Combustion Of Interacting Droplet Arrays In Microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dietrich, D. L.; Struk, P. M.; Ikegami, M.; Xu, G.

2003-01-01

Theory and experiments involving single droplet combustion date back to 1953, with the first microgravity work appearing in 1956. The problem of a spherical droplet burning in an infinite, quiescent microgravity environment is a classical problem in combustion research with the classical solution appearing in nearly every textbook on combustion. The microgravity environment offered by ground-based facilities such as drop towers and space-based facilities is ideal for studying the problem experimentally. A recent review by Choi and Dryer shows significant advances in droplet combustion have been made by studying the problem experimentally in microgravity and comparing the results to one dimensional theoretical and numerical treatments of the problem. Studying small numbers of interacting droplets in a well-controlled geometry represents a logical step in extending single droplet investigations to more practical spray configurations. Studies of droplet interactions date back to Rex and co-workers, and were recently summarized by Annamalai and Ryan. All previous studies determined the change in the burning rate constant, k, or the flame characteristics as a result of interactions. There exists almost no information on how droplet interactions a effect extinction limits, and if the extinction limits change if the array is in the diffusive or the radiative extinction regime. Thus, this study examined experimentally the effect that droplet interactions have on the extinction process by investigating the simplest array configuration, a binary droplet array. The studies were both in normal gravity, reduced pressure ambients and microgravity facilities. The microgravity facilities were the 2.2 and 5.2 second drop towers at the NASA Glenn Research Center and the 10 second drop tower at the Japan Microgravity Center. The experimental apparatus and the data analysis techniques are discussed in detail elsewhere.

Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) contest

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. NASA and contractor personnel who conducted the DIME activity with the students. Shown (L-R) are: Eric Baumann (NASA, 2.2-second Drop Tower Facility manager), Daniel Dietrich (NASA) mentor for Sycamore High School team), Carol Hodanbosi (National Center for Microgravity Research; DIME staff), Richard DeLombard (NASA; DIME staff), Jose Carrion (GRC Akima, drop tower technician), Dennis Stocker (NASA; DIME staff), Peter Sunderland (NCMR, mentor for COSI Academy student team), Sandi Thompson (NSMR sabbatical teacher; DIME staff), Dan Woodard (MASA Microgravity Outreach Program Manager), Adam Malcolm (NASA co-op student; DIME staff), Carla Rosenberg (NCMR; DIME staff), and Twila Schneider (Infinity Technology; NASA Microgravity Research program contractor). This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-26

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. NASA and contractor personnel who conducted the DIME activity with the students. Shown (L-R) are: Eric Baumann (NASA, 2.2-second Drop Tower Facility manager), Daniel Dietrich (NASA) mentor for Sycamore High School team), Carol Hodanbosi (National Center for Microgravity Research; DIME staff), Richard DeLombard (NASA; DIME staff), Jose Carrion (GRC Akima, drop tower technician), Dennis Stocker (NASA; DIME staff), Peter Sunderland (NCMR, mentor for COSI Academy student team), Sandi Thompson (NSMR sabbatical teacher; DIME staff), Dan Woodard (MASA Microgravity Outreach Program Manager), Adam Malcolm (NASA co-op student; DIME staff), Carla Rosenberg (NCMR; DIME staff), and Twila Schneider (Infinity Technology; NASA Microgravity Research program contractor). This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

Review on drop towers and long drop tubes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bayuzick, R. J.; Hofmeister, W. H.; Robinson, M. B.

1987-01-01

A drop tube is an enclosure in which a molten sample can be solidified while falling; three such large tubes are currently in existence, all at NASA research facilities, and are engaged in combustion and fluid physics-related experiments rather than in materials research. JPL possesses smaller tubes, one of which can be cryogenically cooled to produce glass and metal microshells. A new small drop tube will soon begin operating at NASA Lewis that is equipped with four high-speed two-color pyrometers spaced equidistantly along the column.

Microgravity experiment study on the vane type surface tension tank

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kang, Qi; Duan, Li; Rui, Wei

Having advantages of low cost, convenience and high level of microgravity, the drop tower has become a significant microgravity experiment facility. National Microgravity Laboratory/CAS(NMLC) drop tower has 3.5s effective microgravity time, meanwhile the level of microgravity can reach 10 (-5) g. And the impact acceleration is less than 15g in the recovery period. The microgravity experiments have been conducted on the scaling model of vane type surface tension tank in NMLC’s drop tower. The efficiency of Propellant Management Devices (PMDs) was studied, which focus on the effects of Propellant Management Devices (PMDs), numbers of PMDs, contact angle, and liquid viscosity on the flow rate. The experimental results shown that the numbers of PMDs have little or no effect on the flow rate while the liquid is sufficient. The experiments about the influence of different charging ratio have been carried out while tank is placed positively and reversely, and we find the charging ratio has less effect on the capillary flow rate when the charging ratio is greater than 2%.

Clean Room in the Zero Gravity Research Facility

NASA Image and Video Library

1968-07-21

A technician prepares a test sample in the Zero Gravity Research Facility clean room at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Lewis Research Center. The Zero Gravity Research Facility contained a drop tower which provided five seconds of microgravity during freefall in its 450-foot deep vacuum chamber. The facility has been used for a variety of studies relating to the behavior of fluids and flames in microgravity. During normal operations, a cylindrical 3-foot diameter and 11-foot long vehicle was used to house the experiments, instrumentation, and high speed cameras. The 4.5-foot long and 1.5-foot wide rectangular vehicle, seen in this photograph, was used less frequently. A 3-foot diameter orb was used for the special ten-second drops in which the package was pneumatically shot to the top of the tower then dropped. The facility also contained a control room, shop offices, tool and equipment rooms, and this clean room. The 242.5-foot long and 19.5-foot wide clean room was equipped with specialized cleaning equipment. In the 1960s the room was rated as a class 10,000 clean room, but I was capable of meeting the class 100 requirements. The room included a fume hood, ultrasonic cleaner, and a laminar flow station which operated as a class 100 environment. The environment in the clean room was maintained at 71° F and a relative humidity of 45- percent.

Effects of drop acceleration and deceleration on particle capture in a cross-flow gravity tower at intermediate drop Reynolds numbers.

PubMed

Kumar, Anoop; Gupta, S K; Kale, S R

2007-04-01

Cross-flow gravity towers are particle scrubbing devices in which water is sprayed from the top into particle-laden flow moving horizontally. Models for predicting particle capture assume drops traveling at terminal velocity and potential flow (ReD > 1000) around it, however, Reynolds numbers in the intermediate range of 1 to 1000 are common in gravity towers. Drops are usually injected at velocities greater than their terminal velocities (as in nozzles) or from near rest (perforated tray) and they accelerate/decelerate to their terminal velocity in the tower. Also, the effects of intermediate drop Reynolds number on capture efficiency have been simulated for (a) drops at their terminal velocity and (b) drops accelerating/decelerating to their terminal velocity. Tower efficiency based on potential flow about the drop is 40%-50% greater than for 200 mm drops traveling at their terminal velocity. The corresponding values for 500 mm drops are about 10%-20%. The drop injection velocity is important operating parameter. Increase in tower efficiency by about 40% for particles smaller than 5 mm is observed for increase in injection velocity from 0 to 20 m/s for 200 and 500mm drops.

Gravity-Dependent Combustion and Fluids Research - From Drop Towers to Aircraft to the ISS

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Urban, David L.; Singh, Bhim S.; Kohl, Fred J.

2007-01-01

Driven by the need for knowledge related to the low-gravity environment behavior of fluids in liquid fuels management, thermal control systems and fire safety for spacecraft, NASA embarked on a decades long research program to understand, accommodate and utilize the relevant phenomena. Beginning in the 1950s, and continuing through to today, drop towers and aircraft were used to conduct an ever broadening and increasingly sophisticated suite of experiments designed to elucidate the underlying gravity-dependent physics that drive these processes. But the drop towers and aircraft afford only short time periods of continuous low gravity. Some of the earliest rocket test flights and manned space missions hosted longer duration experiments. The relatively longer duration low-g times available on the space shuttle during the 1980s and 1990s enabled many specialized experiments that provided unique data for a wide range of science and engineering disciplines. Indeed, a number of STS-based Spacelab missions were dedicated solely to basic and applied microgravity research in the biological, life and physical sciences. Between 1980 and 2000, NASA implemented a vigorous Microgravity Science Program wherein combustion science and fluid physics were major components. The current era of space stations from the MIR to the International Space Station have opened up a broad range of opportunities and facilities that are now available to support both applied research for technologies that will help to enable the future exploration missions and for a continuation of the non-exploration basic research that began over fifty years ago. The ISS-based facilities of particular value to the fluid physics and combustion/fire safety communities are the Fluids and Combustion Facility Combustion Integrated Rack and the Fluids Integrated Rack.

Effect of a zero g environment on flammability limits as determined using a standard flammability tube apparatus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Strehlow, R. A.; Reuss, D. L.

1980-01-01

Flammability limits in a zero gravity environment were defined. Key aspects of a possible spacelab experiment were investigated analytically, experimentally on the bench, and in drop tower facilities. A conceptual design for a spacelab experiment was developed.

Droplet combustion experiment drop tower tests using models of the space flight apparatus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haggard, J. B.; Brace, M. H.; Kropp, J. L.; Dryer, F. L.

1989-01-01

The Droplet Combustion Experiment (DCE) is an experiment that is being developed to ultimately operate in the shuttle environment (middeck or Spacelab). The current experiment implementation is for use in the 2.2 or 5 sec drop towers at NASA Lewis Research Center. Initial results were reported in the 1986 symposium of this meeting. Since then significant progress was made in drop tower instrumentation. The 2.2 sec drop tower apparatus, a conceptual level model, was improved to give more reproducible performance as well as operate over a wider range of test conditions. Some very low velocity deployments of ignited droplets were observed. An engineering model was built at TRW. This model will be used in the 5 sec drop tower operation to obtain science data. In addition, it was built using the flight design except for changes to accommodate the drop tower requirements. The mechanical and electrical assemblies have the same level of complexity as they will have in flight. The model was tested for functional operation and then delivered to NASA Lewis. The model was then integrated into the 5 sec drop tower. The model is currently undergoing initial operational tests prior to starting the science tests.

Study on processing immiscible materials in zero gravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reger, J. L.; Mendelson, R. A.

1975-01-01

An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate mixing immiscible metal combinations under several process conditions. Under one-gravity, these included thermal processing, thermal plus electromagnetic mixing, and thermal plus acoustic mixing. The same process methods were applied during free fall on the MSFC drop tower facility. The design is included of drop tower apparatus to provide the electromagnetic and acoustic mixing equipment, and a thermal model was prepared to design the specimen and cooling procedure. Materials systems studied were Ca-La, Cd-Ga and Al-Bi; evaluation of the processed samples included the morphology and electronic property measurements. The morphology was developed using optical and scanning electron microscopy and microprobe analyses. Electronic property characterization of the superconducting transition temperatures were made using an impedance change-tuned coil method.

Analysis of cryogenic propellant behavior in microgravity and low thrust environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fisher, Mark F.; Schmidt, George R.; Martin, James J.

1991-01-01

Predictions of a CFD program calculating a fluid-free surface shape and motion as a function of imposed acceleration are validated against the drop-tower test data collected to support design and performance assessments of the Saturn S-IVB stage liquid-hydrogen tank. The drop-tower facility, experimental package, and experiment procedures are outlined, and the program is described. It is noted that the validation analysis confirms the program's suitability for predicting low-g fluid slosh behavior, and that a similar analysis could examine the effect of incorporating baffles and screens to impede initiation of any unwanted side loads due to slosh. It is concluded that in actual vehicle applications, the engine thrust tailoff profile should be included in computer simulations if the precise interface versus time definition is needed.

A summary of existing and planned experiment hardware for low-gravity fluids research

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hill, Myron E.; O'Malley, Terence F.

1991-01-01

NASA's ground-based and space-based low-gravity facilities are summarized, and an overview of selected experiments that have been developed for use in these facilities is presented. A variety of ground-based facilities (drop towers and aircraft) used to conduct low-gravity experiments for in-space experimentation are described. Capabilities that are available to the researcher and future on-orbit fluids facilities are addressed. The payload bay facilities range from the completely self-contained, relatively small get-away-special canisters to the Materials Science Laboratory and to the larger Spacelab facilities that require crew interaction.

Drop Tower Physics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dittrich, William A.

2014-01-01

The drop towers of yesteryear were used to make lead shot for muskets, as described in "The Physics Teacher" in April 2012. However, modern drop towers are essentially elevators designed so that the cable can "break" on demand, creating an environment with microgravity for a short period of time, currently up to nine seconds at…

Different behavioural responses of larval fish under microgravity and morphological correlates in the inner ear -a drop-tower study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hilbig, Reinhard; Weigele, Jochen; Knie, Miriam; Hendrik Anken, Ralf

In vertebrates altered gravitational environments such as weightlessness (microgravity, g) in-duce changes in central and peripheral interpretation of sensory input leading to alterations in motor behaviour (e.g., intersensory-conflicts) including space motion sickness, a sensory motor kinetosis normally accompanied by malaise and vomiting. In fish it had been repeatedly shown that some fish of a given batch reveal motion sickness after transition from hypergravity (pull up) to microgravity microgravity in the course of parabolic aircraft flight (PF= low quality microgravity = LQM) experiments or in the case of drop tower experiments at ZARM (Bre-men) immediately after release of the capsule. The drop-tower studies were designed to further elucidate the role of otolith asymmetry concerning an individually different susceptibility to kinetoses. In order to test, whether the differing results between the PF and the drop-tower experiment were based exclusively on the differing quality of diminished gravity, or, if further parameters of the PF and the drop-tower environment need to be taken into consideration (e.g., vibrations and changing accelerations during PFs or the brisk compression of the drop-capsule at its release) to explain the differing results, drop-tower flights were performed at a series of increasing accelerations, by centrifugation in the drop capsule. This simulation of "differ-ent micro" gravity was carried out in housing larval cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) within a centrifuge at high quality microgravity 10-6g (HQM) and 10-4g to 0.3g during the drop-tower flights. The percentual ratios of the swimming behaviour at drop-tower changed significantly according to the increasing acceleration force of the centrifuge during flight. With increasing acceleration (= detectable gravity for fish) the relative proportion of looping an d spinning movements decreased in favour of normal swimming an at 0.3g nearly no kinetotic behaviour was observed. When during centrifugation in the drop-tower capsule LQM ranged between those of PF LQM the fish displayed comparable types of behaviour (normal and kine-totic swimming). This indicates that some normally swimming fish during PFs and drop-tower LQM use the residual gravity as a cue for orientation. Whereas kinetoses were exhibited by some 90 The present findings on otolith asymmetry support the concept, according to which kinetosis susceptibility is based on highly asymmetric inner ear stones.

Test Package Plummets in the Zero Gravity Research Facility

NASA Image and Video Library

1966-09-21

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Lewis Research Center. Lewis researchers had been studying the behavior of liquid in microgravity for several years using ballistic rocket flights, aircraft flying series of parabolas, and in the 2.2-Second Drop Tower. It was easier to control experiments and repeat tests based on almost instantaneous test results in the Zero Gravity Research Facility than missiles or aircraft. It also more than doubled the microgravity time of the original drop tower. The experiments were enclosed in a large experiment package that was suspended inside the chamber. A vacuum was introduced to the chamber before the package was released. The test equipment allowed researchers to film and take measurements of the experiment as it was falling. The 2500‐pound package was slowed by special Styrofoam‐like pellets in a decelerator cart. An experiment, traveling 176 feet per second, was stopped in about 15 feet of deceleration material. The facility’s designers struggled to determine the correct type of deceleration pellets to use. For several years Lewis engineers tested various samples from manufacturers. The final selection was not made until the facility’s completion in May 1966, just before the facility made its public debut at the 1966 Inspection of the Center.

Development of techniques for processing metal-metal oxide systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, P. C.

1976-01-01

Techniques for producing model metal-metal oxide systems for the purpose of evaluating the results of processing such systems in the low-gravity environment afforded by a drop tower facility are described. Because of the lack of success in producing suitable materials samples and techniques for processing in the 3.5 seconds available, the program was discontinued.

ESA Parabolic Flight, Drop Tower and Centrifuge Opportunities for University Students

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Callens, Natacha; Ventura-Traveset, Javier; Zornoza Garcia-Andrade, Eduardo; Gomez-Calero, Carlos; van Loon, Jack J. W. A.; Pletser, Vladimir; Kufner, Ewald; Krause, Jutta; Lindner, Robert; Gai, Frederic; Eigenbrod, Christian

The European Space Agency (ESA) Education Office was established in 1998 with the purpose of motivating young people to study science, engineering and technology subjects and to ensure a qualified workforce for ESA and the European space sector in the future. To this end the ESA Education Office is supporting several hands-on activities including small student satellites and student experiments on sounding rockets, high altitude balloons as well as microgravity and hypergravity platforms. This paper is intended to introduce three new ESA Education Office hands-on activities called "Fly Your Thesis!", "Drop Your Thesis!" and "Spin Your Thesis!". These activities give re-spectively access to aircraft parabolic flight, drop tower and centrifuge campaigns to European students. These educational programmes offer university students the unique opportunity to design, build, and eventually perform, in microgravity or hypergravity, a scientific or techno-logical experiment which is linked to their syllabus. During the "Fly Your Thesis!" campaigns, the students accompany their experiments onboard the A300 Zero-G aircraft, operated by the company Novespace, based in Bordeaux, France, for a series of three flights of 30 parabolas each, with each parabola providing about 20s of microgravity [1]. "Drop Your Thesis!" campaigns are held in the ZARM Drop Tower, in Bremen, Germany. The installation delivers 4.74s of microgravity in dropping mode and 9.3s in the catapulting mode [2]. Research topics such as fluid physics, fundamental physics, combustion, biology, material sciences, heat transfer, astrophysics, chemistry or biochemistry can greatly benefit from using microgravity platforms. "Spin Your Thesis!" campaigns take place in the Large Diameter Centrifuge (LDC) facility, at ESTEC, Noordwijk, in the Netherlands. This facility offers an acceleration from 1 to 20 times Earth's gravity [3]. The use of hypergravity allows completing the scientific picture of how gravity has an impact on a system over the whole acceleration spectrum, but can address as well specifically problems which require these high g-levels. A wide range of hypergravity exper-iments can be performed in the LDC facility, including biological, biochemical, microbiological, opto-physical, physical, material and fluid sciences, geology or plasma physics. ESA Education Office financially supports the cost of the campaigns, part of the hardware development, as well as necessary travel and accommodation of the student selected teams. An ELGRA (European Low Gravity Research Association) mentor, i.e. a scientist specialized in gravity-related research, support each student team throughout these education programmes. [1] Pletser V., Gharib T., Gai F., Mora C., Rosier P. "The 50 parabolic flight campaigns of the European Space Agency to conduct short duration microgravity research experimentation", Paper IAC-09-A2.5.1, 60th International Astronautical federation Congress, Daejeon, Korea, October 2009. [2] von Kampen P., Kaczmarczik U., Rath H.J. The new Drop Tower catapult system", Acta Astronautica, 59, 1-5, 278-283, 2006. [3] van Loon J. W. A. , Krause J., Cunha H., Goncalves J., Almeida H., Schiller P. "The Large Diameter Centrifuge, LDC, for life and physical sciences and technology", Proc. of the 'Life in Space for Life on Earth Symposium', Angers, France, 22-27 June 2008. (ESA SP-663, December 2008)

Critical point wetting drop tower experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kaukler, W. F.; Tcherneshoff, L. M.; Straits, S. R.

1984-01-01

Preliminary results for the Critical Point Wetting CPW Drop Tower Experiment are produced with immiscible systems. Much of the observed phenomena conformed to the anticipated behavior. More drops will be needed to test the CPW theory with these immiscible systems.

Combat Helmet-Headform Coupling Characterized from Blunt Impact Events

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-11-01

Testing was completed on a monorail drop tower to analyze the effect of helmet/headform coupling on the blunt impact behavior of ACH helmets using FMVSS...designates its own methods and test equipment: a drop tower ( monorail or twin- wire), headform (DOT, ISO, NOCSAE), headform CG accelerometer (single or...the more anthropomorphic International Standard Organization (ISO) half headform. Testing was completed on a monorail drop tower to analyze the effect

Enhancing Injury Protection Capabilities of Army Combat Helmets

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-11-01

rate on each material’s energy attenuation characteristics, dynamic compression tests were conducted using a monorail drop tower conforming to ANSI...equipment. An Army combat helmet is fitted to the monorail drop tower (left). The variable weight, flat impactor (right) is fitted to the monorail ...3.3.1 Impact attenuation All impact tests were conducted using the USAARL vertical monorail drop tower (Figure 1, left). Impact sites along with

Multi-Terrain Vertical Drop Tests of a Composite Fuselage Section

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kellas, Sotiris; Jackson, Karen E.

2008-01-01

A 5-ft-diameter composite fuselage section was retrofitted with four identical blocks of deployable honeycomb energy absorber and crash tested on two different surfaces: soft soil, and water. The drop tests were conducted at the 70-ft. drop tower at the Landing and Impact Research (LandIR) Facility of NASA Langley. Water drop tests were performed into a 15-ft-diameter pool of water that was approximately 42-in. deep. For the soft soil impact, a 15-ft-square container filled with fine-sifted, unpacked sand was located beneath the drop tower. All drop tests were vertical with a nominally flat attitude with respect to the impact surface. The measured impact velocities were 37.4, and 24.7-fps for soft soil and water, respectively. A fuselage section without energy absorbers was also drop tested onto water to provide a datum for comparison with the test, which included energy absorbers. In order to facilitate this type of comparison and to ensure fuselage survivability for the no-energy-absorber case, the velocity of the water impact tests was restricted to 25-fps nominal. While all tests described in this paper were limited to vertical impact velocities, the implications and design challenges of utilizing external energy absorbers during combined forward and vertical impact velocities are discussed. The design, testing and selection of a honeycomb cover, which was required in soft surface and water impacts to transmit the load into the honeycomb cell walls, is also presented.

Kinetotic behaviour and otolith asymmetry of fish under "low quality microgravity" - a drop-tower experiment at 0.03-0.05g

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anken, Ralf; Knie, Miriam; Hilbig, Reinhard; Anken, Ralf

We have shown earlier that some fish of a given batch reveal motion sickness (a kinetosis) at the transition from earth gravity to diminished gravity. The percentual ratios of the various types of behaviour (normal swimming and kinetotic swimming; kinetotic specimens revealed looping responses/LR or spinning movements/SM), however, highly differed depending on the quality of diminished gravity. Whereas kinetoses were exhibited by some 90 In striking contrast to the results gained using PF specimens, according to which otolith asymmetry (differences in the size and calcium incorporation of the inner ear stones between the left and right side of the body) was significantly higher in kinetotic specimens as compared to normally swimming fish, a comparable asymmetry between kinetotically and normally swimming drop-tower samples (HQM) could statistically not be verified. The present study was designed to further elucidate the role of otolith asymmetry concerning an individually different susceptibility to kinetoses. In order to test, whether the differing results between the PF and the drop-tower experiment were based exclusively on the differing quality of diminished gravity, or, if further parameters of the PF and the drop-tower environment (e.g., vibrations and changing accelerations during PFs or the brisk compression of the drop-capsule at its release) need to be taken into consideration to explain the earlier results, drop-tower flights were performed at LQM. This simulation of PF "micro"gravity was carried out in housing larval cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) within a centrifuge at 0.03-0.05g during the drop-tower flights. The percentual ratios of the swimming behaviour at drop-tower LQM ranged between those of PF LQM and (drop-tower) HQM. This indicates that many normally swimming fish during PFs use cues other than the residual gravity (e.g., vibrations detected by the lateral line organ) for orientation. Furthermore, looping responses seem to be transitional behaviour depending on the developmental stage, whereas spinning movements occur stage-independently. Details as well as data on otoliths will be communicated at the meeting. Acknowledgement: This work was financially supported by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) (FKZ: 50 WB 0527).

Capabilities and constraints of NASA's ground-based reduced gravity facilities

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lekan, Jack; Neumann, Eric S.; Sotos, Raymond G.

1993-01-01

The ground-based reduced gravity facilities of NASA have been utilized to support numerous investigations addressing various processes and phenomina in several disciplines for the past 30 years. These facilities, which include drop towers, drop tubes, aircraft, and sounding rockets are able to provide a low gravity environment (gravitational levels that range from 10(exp -2)g to 10(exp -6)g) by creating a free fall or semi-free fall condition where the force of gravity on an experiment is offset by its linear acceleration during the 'fall' (drop or parabola). The low gravity condition obtained on the ground is the same as that of an orbiting spacecraft which is in a state of perpetual free fall. The gravitational levels and associated duration times associated with the full spectrum of reduced gravity facilities including spaced-based facilities are summarized. Even though ground-based facilities offer a relatively short experiment time, this available test time has been found to be sufficient to advance the scientific understanding of many phenomena and to provide meaningful hardware tests during the flight experiment development process. Also, since experiments can be quickly repeated in these facilities, multistep phenomena that have longer characteristic times associated with them can sometimes be examined in a step-by-step process. There is a large body of literature which has reported the study results achieved through using reduced-gravity data obtained from the facilities.

Drop tower with no aerodynamic drag

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kendall, J. M., Jr.

1981-01-01

Cooling air accelerated to match velocity of falling object eliminates drag. 3 meter drop tower with suction fan and specific geometry causes air to accelerate downward at 1 g. Although cooling of molten material released from top is slow because surrounding air moves with it, drop remains nearly spherical.

A summary of existing and planned experiment hardware for low-gravity fluids research

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hill, Myron E.; Omalley, Terence F.

1991-01-01

An overview is presented of (1) existing ground-based, low gravity research facilities, with examples of hardware capabilities, and (2) existing and planned space-based research facilities, with examples of current and past flight hardware. Low-gravity, ground-based facilities, such as drop towers and aircraft, provide the experimenter with quick turnaround time, easy access to equipment, gravity levels ranging from 10(exp -2) to 10(exp -6) G, and low-gravity durations ranging from 2 to 30 sec. Currently, the only operational space-based facility is the Space Shuttle. The Shuttle's payload bay and middeck facilities are described. Existing and planned low-gravity fluids research facilities are also described with examples of experiments and hardware capabilities.

Update on the Purdue University 2-second Drop Tower

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Collicott, Steven

A small drop tower of approximately one second drop duration was built in the School of Aero-nautics and Astronautics at Purdue University beginning in 1998 and operated until summer 2007. This inexpensive tower in an old airplane hanger, was built largely by Yongkang Chen, now a Research Professor at Portland State University in Oregon, USA. In about 7 years of operations, the tower generated sufficient science results for Chen's PhD thesis[1] (summarized in three AIAA Journal papers[2-4]), Fitzpatrick's MS thesis[5], two industry projects for since-canceled advanced rodent habitats for ISS, and one project for NASA Marshall. In addition to the science use, Purdue undergraduate students designed, built, and performed simpler fluids experiments for their own career advancement, including a novel investigation of the impact of imperfect repeatability of initial conditions on a zero-g fluids experiment. The tower was also used for outreach to school children. It is most satisfying that Chen's PhD research in this small tower, and subsequent discussions and interactions, helped Weislogel to propose the two Vane Gap tests in his highly successful Capillary Fluids Experiment (CFE) in the International Space Station in 2006 and 2007[6]. Chen as been involved in the remodeling of these two Vane Gap cylinders for subsequent re-launch to ISS for a second round of experiments expected in 2010 and 2011. In August 2007 the School of Aeronautics and Astronautics at Purdue University moved into the new Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering and construction on a new 2-second drop tower began. A vertical shaft of nearly 23 meters was designed into the building. An approximately 80 m2 general-use fluids lab is at the top level, and a small access room of approximately 9 m2 is at the bottom. However, construction of the new $57M building created only the space for the science facility, not the science facility itself. The science facility is under construction and this paper presents an update on progress for the micro-gravity community. The most noticeable current activity is testing of the air-bag decelerator. The tower is one that will use a free-falling experiment inside of a drag shield to avoid most aerodynamic drag. The airbag is designed from experiences of others yet the small, triangular room in which the tower terminates imposes challenges. The airbag is approximately 1.5m diameter and 1.5m tall. Initial testing led to a desire to increase vent area, and just this week the bag has returned from the shop that was modifying it. On-board computer, battery packs, lighting, and cameras have been acquired. Thanks to Lockheed Martin, one camera is 500 frames per second with 1.3 million 12-bit gray scale pixels per frame. The Spincraft company donated steel hemisphere-cylinders to serve as the nose of the drag shield. Wind tunnel and CFD modeling of the drag shield has been performed by Purdue undergraduate aerospace students. Currently the drag shield structure and experiment package structure are being design and analyzed. The experiment volume is approximately a cylinder 0.45m diameter and 0.6m tall. Tower operation is intended to commence in fall 2010 with inert package drops at full mass and full height. Developing the operations procedures, especially operational safety, are the goals of this work. First science is then expected in the winter. References 1. Y. Chen, "A Study of Capillary Flow in a Vane-wall Gap in Zero Gravity," Ph.D. thesis, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University. August 2003. 2. Y. Chen and S. H. Collicott, "Investigation of the Symmetric Wetting of a Vane-Wall Gap in Propellant Tanks," AIAA Journal, 42, No. 2, pp. 305-314, February 2004. 3. Y. Chen, and S. H. Collicott, "Experimental Study on the Capillary Flow in a Vane-Wall Gap Geometry," AIAA Journal, 43, No. 11, pp. 2395-2403, November, 2005. 4. Y. Chen and S. H. Collicott, "Study of Wetting in an Asymmetrical Vane-Wall Gap in Propellant Tanks," AIAA Journal, 44, 4, pp. 859-867, April 2006. 5. S. L. Fitzpatrick, "A Study of Hydrogen Peroxide Low-Gravity Control for Propellant Management Devices," MS thesis, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue Uni-versity. May 2003. 6. M. M. Weislogel, R. Jenson, Y. Chen, S. H. Collicott, J. Klatte, and M. Dreyer. "The capillary flow experiments aboard the International Space Station: Status". Acta Astro-nautica. 65:861-869, 2009

Rectangular Drop Vehicle in the Zero Gravity Research Facility

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-03-21

A rectangular drop test vehicle perched above 450-foot shaft at the Zero Gravity Research Facility at NASA Lewis Research Center. The drop tower was designed to provide five seconds of microgravity during a normal drop, but had a pneumatic gun that could quickly propel the vehicle to the top of the shaft prior to its drop, thus providing ten seconds of microgravity. The shaft contained a steel-lined vacuum chamber 20 feet in diameter and 469 feet deep. The package was stopped at the bottom of the pit by a 15-foot deep deceleration cart filled with polystyrene pellets. During normal operations, a cylindrical 3-foot diameter and 11-foot long vehicle was used to house the experiments, instrumentation, and high speed cameras. The 4.5-foot long and 1.5-foot wide rectangular vehicle, seen in this photograph, was used less frequently. A 3-foot diameter orb was used for the ten second drops. After the test vehicle was prepared it was suspended above the shaft from the top of the chamber. A lid was used to seal the top of the chamber. The vacuum system reduced the pressure levels inside the chamber. The bolt holding the vehicle was then sheared and the vehicle plummeted into the deceleration cart.

The Tower and Glass Marbles Problem

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Denman, Richard T.; Hailey, David; Rothenberg, Michael

2010-01-01

The Catseye Marble company tests the strength of its marbles by dropping them from various levels of their office tower, to find the highest floor from which a marble will not break. We find the smallest number of drops required and from which floor each drop should be made. We also find out how these answers change if a restriction is placed on…

9. BUILDING NO. 620B, FRICTION PENDULUM BUILDING. 29FOOT DROP TOWER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

9. BUILDING NO. 620-B, FRICTION PENDULUM BUILDING. 29-FOOT DROP TOWER SITS BEHIND BLAST SHIELD IN FRONT OF BUILDING. - Picatinny Arsenal, 600 Area, Test Areas District, State Route 15 near I-80, Dover, Morris County, NJ

Buoyancy Effects on Flow Transition in Low-Density Inertial Gas Jets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pasumarthi, Kasyap S.; Agrawal, Ajay K.

2005-01-01

Effects of buoyancy on transition from laminar to turbulent flow are presented for momentum-dominated helium jet injected into ambient air. The buoyancy was varied in a 2.2-sec drop tower facility without affecting the remaining operating parameters. The jet flow in Earth gravity and microgravity was visualized using the rainbow schlieren deflectometry apparatus. Results show significant changes in the flow structure and transition behavior in the absence of buoyancy.

High-school Student Teams in a National NASA Microgravity Science Competition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

DeLombard, Richard; Hodanbosi, Carol; Stocker, Dennis

2003-01-01

The Dropping In a Microgravity Environment or DIME competition for high-school-aged student teams has completed the first year for nationwide eligibility after two regional pilot years. With the expanded geographic participation and increased complexity of experiments, new lessons were learned by the DIME staff. A team participating in DIME will research the field of microgravity, develop a hypothesis, and prepare a proposal for an experiment to be conducted in a NASA microgravity drop tower. A team of NASA scientists and engineers will select the top proposals and then the selected teams will design and build their experiment apparatus. When completed, team representatives will visit NASA Glenn in Cleveland, Ohio to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower and participate in workshops and center tours. NASA participates in a wide variety of educational activities including competitive events. There are competitive events sponsored by NASA (e.g. NASA Student Involvement Program) and student teams mentored by NASA centers (e.g. For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology Robotics Competition). This participation by NASA in these public forums serves to bring the excitement of aerospace science to students and educators.Researchers from academic institutions, NASA, and industry utilize the 2.2 Second Drop Tower at NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio for microgravity research. The researcher may be able to complete the suite of experiments in the drop tower but many experiments are precursor experiments for spaceflight experiments. The short turnaround time for an experiment's operations (45 minutes) and ready access to experiment carriers makes the facility amenable for use in a student program. The pilot year for DIME was conducted during the 2000-2001 school year with invitations sent out to Ohio- based schools and organizations. A second pilot year was conducted during the 2001-2002 school year for teams in the six-state region of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. The third year for DIME was conducted during the 2002-2003 school year for teams from the fifty United States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. An annual national DIME program is planned for the foreseeable future. Presented in this paper will be a description of DIME, an overview of the planning and execution of such a program, results from the first three years, and lessons learned from the first national competition.

Thermosolutal Marangoni convection short-time regimes - Proposals for drop tower experiments and real time computer simulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Polezhaev, V. I.; Ermakov, M. K.

1992-12-01

Results are presented of a parametrical study of flow patterns, heat transfer, and time scales of thermosolutal Marangoni convection in a cavity with temperature and solutal gradients along the free surface and adiabatic bottom for the case of zero gravity. Nusselt number, concentration difference across the cavity, and flow/temperature fields for the different regimes are presented; they show the possibility to use Drop Tower 'Bremen' for measuring the developed secondary flow and heat/mass transfer due to thermosolutal Marangoni convection as well as the possibility to analyze and plan the drop tower for such experiments using the COMGA PC-based system.

Report of the committee on a commercially developed space facility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shea, Joseph F.; Stever, H. Guyford; Cutter, W. Bowman, III; Demisch, Wolfgang H.; Fink, Daniel J.; Flax, Alexander H.; Gatos, Harry C.; Glicksman, Martin E.; Lanzerotti, Louis J.; Logsdon, John M., III

1989-01-01

Major facilities that could support significant microgravity research and applications activity are discussed. The ground-based facilities include drop towers, aircraft flying parabolic trajectories, and sounding rockets. Facilities that are intrinsically tied to the Space Shuttle range from Get-Away-Special canisters to Spacelab long modules. There are also orbital facilities which include recoverable capsules launched on expendable launch vehicles, free-flying spacecraft, and space stations. Some of these existing, planned, and proposed facilities are non-U.S. in origin, but potentially available to U.S. investigators. In addition, some are governmentally developed and operated whereas others are planned to be privately developed and/or operated. Tables are provided to show the facility, developer, duration, estimated gravity level, crew interaction, flight frequency, year available, power to payload, payload volume, and maximum payload mass. The potential of direct and indirect benefits of manufacturing in space are presented.

Reusable Material for Drop Tower

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-08-01

R3 Buna-N Rubber ............................................................................................... 32 B-3. R5 EPDM Rubber ...Butyl Rubber . Figure B-2. R3 Buna-N Rubber . Figure B-3. R5 EPDM Rubber . Figure B-4. R6 Gel Rubber . UNCLASSIFIED 33...11 Current Drop Tower Material & Setup .......................................................... 11 Bowling Ball Rubber Material Sample Test

Quantitative Measurement of Oxygen in Microgravity Combustion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Silver, Joel A.

1997-01-01

A low-gravity environment, in space or in ground-based facilities such as drop towers, provides a unique setting for studying combustion mechanisms. Understanding the physical phenomena controlling the ignition and spread of flames in microgravity has importance for space safety as well as for better characterization of dynamical and chemical combustion processes which are normally masked by buoyancy and other gravity-related effects. Due to restrictions associated with performing measurements in reduced gravity, diagnostic methods which have been applied to microgravity combustion studies have generally been limited to capture of flame emissions on film or video, laser Schlieren imaging and (intrusive) temperature measurements using thermocouples. Given the development of detailed theoretical models, more sophisticated diagnostic methods are needed to provide the kind of quantitative data necessary to characterize the properties of microgravity combustion processes as well as provide accurate feedback to improve the predictive capabilities of the models. When the demands of space flight are considered, the need for improved diagnostic systems which are rugged, compact, reliable, and operate at low power becomes apparent. The objective of this research is twofold. First, we want to develop a better understanding of the relative roles of diffusion and reaction of oxygen in microgravity combustion. As the primary oxidizer species, oxygen plays a major role in controlling the observed properties of flames, including flame front speed (in solid or liquid flames), extinguishment characteristics, flame size and flame temperature. The second objective is to develop better diagnostics based on diode laser absorption which can be of real value in both microgravity combustion research and as a sensor on-board Spacelab as either an air quality monitor or as part of a fire detection system. In our prior microgravity work, an eight line-of-sight fiber optic system measured water vapor mole fractions in the NASA Lewis 2.2-sec Drop Tower. In that system, the laser and all electronics resided at the top of the drop tower and was connected via a fiber optic cable to the rig, on which a 'pitch and catch' set of fiber collimating lenses were used to transmit the laser beam across a jet diffusion flame. This system required eight independent detection/demodulation units and had poor spatial resolution. This research builds on this earlier work, resulting in an improved capability for quantitative, nonintrusive measurement of major combustion species. A vertical cavity surface-emitting diode laser (VCSEL) and a continuous spatial scanning method permit the measurement of temporal and spatial profiles of the concentrations and temperatures of molecular oxygen. High detection sensitivity is achieved with wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS). One-g experiments are performed using a slot diffusion flame. Microgravity measurements on a solid fuel (cellulose sheet) system are planned for the NASA Lewis 2.2-second Drop Tower Facility.

A drop-tower experiment to determine the threshold of gravity for inducing motion sickness in fish

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anken, R. H.; Hilbig, R.

2004-01-01

It has been repeatedly shown earlier that some fish of a given batch reveal motion sickness (a kinetosis) at the transition from 1 g to microgravity. In the course of parabolic aircraft flight experiments, it has been demonstrated that kinetosis susceptibility is correlated with asymmetric inner ear otoliths (i.e., differently weighed statoliths on the right and the left side of the head) or with genetically predispositioned malformed cells within the sensory epithelia of the inner ear. Hitherto, the threshold of gravity perception for inducing kinetotic behavior as well as the relative importance of asymmetric otoliths versus malformed epithelia for kinetosis susceptibility has yet not been determined. The following experiment using the ZARM drop-tower facility in Bremen, Germany, is proposed to be carried out in order to answer the aforementioned questions. Larval cichlid fish ( Oreochromis mossambicus) will be kept in a camcorder-equipped centrifuge during the microgravity phases of the drops and thus receive various gravity environments ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 g. Videographed controls will be housed outside of the centrifuge receiving 0 g. Based on the video-recordings, animals will be grouped into kinetotically and normally swimming samples. Subsequently, otoliths will be dissected and their size and asymmetry will be measured. Further investigations will focus on the numerical quantification of inner ear supporting and sensory cells as well as on the quantification of inner ear carbonic anhydrase reactivity. A correlation between: (1) the results to be obtained concerning the g-loads inducing kinetosis and (2) the corresponding otolith asymmetry/morphology of sensory epithelia/carbonic anhydrase reactivity will further contribute to the understanding of the origin of kinetosis susceptibility. Besides an outline of the proposed principal experiments, the present study reports on a first series of drop-tower tests, which were undertaken to elucidate the feasibility of the proposal (especially concerning the question, if some 4.7 s of microgravity are sufficient to induce kinetotic behavior in larval fish).

Drop-tower experiments for capillary surfaces in an exotic container

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Concus, Paul; Finn, Robert; Weislogel, Mark

1991-01-01

Low-gravity drop-tower experiments are carried out for an 'exotic' rotationally-symmetric container, which admits an entire continuum of distinct equilibrium symmetric capillary free surfaces. It is found that an initial equilibrium planer interface, a member of the continuum, will reorient toward a non-symmetric interface, as predicted by recent mathematical theory.

DIME Students Discuss Final Drop Tower Experiment Design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

Students discuss fine points of their final design for the Drop Tower experiment during the second Dropping in a Microgravity Environment (DIME) competition held April 23-25, 2002, at NASA's Glenn Research Center. Competitors included two teams from Sycamore High School, Cincinnati, OH, and one each from Bay High School, Bay Village, OH, and COSI Academy, Columbus, OH. DIME is part of NASA's education and outreach activities. Details are on line at http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/DIME_2002.html.

DIME Participant Builds a Potential Drop Tower Candidate

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

A student assembles a Lego (TM) Challenge device designed to operate in the portable drop tower demonstrator as part of the second Dropping in a Microgravity Environment (DIME) competition held April 23-25, 2002, at NASA's Glenn Research Center. Competitors included two teams from Sycamore High School, Cincinnati, OH, and one each from Bay High School, Bay Village, OH, and COSI Academy, Columbus, OH. DIME is part of NASA's education and outreach activities. Details are on line at http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/DIME_2002.html.

Student Drop Tower Competitions: Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) and What If No Gravity? (WING)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hall, Nancy R.; Stocker, Dennis P.; DeLombard, Richard

2011-01-01

This paper describes two student competition programs that allow student teams to conceive a science or engineering experiment for a microgravity environment. Selected teams design and build their experimental hardware, conduct baseline tests, and ship their experiment to NASA where it is operated in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. The hardware and acquired data is provided to the teams after the tests are conducted so that the teams can prepare their final reports about their findings.

Radiative Heat Loss Measurements During Microgravity Droplet Combustion in a Slow Convective Flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hicks, Michael C.; Kaib, Nathan; Easton, John; Nayagam, Vedha; Williams, Forman A.

2003-01-01

Radiative heat loss from burning droplets in a slow convective flow under microgravity conditions is measured using a broad-band (0.6 to 40 microns) radiometer. In addition, backlit images of the droplet as well as color images of the flame were obtained using CCD cameras to estimate the burning rates and the flame dimensions, respectively. Tests were carried out in air at atmospheric pressure using n-heptane and methanol fuels with imposed forced flow velocities varied from 0 to 10 centimeters per second and initial droplet diameters varied from 1 to 3 millimeters. Slow convective flows were generated using three different experimental configurations in three different facilities in preparation for the proposed International Space Station droplet experiments. In the 2.2 Second Drop-Tower Facility a droplet supported on the leading edge of a quartz fiber is placed within a flow tunnel supplied by compressed air. In the Zero-Gravity Facility (five-second drop tower) a tethered droplet is translated in a quiescent ambient atmosphere to establish a uniform flow field around the droplet. In the KC 135 aircraft an electric fan was used to draw a uniform flow past a tethered droplet. Experimental results show that the burn rate increases and the overall flame size decreases with increases in forced-flow velocities over the range of flow velocities and droplet sizes tested. The total radiative heat loss rate, Q(sub r), decreases as the imposed flow velocity increases with the spherically symmetric combustion having the highest values. These observations are in contrast to the trends observed for gas-jet flames in microgravity, but consistent with the observations during flame spread over solid fuels where the burning rate is coupled to the forced flow as here.

Student Design Challenges in Capillary Flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stocker, Dennis P.; Wollman, Andrew; Hall, Nancy R.; Weislogel, Mark; DeLombard, Richard

2016-01-01

For some grade 8-12 students, capillary flow has bridged the gap between the classroom and research facility, from normal gravity to microgravity. In the past four years, NASA and the Portland State University (PSU) have jointly challenged students to design test cells, using Computer-Aided Design (CAD), to study capillary action in microgravity as PSU has done on the International Space Station (ISS). Using the student-submitted CAD drawings, the test cells were manufactured by PSU and tested in their 2.1-second drop tower. The microgravity results were made available online for student analysis and reporting. Over 100 such experiments have been conducted, where there has been participation from 15 states plus a German school for the children of U.S. military personnel. In 2016, a related NASA challenge was held in partnership with the ASGSR, again, based on the research conducted by PSU. In this challenge, grade 9-12 students designed and built devices using capillary action to launch droplets as far as possible in NASAs 2.2 Second Drop Tower. Example results will be presented by students at this conference. The challenges engage students in ISS science and technology and can inspire them to pursue technical careers.

Compound Capillary Flows in Complex Containers: Drop Tower Test Results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bolleddula, Daniel A.; Chen, Yongkang; Semerjian, Ben; Tavan, Noël; Weislogel, Mark M.

2010-10-01

Drop towers continue to provide unique capabilities to investigate capillary flow phenomena relevant to terrestrial and space-based capillary fluidics applications. In this study certain `capillary rise' flows and the value of drop tower experimental investigations are briefly reviewed. A new analytic solution for flows along planar interior edges is presented. A selection of test cell geometries are then discussed where compound capillary flows occur spontaneously and simultaneously over local and global length scales. Sample experimental results are provided. Tertiary experiments on a family of asymmetric geometries that isolate the global component of such flows are then presented along with a qualitative analysis that may be used to either avoid or exploit such flows. The latter may also serve as a design tool with which to assess the impact of inadvertent container asymmetry.

Otolith asymmetry and kinetotic behaviour of fish at high-quality microgravity: A drop-tower experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anken, R.; Forster, A.; Baur, U.; Feucht, I.; Hilbig, R.

2006-01-01

It has been repeatedly shown earlier that some fish of a given batch reveal motion sickness (a kinetosis) at the transition from hypergravity to (low quality) microgravity in the course of parabolic aircraft flight (PF) experiments. Since it is unknown, whether this behaviour is exclusively induced by microgravity or rather by changing accelerations as they occur during PFs, larval cichlid fish ( Oreochromis mossambicus) were subjected to high-quality microgravity (ca. 4.7 s) in the drop-tower at ZARM, Bremen (Germany). The percentual ratios of the various types of behaviour (normal swimming and kinetotic swimming; kinetotic specimens revealed looping responses/LR or spinning movements/SM) highly differed from those observed in the course of PFs. Whereas kinetoses were exhibited by some 90% of the individuals who had experienced flights at ZARM (SM: 22%; LR: 69%; n = 156 animals), only a rather small proportion of all animals had shown a kinetotic behaviour during PFs (SM: 14%; LR: 10%; n = 71 animals; Hilbig, R., Anken, R., Rahmann, H. On the origin of susceptibility to kinetotic swimming behaviour in fish: a parabolic aircraft flight study. J. Vestib. Res. 12, 185-189, 2003). Thus, the percentual ratio of spinning animals is in a roughly comparable range both during PF and drop-tower microgravity, whereas looping responses are extremely frequently exhibited during exposure to the drop-tower microgravity environment. Since the release of the drop-capsule (total mass of the capsule used: 491 kg) will inevitably lead to a brisk longitudinal compression of the entire setup, many animals will have been provoked to perform a C-start escape response, which - during microgravity - was not discontinued and thus resulted in loop-swimming (like the looping observed during STS-89; Anken, R., Hilbig, R., Ibsch, M., Rahmann, H. Readaptation of fish to 1G after long-term microgravity: behavioural results from the STS 89 mission. Adv. Space Res. 25, 2019-2023, 2000). In striking contrast to the results gained using PF specimens, according to which otolith asymmetry (differences in the size of the inner ear stones between the left and right side of the body) was significantly higher in kinetotic specimens as compared to normally swimming fish, asymmetry did not differ between the SM, LR and normally swimming drop-tower samples. This finding is discussed on the basis of the especially low gravity environment in the drop-tower experiment.

Tower Temperature and Humidity Sensors (TWR) Handbook

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cook, DR

2010-02-01

Three tall towers are installed at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility: a 60-meter triangular tower at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) Central Facility (CF), a 21-meter walkup scaffolding tower at the SGP Okmulgee forest site (E21), and a 40-meter triangular tower at the North Slope of Alaska (NSA) Barrow site. The towers are used for meteorological, radiological, and other measurements.

Surface tension propellant control for Viking 75 Orbiter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dowdy, M. W.; Hise, R. E.; Peterson, R. G.; Debrock, S. C.

1976-01-01

The paper describes the selection, development and qualification of the surface tension system and includes results of low-g drop tower tests of scale models, 1-g simulation tests of low-g large ullage settling and liquid withdrawal, structural qualification tests, and propellant surface tension/contact angle studies. Subscale testing and analyses were used to evaluate the ability of the system to maintain or recover the desired propellant orientation following possible disturbances during the Viking mission. This effort included drop tower tests to demonstrate that valid wick paths exist for moving any displaced propellant back over the tank outlet. Variations in surface tension resulting from aging, temperature, and lubricant contamination were studied and the effects of surface finish, referee fluid exposure, aging, and lubricant contamination on contact angle were assessed. Results of movies of typical subscale drop tower tests and full scale slosh tests are discussed.

Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) contest

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. Here, students are briefed by NASA engineer Daniel Dietrich at the top of the drop tower. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

Tower Shielding Reactor II design and operation report: Vol. 2. Safety Analysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Holland, L. B.; Kolb, J. O.

1970-01-01

Information on the Tower Shielding Reactor II is contained in the TSR-II Design and Operation Report and in the Tower Shielding Facility Manual. The TSR-II Design and Operating Report consists of three volumes. Volume 1 is Descriptions of the Tower Shielding Reactor II and Facility; Volume 2 is Safety analysis of the Tower Shielding Reactor II; and Volume 3 is the Assembly and Testing of the Tower Shielding Reactor II Control Mechanism Housing.

Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) contest

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. Here students from Sycamore High School in Cincinnati, Ohio, talk with Dr. Dennis Stocker, one of Glenn's lead microgravity scientists, about the uses of the drop tower. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

Drop Tower and Aircraft Capabilities

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Urban, David L.

2015-01-01

This presentation is a brief introduction to existing capabilities in drop towers and low-gravity aircraft that will be presented as part of a Symposium: Microgravity Platforms Other Than the ISS, From Users to Suppliers which will be a half day program to bring together the international community of gravity-dependent scientists, program officials and technologists with the suppliers of low gravity platforms (current and future) to focus on the future requirements and use of platforms other than the International Space Station (ISS).

Blast Mitigation Seat Analysis - Assessment of the Effect of Personal Protective Equipment on the 5th Percentile Female Anthropomorphic Test Devices Performance in Drop Tower Evaluations (Briefing Charts)

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-08-01

for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data ...sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden...UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED • Baseline drop tower data collected from Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATDs) seated in 12 models of Commercial Off-The-Shelf

Effects of Buoyancy in Hydrogen Jet Diffusion Flames

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Agrawal, A. K.; Al-Ammar, K.; Gollahalli, S. R.; Griffin, D. W.

1999-01-01

This project was carried out to understand the effects of heat release and buoyancy on the flame structure of diffusion flames. Experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure in both normal gravity and microgravity conditions in the NASA LeRC 2.2 s drop tower. Experiments were also conducted in a variable pressure combustion facility in normal gravity to scale buoyancy and thus, to supplement the drop tower experiments. Pure H2 or H2 mixed with He was used as the jet fluid to avoid the complexities associated with soot formation. Fuel jet burning in quiescent air was visualized and quantified by the Rainbow Schlieren Deflectometry (RSD) to obtain scalar profiles (temperature, oxygen concentration) within the flame. Burner tube diameter (d) was varied from 0.3 to 1.19 mm producing jet exit Reynolds numbers ranging from 40 to 1900, and generating flames encompassing laminar and transitional (laminar to turbulent) flow structure. Some experiments were also complemented with the CFD analysis. In a previous paper, we have presented details of the RSD technique, comparison of computed and measured scalar distributions, and effects of buoyancy on laminar and transitional H2 gas-jet diffusion flames. Results obtained from the RSD technique, variable pressure combustion chamber, and theoretical models have been published. Subsequently, we have developed a new drop rig with improved optical and image acquisition. In this set up, the schlieren images are acquired in real time and stored digitally in RAM of an onboard computer. This paper deals with laminar diffusion flames of pure H2 in normal and microgravity.

Visualization of He II boiling process under the microgravity condition for 4.7 s by using a drop tower experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takada, Suguru; Kimura, Nobuhiro; Pietrowicz, Sławomir; Grunt, Krzysztof; Murakami, Masahide; Okamura, Takahiro

2018-01-01

Superfluid helium (He II) has been utilized in space projects such as in the X-ray telescope, where it served as the heat sink of adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators. The study of He II boiling under microgravity might contribute to the construction of an important database facilitating the design of future space missions. Therefore, in this study, a visualization experiment of He II boiling was conducted under microgravity conditions by using the drop tower located at ZARM (Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity) in Bremen. The ZARM drop tower can provide up to 4.7 s of microgravity conditions in the utilized operation mode. The behavior of thermally induced bubbles during their growth and shrinkage was visualized using two high-speed cameras. A thin manganin wire was utilized as the heater. During the free fall period, the visualized bubble closely approached a steady state. The behavior can be roughly calculated using a simple equation based on kinetic theory.

Development of Active Learning Curriculum for CASPER's Microgravity Drop Tower

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carmona-Reyes, Jorge; Wang, Li; York, Judy; Matthews, Lorin; Laufer, Rene; Cook, Mike; Schmoke, Jimmy; Hyde, Truell

2016-10-01

As CASPER's new drop tower comes on line, plans for correlated educational research curricula are underway. CASPER's educational research team is working on developing curricula specific to the CASPER drop tower, modeled on a contest currently in use by (BEST) Robotics Inc. within central Texas independent school districts. The curricula integrates age specific use of computer programming software packages such as ``Scratch'' with industry standard communication protocols and augmented reality applications. Content is constructed around an earth and space science framework, covering subjects such as stars and galaxies, matter and energy, fusion and fission at a middle school level. CASPER faculty are partnering with the Region 12 Service Center; this combination provides a wide range of expertise that includes professional development, pedagogical methods, computational thinking in addition to microgravity and space science research expertise. The details of this work will be presented and samples of the manner in which it is impacting the CASPER research and educational outreach partnership will be discussed.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-26

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. Here, students are briefed by NASA engineer Daniel Dietrich at the top of the drop tower. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

An Experimental Study of Turbulent Nonpremixed Jet Flames in Crossflow Under Low-Gravity Conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boxx, Isaac G.; Idicheria, Cherian A.; Clemens, Noel T.

2002-11-01

We will present results of a study of turbulent nonpremixed jet flames in crossflow under normal and low gravity conditions. This enables us to experimentally separate the competing influences of initial jet-to-crossflow momentum ratio and buoyancy effects on the flame structure. The low gravity conditions (10-30 milli-g) are achieved by dropping a self-contained jet flame rig in the University of Texas 1.25-second drop tower facility. This rig uses a small blow-through wind tunnel to create the crossflow. The jet flames issue from an orifice that is flush with the wall. High-speed CCD imaging of jet flame luminosity is the primary diagnostic. We present results for hydrocarbon jet flames with initial jet-to-crossflow momentum ratios of 10-20. Results such as flame trajectory, flame length, large scale structure and flame tip dynamics will be presented.

Centrifuge in Free Fall: Combustion at Partial Gravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ferkul, Paul

2017-01-01

A centrifuge apparatus is developed to study the effect of variable acceleration levels in a drop tower environment. It consists of a large rotating chamber, within which the experiment is conducted. NASA Glenn Research Center 5.18-second Zero-Gravity Facility drop tests were successfully conducted at rotation rates up to 1 RPS with no measurable effect on the overall Zero-Gravity drop bus. Arbitrary simulated gravity levels from zero to 1-g (at a radius of rotation 30 cm) were produced. A simple combustion experiment was used to exercise the capabilities of the centrifuge. A total of 23 drops burning a simulated candle with heptane and ethanol fuel were performed. The effect of gravity level (rotation rate) and Coriolis force on the flames was observed. Flames became longer, narrower, and brighter as gravity increased. The Coriolis force tended to tilt the flames to one side, as expected, especially as the rotation rate was increased. The Zero-Gravity Centrifuge can be a useful tool for other researchers interested in the effects of arbitrary partial gravity on experiments, especially as NASA embarks on future missions which may be conducted in non-Earth gravity.

The Physics of Shot Towers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lipscombe, Trevor C.; Mungan, Carl E.

2012-01-01

In the late 18th and throughout the 19th century, lead shot for muskets was prepared by use of a shot tower. Molten lead was poured from the top of a tower and, during its fall, the drops became spherical under the action of surface tension. In this article, we ask and answer the question: "How does the size of the lead shot depend on the height…

Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) contest

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. Here Jose Carrion, a lab mechanic with AKAC, starts the orange-colored drag shield, and the experiment apparatus inside, on the hoist upward to the control station at the top of the drop tower. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

Otolith Asymmetry and kinetotic Behaviour of Fish at High-Quality Microgravity: A Drop-Tower Experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anken, R.; Baur, U.; Forster, A.; Feucht, I.; Hilbig, R.

It has been repeatedly shown earlier that some fish of a given batch reveal motion sickness (a kinetosis) at the transition from 1g to microgravity in the course of parabolic aircraft flight (PF) experiments. Since it is unknown, whether this behaviour is induced by microgravity alone or rather by changing accelerations as they occur during PFs, larval cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) were subjected to high-quality microgravity (ca. 4.7 sec) in the drop-tower at ZARM, Bremen (Germany). The percentual ratios of the various types of behaviour (normal swimming and kinetotic swimming; kinetotic specimens revealed looping responses/LR or spinning movements/SM) highly differed from those observed in the course of PFs. Whereas kinetoses were observed in some 90% of the individuals who had experienced drops at ZARM (SM: 22%; LR: 69%; n=156 animals), during PFs only a rather small proportion of all animals had shown a kinetotic behaviour (SM: 14%; LR: 10%; n=71 animals; PF campaign June 2003, Hilbig et al., J. vest. Res. 12: 185-189, 2003). Thus, the percentual amount of spinning animals is in a roughly comparable range both during PF and drop-tower microgravity, whereas looping responses are extremely frequently exhibited during exposure to the drop-tower environment. Since the release of the drop-capsule (total mass of the capsule used: 491kg) will inevitably lead to a brisk longitudinal compression of the entire setup, many animals will have been provoked to perform a C-start escape response, which -- during microgravity -- was not discontinued and thus resulted in loop-swimming (like the looping observed during STS-89; Anken et al., Adv. Space Res. 25: 2019-2023, 1998). Data on otolith asymmetry (differences in the size of left vs. right otoliths), which has been shown to be the cause of susceptibility to kinetosis during PFs, will be communicated at the meeting. Acknowledgement: This work was financially supported by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) (FKZ: 50 WB 9997).

Flame Structure and Scalar Properties in Microgravity Laminar Fires

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Feikema, D. A.; Lim, J.; Sivathanu, Y.

2006-01-01

Recent results from microgravity combustion experiments conducted in the Zero Gravity Facility (ZGF) 5.18 second drop tower are reported. Emission mid-infrared spectroscopy measurements have been completed to quantitatively determine the flame temperature, water and carbon dioxide vapor concentrations, radiative emissive power, and soot concentrations in a microgravity laminar ethylene/air flame. The ethylene/air laminar flame conditions are similar to previously reported experiments including the Flight Project, Laminar Soot Processes (LSP). Soot concentrations and gas temperatures are in reasonable agreement with similar results available in the literature. However, soot concentrations and flame structure dramatically change in long duration microgravity laminar diffusion flames as demonstrated in this paper.

Accessing space: A catalogue of process, equipment and resources for commercial users

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1988-01-01

This catalogue, produced by NASA's Office of Commercial Programs, provides a broad source of information for the commercial developer interested in the areas of microgravity research and remote sensing. Methods for accessing space for research are reviewed including the shuttle, expendable launch vehicles, suborbital sounding rockets, experimental aircraft, and drop towers and other ground-based facilities. Procedures for using these vehicles and facilities are described along with funding options to pay for their use. Experiment apparatus and carriers for microgravity research are also described. A separate directory of resources and services is also included which contains a listing of transportation products and services, a listing of businesses and industries which provide space-related services and products, and a listing of the NASA and CCDS (Center for the Commercial Development of Space) points of contact.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-26

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. Here students from Sycamore High School in Cincinnati, Ohio, talk with Dr. Dennis Stocker, one of Glenn's lead microgravity scientists, about the uses of the drop tower. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

Study of the production of some superconducting and magnetic materials by solidification in the drop tube and drop tower

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wu, M. K.

1987-01-01

A systematic study on the relationship between the microstructure and physical properties of several superconducting materials prepared by solidification in low gravity was conducted. Further study of the materials, such as the applications of hydrostatic pressure which is known to be an effective mean to vary the electronic structure of materials, in conjunction with the detailed microstructure analysis of the samples was also performed to better understand the low gravity effects on the enhancement of the electronic properties. Results of the studies on the directionally solidified AlInSn alloys processed in the KC-135 aircraft and immiscible GaBi alloy prepared during free fall in the Marshall Space Flight Center Drop Tower are presented.

NASA Microgravity Science Competition for High-school-aged Student Teams

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

DeLombard, Richard; Stocker, Dennis; Hodanbosi, Carol; Baumann, Eric

2002-01-01

NASA participates in a wide variety of educational activities including competitive events. There are competitive events sponsored by NASA and student teams which are mentored by NASA centers. This participation by NASA in public forums serves to bring the excitement of aerospace science to students and educators. A new competition for highschool-aged student teams involving projects in microgravity has completed two pilot years and will have national eligibility for teams during the 2002-2003 school year. A team participating in the Dropping In a Microgravity Environment will research the field of microgravity, develop a hypothesis, and prepare a proposal for an experiment to be conducted in a microgravity drop tower facility. A team of NASA scientists and engineers will select the top proposals and those teams will then design and build their experiment apparatus. When the experiment apparatus are completed, team representatives will visit NASA Glenn in Cleveland, Ohio for operation of their facility and participate in workshops and center tours. Presented in this paper will be a description of DIME, an overview of the planning and execution of such a program, results from the first two pilot years, and a status of the first national competition.

Swimming behaviour of the upside-down swimming catfish ( Synodontis nigriventris) at high-quality microgravity - A drop-tower experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anken, R.; Hilbig, R.

2009-07-01

The catfish Synodontis nigriventris often shows a unique swimming behaviour in being oriented upside-down. When swimming near a (e.g., vertical) substrate, however, the animals orient themselves with their ventral side towards this substrate. This tendency is called ventral substrate response (VSR). The VSR does not only override the upside-down swimming behaviour but also the dorsal light response and the ventral light response. In the course of an earlier drop-tower experiment performed at ZARM (Bremen, Germany) using cichlid fish ( Oreochromis mossambicus), we had observed that about 90% of the animals revealed sensorimotor disorders (kinetotic swimming) due to the almost complete lack of gravity as a cue for orientation. In order to further assess the importance of the VSR for postural control in S. nigriventris when being located near a substrate, we subjected catfish in relatively small chambers to drop-tower flights. In contrast to our results regarding cichlid fish, S. nigriventris showed no kinetotic behaviour. This clearly suggests that the VSR overrides even vestibular input and possibly represents the most important single behavioural response in this species.

Preliminary Design, Feasibility and Cost Evaluation of 1- to 15-Kilometer Height Steel Towers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shanker, Ajay

2003-01-01

Design and construction of tall towers is an on-going research program of NASA. The agency has already done preliminary review in this area and has determined that multi-kilometer height towers are technically and economically feasible. The proposed towers will provide high altitude launch platforms reaching above eighty percent of Earth's atmosphere and provide tremendous gains in the potential energy as well as substantial reduction in aerodynamic drag. NASA has also determined that a 15-KM tower will have many useful applications in: (i)Meteorology,(ii)Oceanography, (iii)Astronomy, (iv)High Altitude Launch, (v)Physics Drop Tower, (vi) Biosphere Research, (vii) Nanotechnology, (viii) Energy/Power, (ix)Broadband Wireless Technology, (x)Space Transportation and (xi)Space Tourism.

Simulation of Combustion Systems with Realistic g-Jitter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mell, W. E.; McGrattan, K. B.; Nakamura, Y.; Baum, H. R.

2001-01-01

A number of facilities are available for microgravity combustion experiments: aircraft, drop towers, sounding rockets, the space shuttle, and, in the future, the International Space Station (ISS). Acceleration disturbances or g-jitter about the background level of reduced gravity exist in all these microgravity facilities. While g-jitter is routinely measured, a quantitative comparison of the quality of g-jitter among the different microgravity facilities, in terms of its affects on combustion experiments, has not been compiled. Low frequency g-jitter (< 1 Hz) has been repeatedly observed to disturb a number of combustion systems. Guidelines regarding tolerable levels of acceleration disturbances for combustion experiments have been developed for use in the design of ISS experiments. The validity of these guidelines, however, remains unknown. In this project a transient, 3-D numerical model is under development to simulate the effects of realistic g-jitter on a number of combustion systems. The measured acceleration vector or some representation of it can be used as input to the simulation.

Blast Mitigation Sea Analysis - Evaluation of Lumbar Compression Data Trends in 5th Percentile Female Anthropomorphic Test Device Performance Compared to 50th Percentile Male Anthropomorphic Test Device in Drop Tower Testing

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-08-21

less pronounced for pelvis velocity • Seat velocity and dynamic displacement not recorded for this test series – Would provide key information for...effectiveness of seat – Displacement /time history data should be recorded for all future test series UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Conclusions/Future...interfacing with seat manufacturers to broaden occupant protection range – Record dynamic stroke on all drop tower tests to evaluate correlation between displacement rate and lumbar compression UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED 17

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-26

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. Here Jose Carrion, a lab mechanic with AKAC, starts the orange-colored drag shield, and the experiment apparatus inside, on the hoist upward to the control station at the top of the drop tower. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

How to Make a Microgravity Drop Tower for Your Classroom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

DeLombard, Richard; Hall, Nancy R.

2014-01-01

Microgravity is quite often seen as exotic and special as astronauts float around in the International Space Station, eating MM's in mid-air, and performing science experiments, all done seemingly without gravity being present. Surprisingly enough, up on the ISS there is about 90 of the same gravity that holds you to the floor in your classroom or museum exhibit hall. Participate in this session and you will understand that and more. You can use simple devices to demonstrate microgravity conditions in your classroom or museum exhibit hall. This will be the same microgravity condition that astronauts experience on the ISS, just for a much shorter period of time. Contrary to popular opinion of some people, microgravity is NOT caused by zero gravity up there. Microgravity on the ISS is due to free fall within the Earth's gravitational field. That means you can drop an item in free fall in your classroom and museum exhibit hall and that item will experience microgravity. In this session, a short theory segment will explain and reinforce these concepts so that you may explain to others. The session will concentrate on showing the session participants how to make an effective, but inexpensive, drop tower for use in the classroom. Such a drop tower may be used to reinforce classroom instruction in physics and forces motion as well as serve as a platform for student investigations, classroom competitions, and student science or technology fair entries. Session participants will build their own simple microgravity experiment and operate them in a drop tower, compare results, and modify their experiment based on results. This material is also useful for public demonstrations at school open houses, travelling museum exhibits, fixed museum exhibits, and independent student projects or experiments. These free fall concepts also connect terrestrial demonstrations with planetary moon motion, comet trajectory, and more.

Analysis and Evaluation of Deployment Mechanism of a Tiny Rover in a Microgravity by Drop Tower Experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nagaoka, Kenji; Yano, Hajime; Yoshimitsu, Tetsuo; Yoshida, Kazuya; Kubota, Takashi; Adachi, Tadashi; Kurisu, Masamitsu; Yatsunami, Hiroyuki; Kuroda, Yoji

This presentation introduces the analysis and evaluation of a deployment mechanism of a tiny rover by ZARM drop tower experiments. The mechanism is installed on the MINERVA-II2 system in the Hayabusa-2 project performed by JAXA. The MINERVA-II2 system includes a small exploration rover, and the rover will be released from the Hayabusa-2 spacecraft to the asteroid surface. After the rover lands on the surface, it will move over the surface and conduct scientific measurements. To achieve such a challenging mission, the deployment mechanism of the rover is one of the significant components. In particular, controlling the rover's landing velocity against the asteroid surface is required with high-reliability mechanism. In the MINERVA-II2 system, a reliable deployment mechanism using a metal spring is installed. By the simple mechanism, the rover's releasing velocity will be controlled within a required value. Although the performance evaluation and analysis are necessary before launch, it is difficult to experiment the deployment performance three-dimensionally on ground. In the MINERVA-II2 project, with the cooperation of ZARM, DLR and JAXA, we conducted microgravity experiments using a ZARM drop tower to examine the deployment performance in a three-dimensional microgravity. During the experiments, motion of the deployment mechanism and the rover were captured by an external camera mounted on the dropping chamber. After the drop, we analyzed the rover's releasing velocity based on image processing of the camera data. The experimental results confirmed that the deployment mechanism is feasible and reliable for controlling the rover's releasing velocity. In addition to the experiments, we analyzed a mechanical friction resistance of the mechanism from a theoretical viewpoint. These results contribute to design of spring stiffness and feedback to the development of the MINERVA-II2 flight model. Finally, the drop tower experiments were accomplished based on the agreement on the Hayabusa-2 project by DLR-JAXA. The chamber for the experiments was used, which was developed by the Hayabusa-2 project. In the experiments, we received technical and operations supports from ZARM. We sincerely express our acknowledgement to ZARM, DLR and JAXA.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A new control tower is nearing completion at the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility. It will replace the old tower in use since 1987. The old tower stands only 20 feet above the runway surface, too low to see the launch pads to the east. During nighttime landing operations, those inside the tower have been hindered by the eight-billion candlepower xenon lights that illuminate the runway. The new control tower is built atop an existing mound, rising nearly 100 feet over the midpoint of the runway. The height gives controllers a spectacular 360-degree view of NASA-KSC and northern Brevard County. The new facility will also replace the SLF Operations Building. The operations building is home to the Military Radar Unit that monitors NASA-KSC airspace 24 hours a day, as well as runway light controls, navigational aids, weather and wind speed instrumentation, and gate controls. In the new tower, the computer displays will be fully modernized to Federal Aviation Administration standards with touch-screen technology. Construction on the new facility began in February 2003 and is nearly ready for occupancy. Only some final inspections and approvals remain. A support building and Public Affairs viewing deck, to be used for observing future landing operations, will be added and are already in work.

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-12-17

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A new control tower is nearing completion at the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility. It will replace the old tower in use since 1987. The old tower stands only 20 feet above the runway surface, too low to see the launch pads to the east. During nighttime landing operations, those inside the tower have been hindered by the eight-billion candlepower xenon lights that illuminate the runway. The new control tower is built atop an existing mound, rising nearly 100 feet over the midpoint of the runway. The height gives controllers a spectacular 360-degree view of NASA-KSC and northern Brevard County. The new facility will also replace the SLF Operations Building. The operations building is home to the Military Radar Unit that monitors NASA-KSC airspace 24 hours a day, as well as runway light controls, navigational aids, weather and wind speed instrumentation, and gate controls. In the new tower, the computer displays will be fully modernized to Federal Aviation Administration standards with touch-screen technology. Construction on the new facility began in February 2003 and is nearly ready for occupancy. Only some final inspections and approvals remain. A support building and Public Affairs viewing deck, to be used for observing future landing operations, will be added and are already in work.

Sandia National Laboratories, Tonopah Test Range Askania Tower (Building 02-00): Photographs and Written Historical and Descriptive Data

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ullrich, Rebecca A.

The Askania Tower (Building 02-00) was built in 1956 as part of the first wave of construction at the newly established Tonopah Test Range (TTR). Located at Station 2, near the primary target area at the range, the tower was one of the first four built to house Askania phototheodolites used in tracking test units dropped from aircraft. This report includes historical information, architectural information, sources of information, project information, maps, blueprints, and photographs.

Diode pumped solid state kilohertz disk laser system for time-resolved combustion diagnostics under microgravity at the drop tower Bremen

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wagner, Volker; Paa, Wolfgang; Triebel, Wolfgang

We describe a specially designed diode pumped solid state laser system based on the disk laser architecture for combustion diagnostics under microgravity (μg) conditions at the drop tower in Bremen. The two-stage oscillator-amplifier-system provides an excellent beam profile (TEM{sub 00}) at narrowband operation (Δλ < 1 pm) and is tunable from 1018 nm to 1052 nm. The laser repetition rate of up to 4 kHz at pulse durations of 10 ns enables the tracking of processes on a millisecond time scale. Depending on the specific issue it is possible to convert the output radiation up to the fourth harmonic aroundmore » 257 nm. The very compact laser system is integrated in a slightly modified drop capsule and withstands decelerations of up to 50 g (>11 ms). At first the concept of the two-stage disk laser is briefly explained, followed by a detailed description of the disk laser adaption to the drop tower requirements with special focus on the intended use under μg conditions. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the capsule laser as a tool for μg combustion diagnostics, we finally present an investigation of the precursor-reactions before the droplet ignition using 2D imaging of the Laser Induced Fluorescence of formaldehyde.« less

8. GENERAL VIEW OF TOWER 32, LEFT, AND TOWER 31, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. GENERAL VIEW OF TOWER 32, LEFT, AND TOWER 31, RIGHT. VIEW LOOKING NORTH SHOWING AERIAL WIRE DESIGN WITH VERTICAL 'TOP HAT' WIRES IN CENTER. - Chollas Heights Naval Radio Transmitting Facility, 6410 Zero Road, San Diego, San Diego County, CA

Turbulent Premixed Flame Propagation in Microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Menon, S.; Disseau, M.; Chakravarthy, V. K.; Jagoda, J.

1997-01-01

A facility in which turbulent Couette flow could be generated in a microgravity environment was designed and built. To fit into the NASA Lewis drop tower the device had to be very compact. This means that edge effects and flow re-circulation were expected to affect the flow. The flow was thoroughly investigated using LDV and was found to be largely two dimensional away from the edges with constant turbulence intensities in the core. Slight flow asymmetries are introduced by the non symmetric re-circulation of the fluid outside the test region. Belt flutter problems were remedied by adding a pair of guide plates to the belt. In general, the flow field was found to be quite similar to previously investigated Couette flows. However, turbulence levels and associated shear stresses were higher. This is probably due to the confined re-circulation zone reintroducing turbulence into the test section. An estimate of the length scales in the flow showed that the measurements were able to resolve nearly all the length scales of interest. Using a new LES method for subgrid combustion it has been demonstrated that the new procedure is computational feasible even on workstation type environment. It is found that this model is capable of capturing the propagation of the premixed names by resolving the flame in the LES grid within 2-3 grid points. In contrast, conventional LES results in numerical smearing of the flame and completely inaccurate estimate of the turbulent propagation speed. Preliminary study suggests that there is observable effect of buoyancy in the 1g environment suggesting the need for microgravity experiments of the upcoming experimental combustion studies. With the cold flow properties characterized, an identical hot flow facility is under construction. It is assumed that the turbulence properties ahead of the flame in this new device will closely match the results obtained here. This is required since the hot facility will not enable LDV measurements. The reacting flow facility is also being constructed with planned drop tower experiments in mind. Therefore, issues related to safety and structural integrity are being take into account. Further development of the numerical model will also be carried out to include finite-rate kinetics for representative premixed cases. More detail analysis of the flame structure and propagation nature will be investigated. Simulations will also be compared to the flame properties observed in the experiments.

Ballistocraft: a novel facility for microgravity research.

PubMed

Mesland, D; Paris, D; Huijser, R; Lammertse, P; Postema, R

1995-05-01

One of ESA's aims is to provide the microgravity research community with various microgravity exposure facilities. Those facilities include drop towers, sounding rockets, and parabolic flights on board aircraft, in addition to orbital spacecraft. Microgravity flights are usually achieved using large aircraft like the French 'Caravelle' that offer a large payload volume and where a person can be present to perform the experiments and to participate as a human test-subject. However, the microgravity community is also very interested in a flexible, complementary facility that would allow frequent and repetitive exposure to microgravity for a laboratory-type of payload. ESA has therefore undertaken a study of the potential of using a 'ballistocraft', a small unmanned aircraft, to provide a low-cost facility for short-duration (30-40 seconds) microgravity experimentation. Fokker Space & Systems performed the study under an ESA contract, supported by Dutch national funding. To assess the ballistocraft, a simple breadboard of the facility was built and flight tests were performed. The ability of the on-board controller to achieve automated parabolic flights was demonstrated, and the performance of the controller in one-g level flights, and in flights with both zero-g and partial-g setpoints, was evaluated. The partial-g flights are a unique and valuable feature of the facility.

Experimental measurement of cooling tower emissions using image processing of sensitive papers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ruiz, J.; Kaiser, A. S.; Ballesta, M.; Gil, A.; Lucas, M.

2013-04-01

Cooling tower emissions are harmful for several reasons such as air polluting, wetting, icing and solid particle deposition, but mainly due to human health hazards (i.e. Legionella). There are several methods for measuring drift drops. This paper is focussed on the sensitive paper technique, which is suitable in low drift scenarios and real conditions. The lack of an automatic classification method motivated the development of a digital image process algorithm for the Sensitive Paper method. This paper presents a detailed description of this method, in which, drop-like elements are identified by means of the Canny edge detector combined with some morphological operations. Afterwards, the application of a J48 decision tree is proposed as one of the most relevant contributions. This classification method allows us to discern between stains whose origin is a drop and stains whose origin is not a drop. The method is applied to a real case and results are presented in terms of drift and PM10 emissions. This involves the calculation of the main features of the droplet distribution at the cooling tower exit surface in terms of drop size distribution data, cumulative mass distribution curve and characteristic drop diameters. The Log-normal and the Rosin-Rammler distribution functions have been fitted to the experimental data collected in the tests and it can been concluded that the first one is the most suitable for experimental data among the functions tested (whereas the second one is less suitable). Realistic PM10 calculations include the measurement of drift emissions and Total Dissolved Solids as well as the size and number of drops. Results are compared to the method proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency assessing its overestimation. Drift emissions have found to be 0.0517% of the recirculating water, which is over the Spanish standards limit (0.05%).

Apollo/Saturn V facilities Test Vehicle and Launch Umbilical Tower

NASA Image and Video Library

1966-05-25

An Apollo/Saturn V facilities Test Vehicle and Launch Umbilical Tower (LUT) atop a crawler-transporter move from the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) on the way to Pad A. This test vehicle, designated the Apollo/Saturn 500-F, is being used to verify launch facilities, train launch crews, and develop test and checkout procedures.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- Two control towers are seen at the edge of the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility, the old one in front and the nearly completed new tower in back. The old tower stands only 20 feet above the runway surface, too low to see the launch pads to the east. During nighttime landing operations, those inside the tower have been hindered by the eight-billion candlepower xenon lights that illuminate the runway. The new control tower is built atop an existing mound, rising nearly 100 feet over the midpoint of the runway. The height gives controllers a spectacular 360-degree view of NASA-KSC and northern Brevard County. The new facility will also replace the SLF Operations Building. The operations building is home to the Military Radar Unit that monitors NASA-KSC airspace 24 hours a day, as well as runway light controls, navigational aids, weather and wind speed instrumentation, and gate controls. In the new tower, the computer displays will be fully modernized to Federal Aviation Administration standards with touch-screen technology. Construction on the new facility began in February 2003 and is nearly ready for occupancy. Only some final inspections and approvals remain. A support building and Public Affairs viewing deck, to be used for observing future landing operations, will be added and are already in work.

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-12-17

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- Two control towers are seen at the edge of the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility, the old one in front and the nearly completed new tower in back. The old tower stands only 20 feet above the runway surface, too low to see the launch pads to the east. During nighttime landing operations, those inside the tower have been hindered by the eight-billion candlepower xenon lights that illuminate the runway. The new control tower is built atop an existing mound, rising nearly 100 feet over the midpoint of the runway. The height gives controllers a spectacular 360-degree view of NASA-KSC and northern Brevard County. The new facility will also replace the SLF Operations Building. The operations building is home to the Military Radar Unit that monitors NASA-KSC airspace 24 hours a day, as well as runway light controls, navigational aids, weather and wind speed instrumentation, and gate controls. In the new tower, the computer displays will be fully modernized to Federal Aviation Administration standards with touch-screen technology. Construction on the new facility began in February 2003 and is nearly ready for occupancy. Only some final inspections and approvals remain. A support building and Public Affairs viewing deck, to be used for observing future landing operations, will be added and are already in work.

Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak at a Long-Term Care Facility Caused by a Cooling Tower Using an Automated Disinfection System--Ohio, 2013.

PubMed

Quinn, Celia; Demirjian, Alicia; Watkins, Louise Francois; Tomczyk, Sara; Lucas, Claressa; Brown, Ellen; Kozak-Muiznieks, Natalia; Benitez, Alvaro; Garrison, Laurel E; Kunz, Jasen; Brewer, Scott; Eitniear, Samantha; DiOrio, Mary

2015-12-01

On July 9, 2013, an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease (LD) was identified at Long-Term Care Facility A in central Ohio. This article describes the investigation of the outbreak and identification of the outbreak source, a cooling tower using an automated biocide delivery system. In total, 39 outbreak LD cases were identified; among these, six patients died. Water samples from a cooling tower were positive for Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, reactive to monoclonal antibody 2, with matching sequence type to a patient isolate. An electronic control system turned off cooling tower pumps during low-demand periods, preventing delivery of disinfectant by a timed-release system, and leading to amplification of Legionella in the cooling tower. Guidelines for tower maintenance should address optimal disinfection when using automated systems.

14 CFR 170.13 - Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) establishment criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT... AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICES AND NAVIGATIONAL FACILITIES Airport Traffic Control Towers § 170.13 Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) establishment criteria. (a) The following criteria along with general...

Preliminary drop-tower experiments on liquid-interface geometry in partially filled containers at zero gravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smedley, G.

1990-01-01

Plexiglass containers with rounded trapezoidal cross sections were designed and built to test the validity of Concus and Finn's existence theorem (1974, 1983) for a bounded free liquid surface at zero gravity. Experiments were carried out at the NASA Lewis two-second drop tower. Dyed ethanol-water solutions and three immiscible liquid pairs, with one liquid dyed, were tested. High-speed movies were used to record the liquid motion. Liquid rose to the top of the smaller end of the containers when the contact angle was small enough, in agreement with the theory. Liquid interface motion demonstrated a strong dependence on physical properties, including surface roughness and contamination.

Novel active driven drop tower facility for microgravity experiments investigating production technologies on the example of substrate-free additive manufacturing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lotz, Christoph; Wessarges, Yvonne; Hermsdorf, Jörg; Ertmer, Wolfgang; Overmeyer, Ludger

2018-04-01

Through the striving of humanity into space, new production processes and technologies for the use under microgravity will be essential in the future. Production of objects in space demands for new processes, like additive manufacturing. This paper presents the concept and the realization for a new machine to investigate microgravity production processes on earth. The machine is based on linear long stator drives and a vacuum chamber carrying up to 1000 kg. For the first time high repetition rate and associated low experimental costs can provide basic research. The paper also introduces the substrate-free additive manufacturing as a future research topic and one of our primary application.

Experimental verification of hopping mechanism using permanent magnets for an asteroid rover at drop tower

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kurisu, Masamitsu; Yano, Hajime; Yoshimitsu, Tetsuo; Kubota, Takashi; Adachi, Tadashi; Kuroda, Yoji

Verification of the hopping mechanism using permanent magnets by microgravity experiments at ZARM drop tower will be presented in this report. The mechanism, which is called HMPM (Hopping Mechanism with Permanent Magnets) was developed for a small asteroid exploration rover to replace with conventional locomotion mechanism such as wheels and crawlers. The main part of HMPM consists of three permanent magnets which are two stationary magnets and one movable magnet aligned between them. HMPM itself hops by utilizing the impact force generated when the movable magnet sticks to one of the stationary magnets. The features of HMPM are that the large impact force can be generated in spite of low-power consumption, and that it can be easily miniaturized and modularized. On the other hand, the weak point of HMPM is that the performance of the mechanism cannot be controlled directly, since the performance is decided by its design. Therefore, it is significant to evaluate the performance of HMPM before it is mounted on a flight model of rover. On the microgravity experiments at the drop tower, an imitation rover with 0.8kg weight is tested to hop with the operation of a prototype HMPM mounted on the rover. The prototype module weighs only 0.03kg with dimension 0.033 m in width, 0.046 m in height, and 0.012 m in depth, except the drive circuit and power source. Experimental results show the availability of HMPM. Also, the hopping performance of HMPM which is evaluated from the motion of rover recorded by cameras equipped inside the dropping capsule is compared with the estimated performance derived from the theoretical model. From the investigation, validity of the evaluation method based on the theoretical model is discussed. In order that the potential ability of HMPM is fully derived, optimal design of HMPM will require the evaluation method. The experiments at ZARM drop tower were accomplished based on the agreement on the Hayabusa-2 project by DLR-JAXA. And we received technical and operation supports from ZARM. We express our gratitude to ZARM, DLR and JAXA.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- The existing control tower seen here at the edge of the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility is being replaced. In use since 1987, the old tower stands only 20 feet above the runway surface, too low to see the launch pads to the east. During nighttime landing operations, those inside the tower have been hindered by the eight-billion candlepower xenon lights that illuminate the runway. The new control tower is built atop an existing mound, rising nearly 100 feet over the midpoint of the runway. The height gives controllers a spectacular 360-degree view of NASA-KSC and northern Brevard County. The new facility will also replace the SLF Operations Building. The operations building is home to the Military Radar Unit that monitors NASA-KSC airspace 24 hours a day, as well as runway light controls, navigational aids, weather and wind speed instrumentation, and gate controls. In the new tower, the computer displays will be fully modernized to Federal Aviation Administration standards with touch-screen technology. Construction on the new facility began in February 2003 and is nearly ready for occupancy. Only some final inspections and approvals remain. A support building and Public Affairs viewing deck, to be used for observing future landing operations, will be added and are already in work.

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-12-17

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- The existing control tower seen here at the edge of the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility is being replaced. In use since 1987, the old tower stands only 20 feet above the runway surface, too low to see the launch pads to the east. During nighttime landing operations, those inside the tower have been hindered by the eight-billion candlepower xenon lights that illuminate the runway. The new control tower is built atop an existing mound, rising nearly 100 feet over the midpoint of the runway. The height gives controllers a spectacular 360-degree view of NASA-KSC and northern Brevard County. The new facility will also replace the SLF Operations Building. The operations building is home to the Military Radar Unit that monitors NASA-KSC airspace 24 hours a day, as well as runway light controls, navigational aids, weather and wind speed instrumentation, and gate controls. In the new tower, the computer displays will be fully modernized to Federal Aviation Administration standards with touch-screen technology. Construction on the new facility began in February 2003 and is nearly ready for occupancy. Only some final inspections and approvals remain. A support building and Public Affairs viewing deck, to be used for observing future landing operations, will be added and are already in work.

The USML-1 wire insulation flammability glovebox experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Greenberg, Paul S.; Sacksteder, Kurt R.; Kashiwagi, Takashi

1995-01-01

Flame spreading tests have been conducted using thin fuels in microgravity where buoyant convection is suppressed. In spacecraft experiments flames were ignited in quiescent atmospheres with an elevated oxygen content, demonstrating that diffusional mechanisms can be sufficient alone to sustain flame spreading. In ground-based facilities (i.e. drop towers and parabolic aircraft) low-speed convection sustains flames at much lower concentrations of atmospheric oxygen than in quiescent microgravity. Ground-based experiments are limited to very thin fuels (e.g., tissue paper); practical fuels, which are thicker, require more test time than is available. The Glovebox Facility provided for the USML 1 mission provided an opportunity to obtain flame spreading data for thicker fuel Herein we report the results from the Wire Insulation Flammability (WIF) Experiment performed in the Glovebox Facility. This experiment explored the heating, ignition and burning of 0.65 mm thick polyethylene wire insulation in low-speed flows in a reduced gravity environment. Four tests were conducted, two each in concurrent flow (WIF A and C) and opposed flow (WIF B and D), providing the first demonstration of flame spreading in controlled forced convection conducted in space.

Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) Contest

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. NASA and contractor personnel who conducted the DIME activity with the students. Shown (L-R) are: Daniel Dietrich (NASA) mentor for Sycamore High School team), Carol Hodanbosi (National Center for Microgravity Research; DIME staff), Jose Carrion (GRC Akima, drop tower technician), Dennis Stocker (NASA; DIME staff), Richard DeLombard (NASA; DIME staff), Sandi Thompson (NSMR sabbatical teacher; DIME staff), Peter Sunderland (NCMR, mentor for COSI Academy student team), Adam Malcolm (NASA co-op student; DIME staff). This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

Modified Drop Tower Impact Tests for American Football Helmets.

PubMed

Rush, G Alston; Prabhu, R; Rush, Gus A; Williams, Lakiesha N; Horstemeyer, M F

2017-02-19

A modified National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) test method for American football helmet drop impact test standards is presented that would provide better assessment of a helmet's on-field impact performance by including a faceguard on the helmet. In this study, a merger of faceguard and helmet test standards is proposed. The need for a more robust systematic approach to football helmet testing procedures is emphasized by comparing representative results of the Head Injury Criterion (HIC), Severity Index (SI), and peak acceleration values for different helmets at different helmet locations under modified NOCSAE standard drop tower tests. Essentially, these comparative drop test results revealed that the faceguard adds a stiffening kinematic constraint to the shell that lessens total energy absorption. The current NOCSAE standard test methods can be improved to represent on-field helmet hits by attaching the faceguards to helmets and by including two new helmet impact locations (Front Top and Front Top Boss). The reported football helmet test method gives a more accurate representation of a helmet's performance and its ability to mitigate on-field impacts while promoting safer football helmets.

Comparison of Opa Locka Tower with other ATC facilities by means of a biochemical stress index.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1974-12-01

Physiological and biochemical measurements of stress in 14 Opa Locka Tower (OPF) controllers indicated that the principal stressor at that facility was the heavy volume of air traffic. Controllers responded to this stressor with a large increase in u...

Drop Tower Experiments concerning Fluid Management under Microgravity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gaulke, Diana; Dreyer, Michael

2012-07-01

Transport and positioning of liquid under microgravity is done utilizing capillary forces. Therefore, capillary transport processes have to be understood for a wide variety of space applications, ranging from propellant management in tanks of space transportation systems to eating and drinking devices for astronauts. There are two types of liquid transportation in microgravity using capillary forces. First, the driven liquid flow in open channels where the capillary forces at free surfaces ensure a gas and vapor free flow. Here it is important to know the limiting flow rate through such an open channel before the free surface collapses and gas is sucked into the channel. A number of different experiments at the drop tower Bremen, on sounding rockets and at the ISS have been conducted to analyse this phenomenon within different geometries. As result a geometry dependent theory for calculating the maximum flow rate has been found. On the other hand liquid positioning and transportation requires the capillary pressure of curved surfaces to achieve a liquid flow to a desired area. Especially for space applications the weight of structure has to be taken into account for development. For example liquid positioning in tanks can be achieved via a complicated set of structure filling the whole tank resulting in heavy devices not reasonable in space applications. Astrium developed in cooperation with ZARM a propellant management device much smaller than the tank volume and ensuring a gas and vapour free supply of propellant to the propulsion system. In the drop tower Bremen a model of this device was tested concerning different microgravity scenarios. To further decrease weight and ensure functionality within different scenarios structure elements are designed as perforated geometries. Capillary transport between perforated plates has been analyzed concerning the influence of geometrical pattern of perforations. The conducted experiments at the drop tower Bremen show the remarkable influence of perforations on the capillary transport capability.

Large-Scale Flow Structure in Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames under Normal- And Low-Gravity Conditions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Clemens, N. T.; Idicheria, C. A.; Boxx, I. G.

2001-01-01

It is well known that buoyancy has a major influence on the flow structure of turbulent nonpremixed jet flames. Buoyancy acts by inducing baroclinic torques, which generate large-scale vortical structures that can significantly modify the flow field. Furthermore, some suggest that buoyancy can substantially influence the large-scale structure of even nominally momentum-dominated flames, since the low velocity flow outside of the flame will be more susceptible to buoyancy effects. Even subtle buoyancy effects may be important because changes in the large-scale structure affects the local entrainment and fluctuating strain rate, and hence the structure of the flame. Previous studies that have compared the structure of normal- and micro-gravity nonpremixed jet flames note that flames in microgravity are longer and wider than in normal-gravity. This trend was observed for jet flames ranging from laminar to turbulent regimes. Furthermore, imaging of the flames has shown possible evidence of helical instabilities and disturbances starting from the base of the flame in microgravity. In contrast, these characteristics were not observed in normal-gravity. The objective of the present study is to further advance our knowledge of the effects of weak levels of buoyancy on the structure of transitional and turbulent nonpremixed jet flames. In later studies we will utilize the drop tower facilities at NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC), but the preliminary work described in this paper was conducted using the 1.25-second drop tower located at the University of Texas at Austin. A more detailed description of these experiments can be found in Idicheria et al.

Determination of the threshold of gravity for inducing kinetosis in fish: A drop-tower experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anken, Ralf H.; Hilbig, R.

2004-06-01

It has been repeatedly shown earlier that some fish of a given batch reveal motion sickness (a kinetosis) at the transition from 1g to microgravity. In the course of parabolic aircraft flight experiments, it has been demonstrated that kinetosis susceptibility is correlated with asymmetric inner ear otoliths (i.e., differently weighed statoliths on the right and the left side of the head) or with genetically predispositioned malformed cells within the sensory epithelia of the inner ear. Hitherto, the threshold of gravity perception for inducing kinetotic behaviour as well as the relative importance of asymmetric otoliths versus malformed epithelia for kinetosis susceptibility has yet not been determined. The following experiment using the ZARM droptower facility in Bremen, Germany, is proposed to be carried out in order to answer the aforementioned questions. Larval cichlid fish ( Oreochromis mossambicus) will be kept in a camcorder-equipped centrifuge during the microgravity phases of the drops and thus receive various gravity environments ranging from 0.1 to 0.9g. Videographed controls will be housed outside of the centrifuge receiving 0g. Based on the videorecordings, animals will be grouped into kinetotically and normally swimming samples. Subsequently, otoliths will be dissected and their size and asymmetry will be measured. Further investigations will focus on the numerical quantification of inner ear supporting and sensory cells as well as on the quantification of inner ear carbonic anhydrase reactivity. A correlation between (1) the results to be obtained concerning the g-loads inducing kinetosis and (2) the corresponding otolith asymmetry/morphology of sensory epithelia/carbonic anhydrase reactivity will further contribute to the understanding of the origin of kinetosis susceptibility. Besides an outline of the proposed principal experiments, the present study reports on a first series of drop-tower tests which were undertaken to elucidate the feasibility of the proposal (especially concerning the question, if some 4.7s of microgravity are sufficient to induce kinetotic behaviour in larval fish).

Droplet combustion at reduced gravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dryer, F. L.; Williams, F. A.

1988-01-01

The current work involves theoretical analyses of the effects identified, experiments in the NASA Lewis drop towers performed in the middeck areas of the Space Shuttle. In addition, there is laboratory work associated with the design of the flight apparatus. Calculations have shown that some of the test-matrix data can be obtained in drop towers, and some are achievable only in the space experiments. The apparatus consists of a droplet dispensing device (syringes), a droplet positioning device (opposing, retractable, hollow needles), a droplet ignition device (two matched pairs of retractable spark electrodes), gas and liquid handling systems, a data acquisition system (mainly giving motion-picture records of the combustion in two orthogonal views, one with backlighting for droplet resolution), and associated electronics.

Low Stretch Solid-Fuel Flame Transient Response to a Step Change in Gravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Armstrong, J. B.; Olson, S. L.; T'ien, J. S.

2003-01-01

The effect of a step change in gravity level on the stability of low stretch diffusion flames over a solid fuel is studied both numerically and experimentally. Drop tower experiments have been conducted in NASA Glenn Research Center's 5.2 Zero Gravity Facility. In the experiments burning PMMA cylinders, a dynamic transition is observed when the steadily burning 1g flame is dropped and becomes a 0g flame. To understand the physics behind this dynamic transition, a transient stagnation point model has been developed which includes gas-phase radiation and solid phase coupling to describe this dynamic process. In this paper, the experimental results are compared with the model predictions. Both model and experiment show that the interior of the solid phase does not have time to change significantly in the few seconds of drop time, so the experimental results are pseudo-steady in the gas-phase, but the solid is inherently unsteady over long time scales. The model is also used to examine the importance of fractional heat losses on extinction, which clearly demonstrates that as the feedback from the flame decreases, the importance of the ongoing heat losses becomes greater, and extinction is observed when these losses represent 80% or more of the flame feedback.

Development of PIV for Microgravity Diffusion Flames

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Greenberg, Paul S.; Wernet, Mark P.; Yanis, William; Urban, David L.; Sunderland, Peter B.

2003-01-01

Results are presented from the application of Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) to the overfire region of a laminar gas jet diffusion flame in normal gravity. A methane flame burning in air at 0.98 bar was considered. The apparatus demonstrated here is packaged in a drop rig designed for use in the 2.2 second drop tower.

Short Shot Tower for Silicon

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bates, H. E.; Hill, D. M.; Jewett, D. N.

1983-01-01

Drop length necessary to convert molten silicon to shot reduced by proposed new process. Conversion of silicon from powder or chunks to shot often simplifies processing. Shot is more easily handled in most processing equipment. Drops of liquid silicon fall through protective cloud of argon, then through rapidly cooling bath of methanol, where they quickly turn into solid shot.

PBF Cooling Tower and it Auxiliary Building (PER624) to left ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PBF Cooling Tower and it Auxiliary Building (PER-624) to left of tower. Camera facing west and the east louvered face of the tower. Details include secondary coolant water riser piping and flow control valves (butterfly valves) to distribute water evenly to all sections of tower. Photographer: Holmes. Date: May, 20, 1970. INEEL negative no. 70-2322 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

An experimental and analytical investigation of thermoacoustic convection heat transfer in gravity and zero-gravity environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parang, Masood

1986-01-01

An experimental and analytical study of Thermoacoustic Convection heat transfer in gravity and zero-gravity environments is presented. The experimental apparatus consisted of a cylinder containing air as a fluid. The side wall of the cylinder was insulated while the bottom wall was allowed to remain at the ambient temperature. The enclosed air was rapidly heated by the top surface which consisted of a thin stainless steel foil connected to a battery pack as the power source. Thermocouples were used to measure the transient temperature of the air on the axis of the cylinder. The ouput of the thermocouples was displayed on digital thermometers and the temperature displays were recorded on film using a high-speed movie camera. Temperature measurements were obtained in the zero-gravity environment by dropping the apparatus in the 2-Seconds Zero-Gravity Drop Tower Facilities of NASA Lewis Research Center. In addition, experiments were also performed in the gravity environment and the results are compared in detail with those obtained under zero-gravity conditions.

The Effects of Buoyancy on Characteristics of Turbulent Nonpremixed Jet Flames

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Idicheria, Cherian; Boxx, Isaac; Clemens, Noel

2002-11-01

This work addresses the influence of buoyant forces on the underlying structure of turbulent nonpremixed jet flames. Buoyancy effects are investigated by studying transitional and turbulent propane and ethylene flames (Re_D=2500-10500) at normal, low and microgravity conditions. The reduced gravity experiments are conducted by dropping a combustion rig in the University of Texas 1.25-second drop tower and the NASA Glenn 2.2-second drop tower. The diagnostic employed is high-speed luminosity imaging using a CCD camera. The images obtained are used to compare flame length, mean, RMS and flame tip oscillation characteristics The results showed that, in contrast to previous studies, the high Reynolds number flames at all gravity levels were essentially identical. Furthermore, the parameter ξL (Becker and Yamazaki, 1978) is sufficient for quantifying the effects of buoyancy on the flame characteristics. The large-scale structure and flame tip dynamics are essentially identical to those of purely momentum driven flames provided ξL is less than approximately 3.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-26

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. NASA and contractor personnel who conducted the DIME activity with the students. Shown (L-R) are: Daniel Dietrich (NASA) mentor for Sycamore High School team), Carol Hodanbosi (National Center for Microgravity Research; DIME staff), Jose Carrion (GRC Akima, drop tower technician), Dennis Stocker (NASA; DIME staff), Richard DeLombard (NASA; DIME staff), Sandi Thompson (NSMR sabbatical teacher; DIME staff), Peter Sunderland (NCMR, mentor for COSI Academy student team), Adam Malcolm (NASA co-op student; DIME staff). This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

32. VIEW LOOKING EAST AT THE STATIC TEST TOWER WHILE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

32. VIEW LOOKING EAST AT THE STATIC TEST TOWER WHILE A JUPITER MISSILE IS BEING POSITIONED ONTO THE TEST TOWER. DATE AND PHOTOGRAPHER UNKNOWN, MSFC PHOTO LAB. - Marshall Space Flight Center, Saturn Propulsion & Structural Test Facility, East Test Area, Huntsville, Madison County, AL

NASA/FAA North Texas Research Station Overview

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Borchers, Paul F.

2012-01-01

NTX Research Staion: NASA research assets embedded in an interesting operational air transport environment. Seven personnel (2 civil servants, 5 contractors). ARTCC, TRACON, Towers, 3 air carrier AOCs(American, Eagle and Southwest), and 2 major airports all within 12 miles. Supports NASA Airspace Systems Program with research products at all levels (fundamental to system level). NTX Laboratory: 5000 sq ft purpose-built, dedicated, air traffic management research facility. Established data links to ARTCC, TRACON, Towers, air carriers, airport and NASA facilities. Re-configurable computer labs, dedicated radio tower, state-of-the-art equipment.

High-Speed Rainbow Schlieren Visualization of an Oscillating Helium Jet Undergoing Gravitational Change

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Leptuch, Peter A.; Agrawal, Ajay K.

2005-01-01

Rainbow schlieren deflectometry combined with high-speed digital imaging was used to study buoyancy effects on flow structure of a helium jet discharged vertically into air. The experimental data were taken using the 2.2-sec drop tower facility at the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio. The test conditions pertained to jet Reynolds number of 490 and jet Richardson number of 0.11, for which buoyancy is often considered unimportant. Experimental results show global oscillations at a frequency of 27 Hz in Earth gravity. In microgravity, the jet oscillations vanished and the jet width increased. Results provide a direct physical evidence of the importance of buoyancy on the flow structure of low-density gas jets at a Richardson number considered too small to account for gravity.

Comparison of explicit finite element and mechanical simulation of the proximal femur during dynamic drop-tower testing.

PubMed

Ariza, O; Gilchrist, S; Widmer, R P; Guy, P; Ferguson, S J; Cripton, P A; Helgason, B

2015-01-21

Current screening techniques based on areal bone mineral density (aBMD) measurements are unable to identify the majority of people who sustain hip fractures. Biomechanical examination of such events may help determine what predisposes a hip to be susceptible to fracture. Recently, drop-tower simulations of in-vitro sideways falls have allowed the study of the mechanical response of the proximal human femur at realistic impact speeds. This technique has created an opportunity to validate explicit finite element (FE) models against dynamic test data. This study compared the outcomes of 15 human femoral specimens fractured using a drop tower with complementary specimen-specific explicit FE analysis. Correlation coefficient and root mean square error (RMSE) were found to be moderate for whole bone stiffness comparison (R(2)=0.3476 and 22.85% respectively). No correlation was found between experimentally and computationally predicted peak force, however, energy absorption comparison produced moderate correlation and RMSE (R(2)=0.4781 and 29.14% respectively). By comparing predicted strain maps to high speed video data we demonstrated the ability of the FE models to detect vulnerable portions of the bones. Based on our observations, we conclude that there exists a need to extend the current apparent level material models for bone to cover higher strain rates than previously tested experimentally. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

34. SITE BUILDING 002 SCANNER BUILDING ROOM 105 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

34. SITE BUILDING 002 - SCANNER BUILDING - ROOM 105 - CHILLER ROOM, SHOWING SINGLE COMPRESSOR, LIQUID CHILLERS AND "CHILLED WATER RETURN", COOLING TOWER 'TOWER WATER RETURN" AND 'TOWER WATER SUPPLY" LINES. - Cape Cod Air Station, Technical Facility-Scanner Building & Power Plant, Massachusetts Military Reservation, Sandwich, Barnstable County, MA

PBF Cooling Tower. Hot deck of Cooling Tower with fan ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PBF Cooling Tower. Hot deck of Cooling Tower with fan motors in place. Fan's propeller blades (not in view) rotate within lower portion of vents. Inlet pipe is a left of view. Contractor's construction buildings in view to right. Photographer: Larry Page. Date: June 30, 1969. INEEL negative no. 69-3781 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

DIME Students Waiting for Their Turn to Drop Experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

Students pause while waiting their turn at the 2.2-second Drop Tower during the second Dropping in a Microgravity Environment (DIME) competition held April 23-25, 2002, at NASA's Glenn Research Center. Competitors included two teams from Sycamore High School, Cincinnati, OH, and one each from Bay High School, Bay Village, OH, and COSI Academy, Columbus, OH. DIME is part of NASA's education and outreach activities. Details are on line at http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/DIME_2002.html.

Pressure dependence of the electrical properties of GaBi solidified in low gravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wu, M. K.; Ashburn, J. R.; Torng, C. J.; Curreri, P. A.; Chu, C. W.

1987-01-01

Immiscible GaBi alloys were solidified during free fall in the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center drop tower, which provides about 4.5 seconds of low gravity. The electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility were measured as a function of pressure (up to 18 kbar) and temperature (300 K to 4.2 K) of drop tower (DT) and ground control (GC) samples prepared under identical conditions, except for gravity. At ambient pressure the electrical resistance of the DT sample exhibits a broad maximum at 100 K, while that of GC sample decreases rapidly as temperature decreases. Both DT and GC samples become superconducting at 7.7 K. However, a minor second superconducting phase with a transition temperature at 8.3 K is observed only in the DT samples.

PBF Cooling Tower Auxiliary Building (PER624) interior. Camera facing north. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PBF Cooling Tower Auxiliary Building (PER-624) interior. Camera facing north. Deluge valves and automatic fire protection piping for Cooling Tower. Photographer: Holmes. Date: May 20, 1970. INEEL negative no. 70-2323 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Laser diagnostics for microgravity droplet studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Winter, Michael

1993-01-01

Rapid advances have recently been made in numerical simulation of droplet combustion under microgravity conditions, while experimental capabilities remain relatively primitive. Calculations can now provide detailed information on mass and energy transport, complex gas-phase chemistry, multi-component molecular diffusion, surface evaporation and heterogeneous reaction, which provides a clearer picture of both quasi-steady as well as dynamic behavior of droplet combustion. Experiments concerning these phenomena typically result in pictures of the burning droplets, and the data therefrom describe droplet surface regression along with flame and soot shell position. With much more precise, detailed, experimental diagnostics, significant gains could be made on the dynamics and flame structural changes which occur during droplet combustion. Since microgravity experiments become increasingly more expensive as they progress from drop towers and flights to spaceborne experiments, there is a great need to maximize the information content from these experiments. Sophisticated measurements using laser diagnostics on individual droplets and combustion phenomena are now possible. These include measuring flow patterns and temperature fields within droplets, vaporization rates and vaporization enhancement, radical species profiling in flames and gas-phase flow-tagging velocimetry. Although these measurements are sophisticated, they have undergone maturation to the degree where with some development, they are applicable to studies of microgravity droplet combustion. This program beginning in September of 1992, will include a series of measurements in the NASA Learjet, KC-135 and Drop Tower facilities for investigating the range of applicability of these diagnostics while generating and providing fundamental data to ongoing NASA research programs in this area. This program is being conducted in collaboration with other microgravity investigators and is aimed toward supplementing their experimental efforts.

KSC-05PD-1461

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. At the Shuttle Landing Facility on NASAs Kennedy Space Center, KSC Director Jim Kennedy talks to attendees at the ribbon-cutting ceremony for the new NASA Air Traffic Control Tower. The dedication took place in the SLFs new media facilities, which were built for the Return to Flight mission STS-114 and the landing of Shuttle Discovery. The facilities are co-located with the new control tower. The dedication and ribbon cutting were held at the base of the tower and included Center Director Jim Kennedy, Space Gateway Support President William A. Sample, External Relations Director Lisa Malone, Center Operations Director Scott D. Kerr, and KSC Safety Aviation Officer Albert E. Taff. The structure rises 110 feet over the midpoint of the runway and offers air traffic controllers a magnificent 360-degree view of Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and north Brevard County. It replaces the small, portable tower installed at the edge of the runway in 1986. The new control tower will manage all landings and departures from the SLF, including air traffic within the Kennedy Space Center-Cape Canaveral restricted airspace. The facility provides a 24-hour weather-observing facility providing official hourly weather observations for the SLF and the Cape Canaveral vicinity, including special observations for all launches and landings. State-of-the-art, weather-observing equipment has been installed for Space Shuttle landings and for serving conventional aircraft landing at the SLF. At this location, weather observers will have a multi- directional view of the weather conditions at the runway and Launch Complex 39.

PBF Cooling Tower. View of stairway to fan deck. Vents ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PBF Cooling Tower. View of stairway to fan deck. Vents are made of redwood. Camera facing southwest toward north side of Cooling Tower. Siding is corrugated asbestos concrete. Photographer: Kirsh. Date: June 6, 1969. INEEL negative no. 69-3463 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

PBF. Oblique and contextual view of PBF Cooling Tower, PER720. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PBF. Oblique and contextual view of PBF Cooling Tower, PER-720. Camera facing northeast. Auxiliary Building (PER-624) abuts Cooling Tower. Demolition equipment has arrived. Date: August 2003. INEEL negative no. HD-35-11-2 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

PBF Cooling Tower contextual view. Camera facing southwest. West wing ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PBF Cooling Tower contextual view. Camera facing southwest. West wing and north facade (rear) of Reactor Building (PER-620) is at left; Cooling Tower to right. Photographer: Kirsh. Date: November 2, 1970. INEEL negative no. 70-4913 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

PBF Cooling Tower. Camera facing southwest. Round piers will support ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PBF Cooling Tower. Camera facing southwest. Round piers will support Tower's wood "fill" or "packing." Black-topped stack in far distance is at Idaho Chemical Processing Plant. Photographer: John Capek. Date: October 16, 1968. INEEL negative no. 68-4097 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Method of forming frozen spheres in a force-free drop tower

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kendall, J. M., Jr. (Inventor)

1982-01-01

Hollow glass spheres are shaped by the effects of surface tension acting on bubbles of glass in its molten state. A downwardly flowing stream of air accelerated at a one-G rate of acceleration is established through a drop bubbles on molten glass are introduced into the stream of air and frozen and as they are accelerated at a one-G rate of acceleration.

8. STATIC TEST TOWER NORTHWEST ELEVATION FROM THE POWER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. STATIC TEST TOWER - NORTHWEST ELEVATION FROM THE POWER PLANT TEST STAND. - Marshall Space Flight Center, Saturn Propulsion & Structural Test Facility, East Test Area, Huntsville, Madison County, AL

Surface settling in partially filled containers upon step reduction in gravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weislogel, Marl M.; Ross, Howard D.

1990-01-01

A large literature exists concerning the equilibrium configurations of free liquid/gas surfaces in reduced gravity environments. Such conditions generally yield surfaces of constant curvature meeting the container wall at a particular (contact) angle. The time required to reach and stabilize about this configuration is less studied for the case of sudden changes in gravity level, e.g. from normal- to low-gravity, as can occur in many drop tower experiments. The particular interest here was to determine the total reorientation time for such surfaces in cylinders (mainly), as a function primarily of contact angle and kinematic viscosity, in order to aid in the development of drop tower experiment design. A large parametric range of tests were performed and, based on an accompanying scale analysis, the complete data set was correlated. The results of other investigations are included for comparison.

Modeling the Restraint of Liquid Jets by Surface Tension in Microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chato, David J.; Jacqmim, David A.

2001-01-01

An axisymmetric phase field model is developed and used to model surface tension forces on liquid jets in microgravity. The previous work in this area is reviewed and a baseline drop tower experiment selected 'for model comparison. A mathematical model is developed which includes a free surface. a symmetric centerline and wall boundaries with given contact angles. The model is solved numerically with a compact fourth order stencil on a equally spaced axisymmetric grid. After grid convergence studies, a grid is selected and all drop tower tests modeled. Agreement was assessed by comparing predicted and measured free surface rise. Trend wise agreement is good but agreement in magnitude is only fair. Suspected sources of disagreement are suspected to be lack of a turbulence model and the existence of slosh baffles in the experiment which were not included in the model.

Gravitational Effects on Flow Instability and Transition in Low Density Jets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Agrawal, Ajay K.; Parthasarathy, Ramkumar

2004-01-01

Experiments were conducted in Earth gravity and microgravity to acquire quantitative data on near field flow structure of helium jets injected into air. Microgravity conditions were simulated in the 2.2-second drop tower at NASA Glenn Research Center. The jet flow was observed by quantitative rainbow schlieren deflectometry, a non-intrusive line of sight measurement technique suited for the microgravity environment. The flow structure was characterized by distributions of helium mole fraction obtained from color schlieren images taken at 60 Hz. Results show that the jet in microgravity was up to 70 percent wider than that in Earth gravity. Experiments reveal that the global flow oscillations observed in Earth gravity are absent in microgravity. The report provides quantitative details of flow evolution as the experiment undergoes change in gravity in the drop tower.

Method and apparatus for generating microshells of refractory materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, Mark C. (Inventor); Schilling, Christopher (Inventor); Ladner, Jr., George O. (Inventor); Wang, Taylor G. (Inventor)

1987-01-01

A system is described for forming accurately spherical and centered fluid-filled shells, especially of high melting temperature material. Material which is to form the shells is placed in a solid form in a container, and the material is rapidly heated to a molten temperature to avoid recrystallization and the possible generation of unwanted microbubbles in the melt. Immediately after the molten shells are formed, they drop through a drop tower whose upper end is heated along a distance of at least one foot to provide time for dissipation of surface waves on the shells while they cool to a highly viscous, or just above melting temperature so that the bubble within the shell will not rise and become off centered. The rest of the tower is cryogenically cooled to cool the shell to a solid state.

View of camera station located northeast of Building 70022, facing ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of camera station located northeast of Building 70022, facing northwest - Naval Ordnance Test Station Inyokern, Randsburg Wash Facility Target Test Towers, Tower Road, China Lake, Kern County, CA

Experimental development of processes to produce homogenized alloys of immiscible metals, phase 3

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reger, J. L.

1976-01-01

An experimental drop tower package was designed and built for use in a drop tower. This effort consisted of a thermal analysis, container/heater fabrication, and assembly of an expulsion device for rapid quenching of heated specimens during low gravity conditions. Six gallium bismuth specimens with compositions in the immiscibility region (50 a/o of each element) were processed in the experimental package: four during low gravity conditions and two under a one gravity environment. One of the one gravity processed specimens did not have telemetry data and was subsequently deleted for analysis since the processing conditions were not known. Metallurgical, Hall effect, resistivity, and superconductivity examinations were performed on the five specimens. Examination of the specimens showed that the gallium was dispersed in the bismuth. The low gravity processed specimens showed a relatively uniform distribution of gallium, with particle sizes of 1 micrometer or less, in contrast to the one gravity control specimen. Comparison of the cooling rates of the dropped specimens versus microstructure indicated that low cooling rates are more desirable.

Sooting Limits Of Microgravity Spherical Diffusion Flames. [conducted in the NASA Glenn 2.2-second drop tower

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sunderland, P. B.; Urban, D. L.; Stocker, D. P.; Chao, B.-H.; Axelbaum, Richard L.; Salzman, Jack (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

Limiting conditions for soot-particle inception were studied in microgravity spherical diffusion flames burning ethylene at atmospheric pressure. Nitrogen was supplied in the fuel and/or oxidizer to obtain the broadest range of stoichiometric mixture fraction. Both normal flames (oxygen in ambience) and inverted flames (fuel in ambience) were considered. Microgravity was obtained in the NASA Glenn 2.2-second drop tower. The flames were observed with a color video camera and sooting conditions were defined as conditions for which yellow emission was present throughout the duration of the drop. Sooting limit results were successfully correlated in terms of adiabatic flame temperature and stoichiometric mixture fraction. Soot free conditions were favored by increased stoichiometric mixture fractions. No statistically significant effect of convection direction on sooting limits was observed. The relationship between adiabatic flame temperature and stoichiometric mixture fraction at the sooting limits was found to be in qualitative agreement with a simple theory based on the assumption that soot inception can occur only where temperature and local C/O ratio exceed threshold values (circa 1250 K and 1, respectively).

Capabilities and constraints of combustion diagnostics in microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Greenberg, Paul S.

1993-01-01

A significant scientific return from both existing and proposed microgravity combustion science experiments is substantially dependent on the availability of diagnostic systems for the collection of the required scientific data. To date, the available diagnostic instrumentation has consisted primarily of conventional photographic media and intrusive temperature and velocity probes, such as thermocouples and hot wire anemometers. This situation has arisen primarily due to the unique and severe operational constraints inherent in reduced gravity experimentation. Each of the various reduced gravity facilities is accompanied by its own peculiar envelope of capabilities and constraints. Drop towers, for example, pose strict limitations on available working volume and power, as well as autonomy of operation. In contrast, hardware developed for space flight applications can be somewhat less constrained in regards to the aforementioned quantities, but is additionally concerned with numerous issues involving safety and reliability.

Microgravity combustion science: Progress, plans, and opportunities

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1992-01-01

An earlier overview is updated which introduced the promise of microgravity combustion research and provided a brief survey of results and then current research participants, the available set of reduced gravity facilities, and plans for experimental capabilities in the space station era. Since that time, several research studies have been completed in drop towers and aircraft, and the first space based combustion experiments since Skylab have been conducted on the Shuttle. The microgravity environment enables a new range of experiments to be performed since buoyancy induced flows are nearly eliminated, normally obscured forces and flows may be isolated, gravitational settling or sedimentation is nearly eliminated, and larger time or length scales in experiments are feasible. In addition to new examinations of classical problems, (e.g., droplet burning), current areas of interest include soot formation and weak turbulence, as influenced by gravity.

Heat Transfer to a Thin Solid Combustible in Flame Spreading at Microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bhattacharjee, S.; Altenkirch, R. A.; Olson, S. L.; Sotos, R. G.

1991-01-01

The heat transfer rate to a thin solid combustible from an attached diffusion flame, spreading across the surface of the combustible in a quiescent, microgravity environment, was determined from measurements made in the drop tower facility at NASA-Lewis Research Center. With first-order Arrhenius pyrolysis kinetics, the solid-phase mass and energy equations along with the measured spread rate and surface temperature profiles were used to calculate the net heat flux to the surface. Results of the measurements are compared to the numerical solution of the complete set of coupled differential equations that describes the temperature, species, and velocity fields in the gas and solid phases. The theory and experiment agree on the major qualitative features of the heat transfer. Some fundamental differences are attributed to the neglect of radiation in the theoretical model.

Vortex-augmented cooling tower-windmill combination

DOEpatents

McAllister, Jr., John E.

1985-01-01

A cooling tower for cooling large quantities of effluent water from a production facility by utilizing natural wind forces includes the use of a series of helically directed air inlet passages extending outwardly from the base of the tower to introduce air from any direction in a swirling vortical pattern while the force of the draft created in the tower makes it possible to place conventional power generating windmills in the air passages to provide power as a by-product.

Vortex-augmented cooling tower - windmill combination

DOEpatents

McAllister, J.E. Jr.

1982-09-02

A cooling tower for cooling large quantities of effluent water from a production facility by utilizing natural wind forces includes the use of a series of helically directed air inlet passages extending outwardly from the base of the tower to introduce air from any direction in a swirling vortical pattern while the force of the draft created in the tower makes it possible to place conventional power generating windmills in the air passage to provide power as a by-product.

View showing base of Building 70021 with Building 70022 in ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View showing base of Building 70021 with Building 70022 in background, facing southeast - Naval Ordnance Test Station Inyokern, Randsburg Wash Facility Target Test Towers, Tower Road, China Lake, Kern County, CA

Detail view of base of Building 70021, showing Building 70022 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Detail view of base of Building 70021, showing Building 70022 (background), facing southeast - Naval Ordnance Test Station Inyokern, Randsburg Wash Facility Target Test Towers, Tower Road, China Lake, Kern County, CA

13. TOP OF STATIC TEST TOWER VIEW OF STEEL TRUSS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

13. TOP OF STATIC TEST TOWER VIEW OF STEEL TRUSS STRUCTURE AND OVERHEAD CRANE. - Marshall Space Flight Center, Saturn Propulsion & Structural Test Facility, East Test Area, Huntsville, Madison County, AL

18. STATIC TEST TOWER VIEW FROM REMOVABLE LEVEL DOWN ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

18. STATIC TEST TOWER - VIEW FROM REMOVABLE LEVEL DOWN TOWARDS GANTRY CRANE AND THREE TEST CELLS. - Marshall Space Flight Center, Saturn Propulsion & Structural Test Facility, East Test Area, Huntsville, Madison County, AL

Tank Pressure Control Experiment on the Space Shuttle

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1989-01-01

The tank pressure control experiment is a demonstration of NASA intent to develop new technology for low-gravity management of the cryogenic fluids that will be required for future space systems. The experiment will use freon as the test fluid to measure the effects of jet-induced fluid mixing on storage tank pressure and will produce data on low-gravity mixing processes critical to the design of on-orbit cryogenic storage and resupply systems. Basic data on fluid motion and thermodynamics in low gravity is limited, but such data is critical to the development of space transfer vehicles and spacecraft resupply facilities. An in-space experiment is needed to obtain reliable data on fluid mixing and pressure control because none of the available microgravity test facilities provide a low enough gravity level for a sufficient duration to duplicate in-space flow patterns and thermal processes. Normal gravity tests do not represent the fluid behavior properly; drop-tower tests are limited in length of time available; aircraft low-gravity tests cannot provide the steady near-zero gravity level and long duration needed to study the subtle processes expected in space.

View of hoist southeast of Building 70022. facing northwest. Building ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of hoist southeast of Building 70022. facing northwest. Building 70022 is in background - Naval Ordnance Test Station Inyokern, Randsburg Wash Facility Target Test Towers, Tower Road, China Lake, Kern County, CA

22. STATIC TEST TOWER VIEW OF TEST CELLS AND F1 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

22. STATIC TEST TOWER VIEW OF TEST CELLS AND F-1 TEST LOCK DOWN FOR ENGINE. - Marshall Space Flight Center, Saturn Propulsion & Structural Test Facility, East Test Area, Huntsville, Madison County, AL

High-Performance Computing Data Center Efficiency Dashboard | Computational

Science.gov Websites

recovery water (ERW) loop Heat exchanger for energy recovery Thermosyphon Heat exchanger between ERW loop and cooling tower loop Evaporative cooling towers Learn more about our energy-efficient facility

Impact behavior of a high viscosity magnetorheological fluid-based energy absorber with a radial flow mode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fu, Benyuan; Liao, Changrong; Li, Zhuqiang; Xie, Lei; Zhang, Peng; Jian, Xiaochun

2017-02-01

High viscosity linear polysiloxane magnetorheological fluid (HVLP MRF) was demonstrated with excellent suspension stability. Such material is suitable for application in the magnetorheological energy absorbers (MREAs) under axial impact loading conditions. On this basis, a new energy absorber incorporating a radial valve with high magnetic field utilization and a corrugated tube is proposed. In energy absorption applications where the MREA is rarely if ever used, our MREA takes the ultra-stable HVLP MRF as controlled medium in order for a long-term stability. For MREA performing at very high shear rates where the minor losses are important contributing factors to damping, a nonlinear analytical model, based on the Herschel-Bulkley flow model (HB model), is developed taking into account the effects of minor losses (called HBM model). The HB model parameters are determined by rheological experiments with a commercial shear rheometer. Then, continuity equation and governing differential equation of the HVLP MRF in radial flow are established. Based on the HB model, the expressions of radial velocity distribution are deduced. The influences of minor losses on pressure drop are analyzed with mean fluid velocities. Further, mechanical behavior of the corrugated tube is investigated via drop test. In order to verify the theoretical methodology, a MREA is fabricated and tested using a high-speed drop tower facility with a 600 kg mass at different drop heights and in various magnetic fields. The experiment results show that the HBM model is capable of well predicting the impact behavior of the proposed MREA.

37. VIEW LOOKING SOUTH AT THE STATIC TEST TOWER. THIS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

37. VIEW LOOKING SOUTH AT THE STATIC TEST TOWER. THIS VIEW SHOWS TWO MAJOR CHANGES TO THE STATIC TEST TOWER: THE ADDITION OF THE NASA LOGO TO THE FACADE AND THE ADDITION OF THE UPPER STAGES TO THE JUPITER MISSILE IN THE WEST POSITION ON THE TOWER TO REPRESENT THE JUNO II CONFIGURATION. 1961, PHOTOGRAPHER UNKNOWN, FRED ORDWAY COLLECTION, U. S. SPACE AND ROCKET CENTER, HUNTSVILLE, AL. - Marshall Space Flight Center, Saturn Propulsion & Structural Test Facility, East Test Area, Huntsville, Madison County, AL

PBF Cooling Tower (PER720). Camera faces east to show west ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PBF Cooling Tower (PER-720). Camera faces east to show west facade. Sloped (louvered) panels in this and opposite facade allow air to enter tower and cool water falling on splash bars within. Date: August 2003. INEEL negative no. HD-35-10-2 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

76 FR 60475 - Issuance of a Loan Guarantee to Tonopah Solar Energy, LLC, for the Crescent Dunes Solar Energy...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-29

... in the center of a solar field (called the central receiver). The proposed solar power facility is to... field. The solar collecting tower/central receiver system will generate electric power from sunlight by focusing concentrated solar radiation onto a tower-mounted receiver. The solar collecting tower will be a...

KSC-99pp1220

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-10-14

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- Live TV trucks (far right) from local channels merge at the site of the fallen Mobile Service Tower (MST) and umbilical tower nearby after their demolition. The towers were demolished to make room for Lockheed Martin's 14-acre Vehicle Integration Facility (VIF), under construction. Weighing two million pounds, the umbilical tower was approximately 200 feet high. The taller 300-foot MST weighed five million pounds. About 200 pounds of linear-shaped charges were used to bring down the towers so that the materials can be recycled. The implosion and removal of the tower debris is expected to be completed in two months. The VIF will be used for Lockheed Martin's Atlas V Launch System.

KSC-99pp1219

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-10-14

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- Live TV trucks from local channels merge at the site of the fallen Mobile Service Tower (MST) and umbilical tower nearby after their demolition. The towers were demolished to make room for Lockheed Martin's 14-acre Vehicle Integration Facility (VIF), under construction. Weighing two million pounds, the umbilical tower was approximately 200 feet high. The taller 300-foot MST weighed five million pounds. About 200 pounds of linear-shaped charges were used to bring down the towers so that the materials can be recycled. The implosion and removal of the tower debris is expected to be completed in two months. The VIF will be used for Lockheed Martin's Atlas V Launch System.

Multiple impacts of dusty projectiles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kothe, Stefan; Güttler, Carsten; Blum, Jurgen

In the context of early stages of planetesimal formation we performed laboratory and drop tower experiments to study multiple impacts of small dust-aggregate projectiles into solid sintered dust targets. Both collision partners consisted of 1.5 µm monodisperse spherical SiO2 monomers with volume filling factors of 0.15 (projectiles) and 0.35 (targets), respectively. The fragile projectiles were accelerated by a solenoid accelerator with a linear projectile magazine, which enabled us to perform 25 impacts within 4.5 s of microgravity time in the Bremen drop tower. We measured the mass-accretion efficiency for different impact velocities between 3 and 5 m s-1 , using an analytical balance and imaging methods. Furthermore, we observed random collisions among small dust aggregates with sizes around 1 mm and collision velocities of the order of 0.25 m s-1 and used them to improve the dust-aggregate collision model of Güttler et al. (2010). u

Bubble dynamics, two-phase flow, and boiling heat transfer in a microgravity environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chung, Jacob N.

1994-01-01

The two-phase bubbly flow and boiling heat transfer in microgravity represents a substantial challenge to scientists and engineers and yet there is an urgent need to seek fundamental understanding in this area for future spacecraft design and space missions. At Washington State University, we have successfully designed, built and tested a 2.1 second drop tower with an innovation airbag deceleration system. Microgravity boiling experiments performed in our 0.6 second Drop Tower produced data flow visualizations that agree with published results and also provide some new understanding concerning flow boiling and microgravity bubble behavior. On the analytical and numerical work, the edge effects of finite divergent electrode plates on the forces experienced by bubbles were investigated. Boiling in a concentric cylinder microgravity and an electric field was numerically predicted. We also completed a feasibility study for microgravity boiling in an acoustic field.

Gravitational Effects on Near Field Flow Structure of Low Density Gas Jets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Griffin, D. W.; Yep, T. W.; Agrawal, A. K.

2005-01-01

Experiments were conducted in Earth gravity and microgravity to acquire quantitative data on near field flow structure of helium jets injected into air. Microgravity conditions were simulated in the 2.2- second drop tower at NASA Glenn Research Center. The jet flow was observed by quantitative rainbow schlieren deflectometry, a non-intrusive line of site measurement technique for the whole field. The flow structure was characterized by distributions of angular deflection and helium mole percentage obtained from color schlieren images taken at 60 Hz. Results show that the jet in microgravity was up to 70 percent wider than that in Earth gravity. The global jet flow oscillations observed in Earth gravity were absent in microgravity, providing direct experimental evidence that the flow instability in the low density jet was buoyancy induced. The paper provides quantitative details of temporal flow evolution as the experiment undergoes change in gravity in the drop tower.

20. UNCOVERED TEST CELL AT THE STATIC TEST TOWER ON ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

20. UNCOVERED TEST CELL AT THE STATIC TEST TOWER ON THE WEST SIDE WHERE F-1 ENGINE WAS TESTED. - Marshall Space Flight Center, Saturn Propulsion & Structural Test Facility, East Test Area, Huntsville, Madison County, AL

KSC-99pp1239

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-10-14

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. — Two 34-year-old towers on Launch Complex 41, Cape Canaveral Air Station, fall to the ground amid the black smoke from explosives set to topple them. Weighing two million pounds, the umbilical tower (left) was approximately 200 feet high. The taller 300-foot Mobile Service Tower (right) weighs five million pounds. About 200 pounds of linear-shaped charges were used to topple the towers so that the materials can be recycled. Adjacent to the towers are lightning protection structures, which will remain on the site. The towers are being demolished to make room for Lockheed Martin's 14-acre Vehicle Integration Facility (VIF), under construction. The implosion and removal of the tower debris is expected to be completed in two months. The VIF will be used for Lockheed Martin's Atlas V Launch System.

KSC-99pp1238

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-10-14

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. — Two 34-year-old towers on Launch Complex 41, Cape Canaveral Air Station, lie on the ground amid the black smoke from explosives set to topple them. Weighing two million pounds, the umbilical tower (left) was approximately 200 feet high. The taller 300-foot Mobile Service Tower (right) weighs five million pounds. About 200 pounds of linear-shaped charges were used to topple the towers so that the materials can be recycled. Adjacent to the towers are lightning protection structures, which will remain on the site. The towers are being demolished to make room for Lockheed Martin's 14-acre Vehicle Integration Facility (VIF), under construction. The implosion and removal of the tower debris is expected to be completed in two months. The VIF will be used for Lockheed Martin's Atlas V Launch System.

Otolith Asymmetry and kinetotic Behaviour of Fish in Parabolic Flights and under simulated Parabolic Flight "Micro"Gravity - a Drop-Tower Experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Knie, M.; Hilbig, R.; Anken, R.

We have shown earlier that some fish of a given batch reveal motion sickness a kinetosis at the transition from earth gravity to diminished gravity The percentual ratios of the various types of behaviour normal swimming and kinetotic swimming kinetotic specimens revealed looping responses LR or spinning movements SM however highly differed depending on the quality of diminished gravity Anken and Hilbig Microgravity Sci Technol 15 52-57 2004 Whereas kinetoses were exhibited by some 90 of the individuals who had experienced flights at high quality microgravity HQM 10-6g ZARM drop-tower only some 15-25 depending on the batch of all animals had shown a kinetotic behaviour during parabolic aircraft flights PFs low quality microgravity LQM 0 03-0 05g Probably LQM is sufficient for most fish to be perceived - in relation to the individual shape or weight of otoliths and thus the performance of the vestibular system - and used as a cue for postural control In striking contrast to the results gained using PF specimens according to which otolith asymmetry differences in the size and calcium incorporation of the inner ear stones between the left and right side of the body was significantly higher in kinetotic specimens as compared to normally swimming fish a comparable asymmetry between the kinetotically and normally swimming drop-tower samples could statistically not be verified Anken et al Adv Space Res submitted The present study was designed to further elucidate the role of otolith asymmetry concerning an individually different

4. EXTERIOR VIEW TO THE NORTH OF THE WATER TOWER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. EXTERIOR VIEW TO THE NORTH OF THE WATER TOWER AND MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT ALONG THE EAST SIDE OF THE COMPOUND. - Nevada Test Site, Pluto Facility, Area 26, Wahmonie Flats, Cane Spring Road, Mercury, Nye County, NV

KSC-99pp1217

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-10-14

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- Workers are dwarfed by the fallen 300-foot, five-million-pound Mobile Service Tower (MST) on Launch Complex 41, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The MST and a 200-foot-high umbilical tower nearby were demolished to make room for Lockheed Martin's 14-acre Vehicle Integration Facility (VIF), under construction. Only lightning protection towers remain standing at the site. About 200 pounds of linear-shaped charges were used to bring down the towers so that the materials can be recycled. The implosion and removal of the tower debris is expected to be completed in two months. The VIF will be used for Lockheed Martin's Atlas V Launch System.

Research of metal solidification in zero-g state. [test apparatus and instrumentation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aubin, W. M.; Larson, D., Jr.; Geschwind, G. I.

1973-01-01

An experiment test apparatus that allows metal melting and resolidification in the three seconds available during free fall in a drop tower was built and tested in the tower. Droplets (approximately 0.05 cm) of pure nickel and 1090 steel were prepared in this fashion. The apparatus, including instrumentation, is described. As part of the instrumentation, a method for measuring temperature-time histories of the free floating metal droplets was developed. Finally, a metallurgical analysis of the specimens prepared in the apparatus is presented.

Atmospheric stability effects on potential radiological releases at a nuclear research facility in Romania: Characterising the atmospheric mixing state.

PubMed

Chambers, Scott D; Galeriu, Dan; Williams, Alastair G; Melintescu, Anca; Griffiths, Alan D; Crawford, Jagoda; Dyer, Leisa; Duma, Marin; Zorila, Bogdan

2016-04-01

A radon-based nocturnal stability classification scheme is developed for a flat inland site near Bucharest, Romania, characterised by significant local surface roughness heterogeneity, and compared with traditional meteorologically-based techniques. Eight months of hourly meteorological and atmospheric radon observations from a 60 m tower at the IFIN-HH nuclear research facility are analysed. Heterogeneous surface roughness conditions in the 1 km radius exclusion zone around the site hinder accurate characterisation of nocturnal atmospheric mixing conditions using conventional meteorological techniques, so a radon-based scheme is trialled. When the nocturnal boundary layer is very stable, the Pasquill-Gifford "radiation" scheme overestimates the atmosphere's capacity to dilute pollutants with near-surface sources (such as tritiated water vapour) by 20% compared to the radon-based scheme. Under these conditions, near-surface wind speeds drop well below 1 m s(-1) and nocturnal mixing depths vary from ∼ 25 m to less than 10 m above ground level (a.g.l.). Combining nocturnal radon with daytime ceilometer data, we were able to reconstruct the full diurnal cycle of mixing depths. Average daytime mixing depths at this flat inland site range from 1200 to 1800 m a.g.l. in summer, and 500-900 m a.g.l. in winter. Using tower observations to constrain the nocturnal radon-derived effective mixing depth, we were able to estimate the seasonal range in the Bucharest regional radon flux as: 12 mBq m(-2) s(-1) in winter to 14 mBq m(-2) s(-1) in summer. Crown Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

14 CFR 170.13 - Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) establishment criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... the present value of the ATCT life cycle benefits (BPV) to the present value of ATCT life cycle costs... traffic during the expected life of the tower facility. (An FAA annual count is a fiscal year or a...

14 CFR 170.13 - Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) establishment criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... the present value of the ATCT life cycle benefits (BPV) to the present value of ATCT life cycle costs... traffic during the expected life of the tower facility. (An FAA annual count is a fiscal year or a...

14 CFR 170.13 - Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) establishment criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... the present value of the ATCT life cycle benefits (BPV) to the present value of ATCT life cycle costs... traffic during the expected life of the tower facility. (An FAA annual count is a fiscal year or a...

14 CFR 170.13 - Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) establishment criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... the present value of the ATCT life cycle benefits (BPV) to the present value of ATCT life cycle costs... traffic during the expected life of the tower facility. (An FAA annual count is a fiscal year or a...

Science Support for Space-Based Droplet Combustion: Drop Tower Experiments and Detailed Numerical Modeling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Marchese, Anthony J.; Dryer, Frederick L.

1997-01-01

This program supports the engineering design, data analysis, and data interpretation requirements for the study of initially single component, spherically symmetric, isolated droplet combustion studies. Experimental emphasis is on the study of simple alcohols (methanol, ethanol) and alkanes (n-heptane, n-decane) as fuels with time dependent measurements of drop size, flame-stand-off, liquid-phase composition, and finally, extinction. Experiments have included bench-scale studies at Princeton, studies in the 2.2 and 5.18 drop towers at NASA-LeRC, and both the Fiber Supported Droplet Combustion (FSDC-1, FSDC-2) and the free Droplet Combustion Experiment (DCE) studies aboard the shuttle. Test matrix and data interpretation are performed through spherically-symmetric, time-dependent numerical computations which embody detailed sub-models for physical and chemical processes. The computed burning rate, flame stand-off, and extinction diameter are compared with the respective measurements for each individual experiment. In particular, the data from FSDC-1 and subsequent space-based experiments provide the opportunity to compare all three types of data simultaneously with the computed parameters. Recent numerical efforts are extending the computational tools to consider time dependent, axisymmetric 2-dimensional reactive flow situations.

DIME Students Share Comments About Experiments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

Students discuss fine points of their final design for the drop tower experiment during the second Dropping in a Microgravity Environment (DIME) competition held April 23-25, 2002, at NASA's Glenn Research Center. Competitors included two teams from Sycamore High School, Cincinnati, OH, and one each from Bay High School, Bay Village, OH, and COSI Academy, Columbus, OH. DIME is part of NASA's education and outreach activities. Details are on line at http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/DIME_2002.html.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-08-07

A student assembles a Lego (TM) Challenge device designed to operate in the portable drop tower demonstrator as part of the second Dropping in a Microgravity Environment (DIME) competition held April 23-25, 2002, at NASA's Glenn Research Center. Competitors included two teams from Sycamore High School, Cincinnati, OH, and one each from Bay High School, Bay Village, OH, and COSI Academy, Columbus, OH. DIME is part of NASA's education and outreach activities. Details are on line at http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/DIME_2002.html.

Predictions of Helmet Pad Suspension System Performance using Isolated Pad Impact Results

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-09-13

Equation 2 and Equation 3, respectively. 3. METHOD The primary method of data collection for this report is detailed in the 2008 Joint Live Fire ...tests and the helmet system tests (see Figure 3). All testing was performed with a monorail drop tower (see Figure 4) at three conditioning...right) and system test setup (right and center left) Figure 5. MEP monorail drop test setup with a hemispherical impactor (left and center left

KSC-99pp1240

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-10-14

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. — Two 34-year-old towers on Launch Complex 41, Cape Canaveral Air Station, fall to the ground amid the black smoke from explosives set to topple them. Weighing two million pounds, the umbilical tower (left) was approximately 200 feet high. The taller 300-foot Mobile Service Tower (right), still falling, weighs five million pounds. About 200 pounds of linear-shaped charges were used to topple the towers so that the materials can be recycled. Adjacent to the towers are lightning protection structures, which will remain on the site. The towers are being demolished to make room for Lockheed Martin's 14-acre Vehicle Integration Facility (VIF), under construction. The implosion and removal of the tower debris is expected to be completed in two months. The VIF will be used for Lockheed Martin's Atlas V Launch System.

15 CFR 807.1 - Public Reference Facility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...) BUREAU OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE PUBLIC INFORMATION § 807.1 Public Reference Facility. The Public Reference Facility of the Bureau of Economic Analysis is located in room B7 of the Tower...

15 CFR 807.1 - Public Reference Facility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...) BUREAU OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE PUBLIC INFORMATION § 807.1 Public Reference Facility. The Public Reference Facility of the Bureau of Economic Analysis is located in room B7 of the Tower...

15 CFR 807.1 - Public Reference Facility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

...) BUREAU OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE PUBLIC INFORMATION § 807.1 Public Reference Facility. The Public Reference Facility of the Bureau of Economic Analysis is located in room B7 of the Tower...

Evaluating the effectiveness of wildlife detection and observation technologies at a solar power tower facility

USGS Publications Warehouse

Diehl, Robert H.; Valdez, Ernest W.; Preston, Todd M.; Wellik, Mike J.; Cryan, Paul

2016-01-01

Solar power towers produce electrical energy from sunlight at an industrial scale. Little is known about the effects of this technology on flying animals and few methods exist for automatically detecting or observing wildlife at solar towers and other tall anthropogenic structures. Smoking objects are sometimes observed co-occurring with reflected, concentrated light (“solar flux”) in the airspace around solar towers, but the identity and origins of such objects can be difficult to determine. In this observational pilot study at the world’s largest solar tower facility, we assessed the efficacy of using radar, surveillance video, and insect trapping to detect and observe animals flying near the towers. During site visits in May and September 2014, we monitored the airspace surrounding towers and observed insects, birds, and bats under a variety of environmental and operational conditions. We detected and broadly differentiated animals or objects moving through the airspace generally using radar and near solar towers using several video imaging methods. Video revealed what appeared to be mostly small insects burning in the solar flux. Also, we occasionally detected birds flying in the solar flux but could not accurately identify birds to species or the types of insects and small objects composing the vast majority of smoking targets. Insect trapping on the ground was somewhat effective at sampling smaller insects around the tower, and presence and abundance of insects in the traps generally trended with radar and video observations. Traps did not tend to sample the larger insects we sometimes observed flying in the solar flux or found dead on the ground beneath the towers. Some of the methods we tested (e.g., video surveillance) could be further assessed and potentially used to automatically detect and observe flying animals in the vicinity of solar towers to advance understanding about their effects on wildlife.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Wildlife Detection and Observation Technologies at a Solar Power Tower Facility.

PubMed

Diehl, Robert H; Valdez, Ernest W; Preston, Todd M; Wellik, Michael J; Cryan, Paul M

2016-01-01

Solar power towers produce electrical energy from sunlight at an industrial scale. Little is known about the effects of this technology on flying animals and few methods exist for automatically detecting or observing wildlife at solar towers and other tall anthropogenic structures. Smoking objects are sometimes observed co-occurring with reflected, concentrated light ("solar flux") in the airspace around solar towers, but the identity and origins of such objects can be difficult to determine. In this observational pilot study at the world's largest solar tower facility, we assessed the efficacy of using radar, surveillance video, and insect trapping to detect and observe animals flying near the towers. During site visits in May and September 2014, we monitored the airspace surrounding towers and observed insects, birds, and bats under a variety of environmental and operational conditions. We detected and broadly differentiated animals or objects moving through the airspace generally using radar and near solar towers using several video imaging methods. Video revealed what appeared to be mostly small insects burning in the solar flux. Also, we occasionally detected birds flying in the solar flux but could not accurately identify birds to species or the types of insects and small objects composing the vast majority of smoking targets. Insect trapping on the ground was somewhat effective at sampling smaller insects around the tower, and presence and abundance of insects in the traps generally trended with radar and video observations. Traps did not tend to sample the larger insects we sometimes observed flying in the solar flux or found dead on the ground beneath the towers. Some of the methods we tested (e.g., video surveillance) could be further assessed and potentially used to automatically detect and observe flying animals in the vicinity of solar towers to advance understanding about their effects on wildlife.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Wildlife Detection and Observation Technologies at a Solar Power Tower Facility

PubMed Central

Diehl, Robert H.; Valdez, Ernest W.; Preston, Todd M.; Wellik, Michael J.; Cryan, Paul M.

2016-01-01

Solar power towers produce electrical energy from sunlight at an industrial scale. Little is known about the effects of this technology on flying animals and few methods exist for automatically detecting or observing wildlife at solar towers and other tall anthropogenic structures. Smoking objects are sometimes observed co-occurring with reflected, concentrated light (“solar flux”) in the airspace around solar towers, but the identity and origins of such objects can be difficult to determine. In this observational pilot study at the world’s largest solar tower facility, we assessed the efficacy of using radar, surveillance video, and insect trapping to detect and observe animals flying near the towers. During site visits in May and September 2014, we monitored the airspace surrounding towers and observed insects, birds, and bats under a variety of environmental and operational conditions. We detected and broadly differentiated animals or objects moving through the airspace generally using radar and near solar towers using several video imaging methods. Video revealed what appeared to be mostly small insects burning in the solar flux. Also, we occasionally detected birds flying in the solar flux but could not accurately identify birds to species or the types of insects and small objects composing the vast majority of smoking targets. Insect trapping on the ground was somewhat effective at sampling smaller insects around the tower, and presence and abundance of insects in the traps generally trended with radar and video observations. Traps did not tend to sample the larger insects we sometimes observed flying in the solar flux or found dead on the ground beneath the towers. Some of the methods we tested (e.g., video surveillance) could be further assessed and potentially used to automatically detect and observe flying animals in the vicinity of solar towers to advance understanding about their effects on wildlife. PMID:27462989

Flame-Vortex Interactions Imaged in Microgravity - To Assess the Theory Flame Stretch

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Driscoll, James F.

2001-01-01

The goals of this research are to: 1) Assess the Theory of Flame Stretch by operating a unique flame-vortex experiment under microgravity conditions in the NASA Glenn 2.2 Second Drop Tower (drops to identify operating conditions have been completed); 2) Obtain high speed shadowgraph images (500-1000 frames/s) using the drop rig (images were obtained at one-g, and the NASA Kodak RO camera is being mounted on the drop rig); 3) Obtain shadowgraph and PIV images at 1-g while varying the effects of buoyancy by controlling the Froude number (completed); 4) Numerically model the inwardly-propagating spherical flame that is observed in the experiment using full chemistry and the RUN 1DL code (completed); 5) Send images of the flame shape to Dr. G. Patniak at NRL who is numerically simulating the entire flame-vortex interaction of the present experiment (data transfer completed); and 6) Assess the feasibility of obtaining PIV velocity field images in the drop rig, which would be useful (but not required) for our assessment of the Theory of Flame Stretch (PIV images were obtained at one-g using same low laser power that is available from fiber optic cable in drop tower). The motivation for the work is to obtain novel measurement needed to develop a physically accurate model of turbulent combustion that can help in the control of engine pollutants. The unique experiment allows, for the first time, the detailed study of a negatively-curved (negatively stretched) flame, which is one of the five fundamental types of premixed flames. While there have been studies of flat flames, positively-curved (outwardly-propagating) cases and positively-strained (counterflow) cases, this is the first detailed study of a negatively-curved (inwardly-propagating) flame. The first set of drops in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower showed that microgravity provides more favorable conditions for achieving inwardly-propagating flames (IPFs) than 1-g. A vortex interacts with a flame and creates a spherical pocket, which burns inwardly. Shadowgraphs at 1000 frames/sec quantify the Markstein number and flame speed. A Low-Laser Power PIV System was developed and is being added to the drop package. Numerical computations were required to explain why the Markstein numbers measured for the inwardly-propagating flames differ from those of outward propagating flames; this is an important research issue in the assessment of the Theory of Flame Stretch. The RUN-1DL code (developed by Prof. B. Rogg) was run for IPF and OPFs with complex methane and propane chemistry. Results confirmed that Ma for the IPFs are larger than for OPFs as was observed experimentally. Physical reasons for these new findings about the Theory of Flame Stretch are being determined from the experiments and the computations. Several journal papers have been published; the drop package is described in the AIAA Journal, while the one-g results appear in three other journal papers.

Wire insulation degradation and flammability in low gravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Friedman, Robert

1994-01-01

This view-graph presentation covers the following topics: an introduction to spacecraft fire safety, concerns in fire prevention in low gravity, shuttle wire insulation flammability experiment, drop tower risk-based fire safety experiment, and experimental results, conclusions, and proposed studies.

PBF Cooling Tower (PER720). Camera faces south to show north ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PBF Cooling Tower (PER-720). Camera faces south to show north facade. Note enclosed stairway. Date: August 2003. INEEL negative no. HD-35-10-3 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

PBF Cooling Tower (PER720). Closeup detail of louvered wall panels ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PBF Cooling Tower (PER-720). Close-up detail of louvered wall panels on south facade. Date: August 2003. INEEL negative no. HD-35-11-1 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) Contest

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. Sandi Thompson of the National Center for Microgravity Research GRC makes a final adjustment to the drop package. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) Contest

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. Meredith Mendenhall of Sycamore High School, Cincinnati, Ohio, flips on a tape recorder in preparation for a drop. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

Droplet Combustion in a Slow Convective Flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nayagam, V.; Hicks, M. C.; Kaib, N.; Ackerman, M.; Haggard, J. B., Jr.; Williams, F. A.

2001-01-01

The objective of the present flight experiment definition study is to investigate the effects of slow forced convective flows on the dynamics of isolated single droplet combustion and is designed to complement the quiescent, microgravity droplet combustion experiments (DCE-1 and DCE-2) of Williams and Dryer. The fuels selected for this study are the same as those of DCE, namely, a sooting alkane fuel (heptane) and a non-sooting alcohol (methanol), and imposed flow rates are chosen between 0 and 20 cm/s with varying ambient oxygen concentrations and pressures. Within this velocity range, both accelerating and decelerating flow effects will also be investigated. Two different approaches to generate the forced flow are currently under development in ground-based facilities; the first is a flow tunnel concept where the forced flow is imposed against a stationary droplet, and in the second a tethered droplet is translated at a specified velocity in a quiescent ambient medium. Depending upon the engineering feasibility a selection will be made between these two approaches so that the experiment can be accommodated in the Multiple Droplet Combustion Apparatus (MDCA) currently being designed for the International Space Station. Recently, we have finished designing and fabricating the experimental rigs using both the above mentioned concepts. The flow tunnel concept is implemented in a 2.2 second drop tower rig. Preliminary experiments have been carried out using heptane and methanol in air at atmospheric pressure. The translating droplet apparatus is scheduled to be tested in the 5 second drop facility in the near future. This report presents some of the experimental results obtained for heptane.

KSC-99pp1216

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-10-14

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- The 300-foot, five-million-pound Mobile Service Tower (MST) on Launch Complex 41, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, lies on its side after being demolished. The MST and a 200-foot-high umbilical tower nearby were demolished to make room for Lockheed Martin's 14-acre Vehicle Integration Facility (VIF), under construction. Only lightning protection towers, such as the one seen behind the MST, remain standing at the site. About 200 pounds of linear-shaped charges were used to bring down the towers so that the materials can be recycled. The implosion and removal of the tower debris is expected to be completed in two months. The VIF will be used for Lockheed Martin's Atlas V Launch System.

Thermal and flow analysis of the Fluor Daniel, Inc., Nuclear Material Storage Facility renovation design (initial 30% effort of Title 1)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Steinke, R.G.; Mueller, C.; Knight, T.D.

1998-03-01

The computational fluid dynamics code CFX4.2 was used to evaluate steady-state thermal-hydraulic conditions in the Fluor Daniel, Inc., Nuclear Material Storage Facility renovation design (initial 30% of Title 1). Thirteen facility cases were evaluated with varying temperature dependence, drywell-array heat-source magnitude and distribution, location of the inlet tower, and no-flow curtains in the drywell-array vault. Four cases of a detailed model of the inlet-tower top fixture were evaluated to show the effect of the canopy-cruciform fixture design on the air pressure and flow distributions.

Credit BG. West elevation of Test Stand "D" tower, with ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit BG. West elevation of Test Stand "D" tower, with workshop on left, and tunnel entrance at right. Tower is accessed by exterior steel stairway; the vertical vacuum cell (Dv Cell) is obscured behind large square sunscreen. Below the sunscreen can be seen the end of the horizontal vacuum duct leading from the vacuum cell - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Test Stand D, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

Current Trends on the Applicability of Ground Aerospace Materials Test Data to Space System Environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirsch, David B.

2010-01-01

This slide presentation discusses the application of testing aerospace materials to the environment of space for flammability. Test environments include use of drop towers, and the parabolic flight to simulate the low gravity environment of space.

PBF Cooling Tower detail. Camera facing southwest. Wood fill rises ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PBF Cooling Tower detail. Camera facing southwest. Wood fill rises from foundation piers of cold water basin. Photographer: Kirsh. Date: May 1, 1969. INEEL negative no. 69-2826 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Combustion Science

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-08-07

Interior of a combustion experiment apparatus used in the 2.2-second drop tower at NASA's Glenn Research Center. This was shown to students participating in the second Dropping in a Microgravity Environment (DIME) competition held April 23-25, 2002, at NASA's Glenn Research Center. Competitors included two teams from Sycamore High School, Cincinnati, OH, and one each from Bay High School, Bay Village, OH, and COSI Academy, Columbus, OH. DIME is part of NASA's education and outreach activities. Details are on line at http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/DIME_2002.html.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-08-07

Two students show the Lego (TM) Challenge device they designed and built to operate in the portable drop tower demonstrator as part of the second Dropping in a Microgravity Environment (DIME) competition held April 23-25, 2002, at NASA's Glenn Research Center. Competitors included two teams from Sycamore High School, Cincinnati, OH, and one each from Bay High School, Bay Village, OH, and COSI Academy, Columbus, OH. DIME is part of NASA's education and outreach activities. Details are on line at http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/DIME_2002.html.

Non-contact temperature measurement requirements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Higgins, D. B.; Witherow, W. K.

1989-01-01

The Marshall Space Flight Center is involved with levitation experiments for Spacelab, Space Station, and drop tube/tower operations. These experiments have temperature measurement requirements, that of course must be non-contact in nature. The experiment modules involved are the Acoustic Levitator Furnace (ALF), and the Modular Electromagnetic Levitator (MEL). User requirements of the ALF and drop tube are presented. The center also has temperature measurement needs that are not microgravity experiment oriented, but rather are related to the propulsion system for the STS. This requirement will also be discussed.

LDSD on the Launch Tower

NASA Image and Video Library

2015-06-05

NASA's Low-Density Supersonic Decelerator (LDSD) hangs from a launch tower at U.S. Navy's Pacific Missile Range Facility in Kauai, Hawaii. The saucer-shaped vehicle will test two devices for landing heavy payloads on Mars: an inflatable donut-shaped device and a supersonic parachute. The launch tower helps link the vehicle to a balloon; once the balloon floats up, the vehicle is released from the tower and the balloon carries it to high altitudes. The vehicle's rocket takes it to even higher altitudes, to the top of the stratosphere, where the supersonic test begins. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA19343

Golden Eagle mortality at a utility-scale wind energy facility near Palm Springs, California

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lovich, Jeffrey E.

2015-01-01

Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) mortality associated with wind energy turbines and infrastructure is under-reported and weakly substantiated in the published literature. I report two cases of mortality at a utility-scale renewable energy facility near Palm Springs, California. The facility has been in operation since 1984 and included 460 65KW turbines mounted on 24.4 m or 42.7 m lattice-style towers with 8 m rotor diameters. One mortality event involved a juvenile eagle that was struck and killed by a spinning turbine blade on 31 August, 1995. The tower was 24.4 m high. The other involved an immature female that was struck by a spinning blade on another 24.4 m tower on 17 April, 1997 and was later euthanized due to the extent of internal injuries. Other raptor mortalities incidentally observed at the site, and likely attributable to turbines, included three Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) found near turbines.

Swimming Behaviour of the upside-down swimming Catfish (Synodontis nigriventris) at high-quality Microgravity - a Drop-Tower Experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Knie, M.; Hilbig, R.; Anken, R.

The catfish Synodontis nigriventris often shows a unique swimming behaviour in being oriented upside down In the course of a parabolic aircraft flight PF experiment conducted by Ohnishi et al Abstract COSPAR04-A-00961 2004 www cosis net specimens of this species were subjected to diminished gravity and the dorsal light response DLR was tested Usually the DLR is more clearly exhibited by fish in a low-gravity environment since they then need to use visual input as the major or even the sole cue for postural control It was shown by Ohnishi et al 2004 however that S nigriventris did not reveal a DLR during the PF-phases of diminished gravity and it was concluded that the species has a novel balance sensation which does not induce a DLR In the course of an earlier drop-tower ZARM Bremen experiment we had analysed the swimming behaviour of cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus at various levels of diminished gravity ranging from 0 009g until 0 3g the animals were housed within a centrifuge during the drop-tower flights with the finding that the residual level of gravity which is usually gained aboard PFs i e 0 03-0 05g is sufficient for most fish of a given batch to maintain a normal postural control Anken Medicine and Mobility 7 18 2005 The vestibular organ of S nigriventris moreover is assumed to be more sensitive than that of O mossambicus due to hanging utricular otoliths in the upside-down posture Thus we hypothesized that the residual gravity aboard PFs might well be sufficient for the catfish to be perceived and

Determination of the Threshold of Gravity for the Susceptibility to Kinetosis in Fish - a Centrifuge Experiment in the ZARM Drop-Tower employing gradually reduced Gravity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anken, R.; Hilbig, R.

In the course of earlier experiments at diminished gravity conditions we have successfully used larval cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus as a vertebrate model system in investigating the basic cause of susceptibility to motion sickness kinetosis It was observed that most animals of a given batch reveal kinetoses i e performing looping responses LR or spinning movements SM at high quality microgravity 10-6g ZARM drop-tower whereas comparatively few individuals swim kinetotically at low quality microgravity LQM 0 03-0 05g during parabolic aircraft flights Anken and Hilbig Microgravity Sci Technol 15 52-57 2004 In order to gain further insights into a possible threshold of gravity for inducing motion sickness animals were subjected to drop-tower flights within a centrifuge The levels of gravity applied ranged from 0 009g until 0 3g The lowest level of gravity under which few normally swimming fish were observed ranged around 0 015g Since this is a very low level of gravity the normally swimming fish have to be considered to be either extremely sensitive to any force of gravity in order to use it as a cue for postural control or they use cues other than the residual gravity for maintaining equilibrium Most of the remaining kinetotically swimming animals showed LR whereas few exhibited SM With increasing gravity the ratio of normally swimming and spinning specimens increased accompanied by a decrease in the number of looping larvae Regarding the ratio a shift from LR to SM took place at around 0 02g At 0 3g all animals behaved

Scalar Measurements and Analysis of Helium Jets in Earth Gravity and Microgravity using Rainbow Schlieren Deflectometry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yep, Tze Wing

2001-01-01

Recent experiments have shown that low-density gas jets injected into a high-density gas undergo an instability mode leading to highly periodic oscillations in the flow field. The transition from laminar to turbulent flow in these jets is abrupt, without a gradual change in scales. Although this type of instability at high Richardson numbers has been attributed to buoyancy, direct physical evidence was not acquired through experiments. In this study, several experiments were conducted in Earth gravity and microgravity to acquire qualitative data on near field flow structure of helium jets injected into air. Microgravity conditions were simulated in the 2.2-second drop tower at NASA Glenn Research Center. The operating parameters of this study included the tube inside diameter, the jet Reynolds number, and the jet Richardson number. Tubes with inside diameters of 19.05 mm and 31.75 mm were used in the experiments conducted in the drop tower. The jet flow was analyzed using quantitative rainbow schlieren deflectometry, a non-intrusive line of sight measurement technique for the whole field. The flow structure was characterized by distributions of angular deflection and the resulting helium mole fraction obtained from color schlieren images taken at 60 Hz. Three sets of experimental data with respect to three schlieren fields of view were acquired for each tube. Results show that the jet in microgravity was up to 70 percent wider than that in Earth gravity. The global jet flow oscillations observed in Earth gravity were absent in microgravity, providing direct experimental evidence that the flow instability in the low-density jet was buoyancy-induced. This study provides quantitative details of temporal flow evolution as the experiments undergo change in gravity in the drop tower.

Electrostatic Positioning System for a free fall test at drop tower Bremen and an overview of tests for the Weak Equivalence Principle in past, present and future

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sondag, Andrea; Dittus, Hansjörg

2016-08-01

The Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP) is at the basis of General Relativity - the best theory for gravitation today. It has been and still is tested with different methods and accuracies. In this paper an overview of tests of the Weak Equivalence Principle done in the past, developed in the present and planned for the future is given. The best result up to now is derived from the data of torsion balance experiments by Schlamminger et al. (2008). An intuitive test of the WEP consists of the comparison of the accelerations of two free falling test masses of different composition. This has been carried through by Kuroda & Mio (1989, 1990) with the up to date most precise result for this setup. There is still more potential in this method, especially with a longer free fall time and sensors with a higher resolution. Providing a free fall time of 4.74 s (9.3 s using the catapult) the drop tower of the Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM) at the University of Bremen is a perfect facility for further improvements. In 2001 a free fall experiment with high sensitive SQUID (Superconductive QUantum Interference Device) sensors tested the WEP with an accuracy of 10-7 (Nietzsche, 2001). For optimal conditions one could reach an accuracy of 10-13 with this setup (Vodel et al., 2001). A description of this experiment and its results is given in the next part of this paper. For the free fall of macroscopic test masses it is important to start with precisely defined starting conditions concerning the positions and velocities of the test masses. An Electrostatic Positioning System (EPS) has been developed to this purpose. It is described in the last part of this paper.

VIEW OF HELIX HOUSE NO. 2 (S87), WITH ANTENNA TOWER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

VIEW OF HELIX HOUSE NO. 2 (S-87), WITH ANTENNA TOWER CABLE SUPPORT IN FOREGROUND, LOOKING SOUTHEAST. - Naval Computer & Telecommunications Area Master Station, Eastern Pacific, Radio Transmitter Facility Lualualei, Helix House No. 2, Base of Radio Antenna Structure No. 427, Makaha, Honolulu County, HI

The Experiment CPLM (Comportamiento De Puentes Líquidos En Microgravedad) On Board MINISAT 01

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sanz-Andrés, Angel; Rodríguez-De-Francisco, Pablo; Santiago-Prowald, Julián

2001-03-01

The Universidad Politécnica de Madrid participates in the MINISAT 01 program as the experiment CPLM responsible. This experiment aims at the study of the fluid behaviour in reduced gravity conditions. The interest of this study is and has been widely recognised by the scientific community and has potential applications in the pharmaceutical and microelectronic technologies (crystal growth), among others. The scientific team which has developed the CPLM experiment has a wide experience in this field and had participate in the performance of a large number of experiments on the fluid behaviour in reduced gravity conditions in flight (Spacelab missions, TEXUS sounding rockets, KC-135 and Caravelle aeroplanes, drop towers, as well as on earth labs (neutral buoyancy and small scale simulations). The experimental equipment used in CPLMis a version of the payload developed for experimentation on drop towers and on board microsatellites as the UPM-Sat 1, adapted to fly on board MINISAT 01.

Modification Plans For The NASA 5.2 Second Drop Tower

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Urban, David

2015-01-01

A design study is currently underway to examine the possibility of converting the NASA Glenn Research Center 5.2 second drop-tower to include testing at partial gravity levels and to increase the test duration to approximately 10 seconds and the number of tests conducted in a day to over 30. This will be achieved by converting to a magnetic-levitation system to drive the test capsule. This conversion will require concessions in certain areas to enable the enhanced capability. In particular the quality of g or vibration attainable in the new design is currently unknown. This capability may trade against payload mass, volume, or test duration. The acceleration quality for partial-g studies and the launch and deceleration levels are also in the process of definition. The status of the redesign study is presented along with discussion of the critical design options. Input from the community is sought to enable optimization of the design for future combustion applications.

An analytical study of reduced-gravity propellant settling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bradshaw, R. D.; Kramer, J. L.; Masica, W. J.

1974-01-01

Full-scale propellant reorientation flow dynamics for the Centaur D-1T fuel tank were analyzed. A computer code using the simplified marker and cell technique was modified to include the capability for a variable-grid mesh configuration. Use of smaller cells near the boundary, near baffles, and in corners provides improved flow resolution. Two drop tower model cases were simulated to verify program validity: one case without baffles, the other with baffles and geometry identical to Centaur D-1T. Flow phenomena using the new code successfully modeled drop tower data. Baffles are a positive factor in the settling flow. Two full-scale Centaur D-1T cases were simulated using parameters based on the Titan/Centaur proof flight. These flow simulations indicated the time to clear the vent area and an indication of time to orient and collect the propellant. The results further indicated the complexity of the reorientation flow and the long time period required for settling.

Gravitational Effects on Near Field Flow Structure of Low Density Gas Jets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yep, Tze-Wing; Agrawal, Ajay K.; Griffin, DeVon; Salzman, Jack (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

Experiments were conducted in Earth gravity and microgravity to acquire quantitative data on near field flow structure of helium jets injected into air. Microgravity conditions were simulated in the 2.2-second drop tower at NASA Glenn Research Center. The jet flow was observed by quantitative rainbow schlieren deflectometry, a non-intrusive line of site measurement technique for the whole field. The flow structure was characterized by distributions of angular deflection and helium mole percentage obtained from color schlieren images taken at 60 Hz. Results show that the jet flow was significantly influenced by the gravity. The jet in microgravity was up to 70 percent wider than that in Earth gravity. The jet flow oscillations observed in Earth gravity were absent in microgravity, providing direct experimental evidence that the flow instability in the low density jet was buoyancy induced. The paper provides quantitative details of temporal flow evolution as the experiment undergoes a change in gravity in the drop tower.

KSC-99pp1218

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-10-14

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- The fallen 300-foot, five-million-pound Mobile Service Tower (MST) on Launch Complex 41, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, looms over the head of a worker on the ground beside it. The MST and a 200-foot-high umbilical tower nearby were demolished to make room for Lockheed Martin's 14-acre Vehicle Integration Facility (VIF), under construction. Only lightning protection towers, such as the one seen behind the MST, remain standing at the site. About 200 pounds of linear-shaped charges were used to bring down the towers so that the materials can be recycled. The implosion and removal of the tower debris is expected to be completed in two months. The VIF will be used for Lockheed Martin's Atlas V Launch System.

Historic building houses Stennis visitor center

NASA Image and Video Library

2004-04-09

The facility and tower used to view early engine tests at Stennis Space Center now house the site's visitor center and museum. In addition to inside exhibits, an outdoor Rocket Park features various engines and space-related artifacts. The viewing tower now is used as a classroom for various education endeavors.

Looking northeast from Test Stand 'A' superstructure towards Test Stand ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Looking northeast from Test Stand 'A' superstructure towards Test Stand 'D' tower (4223/E-24, left background), Test Stand 'C' tower (4217/E-18, center), and Test Stand 'B' (4215/E-16, right foreground). - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

Puddle Jumping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wollman, Andrew; Snyder, Trevor; Weislogel, Mark

2014-11-01

Rebounding droplets from superhydrophobic surfaces have attracted significant public and scientific attention because they are both enjoyable as well as industrially relevant. Demonstrations of bouncing droplets with volumes between 0.003 and 0.03 ml are common in the literature and limited primarily by gravity. In this presentation we demonstrate large droplet ``rebounds'' made possible by low-gravity testing in a drop tower. The up to 300 ml drops are best described as puddles that launch in a nearly identical manner to rebounding drops 4 orders of magnitude smaller in volume. A variety of jumping liquid and gas puddles are shown including puddles of highly specified and unusual initial geometry. The large length sales of the capillary fluidic surfaces ~ O (10 cm) enable 3D printing of all superhydrophobic surface topologies demonstrated. In addition, we demonstrate such puddle jumping as a passive drop-on-demand technique for large low-gravity drop dynamics investigations; such as collisions, rebounds, heat and mass transfer, and containerless possessing.

PBF Cooling Tower detail. Camera facing southwest into north side ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PBF Cooling Tower detail. Camera facing southwest into north side of Tower. Five horizontal layers of splash bars constitute fill decks, which will break up falling water into droplets, promoting evaporative cooling. Louvered faces, through which air enters tower, are on east and west sides. Louvers have been installed. Support framework for one of two venturi-shaped fan stacks (or "vents") is in center top. Orifices in hot basins (not in view) will distribute water over fill. Photographer: Kirsh. Date: May 15, 1969. INEEL negative no. 69-3032 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans in a natural site.

PubMed Central

Ruiz, A; Fromtling, R A; Bulmer, G S

1981-01-01

Pigeon droppings in a vacant tower were assayed for the number and size of viable cells of Cryptococcus neoformans. The dry, thinly scattered floor debris contained 2.6 x 10(6) viable cells per g--300 times more cells than were cultured from a large, compact pile of pigeon droppings (7.4 x 10(3) cells per g). Aerosols generated from floor debris containing pigeon droppings had an average of 360 viable cells in 31 liters of air; 27 of these cells (7.5%) were 1.1 to 3.3 micrometers in diameter and, therefore, capable of human lung deposition. Environmental factors which may influence the distribution, survival, and proliferation of C. neoformans in nature are discussed. PMID:7012011

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-26

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. Meredith Mendenhall of Sycamore High School, Cincinnati, Ohio, flips on a tape recorder in preparation for a drop. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-26

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. Sandi Thompson of the National Center for Microgravity Research GRC makes a final adjustment to the drop package. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

33. VIEW LOOKING SOUTH AT THE STATIC TEST TOWER DURING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

33. VIEW LOOKING SOUTH AT THE STATIC TEST TOWER DURING A TEST OF THE PROPULSION SYSTEM OF A JUPITER MISSILE. DATE AND PHOTOGRAPHER UNKNOWN. FRED ORDWAY COLLECTION, U.S. SPACE AND ROCKET CENTER, HUNTSVILLE, AL. - Marshall Space Flight Center, Saturn Propulsion & Structural Test Facility, East Test Area, Huntsville, Madison County, AL

76 FR 10328 - Grant of Authority for Subzone Status; Vestas Nacelles America, Inc. (Wind Turbine Nacelles, Hubs...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-24

... Status; Vestas Nacelles America, Inc. (Wind Turbine Nacelles, Hubs, Blades and Towers), Brighton, Denver...-purpose subzone at the wind turbine nacelle, hub, blade and tower manufacturing and warehousing facilities... status for activity related to the manufacturing and warehousing of wind turbine nacelles, hubs, blades...

Airborne LIDAR point cloud tower inclination judgment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

liang, Chen; zhengjun, Liu; jianguo, Qian

2016-11-01

Inclined transmission line towers for the safe operation of the line caused a great threat, how to effectively, quickly and accurately perform inclined judgment tower of power supply company safety and security of supply has played a key role. In recent years, with the development of unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with a laser scanner, GPS, inertial navigation is one of the high-precision 3D Remote Sensing System in the electricity sector more and more. By airborne radar scan point cloud to visually show the whole picture of the three-dimensional spatial information of the power line corridors, such as the line facilities and equipment, terrain and trees. Currently, LIDAR point cloud research in the field has not yet formed an algorithm to determine tower inclination, the paper through the existing power line corridor on the tower base extraction, through their own tower shape characteristic analysis, a vertical stratification the method of combining convex hull algorithm for point cloud tower scarce two cases using two different methods for the tower was Inclined to judge, and the results with high reliability.

Modification of General Research Corporation (GRC) Dynatup 8200 Drop Tower Rebounding Brake System

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-08-01

Having 1.5-inch stroke low-volume actuators, retracted t t Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 3 multiple impacts from...rebound period at 1000 fps. Fig. 5 New upgraded 3-inch pneumatic cylinders 3.0-inch stroke high-volume actuators Retracted Position Extended

Impact performance of two bamboo-based laminated composites

Treesearch

Huanrong Liu; Zehui Jiang; Zhengjun Sun; Yan Yan; Zhiyong Cai; Xiubiao Zhang

2017-01-01

The present work aims to determine the impact performance of two bamboo-based laminated composites [bamboo/poplar laminated composite (BPLC) and bamboo/ glass fiber laminated composite (BGFLC)] using lowvelocity impact tests by a drop tower. In addition, fracture characteristics were evaluated using computed tomography (CT). Results showed that BPLC presented better...

DIME Students Show Off their Lego(TM) Challenge Creation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

Two students show the Lego (TM) Challenge device they designed and built to operate in the portable drop tower demonstrator as part of the second Dropping in a Microgravity Environment (DIME) competition held April 23-25, 2002, at NASA's Glenn Research Center. Competitors included two teams from Sycamore High School, Cincinnati, OH, and one each from Bay High School, Bay Village, OH, and COSI Academy, Columbus, OH. DIME is part of NASA's education and outreach activities. Details are on line at http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/DIME_2002.html.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-08-08

In addition to drop tower activities, students assembled a plastic pipe structure underwater in a SCUBA exercise similar to training astronauts receive at NASA Johnson Space Center. This was part of the second Dropping in a Microgravity Environment (DIME) competition held April 23-25, 2002, at NASA's Glenn Research Center. Competitors included two teams from Sycamore High School, Cincinnati, OH, and one each from Bay High School, Bay Village, OH, and COSI Academy, Columbus, OH. DIME is part of NASA's education and outreach activities. Details are on line at http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/DIME_2002.html.

A Method for Assessing Material Flammability for Micro-Gravity Environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steinhaus, T.; Olenick, S. M.; Sifuentes, A.; Long, R. T.; Torero, J. L.

1999-01-01

On a spacecraft, one of the greatest fears during a mission is the outbreak of a fire. Since spacecraft are enclosed spaces and depend highly on technical electronics, a small fire could cause a large amount of damage. NASA uses upward flame spread as a "worst case scenario" evaluation for materials and the Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates Test to assess the damage potential of a fire. Details of these tests and the protocols followed are provided by the "Flammability, Odor, Offgassing, and Compatibility Requirements and Test Procedures for Materials in Environments that Support Combustion" document. As pointed by Ohlemiller and Villa, the upward flame spread test does not address the effect of external radiation on ignition and spread. External radiation, as that coming from an overheated electrical component, is a plausible fire scenario in a space facility and could result in a reversal of the flammability rankings derived from the upward flame spread test. The "Upward Flame Propagation Test" has been the subject of strong criticism in the last few years. In many cases, theoretical exercises and experimental results have demonstrated the possibility of a reversal in the material flammability rankings from normal to micro-gravity. Furthermore, the need to incorporate information on the effects of external radiation and opposed flame spread when ranking materials based on their potential to burn in micro-gravity has been emphasized. Experiments conducted in a 2.2 second drop tower with an ethane burner in an air cross flow have emphasized that burning at the trailing edge is deterred in micro-gravity due to the decreased oxygen transport. For very low air flow velocities (U<0.005 m/s) the flame envelopes the burner and a slight increase in velocity results in extinction of the trailing edge (U>0.01 m/s). Only for U>0.l m/s extinction is observed at the leading edge (blow-off). Three dimensional numerical calculations performed for thin cellulose centrally ignited with an axisymmetric source have shown that under the presence of a forced flow slower than 0.035 m/s flames spreads only opposing the flow. Extinction is observed at the trailing edge with no concurrent propagation. Experiments conducted by the same authors at the JAMIC 10 second drop tower verified these calculations. Reducing the oxygen supply to the flame also results in a decrease of the Damk6hler number which might lead to extinction. Greyson et al. and Ferkul conducted experiments in micro-gravity (5 second drop tower) with thin paper and observed that at very low flow velocities concurrent flame spread will stop propagating and the flame will reduce in size and extinguish. They noted that quenching differs significantly from blow-off in that the upstream leading edge will remain anchored to the burn out edge.

Information Presentation and Control in a Modern Air Traffic Control Tower Simulator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haines, Richard F.; Doubek, Sharon; Rabin, Boris; Harke, Stanton

1996-01-01

The proper presentation and management of information in America's largest and busiest (Level V) air traffic control towers calls for an in-depth understanding of many different human-computer considerations: user interface design for graphical, radar, and text; manual and automated data input hardware; information/display output technology; reconfigurable workstations; workload assessment; and many other related subjects. This paper discusses these subjects in the context of the Surface Development and Test Facility (SDTF) currently under construction at NASA's Ames Research Center, a full scale, multi-manned, air traffic control simulator which will provide the "look and feel" of an actual airport tower cab. Special emphasis will be given to the human-computer interfaces required for the different kinds of information displayed at the various controller and supervisory positions and to the computer-aided design (CAD) and other analytic, computer-based tools used to develop the facility.

PBF Cooling Tower (PER720) and its Auxiliary Building (PER625). Camera ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PBF Cooling Tower (PER-720) and its Auxiliary Building (PER-625). Camera facing west shows east facades. Center pipe carried secondary coolant water from reactor. Building to distributor basin. Date: August 2003. INEEL negative no. HD-35-10-1 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

35. VIEW LOOKING NORTHWEST AT THE STATIC TEST TOWER. A ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

35. VIEW LOOKING NORTHWEST AT THE STATIC TEST TOWER. A 'DUMMY' SATURN I BOOSTER IS BEING HOISTED INTO THE TEST STAND TO TEST THE MATING OF THE BOOSTER AND THE TEST STAND. EARLY 1960, PHOTOGRAPHER UNKNOWN, MSFC PHOTO LAB. - Marshall Space Flight Center, Saturn Propulsion & Structural Test Facility, East Test Area, Huntsville, Madison County, AL

OVERVIEW OF HELIX HOUSE NO. 2 (S87), WITH ANTENNA TOWERS, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

OVERVIEW OF HELIX HOUSE NO. 2 (S-87), WITH ANTENNA TOWERS, HELIX HOUSE NO. 1 (S-3) AND TRANSMITTER BLDG. (S-2) AT REAR, LOOKING WEST SOUTHWEST. - Naval Computer & Telecommunications Area Master Station, Eastern Pacific, Radio Transmitter Facility Lualualei, Helix House No. 2, Base of Radio Antenna Structure No. 427, Makaha, Honolulu County, HI

PBF Cooling Tower (PER720), and Auxiliary Building (PER624). Camera faces ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PBF Cooling Tower (PER-720), and Auxiliary Building (PER-624). Camera faces north to show south facades. Oblong vertical structure at left of center is weather shield for stairway. Date: August 2003. INEEL negative no. HD-35-10-4 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Containment of a silicone fluid free surface in reduced gravity using barrier coatings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pline, Alexander D.; Jacobson, Thomas P.

1988-01-01

In support of the Surface Tension Driven Convection Experiment planned for flight aboard the Space Shuttle, tests were conducted under reduced gravity in the 2.2-sec Drop Tower and the 5.0-sec Zero-G facility at the NASA Lewis Research Center. The dynamics of controlling the test fluid, a 10-cSt viscosity silicone fluid in a low gravity environment were investigated using different container designs and barrier coatings. Three container edge designs were tested without a barrier coating; a square edge, a sharp edge with a 45-deg slope, and a sawtooth edge. All three edge designs were successful in containing the fluid below the edge. G-jitter experiments were made in scaled down containers subjected to horizontal accelerations. The data showed that a barrier coating is effective in containing silicone fluid under g-levels up to 10 sup -1 sub g sub 0. In addition, a second barrier coating was found which has similar anti-wetting characteristics and is also more durable.

Separation processes during binary monotectic alloy production

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Frazier, D. O.; Facemire, B. R.; Kaukler, W. F.; Witherow, W. K.; Fanning, U.

1984-01-01

Observation of microgravity solidification processes indicates that outside of sedimentation, at least two other important effects can separate the phases: critical-point wetting and spreading; and thermal migration of second-phase droplets due to interfacial tension gradients. It is difficult to study these surface tension effects while in a unit gravity field. In order to investigate the processes occurring over a temperature range, i.e., between a consolute point and the monotectic temperature, it is necessary to use a low-gravity environment. The MSFC drop tube (and tower), the ballistic trajectory KC-135 airplane, and the Space Shuttle are ideal facilities to aid formation and testing of hypotheses. Much of the early work in this area focuses on transparent materials so that process dynamics may be studied by optical techniques such as photography for viewing macro-processes; holography for studying diffusional growth; spinodal decomposition and coalescence; ellipsometry for surface wetting and spreading effects; and interferometry and spectroscopy for small-scale spatial resolution of concentration profiles.

Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) contest

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. Here, students from Sycamore High School in Cincinnati, Ohio, help a NASA technician prepare their experiment. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) Contest

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. Pictured are students from COSI Academy, Columbus, Ohio and their teacher. The other team was from Sycamore High School in Cincinnati, Ohio. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) Contest

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. Students from Sycamore High School in Cincinnati, Ohio (girls), and the COSI Academy, Columbus, Ohio (boys), participated. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

75 FR 54961 - Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement, Single Nuclear Unit at the Bellefonte Plant...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-09

... facility, a wind farm, a methane- gas cofiring facility, and several small solar photovoltaic facilities... maintenance of select plant systems and other regulatory compliance activities. Major buildings and plant... the plant cooling towers and the reactor, auxiliary, control, turbine, office, and service buildings...

Galileo, Gauss, and the Green Monster

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kalman, Dan; Teague, Daniel J.

2013-01-01

Galileo dropped cannonballs from the leaning tower of Pisa to demonstrate something about falling bodies. Gauss was a giant of mathematics and physics who made unparalleled contributions to both fields. More contemporary (and not a person), the Green Monster is the left-field wall at the home of the Boston Red Sox, Fenway Park. Measuring 37 feet…

Wireless Drop Tower for Microgravity Demonstrations. Educational Brief.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC.

Microgravity-the absence or reduction of some of the effects of gravity-is an important attribute of free-fall. In microgravity (often incorrectly called zero-g), water no longer flows "downhill" and neither do smoke or steam bubbles rise. This changes a number of chemical and physical activities. Experiments in combustion, fluid behavior,…

Dynamics of an Unsteady Diffusion Flame: Effects of Heat Release and Gravity

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-09-27

UNSTEADY DIFFUSION FLAME: EFFECTS OF HEAT RELEASE AND GRAVITY INTRODUCTION Experiments on laminar diffusion flames have shown that gravity affects the flame ... length and width as well as its extinction characteristics (1-4). These studies have been conducted in drop towers and have focused on fuel jets with

An experimental study of windturbine noise from blade-tower wake interaction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marcus, E. N.; Harris, W. L.

1983-04-01

A program of experiments has been conducted to study the impulsive noise of a horizontal axis windturbine. These tests were performed on a 1/53 scale model of the DOE-NASA MOD-1 windturbine. Experiments were performed in the M.I.T. 5 x 7-1/2 ft Anechoic Windtunnel Facility. The impulsive noise of a horizontal axis windturbine is observed to result from repeated blade passage through the mean velocity deficit induced in the lee of the windturbine support tower. The two factors which most influence this noise are rotation speed and tower drag coefficient. The intensity of noise from blade tower wake interaction is predicted to increase with the fourth power of the RPM and the second power of the tower drag coefficient. These predictions are confirmed in experiments. Further experiments are also presented in order to observe directionality of the acoustic field as well as the acoustic influence of tower shape and blade number.

Energy conservation strategies, the ignored cooling towers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Burger, R.

1997-06-01

Because of their apparent lack of sophistication, cooling towers are usually considered orphans of the facilities operation. Historically, cooling towers have been neglected in refrigeration air conditioning systems, electric power generating stations, manufacturing plants, and chemical process plants. Operators are aware of the importance of their sophisticated equipment but, they take the apparently simple cooling towers and cold water returning for granted, Since the box looks sturdy and the fans are rotating, the operators think all is well and ignore the quality of water coming off the tower. A cooling tower is purchased for Design Conditions of performance which aremore » specified. Design Conditions relate to the volume of circulating water (GPM), hot water temperature (HWT), cold water temperature (CWT) discharge, and wet bulb temperature (WBT). The WBT consisting of ambient temperature and relative humidity. After the tower is on line and the CWT becomes inadequate, many engineers look to solutions other than the obvious. All cooling towers are purchased to function at 100% of capability in accordance with Design Condition. In the real world of on-stream utilization, the level of operation is lower. It can be deficient as much as 30% due to a variety of reasons which are not necessarily due to the failure of the performance of the tower.« less

77 FR 27804 - Entergy Operations, Inc.; Grand Gulf Nuclear Station, Unit 1

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-11

... modification to the auxiliary cooling tower and the addition of two 60-gallon lube oil tanks associated with... modification of the auxiliary cooling tower and the addition of two 60-gallon lube oil tanks for the new radial... Mississippi River water is the Southeast Wood Fiber company located at the Claiborne County Port facility, 0.8...

The analysis of the process in the cooling tower with the low efficiency

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Badriev, A. I.; Sharifullin, V. N.

2017-11-01

We put quite a difficult task maintaining a temperature drop to 11-12 degrees at thermal power plants to ensure the required depth of cooling of vacuum in the condenser, cooling towers. This requirement is achieved with the reducing of the hydraulic load with the low efficiency of the apparatus. The task analysis process in this unit and identify the causes of his poor performance was put in the work. One of the possible reasons may be the heterogeneity of the process in the volume of the apparatus. Therefore, it was decided to investigate experimentally the distribution of the irrigation water and the air flow in the cross section of industrial cooling towers. As a result, we found a significant uneven distribution of flows of water and air in the volume of the apparatus. We have shown theoretically that the uneven distribution of irrigation leads to a significant decrease in the efficiency of evaporation in the cooling tower. The velocity distribution of the air as the tower sections, and inside sections are interesting. The obtained experimental data allowed to establish the internal communication: the effects of the distributions of the density of irrigation in sections of the apparatus for the distribution of changes of the temperature and the air velocity. The obtained results allowed to formulate a methodology for determining process problems and to develop actions on increase of the efficiency of the cooling tower.

DIME Students Participate in SCUBA Lesson Spring 2002

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

In addition to drop tower activities, students assembled a plastic pipe structure underwater in a SCUBA exercise similar to training astronauts receive at NASA Johnson Space Center. This was part of the second Dropping in a Microgravity Environment (DIME) competition held April 23-25, 2002, at NASA's Glenn Research Center. Competitors included two teams from Sycamore High School, Cincinnati, OH, and one each from Bay High School, Bay Village, OH, and COSI Academy, Columbus, OH. DIME is part of NASA's education and outreach activities. Details are on line at http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/DIME_2002.html.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-08-07

Members from all four teams were mixed into pairs to work on a Lego (TM) Challenge device to operate in the portable drop tower demonstrator (background). These two team members are about to try out their LEGO (TM) creation. This was part of the second Dropping in a Microgravity Environment (DIME) competition held April 23-25, 2002, at NASA's Glenn Research Center. Competitors included two teams from Sycamore High School, Cincinnati, OH, and one each from Bay High School, Bay Village, OH, and COSI Academy, Columbus, OH. DIME is part of NASA's education and outreach activities. Details are on line at http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/DIME_2002.html.

The use of containerless processing in researching reactive materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weber, J. K. R.; Krishnan, Shankar; Nordine, Paul C.

1991-01-01

It has recently become possible to perform containerless, high-temperature liquid-phase processing of many nonvolatile materials without resort to orbital microgravity, thereby facilitating the conduct of materials research in conjunction with noncontact diagnostic instruments. The melt-levitation techniques are electromagnetic, aerodynamic, acoustic, aeroacoustic, and electrostatic; nonorbital microgravity conditions are obtainable aboard NASA's KC-135 aircraft on parabolic flight paths, as well as in drop tubes and towers. Applications encompass the purification of metals and the creation of nonequilibrium and metastable structures. Process control and property measurements include optical pyrometry and emissivity, laser polarimetry, and drop calorimetry.

Turbulent Premixed Flames in Microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Menon, Suresh

1996-01-01

The experimental cold-flow facility is now full operational and is currently being used to obtain baseline turbulence data in a Couette flow. The baseline turbulence data is necessary to confirm the capability of the chosen device to generate and maintain the required turbulence intensity. Subsequent reacting flow studies will assume that a similar turbulent flow field exists ahead of the premixed flame. Some modifications and refinements had to be made to enable accurate measurements. It consists of two rollers, one (driven by a motor) which drives a continuous belt and four smaller rollers used to set the belt spacing and tension to minimize belt flutter. The entire assemble is enclosed in a structure that has the dimensions to enable future drop tower experiments of the hot facility. All critical dimensions are the same as the original plans except for the pulley ratio which has been changed to enable a wider operating regime in terms of the Reynolds number. With the current setup, Reynolds numbers as low as 100 and as high as 14,000 can be achieved. This is because the in-between belt spacing can be varied from 1 cm to 7.6 cm, and the belt speed can be accurately varied from .15 m/sec to 3.1 m/sec.

Metals combustion in normal gravity and microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steinberg, Theodore A.; Wilson, D. Bruce; Benz, Frank J.

1993-01-01

The study of the combustion characteristics of metallic materials has been an ongoing area of research at the NASA White Sands Test Facility (WSTF). This research has been in support of both government and industrial operations and deals not only with the combustion of specific metallic materials but also with the relative flammabilities of these materials under similar conditions. Since many of the metallic materials that are characterized at WSTF for aerospace applications are to be used in microgravity environments, it was apparent that the testing of these materials needed to proceed in a microgravity environment. It was believed that burning metallic materials in a microgravity environment would allow the evaluation of the validity of applying normal gravity combustion tests to characterize metallic materials to be used in microgravity environments. It was also anticipated that microgravity testing would provide insight into the general combustion process of metallic materials. The availability of the NASA Lewis Research Center's (LeRC) 2.2-second drop tower provided the necessary facility to accomplish the microgravity portion of the testing while the normal gravity testing was conducted at NASA WSTF. The tests, both at LeRC and WSTF, were conducted in the same instrumented system and utilized the standard metal flammability test of upward propagation burning of cylindrical rod samples.

BorealScat: A Tower Experiment for Understanding Temporal Changes in P- and L-Band Backscattering from a Boreal Forest

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ulander, Lars M. H.; Soja, Maciej J.; Monteith, Albert R.; Eriksson, Leif E. B.; Fransson, Johan E. S.; Persson, Henrik, J.

2016-08-01

This paper describes the tower-based radar BorealScat, which is being developed for polarimetric, tomographic and Doppler measurements at the hemi-boreal forest test site in Remningstorp, Sweden. The facility consists of a 50-m high tower equipped with an antenna array at the top of the tower, a 20-port vector network analyser (VNA), 20 low-loss cables for interconnection, and a calibration loop with a switching network. The first version of BorealScat will perform the full set of measurements in the frequency range 0.4 - 1.4 GHz, i.e. P-band and L-band. The tower is currently under construction at a forest stand dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). The mature stand has an above-ground dry biomass of 300 tons/ha. Data collections are planned to commence in autumn 2016.

39. VIEW OF CHRYSLER WORKERS LOADING A SATURN IB BOOSTER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

39. VIEW OF CHRYSLER WORKERS LOADING A SATURN IB BOOSTER INTO THE EAST POSITION ON THE STATIC TEST TOWER. AS THE MAIN CONTRACTOR OF THE SATURN IB BOOSTER, CHRYSLER TOOK OVER OPERATIONS OF THE EAST POSITION OF THE STATIC TEST TOWER IN 1963. THAT SAME YEAR, THE WEST POSITION OF THE TEST TOWER WAS MODIFIED (AS SEEN IN THE PHOTO) FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TESTS OF THE SATURN V BOOSTER'S ENGINE, THE F-1. MARCH 1963, MSFC PHOTO LAB. - Marshall Space Flight Center, Saturn Propulsion & Structural Test Facility, East Test Area, Huntsville, Madison County, AL

LDSD Ready for Launch

NASA Image and Video Library

2015-06-05

NASA's Low-Density Supersonic Decelerator (LDSD) hangs from a launch tower at U.S. Navy's Pacific Missile Range Facility in Kauai, Hawaii. The saucer-shaped vehicle will test two devices for landing heavy payloads on Mars: an inflatable donut-shaped device and a supersonic parachute. The launch tower helps link the vehicle to a balloon; once the balloon floats up, the vehicle is released from the tower and the balloon carries it to high altitudes. The vehicle's rocket takes it to even higher altitudes, to the top of the stratosphere, where the supersonic test begins. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA19342

Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) contest

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. This is the interior of the Sycamore High School (Cincinnati, Ohio) students' experiment to observe the flame spreading on a 100 percent cotton T-shirt under low-g. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

View east northeast at Test Stand 'A' complex from road, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View east northeast at Test Stand 'A' complex from road, showing Test Stand 'C' test tower in left background (Building 4217/E-18). Curved I-beam labeled '3-ton' is for small traveling hoist. Fuel tanks, propellant lines, and control panels have been removed from tower. - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Test Stand A, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

PBF Cooling Tower under construction. Cold water basin is five ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PBF Cooling Tower under construction. Cold water basin is five feet deep. Foundation and basin walls are reinforced concrete. Camera facing west. Pipe openings through wall in front are outlets for return flow of cool water to reactor building. Photographer: John Capek. Date: September 4, 1968. INEEL negative no. 68-3473 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Concentrating Solar Power Projects by Project Name | Concentrating Solar

Science.gov Websites

Tower Plant Gujarat Solar One Gulang 100MW Thermal Oil Parabolic Trough project Guzmán Hami 50 MW CSP ¼lich Solar Tower Kathu Solar Park KaXu Solar One Khi Solar One Kimberlina Solar Thermal Power Plant Solar Plant MINOS Mojave Solar Project Morón National Solar Thermal Power Facility Nevada Solar One

Extension of drop experiments with the MIKROBA balloon drop facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sommer, K.; Kretzschmar, K.; Dorn, C.

1992-12-01

The German balloon drop facility MIKROBA extends the worldwide available drop experiment opportunities to the presently highest usable experimentation time span of 55 s at microgravity conditions better than 0.001 g. The microgravity period is started with the typical quasi-deal step function from 1 to 0 g. MIKROBA allows flexible experiment design, short access time, and easy hands-on payload integration. The transport to the operational height is realized by soft energies and technologies compatible with the earth's environment. Balloon campaigns are not restricted to a certain test range, i.e., several suitable sites are available all over the world. MIKROBA combines negligible mechanical loads at the mission start, typical of all drop facilities, with extremely low drop deceleration loads (less than g), due to the implemented three-stage parachute and airbag recovery subsystem.

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center solar observatory report, January - June 1991

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, James E.

1991-01-01

Given here is a summary of the solar vector magnetic field, H-alpha, and white-light observations made at the NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Solar Observatory during its daily periods of operation. The MSFC Solar Observatory facilities consist of the Solar Magnetograph, an f/13, 30-cm Cassegrain system with a 3.5-cm image of the Sun, housed on top of a 12.8-meter tower; a 12.5-cm Razdow H-alpha telescope housed at the base of the tower; an 18-cm Questar telescope with a full aperture white-light filter mounted at the base of the tower; a 30-cm Cassegrain telescope located in a second metal dome; and a 16.5-cm H-alpha telescope mounted on side of the Solar Vector Magnetograph. A concrete block building provides office space, a darkroom for developing film and performing optical testing, a workshop, video displays, and a computer facility for data reduction.

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Solar Observatory report, July - December 1991

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, James E.

1992-01-01

A summary is given of the solar vector magnetic field, H-alpha, and white light observations made at the NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Solar Observatory during its daily periods of observation. The MSFC Solar Observatory facilities consist of the Solar Magnetograph, an f-13, 30 cm Cassegrain system with a 3.5 cm image of the Sun housed on top of a 12.8 meter tower, a 12.5 cm Razdow H-alpha telescope housed at the base of the tower, an 18 cm Questar telescope with a full aperture white-light filter mounted at the base of the tower, a 30 cm Cassegrain telescope located in a second metal dome, and a 16.5 cm H-alpha telescope mounted on the side of the Solar Vector Magnetograph. A concrete block building provides office space, a darkroom for developing film and performing optical testing, a workshop, video displays, and a computer facility for data reduction.

Isolation of Legionella pneumophila from cooling towers, public baths, hospitals, and fountains in Seoul, Korea, from 2010 to 2012.

PubMed

Kim, Changkyu; Jeon, Sujin; Jung, Jihun; Oh, Younghee; Kim, Yeonsun; Lee, Jaein; Choi, Sungmin; Chae, Youngzoo; Lee, Young-Ki

2015-01-01

Legionnaire's disease is associated with a high mortality rate. The authors collected 3,495 water samples in Seoul, Korea, between 2010 and 2012 from public facilities (cooling towers, public baths, hospitals, and decorative fountains), which are considered the major habitats of Legionella pneumophila. In all, 527 (15.1%) isolates of L. pneumophila were obtained by microbial culture and polymerase chain reaction. Serological diagnosis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis were performed for the samples. The authors categorized the samples into four groups (A-D) on the basis of PFGE results. The analysis revealed that cooling towers containing the most samples with L. pneumophila serogroup 1 constituted the highest proportion of isolate. Samples from public facilities and serogroups could be distinctively classified by PFGE patterns. Thus, it is expected that source-specific features revealed through PFGE and serological analyses could serve as the basis for effectively coping with future outbreaks of L. pneumophila.

Optical fiber science and technology: Novel fibers and fiber sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morse, T. F.

1988-02-01

This equipment grant has permitted the purchase of a complete optical fiber draw facility and auxilliary equipment for our fiber characterization laboratory. The draw tower has been erected in a specially prepared laboratory. It is a 7.8 m automated tower with a 20 kw carbon induction furnace, and sufficient room for two UV coating stages, or a UV coating stage, and a thermal curing stage. The tower installation took perhaps somewhat more time than initially anticipated, largely due to difficulties in the site preparation. The tower itself has been installed on a reinforced concrete pad, with appropriate vibration isolation. For about six months, we have been gaining experience in the use of the tower, and have been drawing kilometer lengths of fiber that range in diameter from 50 microns to 250 microns with a tolerance of the order of a few microns. In anticipation of expanding the coating capabilities of our draw tower, a vacuum system was purchased for use with radio frequency sputtering on-line on the tower. This will be particularly useful for ceramic coated fibers in the study of the behavior of fiber strengthened composite materials.

Determination of the Heat and Mass Transfer Efficiency at the Contact Stage of a Jet-Film Facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dmitrieva, O. S.; Madyshev, I. N.; Dmitriev, A. V.

2017-05-01

A contact jet-film facility has been developed for increasing the efficiency of operation of industrial cooling towers. The results of experimental and analytical investigation of the operation of this facility, its hydraulic resistance, and of the heat and mass transfer efficiency of its contact stage are presented.

Zero-Gravity Research Facility Drop Test (2/4)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1995-01-01

An experiment vehicle plunges into the deceleration pit at the end of a 5.18-second drop in the Zero-Gravity Research Facility at NASA's Glenn Research Center. The Zero-Gravity Research Facility was developed to support microgravity research and development programs that investigate various physical sciences, materials, fluid physcis, and combustion and processing systems. Payloads up to 1 meter in diameter and 455 kg in weight can be accommodated. The facility has a 145-meter evacuated shaft to ensure a disturbance-free drop. This is No. 2 of a sequence of 4 images. (Credit: NASA/Glenn Research Center)

Zero-Gravity Research Facility Drop Test (1/4)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1995-01-01

An experiment vehicle plunges into the deceleration pit at the end of a 5.18-second drop in the Zero-Gravity Research Facility at NASA's Glenn Research Center. The Zero-Gravity Research Facility was developed to support microgravity research and development programs that investigate various physical sciences, materials, fluid physics, and combustion and processing systems. Payloads up to 1 meter in diameter and 455 kg in weight can be accommodated. The facility has a 145-meter evacuated shaft to ensure a disturbance-free drop. This is No.1 of a sequence of 4 images. (Credit: NASA/Glenn Research Center)

Zero-Gravity Research Facility Drop Test (3/4)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1995-01-01

An experiment vehicle plunges into the deceleration at the end of a 5.18-second drop in the Zero-Gravity Research Facility at NASA's Glenn Research Center. The Zero-Gravity Research Facility was developed to support microgravity research and development programs that investigate various physical sciences, materials, fluid physics, and combustion and processing systems. Payloads up to one-meter in diameter and 455 kg in weight can be accommodated. The facility has a 145-meter evacuated shaft to ensure a disturbance-free drop. This is No. 3 of a sequence of 4 images. (Credit: NASA/Glenn Research Center)

Zero-Gravity Research Facility Drop Test (4/4)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1995-01-01

An experiment vehicle plunges into the deceleration pit at the end of a 5.18-second drop in the Zero-Gravity Research Facility at NASA's Glenn Research Center. The Zero-Gravity Research Facility was developed to support microgravity research and development programs that investigate various physical sciences, materials, fluid physics, and combustion and processing systems. Payloads up to one meter in diameter and 455 kg in weight can be accommodated. The facility has a 145-meter evacuated shaft to ensure a disturbance-free drop. This is No. 4 of a sequence of 4 images. (Credit: NASA/Glenn Research Center)

KSC-04PD-0937

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. This aerial photo of the runway at the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility looks northeast. Longer and wider than most commercial runways, it is 15,000 feet long, with 1,000- foot paved overruns on each end, and 300 feet wide, with 50-foot asphalt shoulders. The runway is used by military and civilian cargo carriers, astronauts T-38 trainers, Shuttle Training Aircraft and helicopters, as well as the Space Shuttle. At center right is the parking apron with the orbiter mate/demate tower. The tow-way stretches from the runway to the right, passing the hangar and storage facilities. A grassy area next to the mid- point of the runway is where the new control tower is located.

KSC-04PD-0935

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. This aerial photo shows the runway at the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility at left. Longer and wider than most commercial runways, it is 15,000 feet long, with 1,000-foot paved overruns on each end, and 300 feet wide, with 50-foot asphalt shoulders. The runway is used by military and civilian cargo carriers, astronauts T-38 trainers, Shuttle Training Aircraft and helicopters, as well as the Space Shuttle. In the foreground is the parking apron with the orbiter mate/demate tower, the hangar and other storage facilities, and the tow-way stretching from the runway to the lower right. Farther north is a grassy area where the new control tower is located.

KSC-04PD-0936

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. This aerial photo shows the runway at the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility extending left to upper right. Longer and wider than most commercial runways, it is 15,000 feet long, with 1,000-foot paved overruns on each end, and 300 feet wide, with 50-foot asphalt shoulders. The runway is used by military and civilian cargo carriers, astronauts T-38 trainers, Shuttle Training Aircraft and helicopters, as well as the Space Shuttle. In the foreground is the parking apron with the orbiter mate/demate tower, the hangar and other storage facilities, and the tow-way stretching from the runway to the lower center. In the upper right is a grassy area where the new control tower is located.

KSC-04PD-0938

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. This aerial photo of the runway at the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility looks northeast. Longer and wider than most commercial runways, it is 15,000 feet long, with 1,000- foot paved overruns on each end, and 300 feet wide, with 50-foot asphalt shoulders. The runway is used by military and civilian cargo carriers, astronauts T-38 trainers, Shuttle Training Aircraft and helicopters, as well as the Space Shuttle. At center right is the parking apron with the orbiter mate/demate tower. The tow-way stretches from the runway to the right, passing the hangar and storage facilities. A grassy area next to the mid- point of the runway is where the new control tower is located.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - On Launch Complex 17-B, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) observatory is moved toward the outside of the launch tower. It will be lowered and taken back to NASA Spacecraft Hangar AE. SIRTF will remain in the clean room at Hangar AE until it returns to the pad in early August.

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-05-02

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - On Launch Complex 17-B, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) observatory is moved toward the outside of the launch tower. It will be lowered and taken back to NASA Spacecraft Hangar AE. SIRTF will remain in the clean room at Hangar AE until it returns to the pad in early August.

KSC-04pd0935

NASA Image and Video Library

2004-03-31

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - This aerial photo shows the runway at the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility at left. Longer and wider than most commercial runways, it is 15,000 feet long, with 1,000-foot paved overruns on each end, and 300 feet wide, with 50-foot asphalt shoulders. The runway is used by military and civilian cargo carriers, astronauts’ T-38 trainers, Shuttle Training Aircraft and helicopters, as well as the Space Shuttle. In the foreground is the parking apron with the orbiter mate/demate tower, the hangar and other storage facilities, and the tow-way stretching from the runway to the lower right. Farther north is a grassy area where the new control tower is located.

KSC-04pd0936

NASA Image and Video Library

2004-03-31

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - This aerial photo shows the runway at the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility extending left to upper right. Longer and wider than most commercial runways, it is 15,000 feet long, with 1,000-foot paved overruns on each end, and 300 feet wide, with 50-foot asphalt shoulders. The runway is used by military and civilian cargo carriers, astronauts’ T-38 trainers, Shuttle Training Aircraft and helicopters, as well as the Space Shuttle. In the foreground is the parking apron with the orbiter mate/demate tower, the hangar and other storage facilities, and the tow-way stretching from the runway to the lower center. In the upper right is a grassy area where the new control tower is located.

KSC-04pd0938

NASA Image and Video Library

2004-03-31

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - This aerial photo of the runway at the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility looks northeast. Longer and wider than most commercial runways, it is 15,000 feet long, with 1,000-foot paved overruns on each end, and 300 feet wide, with 50-foot asphalt shoulders. The runway is used by military and civilian cargo carriers, astronauts’ T-38 trainers, Shuttle Training Aircraft and helicopters, as well as the Space Shuttle. At center right is the parking apron with the orbiter mate/demate tower. The tow-way stretches from the runway to the right, passing the hangar and storage facilities. A grassy area next to the mid-point of the runway is where the new control tower is located.

KSC-04pd0937

NASA Image and Video Library

2004-03-31

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - This aerial photo of the runway at the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility looks northeast. Longer and wider than most commercial runways, it is 15,000 feet long, with 1,000-foot paved overruns on each end, and 300 feet wide, with 50-foot asphalt shoulders. The runway is used by military and civilian cargo carriers, astronauts’ T-38 trainers, Shuttle Training Aircraft and helicopters, as well as the Space Shuttle. At center right is the parking apron with the orbiter mate/demate tower. The tow-way stretches from the runway to the right, passing the hangar and storage facilities. A grassy area next to the mid-point of the runway is where the new control tower is located.

A Fast and Self-Acting Release-Caging-Mechanism for Actively Driven Drop Tower Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gierse, Andreas; Kaczmarczik, Ulrich; Greif, Andreas; Selig, Hanns; von Kampen, Peter; Könemann, Thorben; Lämmerzahl, Claus

2017-10-01

Today's and future scientific research programs ask for high quality microgravity conditions of 10-6 g on ground combined with high repetition rates of 100 flights per day or more. Accordingly, a new type of drop tower, the GraviTower Bremen, (GTB), has been suggested and is currently under development. As a first stage of development, a GTB-Prototype (GTB-Pro) has been designed which uses an active rope drive to accelerate a slider/drag shield and an experiment therein on a vertical parabola. During the free fall phase, the experiment is decoupled from the slider by a self-acting Release-Caging-Mechanism (RCM). Our prototype will provide 2.5 s of microgravity for experiments of up to 500 kg for at least 100 times per day. In this article, the final concept of the engineering of the active rope drive and the RCM are presented in detail. Based on extensive simulations aiming at an optimization of the whole system we developed a hydraulic rope drive system with minimized vibrational amplitude and low number of eigenfrequencies. The RCM achieves a very fast (≤ 0.1 s) self-acting release of the experiment from the slider by making use of the dynamics of the hydraulic rope drive. Furthermore, passive hydraulic stop dampers in the RCM build a passive and self-acting recoupling mechanism. This system is optimized for a fast decoupling to compensate for the time limitation posed by the chosen drive technology. The simulations included a comparison of different drive technologies, physical effects like the Coriolis force, and the dynamics of the RCM system itself.

Big Hydrophobic Capillary Fluidics; Basically Water Ping Pong in Space

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weislogel, Mark; Attari, Babak; Wollman, Andrew; Cardin, Karl; Geile, John; Lindner, Thomas

2016-11-01

Capillary surfaces can be enormous in environments where the effects of gravity are small. In this presentation we review a number of interesting examples from demonstrative experiments performed in drop towers and aboard the International Space Station. The topic then focuses on large length scale hydrophobic phenomena including puddle jumping, spontaneous particle ejections, and large drop rebounds akin to water ping pong in space. Unseen footage of NASA Astronaut Scott Kelly playing water ping pong in space will be shown. Quantitative and qualitative results are offered to assist in the design of experiments for ongoing research. NASA NNX12A047A.

DIME Participants Working on a Legos(TM) Challenge

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

Members from all four teams were mixed into pairs to work on a Lego (TM) Challenge device to operate in the portable drop tower demonstrator (background). These two team members are about to try out their LEGO (TM) creation. This was part of the second Dropping in a Microgravity Environment (DIME) competition held April 23-25, 2002, at NASA's Glenn Research Center. Competitors included two teams from Sycamore High School, Cincinnati, OH, and one each from Bay High School, Bay Village, OH, and COSI Academy, Columbus, OH. DIME is part of NASA's education and outreach activities. Details are on line at http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/DIME_2002.html.

View looking west at Test Stand 'A' complex in morning ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View looking west at Test Stand 'A' complex in morning sun. View shows Monitor Building 4203/E-4 at left, barrier (Building 4216/E-17) to right of 4203/E-4, and Test Stand 'A' tower. Attached structure to lower left of tower is Test Stand 'A' machine room which contained refrigeration equipment. Building in right background with Test Stand 'A' tower shadow on it is Assembly Building 4288/E-89, built in 1984. Row of ground-mounted brackets in foreground was used to carry electrical cable and/or fuel lines. - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Test Stand A, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

Summaries of early materials processing in space experiments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Naumann, R. J.; Mason, D.

1979-01-01

Objectives, methods, and results of low-gravity materials processing experiments are summarized, and a bibliography of published results for each experiment is provided. Included are drop tower experiments, the Apollo demonstration experiments, the skylab experiments and demonstration experiments, and the Apollo-Soyuz experiments and demonstrations. The findings of these experiments in the fields of crystal growth, metallurgy, and fluid behavior are summarized.

Sooting and disruption in spherically symmetrical combustion of decane droplets in air

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dryer, F. L.; Williams, F. A.; Haggard, J. B., Jr.; Shaw, B. D.

1987-01-01

The paper presents the results of experiments on the burning of individual 1-2 mm decane droplets in air at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The NASA Lewis 2.2 s drop tower was used as well as a newly designed droplet-combustion apparatus that promotes nearly spherically symmetrical combustion. Unanticipated disruptions related to sooting behavior were encountered.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-04-14

Don Gillies, a materials scientist at NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), demonstrates the classroom-size Microgravity Drop Tower Demonstrator. The apparatus provides 1/6 second of microgravity for small experiments. A video camera helps teachers observe what happens inside the package. This demonstration was at the April 2000 conference of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) in Chicago. Photo credit: NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)

Piezoelectric Response of Ferroelectric Ceramics Under Mechanical Stress

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-17

dynamic response, and predict mechanical breakdown of electronic materials, numerous testing techniques such as very high-g machines , drop towers...James C. Hierholzer for building the custom test fixture, Michael D. Craft for his help with static capacitance measurements, Bryan J. Turner, Scott D...ISOLA 370HR Board Specimen Test Set-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.3 Printed Circuit Board Electrical Layout

Gas-Bearing Crucible for Shot Tower

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Youngberg, C. L.; Miller, C. G.; Stephens, J. B.; Finnerty, A. A.

1983-01-01

Device protects molten drops from contamination and distortion. Gas flowing through levitator tube levitates small balls while they melt. Gas heated by filament extending through center of tube. Gas bearing crucible on tube has concave configuration to hold single relatively large ball or many recesses to hold many small balls. By time spheres reach foam, they are cooled sufficiently by radiation to retain their shape.

Marangoni bubble motion in zero gravity. [Lewis zero gravity drop tower

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thompson, R. L.; Dewitt, K. J.

1979-01-01

It was shown experimentally that the Marangoni phenomenon is a primary mechanism for the movement of a gas bubble in a nonisothermal liquid in a low gravity environment. A mathematical model consisting of the Navier-Stokes and thermal energy equations, together with the appropriate boundary conditions for both media, is presented. Parameter perturbation theory is used to solve this boundary value problem; the expansion parameter is the Marangoni number. The zeroth, first, and second order approximations for the velocity, temperature and pressure distributions in the liquid and in the bubble, and the deformation and terminal velocity of the bubble are determined. Experimental zero gravity data for a nitrogen bubble in ethylene glycol, ethanol, and silicone oil subjected to a linear temperature gradient were obtained using the NASA Lewis zero gravity drop tower. Comparison of the zeroth order analytical results for the bubble terminal velocity showed good agreement with the experimental measurements. The first and second order solutions for the bubble deformation and bubble terminal velocity are valid for liquids having Prandtl numbers on the order of one, but there is a lack of appropriate data to test the theory fully.

Combustion of Interacting Droplet Arrays in a Microgravity Environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dietrich, D. L.; Struk, P. M.; Ikegami, M.; Nagaishi, H.; Honma, S.; Ikeda, K.

2001-01-01

Investigations into droplet interactions date back to Rex et al. Annamalai and Ryan and Annamalai published extensive reviews of droplet array and cloud combustion studies. In the majority of the reviewed studies, the authors examined the change in the burning rate constant, k, (relative to that of the single droplet) that results from interactions. More recently, Niioka and co-workers have examined ignition and flame propagation along arrays of interacting droplets with the goal of relating these phenomena in this simplified geometry to the more practical spray configuration. Our work has focussed on droplet interactions under conditions where flame extinction occurs at a finite droplet diameter. In our previous work, we reported that in normal gravity, reduced pressure conditions, droplet interactions improved flame stability and extended flammability limits (by inference). In our recent work, we examine droplet interactions under conditions where the flame extinguishes at a finite droplet diameter in microgravity. The microgravity experiments were in the NASA GRC 2.2 and 5.2 second drop towers, and the JAMIC (Japan Microgravity Center) 10 second drop tower. We also present progress on a numerical model of single droplet combustion that is in the process of being extended to model a binary droplet array.

Payload Planning for the International Space Station

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, Tameka J.

1995-01-01

A review of the evolution of the International Space Station (ISS) was performed for the purpose of understanding the project objectives. It was requested than an analysis of the current Office of Space Access and Technology (OSAT) Partnership Utilization Plan (PUP) traffic model be completed to monitor the process through which the scientific experiments called payloads are manifested for flight to the ISS. A viewing analysis of the ISS was also proposed to identify the capability to observe the United States Laboratory (US LAB) during the assembly sequence. Observations of the Drop-Tower experiment and nondestructive testing procedures were also performed to maximize the intern's technical experience. Contributions were made to the meeting in which the 1996 OSAT or Code X PUP traffic model was generated using the software tool, Filemaker Pro. The current OSAT traffic model satisfies the requirement for manifesting and delivering the proposed payloads to station. The current viewing capability of station provides the ability to view the US LAB during station assembly sequence. The Drop Tower experiment successfully simulates the effect of microgravity and conveniently documents the results for later use. The non-destructive test proved effective in determining stress in various components tested.

Credit BG. Northeast and northwest facades of Building 4496 (Security ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit BG. Northeast and northwest facades of Building 4496 (Security Facility) as seen when looking south (178°) from entrance to secured area. The Control Tower (Building 4500) appears in background. The Security Facility is part of the secured Building 4505 complex - Edwards Air Force Base, North Base, Security Facility, Northeast of A Street, Boron, Kern County, CA

Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) contest

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. Here Carol Hodanbosi of the National Center for Microgravity Research and Jose Carrion, a lab mechanic with AKAC, prepare a student experiment package (inside the silver-colored frame) inside the orange-colored drag shield that encloses all experiment hardware. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

A Meso-Climatology Study of the High-Resolution Tower Network Over the Florida Spaceport

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Case, Jonathan L.; Bauman, William H., III

2004-01-01

Forecasters at the US Air Force 45th Weather Squadron (45 WS) use wind and temperature data from the tower network over the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) to evaluate Launch Commit Criteria and to issue and verify temperature and wind advisories, watches, and warnings for ground operations. The Spaceflight Meteorology Group at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, TX also uses these data when issuing forecasts for shuttle landings at the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility. Systematic biases in these parameters at any of the towers could adversely affect an analysis, forecast, or verification for all of these operations. In addition, substantial geographical variations in temperature and wind speed can occur under specific wind directions. Therefore, the Applied Meteorology Unit (AMU), operated by ENSCO Inc., was tasked to develop a monthly and hourly climatology of temperatures and winds from the tower network, and identify the geographical variation, tower biases, and the magnitude of those biases. This paper presents a sub-set of results from a nine-year climatology of the KSC/CCAFS tower network, highlighting the geographical variations based on location, month, times of day, and specific wind direction regime. Section 2 provides a description of the tower mesonetwork and instrumentation characteristics. Section 3 presents the methodology used to construct the tower climatology including QC methods and data processing. The results of the tower climatology are presented in Section 4 and Section 5 summarizes the paper.

Some Recent Observations on the Burning of Isolated N-Heptane and Alcohol Droplets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dryer, F. L.

1999-01-01

In a joint program involving Prof F.A. Williams of the University of California, San Diego and Dr. Vedha Nayagam of the National Center for Microgravity Research on Fluid and Combustion, the combustion of liquid fuel droplets having initial diameters between about 1 mm and 6 mm is being studied. The objectives of the work are to improve fundamental knowledge of droplet combustion dynamics through microgravity experiments and theoretical analyses. The Princeton contributions to the collaborative program supports the engineering design, data analysis, and data interpretation requirements for the study of initially single component, spherically symmetric, isolated droplet combustion studies through experiments and numerical modeling. The complementary UCSD contributions apply asymptotic theoretical analyses and are described in the published literature and in a companion communication in this volume. Emphases of the Princeton work are on the study of simple alcohols (methanol, ethanol), alcohol/water mixtures, and pure alkanes (n-heptane, n-decane) as fuels, with time dependent measurements of drop size, flame-stand-off, liquid-phase composition, and finally, extinction. Ground based experiments have included bench-scale studies at Princeton and collaborative experimental studies in the 2.2 and 5.18 second drop towers at NASA-Glenn Research Center. Spacelab studies have included fiber-supported droplet combustion (FSDC) experiments in the Glovebox facility with accompanying numerical analyses. Experiments include FSDC-1, performed on the USML-2 mission in October, 1995 (STS-73) and FSDC-2, on the second flight of the MSL-1 mission in July, 1997 (STS-94).

The venture space alliance commercial application of microgravity research

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Whitton, Dave

1999-01-01

The Venture Space Alliance is a Canadian commercial enterprise formed to develop a successful sustainable business, providing industrial and institutional clients with cost effective timely access to space and microgravity facilities for commercial and scientific benefit. The goal is to offer users a comprehensive and reliable set of products and services from the early stages of research, where access to short duration microgravity such as drop towers, aircraft and sub-orbital rockets is required, to more complex missions requiring free flyers, shuttle or Space Station. The service is designed to relieve the researcher from having to be concerned with the special processes associated with space flight, and to assist in the commercial application of their research through the development of business plans and investment strategy. Much of this research could lead to new and better medicines, high disease tolerant and more prolific agricultural products, new materials and alloys, and improvements in fundamental human health. This paper will describe the commercial successes derived from microgravity research, and the anticipated growth of this segment particularly with the completion of the International Space Station.

Effects of buoyancy on gas jet diffusion flames

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bahadori, M. Yousef; Edelman, Raymond B.

1993-01-01

The objective of this effort was to gain a better understanding of the fundamental phenomena involved in laminar gas jet diffusion flames in the absence of buoyancy by studying the transient phenomena of ignition and flame development, (quasi-) steady-state flame characteristics, soot effects, radiation, and, if any, extinction phenomena. This involved measurements of flame size and development, as well as temperature and radiation. Additionally, flame behavior, color, and luminosity were observed and recorded. The tests quantified the effects of Reynolds number, nozzle size, fuel reactivity and type, oxygen concentration, and pressure on flame characteristics. Analytical and numerical modeling efforts were also performed. Methane and propane flames were studied in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower and the 5.18-Second Zero-Gravity Facility of NASA LeRC. In addition, a preliminary series of tests were conducted in the KC-135 research aircraft. Both micro-gravity and normal-gravity flames were studied in this program. The results have provided unique and new information on the behavior and characteristics of gas jet diffusion flames in micro-gravity environments.

Research on Liquid Management Technology in Water Tank and Reactor for Propulsion System with Hydrogen Production System Utilizing Aluminum and Water Reaction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Imai, Ryoji; Imamura, Takuya; Sugioka, Masatoshi; Higashino, Kazuyuki

2017-12-01

High pressure hydrogen produced by aluminum and water reaction is considered to be applied to space propulsion system. Water tank and hydrogen production reactor in this propulsion system require gas and liquid separation function under microgravity condition. We consider to install vane type liquid acquisition device (LAD) utilizing surface tension in the water tank, and install gas-liquid separation mechanism by centrifugal force which swirling flow creates in the hydrogen reactor. In water tank, hydrophilic coating was covered on both tank wall and vane surface to improve wettability. Function of LAD in water tank and gas-liquid separation in reaction vessel were evaluated by short duration microgravity experiments using drop tower facility. In the water tank, it was confirmed that liquid was driven and acquired on the outlet due to capillary force created by vanes. In addition of this, it was found that gas-liquid separation worked well by swirling flow in hydrogen production reactor. However, collection of hydrogen gas bubble was sometimes suppressed by aluminum alloy particles, which is open problem to be solved.

Microgravity Outreach with Math Teachers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

Don Gillies, a materials scientist at NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), demonstrates the classroom-size Microgravity Drop Tower Demonstrator. The apparatus provides 1/6 second of microgravity for small experiments. A video camera helps teachers observe what happens inside the package. This demonstration was at the April 2000 conference of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) in Chicago. Photo credit: NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-04-14

Jimmy Grisham of the Microgravity Program Plarning Integration Office at NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, demonstrates the classroom-size Microgravity Drop Tower Demonstrator. The apparatus provides 1/6 second of microgravity for small experiments. A video camera helps teachers observe what happens inside the package. This demonstration was at the April 2000 conference of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) in Chicago. Photo credit: NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)

Fluid-structure interaction modeling of wind turbines: simulating the full machine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hsu, Ming-Chen; Bazilevs, Yuri

2012-12-01

In this paper we present our aerodynamics and fluid-structure interaction (FSI) computational techniques that enable dynamic, fully coupled, 3D FSI simulation of wind turbines at full scale, and in the presence of the nacelle and tower (i.e., simulation of the "full machine"). For the interaction of wind and flexible blades we employ a nonmatching interface discretization approach, where the aerodynamics is computed using a low-order finite-element-based ALE-VMS technique, while the rotor blades are modeled as thin composite shells discretized using NURBS-based isogeometric analysis (IGA). We find that coupling FEM and IGA in this manner gives a good combination of efficiency, accuracy, and flexibility of the computational procedures for wind turbine FSI. The interaction between the rotor and tower is handled using a non-overlapping sliding-interface approach, where both moving- and stationary-domain formulations of aerodynamics are employed. At the fluid-structure and sliding interfaces, the kinematic and traction continuity is enforced weakly, which is a key ingredient of the proposed numerical methodology. We present several simulations of a three-blade 5~MW wind turbine, with and without the tower. We find that, in the case of no tower, the presence of the sliding interface has no effect on the prediction of aerodynamic loads on the rotor. From this we conclude that weak enforcement of the kinematics gives just as accurate results as the strong enforcement, and thus enables the simulation of rotor-tower interaction (as well as other applications involving mechanical components in relative motion). We also find that the blade passing the tower produces a 10-12 % drop (per blade) in the aerodynamic torque. We feel this finding may be important when it comes to the fatigue-life analysis and prediction for wind turbine blades.

Extended Statistical Short-Range Guidance for Peak Wind Speed Analyses at the Shuttle Landing Facility: Phase II Results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lambert, Winifred C.

2003-01-01

This report describes the results from Phase II of the AMU's Short-Range Statistical Forecasting task for peak winds at the Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF). The peak wind speeds are an important forecast element for the Space Shuttle and Expendable Launch Vehicle programs. The 45th Weather Squadron and the Spaceflight Meteorology Group indicate that peak winds are challenging to forecast. The Applied Meteorology Unit was tasked to develop tools that aid in short-range forecasts of peak winds at tower sites of operational interest. A seven year record of wind tower data was used in the analysis. Hourly and directional climatologies by tower and month were developed to determine the seasonal behavior of the average and peak winds. Probability density functions (PDF) of peak wind speed were calculated to determine the distribution of peak speed with average speed. These provide forecasters with a means of determining the probability of meeting or exceeding a certain peak wind given an observed or forecast average speed. A PC-based Graphical User Interface (GUI) tool was created to display the data quickly.

Naval Computer & Telecommunications Area Master Station, Eastern Pacific, Radio ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Naval Computer & Telecommunications Area Master Station, Eastern Pacific, Radio Transmitter Facility Lualualei, Marine Barracks, Intersection of Tower Drive & Morse Street, Makaha, Honolulu County, HI

Area utilization efficiency of a sloping heliostat system for solar concentration.

PubMed

Wei, L Y

1983-02-15

Area utilization efficiency (AUE) is formulated for a sloping heliostat system facing any direction. The effects of slope shading, incidence factor, sun shading, and tower blocking by the mirrors are all taken into account. Our results show that annually averaged AUEs calculated for heliostat systems (1) increase with tower height at low slope angles but less rapidly at high slopes, (2) increase monotonically with slope angle and saturate at large slopes for systems facing due south, (3) reach a maximum at a certain slope for systems facing other directions than due south, and (4) drop sharply at slopes greater than a certain value for systems facing due east or west due to slope shading effect. The results are useful for solar energy collection on nonflat terrains.

Final Environmental Assessment for the Skid Strip Area Development Plan at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Florida

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-07-01

including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215...Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) Skid Strip. Since the facility no longer operates as a missile skid strip, it is referred to as the "Airfield...construction of a new 65 foot tall control tower; construction of a new Airfield Manager (AM) Operations Building that would adjoin the new tower; and

PBF Cooling Tower. View from highbay roof of Reactor Building ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PBF Cooling Tower. View from high-bay roof of Reactor Building (PER-620). Camera faces northwest. East louvered face has been installed. Inlet pipes protrude from fan deck. Two redwood vents under construction at top. Note piping, control, and power lines at sub-grade level in trench leading to Reactor Building. Photographer: Kirsh. Date: June 6, 1969. INEEL negative no. 69-3466 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Sphere forming method and apparatus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Youngberg, C. L.; Miller, C. G.; Stephens, J. B.; Finnerty, A. A. (Inventor)

1983-01-01

A system is provided for forming small accurately spherical objects. Preformed largely spherical objects are supported at the opening of a conduit on the update of hot gas emitted from the opening, so the object is in a molten state. The conduit is suddenly jerked away at a downward incline, to allow the molten object to drop in free fall, so that surface tension forms a precise sphere. The conduit portion that has the opening, lies in a moderate vacuum chamber, and the falling sphere passes through the chamber and through a briefly opened valve into a tall drop tower that contains a lower pressure, to allow the sphere to cool without deformation caused by falling through air.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-26

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. Here, students from Sycamore High School in Cincinnati, Ohio, help a NASA technician prepare their experiment. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-26

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. Students from Sycamore High School in Cincinnati, Ohio (girls), and the COSI Academy, Columbus, Ohio (boys), participated. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

Microgravity Outreach with Math Teachers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

Jimmy Grisham of the Microgravity Program Plarning Integration Office at NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), demonstrates the classroom-size Microgravity Drop Tower Demonstrator. This apparatus provides 1/6 second of microgravity for small experiments. A video camera helps teachers observe what happens inside the package. This demonstration was at the April 2000 conference of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) in Chicago. Photo credit: NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)

Microgravity Outreach with Math Teachers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

Jimmy Grisham of the Microgravity Program Plarning Integration Office at NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, demonstrates the classroom-size Microgravity Drop Tower Demonstrator. The apparatus provides 1/6 second of microgravity for small experiments. A video camera helps teachers observe what happens inside the package. This demonstration was at the April 2000 conference of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) in Chicago. Photo credit: NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-25

The arnual conference for the Educator Resource Center Network (ERCN) Coordinators was held at Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in Cleveland, Ohio. The conference included participants from NASA's Educator Resource Centers located throughout the country. The Microgravity Science Division at Glenn sponsored a Microgravity Day for all the conference participants. Dr. Wil Roberson and Marge Lehky prepare a demonstration with the mini-drop tower. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

Characterization and detection of acceleration-induced cavitation in soft materials using a drop-tower-based integrated system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kang, Wonmo; Chen, YungChia; Bagchi, Amit; O'Shaughnessy, Thomas J.

2017-12-01

The material response of biologically relevant soft materials, e.g., extracellular matrix or cell cytoplasm, at high rate loading conditions is becoming increasingly important for emerging medical implications including the potential of cavitation-induced brain injury or cavitation created by medical devices, whether intentional or not. However, accurately probing soft samples remains challenging due to their delicate nature, which often excludes the use of conventional techniques requiring direct contact with a sample-loading frame. We present a drop-tower-based method, integrated with a unique sample holder and a series of effective springs and dampers, for testing soft samples with an emphasis on high-rate loading conditions. Our theoretical studies on the transient dynamics of the system show that well-controlled impacts between a movable mass and sample holder can be used as a means to rapidly load soft samples. For demonstrating the integrated system, we experimentally quantify the critical acceleration that corresponds to the onset of cavitation nucleation for pure water and 7.5% gelatin samples. This study reveals that 7.5% gelatin has a significantly higher, approximately double, critical acceleration as compared to pure water. Finally, we have also demonstrated a non-optical method of detecting cavitation in soft materials by correlating cavitation collapse with structural resonance of the sample container.

Microgravity Propellant Tank Geyser Analysis and Prediction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thornton, Randall J.; Hochstein, John I.; Turner, James E. (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

An established correlation for geyser height prediction of an axial jet inflow into a microgravity propellant tank was analyzed and an effort to develop an improved correlation was made. The original correlation, developed using data from ethanol flow in small-scale drop tower tests, uses the jet-Weber number and the jet-Bond number to predict geyser height. A new correlation was developed from the same set of experimental data using the jet-Weber number and both the jet-Bond number and tank-Bond number to describe the geyser formation. The resulting correlation produced nearly a 40% reduction in geyser height predictive error compared to the original correlation with experimental data. Two additional tanks were computationally modeled in addition to the small-scale tank used in the drop tower testing. One of these tanks was a 50% enlarged small-scale tank and the other a full-scale 2 m radius tank. Simulations were also run for liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. Results indicated that the new correlation outperformed the original correlation in geyser height prediction under most circumstances. The new correlation has also shown a superior ability to recognize the difference between flow patterns II (geyser formation only) and III (pooling at opposite end of tank from the bulk fluid region).

ETR COMPLEX. CAMERA FACING SOUTH. FROM BOTTOM OF VIEW TO ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

ETR COMPLEX. CAMERA FACING SOUTH. FROM BOTTOM OF VIEW TO TOP: MTR, MTR SERVICE BUILDING, ETR CRITICAL FACILITY, ETR CONTROL BUILDING (ATTACHED TO ETR), ETR BUILDING (HIGH-BAY), COMPRESSOR BUILDING (ATTACHED AT LEFT OF ETR), HEAT EXCHANGER BUILDING (JUST BEYOND COMPRESSOR BUILDING), COOLING TOWER PUMP HOUSE, COOLING TOWER. OTHER BUILDINGS ARE CONTRACTORS' CONSTRUCTION BUILDINGS. INL NEGATIVE NO. 56-4105. Unknown Photographer, ca. 1956 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Reactor Area, Materials & Engineering Test Reactors, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Demonstration of a Mixed Oxide Process for Control of Corrosion and Microbiological Growth in Cooling Towers

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-08-01

fouling due to the buildup of algae and other microbiological growth, which can cause corrosion, reduce energy efficiency, and spread disease. A new...cooling of DoD facilities is critical to mission ex- ecution. Cooling tower systems are susceptible to fouling due to the buil- dup of algae and other...microbiological growth. The biofilm can harbor disease-causing bacteria. The development of a biofilm can increase corro- sion rates, and decrease the

Diurnal and seasonal variation of various carbon fluxes from an urban tower platform in Houston, TX

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schade, G. W.; Werner, N.; Hale, M. C.

2013-12-01

We measured carbon fluxes (CO2, CO, VOCs) from a tall lattice tower in Houston between 2007 and 2009, and 2011-2013. We present results from various analyses of (i) anthropogenic and biogenic CO2 fluxes using a quadrant segregation technique, (ii) seasonal and multi-year changes of CO fluxes as related to car traffic and industrial sources, and (iii) the accuracy of, and usefulness of a bulk flux footprint model to quantify pentane emissions form a distant source in comparison to permitted emission levels. Segregated and net anthropogenic CO2 fluxes were dominated by car traffic but industrial sources were identified as well. Emissions sank to minimal levels after hurricane Ike had passed over Houston, causing a traffic shutdown and lower population density. Segregated biogenic fluxes showed a clear seasonal variation with photosynthetic activity between April and November, and large effects of the 2011 Texas drought due to negligible irrigation in the study area. Carbon monoxide fluxes, measured via a flux gradient technique, are even stronger dominated by car traffic than CO2 fluxes and serve as a traffic tracer. Our data show a continued drop in emissions over time, seasonal changes with higher emissions during winter, and local influences due to industrial emissions. Lastly, we present the results of a tracer release study and a single point source quantification to test a bulk footprint model in this complex urban area. Known releases of volatile acetone and MEK were compered to measured fluxes using a REA-GC-FID system, and permit emissions of pentane from a foam plastics manufacturing facility were compared to measured pentane fluxes. Both comparisons reveal a surprisingly accurate performance of the footprint model within a factor of 2.

Development of methods for the decrease in instability of recycling water of conjugated closed-circuit cooling system of HPP

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chichirov, A. A.; Chichirova, N. D.; Vlasov, S. M.; Lyapin, A. I.; Misbakhov, R. Sh.; Silov, I. Yu.; Murtazin, A. I.

2016-10-01

On Russian HPPs, conjugated closed-circuit cooling systems, where purge water is used as initial for water-treatment facilities, are widespread. For this reason, it is impossible to use general methods for the stabilization treatment of recycling water in order to prevent scale formation in the units of a system, namely, turbine condensers and cooling towers. In this paper, the methods for the decrease in the instability of recycling water using the methods of chemical engineering, such as stabilization and synchronization of flows and organization of recycles, are suggested. The results of an industrial experiment on the implementation of stabilization treatment of recycling water by the organization of recycle are given. The experiment was carried out on Kazan CHPP-3. The flow scheme involved the recycle of chemically purified water (CPW) for the heat network make-up to the closed-circuit cooling system. The experiment was carried out at three stages with the gradual change of the consumption of the recycle, namely, 0, 50, and 100 t/h. According to the results of experiments, the reliable decrease in the rate of the sedimentation was recorded on the units of the system, namely, turbine condenser and chimney-type cooling tower. This is caused by two reasons. Firstly, this is periodic excessive concentration of recycling water due to the nonstationary character of inlet and outlet flows. Secondly, this is seasonal (particularly, in the summer period) exceeding of the evaporation coefficient. As a result of stabilization and synchronization of flows and organization of recycles, the quality of clarified and chemically purified water for the heat network make-up increases and the corrosion of iron- and copper-containing structural materials decreases. A natural decrease in temperature drop on the operating turbine condensers is mentioned.

Experiments on Nitrogen Oxide Production of Droplet Arrays Burning under Microgravity Conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moesl, Klaus; Sattelmayer, Thomas; Kikuchi, Masao; Yamamoto, Shin; Yoda, Shinichi

The optimization of the combustion process is top priority in current aero-engine and aircraft development, particularly from the perspectives of high efficiency, minimized fuel consumption, and a sustainable exhaust gas production. Aero-engines are exclusively liquid-fueled with a strong correlation between the combustion temperature and the emissions of nitric oxide (NOX ). Due to safety concerns, the progress in NOX reduction has been much slower than in stationary gas turbines. In the past, the mixing intensity in the primary zone of aero-engine combustors was improved and air staging implemented. An important question for future aero-engine combustors, consequently, is how partial vaporization influences the NOX emissions of spray flames? In order to address this question, the combustion of partially vaporized, linear droplet arrays was studied experimentally under microgravity conditions. The influence of fuel pre-vaporization on the NOX emissions was assessed in a wide range. The experiments were performed in a drop tower and a sounding rocket campaign. The microgravity environment provided ideal experiment conditions without the disturbing ef-fect of natural convection. This allowed the study of the interacting phenomena of multi-phase flow, thermodynamics, and chemical kinetics. This way the understanding of the physical and chemical processes related to droplet and spray combustion could be improved. The Bremen drop tower (ZARM) was utilized for the precursor campaign in July 2008, which was com-prised of 30 drops. The sounding rocket experiments, which totaled a microgravity duration of 6 minutes, were finally performed on the flight of TEXUS-46 in November 2009. On both campaigns the "Japanese Combustion Module" (JCM) was used. It is a cooperative experi-ment on droplet array combustion between the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and ESA's (European Space Agency) research team, working on the combustion properties of partially premixed sprays. One droplet array consisted of five droplets (for sounding rocket) and 9 -17 droplets (for drop tower) of the hydrocarbon n-decane (C10 H22 ). While keeping the pressure at 1.0 bar (+/-20 mbar), the combustion chamber temperature and the fuel vaporization time were varied in the range of 300 -500 K and 0.5 -18 s, respectively. Consequently, the total amount of fuel, the local equivalence ratio Φ along the droplet array, and the dimensionless droplet spacing S/d0 , with d0 being the initial droplet diameter, were adapted. Ignition was initiated by a hot-wire igniter from one end of the droplet array. Representative gas samples were collected from every single combustion sequence after flame extinction and stored in specially treated gas sampling cylinders for their succeeding analysis on ground. Visual observation of the combustion process, as well as temperature and pressure logging, supported the scientific interpretation of the gas analysis. With an increase of the preheating temperature, NOX emissions increase due to a higher effec-tive flame temperatures. However, with an increasing pre-vaporization, NOX emissions become lower due to the dropping number and the dropping size of burning droplets, acting as hot spots. A correction for the effect of the preheating temperature was developed. It reveals the effect of pre-vaporization and shows that the NOX emissions are almost independent of it for near-stoichiometric operation. At overall lean conditions the NOX emissions drop non-linearly with the degree of vaporization. Up to now, this leads to the conclusion that a high degree of vaporization is required in order to achieve substantial NOX abatement.

ETR AND MTR COMPLEXES IN CONTEXT. CAMERA FACING NORTHERLY. FROM ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

ETR AND MTR COMPLEXES IN CONTEXT. CAMERA FACING NORTHERLY. FROM BOTTOM TO TOP: ETR COOLING TOWER, ELECTRICAL BUILDING AND LOW-BAY SECTION OF ETR BUILDING, HEAT EXCHANGER BUILDING (WITH U SHAPED YARD), COMPRESSOR BUILDING. MTR REACTOR SERVICES BUILDING IS ATTACHED TO SOUTH WALL OF MTR. WING A IS ATTACHED TO BALCONY FLOOR OF MTR. NEAR UPPER RIGHT CORNER OF VIEW IS MTR PROCESS WATER BUILDING. WING B IS AT FAR WEST END OF COMPLEX. NEAR MAIN GATE IS GAMMA FACILITY, WITH "COLD" BUILDINGS BEYOND: RAW WATER STORAGE TANKS, STEAM PLANT, MTR COOLING TOWER PUMP HOUSE AND COOLING TOWER. INL NEGATIVE NO. 56-4101. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Reactor Area, Materials & Engineering Test Reactors, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Credit BG. Test Stand "D" tower as seen looking northeast ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit BG. Test Stand "D" tower as seen looking northeast (See caption for CA-163-F-18). To the right of the view is the stainless steel dome top for Dv Cell (see CA-163-F-22 for view into cell), behind which rests a spherical accumulator--an electrically heated steam generator for powering the vacuum system at "C" and Test Stand "D." Part of the ejector system can be seen on the right corner of the tower, other connections include electrical ducts (thin, flat metal members) and fire protection systems. Note the stand in the foreground with lights used to indicate safety status of the stand during tests - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Test Stand D, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

11. SITE BUILDING 002 SCANNER BUILDING EVAPORATIVE COOLING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. SITE BUILDING 002 - SCANNER BUILDING - EVAPORATIVE COOLING TOWER SYSTEM IN FOREGROUND. - Cape Cod Air Station, Technical Facility-Scanner Building & Power Plant, Massachusetts Military Reservation, Sandwich, Barnstable County, MA

The Measurement of the Surface Energy of Solids by Sessile Drop Accelerometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Calvimontes, Alfredo

2018-05-01

A new physical method, the sessile drop accelerometry (SDACC) for the study and measurement of the interfacial energies of solid-liquid-gas systems, is tested and discussed in this study. The laboratory instrument and technique—a combination of a drop shape analyzer with high-speed camera and a laboratory drop tower- and the evaluation algorithms, were designed to calculate the interfacial energies as a function of the geometrical changes of a sessile droplet shape due to the effect of "switching off" gravity during the experiment. The method bases on Thermodynamics of Interfaces and differs from the conventional approach of the two hundred-years-old Young's equation in that it assumes a thermodynamic equilibrium between interfaces, rather than a balance of tensions on a point of the solid-liquid-gas contour line. A comparison of the mathematical model that supports the method with the widely accepted Young`s equation is discussed in detail in this study. The method opens new possibilities to develop surface characterization procedures by submitting the solid-liquid-system to artificial generated and uniform force fields.

Apparatus for production of ultrapure amorphous metals utilizing acoustic cooling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, M. C. (Inventor)

1985-01-01

Amorphous metals are produced by forming a molten unit of metal and deploying the unit into a bidirectional acoustical levitating field or by dropping the unit through a spheroidizing zone, a slow quenching zone, and a fast quenching zone in which the sphere is rapidly cooled by a bidirectional jet stream created in the standing acoustic wave field produced between a half cylindrical acoustic driver and a focal reflector or a curved driver and a reflector. The cooling rate can be further augmented first by a cryogenic liquid collar and secondly by a cryogenic liquid jacket surrounding a drop tower. The molten unit is quenched to an amorphous solid which can survive impact in a unit collector or is retrieved by a vacuum chuck.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-26

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. Pictured are students from COSI Academy, Columbus, Ohio and their teacher. The other team was from Sycamore High School in Cincinnati, Ohio. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-26

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. This is the interior of the Sycamore High School (Cincinnati, Ohio) students' experiment to observe the flame spreading on a 100 percent cotton T-shirt under low-g. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

The effect of sensor spacing on wind measurements at the Shuttle Landing Facility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Merceret, Francis J.

1995-01-01

This document presents results of a field study of the effect of sensor spacing on the validity of wind measurements at the Space Shuttle landing Facility (SLF). Standard measurements are made at one second intervals from 30 foot (9.1m) towers located 500 feet (152m) from the SLF centerline. The centerline winds are not exactly the same as those measured by the towers. This study quantifies the differences as a function of statistics of the observed winds and distance between the measurements and points of interest. The field program used logarithmically spaced portable wind towers to measure wind speed and direction over a range of conditions. Correlations, spectra, moments, and structure functions were computed. A universal normalization for structure functions was devised. The normalized structure functions increase as the 2/3 power of separation distance until an asymptotic value is approached. This occurs at spacings of several hundred feet (about 100m). At larger spacings, the structure functions are bounded by the asymptote. This enables quantitative estimates of the expected differences between the winds at the measurement point and the points of interest to be made from the measured wind statistics. A procedure is provided for making these estimates.

Drop Tower Characterization of Army Research Lab (ARL)-Fabricated Thin-Film Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) Transducers

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-01

TRADE NAME, TRADEMARK, MANUFACTURER , OR OTHERWISE, DOES NOT CONSTITUTE OR IMPLY ITS ENDORSEMENT, RECOMMENDATION, OR FAVORING BY THE U.S. GOVERNMENT...TRADE NAMES USE OF TRADE NAMES OR MANUFACTURERS IN THIS REPORT DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN OFFICIAL ENDORSEMENT OR APPROVAL OF THE USE OF...on Gel-Pak Ready for Noodle Wire Attachment ..................... 10 13. Waveshaper (on Right) Beside a 0.5-Inch Steel Ball

Acoustic Excitation of Liquid Fuel Droplets and Coaxial Jets

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

would also like to acknowledge the support of the NASA Microgravity Combustion program which made possible the completion of this research and Maj...fuels exposed to different acoustic excitation conditions in a laboratory environment and during free-fall (microgravity) conditions in a NASA drop tower...then sent to two amplifiers, one for each piezo-siren. The amplifiers were a Krohn-Hite (model 7500) and a Trek (model PZD2000A), which amplified the

Credit BG. View looking northeast at southwestern side of Test ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit BG. View looking northeast at southwestern side of Test Stand "D" complex. Test Stand "D" workshop (Building 4222/E-23) is at left; shed to its immediate right is an entrance to underground tunnel system which interconnects all test stands. To the right of Test Stand "D" tower are four Clayton water-tube flash boilers once used in the Steam Generator Plant 4280/E-81 to power the vacuum ejector system at "D" and "C" stands. A corner of 4280/E-81 appears behind the boilers. Boilers were removed as part of stand dismantling program. The Dv (vertical vacuum) Test Cell is located in the Test Stand "D" tower, behind the sunscreen on the west side. The top of the tower contains a hoist for lifting or lowering rocket engines into the Dv Cell. Other equipment mounted in the tower is part of the steam-driven vacuum ejector system - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Test Stand D, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

Credit BG. Looking southeast at Test Stand "D" (Building 4223/E24). ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit BG. Looking southeast at Test Stand "D" (Building 4223/E-24). Left foreground contains six high-pressure nitrogen tanks which supplied nitrogen for operation of propellant valves. Several tanks for other substances have been removed from the base of the tower as part of decontamination and dismantling program. The vertical vacuum test cell can be seen in the tower behind the western sunscreen. At the top of the tower in the northeast corner is the interstage condenser used in the series of vacuum ejectors; at the top of the condenser is one of two Z-stage ejectors used to evacuate the condenser. The hoist beam for lifting/lowering rocket engines can be clearly seen projecting to the west over the pavement. In the distance on the right are Clayton water-tube steam generators from Building 4280/E-81, and the towers for Test Stand "C" and its scrubber-condenser - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Test Stand D, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

INTERIOR; VIEW OF ENTRY HALL, LOOKING SOUTH. Naval Computer ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

INTERIOR; VIEW OF ENTRY HALL, LOOKING SOUTH. - Naval Computer & Telecommunications Area Master Station, Eastern Pacific, Radio Transmitter Facility Lualualei, Marine Barracks, Intersection of Tower Drive & Morse Street, Makaha, Honolulu County, HI

Meteorological annual report for 1995 at the Savannah River Site

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hunter, C.H.; Tatum, C.P.

1996-12-01

The Environmental Technology Section (ETS) of the Savannah River Technology Center (SRTC) collects, archives, and analyzes basic meteorological data supporting a variety of activities at SRS. These activities include the design, construction, and operation of nuclear and non-nuclear facilities, emergency response, environmental compliance, resource management, and environmental research. This report contains tabular and graphical summaries of data collected during 1995 for temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, wind, barometric pressure, and solar radiation. Most of these data were collected at the central Climatology Facility. Summaries of temperature and relative humidity were generated with data from the lowest level of measurement at themore » Central Climatology Site tower (13 feet above ground). (Relative humidity is calculated from measurements of dew-point temperature.) Wind speed summaries were generated with data from the second measurement level (58 feet above ground). Wind speed measurements from this level are believed to best represent open, well-exposed areas of the Site. Precipitation summaries were based on data from the Building 773-A site since quality control algorithms for the central Climatology Facility rain gauge data were not finalized at the time this report was prepared. This report also contains seasonal and annual summaries of joint occurrence frequencies for selected wind speed categories by 22.5 degree wind direction sector (i.e., wind roses). Wind rose summaries are provided for the 200-foot level of the Central Climatology tower and for each of the eight 200-foot area towers.« less

2. Credit BG. Looking west at east facade of Steam ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. Credit BG. Looking west at east facade of Steam Generator Plant, Building 4280/E-81; steam generators have been removed as part of dismantling program for Test Stand 'D.' Metal cylindrical objects to left of door were roof vents. The steam-driven ejector system for Dv Cell is clearly visible on the east side of Test Stand 'D' tower. The X-stage ejector is vertically installed at the bottom left of the tower, Y-stage is horizontally positioned close to the tower top, and the Z- and Z-1 stages are attached to the top of the interstage condenser. Light-colored piping is thermally insulated steam line. - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Test Stand D, Steam Generator Plant, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

76 FR 38677 - Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Proposed Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla and Cupeño...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-01

... administration space. Food and beverage facilities would include two full service restaurants, a drive-in restaurant, a buffet, a coffee shop, three service bars, and a lounge. The hotel tower would have approximately 100 rooms and a full-service restaurant. Both the gaming facility and the hotel would be open 24...

PBF Reactor Building (PER620). Plot plan shows layout, including auxiliary ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PBF Reactor Building (PER-620). Plot plan shows layout, including auxiliary buildings: Emergency Generator (621), Hose House (622), Cooling Tower Auxiliary (624), Maintenance and Storage Warehouse (625), Gas Cylinder Storage (627), Hose House (628), Cooling Tower (720), Substation (719), and other features. Road connections between PBF Reactor, its control building, and SPERT-I site. Note cable trenches along road to control building. Date: July 1965. Ebasco Services, PER-U-101. INEEL index no. 761-0100-00-205-123005 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Vertical Impact Tests of a Modified F/FB-111 Crew Seat to Evaluate Headrest Position and Restraint Configuration Effects

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-08-01

Deceleration Tower (VDT), shown in Figure 9, was used for this impact test series. This facility consists of a 60 ft vertical steel tower, which supports a...to void prior to entering the test area. A disposable dental bite block (made of Optosil placed over a stainless steel frame) was molded for the...shoulder strap - lap belt configuration (Sections 4D, 5C). 6. Subtolerance human impact tests can be an effective tool in the investi- gation of impact

NASA's Microgravity Science Program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Salzman, Jack A.

1994-01-01

Since the late 1980s, the NASA Microgravity Science Program has implemented a systematic effort to expand microgravity research. In 1992, 114 new investigators were selected to enter the program and more US microgravity experiments were conducted in space than in all the years combined since Skylab (1973-74). The use of NASA Research Announcements (NRA's) to solicit research proposals has proven to be highly successful in building a strong base of high-quality peer-reviewed science in both the ground-based and flight experiment elements of the program. The ground-based part of the program provides facilities for low gravity experiments including drop towers and aircraft for making parabolic flights. Program policy is that investigations should not proceed to the flight phase until all ground-based investigative capabilities have been exhausted. In the space experiments program, the greatest increase in flight opportunities has been achieved through dedicated or primary payload Shuttle missions. These missions will continue to be augmented by both mid-deck and GAS-Can accommodated experiments. A US-Russian cooperative flight program envisioned for 1995-97 will provide opportunities for more microgravity research as well as technology demonstration and systems validation efforts important for preparing for experiment operations on the Space Station.

A novel facility for reduced-gravity testing: A setup for studying low-velocity collisions into granular surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sunday, C.; Murdoch, N.; Cherrier, O.; Morales Serrano, S.; Valeria Nardi, C.; Janin, T.; Avila Martinez, I.; Gourinat, Y.; Mimoun, D.

2016-08-01

This work presents an experimental design for studying low-velocity collisions into granular surfaces in low-gravity. In the experiment apparatus, reduced-gravity is simulated by releasing a free-falling projectile into a surface container with a downward acceleration less than that of Earth's gravity. The acceleration of the surface is controlled through the use of an Atwood machine, or a system of pulleys and counterweights. The starting height of the surface container and the initial separation distance between the projectile and surface are variable and chosen to accommodate collision velocities up to 20 cm/s and effective accelerations of ˜0.1 to 1.0 m/s2. Accelerometers, placed on the surface container and inside the projectile, provide acceleration data, while high-speed cameras capture the collision and act as secondary data sources. The experiment is built into an existing 5.5 m drop tower frame and requires the custom design of all components, including the projectile, surface sample container, release mechanism, and deceleration system. Data from calibration tests verify the efficiency of the experiment's deceleration system and provide a quantitative understanding of the performance of the Atwood system.

A novel facility for reduced-gravity testing: A setup for studying low-velocity collisions into granular surfaces.

PubMed

Sunday, C; Murdoch, N; Cherrier, O; Morales Serrano, S; Valeria Nardi, C; Janin, T; Avila Martinez, I; Gourinat, Y; Mimoun, D

2016-08-01

This work presents an experimental design for studying low-velocity collisions into granular surfaces in low-gravity. In the experiment apparatus, reduced-gravity is simulated by releasing a free-falling projectile into a surface container with a downward acceleration less than that of Earth's gravity. The acceleration of the surface is controlled through the use of an Atwood machine, or a system of pulleys and counterweights. The starting height of the surface container and the initial separation distance between the projectile and surface are variable and chosen to accommodate collision velocities up to 20 cm/s and effective accelerations of ∼0.1 to 1.0 m/s(2). Accelerometers, placed on the surface container and inside the projectile, provide acceleration data, while high-speed cameras capture the collision and act as secondary data sources. The experiment is built into an existing 5.5 m drop tower frame and requires the custom design of all components, including the projectile, surface sample container, release mechanism, and deceleration system. Data from calibration tests verify the efficiency of the experiment's deceleration system and provide a quantitative understanding of the performance of the Atwood system.

25 CFR 169.18 - Tenure of approved right-of-way grants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... projects (including but not limited to dams, reservoirs, flowage easements, ditches, and canals), oil, gas... poles, towers, and appurtenant facilities), and for service roads and trails essential to any of the...

25 CFR 169.18 - Tenure of approved right-of-way grants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... projects (including but not limited to dams, reservoirs, flowage easements, ditches, and canals), oil, gas... poles, towers, and appurtenant facilities), and for service roads and trails essential to any of the...

25 CFR 169.18 - Tenure of approved right-of-way grants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... projects (including but not limited to dams, reservoirs, flowage easements, ditches, and canals), oil, gas... poles, towers, and appurtenant facilities), and for service roads and trails essential to any of the...

25 CFR 169.18 - Tenure of approved right-of-way grants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... projects (including but not limited to dams, reservoirs, flowage easements, ditches, and canals), oil, gas... poles, towers, and appurtenant facilities), and for service roads and trails essential to any of the...

25 CFR 169.18 - Tenure of approved right-of-way grants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... projects (including but not limited to dams, reservoirs, flowage easements, ditches, and canals), oil, gas... poles, towers, and appurtenant facilities), and for service roads and trails essential to any of the...

VIEW OF NORTH ELEVATION OF MARINE BARRACKS, LOOKING SOUTHEAST. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

VIEW OF NORTH ELEVATION OF MARINE BARRACKS, LOOKING SOUTHEAST. - Naval Computer & Telecommunications Area Master Station, Eastern Pacific, Radio Transmitter Facility Lualualei, Marine Barracks, Intersection of Tower Drive & Morse Street, Makaha, Honolulu County, HI

INTERIOR; VIEW OF FRONT LANAI (PORCH), LOOKING SOUTH SOUTHEAST. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

INTERIOR; VIEW OF FRONT LANAI (PORCH), LOOKING SOUTH SOUTHEAST. - Naval Computer & Telecommunications Area Master Station, Eastern Pacific, Radio Transmitter Facility Lualualei, Marine Barracks, Intersection of Tower Drive & Morse Street, Makaha, Honolulu County, HI

Grating droplets with a mesh

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soto, Dan; Le Helloco, Antoine; Clanet, Cristophe; Quere, David; Varanasi, Kripa

2016-11-01

A drop thrown against a mesh can pass through its holes if impacting with enough inertia. As a result, although part of the droplet may remain on one side of the sieve, the rest will end up grated through the other side. This inexpensive method to break up millimetric droplets into micrometric ones may be of particular interest in a wide variety of applications: enhancing evaporation of droplets launched from the top of an evaporative cooling tower or preventing drift of pesticides sprayed above crops by increasing their initial size and atomizing them at the very last moment with a mesh. In order to understand how much liquid will be grated we propose in this presentation to start first by studying a simpler situation: a drop impacting a plate pierced with a single off centered hole. The study of the role of natural parameters such as the radius drop and speed or the hole position, size and thickness allows us to discuss then the more general situation of a plate pierced with multiple holes: the mesh.

Magnetic levitation in two-dimensional geometry with translational invariance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lorin, C.; Mailfert, A.

2008-11-01

The development of activities in space and of the corresponding technologies requires research on the behavior of both matter and biological organisms under weightless conditions. Various methods have been invented in order to simulate weightlessness, for example, drop towers, sounding rockets, or parabolic flights. Magnetic field ground-based devices have also been developed. This paper introduces an optimization method of the magnetic field so as to obtain magnetic levitation in a two-dimensional cylindrical geometry.

Quantification of the Design Relationship Between Ground Vehicle Weight and Occupant Safety Under Blast Loading

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-01

particular, we examine the opportunity to tune the seating system design parameters with a prescribed vehicle mass and blast pulse to minimize the...behavior of the physical vertical drop tower tests used to study aircraft seat ejection and ground vehicle blast events. This model was created and...driver’s seat , though it is expected that passengers should experience a comparable range of acceleration pulses given that the blast positioning is uniform

Absolute and Convective Instability of a Liquid Jet in Microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, Sung P.; Vihinen, I.; Honohan, A.; Hudman, Michael D.

1996-01-01

The transition from convective to absolute instability is observed in the 2.2 second drop tower of the NASA Lewis Research Center. In convective instability the disturbance grows spatially as it is convected downstream. In absolute instability the disturbance propagates both downstream and upstream, and manifests itself as an expanding sphere. The transition Reynolds numbers are determined for two different Weber numbers by use of Glycerin and a Silicone oil. Preliminary comparisons with theory are made.

Tuned mass damping system for a pendulum in gravity and microgravity fields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Atour, Farah

2016-07-01

An electrodynamic tether is a simple idea, but one with an amazing number of uses. Electrodynamic tether is a long conductor wire that is attached to the satellite, which can act as a generator or motor, from its motion through the earth's magnetic field. And it has the potential to make space travel significantly cheaper. The lack of electrodynamic tether's widespread in common applications can be attributed to the variable Lorentz forces occuring on the tethers, which will cause them to oscillate and may go out of control, de-orbit the satellite and fall to Earth. A tuned mass damper system, for short refered as tilger, is suggested as damper of oscillations of tethers. A system composed of a tuned mass damper and a simple pendulum simulating the tether was therefore constructed. 350 sets of experimental trials were done on the system, while it was installed inside a drop tower capsule resting on the ground, in order to pick four optimum setup experiments that will undergo a series of microgravity experiments at the Bremen Drop Tower in Bremen, Germany. The GJU Bachelor Research students found that the oscillations of the simple pendulum will not be affected by the tilger during the free fall experiment, except if a feedback mechanism is installed between the simple pendulum and the tilger. In this case, the tilger will dampen the simple pendulum oscillations during free fall.

Richtmyer-Meshkov instability experiments of miscible and immiscible incompressible fluids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krivets, Vitaliy; Holt, Brason; Mokler, Matthew; Jacobs, Jeffrey

2017-11-01

Experiments were conducted in a 3 m tall vertical drop tower setup. A flat interface separating two liquids of differing density is formed in the Plexiglas tank with the heavier fluid in the bottom and the lighter one on top. Two liquids pairs were utilized, one - miscible (isopropyl alcohol and a calcium nitrate water mixture) and the other immiscible (silicone oil with the same heavy liquid), both with Atwood near 0.2. The tank is mounted on a rail mounted sled at 2 m initial height where an initial perturbation is generated using vertical periodic motion with 10 Hz frequency and 1 mm displacement, thus producing 3D interfacial waves. An impulsive acceleration, with approximately 100g magnitude, is imparted to the sled by a rail mounted weight released and allowed to fall, impacting the sled from above. Both weight and sled then travel freely down the rails where they are smoothly decelerated at the bottom of drop tower by magnetic brakes. PLIF is used to visualize mixing process by seeding fluorescein in the bottom fluid and illuminating using laser diode from above forming thin vertical sheet. The resulting fluorescent image sequences are captured using a digital camera mounted to the sled operating at a 100 Hz framing rate. Comparisons of the measured growth of the mixing zone for both immiscible and miscible liquid combinations with theoretical models are presented.

Model of ASTM Flammability Test in Microgravity: Iron Rods

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steinberg, Theodore A; Stoltzfus, Joel M.; Fries, Joseph (Technical Monitor)

2000-01-01

There is extensive qualitative results from burning metallic materials in a NASA/ASTM flammability test system in normal gravity. However, this data was shown to be inconclusive for applications involving oxygen-enriched atmospheres under microgravity conditions by conducting tests using the 2.2-second Lewis Research Center (LeRC) Drop Tower. Data from neither type of test has been reduced to fundamental kinetic and dynamic systems parameters. This paper reports the initial model analysis for burning iron rods under microgravity conditions using data obtained at the LERC tower and modeling the burning system after ignition. Under the conditions of the test the burning mass regresses up the rod to be detached upon deceleration at the end of the drop. The model describes the burning system as a semi-batch, well-mixed reactor with product accumulation only. This model is consistent with the 2.0-second duration of the test. Transient temperature and pressure measurements are made on the chamber volume. The rod solid-liquid interface melting rate is obtained from film records. The model consists of a set of 17 non-linear, first-order differential equations which are solved using MATLAB. This analysis confirms that a first-order rate, in oxygen concentration, is consistent for the iron-oxygen kinetic reaction. An apparent activation energy of 246.8 kJ/mol is consistent for this model.

Radiative Enhancement Effects on Flame Spread (REEFS) Project Studied "Green House" Effects on Fire Spread

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gokoglu, Suleyman A.; Ronney, Paul

2003-01-01

The Radiative Enhancement Effects on Flame Spread (REEFS) project, slated for flight aboard the International Space Station, reached a major milestone by holding its Science Concept Review this year. REEFS is led by principal investigator Paul Ronney from the University of Southern California in conjunction with a project team from the NASA Glenn Research Center. The study is focusing on flame spread over flat solid fuel beds to improve our understanding of more complex fires, such as those found in manned spacecraft and terrestrial buildings. The investigation has direct implications for fire safety, both for space and Earth applications, and extends previous work with emphasis on the atmospheres and flow environments likely to be present in fires that might occur in microgravity. These atmospheres will contain radiatively active gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) from combustion products, and likely gaseous fuels such as carbon monoxide (CO) from incomplete combustion of solid fuel, as well as flows induced by ventilation currents. During tests in the 2.2-Second Drop Tower and KC-135 aircraft at Glenn, the principal investigator introduced the use of foam fuels for flame spread experiments over thermally thick fuels to obtain large spread rates in comparison to those of dense fuels such as PMMA. This enables meaningful results to be obtained even in the 2.2 s available in drop tower experiments.

Critical point wetting drop tower experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kaukler, William F.

1990-01-01

The 100 m Drop Tower at NASA-Marshall was used to provide the step change in acceleration from 1.0 to 0.0005 g. An inter-fluid meniscus oscillates vertically within a cylindrical container when suddenly released from earth's gravity and taken into a microgravity environment. Oscillations damp out from energy dissipative mechanisms such as viscosity and interfacial friction. Damping of the oscillations by the later mechanism is affected by the nature of the interfacial junction between the fluid-fluid interface and the container wall. In earlier stages of the project, the meniscus shape which developed during microgravity conditions was applied to evaluations of wetting phenomena near the critical temperature. Variations in equilibrium contact angle against the container wall were expected to occur under critical wetting conditions. However, it became apparent that the meaningful phenomenon was the damping of interfacial oscillations. This latter concept makes up the bulk of this report. Perfluoromethyl cyclohexane and isopropanol in glass were the materials used for the experiment. The wetting condition of the fluids against the wall changes at the critical wetting transition temperature. This change in wetting causes a change in the damping characteristics of the interfacial excursions during oscillation and no measurable change in contact angle. The effect of contact line friction measured above and below the wetting transition temperature was to increase the period of vertical oscillation for the vapor-liquid interface when below the wetting transition temperature.

119. Back side technical facilities S.R. radar transmitter & computer ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

119. Back side technical facilities S.R. radar transmitter & computer building no. 102, section I "tower plan, sections & details" - structural, AS-BLT AW 35-46-04, sheet 62, dated 23 January, 1961. - Clear Air Force Station, Ballistic Missile Early Warning System Site II, One mile west of mile marker 293.5 on Parks Highway, 5 miles southwest of Anderson, Anderson, Denali Borough, AK

Surface Development and Test Facility (SDTF) New R&D Simulator for Airport Operations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dorighi, Nancy S.

1997-01-01

A new simulator, the Surface Development and Test Facility (SDTF) is under construction at the NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. Jointly funded by the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) and NASA, the SDTF will be a testbed for airport surface automation technologies of the future. The SDTF will be operational in the third quarter of 1998. The SDTF will combine a virtual tower with simulated ground operations to allow evaluation of new technologies for safety, effectiveness, reliability, and cost benefit. The full-scale level V tower will provide a seamless 360 degree high resolution out-the-window view, and a full complement of ATC (air traffic control) controller positions. The imaging system will be generated by two fully-configured Silicon Graphics Onyx Infinite Reality computers, and will support surface movement of up to 200 aircraft and ground vehicles. The controller positions, displays and consoles can be completely reconfigured to match the unique layout of any individual airport tower. Dedicated areas will accommodate pseudo-airport ramp controllers, pseudo-airport operators, and pseudo-pilots. Up to 33 total personnel positions will be able to participate in simultaneous operational scenarios. A realistic voice communication infrastructure will emulate the intercom and telephone communications of a real airport tower. Multi-channel audio and video recording and a sophisticated data acquisition system will support a wide variety of research and development areas, such as evaluation of automation tools for surface operations, human factors studies, integration of terminal area and airport technologies, and studies of potential airport physical and procedural modifications.

FAA aviation forecasts : fiscal years 1997-2008

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-03-01

This report contains the Fiscal Years 1997-2008 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) forecasts of aviation activity at FAA facilities. These include airports with both FAA and contract control towers, air route traffic control centers, and flight se...

Buffalo Air Traffic Control Tower Operations Analysis.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1981-09-01

This report provides a description of the non-surveillance aspects of the FAA air traffic control facility operation at Greater Buffalo International Airport from the air traffic controller's point of view. It includes photographs of all controller c...

78 FR 34405 - Notice of Lodging of Proposed Consent Decree Under the Clean Air Act

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-07

..., particularly fluorides, emanating from its phosphoric acid process equipment. The facility's cooling towers are... has confirmed that PCS's hydrogen fluoride (``HF'') emissions comply with 40 CFR part 63, Subpart A...

VIEW OF SOUTH ELEVATION OF MARINE BARRACKS, LOOKING NORTH NORTHWEST. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

VIEW OF SOUTH ELEVATION OF MARINE BARRACKS, LOOKING NORTH NORTHWEST. - Naval Computer & Telecommunications Area Master Station, Eastern Pacific, Radio Transmitter Facility Lualualei, Marine Barracks, Intersection of Tower Drive & Morse Street, Makaha, Honolulu County, HI

INTERIOR; VIEW OF ROOM IN SOUTHWEST CORNER OF BUILDING, LOOKING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

INTERIOR; VIEW OF ROOM IN SOUTHWEST CORNER OF BUILDING, LOOKING SOUTH. - Naval Computer & Telecommunications Area Master Station, Eastern Pacific, Radio Transmitter Facility Lualualei, Marine Barracks, Intersection of Tower Drive & Morse Street, Makaha, Honolulu County, HI

OBLIQUE VIEW OF REAR ELEVATION OF MARINE BARRACKS, LOOKING WEST ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

OBLIQUE VIEW OF REAR ELEVATION OF MARINE BARRACKS, LOOKING WEST NORTHWEST. - Naval Computer & Telecommunications Area Master Station, Eastern Pacific, Radio Transmitter Facility Lualualei, Marine Barracks, Intersection of Tower Drive & Morse Street, Makaha, Honolulu County, HI

OBLIQUE VIEW OF FRONT ELEVATION OF MARINE BARRACKS, LOOKING NORTH. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

OBLIQUE VIEW OF FRONT ELEVATION OF MARINE BARRACKS, LOOKING NORTH. - Naval Computer & Telecommunications Area Master Station, Eastern Pacific, Radio Transmitter Facility Lualualei, Marine Barracks, Intersection of Tower Drive & Morse Street, Makaha, Honolulu County, HI

The Alignment Test System for AXAF-I's High Resolution Mirror Assembly

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Waldman, Mark

1995-01-01

The AXAF-1 High Resolution Mirror Assembly (HRMA) consists of four nested mirror pairs of Wolter Type-1 grazing incidence optics. The HRMA assembly and alignment will take place in a vibration-isolated, cleanliness class 100, 18 meter high tower at an Eastman Kodak Company facility in Rochester, NY. Each mirror pair must be aligned such that its image is coma-free, and the four pairs must be aligned such that their images are coincident. In addition, both the HRMA optical axis and focal point must be precisely known with respect to physical references on the HRMA. The alignment of the HRMA mirrors is measured by the HRMA Alignment Test System (HATS), which is an integral part of the tower facility. The HATS is configured as a double-pass, autocollimating Hartmann test where each mirror aperture is scanned to determine the state of alignment. This paper will describe the design and operation of the HATS.

ARM-LBNL-NOAA Flask Sampler for Carbon Cycle Gases

DOE Data Explorer

Torn, Margaret

2008-01-15

Data from ccg-flasks are sampled at the ARM SGP site and analyzed by the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) as part of the NOAA Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network. Surface samples are collected from a 60m tower at the SGP Central Facility, usually once per week on one afternoon. The aircraft samples are collected approximately weekly from a chartered aircraft, and the collection flight path is centered over the tower where the surface samples are collected. Samples are collected by the ARM/LBNL Carbon Project. CO2 flask data contains measurements of CO2 concentration and CO2 stable isotope ratios (13CO2 and C18OO) from flasks collected at the SGP site. The flask samples are collected at 2m, 4m, 25m, and 60m along the 60m tower.

The United Nations Human Space Technology Initiative

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Balogh, Werner; Miyoshi, Takanori

2016-07-01

The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (OOSA) launched the Human Space Technology Initiative (HSTI) in 2010 within the United Nations Programme on Space Applications, based on relevant recommendations of the Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE III). The activities of HSTI are characterized by the following "Three Pillars": International Cooperation, Outreach, and Capacity-building. For International Cooperation, OOSA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) jointly launched a new programme entitled "KiboCUBE". KiboCUBE aims to provide educational or research institutions located in developing countries with opportunities to deploy cube satellites of their own design and manufacture from Japanese Experiment Module "Kibo" on-board the International Space Station (ISS). The Announcement of Opportunity was released on 8 September 2015 and the selected institution is to be announced by 1 August 2016. OOSA is also collaborating with WHO and with the COPUOS Expert Group on Space and Global Health to promote space technologies and ground- and space-based research activities that can contribute to improving global health. For Outreach, OOSA and the government of Costa Rica are jointly organising the United Nations/Costa Rica Workshop on Human Space Technology from 7 to 11 March 2016. Participants will exchange information on achievements in human space programmes and discuss how to promote international cooperation by further facilitating the participation of developing countries in human space exploration-related activities. Also, it will address the role of space industries in human space exploration and its related activities, considering that they have become significant stakeholders in this field. For Capacity-building, OOSA has been carrying out two activities: the Zero-Gravity Instrument Project (ZGIP) and the Drop Tower Experiment Series (DropTES). In ZGIP, OOSA has annually distributed clinostats (microgravity simulation instruments) worldwide. ZGIP has been providing students and teachers with the opportunity to study gravitational effects on samples such as plant seeds in a simulated microgravity condition. Currently, second and third cycles are on-going. DropTES is a fellowship programme, in which OOSA and the Centre of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM) jointly provide one student team annually with the opportunity to conduct their own microgravity experiment at the Bremen Drop Tower, Germany. In 2015, in the DropTES second cycle, Universidad Católica Boliviana "San Pablo" was given the fellowship. DropTES has been extended to the third cycle for 2016.

Probing wind-turbine/atmosphere interactions at utility scale: Novel insights from the EOLOS wind energy research station

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hong, J.; Guala, M.; Chamorro, L. P.; Sotiropoulos, F.

2014-06-01

Despite major research efforts, the interaction of the atmospheric boundary layer with turbines and multi-turbine arrays at utility scale remains poorly understood today. This lack of knowledge stems from the limited number of utility-scale research facilities and a number of technical challenges associated with obtaining high-resolution measurements at field scale. We review recent results obtained at the University of Minnesota utility-scale wind energy research station (the EOLOS facility), which is comprised of a 130 m tall meteorological tower and a fully instrumented 2.5MW Clipper Liberty C96 wind turbine. The results address three major areas: 1) The detailed characterization of the wake structures at a scale of 36×36 m2 using a novel super-large-scale particle image velocimetry based on natural snowflakes, including the rich tip vortex dynamics and their correlation with turbine operations, control, and performance; 2) The use of a WindCube Lidar profiler to investigate how wind at various elevations influences turbine power fluctuation and elucidate the role of wind gusts on individual blade loading; and 3) The systematic quantification of the interaction between the turbine instantaneous power output and tower foundation strain with the incoming flow turbulence, which is measured from the meteorological tower.

NREL National Wind Technology Center (NWTC): M2 Tower; Boulder, Colorado (Data)

DOE Data Explorer

Jager, D.; Andreas, A.

1996-09-24

The National Wind Technology Center (NWTC), located at the foot of the Rocky Mountains near Boulder, Colorado, is a world-class research facility managed by NREL for the U.S. Department of Energy. NWTC researchers work with members of the wind energy industry to advance wind power technologies that lower the cost of wind energy through research and development of state-of-the-art wind turbine designs. NREL's Measurement and Instrument Data Center provides data from NWTC's M2 tower which are derived from instruments mounted on or near an 82 meter (270 foot) meteorological tower located at the western edge of the NWTC site and about 11 km (7 miles) west of Broomfield, and approximately 8 km (5 miles) south of Boulder, Colorado. The data represent the mean value of readings taken every two seconds and averaged over one minute. The wind speed and direction are measured at six heights on the tower and air temperature is measured at three heights. The dew point temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, totalized liquid precipitation, and global solar radiation are also available.

Heliostat cost reduction study.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jones, Scott A.; Lumia, Ronald.; Davenport, Roger

2007-06-01

Power towers are capable of producing solar-generated electricity and hydrogen on a large scale. Heliostats are the most important cost element of a solar power tower plant. Since they constitute {approx} 50% of the capital cost of the plant it is important to reduce heliostat cost as much as possible to improve the economic performance of power towers. In this study we evaluate current heliostat technology and estimate a price ofmore » $$126/m{sup 2} given year-2006 materials and labor costs for a deployment of {approx}600 MW of power towers per year. This 2006 price yields electricity at $$0.067/kWh and hydrogen at $3.20/kg. We propose research and development that should ultimately lead to a price as low as $$90/m{sup 2}, which equates to $$0.056/kWh and $2.75/kg H{sup 2}. Approximately 30 heliostat and manufacturing experts from the United States, Europe, and Australia contributed to the content of this report during two separate workshops conducted at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility.« less

[Community outbreak of pneumonia due to Legionella pneumophila: importance of monitoring hospital cooling towers].

PubMed

de Olalla, Patricia García; Gracia, José; Rius, Cristina; Caylà, Joan A; Pañella, Helena; Villabí, Joan R; Guix, Joan; Pellicer, Teresa; Ferrer, Dolors; Cusi, Meritxell; Pelaz, Carmen; Sabrià, Miquel

2008-01-01

Description of an outbreak of legionnaires' disease originating in one of the cooling towers of a hospital. This study included patients with confirmed pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 and related to the Vallcarca neighborhood of Barcelona (Spain) in August 2004. Exposure was determined by a standardized questionnaire. An environmental investigation was carried out to identify the source of the outbreak. A descriptive analysis including incidence rates estimation was performed, as well as molecular study to document the genetic identity among human and environmental strains. Thirty-three cases of L. pneumophila pneumonia were detected. Median age was 68 years and 70% of the affected patients were men. Incidence rate among residents in less than 200 meters of the source and older than 65 was 888.9 cases/100,000 inhabitants. Lethality rate was 6%. Four seasonal cooling towers that were not registered with the authorities were identified in a health care center. L. pneumophila was isolated from all four and at least one colony in each tower had the same genetic profile as the strains isolated from patients. An association was demonstrated between a community outbreak of legionellosis and unregistered seasonal cooling towers located in a hospital. All risk facilities should be registered and inspected to ensure that they fulfill current legislation requirements.

24. CLOSEUP OF MOUNT FOR F1 ENGINE ON STATIC TEST ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

24. CLOSE-UP OF MOUNT FOR F-1 ENGINE ON STATIC TEST TOWER WITH STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS TEST STAND IN DISTANCE. - Marshall Space Flight Center, Saturn Propulsion & Structural Test Facility, East Test Area, Huntsville, Madison County, AL

1. OBLIQUE VIEW, NORTH AND EAST SIDES. VIEW SHOWS POSITION ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. OBLIQUE VIEW, NORTH AND EAST SIDES. VIEW SHOWS POSITION OF BUILDING UNDER LEG OF TOWER 33. - Chollas Heights Naval Radio Transmitting Facility, PERS Support Storage Building, 6410 Zero Road, San Diego, San Diego County, CA

VIEW OF PARTIAL FRONT ELEVATION OF MARINE BARRACKS, LOOKING NORTHEAST ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

VIEW OF PARTIAL FRONT ELEVATION OF MARINE BARRACKS, LOOKING NORTHEAST (with scale stick) - Naval Computer & Telecommunications Area Master Station, Eastern Pacific, Radio Transmitter Facility Lualualei, Marine Barracks, Intersection of Tower Drive & Morse Street, Makaha, Honolulu County, HI

VIEW OF PARTIAL FRONT ELEVATION OF MARINE BARRACKS, LOOKING NORTHEAST ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

VIEW OF PARTIAL FRONT ELEVATION OF MARINE BARRACKS, LOOKING NORTHEAST (without scale stick). - Naval Computer & Telecommunications Area Master Station, Eastern Pacific, Radio Transmitter Facility Lualualei, Marine Barracks, Intersection of Tower Drive & Morse Street, Makaha, Honolulu County, HI

Credit WCT. Photographic copy of photograph, view of Test Stand ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit WCT. Photographic copy of photograph, view of Test Stand "D" from the south with tower ejector system in operation during a 1972 engine test. Note steam evolving from Z-stage ejectors atop the interstage condenser in the tower. Note also the "Hyprox" steam generator straddling the Dd ejector train to the right. The new Dy horizontal train has not been erected as of this date. In the distance is Test Stand "E." (JPL negative no. 384-9766-AC, 28 November 1972) - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Test Stand D, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

Evaluation of Side Stream Filtration Technology at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Boyd, Brian K.

2014-08-01

This technology evaluation was performed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory on behalf of the Federal Energy Management Program. The objective was to quantify the benefits side stream filtration provides to a cooling tower system. The evaluation assessed the performance of an existing side stream filtration system at a cooling tower system at Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s Spallation Neutron Source research facility. This location was selected because it offered the opportunity for a side-by-side comparison of a system featuring side stream filtration and an unfiltered system.

SS/RCS surface tension propellant acquisition/expulsion tankage technology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

The analysis, design, fabrication, and testing of a propellant tank that satisfies the requirements of the space shuttle is presented. This mission presents very stringent and sometimes conflicting requirements. A compartmented-tank device was developed and various ground and drop tower test techniques were employed to verify the design using both subscale and full-scale hardware. Performance was established with scale models and further substantiation was obtained with the full-scale tankage. Fabrication, acceptance, fill and drain, inspection, and other ground handling procedures were developed.

NASA Test Conductor Monitoring DIME competition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

A NASA test conductor at the top of the 2.2-second Drop Tower monitors a student lecture at a lower level. This was part of the Microgravity Environment (DIME) competition held April 23-25, 2002, at NASA's Glenn Research Center. Competitors included two teams from Sycamore High School, Cincinnati, OH, and one each from Bay High School, Bay Village, OH, and COSI Academy, Columbus, OH. DIME is part of NASA's education and outreach activities. Details are on line at http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/DIME_2002.html.

U.S. Army Dugway Proving Ground, UT and the West Desert Test Center

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-04-30

Optic Network •32 Channels of Video •7 Communications Consoles with 20 Radio Nets and Phone Patch •Over 40 Communication Drops & Cell Phones •Centralized... Phone Tower Sites Cell Phone Activation May ‘01 Logistical Support Full Serv ice Com mun ity l Ground Transportation and Maintenance – Vehicle Support...Voice, Data & Video Communications in Mission Control Center •Data Speed: 100 MB/sec •Ethernet Connections •Commercial Power to most Sites Cell

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-08-07

A NASA test conductor at the top of the 2.2-second Drop Tower monitors a student lecture at a lower level. This was part of the Microgravity Environment (DIME) competition held April 23-25, 2002, at NASA's Glenn Research Center. Competitors included two teams from Sycamore High School, Cincinnati, OH, and one each from Bay High School, Bay Village, OH, and COSI Academy, Columbus, OH. DIME is part of NASA's education and outreach activities. Details are on line at http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/DIME_2002.html.

86. VIEW OF LIQUID NITROGEN STORAGE FACILITY LOCATED DIRECTLY WEST ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

86. VIEW OF LIQUID NITROGEN STORAGE FACILITY LOCATED DIRECTLY WEST OF THE SLC-3W FUEL APRON. NOTE HEAT EXCHANGER IN BACKGROUND. CAMERA TOWER LOCATED DIRECTLY IN FRONT OF LIQUID NITROGEN STORAGE TANK. NITROGEN AND HELIUM GAS STORAGE TANKS AT SOUTH END OF FUEL APRON IN LOWER RIGHT CORNER. - Vandenberg Air Force Base, Space Launch Complex 3, Launch Pad 3 West, Napa & Alden Roads, Lompoc, Santa Barbara County, CA

Thermal Simulation Facilities Handbook.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-02-01

tower provide incident radiation angles of 900 or less. Since each heliostat Is Individually controlled, the size of a test Item depends on application...designed such that it can be used for many other applications. (See also Section 3.) The solar furnace uses both a flat mirror ( heliostat ) that track...type solar thermal facility. It consists of four main components: (1) heliostat , (2) attenua- tor, (3) concentrator, and (4) test and control chamber

Drop tube technical tasks

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Workman, G. L.

1986-01-01

Criteria, using fundamental thermochemical dynamics, were developed to assist a scientist using the Drop Tube Facility in designing a good experiment. The types of parameters involved in designing the experiments include the type of furnace, the type of atmosphere, and in general which materials are better behaved than others as determined by past experience in the facility. One of the major advantages of the facility lies in its ability to provide large undercoolings in the cooling curve during the drops. A beginning was to consider the effect of oxygen and other gases upon the amount of undercooling observed. The starting point of the thermochemistry was given by Ellingham and later transformed into what is known as the Richardson Chart. The effect of surface oxidations upon the nucleation phenomena can be observed in each specimen.

Taking advantage of modern turbines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thresher, Robert

2018-06-01

Wind facilities have generally deployed turbines of the same power and height in regular uniform arrays. Now, the modern generation of turbines, with customer-selectable tower heights and larger rotors, can significantly increase wind energy's economic potential using less land to generate cheaper electricity.

Photographic copy of architectural drawing, 1921 (original located at University ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of architectural drawing, 1921 (original located at University of Minnesota Facilities Management Office, Minneapolis). BIN TOWER SECTIONS AND PLAN - Mines Experiment Station, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Campus, 56 East River Road, Minneapolis, Hennepin County, MN

Lidar - DTU SpinnerLidar - Reviewed Data

DOE Data Explorer

Herges, Thomas

2017-10-23

Scaled Wind Farm Technology (SWiFT) Facility meteorological tower (MET), turbine, and Technical University of Denmark (DTU) SpinnerLidar data acquired on 20161216 UTC during a neutral atmospheric boundary layer inflow at a single focus distance of 2.5 D (D=27 m).

Observation Denial and Performance of a Local Mesoscale Model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Watson, Leela R.; Bauman, William H., III

2009-01-01

.Forecasters at the 45th Weather Squadron (45 WS) use observations from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) wind tower network and the CCAFS (XMR) daily rawinsonde observations (RAOB) to issue and verify wind advisories and warnings for operations. These observations are also used by the National Weather Service (NWS) Spaceflight Meteorology Group (SMG) in Houston, Texas and the NWS Melbourne, Florida (NWS MLB) to initialize their locally-run mesoscale models. In addition, SMG uses these observations to support shuttle landings at the Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF). Due to impending budget cuts, some or all of the wind towers on the east-central Florida mainland and the XMR RAOBs may be eliminated. The locations of the mainland towers and XMR RAOB site are shown in Figure 1. The loss of these data may impact the forecast capability of the 45 WS, SMG and NWS MLB.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Davlin, Thomas

The overall deliverable from the project is the design, construction and commissioning of a detention facility heating and cooling system that minimizes ownership costs and maximizes efficiency (and therefore minimizes environmental impact). The primary deliverables were the proof of concept for the application of geothermal systems for an institutional facility and the ongoing, quarterly system operating data downloads to the Department of Energy . The primary advantage of geothermal based heat pump systems is the higher efficiency of the system compared to a conventional chiller, boiler, cooling tower based system. The higher efficiency results in a smaller environmental foot printmore » and lower energy costs for the detention facility owner, Lancaster County. The higher efficiency for building cooling is primarily due to a more constant compressor condensing temperature with the geothermal well field acting as a thermal “sink” (in place of the conventional system’s cooling tower). In the heating mode, Ground Couple Heat Pump (GCHP) systems benefits from the advantage of a heat pump Coefficient of Performance (COP) of approximately 3.6, significantly better than a conventional gas boiler. The geothermal well field acting as a thermal “source” allows the heat pumps to operate efficiently in the heating mode regardless of ambient temperatures. The well field is partially located in a wetland with a high water table so, over time, the project will be able to identify the thermal loading characteristics of a well field located in a high water table location. The project demonstrated how a large geothermal well field can be installed in a wetland area in an economical and environmentally sound manner. Finally, the SW 40th Street Thermal Energy Plant project demonstrates the benefits of providing domestic hot water energy, as well as space heating, to help balance well filed thermal loading in a cooling dominated application. During the period of August 2012 thru March 2014, with the detention facility occupied for the final seven months, the well field supply water temperatures to the heat pumps dropped to a minimum of 39°F and reached a maximum temperature of 68 °F while providing 15,819 MMBtu of cooling energy and 27,467 MMBtu of heating energy. During this period the peak recorded system cooling load was 610 tons and the peak heating load was 8.4 MMBtu. The DEC is currently evaluating the most beneficial electric rate for plant operations. Total project cost of $16.9 million was approximately $3.2 million less than the estimate provided in the grant application. The reduction in project costs were primarily due to favorable construction material prices as well as strong competition in the local construction contractor market. The DEC plant reached the substantial completion milestone in December 2011 and began providing thermal service to the detention facility in January 2012 when the building’s HVAC system was ready to accept heating service. The plant reached commercial operating status on August 1, 2012. However, due to construction delays, the detention facility was not occupied until September of 2013. The detention facility construction delays also impacted the installation and commissioning of the project’s dedicated domestic hot water heat pump. Final coordination with the detention facility’s building management system vendor to establish network links for the exchange of date is currently being completed. This will allow the development of control sequences for the optimal operation of the domestic hot water system.« less

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

1995-04-06

An experiment vehicle plunges into the deceleration at the end of a 5.18-second drop in the Zero-Gravity Research Facility at NASA's Glenn Research Center. The Zero-Gravity Research Facility was developed to support microgravity research and development programs that investigate various physical sciences, materials, fluid physics, and combustion and processing systems. Payloads up to one-meter in diameter and 455 kg in weight can be accommodated. The facility has a 145-meter evacuated shaft to ensure a disturbance-free drop. This is No. 3 of a sequence of 4 images. (Credit: NASA/Glenn Research Center)

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

1995-04-06

An experiment vehicle plunges into the deceleration pit at the end of a 5.18-second drop in the Zero-Gravity Research Facility at NASA's Glenn Research Center. The Zero-Gravity Research Facility was developed to support microgravity research and development programs that investigate various physical sciences, materials, fluid physcis, and combustion and processing systems. Payloads up to 1 meter in diameter and 455 kg in weight can be accommodated. The facility has a 145-meter evacuated shaft to ensure a disturbance-free drop. This is No. 2 of a sequence of 4 images. (Credit: NASA/Glenn Research Center)

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

1995-04-06

An experiment vehicle plunges into the deceleration pit at the end of a 5.18-second drop in the Zero-Gravity Research Facility at NASA's Glenn Research Center. The Zero-Gravity Research Facility was developed to support microgravity research and development programs that investigate various physical sciences, materials, fluid physics, and combustion and processing systems. Payloads up to one meter in diameter and 455 kg in weight can be accommodated. The facility has a 145-meter evacuated shaft to ensure a disturbance-free drop. This is No. 4 of a sequence of 4 images. (Credit: NASA/Glenn Research Center)

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

1995-04-06

An experiment vehicle plunges into the deceleration pit at the end of a 5.18-second drop in the Zero-Gravity Research Facility at NASA's Glenn Research Center. The Zero-Gravity Research Facility was developed to support microgravity research and development programs that investigate various physical sciences, materials, fluid physics, and combustion and processing systems. Payloads up to 1 meter in diameter and 455 kg in weight can be accommodated. The facility has a 145-meter evacuated shaft to ensure a disturbance-free drop. This is No.1 of a sequence of 4 images. (Credit: NASA/Glenn Research Center)

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-04-26

The first NASA Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) student competition pilot project came to a conclusion at the Glenn Research Center in April 2001. The competition involved high-school student teams who developed the concept for a microgravity experiment and prepared an experiment proposal. The two student teams - COSI Academy, sponsored by the Columbus Center of Science and Industry, and another team from Cincinnati, Ohio's Sycamore High School, designed a microgravity experiment, fabricated the experimental apparatus, and visited NASA Glenn to operate their experiment in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower. Here Carol Hodanbosi of the National Center for Microgravity Research and Jose Carrion, a lab mechanic with AKAC, prepare a student experiment package (inside the silver-colored frame) inside the orange-colored drag shield that encloses all experiment hardware. This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

Taking advantage of modern turbines

DOE PAGES

Thresher, Robert

2018-05-14

Here, wind facilities have generally deployed turbines of the same power and height in regular uniform arrays. Now, the modern generation of turbines, with customer-selectable tower heights and larger rotors, can significantly increase wind energy's economic potential using less land to generate cheaper electricity.

Taking advantage of modern turbines

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thresher, Robert

Here, wind facilities have generally deployed turbines of the same power and height in regular uniform arrays. Now, the modern generation of turbines, with customer-selectable tower heights and larger rotors, can significantly increase wind energy's economic potential using less land to generate cheaper electricity.

Fuel Cells for Backup Power in Telecommunications Facilities (Fact Sheet)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

2009-04-01

Telecommunications providers rely on backup power to maintain a constant power supply, to prevent power outages, and to ensure the operability of cell towers, equipment, and networks. The backup power supply that best meets these objectives is fuel cell technology.

Mean curvature model for a quasi-static advancing meniscus: a drop tower test

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Yongkang; Tavan, Noel; Weislogel, Mark

A critical geometric wetting condition resulting in a significant shift of a capillary fluid from one region of a container to another was recently demonstrated during experiments performed aboard the International Space Station (the Capillary Flow Experiments, Vane Gap test units, bulk shift phenomena). Such phenomena are of interest for advanced methods of control for large quantities of liquids aboard spacecraft. The dynamics of the flows are well understood, but analytical models remain qualitative without the correct capillary pressure driving force for the shifting bulk fluid—where one large interface (meniscus) advances while another recedes. To determine this pressure an investigation of the mean curvature of the advancing meniscus is presented which is inspired by earlier studies of receding bulk menisci in non-circular cylindrical containers. The approach is permissible only in the quasi-static limit. It will be shown that the mean curvature of the advancing bulk meniscus is related to that of the receding bulk meniscus, both of which are highly sensitive to container geometry and wetting conditions. The two meniscus curvatures are identical for any control parameter at the critical value identified by the Concus-Finn analysis. However, they differ when the control parameter is below its critical value. Experiments along these lines are well suited for drop towers and comparisons with the analytical predictions implementing the mean curvature model are presented. The validation opens a pathway to the analysis of such flows in containers of great geometric complexity.

Research on ignition and flame spread of solid materials in Japan

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ito, Kenichi; Fujita, Osamu

1995-01-01

Fire safety is one of the main concerns for crewed missions such as the space station. Materials used in spacecraft may burn even if metalic. There are severe restrictions on the materials used in spacecraft from the view of fire safety. However, such restrictions or safety standards are usually determined based on experimental results under normal gravity, despite large differences between the phenomena under normal and microgravity. To evaluate the appropriateness of materials for use in space, large amount of microgravity fire-safety combustion data is urgently needed. Solid material combustion under microgravity, such as ignition and flame spread, is a relatively new research field in Japan. As the other reports in this workshop describe, most of microgravity combustion research in Japan is droplet combustion as well as some research on gas phase combustion. Since JAMIC, the Japan Microgravity Center, (which offers 10 seconds microgravity time) opened in 1992, microgravity combustion research is robust, and many drop tests relating to solid combustion (paper combustion, cotton string combustion, metal combustion with Aluminium or Magnesium) have been performed. These tests proved that the 10 seconds of microgravity time at JAMIC is useful for solid combustion research. Some experiments were performed before JAMIC opened. For example, latticed paper was burned under microgravity by using a 50 m drop tower to simulate porous material combustion under microgravity. A 50 m tower provides only 2 seconds microgravity time however, and it was not long enough to investigate the solid combustion phenomena.

Factors affecting the recovery of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 from cooling tower water systems.

PubMed

Lu, H F; Tsou, M F; Huang, S Y; Tsai, W C; Chung, J G; Cheng, K S

2001-09-01

A total of 20 water samples collected from the cooling towers at 20 different sites were analyzed under various conditions for the presence of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. A comparative assessment was performed to evaluate methods of sample collection (spray drops, beneath water at 20- to 40-cm depth, and water outlet), concentration (filtration and centrifugation), acid buffer treatment (no treatment, treatment for 3, 5, and 15 min), and CO2 incubation or candle jar incubation. The reduction in viable colonies and false negative rate were compared for the different factors. No quantitative differences in isolation of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 was found among samples collected from water at a depth of 20 to 40 cm, from water outlet, and from spray drops. Treatment in an acid buffer for 15 min significantly reduced the recovery rate, with a reduction in bacterial counts of about 40%, compared with a 3-min (12%) or a 5-min (25%) treatment. Acid buffer treatment for 3 or 5 min reduced the overgrowth of commensal flora. This treatment improved the selectivity but not the sensitivity for L. pneumophila serogroup 1. Colonies on plates incubated at 37 degrees C in a candle jar with a humidified atmosphere grew better than those incubated at 35 degrees C with 5% CO2. These results demonstrate that methods of sample collection, concentration, and incubation, but not collection site, can affect the isolation rate for L. pneumophila serogroup 1.

Eddy Flux Tower in Ankasa Park : a new facility for the study of the carbon cycle of primary tropical forests in Africa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stefani, P.; Belelli Marchesini, L.; Consalvo, C.; Forgione, A.; Bombelli, A.; Grieco, E.; Mazzenga, F.; Vittorini, E.; Papale, D.; Valentini, R.

2009-04-01

An Eddy Covariance station for the monitoring of CO2 and energy fluxes over a primary tropical forest in Ghana is operative as part of the CarboAfrica eddy covariance network. The facility, located in the Ankasa Conservation area (05° 16' 11.2''N; 02° 41' 41.55'' W), includes a 65 m tall steel tower equipped with a system enabling the measurements of fluxes at the top of the structure, of CO2, air temperature and humidity along a vertical profile and of relevant physical parameters of the forest ecosystem. The Ankasa flux tower is the first in the African continent collecting data on CO2 exchanges over a tropical primary forest, and from its activity a breakthrough in the understanding of the carbon cycling in this kind of environment is expected. Moreover the knowledge gained on the carbon balance of this primary forest can be used as a reference to thoroughly evaluate the impacts of deforestation, beyond the decrease of carbon stocks. The analysis of preliminary data collected in the first week of August 2008 shows a daily uptake of 1.33±0.73 gC m-2 d-1 (mean±s.e.) and highlights the large magnitude of the storage of CO2 within the canopy space causing a discrepancy between the CO2 flux observed at the top of the tower (Fc) and the overall net ecosystem exchange (NEE). During night-time NEE reveals a respiration rate up to 4 times higher than Fc while in the first hours after dawn assimilation of CO2 in the canopy space is sensed at the top level of measurement with about 3 hours of delay. Associated to the tower site, a field campaign to estimate biomass and biodiversity was carried out. Two transects were demarcated for a total surface of 2 ha. Each transect measuring 1000 m x 10 m, they were divided into 10 subplots and intersected each other at the centre and they were perpendicular to one another. The point of intersection is located on the tower where they are located all the instrumentation for monitoring carbon fluxes. All the data is still being processed but the first analysis has already highlighted the high biodiversity that characterizes Ankasa forest.

Opposed-Flow Flame Spread in a Narrow Channel Apparatus over Thin PMMA Sheets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bornand, G. R.; Olson, Sandra L.; Miller, F. J.; Pepper, J. M.; Wichman, I. S.

2013-01-01

Flame spread tests have been conducted over polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) samples in San Diego State University's Narrow Channel Apparatus (SDSU NCA). The Narrow Channel Apparatus (NCA) has the ability to suppress buoyant flow in horizontally spreading flames, and is currently being investigated as a possible replacement or complement to NASA's current material flammability test standard for non-metallic solids, NASA-STD-(I)-6001B Test 1. The buoyant suppression achieved with a NCA allows for tests to be conducted in a simulated microgravity atmosphere-a characteristic that Test 1 lacks since flames present in Test 1 are buoyantly driven. The SDSU NCA allows for flame spread tests to be conducted with varying opposed flow oxidizer velocities, oxygen percent by volume, and total pressure. Also, since the test sample is placed symmetrically between two confining plates so that there is a gap above and below the sample, this gap can be adjusted. This gap height adjustment allows for a compromise between heat loss from the flame to the confining boundaries and buoyancy suppression achieved by those boundaries. This article explores the effect gap height has on the flame spread rate for 75 µm thick PMMA at 1 atm pressure and 21% oxygen concentration by volume in the SDSU NCA. Flame spread results from the SDSU NCA for thin cellulose fuels have previously been compared to results from tests in actual microgravity at various test conditions with the same sample materials and were found to be in good agreement. This article also presents results from the SDSU NCA for PMMA at 1 atm pressure, opposed oxidizer velocity ranging from 3 to 35 cm/s, oxygen concentration by volume at 21%, 30 %, and 50% and fuel thicknesses of 50 and 75 µm. These results are compared to results obtained in actual microgravity for PMMA obtained at the 4.5s drop tower of MGLAB in Gifu, Japan, and the 5.2s drop tower at NASA's Zero-Gravity Research Facility in Cleveland, OH. This comparison confirms that at 1 atm pressure, the SDSU NCA successfully simulates microgravity for not only thin cellulose fuels, but also for thin PMMA sheets as well. This further supports the idea that the NCA is a viable option to complement or replace NASA's Test 1 for material flammability testing. Tests with thick fuels will be conducted in the future to further characterize the SDSU NCA.

The effect of sensor sheltering and averaging techniques on wind measurements at the Shuttle Landing Facility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Merceret, Francis J.

1995-01-01

This document presents results of a field study of the effect of sheltering of wind sensors by nearby foliage on the validity of wind measurements at the Space Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF). Standard measurements are made at one second intervals from 30-feet (9.1-m) towers located 500 feet (152 m) from the SLF centerline. The centerline winds are not exactly the same as those measured by the towers. A companion study, Merceret (1995), quantifies the differences as a function of statistics of the observed winds and distance between the measurements and points of interest. This work examines the effect of nearby foliage on the accuracy of the measurements made by any one sensor, and the effects of averaging on interpretation of the measurements. The field program used logarithmically spaced portable wind towers to measure wind speed and direction over a range of conditions as a function of distance from the obstructing foliage. Appropriate statistics were computed. The results suggest that accurate measurements require foliage be cut back to OFCM standards. Analysis of averaging techniques showed that there is no significant difference between vector and scalar averages. Longer averaging periods reduce measurement error but do not otherwise change the measurement in reasonably steady flow regimes. In rapidly changing conditions, shorter averaging periods may be required to capture trends.

Life cycle assessment of a power tower concentrating solar plant and the impacts of key design alternatives.

PubMed

Whitaker, Michael B; Heath, Garvin A; Burkhardt, John J; Turchi, Craig S

2013-06-04

A hybrid life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to evaluate four sustainability metrics over the life cycle of a power tower concentrating solar power (CSP) facility: greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, water consumption, cumulative energy demand (CED), and energy payback time (EPBT). The reference design is for a dry-cooled, 106 MW(net) power tower facility located near Tucson, AZ that uses a mixture of mined nitrate salts as the heat transfer fluid and storage medium, a two-tank thermal energy storage system designed for six hours of full load-equivalent storage, and receives auxiliary power from the local electric grid. A thermocline-based storage system, synthetically derived salts, and natural gas auxiliary power are evaluated as design alternatives. Over its life cycle, the reference plant is estimated to have GHG emissions of 37 g CO2eq/kWh, consume 1.4 L/kWh of water and 0.49 MJ/kWh of energy, and have an EPBT of 15 months. Using synthetic salts is estimated to increase GHG emissions by 12%, CED by 7%, and water consumption by 4% compared to mined salts. Natural gas auxiliary power results in greater than 10% decreases in GHG emissions, water consumption, and CED. The thermocline design is most advantageous when coupled with the use of synthetic salts.

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) - FEMP Technical Assistance - Federal Aviation Administration - Project 209 - Control Tower and Support Building, Boise, Idaho

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Arends, J.; Sandusky, William F.

2010-06-28

This report documents an energy audit performed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and Redhorse Corporation (Redhorse) conducted on the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) control tower and base building in Boise, Idaho. This report presents findings of the energy audit team that evaluated construction documents and operating specifications (at the 100% level) followed by a site visit of the facility under construction. The focus of the review was to identify measures that could be incorporated into the final design and operating specifications that would result in additional energy savings for FAA that would not have otherwise occurred.

ARM Carbon Cycle Gases Flasks at SGP Site

DOE Data Explorer

Biraud, Sebastien

2013-03-26

Data from flasks are sampled at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program ARM, Southern Great Plains Site and analyzed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA, Earth System Research Laboratory ESRL. The SGP site is included in the NOAA Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network. The surface samples are collected from a 60 m tower at the ARM SGP Central Facility, usually once per week in the afternoon. The aircraft samples are collected approximately weekly from a chartered aircraft, and the collection flight path is centered over the tower where the surface samples are collected. The samples are collected by the ARM and LBNL Carbon Project.

SARDA: An Integrated Concept for Airport Surface Operations Management

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gupta, Gautam; Hoang, Ty; Jung, Yoon Chul

2013-01-01

The Spot and Runway Departure Advisor (SARDA) is an integrated decision support tool for airlines and air traffic control tower enabling surface collaborative decision making (CDM) and departure metering in order to enhance efficiency of surface operations at congested airports. The presentation describes the concept and architecture of the SARDA as a CDM tool, and the results from a human-in-the-loop simulation of the tool conducted in 2012 at the FutureFlight Central, the tower simulation facility. Also, presented is the current activities and future plan for SARDA development. The presentation was given at the meeting with the FAA senior advisor of the Surface Operations Office.

KSC-04PD-0934

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. This aerial photo of the runway at the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility looks north. Longer and wider than most commercial runways, it is 15,000 feet long, with 1,000-foot paved overruns on each end, and 300 feet wide, with 50-foot asphalt shoulders. The runway is used by military and civilian cargo carriers, astronauts T-38 trainers, Shuttle Training Aircraft and helicopters, as well as the Space Shuttle. On the lower right is the parking apron with the orbiter mate/demate tower and the tow-way stretching from the runway to the lower right. Farther north is a grassy area where the new control tower is located.

ETR COMPLEX. CAMERA FACING EAST. FROM LEFT TO RIGHT: ETRCRITICAL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

ETR COMPLEX. CAMERA FACING EAST. FROM LEFT TO RIGHT: ETR-CRITICAL FACILITY BUILDING, ETR CONTROL BUILDING (ATTACHED TO HIGH-BAY ETR), ETR, ONE-STORY SECTION OF ETR BUILDING, ELECTRICAL BUILDING, COOLING TOWER PUMP HOUSE, COOLING TOWER. COMPRESSOR AND HEAT EXCHANGER BUILDING ARE PARTLY IN VIEW ABOVE ETR. DARK-COLORED DUCTS PROCEED FROM GROUND CONNECTION TO ETR WASTE GAS STACK. OTHER STACK IS MTR STACK WITH FAN HOUSE IN FRONT OF IT. RECTANGULAR STRUCTURE NEAR TOP OF VIEW IS SETTLING BASIN. INL NEGATIVE NO. 56-4102. Unknown Photographer, ca. 1956 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Reactor Area, Materials & Engineering Test Reactors, Scoville, Butte County, ID

KSC-04pd0934

NASA Image and Video Library

2004-03-31

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - This aerial photo of the runway at the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility looks north. Longer and wider than most commercial runways, it is 15,000 feet long, with 1,000-foot paved overruns on each end, and 300 feet wide, with 50-foot asphalt shoulders. The runway is used by military and civilian cargo carriers, astronauts’ T-38 trainers, Shuttle Training Aircraft and helicopters, as well as the Space Shuttle. On the lower right is the parking apron with the orbiter mate/demate tower and the tow-way stretching from the runway to the lower right. Farther north is a grassy area where the new control tower is located.

Visibility and Visual Characteristics of the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System Power Tower Facility

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sullivan, Robert; Abplanalp, Jennifer M.

2015-03-01

This report presents the results of a study conducted to document the visibility and visual characteristics of the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System (ISEGS), a utility-scale solar power tower facility located on land administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management in southern California. Study activities consisted of field observations of the ISEGS facility and comparison of the observations made in the field with the visual contrast assessments and visual simulations in the ISEGS Final Environmental Impact Statement (Final EIS) and supporting documents created prior to ISEGS construction. Field observations of ISEGS were made from 19more » locations within 35 mi (56 km) of the facility in the course of one week in September 2014. The study results established that reflected sunlight from the receivers was the primary source of visual contrast from the operating ISEGS facility. The ISEGS facility was found to be a major source of visual contrast for all observations up to 20 mi (32 km), and was easily visible at 35 mi. Glare from individual heliostats was frequently visible, and often brighter than the reflected light from the receivers. Heliostat glare caused discomfort for one or more viewers at distances up to 20 mi. The ISEGS power blocks were brightly lit at night, and were conspicuous at the observation distance of approximately 6 mi (10 km). The facility is substantially brighter and is seen more clearly in the field than in photographs of the facility or in the prepared simulations, which were based on photographs. The simulations of the ISEGS facility in the Final EIS, which were evaluated as part of this study, sometimes lacked spatial accuracy and realism. The evaluated simulations generally under-represented the actual visual contrast from the project, and some of the contrast ratings in the Final EIS predicted substantially lower levels of visual contrast than were actually observed for the operating facility.« less

Wind Turbine - SWiFT southeast - WTGa1 - Reviewed Data

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Herges, Thomas

Scaled Wind Farm Technology (SWiFT) Facility meteorological tower (MET), turbine, and Technical University of Denmark (DTU) SpinnerLidar data acquired on 20161216 UTC during a neutral atmospheric boundary layer inflow at a single focus distance of 2.5 D (D=27 m).

22. Photocopy of engineering drawing. MODIFICATION TO LAUNCH COMPLEX 17 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

22. Photocopy of engineering drawing. MODIFICATION TO LAUNCH COMPLEX 17 MOBILE SERVICE TOWER 'A'-MECHANICAL, PROPULSION DRIVE TRUCKS AND KEY PLAN, MARCH 1967. - Cape Canaveral Air Station, Launch Complex 17, Facility 28416, East end of Lighthouse Road, Cape Canaveral, Brevard County, FL

Surface Meteorological Station - SWiFT southwest - METa1 - Reviewed Data

DOE Data Explorer

Herges, Thomas

2017-10-23

Scaled Wind Farm Technology (SWiFT) Facility meteorological tower (MET), turbine, and Technical University of Denmark (DTU) SpinnerLidar data acquired on 20161216 UTC during a neutral atmospheric boundary layer inflow at a single focus distance of 2.5 D (D=27 m).

Two-stage solar power tower cavity-receiver design and thermal performance analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pang, Liping; Wang, Ting; Li, Ruihua; Yang, Yongping

2017-06-01

New type of two-stage solar power tower cavity-receiver is designed and a calculating procedure of radiation, convection and flow under the Gaussian heat flux is established so as to determine the piping layout and geometries in the receiver I and II and the heat flux distribution in different positions is obtained. Then the main thermal performance on water/steam temperature, steam quality, wall temperature along the typical tubes and pressure drop are specified according to the heat transfer and flow characteristics of two-phase flow. Meanwhile, a series of systematic design process is promoted and analysis on thermal performance of the two receivers is conducted. Results show that this type of two-stage cavity-receivers can minimize the size and reduce the mean temperature of receiver I while raise the average heat flux, thus increase the thermal efficiency of the two receivers; besides, the multiple serpentine tubes from header can make a more uniform distribution of the outlet parameters, preventing wall overheated.

Measured performance of the heat exchanger in the NASA icing research tunnel under severe icing and dry-air conditions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Olsen, W.; Vanfossen, J.; Nussle, R.

1987-01-01

Measurements were made of the pressure drop and thermal perfomance of the unique refrigeration heat exchanger in the NASA Lewis Icing Research Tunnel (IRT) under severe icing and frosting conditions and also with dry air. This data will be useful to those planning to use or extend the capability of the IRT and other icing facilities (e.g., the Altitude Wind Tunnel-AWT). The IRT heat exchanger and refrigeration system is able to cool air passing through the test section down to at least a total temperature of -30 C (well below icing requirements), and usually up to -2 C. The system maintains a uniform temperature across the test section at all airspeeds, which is more difficult and time consuming at low airspeeds, at high temperatures, and on hot, humid days when the cooling towers are less efficient. The very small surfaces of the heat exchanger prevent any icing cloud droplets from passing through it and going through the tests section again. The IRT heat exchanger was originally designed not to be adversely affected by severe icing. During a worst-case icing test the heat exchanger iced up enough so that the temperature uniformaity was no worse than about +/- 1 deg C. The conclusion is that the heat exchanger design performs well.

Development of a Device to Deploy Fluid Droplets in Microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Robinson, David W.; Chai, An-Ti

1997-01-01

A free-floating droplet in microgravity is ideal for scientific observation since it is free of confounding factors such as wetting and nonsymmetrical heat transfer introduced by contact with surfaces. However, the technology to reliably deploy in microgravity has not yet been developed. In some recent fluid deployment experiments, droplets are either shaken off the dispenser or the dispenser is quickly retracted from the droplet. These solutions impart random residual motion to deployed droplet, which can be undesirable for certain investigations. In the present study, two new types of droplet injectors were built and tested. Testing of the droplet injectors consisted of neutral buoyancy tank tests, 5-sec drop tower tests at the NASA Lewis Zero Gravity Facility, and DC-9 tests. One type, the concentric injector, worked well in the neutral buoyancy tank but did not do well in low-gravity. However, it appeared that it makes a fine apparatus for constructing bubbles in low-gravity conditions. The other type, the T-injector, showed the most promise for future development. In both neutral buoyancy and DC-9 tests, water droplets were formed and deployed with some control and repeatability, although in low-gravity the residual velocities were higher than desirable. Based on our observations, further refinements are suggested for future development work.

Quantitative measurement of oxygen in microgravity combustion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Silver, Joel A.

1995-01-01

This research combines two innovations in an experimental system which should result in a new capability for quantitative, nonintrusive measurement of major combustion species. Using a newly available vertical cavity surface-emitting diode laser (VCSEL) and an improved spatial scanning method, we plan to measure the temporal and spatial profiles of the concentrations and temperatures of molecular oxygen in a candle flame and in a solid fuel (cellulose sheet) system. The required sensitivity for detecting oxygen is achieved by the use of high frequency wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS). Measurements will be performed in the NASA Lewis 2.2-second Drop Tower Facility. The objective of this research is twofold. First, we want to develop a better understanding of the relative roles of diffusion and reaction of oxygen in microgravity combustion. As the primary oxidizer species, oxygen plays a major role in controlling the observed properties of flames, including flame front speed (in solid or liquid flames), extinguishment characteristics, flame size, and flame temperature. The second objective is to develop better diagnostics based on diode laser absorption which can be of real value in microgravity combustion research. We will also demonstrate diode lasers' potential usefulness for compact, intrinsically-safe monitoring sensors aboard spacecraft. Such sensors could be used to monitor any of the major cabin gases as well as important pollutants.

PIV Measurements in Weakly Buoyant Gas Jet Flames

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sunderland, Peter B.; Greenbberg, Paul S.; Urban, David L.; Wernet, Mark P.; Yanis, William

2001-01-01

Despite numerous experimental investigations, the characterization of microgravity laminar jet diffusion flames remains incomplete. Measurements to date have included shapes, temperatures, soot properties, radiative emissions and compositions, but full-field quantitative measurements of velocity are lacking. Since the differences between normal-gravity and microgravity diffusion flames are fundamentally influenced by changes in velocities, it is imperative that the associated velocity fields be measured in microgravity flames. Velocity measurements in nonbuoyant flames will be helpful both in validating numerical models and in interpreting past microgravity combustion experiments. Pointwise velocity techniques are inadequate for full-field velocity measurements in microgravity facilities. In contrast, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) can capture the entire flow field in less than 1% of the time required with Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV). Although PIV is a mature diagnostic for normal-gravity flames , restrictions on size, power and data storage complicate these measurements in microgravity. Results from the application of PIV to gas jet flames in normal gravity are presented here. Ethane flames burning at 13, 25 and 50 kPa are considered. These results are presented in more detail in Wernet et al. (2000). The PIV system developed for these measurements recently has been adapted for on-rig use in the NASA Glenn 2.2-second drop tower.

Saturn Apollo Program

NASA Image and Video Library

1963-05-10

The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) played a crucial role in the development of the huge Saturn rockets that delivered humans to the moon in the 1960s. Many unique facilities existed at MSFC for the development and testing of the Saturn rockets. Affectionately nicknamed “The Arm Farm”, the Random Motion/ Lift-Off Simulator was one of those unique facilities. This facility was developed to test the swingarm mechanisms that were used to hold the rocket in position until lift-off. The Arm Farm provided the capability of testing the detachment and reconnection of various arms under brutally realistic conditions. The 18-acre facility consisted of more than a half dozen arm test positions and one position for testing access arms used by the Apollo astronauts. Each test position had two elements: a vehicle simulator for duplicating motions during countdown and launch; and a section duplicating the launch tower. The vehicle simulator duplicated the portion of the vehicle skin that contained the umbilical connections and personnel access hatches. Driven by a hydraulic servo system, the vehicle simulator produced relative motion between the vehicle and tower. On the Arm Farm, extreme environmental conditions (such as a launch scrub during an approaching Florida thunderstorm) could be simulated. The dramatic scenes that the Marshall engineers and technicians created at the Arm Farm permitted the gathering of crucial technical and engineering data to ensure a successful real time launch from the Kennedy Space Center.

Saturn Apollo Program

NASA Image and Video Library

1967-07-28

The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) played a crucial role in the development of the huge Saturn rockets that delivered humans to the moon in the 1960s. Many unique facilities existed at MSFC for the development and testing of the Saturn rockets. Affectionately nicknamed “The Arm Farm”, the Random Motion/ Lift-Off Simulator was one of those unique facilities. This facility was developed to test the swingarm mechanisms that were used to hold the rocket in position until lift-off. The Arm Farm provided the capability of testing the detachment and reconnection of various arms under brutally realistic conditions. The 18-acre facility consisted of more than a half dozen arm test positions and one position for testing access arms used by the Apollo astronauts. Each test position had two elements: a vehicle simulator for duplicating motions during countdown and launch; and a section duplicating the launch tower. The vehicle simulator duplicated the portion of the vehicle skin that contained the umbilical connections and personnel access hatches. Driven by a hydraulic servo system, the vehicle simulator produced relative motion between the vehicle and tower. On the Arm Farm, extreme environmental conditions (such as a launch scrub during an approaching Florida thunderstorm) could be simulated. The dramatic scenes that the Marshall engineers and technicians created at the Arm Farm permitted the gathering of crucial technical and engineering data to ensure a successful real time launch from the Kennedy Space Center.

Analysis and test for space shuttle propellant dynamics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Berry, R. L.; Demchak, L. J.; Tegart, J. R.

1983-01-01

This report presents the results of a study to develop an analytical model capable of predicting the dynamic interaction forces on the Shuttle External Tank, due to large amplitude propellant slosh during RTLS separation. The report details low-g drop tower and KC-135 test programs that were conducted to investigate propellant reorientation during RTLS. In addition, the development of a nonlinear finite element slosh model (LAMPS2, two dimensional, and one LAMPS3, three dimensional) is presented. Correlation between the model and test data is presented as a verification of the modeling approach.

A Dust Aggregation and Concentration System (DACS) for the Microgravity Space Environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Giovane, F. J.; Blum, J.

1999-01-01

The Dust Aggregation and Concentration System, DACS, Project is an international effort intended to complete the preliminary definition of a system for suspending and concentrating dust particles in a microgravity environment for extended periods of time. The DACS design concept is based on extensive ground, drop tower, and parabolic flight tests. During the present proposed work, the DACS design will be completed, and a Science Requirements Document generated. At the end of the proposed 2 year project, DACS will be positioned to enter the advanced definition phase.

Transducer Workshop (17th) Held in San Diego, California on June 22-24, 1993

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-06-01

weight in a drop tower, such as the primer tester shown in figure 1. The calibration procedure must be repeated for each lot of copper inserts, and small...force vs. time curve (i.e impulse = area unxer the curve). The FPyF can be used in the primer tester (shown in figure 1) as well as in a weapon...microphones. Plstonphone Output 124 dB, 250 Hz DEAD WEIGHT TESTIER USED AS A PRESSURE RELEASE CALIBRATOR The dead weight tester is designed and most

3. VIEW LOOKING NORTH FROM LEFT TO RIGHT BAYS 5 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. VIEW LOOKING NORTH FROM LEFT TO RIGHT BAYS 5 & 6 OF O-RING FACILITY, POWER PLANT. TEST STAND SUPPORT BUILDING, (REMAINING WALLS) DYNAMIC TEST TOWERS IN BACKGROUND (BOTH VERSIONS). - Marshall Space Flight Center, East Test Area, Power Plant Test Stand, Huntsville, Madison County, AL

31. VIEW LOOKING EAST DOWN THE FLAME TRENCH OF THE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

31. VIEW LOOKING EAST DOWN THE FLAME TRENCH OF THE STATIC TEST TOWER AS A JUPITER ROCKET IS BEING HOISTED INTO POSITION. DATE AND PHOTOGRAPHER UNKNOWN, MSFC PHOTO LAB. - Marshall Space Flight Center, Saturn Propulsion & Structural Test Facility, East Test Area, Huntsville, Madison County, AL

Investigation into the installation of wireless facilities in highway right-of-way in Louisiana : technical assistance report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-07-01

This report documents an investigation into practice in other states regarding the location of telecommunication towers and fiber-optic cable in highway right-of-way. The study was commissioned by the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Develo...

10. SITE BUILDING 002 SCANNER BUILDING LOOKING AT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

10. SITE BUILDING 002 - SCANNER BUILDING - LOOKING AT SOUTHWEST CORNER "B" FACE AND "C" FACE ON WEST AND EVAPORATIVE COOLING TOWER AT NORTH. VIEW IS LOOKING NORTH 45° EAST. - Cape Cod Air Station, Technical Facility-Scanner Building & Power Plant, Massachusetts Military Reservation, Sandwich, Barnstable County, MA

Quantitative Species Measurements in Microgravity Combustion Flames using Near-Infrared Diode Lasers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Silver, Joel A.

1999-01-01

Understanding the physical phenomena controlling the ignition and spread of flames in microgravity has importance for space safety as well as for characterizing dynamical and chemical combustion processes which are normally masked by buoyancy and other gravity-related effects. Unfortunately, combustion is highly complicated by fluid mechanical and chemical kinetic processes, requiring the use of numerical modeling to compare with carefully designed experiments. More sophisticated diagnostic methods are needed to provide the kind of quantitative data necessary to characterize the properties of microgravity combustion as well as provide accurate feedback to improve the predictive capabilities of the models. Diode lasers are a natural choice for use under the severe conditions of low gravity experiments. Reliable, simple solid state operation at low power satisfies the operational restrictions imposed by drop towers, aircraft and space-based studies. Modulation wavelength absorption spectroscopy (WMS) provides a means to make highly sensitive and quantitative measurements of local gas concentration and, in certain cases, temperature. With near-infrared diode lasers, detection of virtually all major combustion species with extremely rapid response time is possible in an inexpensive package. Advancements in near-infrared diode laser fabrication technology and concurrent development of optical fibers for these lasers led to their use in drop towers. Since near-infrared absorption line strengths for overtone and combination vibrational transitions are weaker than the mid-infrared fundamental bands, WMS techniques are applied to increase detection sensitivity and allow measurement of the major combustion gases. In the first microgravity species measurement, Silver et al. mounted a fiber-coupled laser at the top of the NASA 2.2-sec drop tower and piped the light through a single-mode fiber to the drop rig. A fiber splitter divided the light into eight channels that directed the laser beam across a methane or propane diffusion jet flame. The light beams were recaptured by a set of gradient index lenses, coupled back into separate fiber optic lines, and transmitted back to detectors and electronics in the instrument package. In these experiments a 6-mm od fiber cable (containing the nine optical fibers) fell with the drop rig. Using separate detection and demodulation channels, spatial and temporal (up to 20 Hz) maps of water vapor and methane concentrations were obtained at differing heights in the flames. While this apparatus was useful from a demonstration standpoint, several drawbacks needed attention before useful scientific measurements could be obtained. First, eight lines of sight are somewhat insufficient for detailing the spatial profiles of the gas. Second, multiple detection channels operating in parallel are both expensive and present a challenge for accurate calibration. As a result, a newer scanning system was developed in our first contract under this program. The primary characteristic of this system is that it contains a single detection channel and achieves "continuous" spatial resolution by scanning the laser beam across the flame region, then directing this beam onto a single detector. Thus spatial measurements are converted to a temporal series of data. The true spatial resolution is limited only by the beam diameter and width of the sweep. In these experiments the beam is focused to about 1-mm diameter and scans across a region up to 4-cm wide.

Free Fall Plasma-Arc Reactor for Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes in Microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alford, J. M.; Mason, G. R.; Feinkema, D. A.

2006-01-01

High temperatures inside the plasma of a carbon arc generate strong buoyancy driven convection which has an effect on the growth and morphology of the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). To study the effect of buoyancy on the arc process, a miniature carbon arc apparatus was designed and developed to synthesize SWNTs in a microgravity environment substantially free from buoyant convective flows. An arc reactor was operated in the 2.2- and 5.18-second drop towers at the NASA Glenn Research Center. The apparatus employed a 4 mm diameter anode and was powered by a portable battery pack capable of providing in excess of 300 amps at 30 volts to the arc for the duration of a 5-second drop. However, the principal result is that no dramatic difference in sample yield or composition was noted between normal gravity, 2.2-and 5-second long microgravity runs.

Comparative Soot Diagnostics: Preliminary Results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Urban, David L.; Griffin, DeVon W.; Gard, Melissa Y.

1997-01-01

The motivation for the Comparative Soot Diagnostics (CSD) experiment lies in the broad practical importance of understanding combustion generated particulate. Depending upon the circumstances, particulate matter can affect the durability and performance of combustion equipment, can be a pollutant, can be used to detect fires and, in the form of soot, can be the dominant source of radiant energy from flames. The nonbuoyant structure of most flames of practical interest makes understanding of soot processes in low gravity flames important to our ability to predict fire behavior on earth. These studies also have direct applications to fire safety in human-crew spacecraft, since smoke is the indicator used for automated detection in current spacecraft. In the earliest missions (Mercury, Gemini and Apollo), the crew quarters were so cramped that it was considered reasonable that the astronauts would rapidly detect any fire. The Skylab module, however, included approximately 20 UV-sensing fire detectors. The Space Shuttle has 9 particle-ionization smoke detectors in the mid-deck and flight deck and Spacelab has six additional particle-ionization smoke detectors. The designated detectors for the ISS are laser-diode, forward-scattering, smoke or particulate detectors. Current plans for the ISS call for two detectors in the open area of the module, and detectors in racks that have both cooling air flow and electrical power. Due to the complete absence of data concerning the nature of particulate and radiant emission from incipient and fully developed low-g fires, all three of these detector systems were designed based upon l-g test data and experience. As planned mission durations and complexity increase and the volume of spacecraft increases, the need for and importance of effective, crew-independent, fire detection grows significantly. To provide this level of protection, more knowledge is needed concerning low-gravity fire phenomena and, in particular, how they might be detected and suppressed. Prior to CSD, no combustion-generated particulate samples had been collected near the flame zone for well-developed microgravity flames. All of the extant data either came from drop tower tests and therefore only corresponded to the early stages of a fire or were collected far from the flame zone. The fuel sources in the drop tower tests were restricted to laminar gas-jet diffusion flames and very rapidly overheated wire insulation. The gas-jet tests indicated, through thermophoretic sampling, (2) that soot primaries and aggregates (groups of primary particles) in low-gravity may be significantly larger than those in normal gravity (1-g). This raises new scientific questions about soot processes as well as practical issues for particulate size sensitivity and detection alarm threshold levels used in on-orbit smoke detectors. Preliminary tests in the 2.2 second drop tower suggest that particulate generated by overheated wire insulation may be larger in low-g than in 1-g. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) grids downstream of the fire region in the Wire Insulation Flammability experiment as well as visual observation of long string-like aggregates, further confirm this suggestion. The combined impact of these limited results and theoretical predictions is that, as opposed to extrapolation from l-g data, direct knowledge of low-g combustion particulate is needed for more confident design of smoke detectors for spacecraft. This paper describes the operation and preliminary results of the CSD, a project conceived and developed at NASA Lewis Research Center. The CSD flight experiment was conducted in the Middeck Glovebox Facility (MGBX) on USMP-3. The project is support by NASA Headquarters Microgravity Science and Applications Division and Code Q. The results presented here are from the microgravity portion of the experiment, including the temporal response of the detectors and average sizes of the primary and aggregate particles captured on the thermophoretic probes.

TRACT 2 Frame Drop Test AT NASA Langley Research Center's Landin

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-05-09

(Tract)2 Transport Rotorcraft Airframe Crash Testbed; Full Frame Drop Test: rotary wing crash worthiness, impact research at NASA Langley Research Center's Landing and Impact Research (LandIR) Facility Building 1297

The NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center drop tube user's manual

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rathz, Thomas J.; Robinson, Michael B.

1990-01-01

A comprehensive description of the structural and instrumentation hardware and the experimental capabilities of the 105-meter Marshall Space Flight Center Drop Tube Facility is given. This document is to serve as a guide to the investigator who wishes to perform materials processing experiments in the Drop Tube. Particular attention is given to the Tube's hardware to which an investigator must interface to perform experiments. This hardware consists of the permanent structural hardware (with such items as vacuum flanges), and the experimental hardware (with the furnaces and the sample insertion devices). Two furnaces, an electron-beam and an electromagnetic levitator, are currently used to melt metallic samples in a process environment that can range from 10(exp -6) Torr to 1 atmosphere. Details of these furnaces, the processing environment gases/vacuum, the electrical power, and data acquisition capabilities are specified to allow an investigator to design his/her experiment to maximize successful results and to reduce experimental setup time on the Tube. Various devices used to catch samples while inflicting minimum damage and to enhance turnaround time between experiments are described. Enough information is provided to allow an investigator who wishes to build his/her own furnace or sample catch devices to easily interface it to the Tube. The experimental instrumentation and data acquisition systems used to perform pre-drop and in-flight measurements of the melting and solidification process are also detailed. Typical experimental results are presented as an indicator of the type of data that is provided by the Drop Tube Facility. A summary bibliography of past Drop Tube experiments is provided, and an appendix explaining the noncontact temperature determination of free-falling drops is provided. This document is to be revised occasionally as improvements to the Facility are made and as the summary bibliography grows.

Use of Virtual Mission Operations Center Technology to Achieve JPDO's Virtual Tower Vision

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ivancic, William D.; Paulsen, Phillip E.

2006-01-01

The Joint Program Development Office has proposed that the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NGATS) consolidate control centers. NGATS would be managed from a few strategically located facilities with virtual towers and TRACONS. This consolidation is about combining the delivery locations for these services not about decreasing service. By consolidating these locations, cost savings in the order of $500 million have been projected. Evolving to spaced-based communication, navigation, and surveillance offers the opportunity to reduce or eliminate much of the ground-based infrastructure cost. Dynamically adjusted airspace offers the opportunity to reduce the number of sectors and boundary inconsistencies; eliminate or reduce "handoffs;" and eliminate the distinction between Towers, TRACONS, and Enroute Centers. To realize a consolidation vision for air traffic management there must be investment in networking. One technology that holds great potential is the use of Virtual Mission Operations Centers to provide secure, automated, intelligent management of the NGATS. This paper provides a conceptual framework for incorporating VMOC into the NGATS.

26. Photocopy of engineering drawing. NEW WHITE ROOM AND MULTISOLIDS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

26. Photocopy of engineering drawing. NEW WHITE ROOM AND MULTISOLIDS MODS FOR STRETCHED TANK DELTA LAUNCH COMPLEX 17-A, MOBILE SERVICE TOWER: SOUTH AND EAST ELEVATIONS-MODIFICATIONS, ARCHITECTURAL, APRIL 1972. - Cape Canaveral Air Station, Launch Complex 17, Facility 28416, East end of Lighthouse Road, Cape Canaveral, Brevard County, FL

27. Photocopy of engineering drawing. NEW WHITE ROOM AND MULTISOLIDS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

27. Photocopy of engineering drawing. NEW WHITE ROOM AND MULTISOLIDS MODS FOR STRETCHED TANK DELTA LAUNCH COMPLEX 17-A, MOBILE SERVICE TOWER: NORTH AND WEST ELEVATIONS-MODIFICATIONS, ARCHITECTURAL, APRIL 1972. - Cape Canaveral Air Station, Launch Complex 17, Facility 28416, East end of Lighthouse Road, Cape Canaveral, Brevard County, FL

26 CFR 1.48-1 - Definition of section 38 property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., or slate; the construction of roads, bridges, or housing; the processing of meat, fish or other... commodity in a large mass prior to its consumption or utilization. Thus, if a facility is used to store... storage tanks, grain storage bins, silos, fractionating towers, blast furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces...

26 CFR 1.48-1 - Definition of section 38 property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., or slate; the construction of roads, bridges, or housing; the processing of meat, fish or other... commodity in a large mass prior to its consumption or utilization. Thus, if a facility is used to store... storage tanks, grain storage bins, silos, fractionating towers, blast furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces...

26 CFR 1.48-1 - Definition of section 38 property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., or slate; the construction of roads, bridges, or housing; the processing of meat, fish or other... commodity in a large mass prior to its consumption or utilization. Thus, if a facility is used to store... storage tanks, grain storage bins, silos, fractionating towers, blast furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces...

26 CFR 1.48-1 - Definition of section 38 property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., or slate; the construction of roads, bridges, or housing; the processing of meat, fish or other... commodity in a large mass prior to its consumption or utilization. Thus, if a facility is used to store... storage tanks, grain storage bins, silos, fractionating towers, blast furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces...

26 CFR 1.48-1 - Definition of section 38 property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., or slate; the construction of roads, bridges, or housing; the processing of meat, fish or other... commodity in a large mass prior to its consumption or utilization. Thus, if a facility is used to store... storage tanks, grain storage bins, silos, fractionating towers, blast furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces...

76 FR 58079 - Notice of Passenger Facility Charge (PFC) Approvals and Disapprovals

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-19

...--construction. Rehabilitate taxiways B, A, and B-1--design. Pavement condition update. Acquire aircraft rescue..., phase II. Construct taxiway to runway 10/28. Design/construct air cargo/general aviation apron. Design... center controls for new control tower. Design and construct new south general aviation apron. Remove...

Designing Effective Multimedia Kiosks.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Liu, Min; Wheat, John

Interactive kiosks are becoming very popular in industries, educational institutions and public facilities. This paper discusses the design and development of a multimedia kiosk (Project iTOWER) by the University of Texas at Austin using the state-of-the-art technology and reports the results of the use of this system by students. The kiosk…

Saturn Apollo Program

NASA Image and Video Library

1960-01-01

A NASA technician is dwarfed by the gigantic Third Stage (S-IVB) as it rests on supports in a facility at KSC. The towering 363-foot Saturn V was a multi-stage, multi-engine launch vehicle standing taller than the Statue of Liberty. Altogether, the Saturn V engines produced as much power as 85 Hoover Dams.

Suppression of Low Strain Rate Nonpremixed Flames by an Agent

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Olson, Sandra L. (Technical Monitor); Hamins, A.; Bundy, M.; Oh, C. B.; Park, J.; Puri, I. K.

2004-01-01

The extinction and structure of non-premixed methane/air flames were investigated in normal gravity and microgravity through the comparison of experiments and calculations using a counterflow configuration. From a fire safety perspective, low strain rate conditions are important for several reasons. In normal gravity, many fires start from small ignition sources where the convective flow and strain rates are weak. Fires in microgravity conditions, such as a manned spacecraft, may also occur in near quiescent conditions where strain rates are very low. When designing a fire suppression system, worst-case conditions should be considered. Most diffusion flames become more robust as the strain rate is decreased. The goal of this project is to investigate the extinction limits of non-premixed flames using various agents and to compare reduced gravity and normal gravity conditions. Experiments at the NASA Glenn Research Center's 2.2-second drop tower were conducted to attain extinction and temperature measurements in low-strain non-premixed flames. Extinction measurements using nitrogen added to the fuel stream were performed for global strain rates from 7/s to 50/s. The results confirmed the "turning point" behavior observed previously by Maruta et al. in a 10 s drop tower. The maximum nitrogen volume fraction in the fuel stream needed to assure extinction for all strain rates was measured to be 0.855+/-0.016, associated with the turning point determined to occur at a strain rate of 15/s. The critical nitrogen volume fraction in the fuel stream needed for extinction of 0-g flames was measured to be higher than that of 1-g flames.

Impact of Local Sensors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Watson, Leela R.; Bauman, William H., III

2008-01-01

Forecasters at the 45th Weather Squadron (45 WS) use observations from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) wind tower network and the CCAFS (XMR) daily rawinsonde observations (RAOB) to issue and verify wind advisories and warnings for operations. These observations are also used by the National Weather Service (NWS) Spaceflight Meteorology Group (SMG) in Houston, Texas and the NWS Melbourne, Florida (NWS MLB) to initialize their locally-run mesoscale models. In addition, SMG uses these observations to support shuttle landings at the Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF). Due to impending budget cuts, some or all of the KSC/CCAFS wind towers on the east-central Florida mainland and the XMR RAOBs may be eliminated. The locations of the mainland towers and XMR RAOB site are shown in Figure I. The loss of these data may impact the forecast capability of the 45 WS, SMG and NWS MLB. The AMU was tasked to conduct an objective independent modeling study to help determine how important these observations are to the accuracy of the model output used by the forecasters. To accomplish this, the Applied Meteorology Unit (AMU) performed a sensitivity study using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model initialized with and without KSC/CCAFS wind tower and XMR RAOB data.

Analysis of airborne Doppler lidar, Doppler radar and tall tower measurements of atmospheric flows in quiescent and stormy weather

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bluestein, H. B.; Doviak, R. J.; Eilts, M. D.; Mccaul, E. W.; Rabin, R.; Sundara-Rajan, A.; Zrnic, D. S.

1986-01-01

The first experiment to combine airborne Doppler Lidar and ground-based dual Doppler Radar measurements of wind to detail the lower tropospheric flows in quiescent and stormy weather was conducted in central Oklahoma during four days in June-July 1981. Data from these unique remote sensing instruments, coupled with data from conventional in-situ facilities, i.e., 500-m meteorological tower, rawinsonde, and surface based sensors, were analyzed to enhance understanding of wind, waves and turbulence. The purposes of the study were to: (1) compare winds mapped by ground-based dual Doppler radars, airborne Doppler lidar, and anemometers on a tower; (2) compare measured atmospheric boundary layer flow with flows predicted by theoretical models; (3) investigate the kinematic structure of air mass boundaries that precede the development of severe storms; and (4) study the kinematic structure of thunderstorm phenomena (downdrafts, gust fronts, etc.) that produce wind shear and turbulence hazardous to aircraft operations. The report consists of three parts: Part 1, Intercomparison of Wind Data from Airborne Lidar, Ground-Based Radars and Instrumented 444 m Tower; Part 2, The Structure of the Convective Atmospheric Boundary Layer as Revealed by Lidar and Doppler Radars; and Part 3, Doppler Lidar Observations in Thunderstorm Environments.

Shapes of Nonbuoyant Round Luminous Hydrocarbon/Air Laminar Jet Diffusion Flames

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, K.-C.; Faeth, G. M.; Sunderland, P. B.; Urban, D. L.; Yuan, Z.-G.

1999-01-01

The shapes (luminous flame boundaries) of round luminous nonbuoyant soot-containing hydrocarbon/air laminar jet diffusion flames at microgravity were found from color video images obtained on orbit in the Space Shuttle Columbia. Test conditions included ethylene- and propane-fueled flames burning in still air at an ambient temperature of 300 K, ambient pressures of 35-130 kPa, initial jet diameters of 1.6 and 2.7 mm, and jet exit Reynolds numbers of 45-170. Present test times were 100-200 s and yielded steady axisymmetric flames that were close to the laminar smoke point (including flames both emitting and not emitting soot) with luminous flame lengths of 15-63 mm. The present soot-containing flames had larger luminous flame lengths than earlier ground-based observations having similar burner configurations: 40% larger than the luminous flame lengths of soot-containing low gravity flames observed using an aircraft (KC-135) facility due to reduced effects of accelerative disturbances and unsteadiness; roughly twice as large as the luminous flame lengths of soot-containing normal gravity flames due to the absence of effects of buoyant mixing and roughly twice as large as the luminous flame lengths of soot-free low gravity flames observed using drop tower facilities due to the presence of soot luminosity and possible reduced effects of unsteadiness. Simplified expressions to estimate the luminous flame boundaries of round nonbuoyant laminar jet diffusion flames were obtained from the classical analysis of Spalding (1979); this approach provided Successful Correlations of flame shapes for both soot-free and soot-containing flames, except when the soot-containing flames were in the opened-tip configuration that is reached at fuel flow rates near and greater than the laminar smoke point fuel flow rate.

Shapes of Nonbuoyant Round Luminous Hydrocarbon/Air Laminar Jet Diffusion Flames. Appendix H

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, K.-C.; Faeth, G. M.; Sunderland, P. B.; Urban, D. L.; Yuan, Z.-G.; Ross, Howard B. (Technical Monitor)

2000-01-01

The shapes (luminous flame boundaries) of round luminous nonbuoyant soot-containing hydrocarbon/air laminar jet diffusion flames at microgravity were found from color video images obtained on orbit in the Space Shuttle Columbia. Test conditions included ethylene- and propane-fueled flames burning in still air at an ambient temperature of 300 K ambient pressures of 35-130 kPa, initial jet diameters of 1.6 and 2.7 mm, and jet exit Reynolds numbers of 45-170. Present test times were 100-200 s and yielded steady axisymmetric flames that were close to the laminar smoke point (including flames both emitting and not emitting soot) with luminous flame lengths of 15-63 mm. The present soot-containing flames had larger luminous flame lengths than earlier ground-based observations having similar burner configurations: 40% larger than the luminous flame lengths of soot-containing low gravity flames observed using an aircraft (KC-135) facility due to reduced effects of accelerative disturbances and unsteadiness; roughly twice as large as the luminous flame lengths of soot-containing normal gravity flames due to the absence of effects of buoyant mixing and roughly twice as large as the luminous flame lengths of soot-free low gravity flames observed using drop tower facilities due to the presence of soot luminosity and possible reduced effects of unsteadiness, Simplified expressions to estimate the luminous flame boundaries of round nonbuoyant laminar jet diffusion flames were obtained from the classical analysis of Spalding; this approach provided successful correlations of flame shapes for both soot-free and soot-containing flames, except when the soot-containing flames were in the opened-tip configuration that is reached at fuel flow rates near and greater than the laminar smoke point fuel flow rate.

Top-down Estimate of Methane Emissions from Natural Gas Production in Northeastern Pennsylvania Using Aircraft and Tower Observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barkley, Z.; Lauvaux, T.; Davis, K. J.; Deng, A.; Miles, N. L.; Richardson, S.; Martins, D. K.; Cao, Y.; Sweeney, C.; McKain, K.; Schwietzke, S.; Smith, M. L.; Kort, E. A.

2016-12-01

Leaks in natural gas infrastructure release CH4, a potent greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. The estimated emission rate associated with the production and transportation of natural gas is uncertain, hindering our understanding of the energy's greenhouse footprint. This study presents two applications of inverse methodology for estimating regional emission rates from natural gas production and gathering facilities in northeastern Pennsylvania. First, we used the WRF-Chem mesoscale model at 3km resolution to simulate CH4 enhancements and compared them to observations obtained from a three-week flight campaign in May 2015 over the Marcellus shale region. Methane emission rates were adjusted to minimize the errors between aircraft observations and the model-simulated concentrations for each flight. Second, we present the first tower-based high resolution atmospheric inversion of CH4 emission rates from unconventional natural gas production activities. A year of continuous CH4 and calibrated δ13C isotope measurements were collected at four tower locations in northeastern Pennsylvania. The adjoint model used here combines a backward-in-time Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model coupled with the WRF-Chem model at the same resolution. The prior for both optimization systems was compiled for major sources of CH4 within the Mid-Atlantic states, accounting for emissions from natural gas sources as well as emissions related to farming, waste management, coal, and other sources. Optimized natural gas emission rates are found to be 0.36% of total gas production, with a 2σ confidence interval between 0.27-0.45% of production. We present the results from the tower inversion over one year at 3km resolution providing additional information on spatial and temporal variability of emission rates from production and gathering facilities within the natural gas industry in comparison to flux estimates from the aircraft campaign.

The U.S. Department of Energy's Reference Facility for Offshore Renewable Energy (RFORE): A New Platform for Research and Development (Invited)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shaw, W. J.

2013-12-01

Offshore renewable energy represents a significant but essentially untapped electricity resource for the U.S. Offshore wind energy is attractive for a number of reasons, including the feasibility of using much larger and more efficient wind turbines than is possible on land. In many offshore regions near large population centers, the diurnal maximum in wind energy production is also closely matched to the diurnal maximum in electricity demand, easing the balancing of generation and load. Currently, however, the cost of offshore wind energy is not competitive with other energy sources, including terrestrial wind. Two significant contributing reasons for this are the cost of offshore wind resource assessment and fundamental gaps in knowledge of the behavior of winds and turbulence in the layer of the atmosphere spanned by the sweep of the turbine rotor. Resource assessment, a necessary step in securing financing for a wind project, is conventionally carried out on land using meteorological towers erected for a year or more. Comparable towers offshore are an order of magnitude more expensive to install. New technologies that promise to reduce these costs, such as Doppler lidars mounted on buoys, are being developed, but these need to be validated in the environment in which they will be used. There is currently no facility in the U.S. that can carry out such validations offshore. Research needs include evaluation and improvement of hub-height wind forecasts from regional forecast models in the marine boundary layer, understanding of turbulence characteristics that affect turbine loads and wind plant efficiency, and development of accurate representations of sea surface roughness and atmospheric thermodynamic stability on hub height winds. In response to these needs for validation and research, the U.S. Department of Energy is developing the Reference Facility for Offshore Renewable Energy (RFORE). The RFORE will feature a meteorological tower with wind, temperature, humidity, and turbulence sensors at nominally eight levels to a maximum measurement height of at least 100 m. In addition, remote sensing systems for atmospheric dynamic and thermodynamic profiles, sea state measurements including wave spectra, and subsurface measurements of current, temperature, and salinity profiles will be measured. Eventually, measurements from the platform are anticipated to include monitoring of marine and avian life as well as bats. All data collected at the RFORE will be archived and made available to all interested users. The RFORE is currently planned to be built on the structure of the Chesapeake Light Tower, approximately 25 km east of Virginia Beach, Virginia. This development is an active collaboration among U.S. DOE headquarters staff, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). NREL will design, construct, and operate the facility. PNNL will develop the research agenda, including the data archive. This presentation emphasizes the measurement capabilities of the facility in the context of research applications, user access to the data through the archive, and plans for user engagement and research management of the facility.

Protein spheres prepared by drop jet freeze drying.

PubMed

Eggerstedt, Sören N; Dietzel, Mathias; Sommerfeld, Martin; Süverkrüp, Richard; Lamprecht, Alf

2012-11-15

In spray freeze drying (SFD) solutions are frozen by spraying into a very cold environment and subsequently dried by sublimation. In contrast to conventional freeze drying, spray freeze drying has the possibility to produce flowable lyophilizates which offers a variety of new pharmaceutical applications. Here, a drop jet nozzle is proposed as liquid dispenser that is able to produce droplets with a very narrow size distribution compared to standard methods. The drop jet nozzle is mounted in a spray tower designed to prevent direct contact of the product with the freezing medium. Various formulations have been tested containing lysozyme as model protein and stabilizers such as bovine serum albumin, polyvinylpyrrolidone or dextran in various concentrations and mannitol. Excellent free flowing and nearly monodispersed, porous particles are produced where particle properties can be controlled by formulation and process conditions. The particle diameter varied between 231 ± 3 μm and 310 ± 10 μm depending on the formulation composition. The lysozyme activity was >94 ± 5% for all formulations exhibiting a full preservation of enzyme activity. This new method is very promising for the production of nearly monodisperse particulate lyophilizates in various therapeutic applications. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Towers for Offshore Wind Turbines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kurian, V. J.; Narayanan, S. P.; Ganapathy, C.

2010-06-01

Increasing energy demand coupled with pollution free production of energy has found a viable solution in wind energy. Land based windmills have been utilized for power generation for more than two thousand years. In modern times wind generated power has become popular in many countries. Offshore wind turbines are being used in a number of countries to tap the energy from wind over the oceans and convert to electric energy. The advantages of offshore wind turbines as compared to land are that offshore winds flow at higher speed than onshore winds and the more available space. In some land based settings, for better efficiency, turbines are separated as much as 10 rotor diameters from each other. In offshore applications where only two wind directions are likely to predominate, the distances between the turbines arranged in a line can be shortened to as little as two or four rotor diameters. Today, more than a dozen offshore European wind facilities with turbine ratings of 450 kw to 3.6 MW exist offshore in very shallow waters of 5 to 12 m. Compared to onshore wind turbines, offshore wind turbines are bigger and the tower height in offshore are in the range of 60 to 80 m. The water depths in oceans where offshore turbines can be located are within 30 m. However as the distance from land increases, the costs of building and maintaining the turbines and transmitting the power back to shore also increase sharply. The objective of this paper is to review the parameters of design for the maximum efficiency of offshore wind turbines and to develop types offshore towers to support the wind turbines. The methodology of design of offshore towers to support the wind turbine would be given and the environmental loads for the design of the towers would be calculated for specific cases. The marine corrosion on the towers and the methods to control the corrosion also would be briefly presented. As the wind speeds tend to increase with distance from the shore, turbines build father offshore will be able to capture more wind energy. Currently two types of towers are considered. Cylindrical tubular structures and truss type structures. But truss type structures have less weight and flexibility in design. The construction of the offshore towers to harness the wind energy is also presented. The results will include the calculation of wind and wave forces on the tower and the design details for the tower.

14 CFR 1204.1403 - Available airport facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... visual reference for the ILS and LOC approaches to runways 32R and 14L. A TACAN with approved and.... The control tower is normally in operation from 0800 to 1600 local time, Monday through Friday... be contacted on 128.55 MHz or 284.0 MHz. FAA regulations pertaining to the operation of aircraft at...

77 FR 72335 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-05

... and Uses: To collect facility usage data to prepare monthly metrics and data management reports; to... should be sent to Ms. Seehra at the Office of Management and Budget, Desk Officer for DoD, Room 10236.../ESD/Information Management Division, 4800 Mark Center Drive, East Tower, Suite 02G09, Alexandria, VA...

75 FR 79077 - Notice of Passenger Facility Charge (PFC) Approvals and Disapprovals

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-17

... rehabilitation, phase I Airfield sweeper Airfield pavement markings Airport operations area security improvements... Collection and Use at a $3.00 PFC Level: Permanent in-line baggage system design Terminal 3 security... the FAA to design and construct the South Air Traffic Control Tower. In addition, due to the complex...

Air Traffic Control Radar

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-08-13

An Air Traffic Control radar has been constructed at Shiloh for the NASA control tower at the Shuttle Landing Facility. It will be used by NASA and the Eastern Range for surveillance of controlled air space in Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station restricted areas. Shiloh is on the northern end of Merritt Island.

Air Traffic Control Radar

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-08-13

An Air Traffic Control radar is being constructed at Shiloh for the NASA control tower at the Shuttle Landing Facility. It will be used by NASA and the Eastern Range for surveillance of controlled air space in Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station restricted areas. Shiloh is on the northern end of Merritt Island.

Third Stage (S-IVB) At KSC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1960-01-01

A NASA technician is dwarfed by the gigantic Third Stage (S-IVB) as it rests on supports in a facility at KSC. The towering 363-foot Saturn V was a multi-stage, multi-engine launch vehicle standing taller than the Statue of Liberty. Altogether, the Saturn V engines produced as much power as 85 Hoover Dams.

CVD facility electrical system captor/dapper study

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

SINGH, G.

1999-10-28

Project W-441, CVD Facility Electrical System CAPTOWDAPPER Study validates Meier's hand calculations. This study includes Load flow, short circuit, voltage drop, protective device coordination, and transient motor starting (TMS) analyses.

Fluid oscillation in the Drop Tower

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kaukler, William F.

1988-01-01

An interfluid meniscus oscillates within a cylindrical container when suddenly released from earth's gravity and taken into a microgravity environment. Oscillations damp out from energy dissipative mechanisms such as viscosity and interfacial friction. Damping out of the oscillations by the latter mechanism is affected by the nature of the interfacial junction between the fluid-fluid interface and the container wall. Perfluoromethylcyclohexane and isopropanol in glass were the materials used for the experiment. The wetting condition of the fluids against the wall changes at the critical wetting transition temperature. This change in wetting causes a change in the damping characteristics.

Materials separation by dielectrophoresis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sagar, A. D.; Rose, R. M.

1988-01-01

The feasibility of vacuum dielectrophoresis as a method for particulate materials separation in a microgravity environment was investigated. Particle separations were performed in a specially constructed miniature drop-tower with a residence time of about 0.3 sec. Particle motion in such a system is independent of size and based only on density and dielectric constant, for a given electric field. The observed separations and deflections exceeded the theoretical predictions, probably due to multiparticle effects. In any case, this approach should work well in microgravity for many classes of materials, with relatively simple apparatus and low weight and power requirements.

Gas liquid flow at microgravity conditions - Flow patterns and their transitions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dukler, A. E.; Fabre, J. A.; Mcquillen, J. B.; Vernon, R.

1987-01-01

The prediction of flow patterns during gas-liquid flow in conduits is central to the modern approach for modeling two phase flow and heat transfer. The mechanisms of transition are reasonably well understood for flow in pipes on earth where it has been shown that body forces largely control the behavior observed. This work explores the patterns which exist under conditions of microgravity when these body forces are suppressed. Data are presented which were obtained for air-water flow in tubes during drop tower experiments and Learjet trajectories. Preliminary models to explain the observed flow pattern map are evolved.

Performance of a capillary propellant management device with hydrazine

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tegart, J. R.

1979-01-01

The propellant management device that was successfully used in the Viking Orbiter spacecraft was selected for the main propulsion system of the Teleoperator Retrieval System (TRS). Due to differences in the missions and different propellants, the operation of this sheet metal vane device required reverification for the TRS application. An analytical investigation was performed considering the adverse acceleration environment and the high contract angle of the hydrazine propellant. Drop tower tests demonstrated that the device would provide propellant acquisition while the TRS was docked with Skylab, but its operation would have to be supplemented through propellant settling when free-flying.

Smoke detection in low-G fires

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Urban, David L.; Griffin, Devon W.; Gard, Melissa Y.; Hoy, Michael

1995-01-01

Fires in spacecraft are considered a credible risk. To respond to this risk, NASA flew fire detectors on Skylab and the Space Shuttle (STS) and included them in the design for International Space Station Alpha (ISSA). In previous missions (Mercury, Gemini and Apollo), the crew quarters were so cramped that it was not considered credible that the astronauts could fail to observe a fire. The Skylab nodule included approximately 20 UV fire detectors. The space shuttle has 9 ionization detectors in the mid deck and flight deck and Spacelab has six additional ionization detectors. The planned detectors for ISSA are laser-diode, forward-scattering, smoke or particulate detectors. Current plans for the ISSA call for two detectors in the open area of the module and detectors in racks that have both cooling air flow and electrical power. Due to the complete absence of data concerning the nature of particulate and radiant emission from low-g fires, all three of these detector systems were designed based upon 1-g test data. As planned mission durations and complexity increase and the volume of spacecraft increases, the need for and importance of effective, crew independent, fire detection grows significantly. This requires more knowledge concerning low-gravity fires and how they might be detected. To date, no combustion-generated particulate samples have been collected for well-developed microgravity flames. All of the extant data come from drop tower tests and therefore only correspond to the early stages of a fire. The fuel sources were restricted to laminar gas-jet diffusion flames and rapidly overheated wire insulation. These gas-jet drop tower tests indicate, through thermophoretic sampling, that soot primaries and aggregates (groups of primary particles) in micro-g may be significantly larger than those in normal-g (ng). This raises new scientific questions about soot processes as well as practical issues for particulate detection/alarm threshold levels used in on-orbit smoke detectors. Furthermore, it is widely speculated but unverified that the aggregates will grow to very large scales in a microgravity fire of longer duration than available on the ground. Preliminary tests in the 2.2 second drop tower suggest that particulate generated by overheated wire insulation will also be larger in microgravity than in normal gravity. TEM grids downstream of the fire region in the WIF experiment as well as visual observation of long string-like aggregates, further confirm this suggestion. The combined impact of these limited results and theoretical predictions is that direct knowledge of low-g combustion particulate as opposed to extrapolation from 1-g data is needed for a more confident design of smoke detectors for spacecraft.

KSC-2012-3996

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-07-20

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At the Shuttle Landing Facility at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, students and their flight instructors from Florida Tech, or FIT, in Melbourne, tour the midfield Air Traffic Control Tower. The instructors and their students arrived at the SLF in Cherokee Warrior and Cessna 172S lightweight aircraft. The middle and high school students are participating in FIT’s Av/Aero summer camp experience. They and their flight instructors toured the SLF midfield control tower, viewed F104 Starfighters and NASA Huey helicopters in the RLV Hangar, viewed the runway plaques marking wheels stop for each of the three space shuttles, and toured the Vehicle Assembly Building where space shuttle Atlantis currently is stored. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

OB's high voltage laboratory

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1966-01-01

The January issue of Hi-Tension News provides a detailed description of the advanced surge test facilities and procedures in daily operation at the OB High Voltage Laboratory in Barberton, Ohio. Technical competences achieved in this laboratory contribute to the essential factors of design confirmation to basic studies of ehv insulation systems, conductor and hardware performance, and optimum tower construction. Known throughout the industry for authenticity of its full scale, all weather outdoor testing, OB's High Voltage Laboratory is a full-fledged participant in the NEMA-sponsored program to make testing facilities available on a cooperative basis.

ETR CRITICAL FACILITY, TRA654. CONTEXTUAL VIEW. CAMERA ON ROOF OF ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

ETR CRITICAL FACILITY, TRA-654. CONTEXTUAL VIEW. CAMERA ON ROOF OF MTR BUILDING AND FACING SOUTH. ETR AND ITS COOLANT BUILDING AT UPPER PART OF VIEW. ETR COOLING TOWER NEAR TOP EDGE OF VIEW. EXCAVATION AT CENTER IS FOR ETR CF. CENTER OF WHICH WILL CONTAIN POOL FOR REACTOR. NOTE CHOPPER TUBE PROCEEDING FROM MTR IN LOWER LEFT OF VIEW, DIAGONAL TOWARD LEFT. INL NEGATIVE NO. 56-4227. Jack L. Anderson, Photographer, 12/18/1956 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Reactor Area, Materials & Engineering Test Reactors, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Verify MesoNAM Performance

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bauman, William H., III

2010-01-01

The AMU conducted an objective analysis of the MesoNAM forecasts compared to observed values from sensors at specified KSC/CCAFS wind towers by calculating the following statistics to verify the performance of the model: 1) Bias (mean difference), 2) Standard deviation of Bias, 3) Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and 4) Hypothesis test for Bias = O. The 45 WS LWOs use the MesoNAM to support launch weather operations. However, the actual performance of the model at KSC and CCAFS had not been measured objectively. The analysis compared the MesoNAM forecast winds, temperature and dew point to the observed values from the sensors on wind towers. The data were stratified by tower sensor, month and onshore/offshore wind direction based on the orientation of the coastline to each tower's location. The model's performance statistics were then calculated for each wind tower based on sensor height and model initialization time. The period of record for the data used in this task was based on the operational start of the current MesoNAM in mid-August 2006 and so the task began with the first full month of data, September 2006, through May 2010. The analysis of model performance indicated: a) The accuracy decreased as the forecast valid time from the model initialization increased, b) There was a diurnal signal in T with a cool bias during the late night and a warm bias during the afternoon, c) There was a diurnal signal in Td with a low bias during the afternoon and a high bias during the late night, and d) The model parameters at each vertical level most closely matched the observed parameters at heights closest to those vertical levels. The AMU developed a GUI that consists of a multi-level drop-down menu written in JavaScript embedded within the HTML code. This tool allows the LWO to easily and efficiently navigate among the charts and spreadsheet files containing the model performance statistics. The objective statistics give the LWOs knowledge of the model's strengths and weaknesses and the GUI allows quick access to the data which will result in improved forecasts for operations.

Research approach and first results on agglomerate compaction in protoplanetary dust simulation in the Cloud Manipulation System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vedernikov, Andrei; Blum, Jurgen; Ingo Von Borstel, Olaf; Schraepler, Rainer; Balapanov, Daniyar; Cecere, Anselmo

2016-07-01

Nanometre and micrometre-sized solid particles are ubiquitous in space and on Earth - from galaxies, interstellar space, protoplanetary and debris disks to planetary rings and atmospheres, planetary surfaces, comets, interplanetary space, Earth's atmosphere. Apparently, the most intriguing problem in the picture of the formation of planets is the transition from individual microscopic dust grains to kilometre-sized planetesimals. Revealing the mechanisms of this transition is one of the main tasks of the European Space Agency's project Interaction in Cosmic and Atmospheric Particle Systems (ICAPS). It was found that Brownian motion driven agglomeration could not provide the transition within reasonable time scale. As a result, at this stage top scientific goals shifted towards forced agglomeration and concentration of particles, targeting revealing the onset of compaction, experimental study of the evolution of fractal dimensions, size and mass distribution, occurrence of bouncing. The main tasks comprise 1) development of the rapid agglomeration model 2) development of the experimental facilities creating big fractal-type agglomerates from 10 to 1000 μm from a cloud of micrometre-size grains; 3) experimental realization of the rapid agglomeration in microgravity and ground conditions; and 4) in situ investigation of the morphology, mobility, mechanical and optical properties of the free-floating agglomerates, including investigation of thermophoresis, photophoresis of the agglomerates and of the two-phase flow phenomena. To solve the experimental part of the tasks we developed a Cloud Manipulation System, realized as a breadboard (CMS BB) for long duration microgravity platforms and a simplified laboratory version (CMS LV) mostly oriented on short duration microgravity and ground tests. The new system is based on the use of thermophoresis, most favourable for cloud manipulation without creating additional particle-particle forces in the cloud with a possibility of growing single agglomerate out of the whole cloud. The cloud manipulation system additionally provides temperature stabilization or, on the contrary, high temperature variation in the observation volume; formation of controlled temperature gradients, intensive three-dimensional periodic shear flow or three-dimensional gas density pulsations of the contraction-expansion type; application of electrostatic gradients including electro dynamic balancing; imposing of photophoretic force, etc. Their choice and/or combination depend upon particular experimental task. Experiments on forced agglomeration in short duration microgravity conditions of the Bremen drop tower succeeded in rapid growth of extended agglomerates, formation of complex three-dimensional cloud patterns, allowed observing controlled cloud displacement, cloud trapping, particle separation with respect to their electrical charge. The breadboard (CMS BB) and the laboratory version of the Cloud Manipulation System (CMS LV) are new types of scientific instrument with high scientific potential. ESA PRODEX program, the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, DLR project 50WM1223, ZARM Drop Tower Operation and Service Company Ltd. are greatly acknowledged.

Small-scale impacts as potential trigger for landslides on small Solar system bodies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hofmann, Marc; Sierks, Holger; Blum, Jürgen

2017-07-01

We conducted a set of experiments to investigate whether millimetre-sized impactors impinging on a granular material at several m s-1 are able to trigger avalanches on small, atmosphereless planetary bodies. These experiments were carried out at the Zentrum für angewandte Raumfahrttechnologie und Mikrogravitation (ZARM) drop tower facility in Bremen, Germany to facilitate a reduced gravity environment. Additional data were gathered at Earth gravity levels in the laboratory. As sample materials we used a ground Howardites, Eucrites and Diogenites (HED) meteorite and the Johnson Space Center (JSC) Mars-1 Martian soil simulant. We found that this type of small-scale impact can trigger avalanches with a moderate probability, if the target material is tilted to an angle close to the angle of repose. We additionally simulated a small-scale impact using the discrete element method code esys-particle. These simulations show that energy transfer from impactor to the target material is most efficient at low- and moderate-impactor inclinations and the transferred energy is retained in particles close to the surface due to a rapid dissipation of energy in lower material layers driven by inelastic collisions. Through Monte Carlo simulations we estimate the time-scale on which small-scale impacts with the observed characteristics will trigger avalanches covering all steep slopes on the surface of a small planetary body to be of the order 105 yr.

Microgravity Apparatus And Ground-Based Study Of The Flame Propagation And Quenching In Metal Dust Suspensions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goroshin, Sam; Kolbe, Massimilliano; Bellerose, Julie; Lee, John

2003-01-01

Due to particle sedimentation and relatively low laminar flame speeds in dust suspensions, microgravity environment is essential for the observation of laminar dust flames in a wide range of particle sizes and fuel concentrations [1]. The capability of a reduced-gravity environment to facilitate study of dust combustion was realized by researchers long before current microgravity programs were established by the various national Space Agencies. Thus, several experimentalists even built their own, albeit very short-duration, drop tower facilities to study flames in particle and droplet suspensions [2,3]. About ten years ago, authors of the present paper started their dust combustion reduced gravity research with the investigation of the constant volume dust flames in a spherical-bomb on board a parabolic flight aircraft [4]. However it was soon realized that direct observation of the constant-pressure flame might be more beneficial. Thus, microgravity apparatus, permitting examination of the freely propagating flames in open-end tubes, was tested in parabolic flights three years later [5]. The improved design of the newlyconstructed apparatus for the experiments on board the NASA KC-135 aircraft is also based on the observation of the dust flame propagating in semi-opened tubes with free expansion of the combustion products that are continuously vented overboard. The apparatus design and results of its extensive ground-based testing are presented below.

Two-Phase Flow in Packed Columns and Generation of Bubbly Suspensions for Chemical Processing in Space

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Motil, Brian J.; Green, R. D.; Nahra, H. K.; Sridhar, K. R.

2000-01-01

For long-duration space missions, the life support and In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) systems necessary to lower the mass and volume of consumables carried from Earth will require more sophisticated chemical processing technologies involving gas-liquid two-phase flows. This paper discusses some preliminary two-phase flow work in packed columns and generation of bubbly suspensions, two types of flow systems that can exist in a number of chemical processing devices. The experimental hardware for a co-current flow, packed column operated in two ground-based low gravity facilities (two-second drop tower and KC- 135 low-gravity aircraft) is described. The preliminary results of this experimental work are discussed. The flow regimes observed and the conditions under which these flow regimes occur are compared with the available co-current packed column experimental work performed in normal gravity. For bubbly suspensions, the experimental hardware for generation of uniformly sized bubbles in Couette flow in microgravity conditions is described. Experimental work was performed on a number of bubbler designs, and the capillary bubble tube was found to produce the most consistent size bubbles. Low air flow rates and low Couette flow produce consistent 2-3 mm bubbles, the size of interest for the "Behavior of Rapidly Sheared Bubbly Suspension" flight experiment. Finally the mass transfer implications of these two-phase flows is qualitatively discussed.

Increasing the sensitivity of the visual system reduces kinetotic behaviour of fish under microgravity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anken, Ralf; Hilbig, Reinhard; Knie, Miriam; Weigele, Jochen; Anken, Ralf

We have shown earlier that some fish of a given batch reveal motion sickness (a kinetosis) at the transition from earth gravity to diminished gravity. The percentual ratios of the various types of behaviour (normal swimming and kinetotic swimming; kinetotic specimens revealed looping responses or spinning movements) highly differed depending on the quality of diminished gravity. At high quality microgravity (HQM, 10-6 g, ZARM drop-tower, Bremen, Germany), kinetoses were exhibited by some 90% of the animals, whereas kinetoses were not as frequently seen at higher G-levels (at 0.03-0.05g during parabolic aircraft flights or during centrifugation in the drop-capsule, only some 15-25% of the animals show kinetoses). In the course of the present study, we further assessed the role of the visual system in maintaining postural control under HQM, when the remaining level of gravity is too low to be used as a vestibular cue. Therefore, larval cichlid fish siblings (Oreochromis mossambicus) were subjected to drop-tower flights at HQM and different kinds of illumination were used. Applying blue light (which leads to an increase of the sensitivity of the visual system and to a general arousal of the animal) resulted in a decrease of kinetotically swimming specimens as compared to white and red light (red light is almost invisible for fish). The final data as well as results from analyses of inner ear otoliths will be communicated at the meeting. We expect that the few fish, which swam normally under white or red light, will have a very low otolith asymmetry (differences in the size of the right versus the left otoliths). Asymmetry may be considerably higher in animals swimming normally under blue light, since these specimens are presumed to rely entirely on visual input; an otolith asymmetry will thus not lead to a computation of erroneous vestibular cues. Acknowledgement: This work was financially supported by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) (FKZ: 50 WB 0527). The excellent technical assistance of Sandra Schroer is highly appreciated.

Investigation of buoyancy effects on turbulent nonpremixed jet flames by using normal and low-gravity conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Idicheria, Cherian Alex

An experimental study was performed with the aim of investigating the structure of transitional and turbulent nonpremixed jet flames under different gravity conditions. In particular, the focus was to determine the effect of buoyancy on the mean and fluctuating characteristics of the jet flames. Experiments were conducted under three gravity levels, viz. 1 g, 20 mg and 100 mug. The milligravity and microgravity conditions were achieved by dropping a jet-flame rig in the UT-Austin 1.25-second and the NASA-Glenn Research Center 2.2-second drop towers, respectively. The principal diagnostics employed were time-resolved, cinematographic imaging of the visible soot luminosity and planar laser Mie scattering (PLMS). For the cinematographic flame luminosity imaging experiments, the flames studied were piloted nonpremixed propane, ethylene and methane jet flames at source Reynolds numbers ranging from 2000 to 10500. From the soot luminosity images, mean and root-mean square (RMS) images were computed, and volume rendering of the image sequences was used to investigate the large-scale structure evolution and flame tip dynamics. The relative importance of buoyancy was quantified with the parameter, xL , as defined by Becker and Yamazaki [1978]. The results show, in contrast to previous microgravity studies, that the high Reynolds number flames have the same flame length irrespective of the gravity level. The RMS fluctuations and volume renderings indicate that the large-scale structure and flame tip dynamics are essentially identical to those of purely momentum driven flames provided xL is approximately less than 2. The volume-renderings show that the luminous structure celerities (normalized by jet exit velocity) are approximately constant for xL < 6, but are substantially larger for xL > 8. The celerity values for xL > 8 are seen to follow a x3/2L scaling, which can be predicted with a simplified momentum equation analysis for the buoyancy-dominated regime. The underlying turbulent structure and mean mixture fraction characteristics were investigated in nonreacting and reacting jets with a PLMS diagnostic system developed for the UT-Austin 1.25-second drop tower. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Credit WCT. Photographic copy of photograph, low level aerial view ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit WCT. Photographic copy of photograph, low level aerial view of Test Stand "D," looking due south, after completion of Dd station installation in 1961. Note Test Stand "D" "neutralization pond" to immediate southeast of tower. A steel barrier north of and parallel to the Dd station separates fuel run tanks (on south side obscured from view) from oxidizer run tanks (on north side). Small Dj injector test stand is visible to the immediate left of oxidizer run tanks; it is oriented on a northeast/southwest diagonal to the Dd test station. The large tank to the north of the oxidizer run tanks (near center bottom of view) is an oxidizer storage tank for nitrogen tetroxide. Slender tanks to the northwest of the tower (lower right of view) contain high pressure nitrogen gas. A large vertical tank at the base of the tower contains distilled water for flushing propellant lines. (JPL negative no. 384-2997-B, 12 December 1961) - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Test Stand D, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

WIND TUNNEL INVESTIGATION OF THE RESPONSE OF A SONIC ANEMOMETER

EPA Science Inventory

An Applied Technology Inc. (ATI) sonic of the type used by J. C. Kaimal at the Boulder Tower was tested in the large wind tunnel at the U.S. EPA Fluid Modeling Facility. The wind tunnel is approximately 6 ft high, 10 ft wide with a test section bed 60 ft long. The air speed in th...

Credit WCT. Photographic copy of photograph, oxidizer and fuel tank ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit WCT. Photographic copy of photograph, oxidizer and fuel tank assembly for engine tests being raised by crane for permanent installation in Test Stand "D" tower. Each tank held 170 gallons of propellants. (JPL negative 384-2029-B, 7 August 1959) - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Test Stand D, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

NREL, Hewlett-Packard Developed Ultra-Efficient, High-Performance Computing

Science.gov Websites

and allows the heat captured from the supercomputer to provide all the heating needs for the Energy Systems Integration Facility. And there's even enough heat left over to melt snow outside on sidewalks during the winter. During the summer, the unused heat can be rejected via cooling towers. R&D

77 FR 38819 - Availability of a Draft Environmental Impact Statement and Habitat Conservation Plan; Receipt of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-29

... to construct and operate a maximum of 100 wind turbines and associated facilities (described below) for a period of 30 years in eastern Champaign County, Ohio. The project will consist of wind turbines... connection of the wind turbines to the local transmission system, four permanent meteorological towers, and...

25. Photocopy of engineering drawing. LC17B LONG TANK DELTA UPBUILD: ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

25. Photocopy of engineering drawing. LC-17B LONG TANK DELTA UPBUILD: MOBILE SERVICE TOWER, WEATHER CURTAINS SECTION 1 AND PLANS LEVELS 4 & 4A, 3, 2X, & 1A-ARCHITECTURAL, APRIL 1969. - Cape Canaveral Air Station, Launch Complex 17, Facility 28417, East end of Lighthouse Road, Cape Canaveral, Brevard County, FL

KSC-03pd3293

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-08-13

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - An Air Traffic Control radar is being constructed at Shiloh for the NASA control tower at the Shuttle Landing Facility. It will be used by NASA and the Eastern Range for surveillance of controlled air space in Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station restricted areas. Shiloh is on the northern end of Merritt Island.

Saturn Apollo Program

NASA Image and Video Library

1965-03-01

The hydrogen-powered second stage is being lowered into place during the final phase of fabrication of the Saturn V moon rocket at North American's Seal Beach, California facility. The towering 363-foot Saturn V was a multi-stage, multi-engine launch vehicle standing taller than the Statue of Liberty. Altogether, the Saturn V engines produced as much power as 85 Hoover Dams.

77 FR 11390 - Delegation of National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories; Nevada

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-27

... Tanks. O Ethylene Oxide X X X Sterilization Facilities. Q Industrial Process Cooling X X Towers. R... Organic-Water Separators. WW Storage Vessels (Tanks)-- X X Control Level 2. XX Ethylene Manufacturing X X... Refractory Products X X Manufacturing. TTTTT Primary Magnesium Refining. X WWWWW Hospital Ethylene Oxide X X...

Concentrating Solar Power Projects in India | Concentrating Solar Power |

Science.gov Websites

;alphabetical by project name. You can browse a project profile by clicking on the project name. Abhijeet Solar Project ACME Solar Tower Dadri ISCC Plant Dhursar Diwakar Godawari Solar Project Gujarat Solar One KVK Energy Solar Project Megha Solar Plant National Solar Thermal Power Facility

Studies of the Wetting of Gaps in Weightlessness

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Collicott, Steven H.; Chen, Yongkang

2010-10-01

The geometry of a thin sheet metal vane terminating near a wall in a surface tension propellant management device (PMD) is common in devices designed by various people. A research program into the capillary fluid physics of the common vane-wall gap began in 1998 with the arrival of the second author at the School of Aeronautics and Astronautics at Purdue University. Drop tower experiments, Surface Evolver computations, and analysis were combined to explore the details of the fluid behavior in the vane-wall gap geometry. Results of four vane-wall gap experiment topics: critical wetting, advance rates, sensitivity to vane orientation, and effect of imperfect initial conditions, are discussed here. This work led to a desire by Weislogel to incorporate this type of geometry into his "Capillary Fluids Experiment" (CFE) that operated flawlessly on the International Space Station in 2006 and 2007. It is found that the wetting of vane-wall gaps is predicted correctly through use of the critical wetting analysis of Concus and Finn. Furthermore, the dynamics of the wetting flows are found to have scaling of flow rates versus time similar to those known for capillary advances in solid corners. In some cases, a seemingly misaligned vane is found to have more rapid capillary advance than for the same vane and gap but with the vane normal to the tank wall. An initial drop tower study of sensitivity to imperfect initial conditions shows that a critical wetting flow is largely immune to small tilts in the initial test orientation but that larger errors can be seen in cases that lack critical wetting and in the measurements of the time history of the meniscus minimum point.

ICME for Crashworthiness of TWIP Steels: From Ab Initio to the Crash Performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Güvenç, O.; Roters, F.; Hickel, T.; Bambach, M.

2015-01-01

During the last decade, integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) emerged as a field which aims to promote synergetic usage of formerly isolated simulation models, data and knowledge in materials science and engineering, in order to solve complex engineering problems. In our work, we applied the ICME approach to a crash box, a common automobile component crucial to passenger safety. A newly developed high manganese steel was selected as the material of the component and its crashworthiness was assessed by simulated and real drop tower tests. The crashworthiness of twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel is intrinsically related to the strain hardening behavior caused by the combination of dislocation glide and deformation twinning. The relative contributions of those to the overall hardening behavior depend on the stacking fault energy (SFE) of the selected material. Both the deformation twinning mechanism and the stacking fault energy are individually well-researched topics, but especially for high-manganese steels, the determination of the stacking-fault energy and the occurrence of deformation twinning as a function of the SFE are crucial to understand the strain hardening behavior. We applied ab initio methods to calculate the stacking fault energy of the selected steel composition as an input to a recently developed strain hardening model which models deformation twinning based on the SFE-dependent dislocation mechanisms. This physically based material model is then applied to simulate a drop tower test in order to calculate the energy absorption capacity of the designed component. The results are in good agreement with experiments. The model chain links the crash performance to the SFE and hence to the chemical composition, which paves the way for computational materials design for crashworthiness.

Combustion of Interacting Droplet Arrays in a Microgravity Environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dietrich, D. L.; Struk, P. M.; Kitano, K.; Ikegami, M.

1999-01-01

Investigations into droplet interactions date back to Rex et al. Recently, Annamalai and Ryan and Annamalai published extensive reviews of droplet array and cloud combustion studies. The authors studied the change in the burning rate constant, k, (relative to that of the single droplet) that results from interactions. Under certain conditions, there exists a separation distance where the droplet lifetime reaches a minimum, or average burning rate constant is a maximum . Additionally, since inter-droplet separation distance, L, increases relative to the droplet size, D, as the burning proceeds, the burning rate is not constant throughout the burn, but changes continuously with time. Only Law and co-workers and Mikami et al. studied interactions under conditions where buoyant forces were negligible. Comparing their results with existing theory, Law and co-workers found that theory over predicted the persistency and intensity of droplet interactions. The droplet interactions also depended on the initial array configuration as well as the instantaneous array configuration. They also concluded that droplet heating was retarded due to interactions and that the burning process did not follow the "D-squared" law. Mikami et al. studied the combustion of a two-droplet array of heptane burning in air at one atm pressure in microgravity. They showed that the instantaneous burning rate constant increases throughout the droplet lifetime, even for a single droplet. Also, the burn time of the array reached a minimum at a critical inter-droplet spacing. In this article, we examine droplet interactions in normal and microgravity environments. The microgravity experiments were in the NASA GRC 2.2 and 5.2 second drop towers, and the JAMIC (Japan Microgravity Center) 10 second drop tower. Special emphasis is directed to combustion under conditions that yield finite extinction diameters, and to determine how droplet interactions affect the extinction process.

Study on Orbital Liquid Transport and Interface Behavior in Vane Tank

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kang, Qi; Rui, Wei

2016-07-01

Liquid propellant tank is used to supply gas free liquid for spacecraft as an important part of propulsion system. The liquid behavior dominated by surface tension in microgravity is obviously different with that on the ground, which put forward a new challenge to the liquid transport and relocation. The experiments which are investigated at drop tower in National Microgravity Lab have concentrated on liquid relocation following thruster firing. Considered that the liquid located at the bottom in the direction of the acceleration vector, a sphere scale vane tank is used to study the liquid-gas interface behaviors with different acceleration vector and different filling independently and we obtain a series of stable equilibrium interface and relocation time. We find that there is an obvious sedimentation in the direction of acceleration vector when fill rate greater than 2% fill. Suggestions have been put forward that outer vanes transferring liquid to the outlet should be fixed and small holes should be dogged at the vane close to the center post to improve the liquid flow between different vanes when B0 is greater than 2.5. The research about liquid transport alone ribbon vanes is simulated though software Flow3D. The simulation process is verified by comparing the liquid lip and vapor-liquid interface obtained from drop tower experiment and simulation result when fill rate is 15%. Then the influence of fill rate, numbers of vanes and the gap between vane and wall is studied through the same simulate process. Vanes' configurations are also changed to study the effect on the lip and liquid volume below some section. Some suggestions are put forward for the design of vanes.

Evaluating Material Flammability in Microgravity and Martian Gravity Compared to the NASA Standard Normal Gravity Test

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Oslon, Sandra. L.; Ferkul, Paul

2012-01-01

Drop tower tests are conducted at Martian gravity to determine the flammability of three materials compared to previous tests in other normal gravity and reduced gravity environments. The comparison is made with consideration of a modified NASA standard test protocol. Material flammability limits in the different gravity and flow environments are tabulated to determine the factor of safety associated with normal gravity flammability screening. Previous testing at microgravity and Lunar gravity indicated that some materials burned to lower oxygen concentrations in low gravity than in normal gravity, although the low g extinction limit criteria are not the same as 1g due to time constraints in drop testing. Similarly, the data presented in this paper for Martian gravity suggest that there is a gravity level below Earth s at which materials burn more readily than on Earth. If proven for more materials, this may indicate the need to include a factor of safety on 1g flammability limits.

Behavior of fluids in a weightless environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fester, D. A.; Eberhardt, R. N.; Tegart, J. R.

1977-01-01

Fluid behavior in a low-g environment is controlled primarily by surface tension forces. Certain fluid and system characteristics determine the magnitude of these forces for both a free liquid surface and liquid in contact with a solid. These characteristics, including surface tension, wettability or contact angle, system geometry, and the relationships governing their interaction, are discussed. Various aspects of fluid behavior in a low-g environment are then presented. This includes the formation of static interface shapes, oscillation and rotation of drops, coalescence, the formation of foams, tendency for cavitation, and diffusion in liquids which were observed during the Skylab fluid mechanics science demonstrations. Liquid reorientation and capillary pumping to establish equilibrium configurations for various system geometries, observed during various free-fall (drop-tower) low-g tests, are also presented. Several passive low-g fluid storage and transfer systems are discussed. These systems use surface tension forces to control the liquid/vapor interface and provide gas-free liquid transfer and liquid-free vapor venting.

Experimental Investigation of Rotating Menisci

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reichel, Yvonne; Dreyer, Michael E.

2014-07-01

In upper stages of spacecrafts, Propellant Management Devices (PMD's) can be used to position liquid propellant over the outlet in the absence of gravity. Centrifugal forces due to spin of the upper stage can drive the liquid away from the desired location resulting in malfunction of the stage. In this study, a simplified model consisting of two parallel, segmented and unsegmented disks and a central tube assembled at the center of the upper disk is analyzed experimentally during rotation in microgravity. For each drop tower experiment, the angular speed caused by a centrifugal stage in the drop capsule is kept constant. Steady-states for the menisci between the disks are observed for moderate rotation. For larger angular speeds, a stable shape of the free surfaces fail to sustain and the liquid is driven away. Additionally, tests were performed without rotation to quantify two effects: the removal of a metallic cylinder around the model to establish the liquid column and the determination of the the settling time from terrestrial to microgravity conditions.

Research on metal solidification in zero-g state

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Papazian, J. M.; Larson, D. J., Jr.

1975-01-01

The containerless solidification of several pure metals and metallic alloys was studied in a low gravity environment. The tests were performed in the MSFC 4.2 s drop tower using a rapid wire melting apparatus designed and built for this purpose. Pure iron and nickel, and alloys of iron-nickel, iron-carbon, nickel-aluminum and tungsten-rhenium were all melted and solidified at a gravity level of approximately 100.000/-4 g. Interpretation of the results has led to an appreciation of the factors controlling the successful execution of this drop test experiment and to a delineation of the limits of applicability of the apparatus. Preliminary metallurgical evaluations are presented of the overall shapes, lattice parameters, surface microstructure,, cross-sectional microstructures, solidification and transformation sequences, evaporative segregation, and localized solute redistribution observed in the low-gravity specimens. The effects of low gravity on metallic solidification are discussed with particular emphasis on observations of spontaneous undercooling and evaporative segregation in uncontained melts.

A Comparison of Quasi-Static Indentation and Drop-Weight Impact Testing on Carbon-Epoxy Laminates

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Prabhakaran, R.

2001-01-01

The project had two objectives: 1) The primary objective was to characterize damage tolerance of composite materials. To accomplish this, polymer matrix composites were to be subjected to static indentation as well as low-velocity impacts and the results analyzed. 2) A second objective was to investigate the effects of laser shock peening on the damage tolerance of aerospace materials, such as aluminum alloys, in terms of crack nucleation and crack propagation. The impact testing was proposed to be performed using a Dynatup drop tower. The specimens were to be placed over a square opening in a steel platen and impacted with a hemispherical tup. The damage was to be characterized in the laminate specimens. The damage tolerance of aerospace alloys was to be studied by conducting fatigue tests on aluminum alloy specimens with prior shock peening treatment. The crack length was to be monitored by a microscope and the crack propagation rate, da/dN, determined.

Effects of phosphoric acid sprayed into an incinerator furnace on the flue gas pressure drop at fabric filters.

PubMed

Takahashi, Shigetoshi; Hwang, In-Hee; Matsuto, Toshihiko

2016-06-01

Fabric filters are widely used to remove dust from flue gas generated by waste incineration. However, a pressure drop occurs at the filters, caused by growth of a dust layer on the filter fabric despite regular cleaning by pulsed-jet air. The pressure drop at the fabric filters leads to energy consumption at induced draft fan to keep the incinerator on negative pressure, so that its proper control is important to operate incineration facility efficiently. The pressure drop at fabric filters decreased whenever phosphoric acid wastewater (PAW) was sprayed into an incinerator for treating industrial waste. Operational data obtained from the incineration facility were analyzed to determine the short- and long-term effects of PAW spraying on the pressure drop. For the short-term effect, it was confirmed that the pressure drop at the fabric filters always decreased to 0.3-1.2kPa within about 5h after spraying PAW. This effect was expected to be obtained by about one third of present PAW spraying amount. However, from the long-term perspective, the pressure drop showed an increase in the periods of PAW spraying compared with periods for which PAW spraying was not performed. The pressure drop increase was particularly noticeable after the initial PAW spraying, regardless of the age and type of fabric filters used. These results suggest that present PAW spraying causes a temporary pressure drop reduction, leading to short-term energy consumption savings; however, it also causes an increase of the pressure drop over the long-term, degrading the overall operating conditions. Thus, appropriate PAW spraying conditions are needed to make effective use of PAW to reduce the pressure drop at fabric filters from a short- and long-term point of view. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.