

PubMed

Rooney, A L; Limon, G; Vides, H; Cortez, A; Guitian, J

2014-10-01

Llamas (Lama glama) are intermediate hosts of the protozoan parasite Sarcocystis spp. This parasite is described as causing economic losses in the production of llama meat in South America. The aim of this study was to estimate prevalence, identify risk factors and explore spatial patterns of Sarcocystis in llamas in an area of the Bolivian High Plateau including estimating financial losses due to carcass downgrades as a result of the presence of Sarcocystis cysts. Information was collected from a local abattoir between 2006 and 2011 on 1196 llamas. Sarcocystis status was determined at meat inspection where any carcasses with one or more visible cysts were deemed Sarcocystis positive. A high prevalence was found, estimated to vary between 23.4% (95% CI 16.6-30.1) in 2007 and 50.3% (95% CI 44.4-56.3) in 2011. Period prevalence between 2006 and 2011 was estimated at 34.1% (95% CI 31.4-36.8). Age, sex and type (analogous to breed) were identified as risk factors for Sarcocystis using a mixed-effects logistic regression model adjusting for clustering by community and owner. Llamas over 4.5 years of age had an increased odds of being Sarcocystis positive (OR 19.31, 95% CI 9.10-40.98) as well as females (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.13-2.68) and long haired type llamas (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.26-2.87). An interaction between age and sex was detected indicating that the increased odds of disease from the youngest age group to the 2.5-4.5 years group was much more pronounced in females than in males. Spatial patterns of Sarcocystis were explored at district level by means of Standardised Morbidity Ratios and some spatial heterogeneity was revealed. Estimates of financial loss due to the disease were calculated using the difference in price paid for Sarcocystis positive and negative meat. Loss due to Sarcocystis varied per year but could be up to 20% of the annual income generated through the abattoir by sale of meat. Overall this study shows a high prevalence of Sarcocystis in the study area with some heterogeneity between districts. It also identifies some previously unknown risk factors for Sarcocystis and gives financial estimates of the cost of the disease as a result of carcass downgrades. We hoped these findings will add to the understanding of Sarcocystis in llamas in Southern Bolivia and will be useful when considering if controls are necessary, worthwhile and practical. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

KI-67 heterogeneity in well differentiated gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: when is biopsy reliable for grade assessment?

PubMed

Grillo, Federica; Valle, Luca; Ferone, Diego; Albertelli, Manuela; Brisigotti, Maria Pia; Cittadini, Giuseppe; Vanoli, Alessandro; Fiocca, Roberto; Mastracci, Luca

2017-09-01

Ki-67 heterogeneity can impact on gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor grade assignment, especially when tissue is scarce. This work is aimed at devising adequacy criteria for grade assessment in biopsy specimens. To analyze the impact of biopsy size on reliability, 360 virtual biopsies of different thickness and lengths were constructed. Furthermore, to estimate the mean amount of non-neoplastic tissue component present in biopsies, 28 real biopsies were collected, the non-neoplastic components (fibrosis and inflammation) quantified and the effective area of neoplastic tissue calculated for each biopsy. Heterogeneity of Ki-67 distribution, G2 tumors and biopsy size all play an important role in reducing the reliability of biopsy samples in Ki-67-based grade assignment. In particular in G2 cases, 59.9% of virtual biopsies downgraded the tumor and the smaller the biopsy, the more frequent downgrading occurs. In real biopsies the presence of non-neoplastic tissue reduced the available total area by a mean of 20%. By coupling the results from these two different approaches we show that both biopsy size and non-neoplastic component must be taken into account for biopsy adequacy. In particular, we can speculate that if the minimum biopsy area, necessary to confidently (80% concordance) grade gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors on virtual biopsies ranges between 15 and 30 mm 2 , and if real biopsies are on average composed of only 80% of neoplastic tissue, then biopsies with a surface area not <12 mm 2 should be performed; using 18G needles, this corresponds to a minimum total length of 15 mm.

7 CFR 301.74-3 - Quarantined areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...; then west on West County House Road to Maple Ridge Road; then west on Maple Ridge Road to Culvert Road; then north on Culvert Road to Telegraph Road; then west on Telegraph Road to Beales Road; then north on Beales Road to Portage Road; then east on Portage Road to Culvert Rd; then north on Culvert Road to Route...

7 CFR 301.74-3 - Quarantined areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...; then west on West County House Road to Maple Ridge Road; then west on Maple Ridge Road to Culvert Road; then north on Culvert Road to Telegraph Road; then west on Telegraph Road to Beales Road; then north on Beales Road to Portage Road; then east on Portage Road to Culvert Rd; then north on Culvert Road to Route...

7 CFR 301.74-3 - Quarantined areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...; then west on West County House Road to Maple Ridge Road; then west on Maple Ridge Road to Culvert Road; then north on Culvert Road to Telegraph Road; then west on Telegraph Road to Beales Road; then north on Beales Road to Portage Road; then east on Portage Road to Culvert Rd; then north on Culvert Road to Route...

7 CFR 301.74-3 - Quarantined areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

...; then west on West County House Road to Maple Ridge Road; then west on Maple Ridge Road to Culvert Road; then north on Culvert Road to Telegraph Road; then west on Telegraph Road to Beales Road; then north on Beales Road to Portage Road; then east on Portage Road to Culvert Rd; then north on Culvert Road to Route...

View east along Wolf Den Road showing residences on the ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View east along Wolf Den Road showing residences on the north side of the road - Brooklyn Green, North Green, South Green, & West Green, parts of Brown Road, Canterbury Road (Route 169), Hartford Road (Route 6), Hyde Road, Pomfret Road (Route 169), Prince Hill Road, Providence Road (Route 6), Wauregan Road (Routes 169 & 205), & Wolf Den Road, Brooklyn, Windham County, CT

View northwest along Wolf Den Road showing residences on the ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View northwest along Wolf Den Road showing residences on the north side of the road - Brooklyn Green, North Green, South Green, & West Green, parts of Brown Road, Canterbury Road (Route 169), Hartford Road (Route 6), Hyde Road, Pomfret Road (Route 169), Prince Hill Road, Providence Road (Route 6), Wauregan Road (Routes 169 & 205), & Wolf Den Road, Brooklyn, Windham County, CT

View southwest along Brown Road showing residential and commercial buildings ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View southwest along Brown Road showing residential and commercial buildings on the north and south sides of the road - Brooklyn Green, North Green, South Green, & West Green, parts of Brown Road, Canterbury Road (Route 169), Hartford Road (Route 6), Hyde Road, Pomfret Road (Route 169), Prince Hill Road, Providence Road (Route 6), Wauregan Road (Routes 169 & 205), & Wolf Den Road, Brooklyn, Windham County, CT

Distributed road assessment system

DOEpatents

Beer, N. Reginald; Paglieroni, David W

2014-03-25

A system that detects damage on or below the surface of a paved structure or pavement is provided. A distributed road assessment system includes road assessment pods and a road assessment server. Each road assessment pod includes a ground-penetrating radar antenna array and a detection system that detects road damage from the return signals as the vehicle on which the pod is mounted travels down a road. Each road assessment pod transmits to the road assessment server occurrence information describing each occurrence of road damage that is newly detected on a current scan of a road. The road assessment server maintains a road damage database of occurrence information describing the previously detected occurrences of road damage. After the road assessment server receives occurrence information for newly detected occurrences of road damage for a portion of a road, the road assessment server determines which newly detected occurrences correspond to which previously detected occurrences of road damage.

View southeast to Canterbury Road (Route 169) showing the Israel ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View southeast to Canterbury Road (Route 169) showing the Israel Putnam Memorial - Brooklyn Green, North Green, South Green, & West Green, parts of Brown Road, Canterbury Road (Route 169), Hartford Road (Route 6), Hyde Road, Pomfret Road (Route 169), Prince Hill Road, Providence Road (Route 6), Wauregan Road (Routes 169 & 205), & Wolf Den Road, Brooklyn, Windham County, CT

New taxonomic and conservation status of Ossiculum (Vandeae, Orchidaceae), a highly threatened and narrow-endemic angraecoid orchid from Central Africa

PubMed Central

Simo-Droissart, Murielle; Stévart, Tariq; Sonké, Bonaventure; Sandrine Mayogo; Kamdem, Narcisse; Droissart, Vincent

2018-01-01

Abstract In the context of producing a revised phylogenetic Linnean taxonomy of angraecoid orchids, the monotypic and narrow-endemic genus Ossiculum is synonymised with Calyptrochilum. Accordingly, a new combination in Calyptrochilum is proposed for Ossiculum aurantiacum. The morphological and DNA-based evidence for this transfer is discussed. Moreover, Calyptrochilum aurantiacum is here firstly reported outside Cameroon, with a record from the Republic of the Congo. The Red List conservation status of this species is reassessed and it is to be downgraded from “Critically Endangered” (CR) to “Endangered” (EN), following the recent discovery of additional subpopulations in Cameroon.

Market turbulence creates financing opportunity.

PubMed

Cooper, James H

2012-03-01

The flight to high-quality assets resulting from Standard & Poor's downgrade of the U.S. government's credit rating has dropped the yield on U.S. Treasury securities as investors have sought refuge amid uncertain market conditions. Consequently, hospitals can now obtain mortgage insurance from the U.S. government to finance expansions and refinance their debt with GNMA securities at taxable interest rates that are often more favorable than tax-exempt bond fixed rates. Because GNMA certificates can be sold in a forward purchase transaction that locks in a fixed interest rate while avoiding payment of interest until construction funds are disbursed, they can help avoid the effects of negative arbitrage.

What the Department of Defense Non-Major Acquisition Project Manager Should Know about Cost and Schedule Management?

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-03-01

DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Aptvdfo uii 4101tt;dsrttto i ilmti 4 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER( S ) 5 MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBE I~’’i) 6tt NAME...CT MAN A(TEHSI IGUIJ.I) K NOW AIOUIt’ tS’I’ ANDI SClI IED11L11 M A N At Ill:EN’I 1? PERSONAL AUTHOR( S ) (’aaattnu.IlairlerineN. 13ai TYPE OF REPORT 13b...tat I )rlii-I ova Ia loo I S 17 COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECT TERMS (continue on reverse if necessary and identify by blocl, nnwibel) HlELD I ROUP I

Road Safety Barriers, the Need and Influence on Road Traffic Accidents

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Butāns, Ž.; Gross, K. A.; Gridnevs, A.; Karzubova, E.

2015-11-01

Constantly increasing intensity of road traffic and the allowed speed limits seem to impose stronger requirements on road infrastructure and use of road safety systems. One of the ways to improve road safety is the use of road restraint systems. Road safety barriers allow not only reducing the number of road traffic accidents, but also lowering the severity of accidents. The paper provides information on the technical requirements of road safety barriers. Various types of road safety barriers and their selection criteria for different types of road sections are discussed. The article views an example of a road traffic accident, which is also modelled by PC-Crash computer program. The given example reflects a road accident mechanism in case of a car-to-barrier collision, and provides information about the typical damage to the car and the barrier. The paper describes an impact of the road safety barrier type and its presence on the road traffic accident mechanism. Implementation and maintenance costs of different barrier types are viewed. The article presents a discussion on the necessity to use road safety barriers, as well as their optimal choice.

Do roads reduce painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) populations?

PubMed

Dorland, Alexandra; Rytwinski, Trina; Fahrig, Lenore

2014-01-01

Road mortality is thought to be a leading cause of turtle population decline. However, empirical evidence of the direct negative effects of road mortality on turtle population abundance is lacking. The purpose of this study was to provide a strong test of the prediction that roads reduce turtle population abundance. While controlling for potentially confounding variables, we compared relative abundance of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) in 20 ponds in Eastern Ontario, 10 as close as possible to high traffic roads (Road sites) and 10 as far as possible from any major roads (No Road sites). There was no significant effect of roads on painted turtle relative abundance. Furthermore, our data do not support other predictions of the road mortality hypothesis; we observed neither a higher relative frequency of males to females at Road sites than at No Road sites, nor a lower average body size of turtles at Road than at No Road sites. We speculate that, although roads can cause substantial adult mortality in turtles, other factors, such as release from predation on adults and/or nests close to roads counter the negative effect of road mortality in some populations. We suggest that road mitigation for painted turtles can be limited to locations where turtles are forced to migrate across high traffic roads due, for example, to destruction of local nesting habitat or seasonal drying of ponds. This conclusion should not be extrapolated to other species of turtles, where road mortality could have a larger population-level effect than on painted turtles.

Do Roads Reduce Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) Populations?

PubMed Central

Dorland, Alexandra; Rytwinski, Trina; Fahrig, Lenore

2014-01-01

Road mortality is thought to be a leading cause of turtle population decline. However, empirical evidence of the direct negative effects of road mortality on turtle population abundance is lacking. The purpose of this study was to provide a strong test of the prediction that roads reduce turtle population abundance. While controlling for potentially confounding variables, we compared relative abundance of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) in 20 ponds in Eastern Ontario, 10 as close as possible to high traffic roads (Road sites) and 10 as far as possible from any major roads (No Road sites). There was no significant effect of roads on painted turtle relative abundance. Furthermore, our data do not support other predictions of the road mortality hypothesis; we observed neither a higher relative frequency of males to females at Road sites than at No Road sites, nor a lower average body size of turtles at Road than at No Road sites. We speculate that, although roads can cause substantial adult mortality in turtles, other factors, such as release from predation on adults and/or nests close to roads counter the negative effect of road mortality in some populations. We suggest that road mitigation for painted turtles can be limited to locations where turtles are forced to migrate across high traffic roads due, for example, to destruction of local nesting habitat or seasonal drying of ponds. This conclusion should not be extrapolated to other species of turtles, where road mortality could have a larger population-level effect than on painted turtles. PMID:24858065

Rural rustic roads improvement program

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2002-11-11

This program provides for the initial pavement of rural roads. Under the Rural Rustic Roads Program, the governing body of any county, in consultation with the Department, may designate a road or road segment as a Rural Rustic Road provided such road...

Road Infrastructure Safety Management in Poland

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Budzynski, Marcin; Jamroz, Kazimierz; Kustra, Wojciech; Michalski, Lech; Gaca, Stanislaw

2017-10-01

The objective of road safety infrastructure management is to ensure that when roads are planned, designed, built and used road risks can be identified, assessed and mitigated. Road transport safety is significantly less developed than that of rail, water and air transport. The average individual risk of being a fatality in relation to the distance covered is thirty times higher in road transport that in the other modes. This is mainly because the different modes have a different approach to safety management and to the use of risk management methods and tools. In recent years Poland has had one of the European Union’s highest road death numbers. In 2016 there were 3026 fatalities on Polish roads with 40,766 injuries. Protecting road users from the risk of injury and death should be given top priority. While Poland’s national and regional road safety programmes address this problem and are instrumental in systematically reducing the number of casualties, the effects are far from the expectations. Modern approaches to safety focus on three integrated elements: infrastructure measures, safety management and safety culture. Due to its complexity, the process of road safety management requires modern tools to help with identifying road user risks, assess and evaluate the safety of road infrastructure and select effective measures to improve road safety. One possible tool for tackling this problem is the risk-based method for road infrastructure safety management. European Union Directive 2008/96/EC regulates and proposes a list of tools for managing road infrastructure safety. Road safety tools look at two criteria: the life cycle of a road structure and the process of risk management. Risk can be minimized through the application of the proposed interventions during design process as reasonable. The proposed methods of risk management bring together two stages: risk assessment and risk response occurring within the analyzed road structure (road network, road stretch, road section, junction, etc.). The objective of the methods is to help road authorities to take rational decisions in the area of road safety and road infrastructure safety and understand the consequences occurring in the particular phases of road life cycle. To help with assessing the impact of a road project on the safety of related roads, a method was developed for long-term forecasts of accidents and accident cost estimation as well as a risk classification to identify risks that are not acceptable risks. With regard to road safety audits and road safety inspection, a set of principles was developed to identify risks and the basic classification of mistakes and omissions. This work has added to the Polish experience of preparing and implementing such tools within the competent road authorities.

36 CFR 294.23 - Road construction and reconstruction in Idaho Roadless Areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... be mitigated by road maintenance. Road realignment may occur under this subsection only if the road.... (e) Road maintenance. Maintenance of temporary and forest roads is permissible in Idaho Roadless... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Road construction and...

High-Fidelity Roadway Modeling and Simulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wang, Jie; Papelis, Yiannis; Shen, Yuzhong; Unal, Ozhan; Cetin, Mecit

2010-01-01

Roads are an essential feature in our daily lives. With the advances in computing technologies, 2D and 3D road models are employed in many applications, such as computer games and virtual environments. Traditional road models were generated by professional artists manually using modeling software tools such as Maya and 3ds Max. This approach requires both highly specialized and sophisticated skills and massive manual labor. Automatic road generation based on procedural modeling can create road models using specially designed computer algorithms or procedures, reducing the tedious manual editing needed for road modeling dramatically. But most existing procedural modeling methods for road generation put emphasis on the visual effects of the generated roads, not the geometrical and architectural fidelity. This limitation seriously restricts the applicability of the generated road models. To address this problem, this paper proposes a high-fidelity roadway generation method that takes into account road design principles practiced by civil engineering professionals, and as a result, the generated roads can support not only general applications such as games and simulations in which roads are used as 3D assets, but also demanding civil engineering applications, which requires accurate geometrical models of roads. The inputs to the proposed method include road specifications, civil engineering road design rules, terrain information, and surrounding environment. Then the proposed method generates in real time 3D roads that have both high visual and geometrical fidelities. This paper discusses in details the procedures that convert 2D roads specified in shape files into 3D roads and civil engineering road design principles. The proposed method can be used in many applications that have stringent requirements on high precision 3D models, such as driving simulations and road design prototyping. Preliminary results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Response of moose to a high‐density road network

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wattles, David W.; Zeller, Katherine A.; DeStefano, Stephen

2018-01-01

Road networks and the disturbance associated with vehicle traffic alter animal behavior, movements, and habitat selection. The response of moose (Alces americanus) to roads has been documented in relatively rural areas, but less is known about moose response to roads in more highly roaded landscapes. We examined road‐crossing frequencies and habitat use of global positioning system (GPS)‐collared moose in Massachusetts, USA, where moose home ranges have road densities approximately twice that of previous studies. We compared seasonal road‐crossing frequencies of moose with a null movement model. We estimated moose travel speeds during road‐crossing events and compared them with speeds during other home range movements. To estimate the extent of the road effect zone and determine how roads influenced moose habitat use, we fit a third‐order resource selection function. With the exception of the lowest use road class (<10 vehicles/day), we found moose crossed roads less than expected based on the null movement model and frequency decreased with increasing road size and traffic. Moose crossed roads faster than they traveled during other times. This effect increased with increasing road use intensity. Overall, roads were a major factor determining what portions of Massachusetts moose used and how they moved among habitat patches. Our results suggest that moose in Massachusetts can adapt to a high‐density road network, but the road effect is still strongly negative and, in some cases, is more pronounced than in study areas with lower road densities. Future road construction and the expansion of road networks may have a large effect on moose and other wildlife.

2. VIEW OF SWITCHBACKS IN FORESTA ROAD (OLD DAVIS CUTOFF ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. VIEW OF SWITCHBACKS IN FORESTA ROAD (OLD DAVIS CUT-OFF ROAD). NOTE FORESTA ROAD BRIDGE IN LOWER LEFT. ROAD CURVE HIDDEN IN TREES AT CENTER. NOTE ROAD CUT AT LEFT. LOOKING SSW. GIS: N-37"40'47.4"/W-119"47'22.2 - Foresta Road, Yosemite Village, Mariposa County, CA

Road analysis: a tool for cost-effective rehabilitation measures for Finnish roads

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roimela, Petri; Salmenkaita, Seppo; Maijala, Pekka; Saarenketo, Timo

2000-04-01

Public funding for road network maintenance has decreased 30% during the last few years in Finland. Reduced resources, together with the current rehabilitation strategies, will in the long term result in increasing deterioration of the Finnish road network. For this reason road rehabilitation funding should be focused more specifically on those roads and road sections requiring measures and these measures should be optimized to ensure that only the specific problem structure will be repaired. Roadscanners Oy, in cooperation with the Finnish National Road Administration (Finnra), has developed a new and effective Road Analysis technique to survey the condition of roads and road networks. Road Analysis is based on the integrated analysis of the measured data collected from the road under survey. The basic survey methods used in Road Analysis include Ground Penetrating Data (GPR), falling weight deflectometer (FWD), roughness and rutting measurements, pavement distress mapping and GPS-positioning, as well as reference drilling based on preliminary GPR data analysis. The collected road survey data is processed, interpreted, analyzed and classified using Road Doctor software, specifically developed for this purpose. GPR measurements in road analysis are carried out using a 400 MHz ground-coupled antenna and a 1.0 GHz horn antenna. Horn antenna data is used to measure the thickness of the pavement and base course layers, as well as to evaluate their quality based on their dielectric properties. The 400 MHz ground-coupled data is used to estimate the thickness of the pavement structure and embankment. Ground-coupled antenna data is used for subgrade quality estimations and in evaluating the causes of subgrade- related frost defects. GPR data also provides important location information about special structures, such as steel reinforcements, cables and pipelines. Road Analysis includes a classification of the critical elements affecting the lifetime of the road: (1) overall pavement condition, (2) condition assessment of the unbound pavement structure, (3) road fatigue related to subgrade frost-action, (4) drainage condition and (5) local damages, such as settlements of the surveyed road. The results of Road Analysis provide a better understanding of the causes of defects occurring on the road and allow more precise rehabilitation measures for problem layers.

Small-scale geodiversity and dirt road management, Ede (NL)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van den Ancker, Hanneke; Jungerius, Pieter Dirk

2016-04-01

A large part of the countryside roads on the Pleistocene sands of The Netherlands are dirt roads. Most are footpaths, but a small percentage are relatively heavily used by motorized vehicles. These latter roads are a cause subject of debate. Puddles and potholes develop during periods of wet weather, while dust whirls from the roads form during spells of dry weather as do washboard ripples. They cause problems for people living along these roads and tourists (walkers and bikers. The community of Ede (NL), like many other communities on the sand, wants to keep its 80 km of dirt roads because of the natural values they harbour as well as for their characteristic landscape quality and cultural heritage value. A part of the dirt roads in Ede is heavily used. In 2009, the community of Ede developed a decision model to support management of the dirt roads. Ede acknowledges that each dirt road is unique and asks for a tailor-made solution. Road maintenance measures include grading, making a camber, digging pits, applying loam or sandy loam. If problems become too large, one-way traffic can be an option. In more and more cases the dirt roads are barred for motorized through traffic (Gemeente Ede, 2009). As a reconnaissance we have studied the dirt roads of the Horabos/Horalaan over the last year. Incidentally we looked at other parts of the main Horalaan and the footpaths in the adjacent forest of Hoekelum. All dirt roads lie near the top of a Saalian push-moraine in which the upper course of dry valleys are present. Some results of the reconnaissance: - Most dirt roads sections in the Horabos lie lower than the surrounding terrain; - The problems develop in a short period of time during special weather conditions; - Certain dirt road sections e.g. those sections crossing a slight depression are quickly developing potholes; - Even a small slope of the road (< 2 degrees) causes water to flow over the road and form rills in the pavement. On preferential spots the rills develop into potholes; - Although in general the natural infiltration of the terrains surrounding the roads is sufficient, in some road sections water from adjacent sloping terrain brings extra water on the road; - A thin cover of leaves on the footpaths and road sections with low car traffic improves the infiltration in the road, and reduces the run-off to other the road sections to nearly zero. Leaves along the roadside also help to retard and reduce the run-off over the roads. However leaves on or along the road are not tolerated by most inhabitants, the roads need to be 'clean'. Our conclusion: Each dirt road is unique, but also within one dirt road there are important geological differences that have consequences for its maintenance. Knowledge of geodiversity of the terrain and study of small-scale erosion processes can help to improve the management of dirt roads. References Gemeente Ede, Nota Zandwegen, 2009.

Road user behaviour changes following a self-explaining roads intervention.

PubMed

Mackie, Hamish W; Charlton, Samuel G; Baas, Peter H; Villasenor, Pablo C

2013-01-01

The self-explaining roads (SER) approach uses road designs that evoke correct expectations and driving behaviours from road users to create a safe and user-friendly road network. Following the implementation of an SER process and retrofitting of local and collector roads in a suburb within Auckland City, lower speeds on local roads and less variation in speed on both local and collector roads were achieved, along with a closer match between actual and perceived safe speeds. Preliminary analyses of crash data shows that the project has resulted in a 30% reduction crash numbers and an 86% reduction in crash costs per annum, since the road changes were completed. In order to further understand the outcomes from this project, a study was carried out to measure the effects of the SER intervention on the activity and behaviour of all road users. Video was collected over nine separate days, at nine different locations, both before and after SER construction. Road user behaviour categories were developed for all potential road users at different location types and then used to code the video data. Following SER construction, on local roads there was a relatively higher proportion of pedestrians, less uniformity in vehicle lane keeping and less indicating by motorists along with less through traffic, reflecting a more informal/low speed local road environment. Pedestrians were less constrained on local roads following SER construction, possibly reflecting a perceptually safer and more user-friendly environment. These behaviours were not generally evident on collector roads, a trend also shown by the previous study of speed changes. Given that one of the objectives of SER is to match road user behaviour with functionally different road categories, the road user behaviour differences demonstrated on different road types within the SER trial area provides further reinforcement of a successful SER trial. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Image feature based GPS trace filtering for road network generation and road segmentation

DOE PAGES

Yuan, Jiangye; Cheriyadat, Anil M.

2015-10-19

We propose a new method to infer road networks from GPS trace data and accurately segment road regions in high-resolution aerial images. Unlike previous efforts that rely on GPS traces alone, we exploit image features to infer road networks from noisy trace data. The inferred road network is used to guide road segmentation. We show that the number of image segments spanned by the traces and the trace orientation validated with image features are important attributes for identifying GPS traces on road regions. Based on filtered traces , we construct road networks and integrate them with image features to segmentmore » road regions. Lastly, our experiments show that the proposed method produces more accurate road networks than the leading method that uses GPS traces alone, and also achieves high accuracy in segmenting road regions even with very noisy GPS data.« less

Image feature based GPS trace filtering for road network generation and road segmentation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yuan, Jiangye; Cheriyadat, Anil M.

We propose a new method to infer road networks from GPS trace data and accurately segment road regions in high-resolution aerial images. Unlike previous efforts that rely on GPS traces alone, we exploit image features to infer road networks from noisy trace data. The inferred road network is used to guide road segmentation. We show that the number of image segments spanned by the traces and the trace orientation validated with image features are important attributes for identifying GPS traces on road regions. Based on filtered traces , we construct road networks and integrate them with image features to segmentmore » road regions. Lastly, our experiments show that the proposed method produces more accurate road networks than the leading method that uses GPS traces alone, and also achieves high accuracy in segmenting road regions even with very noisy GPS data.« less

Roads influence movement and home ranges of a fragmentation-sensitive carnivore, the bobcat, in an urban landscape

USGS Publications Warehouse

Poessel, Sharon A; Boydston, Erin E.; Lyren, Lisa M.; Fisher, Robert N.; Burdett, Christopher L.; Alonso, Robert S.; Crooks, Kevin R.

2014-01-01

Roads in urbanized areas can impact carnivore populations by constraining their movements and increasing mortality. Bobcats (Lynx rufus) are felids capable of living in urban environments, but are sensitive to habitat fragmentation and, thus, useful indicators of landscape connectivity; in particular, bobcat habitat selection, movement, and mortality may be affected by roads. We analyzed movement patterns of 52 bobcats in southern California in three study sites and investigated: (1) how bobcats responded to two types of roads within their home ranges; (2) how they placed their home ranges with respect to roads within the study area; and (3) whether male and female bobcats differed in their behavioral responses to roads. Within home ranges, primary and secondary roads did not influence movements, but bobcats more frequently crossed secondary roads when road densities were higher within their home ranges, thus increasing mortality risk. However, road densities within each study site were several times higher than road densities within home ranges, suggesting bobcats selected against roaded areas in home-range placement. Male home ranges bordering roads were smaller than home ranges for other males, but male home ranges containing roads were larger than those without roads. Male bobcats also were more likely to cross roads than females, potentially reflecting larger male home range sizes. Our results suggest roads have important impacts on urban bobcats, with stronger effects on males than females, and continued efforts to mitigate the effects of roads on carnivores and other fragmentation-sensitive species would help promote connectivity conservation in urban systems.

Effects of roads on survival of San Clemente Island foxes

USGS Publications Warehouse

Snow, N.P.; Andelt, William F.; Stanley, T.R.; Resnik, J.R.; Munson, L.

2012-01-01

Roads generate a variety of influences on wildlife populations; however, little is known about the effects of roads on endemic wildlife on islands. Specifically, road-kills of island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) on San Clemente Island (SCI), Channel Islands, California, USA are a concern for resource managers. To determine the effects of roads on island foxes, we radiocollared foxes using a 3-tiered sampling design to represent the entire population in the study area, a sub-population near roads, and a sub-population away from roads on SCI. We examined annual survival rates using nest-survival models, causes of mortalities, and movements for each sample. We found the population had high annual survival (0.90), although survival declined with use of road habitat, particularly for intermediate-aged foxes. Foxes living near roads suffered lower annual survival (0.76), resulting from high frequencies of road-kills (7 of 11 mortalities). Foxes living away from roads had the highest annual survival (0.97). Road-kill was the most prominent cause of mortality detected on SCI, which we estimated as killing 3-8% of the population in the study area annually. Based on movements, we were unable to detect any responses by foxes that minimized their risks from roads. The probabilities of road-kills increased with use of the road habitat, volume of traffic, and decreasing road sinuosity. We recommend that managers should attempt to reduce road-kills by deterring or excluding foxes from entering roads, and attempting to modify behaviors of motorists to be vigilant for foxes. ?? 2011 The Wildlife Society.

25 CFR 170.801 - What is the BIA Road Maintenance Program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false What is the BIA Road Maintenance Program? 170.801 Section... ROADS PROGRAM BIA Road Maintenance § 170.801 What is the BIA Road Maintenance Program? The BIA Road... subpart contains a list of activities that are eligible for funding under the BIA road maintenance program. ...

1. Entrance to Heintooga Round Bottom Road and sign looking ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. Entrance to Heintooga Round Bottom Road and sign looking N. - Great Smoky Mountains National Park Roads & Bridges, Heintooga Round Bottom Road & Balsam Mountain Road, Between Blue Ridge Parkway & Big Cove Road, Gatlinburg, Sevier County, TN

A study on the relationship between urban roads and car fuel consumption based on the ST-matching algorithm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Mingshan; Zhang, Wenbo; Zhou, Yuan; Xun, Yanqin; Wang, Rui

2017-07-01

Since the study of fuel consumptions is of great importance and the related data is accessible, many researches about factors affecting fuel consumptions have appeared.To sum up, the driving style of drivers, automobile emissions and the type of the routes are the mainly three factors.Classification is relatively single.In order to improve the classification accuracy' this text studies that there exist some special roads,when drivers drive through them,their fuel consumptions will be similar because of road qualities.To achieve this goal, the first step is to calculate fuel consumptions per 100km of all city roads.Recognizing and examining special roads based on the ST-Matching algorithm.Third is to analyze road qualities of special roads like the length of roads, the speed of driving, and compare them with other common roads.Then we choose 4 cases to analyze. We find that when driving through special roads, fuel consumptions would be similar because of road qualities.Besides, the average length of special roads is longer than common roads' and the mean velocity, the speed of getting and off special roads are faster than common roads'.The findings in this paper can filter out special road segments as noisy data in the study of relationship between driving styles and fuel consumptions,and it also has very high practical significance on recommending fuel-efficient paths.

Developing a 3D Road Cadastral System: Comparing Legal Requirements and User Needs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gristina, S.; Ellul, C.; Scianna, A.

2016-10-01

Road transport has always played an important role in a country's growth and, in order to manage road networks and ensure a high standard of road performance (e.g. durability, efficiency and safety), both public and private road inventories have been implemented using databases and Geographical Information Systems. They enable registering and managing significant amounts of different road information, but to date do not focus on 3D road information, data integration and interoperability. In an increasingly complex 3D urban environment, and in the age of smart cities, however, applications including intelligent transport systems, mobility and traffic management, road maintenance and safety require digital data infrastructures to manage road data: thus new inventories based on integrated 3D road models (queryable, updateable and shareable on line) are required. This paper outlines the first step towards the implementation of 3D GIS-based road inventories. Focusing on the case study of the "Road Cadastre" (the Italian road inventory as established by law), it investigates current limitations and required improvements, and also compares the required data structure imposed by cadastral legislation with real road users' needs. The study aims to: a) determine whether 3D GIS would improve road cadastre (for better management of data through the complete life-cycle infrastructure projects); b) define a conceptual model for a 3D road cadastre for Italy (whose general principles may be extended also to other countries).

Invasive Brown Treesnake movements at road edges indicate road-crossing avoidance

USGS Publications Warehouse

Siers, Shane R.; Savidge, Julie S; Reed, Robert N.

2014-01-01

Roads have significant impacts on the dispersal of wildlife. Although this poses a threat to the abundance and diversity of desirable flora and fauna, it also affords some opportunity for enhancing control of invasive species. Roads are the most common terrain features that may affect the rate of landscape-scale movements of invasive Brown Treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) throughout Guam. We radio tracked 45 free-ranging Brown Treesnakes in close proximity to two roads in Guam and recorded instances where daily relocations of snakes spanned roads. Then we reconstructed observed movement histories with randomized turning angles, which served as a useful null hypothesis for assessing the effect of roads or road edge habitat on Brown Treesnake movement patterns. Random walk simulations demonstrated that Brown Treesnakes crossed these roads at a rate far lower than would be expected if snake movement was random with respect to roads and road edge habitat. We discuss two alternative hypotheses for these results: 1) habitat gaps posed by roads physically or behaviorally restrict snake movement; or 2) road edges provide preferred foraging habitat from which snakes are reluctant to depart. Because roads often form the boundaries of jurisdictional and management units, the effects of roads on the movement of invasive Brown Treesnakes will influence the prospects for success of future landscape-level suppression efforts.

Differential Effects of Roads and Traffic on Space Use and Movements of Native Forest-Dependent and Introduced Edge-Tolerant Species

PubMed Central

Chen, Hsiang Ling; Koprowski, John L.

2016-01-01

Anthropogenic infrastructure such as roads and non-native species are major causes of species endangerment. Understanding animal behavioral responses to roads and traffic provides insight into causes and mechanisms of effects of linear development on wildlife and aids effective mitigation and conservation. We investigated effects of roads and traffic on space use and movements of two forest-dwelling species: endemic, forest-dependent Mount Graham red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis) and introduced, edge-tolerant Abert’s squirrels (Sciurus aberti). To assess the effects of roads on space use and movement patterns, we compared the probability that a squirrel home range included roads and random lines in forests, and assessed effects of traffic intensity on rate of road crossing and movement patterns. Red squirrels avoided areas adjacent to roads and rarely crossed roads. In contrast, Abert’s squirrels were more likely to include roads in their home ranges compared to random lines in forests. Both red squirrels and Abert’s squirrels increased speed when crossing roads, compared to before and after road crossings. Increased hourly traffic volume reduced the rate of road crossings by both species. Behavioral responses of red squirrels to roads and traffic resemble responses to elevated predation risk, including reduced speed near roads and increased tortuosity of movement paths with increased traffic volume. In contrast, Abert’s squirrels appeared little affected by roads and traffic with tortuosity of movement paths reduced as distance to roads decreased. We found that species with similar body size category (<1 kg) but different habitat preference and foraging strategy responded to roads differently and demonstrated that behavior and ecology are important when considering effects of roads on wildlife. Our results indicate that roads restricted movements and space use of a native forest-dependent species while creating habitat preferred by an introduced, edge-tolerant species. PMID:26821366

Differential Effects of Roads and Traffic on Space Use and Movements of Native Forest-Dependent and Introduced Edge-Tolerant Species.

PubMed

Chen, Hsiang Ling; Koprowski, John L

2016-01-01

Anthropogenic infrastructure such as roads and non-native species are major causes of species endangerment. Understanding animal behavioral responses to roads and traffic provides insight into causes and mechanisms of effects of linear development on wildlife and aids effective mitigation and conservation. We investigated effects of roads and traffic on space use and movements of two forest-dwelling species: endemic, forest-dependent Mount Graham red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis) and introduced, edge-tolerant Abert's squirrels (Sciurus aberti). To assess the effects of roads on space use and movement patterns, we compared the probability that a squirrel home range included roads and random lines in forests, and assessed effects of traffic intensity on rate of road crossing and movement patterns. Red squirrels avoided areas adjacent to roads and rarely crossed roads. In contrast, Abert's squirrels were more likely to include roads in their home ranges compared to random lines in forests. Both red squirrels and Abert's squirrels increased speed when crossing roads, compared to before and after road crossings. Increased hourly traffic volume reduced the rate of road crossings by both species. Behavioral responses of red squirrels to roads and traffic resemble responses to elevated predation risk, including reduced speed near roads and increased tortuosity of movement paths with increased traffic volume. In contrast, Abert's squirrels appeared little affected by roads and traffic with tortuosity of movement paths reduced as distance to roads decreased. We found that species with similar body size category (<1 kg) but different habitat preference and foraging strategy responded to roads differently and demonstrated that behavior and ecology are important when considering effects of roads on wildlife. Our results indicate that roads restricted movements and space use of a native forest-dependent species while creating habitat preferred by an introduced, edge-tolerant species.

Why are some animal populations unaffected or positively affected by roads?

PubMed

Rytwinski, Trina; Fahrig, Lenore

2013-11-01

In reviews on effects of roads on animal population abundance we found that most effects are negative; however, there are also many neutral and positive responses [Fahrig and Rytwinski (Ecol Soc 14:21, 2009; Rytwinski and Fahrig (Biol Conserv 147:87-98, 2012)]. Here we use an individual-based simulation model to: (1) confirm predictions from the existing literature of the combinations of species traits and behavioural responses to roads that lead to negative effects of roads on animal population abundance, and (2) improve prediction of the combinations of species traits and behavioural responses to roads that lead to neutral and positive effects of roads on animal population abundance. Simulations represented a typical situation in which road mitigation is contemplated, i.e. rural landscapes containing a relatively low density (up to 1.86 km/km(2)) of high-traffic roads, with continuous habitat between the roads. In these landscapes, the simulations predict that populations of species with small territories and movement ranges, and high reproductive rates, i.e. many small mammals and birds, should not be reduced by roads. Contrary to previous suggestions, the results also predict that populations of species that obtain a resource from roads (e.g. vultures) do not increase with increasing road density. In addition, our simulations support the predation release hypothesis for positive road effects on prey (both small- and large-bodied prey), whereby abundance of a prey species increased with increasing road density due to reduced predation by generalist road-affected predators. The simulations also predict an optimal road density for the large-bodied prey species if it avoids roads or traffic emissions. Overall, the simulation results suggest that in rural landscapes containing high-traffic roads, there are many species for which road mitigation may not be necessary; mitigation efforts should be tailored to the species that show negative population responses to roads.

A tool to analyze environmental impacts of roads on forest watersheds

Treesearch

Ajay Prasad

2007-01-01

The construction and use of forest roads can have impacts on geomorphic processes and erosion patterns in forested basins. Analyzing these impacts will help forest managers to effectively manage road and road drainage system and hence minimize the negative impacts of forest roads. To manage forest roads effectively the USDA Forest Service (USFS) has developed a road...

Association between background parenchymal enhancement of breast MRI and BIRADS rating change in the subsequent screening

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aghaei, Faranak; Mirniaharikandehei, Seyedehnafiseh; Hollingsworth, Alan B.; Stoug, Rebecca G.; Pearce, Melanie; Liu, Hong; Zheng, Bin

2018-03-01

Although breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used as a breast cancer screening modality for high-risk women, its cancer detection yield remains low (i.e., <= 3%). Thus, increasing breast MRI screening efficacy and cancer detection yield is an important clinical issue in breast cancer screening. In this study, we investigated association between the background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) of breast MRI and the change of diagnostic (BIRADS) status in the next subsequent breast MRI screening. A dataset with 65 breast MRI screening cases was retrospectively assembled. All cases were rated BIRADS-2 (benign findings). In the subsequent screening, 4 cases were malignant (BIRADS-6), 48 remained BIRADS-2 and 13 were downgraded to negative (BIRADS-1). A computer-aided detection scheme was applied to process images of the first set of breast MRI screening. Total of 33 features were computed including texture feature and global BPE features. Texture features were computed from either a gray-level co-occurrence matrix or a gray level run length matrix. Ten global BPE features were also initially computed from two breast regions and bilateral difference between the left and right breasts. Box-plot based analysis shows positive association between texture features and BIRADS rating levels in the second screening. Furthermore, a logistic regression model was built using optimal features selected by a CFS based feature selection method. Using a leave-one-case-out based cross-validation method, classification yielded an overall 75% accuracy in predicting the improvement (or downgrade) of diagnostic status (to BIRAD-1) in the subsequent breast MRI screening. This study demonstrated potential of developing a new quantitative imaging marker to predict diagnostic status change in the short-term, which may help eliminate a high fraction of unnecessary repeated breast MRI screenings and increase the cancer detection yield.

Extraprostatic Extension Is Extremely Rare for Contemporary Gleason Score 6 Prostate Cancer.

PubMed

Anderson, Blake B; Oberlin, Daniel T; Razmaria, Aria A; Choy, Bonnie; Zagaja, Gregory P; Shalhav, Arieh L; Meeks, Joshua J; Yang, Ximing J; Paner, Gladell P; Eggener, Scott E

2017-09-01

A significant proportion of men with Gleason score 6 (GS6) prostate cancer undergo treatment with radiation or surgery. To assess pathologic stage of pure GS6 at radical prostatectomy (RP). In the period 2003-2014, 7817 patients underwent RP at two institutions. Of 2502 patients with GS6 at surgery, 60 were identified as stage pT3a-b on initial pathologic review, 55 with pT3a (extraprostatic extension, EPE), and five with pT3b (seminal vesicle invasion; SVI). All cases of GS6 with pT3 disease underwent contemporary pathologic evaluation for Gleason grade, stage, and extent of EPE. At one institution, all GS≥7 pT3b cases were re-reviewed for downgrading. The 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Gleason grading criteria and 2009 ISUP recommendations on pT3 staging were applied. Calculated incidence (%) of pT3a, pT3b, pT4, and lymph node-positive disease. Of the 60 GS6 pT3a-b cases identified in the period 2003-2014, seven (0.28% of entire GS6 cohort) with GS6 and pT3a were identified after re-review, all focal EPE. Among the re-examined cohort, no cases of GS6 with pT3b were observed. None of the 132 GS≥7 pT3b cases were downgraded to GS6. Limitations include partial embedding of specimens and separate pathologic review at each institution. In a large prostatectomy cohort, GS6 never had seminal vesicle invasion (0%) and was very rarely (0.28%) associated with extraprostatic extension. GS6 prostate cancer rarely spreads outside the prostate. A new finding in this study was that GS6 prostate cancer never spread to the seminal vesicles. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of primary hypertension: a methodology overview of systematic reviews.

PubMed

Xinke, Zhao; Yingdong, Li; Mingxia, Feng; Kai, Liu; Kaibing, Chen; Yuqing, Lu; Shaobo, Sun; Peng, Song; Bin, Liu

2016-10-20

Chinese herbal medicine has been used to treat hypertension in China and East Asia since centuries. In this study, we conduct an overview of systematic reviews of Chinese herbal medicine in the treatment of primary hypertension to 1) summarize the conclusions of these reviews, 2) evaluate the methodological quality of these reviews, and 3) rate the confidence in the effect on each outcome. We comprehensively searched six databases to retrieve systematic reviews of Chinese herbal medicine for primary hypertension from inception to December 31, 2015. We used AMSTAR to evaluate the methodological quality of included reviews, and we classified the quality of evidence for each outcome in included reviews using the GRADE approach. A total of 12 systematic reviews with 31 outcomes were included, among which 11 systematic reviews focus on the therapeutic effect of Chinese herbal medicine combined with conventional medicine or simple Chinese herbal medicine versus simple conventional medicine. Among the 11 items of AMSTAR, the lowest quality was "providing a priori design" item, none review conformed to this item, the next was "stating the conflict of interest" item, only three reviews conformed to this item. Five reviews scored less than seven in AMSTAR, which means that the overall methodological quality was fairly poor. For GRADE, of the 31 outcomes, the quality of evidence was high in none (0 %), moderate in three (10 %), low in 19 (61 %), and very low in nine (29 %). Of the five downgrading factors, risk of bias (100 %) was the most common downgrading factor in the included reviews, followed by imprecision (42 %), inconsistency (39 %), publication bias (39 %), and indirectness (0 %). The methodological quality of systematic reviews about Chinese herbal medicine for primary hypertension is fairly poor, and the quality of evidence level is low. Physicians should be cautious when applying the interventions in these reviews for primary hypertension patients in clinical practice.

Diagnostic value of coustic radiation force impulse for BI-RADS category 4 breast lesions of different sizes.

PubMed

Wu, Rong

2018-04-14

To determine the diagnostic value of combined conventional ultrasound (US) and acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging for the differential diagnosis of BI-RADS category 4 breast lesions of different sizes. From April 2013 to January 2015, 283 patients (with a total of 292 breast lesions) who underwent US and ARFI examination were included in this retrospective study. The SWV for the lesion and adjacent normal breast tissue were measured and the SWV ratio was calculated. VTI grade was also assessed. The lesions were separated into three groups on the basis of size, and two combinations of ARFI parameters (SWV + VTI and SWV ratio + VTI) were applied to reassess the BI-RADS categories. Diagnoses were confirmed by pathological examination after biopsy or surgery. ROC analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic efficiency of each method. The Z test was used to compare the difference between AUC of the two methods. Significant improvement was seen in the diagnostic performance of US with the use of the ARFI parameters SWV + VTI (77/179 [43.0%] of BI-RADS category 4A breast lesions were downgraded) and SWV ratio + VTI (64/179 [35.8%] of BI-RADS category 4A breast lesions were downgraded, including two malignant cases that were misdiagnosed as benign) (P < 0.01). The difference between the performances of the two combinations-SWV + VTI and SWV ratio + VTI-was significant only in breast lesions <10 mm in size, where the AUC of SWV ratio + VTI was significantly greater than the AUC of SWV + VTI (0.929 vs. 0.874; P < 0.01). Combination of US with ARFI can improve diagnostic performance and help avoid unnecessary biopsy in BI-RADS category 4 breast lesions. The combination of SWV ratio + VTI can improve BI-RADS classification of small lesions (<10 mm size).

Phase II trial of epidermal growth factor ointment for patients with Erlotinib-related skin effects.

PubMed

Hwang, In Gyu; Kang, Jung Hun; Oh, Sung Yong; Lee, Suee; Kim, Sung-Hyun; Song, Ki-Hoon; Son, Choonhee; Park, Min Jae; Kang, Myung Hee; Kim, Hoon Gu; Lee, Jeeyun; Park, Young Suk; Sun, Jong Mu; Kim, Hyun Jung; Kim, Chan Kyu; Yi, Seong Yoon; Jang, Joung-Soon; Park, Keunchil; Kim, Hyo-Jin

2016-01-01

The efficacy of erlotinib, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been demonstrated in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pancreatic cancer (PC). In the present study, we evaluated the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) ointment on erlotinib-related skin effects (ERSEs). This was an open-label, non-comparative, multicenter, phase II trial. The patients included those diagnosed with NSCLC or PC who were treated with erlotinib. The effectiveness of the ointment was defined as follows: (1) grade 2, 3, or 4 ERSEs downgraded to ≤ grade 1 or (2) grade 3 or 4 ERSEs downgraded to grade 2 and persisted for at least 2 weeks. Fifty-two patients from seven institutes in Korea were enrolled with informed consent. The final assessment included 46 patients (30 males, 16 females). According to the definition of effectiveness, the EGF ointment was effective in 36 (69.2%) intention to treat patients. There were no statistically significant differences in the effectiveness of the EGF ointment by gender (p = 0.465), age (p = 0.547), tumor type (p = 0.085), erlotinib dosage (p = 0.117), and number of prior chemotherapy sessions (p = 0.547). The grading for the average National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE) rating of rash/acne and itching improved from 2.02 ± 0.83 to 1.13 ± 0.89 and 1.52 ± 0.84 to 0.67 ± 0.90, respectively (p < 0.001). The most common reason for discontinuing the study was progression of cancer (37%). Based on the results, the EGF ointment is effective for ERSEs, regardless of gender, age, type of tumor, and dosage of erlotinib. The EGF ointment evenly improved all kinds of symptoms of ERSEs. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01593995.

Defining the optimal method for reporting prostate cancer grade and tumor extent on magnetic resonance/ultrasound fusion-targeted biopsies.

PubMed

Gordetsky, Jennifer B; Schultz, Luciana; Porter, Kristin K; Nix, Jeffrey W; Thomas, John V; Del Carmen Rodriguez Pena, Maria; Rais-Bahrami, Soroush

2018-06-01

Magnetic resonance (MR)/ultrasound fusion-targeted biopsy (TB) routinely samples multiple cores from each MR lesion of interest. Pathologists can evaluate the extent of cancer involvement and grade using an individual core (IC) or aggregate (AG) method, which could potentially lead to differences in reporting. We reviewed patients who underwent TB followed by radical prostatectomy (RP). TB cores were evaluated for grade and tumor extent by 2 methods. In the IC method, the grade for each TB lesion was based on the core with the highest Gleason score. Tumor extent for each TB was based on the core with the highest percent of tumor involvement. In the AG method, the tumor from all cores within each TB lesion was aggregated to determine the final composite grade and percentage of tumor involvement. Each method was compared with MR lesional volume, MR lesional density (lesion volume/prostate volume), and RP. Fifty-five patients underwent TB followed by RP. Extent of tumor by the AG method showed a better correlation with target lesion volume (r= 0.27,P= .022) and lesional density (r = 0.32, P = .008) than did the IC method (r= 0.19 [P = .103] andr= 0.22 [P = .062]), respectively. Extent of tumor on TB was associated with extraprostatic extension on RP by the AG method (P= .04), but not by the IC method. This association was significantly higher in patients with a grade group (GG) of 3 or higher (P= .03). A change in cancer grade occurred in 3 patients when comparing methods (2 downgraded GG3 to GG2, 1 downgraded GG4 to GG3 by the AG method). For multiple cores obtained via TB, the AG method better correlates with target lesion volume, lesional density, and extraprostatic extension. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Evidence-based policy? The re-medicalization of cannabis and the role of expert committees in the UK, 1972-1982.

PubMed

Taylor, Suzanne L

2016-11-01

Cannabis was introduced to the UK as a medical product in the nineteenth century. However, with questions over its safety, efficacy, and possible harms its medical role diminished and by the 1950s it was viewed as a drug of misuse. Nonetheless, scientific and lay knowledge around cannabis expanded from the 1960s and cannabis re-appeared in different therapeutic forms. In re-medicalizing cannabis, science-policy transfer proved important and was enabled by the developing mechanism of expert committees, most notably the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD). This article draws upon previously unknown archival material on the ACMD held at the National Archives and covers the period 1972-1982. It considers how expert groups were established, their membership, and the evolving discussion over therapeutic cannabis within the broader drug policy debate. Three distinct periods emerged: 1972-1976 with the creation of the Working Group on Cannabis; 1977-1979 when the Working Group focused on potential amendments to the Misuse of Drugs Act and recommended downgrading cannabis from Class B to Class C; 1980-1982 when the Expert Group on the Effects of Cannabis recommended downgrading cannabis and encouraged research into cannabis as a medicine. Sources reveal that driven by drug control imperatives the ACMD stimulated research on cannabis leading to increased research on medical applications. Expert advice was critical in the process of re-medicalization. Initially, discourse occurred in the closed expert committees of the ACMD. The drug problem had been framed under the criminal justice system but as the limitations of this were revealed, and there was continuing uncertainty over cannabis' impact, new approaches to cannabis were sought. It was this combination of more relaxed attitudes towards cannabis, research incentives, as well as a developing desire to draw medical needs away from discussion of drug control that was to allow re-medicalization to develop. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Characteristics of the auto users and non-users of central Texas toll roads.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-08-01

As toll road usage increases to finance new road infrastructure or add capacity to existing road infrastructure, the : question of who does and does not use toll roads becomes increasingly important to toll road developers, financiers, : Traffic and ...

Using endemic road features to create self-explaining roads and reduce vehicle speeds.

PubMed

Charlton, Samuel G; Mackie, Hamish W; Baas, Peter H; Hay, Karen; Menezes, Miguel; Dixon, Claire

2010-11-01

This paper describes a project undertaken to establish a self-explaining roads (SER) design programme on existing streets in an urban area. The methodology focussed on developing a process to identify functional road categories and designs based on endemic road characteristics taken from functional exemplars in the study area. The study area was divided into two sections, one to receive SER treatments designed to maximise visual differences between road categories, and a matched control area to remain untreated for purposes of comparison. The SER design for local roads included increased landscaping and community islands to limit forward visibility, and removal of road markings to create a visually distinct road environment. In comparison, roads categorised as collectors received increased delineation, addition of cycle lanes, and improved amenity for pedestrians. Speed data collected 3 months after implementation showed a significant reduction in vehicle speeds on local roads and increased homogeneity of speeds on both local and collector roads. The objective speed data, combined with residents' speed choice ratings, indicated that the project was successful in creating two discriminably different road categories. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Wildlife friendly roads: the impacts of roads on wildlife in urban areas and potential remedies

USGS Publications Warehouse

Riley, Seth P D; Brown, Justin L.; Sikich, Jeff A.; Schoonmaker, Catherine M.; Boydston, Erin E.

2014-01-01

Roads are one of the most important factors affecting the ability of wildlife to live and move within an urban area. Roads physically replace wildlife habitat and often reduce habitat quality nearby, fragment the remaining habitat, and cause increased mortality through vehicle collisions. Much ecological research on roads has focused on whether animals are successfully crossing roads, or if the road is a barrier to wildlife movement, gene flow, or functional connectivity. Roads can alter survival and reproduction for wildlife, even among species such as birds that cross roads easily. Here we examine the suite of potential impacts of roads on wildlife, but we focus particularly on urban settings. We report on studies, both in the literature and from our own experience, that have addressed wildlife and roads in urban landscapes. Although road ecology is a growing field of study, relatively little of this research, and relatively few mitigation projects, have been done in urban landscapes. We also draw from the available science on road impacts in rural areas when urban case studies have not fully addressed key topics.

Erosion and sediment delivery following removal of forest roads

USGS Publications Warehouse

Madej, Mary Ann

2001-01-01

Erosion control treatments were applied to abandoned logging roads in California, with the goal of reducing road-related sediment input to streams and restoring natural hydrologic patterns on the landscape. Treatment of stream crossings involved excavating culverts and associated road fill and reshaping streambanks. A variety of techniques were applied to road benches, which included decompacting the road surface, placing unstable road fill in more stable locations, and re-establishing natural surface drainage patterns. Following treatment and a 12-year recurrence-interval storm, some road reaches and excavated stream crossings showed evidence of mass movement failures, gullying, bank erosion and channel incision. Post-treatment erosion from excavated stream crossings was related to two variables: a surrogate for stream power (drainage area × channel gradient) and the volume of fill excavated from the channel. Post-treatment erosion on road reaches was related to four explanatory variables: method of treatment, hillslope position (upper, mid-slope or lower), date of treatment, and an interaction term (hillslope position × method of treatment). Sediment delivery from treated roads in upper, middle and lower hillslope positions was 10, 135 and 550 m3 of sediment per kilometre of treated roads, respectively. In contrast, inventories of almost 500 km of forest roads in adjacent catchments indicate that untreated roads produced 1500 to 4700 m3 of sediment per kilometre of road length. Erosion from 300 km of treated roads contributed less than 2 per cent of the total sediment load of Redwood Creek during the period 1978 to 1998. Although road removal treatments do not completely eliminate erosion associated with forest roads, they do substantially reduce sediment yields from abandoned logging roads.

Automatic 3D high-fidelity traffic interchange modeling using 2D road GIS data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jie; Shen, Yuzhong

2011-03-01

3D road models are widely used in many computer applications such as racing games and driving simulations. However, almost all high-fidelity 3D road models were generated manually by professional artists at the expense of intensive labor. There are very few existing methods for automatically generating 3D high-fidelity road networks, especially for those existing in the real world. Real road network contains various elements such as road segments, road intersections and traffic interchanges. Among them, traffic interchanges present the most challenges to model due to their complexity and the lack of height information (vertical position) of traffic interchanges in existing road GIS data. This paper proposes a novel approach that can automatically produce 3D high-fidelity road network models, including traffic interchange models, from real 2D road GIS data that mainly contain road centerline information. The proposed method consists of several steps. The raw road GIS data are first preprocessed to extract road network topology, merge redundant links, and classify road types. Then overlapped points in the interchanges are detected and their elevations are determined based on a set of level estimation rules. Parametric representations of the road centerlines are then generated through link segmentation and fitting, and they have the advantages of arbitrary levels of detail with reduced memory usage. Finally a set of civil engineering rules for road design (e.g., cross slope, superelevation) are selected and used to generate realistic road surfaces. In addition to traffic interchange modeling, the proposed method also applies to other more general road elements. Preliminary results show that the proposed method is highly effective and useful in many applications.

Most common road safety engineering deficiencies in South Eastern Europe as a part of safe system approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jovanov, D.; Vollpracht, H. J.; Beles, H.; Popa, V.; Tolea, B. A.

2017-10-01

Most common road safety engineering deficiencies identified by the authors in South Eastern Europe, including Romania, have been collected together and presented in this paper as a part of road safety unbreakably connected to the safe system approach (driver-vehicle-road). In different South Eastern Europe countries Road Safety Audit (RSA), Road Safety Inspection (RSI), as well as Black Spot Management (BSM) was introduced and practical implementation experience enabled the authors to analyze the road safety problems. Typical road safety engineering deficiencies have been presented in 8 different subsections, based on PIARC (World Road Association) RSA approach. This paper presents collected common road safety problems with relevant illustrations (real pictures) with associated accident risks.

The road plan model: Information model for planning road building activities

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Azinhal, Rafaela K.; Moura-Pires, Fernando

1994-01-01

The general building contractor is presented with an information model as an approach for deriving a high-level work plan of construction activities applied to road building. Road construction activities are represented in a Road Plan Model (RPM), which is modeled in the ISO standard STEP/EXPRESS and adopts various concepts from the GARM notation. The integration with the preceding road design stage and the succeeding phase of resource scheduling is discussed within the framework of a Road Construction Model. Construction knowledge is applied to the road design and the terrain model of the surrounding road infrastructure for the instantiation of the RPM. Issues regarding the implementation of a road planner application supporting the RPM are discussed.

Vulnerability Analysis and Evaluation of Urban Road System in Tianjin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Y. Q.; Wu, X.

In recent years, with the development of economy, the road construction of our country has entered into a period of rapid growth. The road transportation network has been expanding and the risk of disasters is increasing. In this paper we study the vulnerability of urban road system in Tianjin. After analyzed many risk factors of the urban road system security, including road construction, road traffic and the natural environment, we proposed an evaluation index of vulnerability of urban road system and established the corresponding evaluation index system. Based on the results of analysis and comprehensive evaluation, appropriate improvement measures and suggestions which may reduce the vulnerability of the road system and improve the safety and reliability of the road system are proposed.

The association of road safety knowledge and risk behaviour with paediatric road traffic injury in Guangzhou, China.

PubMed

Dong, Xiaomei; Peek-Asa, Corinne; Yang, Jingzhen; Wang, Shengyong; Chen, Xiongfei; Chi, Guibo; Ramirez, Marizen

2011-02-01

This study describes road traffic injuries among school-aged children in Guangzhou, China, and examines the effect of road safety knowledge and risk behaviours on road traffic injuries. A stratified cluster sample of 3747 children from six primary schools and six middle schools in Guangzhou, China, was surveyed. Data were collected on sociodemographic factors and road traffic injuries during the past year. Knowledge about road safety rules was assessed using a 14-item road safety knowledge index, and risky road safety behaviours were measured using a 25-item road safety behaviour index. A total of 403 (10.8%) students reported having at least one road traffic injury during the past 12 months. A high proportion of injuries was found among children who were boys, in primary school and from the suburbs. Bicycle-related injuries were the most common (46.0% of all injuries). Motor vehicle-related injuries had higher hospitalisation rates and worse psychological impact than bicycle or pedestrian injuries. Children with low and medium road safety knowledge had 1.5 to 3 times the odds of injury compared with students with high road safety knowledge. Students with high scores on the risky road behaviour index had twice the odds of injury (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.47 to 2.84) compared with students with low scores. Better road safety knowledge and the avoidance of walking or cycling-related risk behaviours are protective factors for road traffic injuries among Chinese school children. More injury prevention programmes are needed to improve road safety knowledge and reduce risk behaviours.

Characteristics of the truck users and non-users of Texas toll roads.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-08-01

As the use of toll roads increase to finance new road infrastructure or add capacity to existing road infrastructure, the : question of who use and do not use toll roads becomes increasingly important to toll road developers, financiers, : Traffic an...

GIS Data Based Automatic High-Fidelity 3D Road Network Modeling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wang, Jie; Shen, Yuzhong

2011-01-01

3D road models are widely used in many computer applications such as racing games and driving simulations_ However, almost all high-fidelity 3D road models were generated manually by professional artists at the expense of intensive labor. There are very few existing methods for automatically generating 3D high-fidelity road networks, especially those existing in the real world. This paper presents a novel approach thai can automatically produce 3D high-fidelity road network models from real 2D road GIS data that mainly contain road. centerline in formation. The proposed method first builds parametric representations of the road centerlines through segmentation and fitting . A basic set of civil engineering rules (e.g., cross slope, superelevation, grade) for road design are then selected in order to generate realistic road surfaces in compliance with these rules. While the proposed method applies to any types of roads, this paper mainly addresses automatic generation of complex traffic interchanges and intersections which are the most sophisticated elements in the road networks

Unofficial Road Building in the Amazon: Socioeconomic and Biophysical Explanations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Perz, Stephen G.; Caldas, Marcellus M.; Arima, Eugenio; Walker, Robert J.

2007-01-01

Roads have manifold social and environmental impacts, including regional development, social conflicts and habitat fragmentation. 'Road ecology' has emerged as an approach to evaluate the various ecological and hydrological impacts of roads. This article aims to complement road ecology by examining the socio-spatial processes of road building itself. Focusing on the Brazilian Amazon, a heavily-studied context due to forest fragmentation by roads, the authors consider non-state social actors who build 'unofficial roads' for the purpose of gaining access to natural resources to support livelihoods and community development. They examine four case studies of roads with distinct histories in order to explain the socio-spatial processes behind road building in terms of profit maximization, land tenure claims, co-operative and conflictive political ecologies, and constraints as well as opportunities afforded by the biophysical environment. The study cases illustrate the need for a multi-pronged theoretical approach to understanding road building, and call for more attention to the role of non-state actors in unofficial road construction.

Multispectral Image Road Extraction Based Upon Automated Map Conflation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Bin

Road network extraction from remotely sensed imagery enables many important and diverse applications such as vehicle tracking, drone navigation, and intelligent transportation studies. There are, however, a number of challenges to road detection from an image. Road pavement material, width, direction, and topology vary across a scene. Complete or partial occlusions caused by nearby buildings, trees, and the shadows cast by them, make maintaining road connectivity difficult. The problems posed by occlusions are exacerbated with the increasing use of oblique imagery from aerial and satellite platforms. Further, common objects such as rooftops and parking lots are made of materials similar or identical to road pavements. This problem of common materials is a classic case of a single land cover material existing for different land use scenarios. This work addresses these problems in road extraction from geo-referenced imagery by leveraging the OpenStreetMap digital road map to guide image-based road extraction. The crowd-sourced cartography has the advantages of worldwide coverage that is constantly updated. The derived road vectors follow only roads and so can serve to guide image-based road extraction with minimal confusion from occlusions and changes in road material. On the other hand, the vector road map has no information on road widths and misalignments between the vector map and the geo-referenced image are small but nonsystematic. Properly correcting misalignment between two geospatial datasets, also known as map conflation, is an essential step. A generic framework requiring minimal human intervention is described for multispectral image road extraction and automatic road map conflation. The approach relies on the road feature generation of a binary mask and a corresponding curvilinear image. A method for generating the binary road mask from the image by applying a spectral measure is presented. The spectral measure, called anisotropy-tunable distance (ATD), differs from conventional measures and is created to account for both changes of spectral direction and spectral magnitude in a unified fashion. The ATD measure is particularly suitable for differentiating urban targets such as roads and building rooftops. The curvilinear image provides estimates of the width and orientation of potential road segments. Road vectors derived from OpenStreetMap are then conflated to image road features by applying junction matching and intermediate point matching, followed by refinement with mean-shift clustering and morphological processing to produce a road mask with piecewise width estimates. The proposed approach is tested on a set of challenging, large, and diverse image data sets and the performance accuracy is assessed. The method is effective for road detection and width estimation of roads, even in challenging scenarios when extensive occlusion occurs.

Spatial Resolution Effect on Forest Road Gradient Calculation and Erosion Modelling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cao, L.; Elliot, W.

2017-12-01

Road erosion is one of the main sediment sources in a forest watershed and should be properly evaluated. With the help of GIS technology, road topography can be determined and soil loss can be predicted at a watershed scale. As a vector geographical feature, the road gradient should be calculated following road direction rather than hillslope direction. This calculation might be difficult with a coarse (30-m) DEM which only provides the underlying topography information. This study was designed to explore the effect of road segmentation and DEM resolution on the road gradient calculation and erosion prediction at a watershed scale. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model was run on road segments of 9 lengths ranging from 40m to 200m. Road gradient was calculated from three DEM data sets: 1m LiDAR, and 10m and 30m USGS DEMs. The 1m LiDAR DEM calculated gradients were very close to the field observed road gradients, so we assumed the 1m LiDAR DEM predicted the true road gradient. The results revealed that longer road segments skipped detail topographical undulations and resulted in lower road gradients. Coarser DEMs computed steeper road gradients as larger grid cells covered more adjacent areas outside road resulting in larger elevation differences. Field surveyed results also revealed that coarser DEM might result in more gradient deviation in a curved road segment when it passes through a convex or concave slope. As road segment length increased, the gradient difference between three DEMs was reduced. There were no significant differences between road gradients of different segment lengths and DEM resolution when segments were longer than 100m. For long segments, the 10m DEM calculated road gradient was similar to the 1m LiDAR gradient. When evaluating the effects of road segment length, the predicted erosion rate decreased with increasing length when road gradient was less than 3%. In cases where the road gradients exceed 3% and rill erosion dominates, predicted erosion rates exponentially increased with segment length. At the watershed scale, most of the predicted soil loss occurred on segments with gradients ranging from 3% to 9%. Based on the road gradient calculated with the 10-m and 30-m DEMs, soil loss was overestimated when compared to the 1m LiDAR DEM. Both the 10m and 30m DEM result in similar total road soil loss.

How long do the dead survive on the road? Carcass persistence probability and implications for road-kill monitoring surveys.

PubMed

Santos, Sara M; Carvalho, Filipe; Mira, António

2011-01-01

Road mortality is probably the best-known and visible impact of roads upon wildlife. Although several factors influence road-kill counts, carcass persistence time is considered the most important determinant underlying underestimates of road mortality. The present study aims to describe and model carcass persistence variability on the road for different taxonomic groups under different environmental conditions throughout the year; and also to assess the effect of sampling frequency on the relative variation in road-kill estimates registered within a survey. Daily surveys of road-killed vertebrates were conducted over one year along four road sections with different traffic volumes. Survival analysis was then used to i) describe carcass persistence timings for overall and for specific animal groups; ii) assess optimal sampling designs according to research objectives; and iii) model the influence of road, animal and weather factors on carcass persistence probabilities. Most animal carcasses persisted on the road for the first day only, with some groups disappearing at very high rates. The advisable periodicity of road monitoring that minimizes bias in road mortality estimates is daily monitoring for bats (in the morning) and lizards (in the afternoon), daily monitoring for toads, small birds, small mammals, snakes, salamanders, and lagomorphs; 1 day-interval (alternate days) for large birds, birds of prey, hedgehogs, and freshwater turtles; and 2 day-interval for carnivores. Multiple factors influenced the persistence probabilities of vertebrate carcasses on the road. Overall, the persistence was much lower for small animals, on roads with lower traffic volumes, for carcasses located on road lanes, and during humid conditions and high temperatures during the wet season and dry seasons, respectively. The guidance given here on monitoring frequencies is particularly relevant to provide conservation and transportation agencies with accurate numbers of road-kills, realistic mitigation measures, and detailed designs for road monitoring programs.

How Long Do the Dead Survive on the Road? Carcass Persistence Probability and Implications for Road-Kill Monitoring Surveys

PubMed Central

Santos, Sara M.; Carvalho, Filipe; Mira, António

2011-01-01

Background Road mortality is probably the best-known and visible impact of roads upon wildlife. Although several factors influence road-kill counts, carcass persistence time is considered the most important determinant underlying underestimates of road mortality. The present study aims to describe and model carcass persistence variability on the road for different taxonomic groups under different environmental conditions throughout the year; and also to assess the effect of sampling frequency on the relative variation in road-kill estimates registered within a survey. Methodology/Principal Findings Daily surveys of road-killed vertebrates were conducted over one year along four road sections with different traffic volumes. Survival analysis was then used to i) describe carcass persistence timings for overall and for specific animal groups; ii) assess optimal sampling designs according to research objectives; and iii) model the influence of road, animal and weather factors on carcass persistence probabilities. Most animal carcasses persisted on the road for the first day only, with some groups disappearing at very high rates. The advisable periodicity of road monitoring that minimizes bias in road mortality estimates is daily monitoring for bats (in the morning) and lizards (in the afternoon), daily monitoring for toads, small birds, small mammals, snakes, salamanders, and lagomorphs; 1 day-interval (alternate days) for large birds, birds of prey, hedgehogs, and freshwater turtles; and 2 day-interval for carnivores. Multiple factors influenced the persistence probabilities of vertebrate carcasses on the road. Overall, the persistence was much lower for small animals, on roads with lower traffic volumes, for carcasses located on road lanes, and during humid conditions and high temperatures during the wet season and dry seasons, respectively. Conclusion/Significance The guidance given here on monitoring frequencies is particularly relevant to provide conservation and transportation agencies with accurate numbers of road-kills, realistic mitigation measures, and detailed designs for road monitoring programs. PMID:21980437

24 CFR 1710.110 - Roads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... (4) Who is responsible for road maintenance? If the roads are to be maintained by a public authority... for maintaining the roads and that, if maintenance is not performed, the roads may soon deteriorate... 24 Housing and Urban Development 5 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Roads. 1710.110 Section 1710.110...

40 CFR 81.306 - Colorado.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... boundary, then: east along the County line to Elbert Road; south on Elbert Road to Judge Orr Road; east on Judge Orr Road to Ellicott Highway; south on Ellicott Highway to Squirrel Creek Road; west on Squirrel Creek Road to Williams Creek; south along Williams Creek to the confluence of Williams and Fountain...

36 CFR 212.9 - Principles for sharing use of roads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... roads. 212.9 Section 212.9 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE... of roads. The use of roads under arrangements for sharing costs or performance shall be in accordance with the following: (a) Road improvement. Use of a road for commercial hauling, except occasional or...

36 CFR 212.9 - Principles for sharing use of roads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... roads. 212.9 Section 212.9 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE... of roads. The use of roads under arrangements for sharing costs or performance shall be in accordance with the following: (a) Road improvement. Use of a road for commercial hauling, except occasional or...

36 CFR 212.9 - Principles for sharing use of roads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... roads. 212.9 Section 212.9 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE... of roads. The use of roads under arrangements for sharing costs or performance shall be in accordance with the following: (a) Road improvement. Use of a road for commercial hauling, except occasional or...

75 FR 69619 - East Reservoir Project; Kootenai National Forest, Lincoln County, MT

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-15

... harvest. Vegetation treatments total approximately 13,000 acres of treated area. (2) Road management includes new road construction, road storage and adding existing, undetermined roads to the National Forest Service road system. Approximately 2.04 miles of new road construction is proposed. Approximately 40 miles...

An approach to accidents modeling based on compounds road environments.

PubMed

Fernandes, Ana; Neves, Jose

2013-04-01

The most common approach to study the influence of certain road features on accidents has been the consideration of uniform road segments characterized by a unique feature. However, when an accident is related to the road infrastructure, its cause is usually not a single characteristic but rather a complex combination of several characteristics. The main objective of this paper is to describe a methodology developed in order to consider the road as a complete environment by using compound road environments, overcoming the limitations inherented in considering only uniform road segments. The methodology consists of: dividing a sample of roads into segments; grouping them into quite homogeneous road environments using cluster analysis; and identifying the influence of skid resistance and texture depth on road accidents in each environment by using generalized linear models. The application of this methodology is demonstrated for eight roads. Based on real data from accidents and road characteristics, three compound road environments were established where the pavement surface properties significantly influence the occurrence of accidents. Results have showed clearly that road environments where braking maneuvers are more common or those with small radii of curvature and high speeds require higher skid resistance and texture depth as an important contribution to the accident prevention. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Priority of Road Rehabilitation in Karanganyar Regency Using IRI Estimation from Roadroid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Achmadi, F.; Suprapto, M.; Setyawan, A.

2017-02-01

The IRI (International Roughness Index) is a road roughness index commonly obtained from measured longitudinal road profiles. This is one of the functional performance a surface of road pavement. Therefore, needs to be done evaluation and monitoring periodically to getting priority of road rehabilitation right on target. The IRI standard has commonly been used worldwide for evaluating road system. The Roadroid is an application to measure road quality with a website to view road quality. It is designed for Android smartphones, so we can easily measure and monitor the road and also use the camera for GPS-tagged photo. By using the built-in vibration sensor in smartphones, it is possible to collect IRI value which can be an indicator road conditions. This study attempts to explain the priority of road rehabilitation in Karanganyar Regency. The location of the study focused on a collector street (primary, secondary and locally road). The result of IRI estimation will be combined with other aspects that influences; land use, policy, the connectivity of road and traffic average daily. Based on IRI estimation using Roadroid, the road conditions in Karanganyar Regency can be described 59,60% were good (IRI<4,5) 21,30% fair (4,512).

Testing road surface treatments to reduce erosion in forest roads in Honduras [Tratamientos de la superficie de rodadura para reducir la erosion en caminos forestales en Honduras

USGS Publications Warehouse

Rivera, Samuel; Kershner, Jeffrey L.; Keller, Gordon R.

2009-01-01

Testing road surface treatments to reduce erosion in forest roads in Honduras. Cien. Inv. Agr. 36(3):425-432. Using forest roads produces more erosion and sedimentation than any other forest or agricultural activity. This study evaluated soil losses from a forest road in central Honduras over two consecutive years. We divided a 400-m segment of road into 8 experimental units, each 50 m in length. Four units were treated with Best Management Practices (BMPs) and four were left untreated. The BMP treatments included reshaping the road prism, installing culverts and reshaping of road ditches, compacting 20-cm layers of the road tread, crowning the road surface (3% slope, double drainage), longitudinal sloping (less than 12%), and adding a 10-cm layer of gravel (crush size = 0.63 cm). Soil movement was measured daily during the rainy seasons. The highest soil loss occurred in the control road, around 500 m3 km-1 per year, while the road treated with BMP lost approximately 225 m3km-1 per year. These results show that road surface erosion can be reduced up to 50% with the implementation of surface treatments.

Scan Line Based Road Marking Extraction from Mobile LiDAR Point Clouds.

PubMed

Yan, Li; Liu, Hua; Tan, Junxiang; Li, Zan; Xie, Hong; Chen, Changjun

2016-06-17

Mobile Mapping Technology (MMT) is one of the most important 3D spatial data acquisition technologies. The state-of-the-art mobile mapping systems, equipped with laser scanners and named Mobile LiDAR Scanning (MLS) systems, have been widely used in a variety of areas, especially in road mapping and road inventory. With the commercialization of Advanced Driving Assistance Systems (ADASs) and self-driving technology, there will be a great demand for lane-level detailed 3D maps, and MLS is the most promising technology to generate such lane-level detailed 3D maps. Road markings and road edges are necessary information in creating such lane-level detailed 3D maps. This paper proposes a scan line based method to extract road markings from mobile LiDAR point clouds in three steps: (1) preprocessing; (2) road points extraction; (3) road markings extraction and refinement. In preprocessing step, the isolated LiDAR points in the air are removed from the LiDAR point clouds and the point clouds are organized into scan lines. In the road points extraction step, seed road points are first extracted by Height Difference (HD) between trajectory data and road surface, then full road points are extracted from the point clouds by moving least squares line fitting. In the road markings extraction and refinement step, the intensity values of road points in a scan line are first smoothed by a dynamic window median filter to suppress intensity noises, then road markings are extracted by Edge Detection and Edge Constraint (EDEC) method, and the Fake Road Marking Points (FRMPs) are eliminated from the detected road markings by segment and dimensionality feature-based refinement. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by three data samples and the experiment results indicate that road points are well extracted from MLS data and road markings are well extracted from road points by the applied method. A quantitative study shows that the proposed method achieves an average completeness, correctness, and F-measure of 0.96, 0.93, and 0.94, respectively. The time complexity analysis shows that the scan line based road markings extraction method proposed in this paper provides a promising alternative for offline road markings extraction from MLS data.

Scan Line Based Road Marking Extraction from Mobile LiDAR Point Clouds†

PubMed Central

Yan, Li; Liu, Hua; Tan, Junxiang; Li, Zan; Xie, Hong; Chen, Changjun

2016-01-01

Mobile Mapping Technology (MMT) is one of the most important 3D spatial data acquisition technologies. The state-of-the-art mobile mapping systems, equipped with laser scanners and named Mobile LiDAR Scanning (MLS) systems, have been widely used in a variety of areas, especially in road mapping and road inventory. With the commercialization of Advanced Driving Assistance Systems (ADASs) and self-driving technology, there will be a great demand for lane-level detailed 3D maps, and MLS is the most promising technology to generate such lane-level detailed 3D maps. Road markings and road edges are necessary information in creating such lane-level detailed 3D maps. This paper proposes a scan line based method to extract road markings from mobile LiDAR point clouds in three steps: (1) preprocessing; (2) road points extraction; (3) road markings extraction and refinement. In preprocessing step, the isolated LiDAR points in the air are removed from the LiDAR point clouds and the point clouds are organized into scan lines. In the road points extraction step, seed road points are first extracted by Height Difference (HD) between trajectory data and road surface, then full road points are extracted from the point clouds by moving least squares line fitting. In the road markings extraction and refinement step, the intensity values of road points in a scan line are first smoothed by a dynamic window median filter to suppress intensity noises, then road markings are extracted by Edge Detection and Edge Constraint (EDEC) method, and the Fake Road Marking Points (FRMPs) are eliminated from the detected road markings by segment and dimensionality feature-based refinement. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by three data samples and the experiment results indicate that road points are well extracted from MLS data and road markings are well extracted from road points by the applied method. A quantitative study shows that the proposed method achieves an average completeness, correctness, and F-measure of 0.96, 0.93, and 0.94, respectively. The time complexity analysis shows that the scan line based road markings extraction method proposed in this paper provides a promising alternative for offline road markings extraction from MLS data. PMID:27322279

Amphibian and reptile road-kills on tertiary roads in relation to landscape structure: using a citizen science approach with open-access land cover data.

PubMed

Heigl, Florian; Horvath, Kathrin; Laaha, Gregor; Zaller, Johann G

2017-06-26

Amphibians and reptiles are among the most endangered vertebrate species worldwide. However, little is known how they are affected by road-kills on tertiary roads and whether the surrounding landscape structure can explain road-kill patterns. The aim of our study was to examine the applicability of open-access remote sensing data for a large-scale citizen science approach to describe spatial patterns of road-killed amphibians and reptiles on tertiary roads. Using a citizen science app we monitored road-kills of amphibians and reptiles along 97.5 km of tertiary roads covering agricultural, municipal and interurban roads as well as cycling paths in eastern Austria over two seasons. Surrounding landscape was assessed using open access land cover classes for the region (Coordination of Information on the Environment, CORINE). Hotspot analysis was performed using kernel density estimation (KDE+). Relations between land cover classes and amphibian and reptile road-kills were analysed with conditional probabilities and general linear models (GLM). We also estimated the potential cost-efficiency of a large scale citizen science monitoring project. We recorded 180 amphibian and 72 reptile road-kills comprising eight species mainly occurring on agricultural roads. KDE+ analyses revealed a significant clustering of road-killed amphibians and reptiles, which is an important information for authorities aiming to mitigate road-kills. Overall, hotspots of amphibian and reptile road-kills were next to the land cover classes arable land, suburban areas and vineyards. Conditional probabilities and GLMs identified road-kills especially next to preferred habitats of green toad, common toad and grass snake, the most often found road-killed species. A citizen science approach appeared to be more cost-efficient than monitoring by professional researchers only when more than 400 km of road are monitored. Our findings showed that freely available remote sensing data in combination with a citizen science approach would be a cost-efficient method aiming to identify and monitor road-kill hotspots of amphibians and reptiles on a larger scale.

Supporting drivers in forming correct expectations about transitions between rural road categories.

PubMed

Stelling-Konczak, Agnieszka; Aarts, Letty; Duivenvoorden, Kirsten; Goldenbeld, Charles

2011-01-01

In order to support drivers in forming the right expectations on the road, road categories are being made recognisable and predictable in the Netherlands. The present study investigated which of the selected road layouts can make rural road categories most recognisable for road users, especially in transitions from one road category to another. A second objective was to study whether explicit information could contribute to a better recognisability of transitions. The experiment was performed with a series of photographs showing sections of two road categories with an intersection in between. The road layout of road categories varied in markings and separation of driving direction (within-subjects factor). Informed and non-informed participants (between-subjects factor) had to indicate their expectations regarding speed limit and access restriction of each road section, before and after a transition. The results show that for transitions between distributor and through roads, the physicality of separation of driving direction is a better distinctive characteristic than the currently used edge marking. The green centre marking on through roads also enhances recognisability, but only with additional information. As far as transitions between distributor and access roads are concerned, the results demonstrate that this type of transitions is better recognised when no markings on access roads are present. Physical separation of driving directions on distributor roads also improves recognisability, although this layout is associated with higher speed limits. Providing explicit information has in general a positive effect on the reconisability of transitions. Implications are discussed in the light of potential safety effects. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fugitive dust emissions from paved road travel in the Lake Tahoe basin.

PubMed

Zhu, Dongzi; Kuhns, Hampden D; Brown, Scott; Gillies, John A; Etyemezian, Vicken; Gertler, Alan W

2009-10-01

The clarity of water in Lake Tahoe has declined substantially over the past 40 yr. Causes of the degradation include nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization of the lake waters and increasing amounts of inorganic fine sediment that can scatter light. Atmospheric deposition is a major source of fine sediment. A year-round monitoring study of road dust emissions around the lake was completed in 2007 using the Testing Re-entrained Aerosol Kinetic Emissions from Roads (TRAKER) system developed at the Desert Research Institute (DRI). Results of this study found that, compared with the summer season, road dust emissions increased by a factor of 5 in winter, on average, and about a factor of 10 when traction control material was applied to the roads after snow events. For winter and summer, road dust emission factors (grams coarse particulate matter [PM10] per vehicle kilometer traveled [g/vkt]) showed a decreasing trend with the travel speed of the road. The highest emission factors were observed on very low traffic volume roads on the west side of the lake. These roads were composed of either a 3/8-in. gravel material or had degraded asphalt. The principle factors influencing road dust emissions in the basin are season, vehicle speed (or road type), road condition, road grade, and proximity to other high-emitting roads. Combined with a traffic volume model, an analysis of the total emissions from the road sections surveyed indicated that urban areas (in particular South Lake Tahoe) had the highest emitting roads in the basin.

3. ENVIRONMENT, FROM SOUTH, SHOWING RIVER ROAD RIDGE CARRYING CASSELMAN ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. ENVIRONMENT, FROM SOUTH, SHOWING RIVER ROAD RIDGE CARRYING CASSELMAN RIVER ROAD OVER CASSELMAN RIVER - River Road Bridge, Crossing Casselman River on Casselman River Road, Grantsville, Garrett County, MD

Sediment production from forest roads in western Oregon

Treesearch

Charlie Luce; Thomas A. Black

1999-01-01

Prevention and estimation of soil erosion from forest roads requires an understanding of how road design and maintenance affect sediment production. Seventy-four plots were installed on forest roads in the Oregon Coast Range to examine the relationship between sediment production and road attributes such as distance between culverts, road slope, soil texture,...

48 CFR 452.236-79 - Opted Timber Sale Road Requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Opted Timber Sale Road... Opted Timber Sale Road Requirements. As prescribed in 436.579, insert the following clause: Opted Timber Sale Road Requirements (NOV 1996) This contract is for the construction of timber sale road(s) which a...

36 CFR 294.23 - Road construction and reconstruction in Idaho Roadless Areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... safety; (v) Road reconstruction is needed to implement a road safety improvement project on a road... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Road construction and..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIAL AREAS Idaho Roadless Area Management § 294.23 Road construction and...

An Automated Road Roughness Detection from Mobile Laser Scanning Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, P.; Angelats, E.

2017-05-01

Rough roads influence the safety of the road users as accident rate increases with increasing unevenness of the road surface. Road roughness regions are required to be efficiently detected and located in order to ensure their maintenance. Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) systems provide a rapid and cost-effective alternative by providing accurate and dense point cloud data along route corridor. In this paper, an automated algorithm is presented for detecting road roughness from MLS data. The presented algorithm is based on interpolating smooth intensity raster surface from LiDAR point cloud data using point thinning process. The interpolated surface is further processed using morphological and multi-level Otsu thresholding operations to identify candidate road roughness regions. The candidate regions are finally filtered based on spatial density and standard deviation of elevation criteria to detect the roughness along the road surface. The test results of road roughness detection algorithm on two road sections are presented. The developed approach can be used to provide comprehensive information to road authorities in order to schedule maintenance and ensure maximum safety conditions for road users.

Encapsulating urban traffic rhythms into road networks.

PubMed

Wang, Junjie; Wei, Dong; He, Kun; Gong, Hang; Wang, Pu

2014-02-20

Using road GIS (geographical information systems) data and travel demand data for two U.S. urban areas, the dynamical driver sources of each road segment were located. A method to target road clusters closely related to urban traffic congestion was then developed to improve road network efficiency. The targeted road clusters show different spatial distributions at different times of a day, indicating that our method can encapsulate dynamical travel demand information into the road networks. As a proof of concept, when we lowered the speed limit or increased the capacity of road segments in the targeted road clusters, we found that both the number of congested roads and extra travel time were effectively reduced. In addition, the proposed modeling framework provided new insights on the optimization of transport efficiency in any infrastructure network with a specific supply and demand distribution.

Note on evaluating safety performance of road infrastructure to motivate safety competition.

PubMed

Han, Sangjin

2016-01-01

Road infrastructures are usually developed and maintained by governments or public sectors. There is no competitor in the market of their jurisdiction. This monopolic feature discourages road authorities from improving the level of safety with proactive motivation. This study suggests how to apply a principle of competition for roads, in particular by means of performance evaluation. It first discusses why road infrastructure has been slow in safety oriented development and management in respect of its business model. Then it suggests some practical ways of how to promote road safety between road authorities, particularly by evaluating safety performance of road infrastructure. These are summarized as decision of safety performance indicators, classification of spatial boundaries, data collection, evaluation, and reporting. Some consideration points are also discussed to make safety performance evaluation on road infrastructure lead to better road safety management.

Encapsulating Urban Traffic Rhythms into Road Networks

PubMed Central

Wang, Junjie; Wei, Dong; He, Kun; Gong, Hang; Wang, Pu

2014-01-01

Using road GIS (geographical information systems) data and travel demand data for two U.S. urban areas, the dynamical driver sources of each road segment were located. A method to target road clusters closely related to urban traffic congestion was then developed to improve road network efficiency. The targeted road clusters show different spatial distributions at different times of a day, indicating that our method can encapsulate dynamical travel demand information into the road networks. As a proof of concept, when we lowered the speed limit or increased the capacity of road segments in the targeted road clusters, we found that both the number of congested roads and extra travel time were effectively reduced. In addition, the proposed modeling framework provided new insights on the optimization of transport efficiency in any infrastructure network with a specific supply and demand distribution. PMID:24553203

The influence of thermal biology on road mortality risk in snakes.

PubMed

Mccardle, Logan D; Fontenot, Clifford L

2016-02-01

Road mortality is a significant threat to terrestrial vertebrates in many areas, and the novel thermal environment of black-topped roads may represent ecological traps for some species and demographic groups. We investigated the relationship between ambient temperature and on-road detection in a snake assemblage in southeastern Louisiana by comparing observations of live snakes on a black-topped road, across measurements of air temperature and road temperature on survey days. Analyses indicated on-road detection of snakes was significantly influenced by ambient temperature conditions for five snake species. Additionally, road temperatures, and the difference between air and road temperatures, were strong drivers of on-road snake detections. Permutation analysis methods revealed that significant temperature related group (species or sex) structure exists in occurrences of snakes on the roadway, and that road temperature was the strongest driver of species differences. We also compared how air and road temperatures affected occurrence on the road between sexes in the colubrid snakes Nerodia fasciata, Nerodia cyclopion, Thamnophis proximus, and Pantherophis obsoletus. Males and females of the viviparous species N. fasciata, N. cyclopion, and T. proximus diverged significantly in temperature preferences, with females found under warmer conditions, while males and females of the oviparous species P. obsoletus did not. Road temperature was also the strongest driver of differences between sexes. Our results indicate that black-topped roads are an ecological trap that is heavily influenced by sex, reproductive condition, and species specific thermoregulatory requirements, particularly for viviparous species. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Urban street structure and traffic safety.

PubMed

Mohan, Dinesh; Bangdiwala, Shrikant I; Villaveces, Andres

2017-09-01

This paper reports the influence of road type and junction density on road traffic fatality rates in U.S. cities. The Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) files were used to obtain fatality rates for all cities for the years 2005-2010. A stratified random sample of 16 U.S. cities was taken, and cities with high and low road traffic fatality rates were compared on their road layout details (TIGER maps were used). Statistical analysis was done to determine the effect of junction density and road type on road traffic fatality rates. The analysis of road network and road traffic crash fatality rates in these randomly selected U.S. cities shows that, (a) higher number of junctions per road length was significantly associated with a lower motor- vehicle crash and pedestrian mortality rates, and, (b) increased number of kilometers of roads of any kind was associated with higher fatality rates, but an additional kilometer of main arterial road was associated with a significantly higher increase in total fatalities. When compared to non-arterial roads, the higher the ratio of highways and main arterial roads, there was an association with higher fatality rates. These results have important implications for road safety professionals. They suggest that once the road and street structure is put in place, that will influence whether a city has low or high traffic fatality rates. A city with higher proportion of wider roads and large city blocks will tend to have higher traffic fatality rates, and therefore in turn require much more efforts in police enforcement and other road safety measures. Urban planners need to know that smaller block size with relatively less wide roads will result in lower traffic fatality rates and this needs to be incorporated at the planning stage. Copyright © 2017 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Distribution of heavy metals in road dust along an urban-rural gradient in Massachusetts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Apeagyei, Eric; Bank, Michael S.; Spengler, John D.

2011-04-01

Human exposures to particulate matter emitted from on-road motor vehicles include complex mixtures of metals from tires, brakes, parts wear and resuspended road dust. The aim of this study was to assess road dust for metals associated with motor vehicle traffic, particularly those metals coming from brake and tire wears. We hypothesized that the road dust would show significant difference in both composition and concentration by traffic type, road class and by location. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses of 115 parked car tires showed Zn and Ca were likely associated with tire wear dust. XRF results of three used brake pads indicated high concentrations of Fe, Ti, Cu, Ba, Mo and Zr. To assess heavy metal exposures associated with tires and brake wear adjacent to roads of varying traffic and functional classes, 85 samples of road dust were collected from road surfaces adjacent to the curb and analyzed by XRF. Median concentrations for Fe, Ca and K were greater than Ti (1619 ppm), with concentration ratios of Fe: Ca: K: Ti [16:5:3:1]. Cumulative frequency distribution graphs showed distribution of Fe, Ba, Cu, and Mo were similar regardless of road traffic rating. However, Zn, Ti, and Zr varied significantly ( p < 0.05) with traffic ratings of roadways (heavy > moderate > low traffic). Fe, Ba, Cu, and Mo also had similar distributions regardless of road class while composition of Zn, Ti, and Zr varied significantly across road class ( p < 0.05) (Major roads > Minor roads > highway). In comparing urban road dust to rural road dust, we observed Fe, Ca, K, and Ti were significantly greater in urban road dust ( p < 0.05). In urban road dust the Fe: Ca: K: Ti relationship with median Ti of 2216 ppm was 12: 6: 3.5: 1. These results indicate that roadway dust may be important sources of metals for runoff water and localized resuspended particulate matter.

On-road driving impairments and associated cognitive deficits after stroke.

PubMed

Devos, Hannes; Tant, Mark; Akinwuntan, Abiodun E

2014-01-01

Little is known about the critical on-road driving skills that get affected after a stroke. The purpose of this study was to investigate the key on-road driving impairments and their associated cognitive deficits after a stroke. A second aim was to investigate if lateralization of stroke impacts results of the cognitive and on-road driving tests. In this cross-sectional study, 99 participants with a first-ever stroke who were actively driving prior to stroke underwent a cognitive battery and a standardized road test that evaluated 13 specific on-road driving skills. These on-road driving skills were mapped onto an existing, theoretical framework that categorized the on-road items into hierarchic clusters of operational, tactical, visuo-integrative, and mixed driving skills. The total score on the road test and the on-road decision, made by a certified fitness-to-drive expert, decided the main outcome. The critical on-road driving skills predicting the on-road decision were identified using logistic regression analysis. Linear regression analysis was employed to determine the cognitive impairments leading to poor total on-road scores. Analyses were repeated for right- and left-sided strokes. In all, 37 persons scored poorly on the road test. These participants performed worse in all hierarchic clusters of on-road driving. Performances on the operational cluster and the visuo-integrative cluster best predicted on-road decisions (R(2) = 0.60). 'Lane changing' and 'understanding, insight, and quality of traffic participation' were the critical skill deficits leading to poor performance on the road test (R(2) = 0.65). Divided attention was the main determinant of on-road scores in the total group (R(2) = 0.06). Participants with right-sided stroke performed worse on visual field, visual neglect, visual scanning, visuo-constructive skills, and divided attention compared with those with left-sided stroke. Divided attention was the main determinant of total on-road scores in the right-sided stroke group (R(2) = 0.10). A combination of visual scanning, speed of processing, and executive dysfunction yielded the best model to predict on-road scores in left-sided strokes (R(2) = 0.46). Poor performance in the road test after stroke is determined by critical operational and visuo-integrative driving impairments. Specific and different driving evaluation and training programs are needed for right- and left-sided strokes. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Making road safety a public health concern for policy-makers in India.

PubMed

Dandona, Rakhi

2006-01-01

Road traffic injuries contribute substantially to the disease burden in India. This paper describes the road safety issues discussed by members of the Indian Parliament, and highlights the gaps that need to be addressed to make road safety visible as a public health problem to policy-makers in India. All questions asked to and information provided by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, and questions relating to accident asked to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of the Government of India were reviewed for the two Houses of the Indian Parliament for the years 2002 to 2004. Of the 1529 questions asked to the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, only 140 (9.1%) were related to road safety, whereas 1076 (70.5%), 181 (11.8%), 51 (3.3%) and 81 (5.3%) were related to other aspects of the national highways, state roads, vehicles and other issues, respectively. Data on the magnitude of road crashes dealt only with the number of crashes and fatalities and not with the age, sex and type of road users affected by road traffic injuries. The parliamentarians were informed that human error was the main cause of road crashes in India; however, the robustness of this information is questionable. Strategies to prevent road crashes focused mainly on training of drivers with little attention to other factors that cause road crashes. The discussion on legislations also focused on drivers, ignoring other road users. Ten of the 4741 questions (0.2%) asked to Ministry of Health and Family Welfare were related to accident, the majority of which were about the setting up of trauma care services. An appropriate policy and intervention response by policy-makers is not possible with data that are presented in a manner that do not highlight the true nature of the problem, and are neither comprehensive nor robust. Majority of the proposed road safety interventions by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways are based on the traditional view of human error as a major cause of road crashes highlighting the lack of a scientific public health approach towards prevention of road crashes. It would be useful to build the technical capacity of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways in road safety to use the available data more effectively, and to facilitate generation of further relevant data about the magnitude, underlying causes and impact of road traffic injuries, for policy-makers to better understand the critical issues for planning effective road safety policies and interventions to reduce the high burden of mortality and morbidity due to road crashes in India.

Effects of Road Density and Road-Salt Application Practices on Sodium and Chloride Loads to the Scituate Reservoir, Rhode Island

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Waldron, M. C.; Nimiroski, M.

2001-05-01

The Scituate Reservoir drainage basin is the drinking-water source area for two thirds of the population of Rhode Island. The effects of road density and road-salt-application practices on sodium and chloride concentrations in streams in the drainage basin were examined using concentration data collected at intervals of one to six months from January 1982 through June 2000 at 32 stream sites distributed throughout the basin. Median concentrations of sodium and chloride for individual streams during the period of data collection were related to 1995 road densities (road miles per square mile of subbasin) for roads maintained by the Rhode Island Department of Transportation (State-maintained roads) and for roads maintained by the four municipalities in the drainage basin (locally maintained roads). Nearly 60 percent of the variation in median stream sodium and chloride concentrations was accounted for by the variation in density of State-maintained roads (R2= 0.595, p < 0.0001). In contrast, no correlations could be identified between median concentrations of sodium and chloride in streams and the densities of locally maintained roads in the subbasins (R2 = 0.001, p = 0.8771). Also, there was no difference in the relations between median stream sodium concentrations and subbasin road densities for data collected before and after a 1990 State-mandated reduction in the rate of application of sodium during winter deicing of State-maintained roads. Analysis of data on sources of sodium and chloride in the Scituate Reservoir drainage basin during water year 2000 (October 1999 through September 2000) indicates that, while the lengths and densities of locally maintained roads were greater than those of State-maintained roads in most subbasins, the total amount of sodium applied during water year 2000 was nearly three times greater for State-maintained roads than for locally maintained roads. This would be expected, given that State-maintained roads carry more traffic at higher speeds than do locally maintained roads. In addition, the State-maintained roads tend to have more efficient drainage systems that quickly transport runoff directly to the streams. The lack of effect of the reduced sodium application rate on the relation between median stream sodium concentration and density of State-maintained roads may be due to inaccurate monitoring of application rates or to mobilization of sodium previously applied and stored in drainage basin soils. Thus, the amounts of sodium and chloride transported by tributary streams to the Scituate Reservoir depend more on the type of roads and other conditions in the tributary subbasins than on the actual length or density of the roads.

Dust emissions from unpaved roads on the Colorado Plateau

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duniway, M.; Flagg, C.; Belnap, J.

2013-12-01

On the Colorado Plateau, elevated levels of aeolian dust have become a major land management and policy concern due to its influence on climate, weather, terrestrial ecosystem dynamics, landscape development and fertility, melting of snow and ice, air quality, and human health. Most desert soil surfaces are stabilized by plants, rocks, and/or physical or biological soil crusts, but once disturbed, sediment production from these surfaces can increase dramatically. Road development and use is a common surface disturbing activity in the region. The extent and density of roads and road networks is rapidly increasing due to continued energy exploration, infrastructure development, and off-highway recreation activities. Though it is well known that unpaved roads produce dust, the relative contribution of dust from existing roads or the implications of future road development to regional dust loading is unknown. To address this need, we have initiated a multifaceted research effort to evaluating dust emissions from unpaved roads regionally. At 34 sites arranged across various road surfaces and soil textures in southeastern Utah, we are: 1) monitoring dust emissions, local wind conditions, and vehicle traffic and 2) evaluating fugitive dust potential using a portable wind tunnel and measuring road characteristics that affect dust production. We will then 3) develop a GIS-based model that integrates results from 1 & 2 to estimate potential dust contributions from current and future scenarios of regional road development. Passive, horizontal sediment traps were installed at three distances downwind from the road edge. One control trap was placed upwind of the samplers to account for local, non-road dust emissions. An electronic vehicle counter and anemometer were also installed at monitoring sites. Dust samples were collected every three months at fixed heights, 15 cm up to 100 cm above the soil surface, from March 2010 to the present. Threshold friction velocities (TFV), the minimum wind velocity required to initiate erosion, and sediment production were also quantified using a portable wind tunnel at monitoring sites. Additionally, numerous characteristics including gravel cover, particle-size distribution, soil compaction, and loose-erodible material were measured on road surfaces at monitoring sites. Preliminary results suggest that roads are an important regional dust source, as emissions from roads are comparable to non-road, rural sources that are being monitored concurrently. While gravel roads produce more dust per day on average, per vehicle emissions are larger on dirt roads. Dust flux decreases with distance from the road edge on all road types, however this decline is less pronounced on dirt roads. Portable wind tunnel results indicate that TFV is consistently lower on dirt versus gravel roads across all soil types. Fugitive dust flux is generally larger and more variable on dirt roads compared to gravel roads. Initial analyses suggest that several easily measurable road surface characteristics can potentially be used to predict both TFV and sediment production, including: total gravel cover, gravel particle-size classes, clay content, and road compaction. The relation between TFV and total gravel cover in particular appears to be non-linear, with TFV increasing rapidly above ~40% gravel cover.

Road and Roadside Feature Extraction Using Imagery and LIDAR Data for Transportation Operation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ural, S.; Shan, J.; Romero, M. A.; Tarko, A.

2015-03-01

Transportation agencies require up-to-date, reliable, and feasibly acquired information on road geometry and features within proximity to the roads as input for evaluating and prioritizing new or improvement road projects. The information needed for a robust evaluation of road projects includes road centerline, width, and extent together with the average grade, cross-sections, and obstructions near the travelled way. Remote sensing is equipped with a large collection of data and well-established tools for acquiring the information and extracting aforementioned various road features at various levels and scopes. Even with many remote sensing data and methods available for road extraction, transportation operation requires more than the centerlines. Acquiring information that is spatially coherent at the operational level for the entire road system is challenging and needs multiple data sources to be integrated. In the presented study, we established a framework that used data from multiple sources, including one-foot resolution color infrared orthophotos, airborne LiDAR point clouds, and existing spatially non-accurate ancillary road networks. We were able to extract 90.25% of a total of 23.6 miles of road networks together with estimated road width, average grade along the road, and cross sections at specified intervals. Also, we have extracted buildings and vegetation within a predetermined proximity to the extracted road extent. 90.6% of 107 existing buildings were correctly identified with 31% false detection rate.

A global strategy for road building.

PubMed

Laurance, William F; Clements, Gopalasamy Reuben; Sloan, Sean; O'Connell, Christine S; Mueller, Nathan D; Goosem, Miriam; Venter, Oscar; Edwards, David P; Phalan, Ben; Balmford, Andrew; Van Der Ree, Rodney; Arrea, Irene Burgues

2014-09-11

The number and extent of roads will expand dramatically this century. Globally, at least 25 million kilometres of new roads are anticipated by 2050; a 60% increase in the total length of roads over that in 2010. Nine-tenths of all road construction is expected to occur in developing nations, including many regions that sustain exceptional biodiversity and vital ecosystem services. Roads penetrating into wilderness or frontier areas are a major proximate driver of habitat loss and fragmentation, wildfires, overhunting and other environmental degradation, often with irreversible impacts on ecosystems. Unfortunately, much road proliferation is chaotic or poorly planned, and the rate of expansion is so great that it often overwhelms the capacity of environmental planners and managers. Here we present a global scheme for prioritizing road building. This large-scale zoning plan seeks to limit the environmental costs of road expansion while maximizing its benefits for human development, by helping to increase agricultural production, which is an urgent priority given that global food demand could double by mid-century. Our analysis identifies areas with high environmental values where future road building should be avoided if possible, areas where strategic road improvements could promote agricultural development with relatively modest environmental costs, and 'conflict areas' where road building could have sizeable benefits for agriculture but with serious environmental damage. Our plan provides a template for proactively zoning and prioritizing roads during the most explosive era of road expansion in human history.

Using remote sensing data to predict road fill areas and areas affected by fill erosion with planned forest road construction: a case study in Kastamonu Regional Forest Directorate (Turkey).

PubMed

Aricak, Burak

2015-07-01

Forest roads are essential for transport in managed forests, yet road construction causes environmental disturbance, both in the surface area the road covers and in erosion and downslope deposition of road fill material. The factors affecting the deposition distance of eroded road fill are the slope gradient and the density of plant cover. Thus, it is important to take these factors into consideration during road planning to minimize their disturbance. The aim of this study was to use remote sensing and field surveying to predict the locations that would be affected by downslope deposition of eroding road fill and to compile the data into a geographic information system (GIS) database. The construction of 99,500 m of forest roads is proposed for the Kastamonu Regional Forest Directorate in Turkey. Using GeoEye satellite images and a digital elevation model (DEM) for the region, the location and extent of downslope deposition of road fill were determined for the roads as planned. It was found that if the proposed roads were constructed by excavators, the fill material would cover 910,621 m(2) and the affected surface area would be 1,302,740 m(2). Application of the method used here can minimize the adverse effects of forest roads.

Global patterns of current and future road infrastructure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meijer, Johan R.; Huijbregts, Mark A. J.; Schotten, Kees C. G. J.; Schipper, Aafke M.

2018-06-01

Georeferenced information on road infrastructure is essential for spatial planning, socio-economic assessments and environmental impact analyses. Yet current global road maps are typically outdated or characterized by spatial bias in coverage. In the Global Roads Inventory Project we gathered, harmonized and integrated nearly 60 geospatial datasets on road infrastructure into a global roads dataset. The resulting dataset covers 222 countries and includes over 21 million km of roads, which is two to three times the total length in the currently best available country-based global roads datasets. We then related total road length per country to country area, population density, GDP and OECD membership, resulting in a regression model with adjusted R 2 of 0.90, and found that that the highest road densities are associated with densely populated and wealthier countries. Applying our regression model to future population densities and GDP estimates from the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios, we obtained a tentative estimate of 3.0–4.7 million km additional road length for the year 2050. Large increases in road length were projected for developing nations in some of the world’s last remaining wilderness areas, such as the Amazon, the Congo basin and New Guinea. This highlights the need for accurate spatial road datasets to underpin strategic spatial planning in order to reduce the impacts of roads in remaining pristine ecosystems.

7. LASSEN PARK ROAD BRIDGE AT SULFUR WORKS. NOTE ROAD ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. LASSEN PARK ROAD BRIDGE AT SULFUR WORKS. NOTE ROAD TRAVERSING DISTANT RIDGE BEYOND BRIDGE. SEEN FROM WEST OF HIGHWAY FROM OLD HIGHWAY LOOP. LOOKING E. - Lassen Park Road, Mineral, Tehama County, CA

Electromagnetic shielding of thermal protection system for hypersonic vehicles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Albano, M.; Micheli, D.; Gradoni, G.; Morles, R. B.; Marchetti, M.; Moglie, F.; Mariani Primiani, V.

2013-06-01

The numerical simulation and the measurement of electromagnetic shielding at microwave frequencies of thermal protection system for hypersonic vehicles is presented using nested reverberation chamber. An example of a possible thermal protection system for a re-entry vehicle is presented. This system based on carbon material is electromagnetically characterized. The characterization takes into account not only the materials but also the final assembly configuration of the thermal protection system. The frequency range is 2-8 GHz. The results of measurements and simulations show that the microwave shielding effectiveness of carbon materials is above 60 dB for a single tile and that the tile inter-distance is able to downgrade the shielding effectiveness on the average to about 40 dB.

Biodiversity effects of the predation gauntlet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stier, Adrian C.; Stallings, Christopher D.; Samhouri, Jameal F.; Albins, Mark A.; Almany, Glenn R.

2017-06-01

The ubiquity of trophic downgrading has led to interest in the consequences of mesopredator release on prey communities and ecosystems. This issue is of particular concern for reef-fish communities, where predation is a key process driving ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Here, we synthesize existing experiments that have isolated the effects of mesopredators to quantify the role of predation in driving changes in the abundance and biodiversity of recently settled reef fishes. On average, predators reduced prey abundance through generalist foraging behavior, which, through a statistical sampling artifact, caused a reduction in alpha diversity and an increase in beta diversity. Thus, the synthesized experiments provide evidence that predation reduces overall abundance within prey communities, but—after accounting for sampling effects—does not cause disproportionate effects on biodiversity.

Reverse Transcription Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection of and Differentiation Between RNA and DNA of HIV-1-Based Lentiviral Vectors.

PubMed

Pavlovic, Melanie; Koehler, Nina; Anton, Martina; Dinkelmeier, Anna; Haase, Maren; Stellberger, Thorsten; Busch, Ulrich; Baiker, Armin E

2017-08-01

The purpose of the described method is the detection of and differentiation between RNA and DNA of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-derived lentiviral vectors (LV) in cell culture supernatants and swab samples. For the analytical surveillance of genetic engineering, operations methods for the detection of the HIV-1-based LV generations are required. Furthermore, for research issues, it is important to prove the absence of LV particles for downgrading experimental settings in terms of the biosafety level. Here, a quantitative polymerase chain reaction method targeting the long terminal repeat U5 subunit and the start sequence of the packaging signal ψ is described. Numerous controls are included in order to monitor the technical procedure.

ERS-1 experimental payload package

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reynolds, M. L.; Llewellyn-Jones, D. T.

1982-09-01

Proposals were received in response to an Announcement of Opportunity in April 1981. The proposals received were evaluated by two independent panels: a science panel appointed by the Earth Observation Advisory Committee and an Agency-internal technical panel. The five proposals that met all the evaluation criteria were the imaging lightning flash detector, the along-track scanning radiometer (ATSR), the precise range and range rate equipment (PRARE), the tropospheric and stratospheric wind and composition investigation, and the conical scan radiometer. The scientific evaluation panel preferred two alternative combinations: the PRARE with, if possible, a redefined and down-graded mini-imaging microwave radiometer, and the PRARE with the ASTR and, if possible, a nadir looking microwave sounder to provide water vapor correction in all-weather conditions.

36 CFR 294.21 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... maintenance: The ongoing upkeep of a road necessary to retain or restore the road to the approved road...) Has a geographic feature that aids in creating an effective fire break, such as a road or a ridge top..., Appendix Q. Forest road: As defined at 36 CFR 212.1, the term means a road wholly or partly within or...

36 CFR 251.114 - Criteria, terms and conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... required to construct new roads or reconstruct existing roads to bring the roads to a safe and adequate standard. A landowner also may be required to provide for the operation and maintenance of the road. This may be done by arranging for such road to be made part of the local public road system, or formation...

25 CFR 170.804 - How is BIA's Road Maintenance Program related to the IRR Program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false How is BIA's Road Maintenance Program related to the IRR... WATER INDIAN RESERVATION ROADS PROGRAM BIA Road Maintenance § 170.804 How is BIA's Road Maintenance Program related to the IRR Program? The following chart illustrates how BIA's Road Maintenance Program is...

The Use of Theatre Tours in Road Safety Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Powney, Janet; And Others

The Scottish Road Safety Campaign and the Road Safety Council of Wales have made a large investment in theater tours as a method of providing road safety education. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a road safety message delivered by a theater group, Road Safety Officers (RSOs), or, teachers for pupils in upper secondary classes.…

Identifying unstable sites on logging roads

Treesearch

R. M. Rice; J. Lewis

1986-01-01

Logging roads are an important source of forestry-related erosion. The amount of erosion on a forest road is determined by the interaction between how the road is constructed and maintained and the environment in which it is built. The roads in this study were constructed with large bulldozers, and most excavated material was sidecast. The roads studied were...

14. VIEW OF NORTHSOUTH ROAD WHICH PARALLELS ROAD TO HATCH ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

14. VIEW OF NORTH-SOUTH ROAD WHICH PARALLELS ROAD TO HATCH ADIT (FEATURE B-28). NOTE MODERN 'LAY DOWN' FENCE ON ROAD. ROAD LIES TO THE WEST OF THE HATCH ADIT AND PHOTOGRAPH IS VIEW TO THE SOUTH. (OCTOBER, 1995) - Nevada Lucky Tiger Mill & Mine, East slope of Buckskin Mountain, Paradise Valley, Humboldt County, NV

A generalised model for traffic induced road dust emissions. Model description and evaluation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berger, Janne; Denby, Bruce

2011-07-01

This paper concerns the development and evaluation of a new and generalised road dust emission model. Most of today's road dust emission models are based on local measurements and/or contain empirical emission factors that are specific for a given road environment. In this study, a more generalised road dust emission model is presented and evaluated. We have based the emissions on road, tyre and brake wear rates and used the mass balance concept to describe the build-up of road dust on the road surface and road shoulder. The model separates the emissions into a direct part and a resuspension part, and treats the road surface and road shoulder as two different sources. We tested the model under idealized conditions as well as on two datasets in and just outside of Oslo in Norway during the studded tyre season. We found that the model reproduced the observed increase in road dust emissions directly after drying of the road surface. The time scale for the build-up of road dust on the road surface is less than an hour for medium to heavy traffic density. The model performs well for temperatures above 0 °C and less well during colder periods. Since the model does not yet include salting as an additional mass source, underestimations are evident under dry periods with temperatures around 0 °C, under which salting occurs. The model overestimates the measured PM 10 (particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter) concentrations under heavy precipitation events since the model does not take the amount of precipitation into account. There is a strong sensitivity of the modelled emissions to the road surface conditions and the current parameterisations of the effect of precipitation, runoff and evaporation seem inadequate.

Behaviourally relevant road categorisation: a step towards self-explaining rural roads.

PubMed

Weller, Gert; Schlag, Bernhard; Friedel, Tino; Rammin, Carmen

2008-07-01

In contrast to motorways, rural roads are characterised by a large variation in design, appearance and function which is reflected in a comparatively large number of rural road categories. Depending on these categories, a certain (normative) behaviour is usually expected from the driver. These normative behavioural expectations are conveyed to the driver either by formal cues (e.g. speed limit signs) or are expected to be inferred from the road appearance or the affordance (Gibson, J.J., 1986. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale (New Jersey)) of the respective road situation. Unsafe situations are likely to occur if the perceived message conveyed by cues or affordances does not match the normative behavioural expectations of the official road category. In order to avoid such mismatch it is important to know how drivers categorise (rural) roads and which elements are used for this subjective and behaviourally relevant road categorisation. We therefore summarized the processes behind this categorisation in a model and conducted a study in a laboratory setting during which subjects were asked to rate a variety of rural road pictures. The study revealed that drivers distinguish between three different rural road categories which can be distinguished with comparatively few objective criteria. Applying these criteria helps to categorise and design rural roads along self-explaining road principles.

Qualitative study to explore stakeholder perceptions related to road safety in Hyderabad, India.

PubMed

Tetali, Shailaja; Lakshmi, J K; Gupta, Shivam; Gururaj, G; Wadhwaniya, Shirin; Hyder, Adnan A

2013-12-01

The Bloomberg Philanthropies Global Road Safety Programme in India focuses on reduction of drink driving and increase in helmet usage in the city of Hyderabad. During the early stages of implementation, perceptions of stakeholders on road safety were explored as part of the monitoring and evaluation process for a better understanding of areas for improving road safety in Hyderabad. Fifteen in-depth interviews with government officials, subject experts, and road traffic injury victims, and four focus group discussions with trauma surgeons, medical interns, nurses, and taxi drivers were conducted, analysed manually, and presented as themes. Respondents found Hyderabad unsafe for road-users. Factors such as inadequate traffic laws, gaps in enforcement, lack of awareness, lack of political will, poor road engineering, and high-risk road users were identified as threats to road safety. The responsibility for road safety was assigned to both individual road-users and the government, with the former bearing the responsibility for safe traffic behaviour, and the latter for infrastructure provision and enforcement of regulations. The establishment of a lead agency to co-ordinate awareness generation, better road engineering, and stricter enforcement of traffic laws with economic and non-economic penalties for suboptimal traffic behaviour, could facilitate improved road safety in Hyderabad. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Road weather management performance measures : a way to measure achievement.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-04-01

This flyer describes the Road Weather Management Performance Measures that will help the Road Weather Management Program (RWMP) maximize the use of available road weather information and technologies; expand road weather research and development effo...

Identifying critical road geometry parameters affecting crash rate and crash type.

PubMed

Othman, Sarbaz; Thomson, Robert; Lannér, Gunnar

2009-10-01

The objective of this traffic safety investigation was to find critical road parameters affecting crash rate (CR). The study was based on crash and road maintenance data from Western Sweden. More than 3000 crashes, reported from 2000 to 2005 on median-separated roads, were collected and combined with road geometric and surface data. The statistical analysis showed variations in CR when road elements changed confirming that road characteristics affect CR. The findings indicated that large radii right-turn curves were more dangerous than left curves, in particular, during lane changing manoeuvres. However sharper curves are more dangerous in both left and right curves. Moreover, motorway carriageways with no or limited shoulders have the highest CR when compared to other carriageway widths, while one lane carriageway sections on 2+1 roads were the safest. Road surface results showed that both wheel rut depth and road roughness have negative impacts on traffic safety.

Can roads be used as transects for primate population surveys?.

PubMed

Hilário, Renato R; Rodrigues, Flávio H G; Chiarello, Adriano G; Mourthé, Italo

2012-01-01

Line transect distance sampling (LTDS) can be applied to either trails or roads. However, it is likely that sampling along roads might result in biased density estimates. In this paper, we compared the results obtained with LTDS applied on trails and roads for two primate species (Callithrix penicillata and Callicebus nigrifrons) to clarify whether roads are appropriate transects to estimate densities. We performed standard LTDS surveys in two nature reserves in south-eastern Brazil. Effective strip width and population density were different between trails and roads for C. penicillata, but not for C. nigrifrons. The results suggest that roads are not appropriate for use as transects in primate surveys, at least for some species. Further work is required to fully understand this issue, but in the meantime we recommend that researchers avoid using roads as transects or treat roads and trails as covariates when sampling on roads is unavoidable. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Identifying Critical Road Geometry Parameters Affecting Crash Rate and Crash Type

PubMed Central

Othman, Sarbaz; Thomson, Robert; Lannér, Gunnar

2009-01-01

The objective of this traffic safety investigation was to find critical road parameters affecting crash rate (CR). The study was based on crash and road maintenance data from Western Sweden. More than 3000 crashes, reported from 2000 to 2005 on median-separated roads, were collected and combined with road geometric and surface data. The statistical analysis showed variations in CR when road elements changed confirming that road characteristics affect CR. The findings indicated that large radii right-turn curves were more dangerous than left curves, in particular, during lane changing manoeuvres. However sharper curves are more dangerous in both left and right curves. Moreover, motorway carriageways with no or limited shoulders have the highest CR when compared to other carriageway widths, while one lane carriageway sections on 2+1 roads were the safest. Road surface results showed that both wheel rut depth and road roughness have negative impacts on traffic safety. PMID:20184841

Development and Validity of Western University's On-Road Assessment.

PubMed

Classen, Sherrilene; Krasniuk, Sarah; Alvarez, Liliana; Monahan, Miriam; Morrow, Sarah A; Danter, Tim

2017-01-01

Although used across North America, many on-road studies do not explicitly document the content and metrics of on-road courses and accompanying assessments. This article discusses the development of the University of Western Ontario's on-road course, and elucidates the validity of its accompanying on-road assessment. We identified main components for developing an on-road course and used measurement theory to establish face, content, and initial construct validity. Five adult volunteer drivers and 30 drivers with multiple sclerosis participated in the study. The road course had face and content validity, representing 100% of roadway components determined through a content validity matrix and index. The known-groups method showed that debilitated drivers (vs. not debilitated), made more driving errors ( W = 463.50, p = .03), and failed the on-road course, indicating preliminary construct validity of the on-road assessment. This research guides and empirically supports a process for developing a road course and its assessment.

[Exploratory study of road safety in Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire in Republic of the Congo].

PubMed

Batala Mpondo, Georges; Bouanga, Marianne; Saya, Yvette Marie Clarisse; Maurice, Pierre; Burigusa, Guillaume

2014-01-01

Although road accidents in the Congo are reaching alarming levels (2,720 accidents in 2010 and 3,126 accidents in 2011), especially with the massive arrival of "Jakarta" mopeds, no evaluation has been conducted to identify and understand the factors responsible for this problem. This article reports the results of an exploratory study conducted in Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire based on information collected from existing documents and by semidirective questionnaire of people from various sectors able to elucidate the problem of road safety. Using William Haddon's matrix, the parameters investigated were : road user behaviour ; environmental and technological factors ; characteristics of road accident victims ; quality of care ; intervention times and organization of prevention. This study demonstrated the absence of a road safety policy in Congo. It also showed that the main factors responsible for road accidents are behavioural (failure to wear safety belts, failure to comply with road signs, fatigue, use of a telephone while driving, etc.), followed by environmental and technological factors (insufficient traffic lights, absence of sidewalks, disorganized occupation of roads, general state of vehicles). This study shows that, in order to improve road safety in the Congo, it is essential to promote the development of national road safety policies and an action plan, intervention on the determinants of road accidents, and a change of road user behaviours (compulsory use of safety belts, ban on the use of a telephone and smoking while driving, etc.). Effective organization of the management of road accident victims and allocation of a budget to implement a road safety policy are also necessary.

Adapting Road Safety Audits to Local Rural Roads

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-10-01

Many rural governments do not have an effective safety improvement program for their roads, yet crash rates are significantly higher on rural roads than on urban, state, and federal roads. Smaller agencies seldom have the financial resources or exper...

47. Spring 1935 Harold J. Cook, photographer "Summit Road construction. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

47. Spring 1935 Harold J. Cook, photographer "Summit Road construction. Early stage of road tunnel construction, while tunnel was being driven on Summit Road, Scotts Bluff National Monument." - Scotts Bluff Summit Road, Gering, Scotts Bluff County, NE

2. AERIAL VIEW, SHOWING GLENDALE ROAD BRIDGE WITHIN ITS SETTING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. AERIAL VIEW, SHOWING GLENDALE ROAD BRIDGE WITHIN ITS SETTING AT GLENDALE ROAD CROSSING OF DEEP CREEK LAKE (PHOTOGRAPH BY RUTHVAN MORROW) - Glendale Road Bridge, Spanning Deep Creek Lake on Glendale Road, McHenry, Garrett County, MD

1. AERIAL VIEW, SHOWING GLENDALE ROAD BRIDGE WITHIN ITS SETTING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. AERIAL VIEW, SHOWING GLENDALE ROAD BRIDGE WITHIN ITS SETTING AT GLENDALE ROAD CROSSING OF DEEP CREEK LAKE (PHOTOGRAPH BY RUTHVAN MORROW) - Glendale Road Bridge, Spanning Deep Creek Lake on Glendale Road, McHenry, Garrett County, MD

25 CFR 170.808 - Can BIA Road Maintenance Program funds be used to improve IRR transportation facilities?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Can BIA Road Maintenance Program funds be used to improve... THE INTERIOR LAND AND WATER INDIAN RESERVATION ROADS PROGRAM BIA Road Maintenance § 170.808 Can BIA Road Maintenance Program funds be used to improve IRR transportation facilities? No. BIA Road...

Cost estimators for construction of forest roads in the central Appalachians

Treesearch

Deborah, A. Layton; Chris O. LeDoux; Curt C. Hassler; Curt C. Hassler

1992-01-01

Regression equations were developed for estimating the total cost of road construction in the central Appalachian region. Estimators include methods for predicting total costs for roads constructed using hourly rental methods and roads built on a total-job bid basis. Results show that total-job bid roads cost up to five times as much as roads built than when equipment...

25 CFR 170.122 - Can a tribe close a cultural access road?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Can a tribe close a cultural access road? 170.122 Section... ROADS PROGRAM Indian Reservation Roads Program Policy and Eligibility Use of Irr and Cultural Access Roads § 170.122 Can a tribe close a cultural access road? (a) A tribe with jurisdiction over a cultural...

25 CFR 170.138 - Can roads be built in roadless and wild areas?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Can roads be built in roadless and wild areas? 170.138... RESERVATION ROADS PROGRAM Indian Reservation Roads Program Policy and Eligibility Recreation, Tourism and Trails § 170.138 Can roads be built in roadless and wild areas? Under 25 CFR part 265 no roads can be...

25 CFR 170.122 - Can a tribe close a cultural access road?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Can a tribe close a cultural access road? 170.122 Section... ROADS PROGRAM Indian Reservation Roads Program Policy and Eligibility Use of Irr and Cultural Access Roads § 170.122 Can a tribe close a cultural access road? (a) A tribe with jurisdiction over a cultural...

Salamander abundance along road edges and within abandoned logging roads in Appalachian forests.

PubMed

Semlitsch, Raymond D; Ryan, Travis J; Hamed, Kevin; Chatfield, Matt; Drehman, Bethany; Pekarek, Nicole; Spath, Mike; Watland, Angie

2007-02-01

Roads may be one of the most common disturbances in otherwise continuous forested habitat in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Despite their obvious presence on the landscape, there is limited data on the ecological effects along a road edge or the size of the "road-effect zone." We sampled salamanders at current and abandoned road sites within the Nantahala National Forest, North Carolina (U.S.A.) to determine the road-effect zone for an assemblage of woodland salamanders. Salamander abundance near the road was reduced significantly, and salamanders along the edges were predominantly large individuals. These results indicate that the road-effect zone for these salamanders extended 35 m on either side of the relatively narrow, low-use forest roads along which we sampled. Furthermore, salamander abundance was significantly lower on old, abandoned logging roads compared with the adjacent upslope sites. These results indicate that forest roads and abandoned logging roads have negative effects on forest-dependent species such as plethodontid salamanders. Our results may apply to other protected forests in the southern Appalachians and may exemplify a problem created by current and past land use activities in all forested regions, especially those related to road building for natural-resource extraction. Our results show that the effect of roads reached well beyond their boundary and that abandonment or the decommissioning of roads did not reverse detrimental ecological effects; rather, our results indicate that management decisions have significant repercussions for generations to come. Furthermore, the quantity of suitable forested habitat in the protected areas we studied was significantly reduced: between 28.6% and 36.9% of the area was affected by roads. Management and policy decisions must use current and historical data on land use to understand cumulative impacts on forest-dependent species and to fully protect biodiversity on national lands.

Proximity to a high traffic road: glucocorticoid and life history consequences for nestling white-crowned sparrows.

PubMed

Crino, O L; Van Oorschot, B Klaassen; Johnson, E E; Malisch, J L; Breuner, C W

2011-09-01

Roads have been associated with decreased reproductive success and biodiversity in avian communities and increased physiological stress in adult birds. Alternatively, roads may also increase food availability and reduce predator pressure. Previous studies have focused on adult birds, but nestlings may also be susceptible to the detrimental impacts of roads. We examined the effects of proximity to a road on nestling glucocorticoid activity and growth in the mountain white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha). Additionally, we examined several possible indirect factors that may influence nestling corticosterone (CORT) activity secretion in relation to roads. These indirect effects include parental CORT activity, nest-site characteristics, and parental provisioning. And finally, we assessed possible fitness consequences of roads through measures of fledging success. Nestlings near roads had increased CORT activity, elevated at both baseline and stress-induced levels. Surprisingly, these nestlings were also bigger. Generally, greater corticosterone activity is associated with reduced growth. However, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis matures through the nestling period (as nestlings get larger, HPA-activation is greater). Although much of the variance in CORT responses was explained by body size, nestling CORT responses were higher close to roads after controlling for developmental differences. Indirect effects of roads may be mediated through paternal care. Nestling CORT responses were correlated with paternal CORT responses and paternal provisioning increased near roads. Hence, nestlings near roads may be larger due to increased paternal attentiveness. And finally, nest predation was higher for nests close to the road. Roads have apparent costs for white-crowned sparrow nestlings--increased predation, and apparent benefits--increased size. The elevation in CORT activity seems to reflect both increased size (benefit) and elevation due to road proximity (cost). Whether or not roads are good or bad for nestlings remains equivocal. However, it is clear that roads affect nestlings; how or if these effects influence adult survival or reproduction remains to be elucidated. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Permeability of roads to movement of scrubland lizards and small mammals.

PubMed

Brehme, Cheryl S; Tracey, Jeff A; McClenaghan, Leroy R; Fisher, Robert N

2013-08-01

A primary objective of road ecology is to understand and predict how roads affect connectivity of wildlife populations. Road avoidance behavior can fragment populations, whereas lack of road avoidance can result in high mortality due to wildlife-vehicle collisions. Many small animal species focus their activities to particular microhabitats within their larger habitat. We sought to assess how different types of roads affect the movement of small vertebrates and to explore whether responses to roads may be predictable on the basis of animal life history or microhabitat preferences preferences. We tracked the movements of fluorescently marked animals at 24 sites distributed among 3 road types: low-use dirt, low-use secondary paved, and rural 2-lane highway. Most data we collected were on the San Diego pocket mouse (Chaetodipus fallax), cactus mouse (Peromyscus eremicus), western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis), orange-throated whiptail (Aspidoscelis hyperythra), Dulzura kangaroo rat (Dipodomys simulans) (dirt, secondary paved), and deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) (highway only). San Diego pocket mice and cactus mice moved onto dirt roads but not onto a low-use paved road of similar width or onto the highway, indicating they avoid paved road substrate. Both lizard species moved onto the dirt and secondary paved roads but avoided the rural 2-lane rural highway, indicating they may avoid noise, vibration, or visual disturbance from a steady flow of traffic. Kangaroo rats did not avoid the dirt or secondary paved roads. Overall, dirt and secondary roads were more permeable to species that prefer to forage or bask in open areas of their habitat, rather than under the cover of rocks or shrubs. However, all study species avoided the rural 2-lane highway. Our results suggest that microhabitat use preferences and road substrate help predict species responses to low-use roads, but roads with heavy traffic may deter movement of a much wider range of small animal species. © 2013 Society for Conservation Biology.

Regional analysis of the effect of paved roads on sodium and chloride in lakes.

PubMed

Kelting, Daniel L; Laxson, Corey L; Yerger, Elizabeth C

2012-05-15

Salinization of surface water from sodium chloride (road salt) applied to paved roads is a widely recognized environmental concern in the northern hemisphere, yet practical information to improve winter road management to reduce the environmental impacts of this deicer is lacking. The purpose of our study was to provide such information by developing baseline concentrations for sodium and chloride for lakes in watersheds without paved roads, and then determining the relationship between these ions and density, type, and proximity of paved roads to shoreline. We used average summer (June-September) sodium and chloride data for 138 lakes combined in a watershed based analysis of paved road networks in the Adirondack Park of New York, U.S.A. The watersheds used in our study represented a broad range in paved road density and type, 56 of which had no paved roads. Median lake sodium and chloride concentrations in these 56 watersheds averaged 0.55 and 0.24 mg/L, respectively. In contrast, the median sodium and chloride concentrations for the 82 lakes in watersheds with paved roads were 3.60 and 7.22 mg/L, respectively. Paved road density (lane-km/km(2)) was positively correlated with sodium and chloride concentrations, but only state roads were significantly correlated with sodium and chloride while local roads were not. State road density alone explained 84 percent of the variation in both ions. We also successfully modeled the relationship between road proximity to shoreline and sodium and chloride concentrations in lakes, which allowed us to identify sections of road that contributed more to explaining the variation in sodium and chloride in lakes. This model and our approach could be used as part of larger efforts to identify environmentally sensitive areas where alternative winter road management treatments should be applied. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Permeability of roads to movement of scrubland lizards and small mammals

USGS Publications Warehouse

Brehme, Cheryl S.; Tracey, Jeff A.; McClenaghan, Leroy R.; Fisher, Robert N.

2013-01-01

A primary objective of road ecology is to understand and predict how roads affect connectivity of wildlife populations. Road avoidance behavior can fragment populations, whereas lack of road avoidance can result in high mortality due to wildlife-vehicle collisions. Many small animal species focus their activities to particular microhabitats within their larger habitat. We sought to assess how different types of roads affect the movement of small vertebrates and to explore whether responses to roads may be predictable on the basis of animal life history or microhabitat preferences preferences. We tracked the movements of fluorescently marked animals at 24 sites distributed among 3 road types: low-use dirt, low-use secondary paved, and rural 2-lane highway. Most data we collected were on the San Diego pocket mouse (Chaetodipus fallax), cactus mouse (Peromyscus eremicus), western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis), orange-throated whiptail (Aspidoscelis hyperythra), Dulzura kangaroo rat (Dipodomys simulans) (dirt, secondary paved), and deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) (highway only). San Diego pocket mice and cactus mice moved onto dirt roads but not onto a low-use paved road of similar width or onto the highway, indicating they avoidpaved road substrate. Both lizard species moved onto the dirt and secondary paved roads but avoided the rural 2-lane rural highway, indicating they may avoid noise, vibration, or visual disturbance from a steady flow of traffic. Kangaroo rats did not avoid the dirt or secondary paved roads. Overall, dirt and secondary roads were more permeable to species that prefer to forage or bask in open areas of their habitat, rather than under the cover of rocks or shrubs. However, all study species avoided the rural 2-lane highway. Our results suggest that microhabitat use preferences and road substrate help predict species responses to low-use roads,but roads with heavy traffic may deter movement of a much wider range of small animal species.

[Influence of road on breeding habitat of Nipponia nippon based on MaxEnt model].

PubMed

Zhang, Hui; Gao, Ji Xi; Ma, Meng Xiao; Shao, Fang Ze; Wang, Qiao; Li, Guang Yu; Qiu, Jie; Zhou, Ke Xin

2017-04-18

Quantitative study on effects of roads on suitable breeding habitats of wildlife is one of topics that need in-depth research in road ecology. Crested ibis (Nipponia nippon), a first class nationally protected bird species, is the species of interest in this research. Using the Maximum Entropy Models (MaxEnt) in the Species Distribution Model (SDM) toolbox of ArcGIS, autocorrelation of environmental variables were analyzed and environmental variables with r>0.8 were removed. Ten environmental variables were chosen as impact factors for the breeding habitat of crested ibis, including mean temperature of coldest quarter, landscape type, normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), slope, aspect, distance to waters, distance to paddy field, distance to high-grade roads (expressway, national way, provincial way), and distance to low-grade roads (country road). By analyzing the contribution rate of each environmental variable, the results showed that the mean temperature of coldest quarter, landscape type, distance to paddy field, and distance to high-grade roads were the main factors determining breeding habitat of crested ibis. The suitable distribution of crested ibis' nesting area was under the following scenarios: variable road present (scenario1), high-grade road absent (scenario2), and low-grade road absent (scenario 3). The results showed that the presence of roads affected suitable nesting areas of crested ibis with high-grade roads showing a larger influence than low-grade roads. The presence of high-grade roads and low-grade roads decreased the suitable nesting areas of crested ibis by 66.23 and 35.69 km 2 , respectively. The crested ibis preferred to nest in areas distant from high-grade roads, with an average road avoidance distance of 1500 m. This study was of great significance for formulating management measures to protect crested ibis and provide a reference for quantitative assessment on impacts of engineering and construction projects on wildlife.

Repeatability of road pavement condition assessment based on three-dimensional analysis of linear accelerations of vehicles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Staniek, Marcin

2018-05-01

The article provides a discussion concerning a tool used for road pavement condition assessment based on signals of linear accelerations recorded with high sampling frequency for typical vehicles traversing the road network under real-life road traffic conditions. Specific relationships have been established for the sake of road pavement condition assessment, including identification of road sections of poor technical condition. The data thus acquired have been verified with regard to repeatability of estimated road pavement assessment indices. The data make it possible to describe the road network status against an area in which users of the system being developed move. What proves to be crucial in the assessment process is the scope of the data set based on multiple transfers within the road network.

Optimal policies for aggregate recycling from decommissioned forest roads.

PubMed

Thompson, Matthew; Sessions, John

2008-08-01

To mitigate the adverse environmental impact of forest roads, especially degradation of endangered salmonid habitat, many public and private land managers in the western United States are actively decommissioning roads where practical and affordable. Road decommissioning is associated with reduced long-term environmental impact. When decommissioning a road, it may be possible to recover some aggregate (crushed rock) from the road surface. Aggregate is used on many low volume forest roads to reduce wheel stresses transferred to the subgrade, reduce erosion, reduce maintenance costs, and improve driver comfort. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential for aggregate to be recovered and used elsewhere on the road network, at a reduced cost compared to purchasing aggregate from a quarry. This article investigates the potential for aggregate recycling to provide an economic incentive to decommission additional roads by reducing transport distance and aggregate procurement costs for other actively used roads. Decommissioning additional roads may, in turn, result in improved aquatic habitat. We present real-world examples of aggregate recycling and discuss the advantages of doing so. Further, we present mixed integer formulations to determine optimal levels of aggregate recycling under economic and environmental objectives. Tested on an example road network, incorporation of aggregate recycling demonstrates substantial cost-savings relative to a baseline scenario without recycling, increasing the likelihood of road decommissioning and reduced habitat degradation. We find that aggregate recycling can result in up to 24% in cost savings (economic objective) and up to 890% in additional length of roads decommissioned (environmental objective).

Effects of roads on habitat quality for bears in the southern Appalachians: A long-term study

USGS Publications Warehouse

Reynolds-Hogland, M. J.; Mitchell, M.S.

2007-01-01

We tested the hypothesis that gravel roads, not paved roads, had the largest negative effect on habitat quality for a population of American black bears (Ursus americanus) that lived in a protected area, where vehicle collision was a relatively minimal source of mortality. We also evaluated whether road use by bears differed by sex or age and whether annual variation in hard mast productivity affected the way bears used areas near roads. In addition, we tested previous findings regarding the spatial extent to which roads affected bear behavior negatively. Using summer and fall home ranges for 118 black bears living in the Pisgah Bear Sanctuary in western North Carolina during 1981-2001, we estimated both home-range-scale (2nd-order) and within-home-range-scale (3rd-order) selection for areas within 250, 500, 800, and 1,600 m of paved and gravel roads. All bears avoided areas near gravel roads more than they avoided areas near paved roads during summer and fall for 2nd-order selection and during summer for 3rd-order selection. During fall, only adult females avoided areas near gravel roads more than they avoided areas near paved roads for 3rd-order selection. We found a positive relationship between use of roads by adults and annual variability in hard mast productivity. Overall, bears avoided areas within 800 m of gravel roads. Future research should determine whether avoidance of gravel roads by bears affects bear survival. ?? 2007 American Society of Mammalogists.

Pocket facts 2008 : Swedish Road Administration, roads and traffic

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2008-05-01

Pocket Facts offers an overall picture of the road : transport system. Here you will find a selection of : brief facts about roads, road transports, vehicles and : people in traffic. In addition, it presents the functions : and organisation at the SR...

Pocket facts 2009 : Swedish Road Administration, roads and traffic

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-05-01

This publication offers an overall picture of the road transport : system. Here you will find a selection of brief facts about roads, : road transports, vehicles and people in traffic. In addition, it : includes an overview of SRA tasks and organisat...

35. PRATER GRADE ROAD VIEW, FACING NW. NOTE WEATHERING STEEL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

35. PRATER GRADE ROAD VIEW, FACING NW. NOTE WEATHERING STEEL RAIL AND ROAD CUT IN DISTANCE. MONTEZUMA VALLEY OVERLOOK IS JUST TO RIGHT OF DISTANT ROAD CUT. - Mesa Verde National Park Main Entrance Road, Cortez, Montezuma County, CO

Evaluation of safety ratings of roads based on frontal crashes with known crash pulse and injury outcome.

PubMed

Stigson, H

2009-06-01

The objective in this study, using data from crashed cars fitted with on-board crash pulse recorders, was to present differences in average crash severity, distribution of crash severity, and injury outcomes, based on an independent safety rating of roads, also taking road type and speed limit into consideration. Furthermore, the objective was to evaluate differences in injury risk, based on the distribution of crash severity. The investigation included both frontal two-vehicle crashes and single-vehicle crashes with known injury outcome. In total, 209 real-world crashes involving cars fitted with crash pulse recorders were included. For all crashes, average mean acceleration and change of velocity of the vehicle acceleration pulse were measured and calculated. All crash spots were classified according to an independent road safety rating program (European Road Assessment Programme Road Protection Score), where the safety quality of roads is rated in relation to posted speed limits. The crash severity and injury outcome in crashes that occurred on roads with good safety ratings were compared with crashes on roads with poor safety ratings. The data were also divided into subcategories according to posted speed limit and road type, to evaluate whether there was a difference in crash severity and injury outcome within the categories. In total, crash severity was statistically significantly lower in crashes occurring on roads with good safety ratings than in crashes occurring on roads with poor safety ratings. It was found that crash severity and injury risk were lower on roads with good safety ratings with a speed limit of above 90 km/h compared with roads with poor safety ratings, irrespective of speed limit. On the other hand, crash severity was higher on roads with good safety ratings with speed limit of 70 km/h than on roads with poor safety ratings with the same speed limit. Though it was found that a higher speed limit resulted in higher crash severity on roads with poor safety ratings, the opposite was found on roads with good safety ratings. The main reason for this was that lanes for traffic traveling in opposite directions were more often separated at higher speeds on roads with good safety ratings. On divided roads with good safety ratings, there were no crashes resulting in crash severity above the level corresponding to a 10 percent risk of sustaining serious or fatal injury. This indicates that one of the most important safety measures is divided roads.

Road safety in Poland: magnitude, causes and injuries.

PubMed

Goniewicz, Krzysztof; Goniewicz, Mariusz; Pawłowski, Witold; Fiedor, Piotr; Lasota, Dorota

2017-01-01

Road accidents are a serious problem of the modern world. They are one of the main causes of injuries and are the third most frequent cause of death. Every year, about one million people, adults and children, die on the roads and several millions get injured. Mortality rate due to injuries from road accidents amounts to 2.2% of all deaths in the world. The research presents epidemiology of road accidents in the period 2004-2015 with particular emphasis on the key issues of road safety in Poland, related to the dangerous behaviour of road users (disregard toward traffic rules). Between years 2004 and 2015 on Polish roads took place more than 508000 accidents with 53155 fatalities and more then 572000 casualties. Despite the various measures which are taken to improve safety on Polish roads, the number of dead and wounded in the vehicle mishap is still large, and losses borne by society are high. To improve safety on Polish roads, it is necessary to continue multi- action plan to systematically progress in the level of road safety.

Vision Sensor-Based Road Detection for Field Robot Navigation

PubMed Central

Lu, Keyu; Li, Jian; An, Xiangjing; He, Hangen

2015-01-01

Road detection is an essential component of field robot navigation systems. Vision sensors play an important role in road detection for their great potential in environmental perception. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical vision sensor-based method for robust road detection in challenging road scenes. More specifically, for a given road image captured by an on-board vision sensor, we introduce a multiple population genetic algorithm (MPGA)-based approach for efficient road vanishing point detection. Superpixel-level seeds are then selected in an unsupervised way using a clustering strategy. Then, according to the GrowCut framework, the seeds proliferate and iteratively try to occupy their neighbors. After convergence, the initial road segment is obtained. Finally, in order to achieve a globally-consistent road segment, the initial road segment is refined using the conditional random field (CRF) framework, which integrates high-level information into road detection. We perform several experiments to evaluate the common performance, scale sensitivity and noise sensitivity of the proposed method. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits high robustness compared to the state of the art. PMID:26610514

Road Maintenance in Africa: Approaches and Perspectives

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

M, Mostafa Hassan

2018-06-01

In Africa, roads are the dominant mode of passenger and freight transport, for which the need is growing rapidly. It is noticeable that most of the African countries do not do enough to ensure the sustainability of road infrastructure as it has been widely reported that roads are affected, to varying degrees, by premature deterioration. Most of the African countries have adopted institutional reforms, notably entailing the creation of road funds and road agencies, and made significant progress on road maintenance. However, many challenges remain to be addressed in all of them to ensure appropriate maintenance. Although spending on road maintenance has increased over time in all African countries it remains insufficient to cover the needs. Poorly maintained roads constrain mobility, significantly raise vehicle operating costs, increase accident rates and their associated human and property costs, and aggravate isolation, poverty, poor health, and illiteracy in rural communities. This paper focuses, in particular, on road maintenance in some African countries considering types of road maintenance and the different approaches aiming at a comparison to reflect on similarities and differences.

[Characteristics of fugitive dust emission from paved road near construction activities].

PubMed

Tian, Gang; Fan, Shou-Bin; Li, Gang; Qin, Jian-Ping

2007-11-01

Because of the mud/dirt carryout from construction activities, the silt loading of paved road nearby is higher and the fugitive dust emission is stronger. By sampling and laboratory analysis of the road surface dust samples, we obtain the silt loading (mass of material equal to or less than 75 micromaters in physical diameter per unit area of travel surface) of paved roads near construction activities. The result show that silt loading of road near construction activities is higher than "normal road", and silt loading is negatively correlated with length from construction's door. According to AP-42 emission factor model of fugitive dust from roads, the emission factor of influenced road is 2 - 10 times bigger than "normal road", and the amount of fugitive dust emission influenced by one construction activity is "equivalent" to an additional road length of approximately 422 - 3 800 m with the baseline silt loading. Based on the spatial and temporal distribution of construction activities, in 2002 the amount of PM10 emission influenced by construction activities in Beijing city areas account of for 59% of fugitive dust from roads.

77 FR 10476 - Certain New Pneumatic Off-the-Road Tires From the People's Republic of China: Notice of Second...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-22

...-the-Road Tires From the People's Republic of China: Notice of Second Extension of Time Limit for the... duty order on certain new pneumatic off-the-road tires (``off-the-road tires'') from the People's... on off- the-road tires from the PRC. See Certain New Pneumatic Off-the-Road Tires from the People's...

Traveling the National Road: A National Park Service Curriculum Based Education Program.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Park Service (Dept. of Interior), Washington, DC.

In 1805, a U.S. Senate committee urged the building of a road that would connect the eastern United States with the western United States. The road came to be known as the National Road (or Cumberland Road). It began in Cumberland, Maryland, and eventually reached to Vandalia, Illinois. It was the first and only U.S. road built entirely with…

A GIS tool to analyze forest road sediment production and stream impacts

Treesearch

Ajay Prasad; David G. Tarboton; Charles H. Luce; Thomas A. Black

2005-01-01

A set of GIS tools to analyze the impacts of forest roads on streams considering sediment production, mass wasting risk, and fish passage barriers, has been developed. Sediment production for each road segment is calculated from slope, length, road surface condition and road-side drain vegetation gathered by a GPS inventory and by overlaying the road path on a Digital...

To cross or not to cross: modeling wildlife road crossings as a binary response variable with contextual predictors

USGS Publications Warehouse

Siers, Shane R.; Reed, Robert N.; Savidge, Julie A.

2016-01-01

Roads are significant barriers to landscape-scale movements of individuals or populations of many wildlife taxa. The decision by an animal near a road to either cross or not cross may be influenced by characteristics of the road, environmental conditions, traits of the individual animal, and other aspects of the context within which the decision is made. We considered such factors in a mixed-effects logistic regression model describing the nightly road crossing probabilities of invasive nocturnal Brown Treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) through short-term radiotracking of 691 snakes within close proximity to 50 road segments across the island of Guam. All measures of road magnitude (traffic volume, gap width, surface type, etc.) were significantly negatively correlated with crossing probabilities. Snake body size was the only intrinsic factor associated with crossing rates, with larger snakes crossing roads more frequently. Humidity was the only environmental variable affecting crossing rate. The distance of the snake from the road at the start of nightly movement trials was the most significant predictor of crossings. The presence of snake traps with live mouse lures during a portion of the trials indicated that localized prey cues reduced the probability of a snake crossing the road away from the traps, suggesting that a snake's decision to cross roads is influenced by local foraging opportunities. Per capita road crossing rates of Brown Treesnakes were very low, and comparisons to historical records suggest that crossing rates have declined in the 60+ yr since introduction to Guam. We report a simplified model that will allow managers to predict road crossing rates based on snake, road, and contextual characteristics. Road crossing simulations based on actual snake size distributions demonstrate that populations with size distributions skewed toward larger snakes will result in a higher number of road crossings. Our method of modeling per capita road crossing probabilities as a binary response variable, influenced by contextual factors, may be useful for describing or predicting road crossings by individuals of other taxa provided that appropriate spatial and temporal resolution can be achieved and that potentially influential covariate data can be obtained.

How Effective Is Road Mitigation at Reducing Road-Kill? A Meta-Analysis.

PubMed

Rytwinski, Trina; Soanes, Kylie; Jaeger, Jochen A G; Fahrig, Lenore; Findlay, C Scott; Houlahan, Jeff; van der Ree, Rodney; van der Grift, Edgar A

2016-01-01

Road traffic kills hundreds of millions of animals every year, posing a critical threat to the populations of many species. To address this problem there are more than forty types of road mitigation measures available that aim to reduce wildlife mortality on roads (road-kill). For road planners, deciding on what mitigation method to use has been problematic because there is little good information about the relative effectiveness of these measures in reducing road-kill, and the costs of these measures vary greatly. We conducted a meta-analysis using data from 50 studies that quantified the relationship between road-kill and a mitigation measure designed to reduce road-kill. Overall, mitigation measures reduce road-kill by 40% compared to controls. Fences, with or without crossing structures, reduce road-kill by 54%. We found no detectable effect on road-kill of crossing structures without fencing. We found that comparatively expensive mitigation measures reduce large mammal road-kill much more than inexpensive measures. For example, the combination of fencing and crossing structures led to an 83% reduction in road-kill of large mammals, compared to a 57% reduction for animal detection systems, and only a 1% for wildlife reflectors. We suggest that inexpensive measures such as reflectors should not be used until and unless their effectiveness is tested using a high-quality experimental approach. Our meta-analysis also highlights the fact that there are insufficient data to answer many of the most pressing questions that road planners ask about the effectiveness of road mitigation measures, such as whether other less common mitigation measures (e.g., measures to reduce traffic volume and/or speed) reduce road mortality, or to what extent the attributes of crossing structures and fences influence their effectiveness. To improve evaluations of mitigation effectiveness, studies should incorporate data collection before the mitigation is applied, and we recommend a minimum study duration of four years for Before-After, and a minimum of either four years or four sites for Before-After-Control-Impact designs.

Automated road network extraction from high spatial resolution multi-spectral imagery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Qiaoping

For the last three decades, the Geomatics Engineering and Computer Science communities have considered automated road network extraction from remotely-sensed imagery to be a challenging and important research topic. The main objective of this research is to investigate the theory and methodology of automated feature extraction for image-based road database creation, refinement or updating, and to develop a series of algorithms for road network extraction from high resolution multi-spectral imagery. The proposed framework for road network extraction from multi-spectral imagery begins with an image segmentation using the k-means algorithm. This step mainly concerns the exploitation of the spectral information for feature extraction. The road cluster is automatically identified using a fuzzy classifier based on a set of predefined road surface membership functions. These membership functions are established based on the general spectral signature of road pavement materials and the corresponding normalized digital numbers on each multi-spectral band. Shape descriptors of the Angular Texture Signature are defined and used to reduce the misclassifications between roads and other spectrally similar objects (e.g., crop fields, parking lots, and buildings). An iterative and localized Radon transform is developed for the extraction of road centerlines from the classified images. The purpose of the transform is to accurately and completely detect the road centerlines. It is able to find short, long, and even curvilinear lines. The input image is partitioned into a set of subset images called road component images. An iterative Radon transform is locally applied to each road component image. At each iteration, road centerline segments are detected based on an accurate estimation of the line parameters and line widths. Three localization approaches are implemented and compared using qualitative and quantitative methods. Finally, the road centerline segments are grouped into a road network. The extracted road network is evaluated against a reference dataset using a line segment matching algorithm. The entire process is unsupervised and fully automated. Based on extensive experimentation on a variety of remotely-sensed multi-spectral images, the proposed methodology achieves a moderate success in automating road network extraction from high spatial resolution multi-spectral imagery.

How Effective Is Road Mitigation at Reducing Road-Kill? A Meta-Analysis

PubMed Central

Rytwinski, Trina; Soanes, Kylie; Jaeger, Jochen A. G.; Fahrig, Lenore; Findlay, C. Scott; Houlahan, Jeff; van der Ree, Rodney; van der Grift, Edgar A

2016-01-01

Road traffic kills hundreds of millions of animals every year, posing a critical threat to the populations of many species. To address this problem there are more than forty types of road mitigation measures available that aim to reduce wildlife mortality on roads (road-kill). For road planners, deciding on what mitigation method to use has been problematic because there is little good information about the relative effectiveness of these measures in reducing road-kill, and the costs of these measures vary greatly. We conducted a meta-analysis using data from 50 studies that quantified the relationship between road-kill and a mitigation measure designed to reduce road-kill. Overall, mitigation measures reduce road-kill by 40% compared to controls. Fences, with or without crossing structures, reduce road-kill by 54%. We found no detectable effect on road-kill of crossing structures without fencing. We found that comparatively expensive mitigation measures reduce large mammal road-kill much more than inexpensive measures. For example, the combination of fencing and crossing structures led to an 83% reduction in road-kill of large mammals, compared to a 57% reduction for animal detection systems, and only a 1% for wildlife reflectors. We suggest that inexpensive measures such as reflectors should not be used until and unless their effectiveness is tested using a high-quality experimental approach. Our meta-analysis also highlights the fact that there are insufficient data to answer many of the most pressing questions that road planners ask about the effectiveness of road mitigation measures, such as whether other less common mitigation measures (e.g., measures to reduce traffic volume and/or speed) reduce road mortality, or to what extent the attributes of crossing structures and fences influence their effectiveness. To improve evaluations of mitigation effectiveness, studies should incorporate data collection before the mitigation is applied, and we recommend a minimum study duration of four years for Before-After, and a minimum of either four years or four sites for Before-After-Control-Impact designs. PMID:27870889

[Evidence-based effectiveness of road safety interventions: a literature review].

PubMed

Novoa, Ana M; Pérez, Katherine; Borrell, Carme

2009-01-01

Only road safety interventions with scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness should be implemented. The objective of this study was to identify and summarize the available evidence on the effectiveness of road safety interventions in reducing road traffic collisions, injuries and deaths. All literature reviews published in scientific journals that assessed the effectiveness of one or more road safety interventions and whose outcome measure was road traffic crashes, injuries or fatalities were included. An exhaustive search was performed in scientific literature databases. The interventions were classified according to the evidence of their effectiveness in reducing road traffic injuries (effective interventions, insufficient evidence of effectiveness, ineffective interventions) following the structure of the Haddon matrix. Fifty-four reviews were included. Effective interventions were found before, during and after the collision, and across all factors: a) the individual: the graduated licensing system (31% road traffic injury reduction); b) the vehicle: electronic stability control system (2 to 41% reduction); c) the infrastructure: area-wide traffic calming (0 to 20%), and d) the social environment: speed cameras (7 to 30%). Certain road safety interventions are ineffective, mostly road safety education, and others require further investigation. The most successful interventions are those that reduce or eliminate the hazard and do not depend on changes in road users' behavior or on their knowledge of road safety issues. Interventions based exclusively on education are ineffective in reducing road traffic injuries.

A Few Large Roads or Many Small Ones? How to Accommodate Growth in Vehicle Numbers to Minimise Impacts on Wildlife

PubMed Central

Rhodes, Jonathan R.; Lunney, Daniel; Callaghan, John; McAlpine, Clive A.

2014-01-01

Roads and vehicular traffic are among the most pervasive of threats to biodiversity because they fragmenting habitat, increasing mortality and opening up new areas for the exploitation of natural resources. However, the number of vehicles on roads is increasing rapidly and this is likely to continue into the future, putting increased pressure on wildlife populations. Consequently, a major challenge is the planning of road networks to accommodate increased numbers of vehicles, while minimising impacts on wildlife. Nonetheless, we currently have few principles for guiding decisions on road network planning to reduce impacts on wildlife in real landscapes. We addressed this issue by developing an approach for quantifying the impact on wildlife mortality of two alternative mechanisms for accommodating growth in vehicle numbers: (1) increasing the number of roads, and (2) increasing traffic volumes on existing roads. We applied this approach to a koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) population in eastern Australia and quantified the relative impact of each strategy on mortality. We show that, in most cases, accommodating growth in traffic through increases in volumes on existing roads has a lower impact than building new roads. An exception is where the existing road network has very low road density, but very high traffic volumes on each road. These findings have important implications for how we design road networks to reduce their impacts on biodiversity. PMID:24646891

A few large roads or many small ones? How to accommodate growth in vehicle numbers to minimise impacts on wildlife.

PubMed

Rhodes, Jonathan R; Lunney, Daniel; Callaghan, John; McAlpine, Clive A

2014-01-01

Roads and vehicular traffic are among the most pervasive of threats to biodiversity because they fragmenting habitat, increasing mortality and opening up new areas for the exploitation of natural resources. However, the number of vehicles on roads is increasing rapidly and this is likely to continue into the future, putting increased pressure on wildlife populations. Consequently, a major challenge is the planning of road networks to accommodate increased numbers of vehicles, while minimising impacts on wildlife. Nonetheless, we currently have few principles for guiding decisions on road network planning to reduce impacts on wildlife in real landscapes. We addressed this issue by developing an approach for quantifying the impact on wildlife mortality of two alternative mechanisms for accommodating growth in vehicle numbers: (1) increasing the number of roads, and (2) increasing traffic volumes on existing roads. We applied this approach to a koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) population in eastern Australia and quantified the relative impact of each strategy on mortality. We show that, in most cases, accommodating growth in traffic through increases in volumes on existing roads has a lower impact than building new roads. An exception is where the existing road network has very low road density, but very high traffic volumes on each road. These findings have important implications for how we design road networks to reduce their impacts on biodiversity.

Integrated use of spatial and semantic relationships for extracting road networks from floating car data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Jun; Qin, Qiming; Xie, Chao; Zhao, Yue

2012-10-01

The update frequency of digital road maps influences the quality of road-dependent services. However, digital road maps surveyed by probe vehicles or extracted from remotely sensed images still have a long updating circle and their cost remain high. With GPS technology and wireless communication technology maturing and their cost decreasing, floating car technology has been used in traffic monitoring and management, and the dynamic positioning data from floating cars become a new data source for updating road maps. In this paper, we aim to update digital road maps using the floating car data from China's National Commercial Vehicle Monitoring Platform, and present an incremental road network extraction method suitable for the platform's GPS data whose sampling frequency is low and which cover a large area. Based on both spatial and semantic relationships between a trajectory point and its associated road segment, the method classifies each trajectory point, and then merges every trajectory point into the candidate road network through the adding or modifying process according to its type. The road network is gradually updated until all trajectories have been processed. Finally, this method is applied in the updating process of major roads in North China and the experimental results reveal that it can accurately derive geometric information of roads under various scenes. This paper provides a highly-efficient, low-cost approach to update digital road maps.

Comparison of High and Low Density Airborne LIDAR Data for Forest Road Quality Assessment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kiss, K.; Malinen, J.; Tokola, T.

2016-06-01

Good quality forest roads are important for forest management. Airborne laser scanning data can help create automatized road quality detection, thus avoiding field visits. Two different pulse density datasets have been used to assess road quality: high-density airborne laser scanning data from Kiihtelysvaara and low-density data from Tuusniemi, Finland. The field inventory mainly focused on the surface wear condition, structural condition, flatness, road side vegetation and drying of the road. Observations were divided into poor, satisfactory and good categories based on the current Finnish quality standards used for forest roads. Digital Elevation Models were derived from the laser point cloud, and indices were calculated to determine road quality. The calculated indices assessed the topographic differences on the road surface and road sides. The topographic position index works well in flat terrain only, while the standardized elevation index described the road surface better if the differences are bigger. Both indices require at least a 1 metre resolution. High-density data is necessary for analysis of the road surface, and the indices relate mostly to the surface wear and flatness. The classification was more precise (31-92%) than on low-density data (25-40%). However, ditch detection and classification can be carried out using the sparse dataset as well (with a success rate of 69%). The use of airborne laser scanning data can provide quality information on forest roads.

24. OLD TIOGA ROAD VIEW, NOW MAY LAKE ROAD , ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

24. OLD TIOGA ROAD VIEW, NOW MAY LAKE ROAD , AT SNOW FLAT. MOUNT HOFFMAN AT CENTER REAR. LOOKING NW. GIS: N-37 49 34.6 / W-119 29 58.2 - Tioga Road, Between Crane Flat & Tioga Pass, Yosemite Village, Mariposa County, CA

75 FR 62048 - Proposed Flood Elevation Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-07

... Road. Approximately 105 feet None +1556 downstream of Evergreen Road. Paint Creek Approximately 0.47... Pettit Creek. Mill Creek Just upstream of None +270 City of Pocahontas, Ridgecrest Road. Unincorporated... Martin Road. Approximately 710 feet None +1923 upstream of Martin Road. Clearfield Creek Approximately...

4. ENVIRONMENT, FROM NORTH, SHOWING RIVER ROAD BRIDGE CARRYING CASSELMAN ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. ENVIRONMENT, FROM NORTH, SHOWING RIVER ROAD BRIDGE CARRYING CASSELMAN RIVER ROAD OVER CASSELMAN RIVER, WITH MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY STREAM-GAUGING STATION AT NORTHEAST CORNER OF BRIDGE - River Road Bridge, Crossing Casselman River on Casselman River Road, Grantsville, Garrett County, MD

First Road Transportation Technology Transfer Conference in Africa (Africa T2 2001)

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2001-05-23

The primary objective of Africa T2 2001 was to provide a forum for facilitating road technology information and experience sharing among the various local and international road transportation experts, road providers and road users. Papers were group...

An expert-based approach to forest road network planning by combining Delphi and spatial multi-criteria evaluation.

PubMed

Hayati, Elyas; Majnounian, Baris; Abdi, Ehsan; Sessions, John; Makhdoum, Majid

2013-02-01

Changes in forest landscapes resulting from road construction have increased remarkably in the last few years. On the other hand, the sustainable management of forest resources can only be achieved through a well-organized road network. In order to minimize the environmental impacts of forest roads, forest road managers must design the road network efficiently and environmentally as well. Efficient planning methodologies can assist forest road managers in considering the technical, economic, and environmental factors that affect forest road planning. This paper describes a three-stage methodology using the Delphi method for selecting the important criteria, the Analytic Hierarchy Process for obtaining the relative importance of the criteria, and finally, a spatial multi-criteria evaluation in a geographic information system (GIS) environment for identifying the lowest-impact road network alternative. Results of the Delphi method revealed that ground slope, lithology, distance from stream network, distance from faults, landslide susceptibility, erosion susceptibility, geology, and soil texture are the most important criteria for forest road planning in the study area. The suitability map for road planning was then obtained by combining the fuzzy map layers of these criteria with respect to their weights. Nine road network alternatives were designed using PEGGER, an ArcView GIS extension, and finally, their values were extracted from the suitability map. Results showed that the methodology was useful for identifying road that met environmental and cost considerations. Based on this work, we suggest future work in forest road planning using multi-criteria evaluation and decision making be considered in other regions and that the road planning criteria identified in this study may be useful.

Reptile road-kills in Southern Brazil: Composition, hot moments and hotspots.

PubMed

Gonçalves, Larissa Oliveira; Alvares, Diego Janisch; Teixeira, Fernanda Zimmermann; Schuck, Gabriela; Coelho, Igor Pfeifer; Esperandio, Isadora Beraldi; Anza, Juan; Beduschi, Júlia; Bastazini, Vinicius Augusto Galvão; Kindel, Andreas

2018-02-15

Understanding road-kill patterns is the first step to assess the potential effects of road mortality on wildlife populations, as well as to define the need for mitigation and support its planning. Reptiles are one of the vertebrate groups most affected by roads through vehicle collisions, both because they are intentionally killed by drivers, and due to their biological needs, such as thermoregulation, which make them more prone to collisions. We conducted monthly road surveys (33months), searching for carcasses of freshwater turtles, lizards, and snakes on a 277-km stretch of BR-101 road in Southernmost Brazil to estimate road-kill composition and magnitude and to describe the main periods and locations of road-kills. We modeled the distribution of road-kills in space according to land cover classes and local traffic volume. Considering the detection capacity of our method and carcass persistence probability, we estimated that 15,377 reptiles are road-killed per year (55reptiles/km/year). Road-kills, especially lizards and snakes, were concentrated during summer, probably due to their higher activity in this period. Road-kill hotspots were coincident among freshwater turtles, lizards, and snakes. Road-kill distribution was negatively related to pine plantations, and positively related to rice plantations and traffic volume. A cost-benefit analysis highlighted that if mitigation measures were installed at road-kill hotspots, which correspond to 21% of the road, they could have avoided up to 45% of recorded reptile fatalities, assuming a 100% mitigation effectiveness. Given the congruent patterns found for all three taxa, the same mitigation measures could be used to minimize the impacts of collision on local herpetofauna. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A comparative study of noise pollution levels in some selected areas in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria.

PubMed

Oyedepo, Olayinka S; Saadu, Abdullahi A

2009-11-01

The noise pollution is a major problem for the quality of life in urban areas. This study was conducted to compare the noise pollution levels at busy roads/road junctions, passengers loading parks, commercial, industrial and residential areas in Ilorin metropolis. A total number of 47-locations were selected within the metropolis. Statistical analysis shows significant difference (P < 0.05) in noise pollution levels between industrial areas and low density residential areas, industrial areas and high density areas, industrial areas and passengers loading parks, industrial areas and commercial areas, busy roads/road junctions and low density areas, passengers loading parks and commercial areas and commercial areas and low density areas. There is no significant difference (P > 0.05) in noise pollution levels between industrial areas and busy roads/road junctions, busy roads/road junctions and high density areas, busy roads/road junctions and passengers loading parks, busy roads/road junctions and commercial areas, passengers loading parks and high density areas, passengers loading parks and commercial areas and commercial areas and high density areas. The results show that Industrial areas have the highest noise pollution levels (110.2 dB(A)) followed by busy roads/Road junctions (91.5 dB(A)), Passengers loading parks (87.8 dB(A)) and Commercial areas (84.4 dB(A)). The noise pollution levels in Ilorin metropolis exceeded the recommended level by WHO at 34 of 47 measuring points. It can be concluded that the city is environmentally noise polluted and road traffic and industrial machineries are the major sources of it. Noting the noise emission standards, technical control measures, planning and promoting the citizens awareness about the high noise risk may help to relieve the noise problem in the metropolis.

A model to identify high crash road segments with the dynamic segmentation method.

PubMed

Boroujerdian, Amin Mirza; Saffarzadeh, Mahmoud; Yousefi, Hassan; Ghassemian, Hassan

2014-12-01

Currently, high social and economic costs in addition to physical and mental consequences put road safety among most important issues. This paper aims at presenting a novel approach, capable of identifying the location as well as the length of high crash road segments. It focuses on the location of accidents occurred along the road and their effective regions. In other words, due to applicability and budget limitations in improving safety of road segments, it is not possible to recognize all high crash road segments. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to identify high crash road segments and their real length to be able to prioritize the safety improvement in roads. In this paper, after evaluating deficiencies of the current road segmentation models, different kinds of errors caused by these methods are addressed. One of the main deficiencies of these models is that they can not identify the length of high crash road segments. In this paper, identifying the length of high crash road segments (corresponding to the arrangement of accidents along the road) is achieved by converting accident data to the road response signal of through traffic with a dynamic model based on the wavelet theory. The significant advantage of the presented method is multi-scale segmentation. In other words, this model identifies high crash road segments with different lengths and also it can recognize small segments within long segments. Applying the presented model into a real case for identifying 10-20 percent of high crash road segment showed an improvement of 25-38 percent in relative to the existing methods. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Forest Roadidentification and Extractionof Through Advanced Log Matching Techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, W.; Hu, B.; Quist, L.

2017-10-01

A novel algorithm for forest road identification and extraction was developed. The algorithm utilized Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) filter and slope calculation on high resolution multispectral imagery and LiDAR data respectively to extract both primary road and secondary road segments in the forest area. The proposed method used road shape feature to extract the road segments, which have been further processed as objects with orientation preserved. The road network was generated after post processing with tensor voting. The proposed method was tested on Hearst forest, located in central Ontario, Canada. Based on visual examination against manually digitized roads, the majority of roads from the test area have been identified and extracted from the process.

Modeling an impact of road geometric design on vehicle energy consumption

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luin, Blaž; Petelin, Stojan; Al-Mansour, Fouad

2017-11-01

Some roads connect traffic origins and destinations directly, some use winding, indirect routes. Indirect connections result in longer distances driven and increased fuel consumption. A similar effect is observed on congested roads and mountain roads with many changes in altitude. Therefore a framework to assess road networks based on energy consumption is proposed. It has been shown that road geometry has significant impact on overall traffic energy consumption and emissions. The methodology presented in the paper analyzes impact of traffic volume, shares of vehicle classes, road network configuration on the energy used by the vehicles. It can be used to optimize energy consumption with efficient traffic management and to choose optimum new road in the design phase. This is especially important as the energy consumed by the vehicles shortly after construction supersedes the energy spent for the road construction.

Behavior of road accidents: Structural time series approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Junus, Noor Wahida Md; Ismail, Mohd Tahir; Arsad, Zainudin

2014-12-01

Road accidents become a major issue in contributing to the increasing number of deaths. Few researchers suggest that road accidents occur due to road structure and road condition. The road structure and condition may differ according to the area and volume of traffic of the location. Therefore, this paper attempts to look up the behavior of the road accidents in four main regions in Peninsular Malaysia by employing a structural time series (STS) approach. STS offers the possibility of modelling the unobserved component such as trends and seasonal component and it is allowed to vary over time. The results found that the number of road accidents is described by a different model. Perhaps, the results imply that the government, especially a policy maker should consider to implement a different approach in ways to overcome the increasing number of road accidents.

Road Safety: The Vital but Neglected Subject.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hollins, Patsy

1989-01-01

Teacher training students (N=153) in England were surveyed about road safety education. Attitudes of students about their preparation for teaching road safety, ways of integrating road safety into the primary and secondary curriculum, and obstacles to teaching road safety in schools are discussed. (IAH)

36 CFR 223.83 - Contents of prospectus.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... specified roads to be constructed. (16) The estimated road construction cost and the estimated public works..., the prospectus shall also include: (1) The road standards applicable to construction of permanent... permanent roads. (3) A statement explaining how the Forest Service intends to perform road construction by...

Road rage and road traffic accidents among commercial vehicle drivers in Lahore, Pakistan.

PubMed

Shaikh, M A; Shaikh, I A; Siddiqui, Z

2012-04-01

Road rage and road traffic accidents increase the burden of morbidity and mortality in a population. A cross-sectional survey with convenience sampling was conducted among commercial vehicle drivers in Lahore, Pakistan (n = 901) to record their behaviours/experiences regarding road rage and road traffic accidents. Respondents were asked about incidents of shouting/cursing/rude gestures or threats to physically hurt the person/vehicle, by others or themselves, in the previous 24 hours or 3 months, and their involvement in road traffic accidents in the previous 12 months. Auto-rickshaw drivers were significantly more likely to report various road rage experiences/behaviours and involvement in accidents compared with bus and wagon drivers. A total of 112 respondents (12.4%) reported being involved in a road traffic accident in the previous 12 months but traffic police did not record the accident in 52.7% of cases. The results of this study underline the need to improve road safety in Pakistan.

A Study on the Influence of Speed on Road Roughness Sensing: The SmartRoadSense Case †

PubMed Central

Alessandroni, Giacomo; Carini, Alberto; Lattanzi, Emanuele; Freschi, Valerio; Bogliolo, Alessandro

2017-01-01

SmartRoadSense is a crowdsensing project aimed at monitoring the conditions of the road surface. Using the sensors of a smartphone, SmartRoadSense monitors the vertical accelerations inside a vehicle traveling the road and extracts a roughness index conveying information about the road conditions. The roughness index and the smartphone GPS data are periodically sent to a central server where they are processed, associated with the specific road, and aggregated with data measured by other smartphones. This paper studies how the smartphone vertical accelerations and the roughness index are related to the vehicle speed. It is shown that the dependence can be locally approximated with a gamma (power) law. Extensive experimental results using data extracted from SmartRoadSense database confirm the gamma law relationship between the roughness index and the vehicle speed. The gamma law is then used for improving the SmartRoadSense data aggregation accounting for the effect of vehicle speed. PMID:28178224

Road profile estimation of city roads using DTPS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Qi; McDaniel, J. Gregory; Sun, Nian X.; Wang, Ming L.

2013-04-01

This work presents a non-destructive and non-contact acoustic sensing approach for measuring road profile of road and bridge deck with vehicles running at normal speed without stopping traffic. This approach uses an instantaneous and real-time dynamic tire pressure sensor (DTPS) that can measure dynamic response of the tire-road interaction and increases the efficiency of currently used road profile measuring systems with vehicle body-mounted profilers and axle-mounted accelerometers. In this work, a prototype of real-time DTPS system has been developed and demonstrated on a testing van at speeds from 5 to 80 miles per hour (mph). A data analysis algorithm has been developed to remove axle dynamic motions from the measured DTPS data and to find the transfer function between dynamic tire pressure change and the road profile. Field test has been performed to estimate road profiles. The road profile resolution is approximately 5 to 10 cm in width and sensitivity is 0. 3 cm for the height road surface features at driving speeds of 5 to 80 mph.

Prioritizing Road Treatments using the Geomorphic Roads Analysis and Inventory Package (GRAIP) to Improve Watershed Conditions in the Wall Creek Watershed, Oregon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Day, K. T.; Black, T.; Clifton, C.; Luce, C.; McCune, S.; Nelson, N.

2010-12-01

Wall Creek, tributary to the North Fork John Day River in eastern Oregon, was identified as a priority watershed by the Umatilla National Forest for restoration in 2002. Most streams in this 518 km2 multi-ownership watershed are designated critical habitat for threatened steelhead. Eight streams are listed on the Oregon 303(d) list for elevated temperatures and excess sedimentation. Over 1000 km of public and private roads in the watershed present a major source of potential water quality and habitat impairment. We conducted a watershed-wide inventory of roads using the Geomorphic Roads Analysis and Inventory Package (GRAIP) in 2009 to quantify sediment contributions from roads to streams. GRAIP is a field and GIS-based model developed by the Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station and Utah State University that georeferences and quantifies road hydrologic connectivity, sediment production and delivery, mass wasting, and risk of diversion and plugging at stream crossings. Field survey and modeling produced data for 6,473 drainage locations on 726 km of road (most of the publically owned roads) quantifying the location and mass of sediment produced and delivered to streams. Findings indicate a relatively small subset of roads deliver the majority of road-produced fine sediment; 12 percent of the road length delivers 90 percent of the total fine sediment to streams. Overall fine sediment production in the watershed is relatively low (with an estimated background erosion rate of 518,000 kg/yr for the watershed) and sediment produced and delivered from the road system appears to be a modest addition. Road surfaces produce approximately 81,455 kg of fine sediment per year, with 20,976 kg/year delivered to the stream network. Fifty-nine gullies were observed, 41 of which received road runoff. Sixteen road-related landslides were also observed. The excavated volume of these features totals 3,922,000 kg which is equivalent to 175 years of fine sediment delivery at the current rate. These data are being used by the Umatilla National Forest to prioritize road rehabilitation activities including storm risk reduction and road decommissioning, and to move toward an ecologically and economically sustainable road system. The highest sediment-delivering road segments were evaluated in 2010 to prioritize stabilization and storm damage risk reduction projects. Approximately 30 km of hydrologically connected road segments will be proposed for treatments including closure, decommissioning, and stabilization activities. Once complete, these improvements would result in the reduction of about 7,000 kg/year of fine sediment delivered to the fluvial system from the road network, or a third of the total road contribution to stream sedimentation. Methods and results presented are part of federal land management agency involvement in Total Maximum Daily Load development in the John Day Basin. The project is a collaborative effort with funding and support from the Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Land Management, and Oregon Department of Environmental Quality.

75 FR 21039 - Notice of Temporary Road Closure of Coal Pit Spring-Cave Gulch Road (6287-0-B0), Within the Cave...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-22

... stabilization. The BLM posted signs at main entry points to the temporary closure area. Maps of the closed roads...; HAG10-0046] Notice of Temporary Road Closure of Coal Pit Spring--Cave Gulch Road (6287-0-B0), Within the... closure. SUMMARY: Notice is hereby given that a temporary road closure to public access, use, or occupancy...

Verification of road databases using multiple road models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ziems, Marcel; Rottensteiner, Franz; Heipke, Christian

2017-08-01

In this paper a new approach for automatic road database verification based on remote sensing images is presented. In contrast to existing methods, the applicability of the new approach is not restricted to specific road types, context areas or geographic regions. This is achieved by combining several state-of-the-art road detection and road verification approaches that work well under different circumstances. Each one serves as an independent module representing a unique road model and a specific processing strategy. All modules provide independent solutions for the verification problem of each road object stored in the database in form of two probability distributions, the first one for the state of a database object (correct or incorrect), and a second one for the state of the underlying road model (applicable or not applicable). In accordance with the Dempster-Shafer Theory, both distributions are mapped to a new state space comprising the classes correct, incorrect and unknown. Statistical reasoning is applied to obtain the optimal state of a road object. A comparison with state-of-the-art road detection approaches using benchmark datasets shows that in general the proposed approach provides results with larger completeness. Additional experiments reveal that based on the proposed method a highly reliable semi-automatic approach for road data base verification can be designed.

Survey of the Influence of the Width of Urban Branch Roads on the Meeting of Two-Way Vehicle Flows

PubMed Central

Chen, Qun; Zhao, Yunan; Pan, Shuangli; Wang, Yan

2016-01-01

Branch roads, which are densely distributed in cities, allow for the flow of local traffic and provide connections between the city and outlying areas. Branch roads are typically narrow, and two-way traffic flows on branch roads are thus affected when vehicles traveling in opposite directions meet. This study investigates the changes in the velocities of vehicles when they meet on two-way branch roads. Various widths of branch roads were selected, and their influence on traffic flows was investigated via a video survey. The results show that, depending on the average vehicle velocity, branch roads require different widths to prevent a large decrease in velocity when vehicles meet. When the velocity on a branch road is not high (e.g., the average velocity without meeting is approximately 6 m/s), appropriately increasing the road width will notably increase the meeting velocity. However, when the velocity is high (e.g., the average velocity without meeting is greater than 10 m/s), there is a large decrease in velocity when meeting even if the road surface is wide (6.5 m). This study provides a basis for selecting the width of urban branch roads and the simulation of bidirectional traffic on such roads. PMID:26881427

Methods to improve traffic flow and noise exposure estimation on minor roads.

PubMed

Morley, David W; Gulliver, John

2016-09-01

Address-level estimates of exposure to road traffic noise for epidemiological studies are dependent on obtaining data on annual average daily traffic (AADT) flows that is both accurate and with good geographical coverage. National agencies often have reliable traffic count data for major roads, but for residential areas served by minor roads, especially at national scale, such information is often not available or incomplete. Here we present a method to predict AADT at the national scale for minor roads, using a routing algorithm within a geographical information system (GIS) to rank roads by importance based on simulated journeys through the road network. From a training set of known minor road AADT, routing importance is used to predict AADT on all UK minor roads in a regression model along with the road class, urban or rural location and AADT on the nearest major road. Validation with both independent traffic counts and noise measurements show that this method gives a considerable improvement in noise prediction capability when compared to models that do not give adequate consideration to minor road variability (Spearman's rho. increases from 0.46 to 0.72). This has significance for epidemiological cohort studies attempting to link noise exposure to adverse health outcomes. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Survey of the Influence of the Width of Urban Branch Roads on the Meeting of Two-Way Vehicle Flows.

PubMed

Chen, Qun; Zhao, Yunan; Pan, Shuangli; Wang, Yan

2016-01-01

Branch roads, which are densely distributed in cities, allow for the flow of local traffic and provide connections between the city and outlying areas. Branch roads are typically narrow, and two-way traffic flows on branch roads are thus affected when vehicles traveling in opposite directions meet. This study investigates the changes in the velocities of vehicles when they meet on two-way branch roads. Various widths of branch roads were selected, and their influence on traffic flows was investigated via a video survey. The results show that, depending on the average vehicle velocity, branch roads require different widths to prevent a large decrease in velocity when vehicles meet. When the velocity on a branch road is not high (e.g., the average velocity without meeting is approximately 6 m/s), appropriately increasing the road width will notably increase the meeting velocity. However, when the velocity is high (e.g., the average velocity without meeting is greater than 10 m/s), there is a large decrease in velocity when meeting even if the road surface is wide (6.5 m). This study provides a basis for selecting the width of urban branch roads and the simulation of bidirectional traffic on such roads.

Deadly rural road traffic injury: a rising public health concern in I.R. Iran.

PubMed

Ardalan, Ali; Sepehrvand, Nariman; Pourmalek, Farshad; Masoumi, Gholamreza; Sarvar, Mohamad; Mahmoudabadi, Abbas; Rezaie, Anita

2014-02-01

The 5(th) Iran National Development Plan, 2011-2015, has emphasized on expansion of rural asphalt roads. This article aims to illustrate the trend of deaths caused by rural road traffic crashes (RTCs) and its association with length of the rural roads in Iran. We carried out a retrospective analysis on secondary data for the period from 2005 to 2010. The Iranian Forensic Medicine Organization, High Commission for Road Safety and Iran's Statistical Center were the sources for the number of RTC death, length of the road and population data, respectively. Number of RTC deaths in rural roads increased from 1,672 in 2005 to 2,206 in 2010. This was associated with expansion of the rural asphalt roads (P = 0.04). The construction of urban asphalt roads was also on an increasing trend, but the number of traffic deaths in these roads decreased from 26,083 in 2005 to 21,043 in 2010. Adjusted for 100,000 populations, the number of traffic deaths in urban roads showed a decrease from 37.0 to 28.0, while this number increased from 2.4 to 2.9 in rural roads during the study period. Although expansion of rural roads would contribute to economic development in rural areas, it exposes people to risk of severe RTCs if effective preventive actions are not taken. To prevent this threat, the Iranian policy makers need to take the followings into consideration: Public awareness, improving the safety of roads and vehicles, law enforcement, increasing coverage of police and Emergency Medical Services.

Deadly Rural Road Traffic Injury: A Rising Public Health Concern in I.R. Iran

PubMed Central

Ardalan, Ali; Sepehrvand, Nariman; Pourmalek, Farshad; Masoumi, Gholamreza; Sarvar, Mohamad; Mahmoudabadi, Abbas; Rezaie, Anita

2014-01-01

Background: The 5th Iran National Development Plan, 2011-2015, has emphasized on expansion of rural asphalt roads. This article aims to illustrate the trend of deaths caused by rural road traffic crashes (RTCs) and its association with length of the rural roads in Iran. Methods: We carried out a retrospective analysis on secondary data for the period from 2005 to 2010. The Iranian Forensic Medicine Organization, High Commission for Road Safety and Iran's Statistical Center were the sources for the number of RTC death, length of the road and population data, respectively. Results: Number of RTC deaths in rural roads increased from 1,672 in 2005 to 2,206 in 2010. This was associated with expansion of the rural asphalt roads (P = 0.04). The construction of urban asphalt roads was also on an increasing trend, but the number of traffic deaths in these roads decreased from 26,083 in 2005 to 21,043 in 2010. Adjusted for 100,000 populations, the number of traffic deaths in urban roads showed a decrease from 37.0 to 28.0, while this number increased from 2.4 to 2.9 in rural roads during the study period. Conclusions: Although expansion of rural roads would contribute to economic development in rural areas, it exposes people to risk of severe RTCs if effective preventive actions are not taken. To prevent this threat, the Iranian policy makers need to take the followings into consideration: Public awareness, improving the safety of roads and vehicles, law enforcement, increasing coverage of police and Emergency Medical Services. PMID:24627755

Soil carbon storage following road removal and timber harvesting in redwood forests

USGS Publications Warehouse

Seney, Joseph; Madej, Mary Ann

2015-01-01

Soil carbon storage plays a key role in the global carbon cycle and is important for sustaining forest productivity. Removal of unpaved forest roads has the potential for increasing carbon storage in soils on forested terrain as treated sites revegetate and soil properties improve on the previously compacted road surfaces. We compared soil organic carbon (SOC) content at several depths on treated roads to SOC in adjacent second-growth forests and old-growth redwood forests in California, determined whether SOC in the upper 50 cm of soil varies with the type of road treatment, and assessed the relative importance of site-scale and landscape-scale variables in predicting SOC accumulation in treated road prisms and second-growth redwood forests. Soils were sampled at 5, 20, and 50 cm depths on roads treated by two methods (decommissioning and full recontouring), and in adjacent second-growth and old-growth forests in north coastal California. Road treatments spanned a period of 32 years, and covered a range of geomorphic and vegetative conditions. SOC decreased with depth at all sites. Treated roads on convex sites exhibited higher SOC than on concave sites, and north aspect sites had higher SOC than south aspect sites. SOC at 5, 20, and 50 cm depths did not differ significantly between decommissioned roads (treated 18–32 years previous) and fully recontoured roads (treated 2–12 years previous). Nevertheless, stepwise multiple regression models project higher SOC developing on fully recontoured roads in the next few decades. The best predictors for SOC on treated roads and in second-growth forest incorporated aspect, vegetation type, soil depth, lithology, distance from the ocean, years since road treatment (for the road model) and years since harvest (for the forest model). The road model explained 48% of the variation in SOC in the upper 50 cm of mineral soils and the forest model, 54%

Assessing impacts of roads: application of a standard assessment protocol

USGS Publications Warehouse

Duniway, Michael C.; Herrick, Jeffrey E.

2013-01-01

Adaptive management of road networks depends on timely data that accurately reflect the impacts those systems are having on ecosystem processes and associated services. In the absence of reliable data, land managers are left with little more than observations and perceptions to support management decisions of road-associated disturbances. Roads can negatively impact the soil, hydrologic, plant, and animal processes on which virtually all ecosystem services depend. The Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health (IIRH) protocol is a qualitative method that has been demonstrated to be effective in characterizing impacts of roads. The goal of this study were to develop, describe, and test an approach for using IIRH to systematically evaluate road impacts across large, diverse arid and semiarid landscapes. We developed a stratified random sampling approach to plot selection based on ecological potential, road inventory data, and image interpretation of road impacts. The test application on a semiarid landscape in southern New Mexico, United States, demonstrates that the approach developed is sensitive to road impacts across a broad range of ecological sites but that not all the types of stratification were useful. Ecological site and road inventory strata accounted for significant variability in the functioning of ecological processes but stratification based on apparent impact did not. Analysis of the repeatability of IIRH applied to road plots indicates that the method is repeatable but consensus evaluations based on multiple observers should be used to minimize risk of bias. Landscape-scale analysis of impacts by roads of contrasting designs (maintained dirt or gravel roads vs. non- or infrequently maintained roads) suggests that future travel management plans for the study area should consider concentrating traffic on fewer roads that are well designed and maintained. Application of the approach by land managers will likely provide important insights into minimizing impacts of road networks on key ecosystem services.

Speed limit-related issues on gravel roads.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-03-01

In the United States, there are nearly 1.6 million miles of unpaved roads. Total length of unpaved roads in Kansas is : about 98,000 miles, of which about 78,000 miles are gravel roads. Most of the gravel roads are not typically posted : with speed l...

25 CFR 170.803 - What facilities are eligible under the BIA Road Maintenance Program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... AND WATER INDIAN RESERVATION ROADS PROGRAM BIA Road Maintenance § 170.803 What facilities are eligible under the BIA Road Maintenance Program? (a) The following public transportation facilities are eligible for maintenance under the BIA Road Maintenance Program: (1) BIA transportation facilities listed in...

36 CFR 212.56 - Identification of designated roads, trails, and areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... roads, trails, and areas. 212.56 Section 212.56 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TRAVEL MANAGEMENT Designation of Roads, Trails, and Areas for Motor Vehicle Use § 212.56 Identification of designated roads, trails, and areas. Designated roads, trails, and areas...

23 CFR 660.517 - Maneuver area roads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Maneuver area roads. 660.517 Section 660.517 Highways... PROGRAMS (DIRECT FEDERAL) Defense Access Roads § 660.517 Maneuver area roads. (a) Claims by a highway agency for costs incurred to restore, to their former condition, roads damaged by maneuvers involving a...

6. OLD AND NEW TIOGA ROAD. NOTE REMNANTS OF OLD ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. OLD AND NEW TIOGA ROAD. NOTE REMNANTS OF OLD ROAD ON LEFT. NOTE ROAD CUT ON CANYON WALL IN CENTER REAR. LOOKING NNE. GIS: N-37 56 19.5 / W-119 13 53.3 - Tioga Road, Between Crane Flat & Tioga Pass, Yosemite Village, Mariposa County, CA

10. VIEW OF ALIGNMENT FOR COULTERVILLE ROAD AND MERCED RIVER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

10. VIEW OF ALIGNMENT FOR COULTERVILLE ROAD AND MERCED RIVER CANYON. NOTE ROAD CUT FOR NEW BIG OAK FLAT ROAD AT CENTER DISTANCE. LOOKING N. GIS: N-37 42 45.5 / W-119 43 24.7 - Coulterville Road, Between Foresta & All-Weather Highway, Yosemite Village, Mariposa County, CA

77 FR 49373 - Final Flood Elevation Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-16

.... Macon Bayou Just upstream of Private +108 City of Eudora. Road. Just upstream of Verser +108 Road... Areas of Road. Logan County. Just downstream of Newton +563 Road. Just upstream of West 9th +621 Street... Road. * National Geodetic Vertical Datum. + North American Vertical Datum. Depth in feet above ground...

76 FR 22076 - Bussel 484, Idaho Panhandle National Forests, Idaho, Shoshone County

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-20

... miles of system road construction on National Forest System lands, 0.2 miles of road construction across... construction, 5.4 miles of road reconstruction, installing effective motorized vehicle restriction devices...,137 acres; approximately 5.1 miles of system road construction, 0.5 miles of temporary road...

36 CFR 212.9 - Principles for sharing use of roads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... minor amounts, will be conditioned upon improvement or supplemental construction of the road to safety... roads. 212.9 Section 212.9 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE... of roads. The use of roads under arrangements for sharing costs or performance shall be in accordance...

30 CFR 816.151 - Primary roads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... accordance with the approved plan. (b) Safety Factor. Each primary road embankment shall have a minimum... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Primary roads. 816.151 Section 816.151 Mineral... roads. Primary roads shall meet the requirements of section 816.150 and the additional requirements of...

30 CFR 817.151 - Primary roads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... with the approved plan. (b) Safety factor. Each primary road embankment shall have a minimum static... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Primary roads. 817.151 Section 817.151 Mineral... roads. Primary roads shall meet the requirements of § 817.150 and the additional requirements of this...

Costs of performance based maintenance for local roads: Case study Albania

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jokanović, Igor; Grujić, Bojana; Zeljić, Dragana; Grujić, Žarko; Svilar, Mila

2017-12-01

The provision and maintenance of road infrastructure is a major global business, consequently it is essential that road maintenance services are provided in the most cost effective manner. Without regular maintenance, roads can rapidly fall into disrepair, preventing realization of the longer term impacts of road improvements on development, such as increased agricultural production and growth in school enrollment, which is of particular importance for a network of local (access) roads. Inadequate local roads maintenance in Albania is proposed to be solved by implementing performance based maintenance approach for which the costing exercise is presented within the paper.

Unofficial Road Building in the Brazilian Amazon: Dilemmas and Models for Road Governance

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Perz, Stephen G.; Overdevest, Christine; Caldas, Marcellus M.; Walker, Robert T.; Arima, Eugenio Y.

2007-01-01

Unofficial roads form dense networks in landscapes, generating a litany of negative ecological outcomes, but unofficial roads in frontier areas are also instrumental in local livelihoods and community development. This trade-off poses dilemmas for the governance of unofficial roads. Unofficial road building in frontier areas of the Brazilian Amazon illustrates the challenges of 'road governance.' Both state-based and community based governance models exhibit important liabilities for governing unofficial roads. Whereas state-based governance has experienced difficulties in adapting to specific local contexts and interacting effectively with local interest groups, community-based governance has a mixed record owing to social inequalities and conflicts among local interest groups. A state-community hybrid model may offer more effective governance of unofficial road building by combining the oversight capacity of the state with locally grounded community management via participatory decision-making.

Investigating the road surface effect to the fatigue life of an automotive coil spring

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Putra, T. E.; Husaini

2018-05-01

This work aims to estimate the life of a coil spring considering road surface profiles. Strain signals were measured by installing a strain gage at the highest stress location of the coil spring and then driving the vehicle on country and village roads. The village road gave high amplitudes containing spikes when the tire touched a curb, bump or pothole. These conditions contributed to a higher loading rate to the car component, contributing to shorter useful fatigue life, which was only 140 reversals of blocks. Driving on the village road resulted in a 6-times decrease in the useful fatigue life of the component in comparison to the country road. In conclusion, the village road caused stronger vibrations to the component because it has a rough surface; meanwhile, the country road provided lower vibrations because the road was smooth.

The trend of road traffic crashes at urban signalised intersection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Farhana Nasarrudin, Nurul; Razelan, Intan Suhana Mohd

2018-04-01

Road traffic crash is one of the main contributing factors for deaths in the world. Intersection is listed as the second road type which road crashes occurred frequently. Hence, the traffic light was installed to minimise the road crashes at intersection. However, the crashes are still occurring and arising. The objective of this study was to exhibit the trend of road crashes at the signalised intersections. The data of road crashes for the past 6 years were analysed using descriptive analysis. The results showed that the road traffic crashes at three- and four-legged signalised intersection recorded the increasing trend. In conclusion, this finding shows that the road traffic crashes for these types of signalised intersection in Malaysia is rising. It is also one the contributors to the increasing number of crashes in Malaysia. This finding will encourage the local authority to conduct awareness programs on the safety at the signalised intersection.

Source diagnostics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road runoff, dust, rain and canopy throughfall.

PubMed

Zhang, Wei; Zhang, Shucai; Wan, Chao; Yue, Dapan; Ye, Youbin; Wang, Xuejun

2008-06-01

Diagnostic ratios and multivariate analysis were utilized to apportion polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sources for road runoff, road dust, rain and canopy throughfall based on samples collected in an urban area of Beijing, China. Three sampling sites representing vehicle lane, bicycle lane and branch road were selected. For road runoff and road dust, vehicular emission and coal combustion were identified as major sources, and the source contributions varied among the sampling sites. For rain, three principal components were apportioned representing coal/oil combustion (54%), vehicular emission (34%) and coking (12%). For canopy throughfall, vehicular emission (56%), coal combustion (30%) and oil combustion (14%) were identified as major sources. Overall, the PAH's source for road runoff mainly reflected that for road dust. Despite site-specific sources, the findings at the study area provided a general picture of PAHs sources for the road runoff system in urban area of Beijing.

Conceptual design and analysis of roads and road construction machinery for initial lunar base operations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sines, Jeffrey L.; Banks, Joel; Efatpenah, Keyanoush

1990-01-01

Recent developments have made it possible for scientists and engineers to consider returning to the Moon to build a manned lunar base. The base can be used to conduct scientific research, develop new space technology, and utilize the natural resources of the Moon. Areas of the base will be separated, connected by a system of roads that reduce the power requirements of vehicles traveling on them. Feasible road types for the lunar surface were analyzed and a road construction system was designed for initial lunar base operations. A model was also constructed to show the system configuration and key operating features. The alternate designs for the lunar road construction system were developed in four stages: analyze and select a road type; determine operations and machinery needed to produce the road; develop machinery configurations; and develop alternates for several machine components. A compacted lunar soil road was selected for initial lunar base operations. The only machinery required to produce this road were a grader and a compactor. The road construction system consists of a main drive unit which is used for propulsion, a detachable grader assembly, and a towed compactor.

Car manufacturers and global road safety: a word frequency analysis of road safety documents.

PubMed

Roberts, I; Wentz, R; Edwards, P

2006-10-01

The World Bank believes that the car manufacturers can make a valuable contribution to road safety in poor countries and has established the Global Road Safety Partnership (GRSP) for this purpose. However, some commentators are sceptical. The authors examined road safety policy documents to assess the extent of any bias. Word frequency analyses of road safety policy documents from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the GRSP. The relative occurrence of key road safety terms was quantified by calculating a word prevalence ratio with 95% confidence intervals. Terms for which there was a fourfold difference in prevalence between the documents were tabulated. Compared to WHO's World report on road traffic injury prevention, the GRSP road safety documents were substantially less likely to use the words speed, speed limits, child restraint, pedestrian, public transport, walking, and cycling, but substantially more likely to use the words school, campaign, driver training, and billboard. There are important differences in emphasis in road safety policy documents prepared by WHO and the GRSP. Vigilance is needed to ensure that the road safety interventions that the car industry supports are based on sound evidence of effectiveness.

Seismic risk assessment for road in Indonesia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Toyfur, Mona Foralisa; Pribadi, Krishna S.

2016-05-01

Road networks in Indonesia consist of 446,000 km of national, provincial and local roads as well as toll highways. Indonesia is one of countries that exposed to various natural hazards, such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, etc. Within the Indonesian archipelago, several global tectonic plates interact, such as the Indo-Australian, Pacific, Eurasian, resulting in a complex geological setting, characterized by the existence of seismically active faults and subduction zones and a chain of more than one hundred active volcanoes. Roads in Indonesia are vital infrastructure needed for people and goods movement, thus supporting community life and economic activities, including promoting regional economic development. Road damages and losses due to earthquakes have not been studied widely, whereas road disruption caused enormous economic damage. The aim of this research is to develop a method to analyse risk caused by seismic hazard to roads. The seismic risk level of road segment is defined using an earthquake risk index, adopting the method of Earthquake Disaster Risk Index model developed by Davidson (1997). Using this method, road segments' risk level can be defined and compared, and road risk map can be developed as a tool for prioritizing risk mitigation programs for road networks in Indonesia.

Case study: the Argentina Road Safety Project: lessons learned for the decade of action for road safety, 2011-2020.

PubMed

Raffo, Veronica; Bliss, Tony; Shotten, Marc; Sleet, David; Blanchard, Claire

2013-12-01

This case study of the Argentina Road Safety Project demonstrates how the application of World Bank road safety project guidelines focused on institution building can accelerate knowledge transfer, scale up investment and improve the focus on results. The case study highlights road safety as a development priority and outlines World Bank initiatives addressing the implementation of the World Report on Road Traffic Injury's recommendations and the subsequent launch of the Decade of Action for Road Safety, from 2011-2020. The case study emphasizes the vital role played by the lead agency in ensuring sustainable road safety improvements and promoting the shift to a 'Safe System' approach, which necessitated the strengthening of all elements of the road safety management system. It summarizes road safety performance and institutional initiatives in Argentina leading up to the preparation and implementation of the project. We describe the project's development objectives, financing arrangements, specific components and investment staging. Finally, we discuss its innovative features and lessons learned, and present a set of supplementary guidelines, both to assist multilateral development banks and their clients with future road safety initiatives, and to encourage better linkages between the health and transportation sectors supporting them.

Main Road Extraction from ZY-3 Grayscale Imagery Based on Directional Mathematical Morphology and VGI Prior Knowledge in Urban Areas

PubMed Central

Liu, Bo; Wu, Huayi; Wang, Yandong; Liu, Wenming

2015-01-01

Main road features extracted from remotely sensed imagery play an important role in many civilian and military applications, such as updating Geographic Information System (GIS) databases, urban structure analysis, spatial data matching and road navigation. Current methods for road feature extraction from high-resolution imagery are typically based on threshold value segmentation. It is difficult however, to completely separate road features from the background. We present a new method for extracting main roads from high-resolution grayscale imagery based on directional mathematical morphology and prior knowledge obtained from the Volunteered Geographic Information found in the OpenStreetMap. The two salient steps in this strategy are: (1) using directional mathematical morphology to enhance the contrast between roads and non-roads; (2) using OpenStreetMap roads as prior knowledge to segment the remotely sensed imagery. Experiments were conducted on two ZiYuan-3 images and one QuickBird high-resolution grayscale image to compare our proposed method to other commonly used techniques for road feature extraction. The results demonstrated the validity and better performance of the proposed method for urban main road feature extraction. PMID:26397832

Statistical classification of road pavements using near field vehicle rolling noise measurements.

PubMed

Paulo, Joel Preto; Coelho, J L Bento; Figueiredo, Mário A T

2010-10-01

Low noise surfaces have been increasingly considered as a viable and cost-effective alternative to acoustical barriers. However, road planners and administrators frequently lack information on the correlation between the type of road surface and the resulting noise emission profile. To address this problem, a method to identify and classify different types of road pavements was developed, whereby near field road noise is analyzed using statistical learning methods. The vehicle rolling sound signal near the tires and close to the road surface was acquired by two microphones in a special arrangement which implements the Close-Proximity method. A set of features, characterizing the properties of the road pavement, was extracted from the corresponding sound profiles. A feature selection method was used to automatically select those that are most relevant in predicting the type of pavement, while reducing the computational cost. A set of different types of road pavement segments were tested and the performance of the classifier was evaluated. Results of pavement classification performed during a road journey are presented on a map, together with geographical data. This procedure leads to a considerable improvement in the quality of road pavement noise data, thereby increasing the accuracy of road traffic noise prediction models.

Roads are associated with a blunted stress response in a North American pit viper.

PubMed

Owen, Dustin A S; Carter, Evin T; Holding, Matthew L; Islam, Kamal; Moore, Ignacio T

2014-06-01

Whereas numerous studies have examined roads as anthropogenic stressors in birds and mammals, comparatively few studies have been undertaken on reptiles. We investigated plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels at baseline and following 30min of restraint stress in free-ranging copperhead snakes (Agkistrodon contortrix) captured within the forest interior or while in contact with public roads. There was no difference in baseline CORT levels between snakes in the forest and on roads. Copperheads responded to restraint stress by increasing plasma levels of CORT; however snakes on roads exhibited a lower CORT stress response compared to forest snakes. Additionally, among snakes captured on roads there was a negative association between road traffic and baseline CORT, stressed CORT, and the magnitude of the CORT response. Our results suggest that roads are associated with a blunted stress response in copperheads. Reduced stress responses may be indicative of acclimation, the inhibited ability to mount a stress response in the face of prolonged chronic stress, or that road environments select for individuals with lower CORT responsiveness. Either scenario could result in increased road mortality if snakes do not perceive roads as a potential threat. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Vertebrate Ticks Distribution and Their Role as Vectors in Relation to Road Edges and Underpasses.

PubMed

Delgado, Juan D; Abreu-Yanes, Estefanía; Abreu-Acosta, Néstor; Flor, Manuel D; Foronda, Pilar

2017-06-01

Roads fragment vertebrate populations and affect the dynamics and dispersal patterns of vertebrate parasites. We evaluated how vertebrate ticks distribute near roads and road underpasses in human-caused road-fragmented landscapes in Seville, SW Spain. We sampled 49 stations with 93 individualized sampling points and assessed tick abundance. We explored the relationship between tick presence and abundance and distance to the nearest road and underpass (drainage culverts and other passages used by vertebrates), and landscape features through categorical regression and nonparametric statistics. The presence of the tick-borne pathogens Borrelia sp. and Bartonella sp. was also analyzed by PCR. We found preliminary evidence of high relative tick abundance next to roads and in the vicinity of road underpasses. Plant cover type was related to tick presence in this road context. Implications of road permeability and edge effect in patterns of vertebrate-tick relationships in road fragmentation contexts are discussed. Both Borrelia sp. and Bartonella sp. were detected in the ticks analyzed. This is the first report of these bacteria in ticks from Seville. The results confirm the potential risk of acquiring Lyme disease and bartonellosis in this area.